8226:
2347:
4162:
7417:
2733:
5386:
2540:, and promoted the development of non-local forms of language and exposed all speakers to forms of German from outside their own area. With Luther's rendering of the Bible in the vernacular, German asserted itself against the dominance of Latin as a legitimate language for courtly, literary, and now ecclesiastical subject-matter. His Bible was ubiquitous in the German states: nearly every household possessed a copy. Nevertheless, even with the influence of Luther's Bible as an unofficial written standard, a widely accepted standard for written German did not appear until the middle of the eighteenth century.
958:
1483:
3945:
7206:. In a scholarly context, the borrowings from Latin have continued until today, in the last few decades often indirectly through borrowings from English. During the 15th to 17th centuries, the influence of Italian was great, leading to many Italian loanwords in the fields of architecture, finance and music. The influence of the French language in the 17th to 19th centuries resulted in an even greater import of French words. The English influence was already present in the 19th century, but it did not become dominant until the second half of the 20th century.
6168:, which together cover all 16 permutations. In nouns, inflection for case is required in the singular for strong masculine and neuter nouns only in the genitive and in the dative (only in fixed or archaic expressions), and even this is losing ground to substitutes in informal speech. Weak masculine nouns share a common case ending for genitive, dative, and accusative in the singular. Feminine nouns are not declined in the singular. The plural has an inflection for the dative. In total, seven inflectional endings (not counting plural markers) exist in German:
15127:
895:
8254:
3007:
2918:
1037:
15672:
7594:
8233:
1491:
4648:
5599:
7428:
4020:
1357:
3310:
3049:
3750:
2585:
4636:
2770:, three years earlier; however, this was an artificial standard that did not correspond to any traditional spoken dialect. Rather, it was based on the pronunciation of German in Northern Germany, although it was subsequently regarded often as a general prescriptive norm, despite differing pronunciation traditions especially in the Upper-German-speaking regions that still characterise the dialect of the area today – especially the pronunciation of the ending
5170:
8299:
8327:
15624:
2969:
1895:
8271:
15267:
8341:
8313:
12761:
14914:
8247:
9345:
8285:
1000:
8679:
3028:
7350:
2448:
7718:
2549:
872:
8240:
1703:), neither of which underwent the High German consonant shift. As has been noted, the former of these dialect types is Istvaeonic and the latter Ingvaeonic, whereas the High German dialects are all Irminonic; the differences between these languages and standard German are therefore considerable. Also related to German are the Frisian languages—
3782:. In terms of student numbers across all levels of education, German ranks third in the EU (after English and French) and in the United States (after Spanish and French). In British schools, where learning a foreign language is not mandatory, a dramatic decline in entries for German A-Level has been observed. In 2020, approximately 15.4
3419:. Nevertheless since the 21st century, German has become a popular foreign language among pupils and students, with 300,000 people learning or speaking German in Cameroon in 2010 and over 230,000 in 2020. Today Cameroon is one of the African countries outside Namibia with the highest number of people learning German.
7566:. German readers understand these transcriptions (although they appear unusual), but they are avoided if the regular umlauts are available, because they are a makeshift and not proper spelling. (In Westphalia and Schleswig-Holstein, city and family names exist where the extra e has a vowel lengthening effect, e.g.
2144:(MHG) period, it is generally seen as lasting from 1050 to 1350. This was a period of significant expansion of the geographical territory occupied by Germanic tribes, and consequently of the number of German speakers. Whereas during the Old High German period the Germanic tribes extended only as far east as the
4004:. In comparison to other European languages (e.g. Portuguese, English), the multi-standard character of German is still not widely acknowledged. However, 90% of Austrian secondary school teachers of German consider German as having "more than one" standard variety. In this context, some scholars speak of a
3356:
and colonialism, and decided
English would be the sole official language upon independence, stating that it was a "neutral" language as there were virtually no English native speakers in Namibia at that time. German, Afrikaans, and several indigenous languages thus became "national languages" by law,
11537:
Today the Führer, talking with Herr
Reichsleiter Amann and Herr Book Publisher Adolf Müller, has decided that in the future the Antiqua script is to be described as normal script. All printed materials are to be gradually converted to this normal script. As soon as is feasible in terms of textbooks,
7829:
typefaces also include the long s. A specific set of rules applies for the use of long s in German text, but nowadays it is rarely used in
Antiqua typesetting. Any lower case "s" at the beginning of a syllable would be a long s, as opposed to a terminal s or short s (the more common variation of the
2125:
as local translations of Latin originals; as a result, the surviving texts are written in highly disparate regional dialects and exhibit significant Latin influence, particularly in vocabulary. At this point monasteries, where most written works were produced, were dominated by Latin, and German saw
6330:
is rendered by combined use of the subjunctive or preterite marking so the plain indicative voice uses neither of those two markers; the subjunctive by itself often conveys reported speech; subjunctive plus preterite marks the conditional state; and the preterite alone shows either plain indicative
4200:
and became the language of science and literature. Around the same time, the
Hanseatic League, a confederation of northern ports, lost its importance as new trade routes to Asia and the Americas were established, and the most powerful German states of that period were located in Middle and Southern
2502:
One who would talk German does not ask the Latin how he shall do it; he must ask the mother in the home, the children on the streets, the common man in the market-place and note carefully how they talk, then translate accordingly. They will then understand what is said to them because it is German.
6210:, which, literally translated, is "beef labelling supervision duties assignment law" . However, examples like this are perceived by native speakers as excessively bureaucratic, stylistically awkward, or even satirical. On the other hand, even this compound could be expanded by any native speaker.
7636:
There is no general agreement on where letters with umlauts occur in the sorting sequence. Telephone directories treat them by replacing them with the base vowel followed by an e. Some dictionaries sort each umlauted vowel as a separate letter after the base vowel, but more commonly words with
2776:
as instead of . In
Northern Germany, High German was a foreign language to most inhabitants, whose native dialects were subsets of Low German. It was usually encountered only in writing or formal speech; in fact, most of High German was a written language, not identical to any spoken dialect,
1005:
1004:
1001:
11534:
It is wrong to regard or to describe the so-called Gothic script as a German script. In reality, the so-called Gothic script consists of
Schwabach Jew letters. Just as they later took control of the newspapers, upon the introduction of printing the Jews residing in Germany took control of the
7443:
features, such as the capitalization of all nouns, and the frequent occurrence of long compounds. Because legibility and convenience set certain boundaries, compounds consisting of more than three or four nouns are almost exclusively found in humorous contexts. (English also can string nouns
4146:
The variation among the German dialects is considerable, with often only neighbouring dialects being mutually intelligible. Some dialects are not intelligible to people who know only
Standard German. However, all German dialects belong to the dialect continuum of High German and Low Saxon.
6999:). Thus, in sentences with several subordinate or relative clauses, the infinitives are clustered at the end. Compare the similar clustering of prepositions in the following (highly contrived) English sentence: "What did you bring that book that I do not like to be read to out of up for?"
1006:
4143:. However, historically, High German dialects and Low Saxon/Low German dialects do not belong to the same language. Nevertheless, in today's Germany, Low Saxon/Low German is often perceived as a dialectal variation of Standard German on a functional level even by many native speakers.
7390:) and the most comprehensive guide to the vocabulary of the German language, already contained over 330,000 headwords in its first edition. The modern German scientific vocabulary is estimated at nine million words and word groups (based on the analysis of 35 million sentences of a
3850:
A visible sign of the geographical extension of the German language is the German-language media outside the German-speaking countries. German is the second most commonly used scientific language as well as the third most widely used language on websites after
English and Russian.
3388:
An estimated 12,000 people speak German or a German variety as a first language in South Africa, mostly originating from different waves of immigration during the 19th and 20th centuries. One of the largest communities consists of the speakers of "Nataler
Deutsch", a variety of
4075:, mixtures of dialect and standard are very seldom used, and the use of Standard German is largely restricted to the written language. About 11% of the Swiss residents speak Standard German at home, but this is mainly due to German immigrants. This situation has been called a
2869:
However, an exact, global number of native German speakers is complicated by the existence of several varieties whose status as separate "languages" or "dialects" is disputed for political and linguistic reasons, including quantitatively strong varieties like certain forms of
1009:
6192:("dog hut"; specifically: "dog kennel"). Unlike English, whose newer compounds or combinations of longer nouns are often written "open" with separating spaces, German (like some other Germanic languages) nearly always uses the "closed" form without spaces, for example:
1008:
1007:
2444:) aimed at making printed material readable and understandable across as many diverse dialects of German as possible. The greater ease of production and increased availability of written texts brought about increased standardisation in the written form of German.
1003:
2325:). The abundance and especially the secular character of the literature of the MHG period demonstrate the beginnings of a standardized written form of German, as well as the desire of poets and authors to be understood by individuals on supra-dialectal terms.
6588:
He "came" on Friday evening, after a hard day at work and the usual annoyances that had time and again been troubling him for years now at his workplace, with questionable joy, to a meal which, as he hoped, his wife had already put on the table, finally home
3964:
but also in major cities in other parts of the country. It is important to note, however, that the colloquial
Standard German differs from the formal written language, especially in grammar and syntax, in which it has been influenced by dialectal speech.
3077:'s population, spoke German as their mother tongue, making it the second most widely spoken language on the continent after Russian and the second biggest language in terms of overall speakers (after English), as well as the most spoken native language.
6573:
am Freitagabend nach einem harten Arbeitstag und dem üblichen Ärger, der ihn schon seit Jahren immer wieder an seinem Arbeitsplatz plagt, mit fraglicher Freude auf ein Mahl, das seine Frau ihm, wie er hoffte, bereits aufgetischt hatte, endlich zu Hause
7613:
9486:"Sefer Netivot ha-shalom : ṿe-hu ḥibur kolel ḥamishat ḥumshe ha-torah ʻim tiḳun sofrim ṿe-targum ashkenazi u-veʾur. - 1783. Translated from the Hebrew into German by Moses Mendelssohn. Berlin : Gedruckt bey George Friedrich Starcke"
7884:
sounds, which the English language still has, disappeared on the continent in German with the consonant shifts between the 8th and 10th centuries. It is sometimes possible to find parallels between English and German by replacing the English
10407:
6205:
2182:
as a standardized supra-dialectal written language. While these efforts were still regionally bound, German began to be used in place of Latin for certain official purposes, leading to a greater need for regularity in written conventions.
7797:, but they abolished them in 1941, claiming that these letters were Jewish. It is believed that this script was banned during the Nazi régime, as they realized that Fraktur would inhibit communication in the territories occupied during
6164:, or Russian. The three genders have collapsed in the plural. With four cases and three genders plus plural, there are 16 permutations of case and gender/number of the article (not the nouns), but there are only six forms of the
7447:
In German orthography, nouns are capitalized, which makes it easier for readers to determine the function of a word within a sentence. This convention is almost unique to German today (shared perhaps only by the closely related
6338:
is and has, at every stage of development, been a productive category of the older language and in nearly all documented dialects, but strangely enough it is now rigorously excluded from written usage in its present normalised
4376:. Consequently, the vast majority of the Low Franconian dialects are spoken outside of the German language area. Low Franconian dialects are spoken in the Netherlands, Belgium, South Africa, Suriname and Namibia, and along the
2166:). With the increasing wealth and geographic spread of the Germanic groups came greater use of German in the courts of nobles as the standard language of official proceedings and literature. A clear example of this is the
1698:
After these High German dialects, standard German is less closely related to languages based on Low Franconian dialects (e.g., Dutch and Afrikaans), Low German or Low Saxon dialects (spoken in northern Germany and southern
1554:
is the only language in this branch which survives in written texts. The West Germanic languages, however, have undergone extensive dialectal subdivision and are now represented in modern languages such as English, German,
2608:. Until the mid-nineteenth century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire. Its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality.
1622:, respectively. This classification indicates their historical descent from dialects spoken by the Irminones (also known as the Elbe group), Ingvaeones (or North Sea Germanic group), and Istvaeones (or Weser–Rhine group).
3769:
Like English, French, and Spanish, German has become a standard foreign language throughout the world, especially in the Western World. German ranks second on par with French among the best known foreign languages in the
3618:
was for a while a Spanish-German bilingual city with "German signboards and placards alongside the Spanish". Currently, German and its dialects are spoken in many cities, towns and rural areas of southern Chile, such as
3710:, due to the prevailing anti-German sentiment in the population and related government action. It continued to be used as a first language into the 20th century, but its use is now limited to a few older speakers.
3960:, part of the regional High German group. However, there are places where the traditional regional dialects have been replaced by new vernaculars based on Standard German; that is the case in large stretches of
7456:), but it was historically common in Northern Europe in the early modern era, including in languages such as Danish which abolished the capitalization of nouns in 1948, and English for a while, into the 1700s.
7221:, who introduced close to 300 words, which are still used in modern German. Even today, there are movements that promote the substitution of foreign words that are deemed unnecessary with German alternatives.
2788:
was made the official standard by governments of all German-speaking countries. Media and written works are now almost all produced in Standard German which is understood in all areas where German is spoken.
4208:
in schools. Gradually, Low German came to be politically viewed as a mere dialect spoken by the uneducated. The proportion of the population who can understand and speak it has decreased continuously since
2494:, spending much time among the population of Saxony researching the dialect so as to make the work as natural and accessible to German speakers as possible. Copies of Luther's Bible featured a long list of
11542:
On behalf of the Führer, Herr Reichsleiter Amann will in future convert those newspapers and periodicals that already have foreign distribution, or whose foreign distribution is desired, to normal script.
7612:
3717:
spoke German, mostly descendants of a small wave of 19th century German immigrants, making it the third most spoken European language after English and French and overall the ninth most spoken language.
383:
10790:
3364:
in Europe. German is used in a wide variety of spheres throughout the country, especially in business, tourism, and public signage, as well as in education, churches (most notably the German-speaking
4051:
German. They differ mainly in lexicon and phonology, but also smaller grammatical differences. In certain regions, they have replaced the traditional German dialects, especially in Northern Germany.
3929:(a non-profit German cultural association operational worldwide with 159 institutes, promoting the study of the German language abroad and encouraging international cultural exchange and relations.)
1002:
12902:
10399:
10729:
10674:
1038:
12804:
11540:
The use of the Schwabach Jew letters by officials will in future cease; appointment certifications for functionaries, street signs, and so forth will in future be produced only in normal script.
2729:
language in its written form, and the Duden Handbook was declared its standard definition. Punctuation and compound spelling (joined or isolated compounds) were not standardized in the process.
11264:
7554:
Umlaut vowels (ä, ö, ü) are commonly transcribed with ae, oe, and ue if the umlauts are not available on the keyboard or other medium used. In the same manner, ß can be transcribed as ss. Some
7213:
translated the Aristotelian treatises into pure (Old High) German in the decades after the year 1000. The tradition of loan translation revitalized in the 17th and 18th century with poets like
12877:
11106:
8409:
2800:
4395:
The Low Franconian dialects have three different standard varieties: In the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname, it is Dutch, which is itself a Low Franconian language. In South Africa, it is
12839:
10305:
1190:(where it is the third most taught foreign language after English and French), and in the United States. Overall, German is the fourth most commonly learned second language, and the third
3865:, is Germany's public international broadcaster. The service is available in 30 languages. DW's satellite television service consists of channels in German, English, Spanish, and Arabic.
7785:
typefaces used today, and the handwritten forms in particular are difficult for the untrained to read. The printed forms, however, were claimed by some to be more readable when used for
7107:
Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. However, there is a significant amount of loanwords from other languages, in particular
1191:
10589:
9463:
7804:
The Fraktur script however remains present in everyday life in pub signs, beer brands and other forms of advertisement, where it is used to convey a certain rusticality and antiquity.
11970:
7610:
1333:, with many varieties existing in Europe and other parts of the world. Some of these non-standard varieties have become recognized and protected by regional or national governments.
12887:
9396:
Thomas Marten, Fritz Joachim Sauer (Hrsg.): Länderkunde Deutschland, Österreich und Schweiz (mit Liechtenstein) im Querschnitt. Inform-Verlag, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-9805843-1-3, S. 7.
4011:
In most regions, the speakers use a continuum, e.g. "Umgangssprache" (colloquial standards) from more dialectal varieties to more standard varieties depending on the circumstances.
3898:
1661:
1203:
347:
300:
12912:
10945:"Deutsch als Fremdsprache weltweit. Datenerhebung 2015 – Worldwide survey of people learning German; conducted by the German Ministry for Foreign Affairs and the Goethe Institute"
9586:
2186:
While the major changes of the MHG period were socio-cultural, High German was still undergoing significant linguistic changes in syntax, phonetics, and morphology as well (e.g.
12005:
10196:
6101:) are masculine. Others are more variable, sometimes depending on the region in which the language is spoken. And some endings are not restricted to one gender, for example:
18151:
3868:
German-speaking people living abroad (and people wanting to learn German) can visit the websites of German-language newspapers and TV- and radio stations. The free software
11311:
Jan Goossens: Niederdeutsche Sprache – Versuch einer Definition. In: Jan Goossens (Hrsg.): Niederdeutsch – Sprache und Literatur. Karl Wachholtz, Neumünster, 1973, p. 9–27.
10910:
11080:
10880:
10282:
2377:
and kingdoms was stronger than ever. As a spoken language German remained highly fractured throughout this period, with a vast number of often mutually incomprehensible
11465:
7611:
6993:
as finite verbs place the infinitive at the end. For example, the English sentence "Should he go home?" would be rearranged in German to say "Should he (to) home go?" (
4372:
dialects fall within a linguistic category used to classify a number of historical and contemporary West Germanic varieties most closely related to, and including, the
15381:
9046:
8026:
in all circumstances as in modern Dutch) with these word pairs originally (up until around the mid to late 16th century) sounding far more similar than they do today.
3253:
11478:
According to the council's 2017 spelling manual: When writing the uppercase , write SS. It's also possible to use the uppercase ẞ. Example: Straße – STRASSE – STRAẞE.
6367:
The meaning of basic verbs can be expanded and sometimes radically changed through the use of a number of prefixes. Some prefixes have a specific meaning; the prefix
1610:
dialects. As members of the West Germanic language family, High German, Low German, and Low Franconian have been proposed to be further distinguished historically as
3337:", which became a second language for parts of the indigenous population. Although it is nearly extinct today, some older Namibians still have some knowledge of it.
3085:
The area in central Europe where the majority of the population speaks German as a first language and has German as a (co-)official language is called the "German
7007:
German subordinate clauses have all verbs clustered at the end, with the finite verb normally in the final position of the cluster. Given that auxiliaries encode
3741:. It is at a high risk of extinction, with only about 100 speakers remaining, and a topic of interest among linguists seeking to revive interest in the language.
2090:
telling the tale of an estranged father and son unknowingly meeting each other in battle. Linguistically, this text is highly interesting due to the mixed use of
3988:. Even though the national varieties of Standard German are only somewhat influenced by the local dialects, they are very distinct. German is thus considered a
3614:
and Chiloten-Deutsch. Immigrants even founded prosperous cities and towns. The impact of nineteenth century German immigration to southern Chile was such that
3607:
11049:
10798:
9041:
6563:
clauses may occur between the prefix of a finite verb and its complement (ankommen = to arrive, er kam an = he arrived, er ist angekommen = he has arrived):
3352:
co-official status from 1984 until its independence from South Africa in 1990. However, the Namibian government perceived Afrikaans and German as symbols of
1280:. The majority of its vocabulary derives from the ancient Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, while a smaller share is partly derived from
19540:
11587:
Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen: Die Standardsprache in Österreich, der Schweiz und Deutschland sowie in Liechtenstein, Luxemburg, Ostbelgien und Südtirol
10955:
10249:
7232:
from Latin and Latinized Greek. These words often have different connotations from their Germanic counterparts and are usually perceived as more scholarly.
2644:, now Bratislava), were originally settled during the Habsburg period and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest, Bratislava, and cities like
16639:
13492:
6284:: active and passive. The passive voice uses auxiliary verbs and is divisible into static and dynamic. Static forms show a constant state and use the verb
3188:
greatly diminished them, minority communities of mostly bilingual German native speakers exist in areas both adjacent to and detached from the Sprachraum.
2498:
for each region, translating words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Luther said the following concerning his translation method:
11592:
German variant dictionary: The standard language in Austria, Switzerland and Germany as well as in Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, East Belgium and South Tyrol
4423:
taking its place as the region's official language. As a result, these dialects are now considered German dialects from a socio-linguistic point of view.
3357:
identifying them as elements of the cultural heritage of the nation and ensuring that the state acknowledged and supported their presence in the country.
10737:
10666:
3287:
1194:
in K-12 education. The language has been influential in the fields of philosophy, theology, science, and technology. It is the second most commonly used
11353:
9523:
9493:
19469:
15363:
15115:
15093:
10480:
10435:
9619:
9292:
12769:
12719:(1982). "Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte" [The classification of the German dialects]. In Besch, Werner; Wiegand, Herbert Ernst (eds.).
11257:
10565:
6240:(as in English). Additionally, there is a third class, known as mixed verbs, whose conjugation combines features of both the strong and weak patterns.
1206:
are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books, with one-tenth of all books (including e-books) in the world being published in German.
15540:
3872:
allows the downloading of videos from the websites of some public German, Austrian, and Swiss TV stations and of the public Franco-German TV network
2365:. This period saw the further displacement of Latin by German as the primary language of courtly proceedings and, increasingly, of literature in the
15530:
10615:
15545:
11102:
9026:
7519:
in capitals. An exception was the use of ß in legal documents and forms when capitalizing names. To avoid confusion with similar names, lower case
6331:(in the past), or functions as a (literal) alternative for either reported speech or the conditional state of the verb, when necessary for clarity.
10980:
18318:
18161:
12846:
11008:
9716:
4430:(north of which "i" is pronounced as "ik" and south of which as "ich") into northern and southern Low Franconian. The northern variants comprise
3177:
2956: German (or a German dialect) is a legally recognized minority language (squares: geographic distribution too dispersed/small for map scale)
10829:
9553:
6633:
of the sentence. The element in focus appears at the end of the sentence. For a sentence without an auxiliary, these are several possibilities:
2373:, and far from any form of unification, the desire for a cohesive written language that would be understandable across the many German-speaking
15863:
15660:
15550:
15535:
15255:
14902:
12458:
11426:
10335:
2906:
2781:
was established on the basis of public speaking in theatres and the media during the 20th century and documented in pronouncing dictionaries.
19070:
18523:
11258:"Die am häufigsten üblicherweise zu Hause gesprochenen Sprachen der ständigen Wohnbevölkerung ab 15 Jahren – 2012–2014, 2013–2015, 2014–2016"
10586:
10313:
9455:
3415:
from 1884 to 1916. However, German was replaced by French and English, the languages of the two successor colonial powers, after its loss in
3365:
11964:
9419:
17014:
16092:
15638:
15233:
14880:
13867:
12945:
12161:
9375:
4815:
dialects. The High Franconian dialects are transitional dialects between Central and Upper German. The High German varieties spoken by the
4419:. Following a 19th-century change in Prussian language policy, use of Dutch as an official and public language was forbidden; resulting in
2863:
2236:
A great wealth of texts survives from the MHG period. Significantly, these texts include a number of impressive secular works, such as the
1598:(south of Benrath) from those that were not (north of Uerdingen). The various regional dialects spoken south of these lines are grouped as
2436:
Alongside these courtly written standards, the invention of the printing press led to the development of a number of printers' languages (
16812:
13665:
10629:
3912:
3883:
Note that some material is region-restricted for legal reasons and cannot be accessed from everywhere in the world. Some websites have a
3790:
million in 2000. Within the EU, not counting countries where it is an official language, German as a foreign language is most popular in
12774:
9575:
8225:
10514:
6544:
forms, it is split off and moved to the end of the clause and is hence considered by some to be a "resultative particle". For example,
3786:
million people were enrolled in learning German across all levels of education worldwide. This number has decreased from a peak of 20.1
12222:
Nerius, Dieter (January 2000). "Die Rolle der II. Orthographischen Konferenz (1901) in der Geschichte der Deutschen Rechtschreibung".
10696:
9842:
12668:
A history of the German language: with special reference to the cultural and social forces that shaped the standard literary language
12582:
8707:
7138:
and underwent all the characteristic phonetic changes in German. Their origin is thus no longer recognizable for most speakers (e.g.
2909:
estimated a number of 289 million German foreign language speakers without clarifying the criteria by which he classified a speaker.
18809:
18049:
12076:
11987:
10188:
10768:
10367:
9806:
2878:. With the inclusion or exclusion of certain varieties, it is estimated that approximately 90–95 million people speak German as a
2517:. But tell me is this talking German? What German understands such stuff? No, the mother in the home and the plain man would say,
18990:
12418:
The Wilds of Patagonia: A Narrative of the Swedish Expedition to Patagonia Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Island in 1907– 1909
10902:
10856:
The Wilds of Patagonia: A Narrative of the Swedish Expedition to Patagonia Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Island in 1907– 1909
9282:
9011:
2366:
11302:
Georg Cornelissen: Das Niederländische im preußischen Gelderland und seine Ablösung durch das Deutsche, Rohrscheid, 1986, p. 93.
11072:
10872:
19433:
15108:
11809:
Dialecten op de grens van twee talen : Een dialectologisch en sociolinguïstisch onderzoek in het Kleverlands dialectgebied
10274:
10160:
8399:
3921:
3908:
2718:
1731:
dialects did not take part in the High German consonant shift, and the Anglic languages also adopted much vocabulary from both
3445:
In the United States, German is the fifth most spoken language in terms of native and second language speakers after English,
18283:
12730:
12677:
12619:
12559:
12536:
12510:
12318:
12286:
12212:
12189:
12155:
12103:
12070:
12049:
12030:
11999:
11926:
11821:
11796:
11777:
11744:
11738:
11673:
11639:
11599:
10032:
9056:
8394:
8389:
3454:
3446:
12736:
12565:
12382:
12258:
12109:
11947:
11867:
11827:
11605:
11457:
6912:
is present, it appears in second position, and the main verb appears at the end. This occurs notably in the creation of the
18590:
16629:
13482:
11814:
Dialects on the border of two languages: A dialectological and sociolinguistic investigation in the Kleverland dialect area
11699:
Markedness and salience in language contact and second-language acquisition: evidence from a non-canonical contact language
7738:
3450:
3428:
2346:
1092:
15486:
10732:[IPOL will carry out training of enumerators for the linguistic census of the municipality of Antônio Carlos-SC].
7023:, very long chains of verbs at the end of the sentence can occur. In these constructions, the past participle formed with
3578:
771:
19520:
19128:
18437:
18420:
18253:
11263:(official site) (in German, French, and Italian). Neuchâtel, Switzerland: Federal Statistical Office FSO. 28 March 2018.
9016:
940:
17541:
15123:
14394:
11374:
Uwe Pörksen, German Academy for Language and Literature's Jahrbuch 2007 (Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2008, pp. 121–130)
18328:
18293:
18238:
15856:
15653:
15248:
14895:
6686:
The position of a noun in a German sentence has no bearing on its being a subject, an object or another argument. In a
6335:
5336:) in France. In Baden-Württemberg, they are considered dialects of German, and in Alsace a South Franconian variant of
5101:
4124:
based on mutual intelligibility is used, many German dialects are considered to be separate languages (for instance by
3164:
452:
12614:]. de Gruyter Studienbuch (in German). Vol. Band III: 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Berlin; New York: de Gruyter.
11202:
Pluricentric languages and language education: Pedagogical Implications and Innovative Approaches to Language Teaching
19535:
19063:
18777:
18681:
18518:
15101:
12442:
12350:
12134:
11899:
11861:
8702:
7746:
7465:
3917:
3369:
2785:
3595:
19525:
16085:
12938:
11041:
9368:
9252:
8060:, whose author remains unknown, is also an important work of the epoch. The fairy tales collected and published by
6051:: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Word endings sometimes reveal grammatical gender: for instance, nouns ending in
3398:
2414:
10535:
9688:
9578:
Levi von Bonn alias Löb Kraus und die Juden im Alten Reich. Auf den Spuren eines Verrats mit weitreichenden Folgen
19545:
19464:
19335:
19148:
18643:
18243:
12274:
10985:[Knowledge of foreign languages in Russia] (in Russian). Levada Centre. 16 September 2008. Archived from
10944:
10245:
7099:
The order at the end of such strings is subject to variation, but the second one in the last example is unusual.
6778:
Yesterday entered the manager at 10 o'clock with an umbrella in the hand his office. (but today without umbrella)
6342:
Disambiguation of completed vs. uncompleted forms is widely observed and regularly generated by common prefixes (
3325:
of the German Empire, from 1884 to 1915. About 30,000 people still speak German as a native tongue today, mostly
1644:
dialect group. German is therefore closely related to the other languages based on High German dialects, such as
1108:
930:
11396:
9520:. 6644-5571 [1783-1811] [Newspaper in German printed in Hebrew characters]. Königsberg, Prussia"
9086:
3140:
Switzerland, co-official at the federal level with French, Italian, and Romansh, and at the local level in four
19550:
19500:
19423:
19173:
18626:
18442:
18126:
12832:
9262:
9257:
9066:
8991:
8873:
8404:
4385:
3141:
1341:
1199:
7721:
A Russian dictionary from 1931, showing the "German alphabet" – the 3rd and 4th columns of each half are
4161:
2026:, the first coherent works written in Old High German appear in the ninth century, chief among them being the
19530:
19515:
19510:
19505:
19345:
18920:
18696:
18558:
18462:
18361:
17908:
15849:
15646:
15627:
15577:
15241:
14888:
14761:
11511:
11345:
9515:
9485:
9036:
8968:
5722:
4242:
3894:
3722:
3199:
491:
15668:
15263:
14910:
12250:
Die deutsche Buchstabenschrift: Ihre Entstehung und Entwicklung, ihre Zweckmäßigkeit und völkische Bedeutung
10487:
10451:
9666:
9611:
8071:, who translated the Bible into High German (a regional group or German varieties at southern and therefore
3523:
2537:
522:
509:
19438:
19390:
19260:
19255:
19056:
18940:
18668:
18538:
18042:
17938:
17108:
17070:
17055:
15794:
14791:
13961:
13923:
13908:
12786:
10557:
9247:
9031:
9021:
9001:
6012:
4294:
3903:
3375:
3233:
1410:
432:
16382:
13235:
10150:"Enrollments in Languages Other Than English in United States Institutions of Higher Education, Fall 2013"
8023:
8019:
8015:
7583:, but this use of the letter e after a/o/u does not occur in the present-day spelling of words other than
6690:
in English, if the subject does not occur before the predicate, the sentence could well be misunderstood.
2117:
diversity with very little written uniformity. The early written tradition of OHG survived mostly through
19495:
18735:
18648:
18100:
17918:
17778:
17128:
17087:
17077:
16078:
15804:
15781:
15032:
14771:
14631:
13981:
13940:
13930:
12931:
10636:
9361:
9144:
7867:
7742:
7558:
use key sequences to extend the set of possible characters to include, amongst other things, umlauts; in
7416:
7202:, mediated by the church and monasteries. Another important influx of Latin words can be observed during
4926:
4868:
4864:
4856:
3493:
3432:
3105:
1769:
1649:
1595:
854:
691:
11894:]. Vol. 1 (2., rev. and by a bibliogr. supplement expd. ed.). Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz.
5766:
19395:
19220:
18658:
18570:
18548:
18467:
18452:
18268:
18248:
18090:
16294:
15212:
14977:
13147:
12796:
10986:
9324:
9287:
8354:
8177:
8084:
8045:
7603:
3304:
2812:
Approximate distribution of native German speakers (assuming a rounded total of 95 million) worldwide:
2399:
2395:
in 1534, however, had an immense effect on standardizing German as a supra-dialectal written language.
2094:
and Old High German dialects in its composition. The written works of this period stem mainly from the
1712:
1404:
89:
12809:
11015:
9723:
7444:
together, though it usually separates the nouns with spaces: as, for example, "toilet bowl cleaner".)
6773:
Gestern betrat der Direktor um 10 Uhr mit einem Schirm in der Hand sein Büro. (aber heute ohne Schirm)
4434:, which is most similar to Standard Dutch. The other ones are transitional between Low Franconian and
2732:
19400:
19362:
18910:
18095:
17635:
14488:
12872:
12421:
10859:
10821:
10730:"IPOL realizará formação de recenseadores para o censo linguístico do município de Antônio Carlos-SC"
9545:
8112:
7539:(ẞ) was ultimately adopted into German orthography in 2017, ending a long orthographic debate (thus "
6560:
5706:
variant that dominates in Vogtland. There is also one single Austro-Bavarian village in Switzerland:
4005:
3229:
3128:
3061:
2778:
1337:
11434:
10607:
10342:
3561:
19490:
19320:
18887:
18849:
18686:
18457:
17913:
17867:
17862:
17786:
17396:
17380:
17259:
17118:
17009:
17004:
15461:
15131:
14766:
14720:
14715:
14639:
14249:
14233:
14112:
13971:
13862:
13857:
9242:
8723:
8525:
8364:
8080:
7826:
7782:
7571:
5424:
5081:
4876:
4754:
4652:
4369:
4060:
3478:
3329:. The period of German colonialism in Namibia also led to the evolution of a Standard German-based
3322:
2962: German (or a variety of German) is spoken by a sizeable minority but has no legal recognition
2950: German is a co-official language but not the first language of the majority of the population
2430:
1708:
1607:
1515:
1230:
1031:
814:
681:
661:
221:
3565:
3368:), other cultural spheres such as music, and media (such as German language radio programs by the
19290:
19250:
19230:
19210:
19113:
19023:
18897:
18877:
18854:
18834:
18794:
18757:
18706:
18580:
18543:
18313:
18035:
17852:
17796:
17791:
17711:
17384:
17334:
16634:
16452:
16208:
16136:
16124:
15505:
14705:
14649:
14644:
14564:
14237:
14187:
13487:
13305:
13061:
12989:
12977:
12174:
Sum of Standard German, Swiss German, and all German dialects not listed under "Standard German".
11883:
11843:
9430:
9319:
9122:
9108:
8731:
8379:
8120:
6229:
6141:
5385:
5269:
5194:
3542:
3394:
3209:
1943:
1728:
1523:
1519:
1503:
1425:
1381:
1250:
1048:
1044:
273:
140:
130:
17974:
17694:
17092:
14827:
14547:
13945:
12892:
11162:
10015:
Lobenstein-Reichmann, Anja (2017). "Martin Luther, Bible Translation, and the German Language".
7830:
letter s), which marks the end of a syllable; for example, in differentiating between the words
7369:
7355:
6584:
A selectively literal translation of this example to illustrate the point might look like this:
3380:
is one of the three biggest newspapers in Namibia and the only German-language daily in Africa.
2152:
rivers, the MHG period saw a number of these tribes expanding beyond this eastern boundary into
19428:
19225:
18824:
18799:
18762:
18621:
18553:
18382:
18273:
18263:
17857:
17339:
17305:
16923:
16739:
16599:
16439:
16334:
16043:
16020:
15609:
15444:
15004:
14999:
14972:
14933:
14710:
14192:
14158:
13776:
13592:
13452:
13292:
13187:
10447:
10400:"Charte européenne des langues régionales : Hollande nourrit la guerre contre le français"
9118:
8996:
8812:
8796:
8792:
8049:
7453:
7218:
7128:
6687:
6682:( me gave the old man the book yesterday (entailing: as for someone else, it was another date))
6183:
5190:
5186:
5178:
4808:
4381:
4105:
4055:
3993:
3835:
3591:
3527:
3492:
A number of German varieties have developed in the country and are still spoken today, such as
3486:
3181:
1704:
1688:
1400:
1308:
213:
12339:
Sachsensprache, Hansesprache, Plattdeutsch: Sprachgeschichtliche Grundzüge des Niederdeutschen
11014:. American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL). February 2011. Archived from
10640:
10630:"Detailed List of Languages Spoken at Home for the Population 5 Years and Over by State: 2000"
10372:[Charter of the Azov District Council of 05.21.2002 N 5-09 Charter of the municipal].
9722:. American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL). February 2011. Archived from
8447:
The status of Luxembourgish as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.
4531:
4104:
The German dialects are the traditional local varieties of the language; many of them are not
3473:, German is the most common language spoken at home after English. As a legacy of significant
19448:
19380:
19350:
19305:
19300:
19275:
19133:
18985:
18804:
18789:
18752:
18015:
17979:
17247:
17240:
17192:
16962:
16933:
16902:
16865:
16790:
16547:
16460:
16321:
16283:
15789:
15493:
15421:
15222:
15150:
14868:
14832:
14100:
14093:
14045:
13815:
13786:
13755:
13718:
13643:
13400:
13313:
13174:
13136:
12819:
12666:
10024:
9779:
9749:
9456:"Moses Mendelssohn's Be'ur: Translating the Torah in the Age of Enlightenment - TheTorah.com"
9205:
9158:
9051:
8957:
8456:
The status of Plautdietsch as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.
6618:
always has the first position. In subordinate clauses, all verb forms occur at the very end.
5711:
5408:
5117:
4992:
4936:
4630:
4132:
4083:
4065:
4048:
4036:
4001:
3989:
3582:
3513:
3334:
2804:
2533:
2482:
was published in parts and completed in 1534). Luther based his translation primarily on the
2341:
1720:
1641:
1599:
1396:
1325:
1316:
1304:
731:
701:
581:
217:
189:
150:
24:
19418:
17480:
16355:
14333:
13208:
8171:, making it the second most awarded linguistic region (together with French) after English.
1583:
19340:
19330:
19280:
19240:
19198:
19193:
19188:
19178:
19163:
19158:
19153:
19138:
19123:
19118:
19108:
19103:
19098:
19093:
18767:
18711:
18595:
18533:
18528:
18498:
18430:
18408:
18356:
18258:
17984:
17964:
17933:
17806:
17666:
17412:
17230:
16822:
16649:
16611:
16606:
16480:
16427:
16185:
15872:
15822:
15812:
15676:
15471:
15271:
15217:
15078:
14918:
14837:
14817:
14786:
14659:
14519:
14265:
14083:
13675:
13502:
13464:
13459:
13333:
13280:
13038:
11103:"More than 80% of primary school pupils in the EU were studying a foreign language in 2013"
10704:
9834:
9546:"YIVO | Dostrzegacz Nadwiślański - / Der Beobakhter an der Vayksel. 1823-1824. Warsaw"
9006:
8937:
8856:
8775:
8438:
The status of Low German as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.
7730:
7435:
Written texts in German are easily recognisable as such by distinguishing features such as
7203:
7016:
6611:
6237:
6198:("tree house"). Like English, German allows arbitrarily long compounds in theory (see also
5558:
5428:
4896:
4184:. It was the predominant language in Northern Germany until the 16th century. In 1534, the
3957:
2426:
2362:
1615:
1277:
761:
17640:
14493:
12343:
Saxon language, Hanseatic language, Low German: Linguistic-historical basics of Low German
11535:
printing presses and thus in Germany the Schwabach Jew letters were forcefully introduced.
10402:[European Charter for Regional Languages: Hollande fuels the war against French].
7842:(tube of polish/wax). One can easily decide which "s" to use by appropriate hyphenation, (
5468:
5325:
5250:
2784:
Official revisions of some of the rules from 1901 were not issued until the controversial
2536:
to modern Standard German. The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the
957:
8:
19443:
19385:
19325:
19315:
19295:
19285:
19270:
19265:
19245:
19215:
19183:
19168:
19143:
19079:
18950:
18844:
18819:
18814:
18691:
18636:
18575:
18481:
18212:
18146:
17923:
17159:
17113:
17047:
16800:
16447:
16360:
16158:
16059:
15756:
15728:
15522:
15481:
15466:
14776:
14012:
13966:
13900:
13653:
13300:
13213:
13011:
12594:
12521:
12466:
Steinicke, Ernst; Walder, Judith; Löffler, Roland; Beismann, Michael (20 December 1999).
11683:
9426:
9237:
9076:
9071:
8986:
8978:
8932:
8860:
8746:
8092:
7638:
7134:
Latin words were already imported into the predecessor of the German language during the
4916:
4892:
4789:
4591:
4404:
4188:
was published. It aimed to be understandable to a broad audience and was based mainly on
3397:. The South African constitution identifies German as a "commonly used" language and the
3344:
official language of Namibia after the end of German colonial rule alongside English and
1692:
1482:
1195:
18308:
17470:
17315:
16562:
15186:
14323:
14168:
13415:
12399:
12279:
Old English and its closest relatives : a survey of the earliest Germanic languages
12255:
The German letter font: Its origin and development, its advisability and folkish meaning
12205:
Regional Geography – An Overview of Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Liechtenstein
12098:(in German). Vol. 1 (19th revised ed.). Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.
12060:
11687:
8253:
7637:
umlauts are ordered immediately after the same word without umlauts. As an example in a
3880:", it is possible to record programs of many German and some international TV stations.
671:
19355:
19310:
19235:
19205:
19016:
19009:
18864:
18829:
18716:
18701:
18631:
18609:
18585:
18513:
18447:
18377:
18288:
18207:
18176:
18085:
18062:
17969:
17893:
17821:
17811:
17766:
17528:
17455:
17352:
17197:
17172:
17167:
17060:
16888:
16773:
16594:
16372:
16367:
16346:
16307:
16111:
16101:
15902:
15718:
15710:
15594:
15302:
15037:
15027:
14822:
14746:
14674:
14664:
14619:
14381:
14308:
14205:
14050:
14025:
14020:
13913:
13741:
13626:
13447:
13225:
13220:
13199:
13160:
12964:
12954:
12882:
12704:
12652:
12485:
12452:
10760:
10377:
9306:
9081:
8947:
8922:
8868:
8832:
8697:
8689:
8669:
8304:
8186:
8088:
7941:
7786:
7440:
7407:
7131:
estimated that one fifth of the total German vocabulary was of French or Latin origin.
6327:
6251:
6244:
6233:
6161:
6048:
5826:
5089:
5085:
4948:
4906:
4860:
4750:
4737:
4718:
4708:
4696:
4435:
3691:
3482:
3279:
3263:
3243:
3219:
3149:
3040:
2991:
2495:
2451:
2411:
2141:
2135:
2099:
1633:
1629:
1543:
1535:
1511:
1495:
1345:
1269:
1238:
1187:
1152:
741:
561:
184:
135:
20:
17123:
16015:
13976:
12633:[The "bocha", "polka" and "murra" areas. Language contact in southern Chile].
11706:
4491:
3686:
experienced a pronounced wave of Prussian immigration in the 1840s (particularly from
1268:
for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative); three
894:
806:
18970:
18945:
18892:
18839:
18653:
18425:
18217:
17943:
17742:
17658:
17651:
17606:
17550:
17310:
17300:
17283:
17278:
17182:
16944:
16744:
16705:
16685:
16523:
16415:
16397:
16249:
16000:
15977:
15947:
15907:
15748:
15510:
15498:
15391:
15338:
15316:
15059:
14994:
14967:
14796:
14595:
14511:
14504:
14459:
14403:
14163:
14153:
14136:
14131:
14035:
13797:
13597:
13558:
13538:
13376:
13268:
13250:
13102:
12907:
12824:
12726:
12673:
12656:
12615:
12555:
12506:
12438:
12346:
12314:
12282:
12235:
12208:
12185:
12151:
12130:
12099:
12066:
12045:
12026:
11995:
11922:
11895:
11857:
11817:
11792:
11773:
11769:
11734:
11669:
11649:
11635:
11595:
11584:
Ammon, Ulrich; Bickel, Hans; Ebner, Jakob; Gasser, Markus; Esterhammer, Ruth (2004).
11197:
10558:"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions"
10028:
9210:
9171:
9129:
8788:
8756:
8332:
8128:
8035:
7559:
7555:
7214:
7020:
6913:
6897:
6630:
6353:
6308:
6296:
6199:
6165:
5818:
5679:
5261:
5242:
5238:
5020:
5008:
4960:
4412:
4173:
3734:
3574:
3519:
3283:
3153:
3087:
3006:
2981:
2777:
throughout the German-speaking area until well into the 19th century. However, wider
2597:
2576:
2562:
2370:
2311:
2067:
1785:
1765:
1748:
1673:
1594:, respectively) serve to distinguish the Germanic dialects that were affected by the
1392:
1261:
1254:
1222:
1171:
1096:
1064:
621:
601:
591:
12489:
12231:
12201:
Länderkunde – Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz und Liechtenstein im Querschnitt
10149:
6877:
The manager entered yesterday at 10 o'clock his office with an umbrella in the hand.
6849:
The manager entered with an umbrella in the hand yesterday at 10 o'clock his office.
6827:
Yesterday at 10 o'clock entered the manager his office with an umbrella in the hand.
6798:
Yesterday at 10 o'clock entered the manager with an umbrella in the hand his office.
6750:
His office entered the manager yesterday at 10 o'clock with an umbrella in the hand.
6728:
The manager entered his office yesterday at 10 o'clock with an umbrella in the hand.
6709:
The manager entered yesterday at 10 o'clock with an umbrella in the hand his office.
3944:
3549:
3531:
3191:
Within Europe, German is a recognized minority language in the following countries:
936:
19032:
18980:
18975:
18965:
18960:
18955:
18782:
18747:
18721:
18393:
18197:
18166:
18121:
18116:
17898:
17689:
17623:
17579:
17574:
17534:
17523:
17515:
17320:
17288:
17235:
17224:
17137:
16846:
16785:
16575:
16557:
16392:
16153:
16145:
15962:
15886:
15771:
15589:
15563:
15453:
15412:
15373:
15326:
15180:
15176:
15160:
15049:
14751:
14542:
14476:
14432:
14427:
14387:
14376:
14368:
14173:
14141:
14088:
14077:
13990:
13699:
13638:
13428:
13410:
13245:
13006:
12998:
12696:
12642:
12475:
12227:
11914:
11765:
11726:Österreichisches Deutsch oder Deutsch in Österreich? Identitäten im 21. Jahrhundert
11702:
11532:"For general attention, on behalf of the Führer, I make the following announcement:
10667:"Tagalog in California, Cherokee in Arkansas: What language does your state speak?"
10020:
9229:
9215:
9200:
9192:
9182:
9139:
9061:
8942:
8917:
8751:
8741:
8660:
8414:
8160:
7873:
7199:
7124:
7116:
6957:
The main verb may appear in first position to put stress on the action itself. The
6270:
6258:
6202:). The longest German word verified to be actually in (albeit very limited) use is
6025:
5663:
5639:
5554:
5522:
5491:
5440:
5400:
5366:
5337:
5321:
5246:
5222:
5068:
4920:
4902:
4872:
4795:
4783:
4741:
4298:
4181:
3961:
3754:
3738:
3557:
3553:
3509:
3462:
3440:
3360:
Today, Namibia is considered to be the only German-speaking country outside of the
3326:
3275:
3157:
2917:
2895:
2871:
2859:
2274:
2033:
1773:
1681:
1669:
1539:
1531:
1361:
1273:
1265:
1242:
1218:
1183:
860:
850:
611:
393:
17735:
14588:
12687:
Weiss, Gerhard (1995). "Up-to-Date and with a Past: The "Duden" and its History".
11724:
8369:
8148:
3690:
region). With the prolonged isolation from other German speakers and contact with
3610:
of Germans, Swiss and Austrians. Because of that, two dialects of German emerged,
2767:
1132:
18930:
18925:
18872:
18298:
17928:
17888:
17721:
17628:
17611:
17596:
17591:
17584:
17293:
17202:
17187:
17142:
16994:
16957:
16949:
16928:
16915:
16895:
16881:
16644:
16621:
16552:
16542:
16534:
16314:
15972:
15952:
15942:
15912:
15766:
15761:
15476:
15429:
15331:
15311:
15285:
14989:
14962:
14937:
14781:
14741:
14574:
14481:
14464:
14449:
14444:
14437:
14146:
14055:
14040:
13995:
13847:
13810:
13802:
13781:
13768:
13748:
13734:
13497:
13474:
13405:
13395:
13387:
13167:
12720:
12716:
12647:
12631:"Las áreas de "bocha", "polca" y "murra". Contacto de lenguas en el sur de Chile"
12630:
12603:
12549:
12435:
German pronunciation: Pure and moderate high accent with pronunciation dictionary
12413:
12364:
12360:
12248:
12145:
12093:
11937:
11847:
11807:
11585:
11293:, 2nd ed., 3. Teilband, (series: HSK 2.3), Walter de Gruyter, 2003, here p. 2636.
10851:
10593:
9329:
9314:
8952:
8927:
8880:
8807:
8802:
8374:
8276:
8116:
8096:
8076:
7436:
7120:
6345:
6281:
6266:
6137:
6033:
6029:
5839:
5703:
5611:
5603:
5503:
5472:
5456:
5374:
5285:
5277:
5273:
5230:
5226:
5218:
5206:
5109:
5012:
4824:
4774:
4766:
4728:
4420:
4205:
4099:
4087:
4040:
3997:
3939:
3926:
3795:
3683:
3611:
3474:
2887:
2855:
2726:
2722:
2589:
2455:
2378:
2358:
2040:
1990:
1965:
1759:
1736:
1625:
1551:
1527:
1330:
1320:
1312:
1289:
1246:
1234:
1179:
1148:
962:
846:
820:
781:
641:
571:
551:
261:
249:
209:
179:
122:
112:
28:
8232:
8164:
8156:
6980:.) The bare fact that the book has been given is emphasized, as well as 'today'.
6832:
Both the time specification and the fact he carried an umbrella are accentuated.
6733:
This variant accentuates the time specification and that he carried an umbrella.
5189:
are transitional dialects between Central and Upper German. They consist of the
4847:
in the east. Modern Standard German is mostly based on Central German dialects.
4647:
3654:
Small concentrations of German-speakers and their descendants are also found in
1490:
19037:
18915:
18902:
18565:
18323:
18009:
17903:
17883:
17835:
17727:
17601:
17271:
17038:
16977:
16756:
16713:
16670:
16587:
16582:
16471:
16421:
16272:
16223:
16178:
16171:
15957:
15934:
15695:
15690:
15434:
15386:
15355:
15066:
15054:
15022:
14862:
14756:
14736:
14688:
14580:
14454:
14124:
13891:
13830:
13609:
13566:
13523:
13440:
13435:
13324:
13274:
13125:
13076:
13031:
13024:
12897:
12867:
11458:"Germany has ended a century-long debate over a missing letter in its alphabet"
10246:"The most spoken languages worldwide (speakers and native speaker in millions)"
9811:
9349:
9134:
9100:
8907:
8899:
8384:
8346:
8318:
8290:
8195:
8132:
8124:
8104:
8100:
8061:
8055:
8040:
The German language is used in German literature and can be traced back to the
7700:
7427:
7411:
7379:
7360:
7112:
6958:
6909:
6622:
6603:
6320:
5812:
5718:
5695:
5598:
5436:
5370:
5036:
4836:
4804:
4674:
4664:
4640:
4427:
4373:
4363:
4250:
4189:
4019:
3854:
3799:
3791:
3771:
3699:
3695:
3195:
3145:
3074:
2879:
2605:
2601:
2553:
2382:
2304:
2239:
2187:
1998:
1976:
1916:
1905:
1789:
1637:
1575:
1556:
1454:
1436:
1376:
1293:
1285:
1226:
1214:
1175:
1167:
1112:
1060:
1056:
1052:
830:
711:
398:
255:
234:
107:
12298:
Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an den österreichischen Mittelschulen
6693:
However, German's flexible word order allows one to emphasise specific words:
5507:
4988:
3518:
In Brazil, the largest concentrations of German speakers are in the states of
3309:
2634:
in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain; others, like
2357:
Modern High German begins with the Early New High German (ENHG) period, which
2113:
In general, the surviving texts of Old High German (OHG) show a wide range of
2078:
Germanic tradition. Of particular interest to scholars, however, has been the
1356:
19484:
18278:
17959:
17801:
17557:
17508:
17325:
17264:
17177:
17082:
17020:
16967:
16851:
16778:
16035:
16025:
16005:
15982:
15396:
15343:
15155:
14812:
14654:
14410:
14361:
14178:
14117:
14030:
13935:
13873:
13820:
13704:
13631:
12378:
12239:
11918:
11661:
11289:, in: Werner Besch, Anne Betten, Oskar Reichmann, Stefan Sonderegger (eds.),
9166:
8912:
8885:
8837:
8213:
8152:
8144:
8068:
7944:
English words, pronounced in several different ways in modern English (as an
7778:). These variants of the Latin alphabet are very different from the serif or
7484:
and before consonants, word-, or partial-word endings. In reformed spelling,
7449:
7387:
7012:
6872:
Der Direktor betrat gestern um 10 Uhr sein Büro mit einem Schirm in der Hand.
6844:
Der Direktor betrat mit einem Schirm in der Hand gestern um 10 Uhr sein Büro.
6761:(his office) is thus highlighted; it could be the topic of the next sentence.
6745:
Sein Büro betrat der Direktor gestern um 10 Uhr mit einem Schirm in der Hand.
6723:
Der Direktor betrat sein Büro gestern um 10 Uhr mit einem Schirm in der Hand.
6704:
Der Direktor betrat gestern um 10 Uhr mit einem Schirm in der Hand sein Büro.
6626:
6599:
6300:
6149:
6037:
5779:
5659:
5655:
5647:
5627:
5623:
5526:
5460:
5452:
5412:
5137:
5097:
5093:
5060:
4910:
4886:
4816:
4722:
4431:
4342:
4234:
4177:
3973:
3869:
3839:
3749:
3644:
3640:
3624:
3412:
3114:
2763:
2631:
2479:
2475:
2459:
2071:
1994:
1981:
1645:
1507:
1462:
1229:. It also contains close similarities in vocabulary to some languages in the
1124:
1116:
1080:
751:
651:
322:
280:
145:
74:
7198:). Borrowing from Latin continued after the fall of the Roman Empire during
6821:
Gestern um 10 Uhr betrat der Direktor sein Büro mit einem Schirm in der Hand
6792:
Gestern um 10 Uhr betrat der Direktor mit einem Schirm in der Hand sein Büro
6402:(to cut apart). Other prefixes have only the vaguest meaning in themselves;
5829:; as such, there can be a large number of words derived from the same root.
5040:
4947:
Luxembourgish as well as Transylvanian Saxon and Banat Swabian are based on
4463:
3569:
3048:
2470:
One of the central events in the development of ENHG was the publication of
2074:, and the Merseburg charms are transcriptions of spells and charms from the
1816:, respectively). The primary effects of the shift were the following below.
1579:
18663:
18338:
18333:
18303:
18202:
18156:
17828:
17252:
17216:
17149:
16972:
16795:
16768:
16751:
16695:
16654:
16236:
16215:
16010:
15967:
15830:
15733:
15723:
15584:
15196:
15191:
15145:
15044:
14681:
14105:
14069:
14002:
13825:
13648:
13621:
13604:
13548:
13507:
13089:
13068:
10369:Устав азовского районного совета от 21 May 2002 N 5-09 устав муниципального
10336:"Map on page of Polish Commission on Standardization of Geographical Names"
8761:
8168:
7798:
7477:
7210:
7135:
6893:
6537:
6316:
6219:
6017:
5687:
5485:
5389:
5362:
5174:
5113:
4930:
4812:
4685:
4635:
4499:
4408:
4274:
4210:
4193:
4185:
4140:
3953:
3728:
3632:
3628:
3497:
3470:
3466:
3436:
3015:
2672:
2529:
2471:
2463:
2392:
2374:
2328:
The Middle High German period is generally seen as ending when the 1346–53
2285:
2175:
1781:
1665:
1657:
1571:
1514:. The Germanic languages are traditionally subdivided into three branches:
1471:
840:
836:
721:
245:
17475:
14328:
12722:
Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung
11042:"Exam entries: German continues decline in popularity but computing soars"
7775:
7699:
Written German also typically uses an alternative opening inverted comma (
7536:
5517:
The southernmost German-speaking municipality is in the Alemannic region:
5048:
4330:
4318:
4302:
3948:
Self-reported knowledge of German within the nations of the European Union
2686:
2398:
The ENHG period saw the rise of several important cross-regional forms of
786:
776:
766:
756:
746:
736:
726:
716:
706:
696:
686:
676:
666:
656:
646:
636:
626:
616:
606:
596:
586:
576:
566:
556:
546:
18673:
18387:
18222:
18171:
17645:
17618:
17436:
17344:
17026:
16987:
16570:
16265:
16229:
16164:
15126:
14498:
14471:
14289:
14197:
13879:
13840:
13423:
13118:
13082:
13017:
12820:
Dissemination of the German language in Europe around 1913 (map, 300 dpi)
12792:
12302:
Geographical atlas on the homeland lore at the Austrian secondary schools
8842:
8204:
8140:
8136:
8108:
8041:
7763:
7752:
7692:
are treated as separate letters and are listed as separate entries after
7584:
7391:
7383:
6892:
The flexible word order also allows one to use language "tools" (such as
6615:
6541:
6262:
6157:
6041:
5795:
5717:
The northernmost Austro-Bavarian village is Breitenfeld (municipality of
5699:
5667:
5404:
5333:
5289:
5281:
5169:
5044:
4760:
4658:
4416:
4400:
4377:
4322:
4072:
4028:
3981:
3811:
3714:
3707:
3416:
3271:
3109:
3019:
2998:
2679:), German was the predominant language not only in the larger towns—like
2584:
2329:
2270:
2245:
2160:
2122:
2087:
2054:
1953:
1938:
1927:
1445:
1084:
1076:
527:
514:
354:
332:
94:
69:
17490:
14343:
11140:
10587:
Goethe Insitut - "Deutsch als Fremdsprache weltweit. Datenerhebung 2020"
7793:
initially promoted Fraktur and Schwabacher because they were considered
5305:
4819:
have several unique features and are considered as a separate language,
4196:
varieties. The Early New High German language gained more prestige than
4131:
The German dialect continuum is traditionally divided most broadly into
2227:
2201:
1898:
The approximate extent of Germanic languages in the early 10th century:
1209:
German is most closely related to other West Germanic languages, namely
18882:
18503:
17485:
17465:
16830:
16500:
16201:
15841:
15071:
14984:
14338:
14318:
13683:
13353:
13054:
12782:
12708:
12526:. University of California Libraries. Columbus, Ohio: Hann & Adair.
12311:
A history of German : what the past reveals about today's language
11527:
11507:
10527:
9113:
8419:
8075:
regions), is widely credited for attibuted to the basis for the modern
7855:
7779:
7767:
7628:
7087:
Er wusste nicht, dass der Agent einen Nachschlüssel machen lassen hatte
7077:
Er wusste nicht, dass der Agent einen Nachschlüssel hatte machen lassen
6990:
6312:
6274:
6108:
6088:
5975:
5870:
5822:
5789:
5754:
5746:
5691:
5643:
5582:
5578:
5550:
5502:
In Germany, the Alemannic dialects are often referred to as Swabian in
5479:
5451:/France (Low Alemannic, in the southernmost part also High Alemannic),
5444:
5000:
4996:
4607:
4575:
4567:
4543:
4519:
4507:
4334:
4326:
4197:
4166:
4156:
4136:
3969:
3545:) are recognized languages in the following municipalities in Brazil:
3390:
3134:
3036:
2931:
2875:
2048:
1821:
1619:
1603:
1458:
1420:
1088:
631:
408:
327:
79:
19048:
12540:
11966:
Measuring Dialect Pronunciation Differences using Levenshtein Distance
8410:
List of countries and territories where German is an official language
6410:
is found in a number of verbs with a large variety of meanings, as in
4844:
4270:
4008:
that has been maintained as a core assumption of German dialectology.
3968:
Standard German differs regionally among German-speaking countries in
3586:
2801:
List of countries and territories where German is an official language
2001:), the Old High German period is generally seen as beginning with the
18493:
18141:
17671:
17419:
17065:
16982:
16763:
16718:
16690:
16516:
16070:
15919:
14524:
14272:
13918:
13835:
13616:
13571:
13543:
13369:
12923:
12480:
12467:
9693:
8359:
7563:
7481:
6304:
5799:
5758:
5635:
5574:
5538:
5393:
5349:
5345:
5297:
5288:) in Franconia (including Bavarian Vogtland), and as "Vogtländisch" (
5234:
5210:
5141:
5004:
4972:
4587:
4579:
4559:
4503:
4487:
4471:
4467:
4459:
4443:
4396:
4346:
4314:
4310:
4282:
4266:
4125:
4113:
4078:
3667:
3655:
3636:
3458:
3353:
3345:
3185:
2653:
2635:
2118:
2103:
2091:
1961:
1957:
1832:
1825:
1777:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1677:
1611:
1591:
1564:
1547:
1440:
1210:
1140:
799:
537:
501:
483:
17495:
14348:
12700:
12437:] (in German) (19., umgearbeitete Auflage ed.). Wiesbaden.
11994:(1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 616.
11731:
Austrian German or German in Austria: Identities in the 21st Century
11404:
7349:
5542:
5416:
5052:
4286:
2968:
2736:
Participants of Meetings of German-speaking countries (2004-present)
2706:
2219:
2192:
2110:
between the second and sixth centuries, during the great migration.
1894:
18027:
17460:
16808:
14313:
13661:
11701:. Language Sciences. Vol. 25. Elsevier Ltd. pp. 561–613.
11538:
only the normal script will be taught in village and state schools.
11291:
Sprachgeschichte: Ein Handbuch zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache
10148:
Goldberg, David; Looney, Dennis; Lusin, Natalia (1 February 2015).
8270:
8246:
7755:
7366:
The size of the vocabulary of German is difficult to estimate. The
7229:
6186:
in which the first noun modifies the category given by the second:
6153:
5940:
5750:
5675:
5586:
5546:
5309:
5257:
5153:
4968:
4547:
4527:
4479:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4306:
4222:
4217:
Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the area: most of the
4128:). However, such a point of view is unusual in German linguistics.
4121:
3985:
3823:
3815:
3703:
3663:
3620:
3615:
3599:
3404:
3259:
2668:
2619:
2571:
2290:
2095:
2075:
2028:
2015:
2003:
1297:
1128:
948:
459:
12760:
11939:
Denkmahle des Mittelalters: St. Gallen's altteutsche Sprachschætze
11503:
11238:
8678:
5301:
3984:. This variation must not be confused with the variation of local
1329:, which refers to its regional origin. German is also notable for
18772:
18192:
18136:
18058:
17501:
17097:
16999:
15992:
15738:
15671:
15266:
14913:
14354:
13950:
13852:
11314:
9937:
9935:
9658:
8736:
7822:
7771:
7759:
7726:
7722:
7421:
7225:
5762:
5707:
5651:
5615:
5518:
5214:
5149:
5133:
5129:
5105:
5016:
4956:
4820:
4539:
4523:
4511:
4483:
4475:
4350:
4290:
4262:
4254:
4246:
4109:
4032:
3977:
3899:
List of German-language newspapers published in the United States
3884:
3819:
3807:
3803:
3687:
3671:
3538:
3408:
3314:
3239:
3215:
3205:
3124:
3100:
3095:
3057:
3027:
2977:
2532:
was also decisive for the German language and its evolution from
2296:
2114:
2107:
2106:), which had settled in what is now southern-central Germany and
1700:
1653:
1587:
1560:
1476:
1156:
1144:
1100:
1072:
1068:
944:
791:
464:
439:
415:
403:
337:
317:
312:
307:
84:
64:
59:
12612:
German language history from the late Middle Ages to the present
12408:]. Oxford University. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins.
11944:
Monuments of the Middle Ages: St. Gallen's Old German vocabulary
11760:
Durrell, M (2006). "Germanic Languages". In Brown, Keith (ed.).
11121:
10216:
10214:
3465:
combined), with over 1 million total speakers. In the states of
2709:)—but also in many smaller localities in the surrounding areas.
2381:
being spoken throughout the German states; the invention of the
1997:
inscriptions from as early as the sixth century AD (such as the
1136:
871:
16804:
13657:
12725:(in German) (1 ed.). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter.
12608:
Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart
12431:
Deutsche Aussprache. Hochsprache Bühnensprache – Alltagssprache
12374:
11073:"15.4 million people are learning German as a foreign language"
10486:. Beilage der Allgemeinen Zeitung. 18 July 2007. Archived from
8079:
language. Among the best-known poets and authors in German are
7818:
7808:
7790:
7008:
6607:
6206:
Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz
5905:
5783:
5734:
5730:
5671:
5631:
5619:
5495:
5448:
5329:
5284:). East Franconian is colloquially referred to as "Fränkisch" (
5265:
5254:
5145:
5125:
5056:
5028:
4984:
4976:
4840:
4603:
4583:
4571:
4563:
4535:
4515:
4338:
4258:
4230:
4117:
3831:
3827:
3779:
3775:
3758:
3330:
3249:
3225:
3091:". German is the official language of the following countries:
2645:
2611:
2491:
2253:
2249:
2179:
1160:
1120:
1104:
447:
427:
420:
390:
12465:
12147:
Ethnologue: Languages of Africa and Europe, Eighteenth Edition
9932:
9750:"GERMAN AS THE LANGUAGE OF SCIENCE: PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES"
7069:
One suspects that the deserter probably shot become be should.
6556:(Literal: "Go you with?"; Idiomatic: "Are you going along?").
6540:
have a separable prefix, often with an adverbial function. In
3992:, with currently three national standard varieties of German:
2447:
1727:)—as well as the Anglic languages of English and Scots. These
18152:
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
18131:
16722:
13575:
10211:
10189:"Foreign language learning statistics – Statistics Explained"
9879:
9877:
9875:
7794:
7717:
7108:
6145:
5683:
5562:
5530:
5511:
5432:
5064:
5032:
5024:
4980:
4940:
4611:
4599:
4595:
4555:
4551:
4495:
4238:
4226:
4204:
The 18th and 19th centuries were marked by mass education in
3659:
3648:
3120:
German is a co-official language of the following countries:
2696:
2664:
2265:
2214:
2153:
2149:
2019:
1281:
359:
12144:
Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2015).
12127:
Germany : Keys to understanding German Business Culture
7072:("It is suspected that the deserter probably had been shot")
5443:(Swabian, in the southwesternmost part also Low Alemannic),
2126:
only occasional use in official and ecclesiastical writing.
10873:"Keeping SA's Barossa Deutsch alive over kaffee und kuchen"
10126:
7912:
6621:
German requires a verbal element (main verb, modal verb or
6098:
5742:
5738:
5566:
5463:, Austria (Swabian). The Alemannic dialects are considered
5420:
5157:
4964:
4389:
4278:
4218:
3873:
2623:
2566:
2548:
2351:
2145:
2140:
While there is no complete agreement over the dates of the
1838:
Voiced stops became voiceless in certain phonetic settings.
12672:(Rev. ed.). Seattle: University of Washington Press.
12345:] (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
10461:
9872:
9420:"Special Eurobarometer 386: Europeans and their languages"
7619:(Listen to a German speaker recite the alphabet in German)
7095:("He did not know that the agent had had a picklock made")
5439:
and Low Alemannic, in the southwest also High Alemannic),
4426:
The Low Franconian dialects in Germany are divided by the
4407:, the Low Franconian dialects now spoken in Germany, used
4399:, which is also categorized as Low Franconian. During the
3606:
In Chile, during the 19th and 20th centuries, there was a
2596:
German was the language of commerce and government in the
2350:
German language area and major dialectal divisions around
1835:
in word-initial position, or following certain consonants;
1192:
most commonly learned second language in the United States
947:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
12468:"Autochthonous Linguistic Minorities in the Italian Alps"
11526:
The memorandum itself is typed in Antiqua, but the NSDAP
9910:
9908:
9862:
9860:
8644:
in danger of extinction due to the Francization of Alsace
8635:
in danger of extinction due to the Francization of Alsace
8239:
5570:
4108:
with standard German, and they have great differences in
3489:(North Dakota's state capital), plus many other regions.
2898:. This would imply the existence of approximately 175–220
1672:) and the various Germanic dialects spoken in the French
1570:
Within the West Germanic language dialect continuum, the
10226:
9975:
9641:
9639:
9637:
8064:
in the 19th century became famous throughout the world.
5396:: "Chuchichäschtli", in Standard German "Küchenkästlein"
3477:, German geographical names can be found throughout the
1103:. There are also notable German-speaking communities in
11483:
10102:
10010:
10008:
10006:
10004:
10002:
9612:"Lista de línguas cooficiais em municípios brasileiros"
8488:
never mean "humanity, human race", which translates to
8476:, may also mean "human, pertaining to humans", whereas
6674:(Yesterday gave me the old man the book, normal order)
6136:
This degree of inflection is considerably less than in
5729:
Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the area:
5537:
Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the area:
5344:
Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the area:
5296:
Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the area:
5124:
Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the area:
4955:
Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the area:
4442:
Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the area:
3762:
3733:
was historically spoken in the former German colony of
1784:
involved a drastic change in the pronunciation of both
1602:
dialects, while those spoken to the north comprise the
12854:
12023:
Fraktur: Form und Geschichte der gebrochenen Schriften
11583:
11565:
For a history of the changes in German consonants see
11397:"Verein Deutsche Sprache e.V. – Der Anglizismen-Index"
11377:
11244:
10066:
9920:
9905:
9857:
9748:
Abdumannonovna, Akhmedova Dilnoza (13 February 2022).
8010:
was historically pronounced in the same way as German
7228:
due to the enrichment of the Germanic vocabulary with
6642:(The old man gave me yesterday the book; normal order)
6288:(sein). Dynamic forms show an action and use the verb
4023:
The national and regional standard varieties of German
3706:. Usage of German sharply declined with the advent of
2944:) and first language of the majority of the population
2018:
supplying over 3,000 Old High German words with their
1296:. English, however, is the main source of more recent
12065:. Routledge Language Family Descriptions. Routledge.
12059:
König, Ekkehard; Van der Auwera, Johan, eds. (1994).
11888:
Niederdeutsch: Sprache und Literatur; Eine Einführung
11856:] (in German) (1. ed.). Berlin: De Gruyter.
11177:
11009:"Foreign Language Enrollments in K–12 Public Schools"
10297:
9717:"Foreign Language Enrollments in K–12 Public Schools"
9634:
6182:
Like the other Germanic languages, German forms noun
5670:. Austro-Bavarian is also spoken in southwesternmost
4090:
is officially used in the Austrian education system.
3290:
of 1998 has not yet been ratified by the government.
2866:(or "Germanophones") spans all inhabited continents.
11892:
Low German: language and literature; An introduction
10078:
10014:
9999:
9780:"Usage statistics of content languages for websites"
8266:
8044:, with the most notable authors of the period being
7751:
Until the early 20th century, German was printed in
6307:) and four tenses constructed with auxiliary verbs (
5104:, and earlier, in the then German-speaking parts of
12505:] (in German) (2nd ed.). Berlin: Weidler.
12304:] (in German). Vienna: G. Freytag & Berndt.
12199:Marten, Thomas; Sauer, Fritz Joachim, eds. (2005).
12058:
11547:
11506:[The original Bormann letter] (in German).
11326:
11219:(in German). Vienna: Böhlau. pp. Abbildung 36.
10925:
10147:
10114:
10090:
10059:Birgit Stolt, "Luther's Translation of the Bible."
10041:
9987:
6156:, and it is also somewhat less than, for instance,
3401:is obligated to promote and ensure respect for it.
3288:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
2213:(NHG), and weakening of unstressed short vowels to
1550:. The East Germanic languages are now extinct, and
1059:. It is the most spoken native language within the
886: Minority of German speakers in Central Europe
880: Majority of German speakers in Central Europe
12665:
10248:. New York City: Statista, The Statistics Portal.
9042:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany
7092:He knew not that the agent a picklock make let had
7082:He knew not that the agent a picklock had make let
6224:The inflection of standard German verbs includes:
5253:. East Franconian is also spoken in most parts of
3845:
3838:. German was once, and to some extent still is, a
3765:), in per cent of the adult population (+15), 2005
3167:, which represents 0.6% of the Italian population)
3131:, which represents 0.7% of the Belgian population)
3018:) German is one of the four national languages of
2984:dialect area; only the very west of the country is
2858:, as well as the popularity of German taught as a
2588:Ethnolinguistic map comprising the territories of
2530:Luther's translation of the Bible into High German
2472:Luther's translation of the Bible into High German
2102:groups, all belonging to the Elbe Germanic group (
2070:dialect offering an account of the soul after the
1656:. Also closely related to Standard German are the
12313:(1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
12143:
11654:The Consonants of German: Synchrony and Diachrony
11214:
10220:
8022:in an allophonic relationship, or potentially as
7696:, but they are usually treated as S+C+H and S+T.
7684:. In some older dictionaries or indexes, initial
7507:) when capitalization was required. For example,
5725:(German: Salurn an der Weinstraße), South Tyrol.
4384:. The region in Germany encompasses parts of the
3887:or limit the access for free/unregistered users.
3581:is a designated cultural language in the state):
3234:auxiliary and co-official language in 31 communes
2509:,' I would translate, if I followed the papists,
2361:dates 1350–1650, terminating with the end of the
1526:. The first of these branches survives in modern
1486:Maurer's classification of German tribes (German)
19482:
12635:Revista de Dialectología y Tradiciones Populares
12397:
11629:
11320:
11287:Aspekte einer niederrheinischen Sprachgeschichte
10183:
10181:
9941:
9689:"German is world's fourth most popular language"
7036:Man nimmt an, dass der Deserteur wohl erschossen
6550:, meaning "to go along", would be split, giving
5798:(Ruhr German), the High German regiolect of the
3952:The basis of Standard German developed with the
3171:
2768:conventions for German pronunciation in theatres
1776:, which separated Old High German dialects from
1344:has been the main international body regulating
12281:. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press.
11992:Pidgins and Creoles: Volume 2, Reference Survey
11200:. In Callies, Marcus; Hehner, Stefanie (eds.).
10937:
9414:
9412:
9410:
9408:
9406:
9404:
9402:
8111:. Fourteen German-speaking people have won the
7658:(because Ä is replaced by Ae). In a dictionary
5792:, a Low-German-coloured variety of High German.
5181:(transitional between Central and Upper German)
2592:(1910), with German-speaking areas shown in red
2521:Wesz das Herz voll ist, des gehet der Mund über
865:Totalling 285 varieties: 52-ACB-daa to 52-ACB-i
11946:]. Vol. 3. Scheitlin und Zollikofer.
10303:
9747:
7948:or not at all), can often be linked to German
7495:Since there is no traditional capital form of
7394:in Leipzig, which as of July 2003 included 500
4047:refer to the different local varieties of the
19064:
18043:
16086:
15857:
15654:
15249:
15109:
14896:
12939:
12840:
12398:Scherer, Wilhelm; Jankowsky, Kurt R. (1995).
11630:Barbour, Stephen; Stevenson, Patrick (1990).
11198:"Who is afraid of pluricentric perspectives?"
10178:
9369:
7452:language and several insular dialects of the
6967:Gegeben hat mir der alte Mann das Buch heute.
6944:Heute hat der alte Mann mir das Buch gegeben.
6930:Das Buch hat der alte Mann mir heute gegeben.
6922:Der alte Mann hat mir heute das Buch gegeben.
6075:(-hood, -ness) are feminine, nouns ending in
5447:/Austria (Low, High, and Highest Alemannic),
4839:dialects are spoken in Central Germany, from
4086:is used in the Swiss education system, while
3366:Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (GELK)
3313:Bilingual German-English sign at a bakery in
12150:(18th ed.). Dallas: SIL International.
9399:
8504:
8489:
8483:
8477:
8471:
8465:
8053:
8001:
7995:
7989:
7983:
7977:
7971:
7965:
7959:
7953:
7928:
7922:
7916:
7906:
7900:
7894:
7849:
7843:
7837:
7831:
7812:
7704:
7671:
7665:
7659:
7653:
7647:
7641:
7546:
7540:
7530:
7524:
7514:
7508:
7367:
7340:
7334:
7326:
7320:
7312:
7306:
7298:
7292:
7284:
7278:
7270:
7264:
7256:
7250:
7242:
7236:
7163:
7157:
7151:
7145:
7139:
7085:
7075:
7058:
7050:
7042:
7034:
7024:
6994:
6965:
6942:
6928:
6920:
6883:
6870:
6855:
6842:
6819:
6804:
6790:
6771:
6756:
6743:
6721:
6702:
6677:
6669:
6661:
6653:
6645:
6637:
6567:
6551:
6545:
6525:
6519:
6510:
6504:
6495:
6489:
6480:
6474:
6465:
6456:
6450:
6441:
6435:
6426:
6420:
6411:
6404:
6394:
6385:
6376:
6369:
6203:
6193:
6187:
6169:
6124:
6118:
6112:
6102:
6092:
6082:
6076:
6070:
6064:
6058:
6052:
6001:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5966:
5959:
5952:
5945:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5896:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5698:), where it is referred to as Vogtländisch (
5510:, and as Badian in the historical region of
3726:
3373:
2864:geographical distribution of German speakers
2792:
2771:
2741:
2700:
2690:
2680:
2660:), contained significant German minorities.
2519:
2513:aus dem Überflusz des Herzens redet der Mund
2511:
2484:
2438:
2419:
2404:
2393:Luther's vernacular translation of the Bible
2369:. While these states were still part of the
2302:
2237:
2207:
2168:
2158:
2080:
2038:
1021:
44:
18162:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)
12604:"6.5. Inter- und übernationale Beziehungen"
12496:
12198:
12092:König, Werner; Paul, Hans-Joachim (2019) .
11215:De Cillia, Rudolf; Ransmayr, Jutta (2019).
10822:"El alemañol del sur de Chile | 10.09.2016"
10429:
10427:
10425:
10232:
10143:
10141:
9047:Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
7729:respectively, with the footnote explaining
7193:
7187:
7181:
7175:
7169:
5084:, East Central German dialects are spoken (
3913:List of German-language television channels
2747:
2639:
2504:
2464:Bible translated into High German by Luther
1952: Continental West Germanic languages (
1640:and Upper German dialects belonging to the
1200:third most widely used language on websites
19071:
19057:
18050:
18036:
16093:
16079:
15864:
15850:
15661:
15647:
15256:
15242:
15116:
15102:
14903:
14889:
12946:
12932:
12847:
12833:
12601:
12587:Journal of the Simplified Spelling Society
12551:The Origin and Diversification of Language
12457:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
12412:
12207:] (in German). Berlin: Inform-Verlag.
12182:German Today: The Advanced Learner's Guide
11762:Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics
11648:
11594:] (in German). Berlin: W. de Gruyter.
11566:
11127:
10973:
10850:
10664:
9663:Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
9376:
9362:
7821:, is essential for writing German text in
6925:(The old man has me today the book given.)
5782:, the High German regiolect or dialect of
5241:), and the eastern parts of the region of
4943:, Romania (considered a variant of German)
4933:, Romania (considered a variant of German)
2538:spread of literacy in early modern Germany
1170:. German is the second-most widely spoken
893:
870:
19541:Languages of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol
12715:
12646:
12479:
12091:
11722:
11634:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11229:
11195:
11163:"Usage of content languages for websites"
11064:
10758:
10622:
9969:
9957:
8708:List of German inventions and discoveries
6666:(The book gave me the old man yesterday)
6658:(The book gave the old man me yesterday)
6650:(The book gave me yesterday the old man)
5482:, Austria (considered dialects of German)
5455:(High and Highest Alemannic), and in the
4855:The West Central German dialects are the
3163:Italy, (as majority language only in the
2462:(1534). The widespread popularity of the
2062:, and translated hymns and prayers). The
1636:and Upper Franconian dialects, which are
1245:. Modern German gradually developed from
15871:
12663:
12273:
12246:
12179:
11962:
11935:
11882:
11842:
11805:
11666:The German Language in a Changing Europe
11489:
11383:
11095:
10791:"Lei N.º 14.061, de 23 de julho de 2012"
10697:"Strasburg Centennial Book: 1902 - 2002"
10510:
10508:
10422:
10238:
10138:
10017:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion
9965:
9961:
9953:
9914:
9895:
9883:
9866:
9645:
7716:
7680:may occur after all words starting with
7426:
7415:
7348:
6598:German word order is generally with the
5597:
5384:
5380:
5168:
4803:The High German dialects consist of the
4646:
4634:
4160:
4018:
3956:and the chancery language spoken by the
3943:
3748:
3744:
3713:As of the 2013 census, 36,642 people in
3308:
3047:
3026:
3005:
2967:
2916:
2731:
2630:), to name two examples, were gradually
2583:
2547:
2466:helped establish modern Standard German.
2446:
2345:
2335:
1893:
1489:
1481:
1355:
998:
956:
19078:
12689:Die Unterrichtspraxis / Teaching German
12547:
12359:
12336:
12327:
12308:
12295:
11908:
11816:]. Groesbeek: Reijngoudt-Giesbers.
11759:
11713:
11696:
11501:
11183:
11133:
10724:
10722:
10701:Germans from Russia Heritage Collection
10467:
10433:
10262:Native speakers=105, total speakers=185
10096:
10084:
10072:
9926:
9833:Land, Lëtzebuerger (2 September 2016).
9826:
9807:"Preserving endangered German dialects"
8006:. This is due to the fact that English
7492:only after long vowels and diphthongs.
7224:As in English, there are many pairs of
7002:
6916:. Many word orders are still possible:
6679:Mir gab der alte Mann das Buch gestern.
6671:Gestern gab mir der alte Mann das Buch.
6663:Das Buch gab mir der alte Mann gestern.
6655:Das Buch gab der alte Mann mir gestern.
6647:Das Buch gab mir gestern der alte Mann.
6639:Der alte Mann gab mir gestern das Buch.
5721:, Saxony), the southernmost village is
3753:Self-reported knowledge of German as a
3698:developed, spoken predominantly in the
3327:descendants of German colonial settlers
1989:While there is written evidence of the
1684:(mainly Alemannic, but also Central–and
1288:, along with fewer words borrowed from
941:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
19483:
16100:
12953:
12628:
12580:
12530:
12221:
12039:
11070:
10913:from the original on 21 September 2022
10132:
10108:
10025:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.382
9981:
9899:
9805:Chase, Jefferson (25 September 2016).
8400:List of pseudo-German words in English
7915:" (old 2nd person singular pronoun) →
6882:The time specification and the object
6473:Other examples include the following:
6091:forms) are neuter and nouns ending in
5075:
4850:
3922:List of German-language radio stations
3909:List of television stations in Germany
1307:; the three standardized variants are
1272:(masculine, feminine, neuter) and two
19052:
18031:
17764:
17378:
16122:
16074:
15845:
15642:
15237:
15097:
14884:
14617:
14231:
12975:
12927:
12828:
12686:
12519:
12428:
12406:On the history of the German language
12371:On the history of the German language
11747:from the original on 30 December 2023
11682:
11660:
11514:from the original on 11 November 2020
11468:from the original on 22 November 2017
11356:from the original on 23 February 2020
11267:from the original on 19 November 2018
11217:Österreichisches Deutsch macht Schule
10658:
10605:
10505:
10166:from the original on 27 February 2015
10120:
10047:
9845:from the original on 21 December 2022
9804:
9669:from the original on 24 November 2023
9622:from the original on 12 December 2021
9027:Catholic Diocese of the Old Catholics
8395:List of German words of French origin
8390:List of German expressions in English
7570:
7029:is often replaced by the infinitive.
6888:(his office) are lightly accentuated.
6715:Second variant in normal word order:
6020:inflect by case, gender, and number:
5209:dialects are spoken in the region of
4620:city with German as standard language
3317:, where German is a national language
3137:, along with French and Luxembourgish
2129:
1087:. It is also an official language of
1030:
18057:
12739:from the original on 29 January 2024
12568:from the original on 29 January 2024
12401:Zur Geschichte der Deutschen Sprache
12385:from the original on 29 January 2024
12366:Zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache
12261:from the original on 29 January 2024
12257:] (in German). A. Hasert und C.
12164:from the original on 29 January 2024
12124:
12112:from the original on 29 January 2024
12020:
11985:
11973:from the original on 29 January 2024
11950:from the original on 29 January 2024
11870:from the original on 29 January 2024
11830:from the original on 29 January 2024
11620:
11608:from the original on 29 January 2024
11553:
11431:wortschatz.informatik.uni-leipzig.de
11332:
11083:from the original on 7 February 2021
10931:
10883:from the original on 9 November 2020
10771:from the original on 1 December 2020
10719:
10610:[When German means future].
10568:from the original on 28 October 2014
10538:from the original on 29 January 2020
10525:
10410:from the original on 9 November 2016
9993:
9832:
9466:from the original on 29 January 2024
7739:2nd Orthographic Conference (German)
6334:The distinction between perfect and
5525:, Switzerland, as is the capital of
4879:). These dialects are considered as
3429:German language in the United States
3080:
3060:, German is spoken in the country's
2600:, which encompassed a large area of
2310:, the first book of laws written in
1182:. German is also widely taught as a
16655:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
13508:Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
12805:Germany, Language and Literature of
12224:Zeitschrift für deutsche Philologie
11786:
11733:]. Vienna: New Academic Press.
11716:The German Nation and Martin Luther
11052:from the original on 26 August 2023
11039:
10285:from the original on 2 October 2020
9592:from the original on 10 August 2023
9556:from the original on 28 August 2023
9526:from the original on 10 August 2023
9496:from the original on 10 August 2023
8524:in danger of extinction due to the
7861:
6953:has the old man me the book given.)
5328:and in the northeasternmost tip of
5316:
2936:: German is the official language (
2902:million German speakers worldwide.
1063:. It is the most widely spoken and
13:
18014:Languages between parentheses are
17379:
14867:Languages between parentheses are
14232:
11502:Bormann, Martin (8 January 1941).
11455:
11234:. New York: Routledge. p. 14.
11109:from the original on 11 April 2019
10982:Знание иностранных языков в России
10832:from the original on 29 April 2024
10819:
10618:from the original on 19 July 2023.
10532:German South African Resource Page
10434:Fischer, Stefan (18 August 2007).
9709:
7676:and all other words starting with
7592:
6903:
6213:
5832:
5593:
5200:
5164:
3933:
3774:(EU) after English, as well as in
3165:Autonomous Province of South Tyrol
3127:(as majority language only in the
3064:, in the very east of the country.
2712:
2543:
1753:
1546:, all of which are descended from
1336:Since 2004, heads of state of the
825:52-AC (Continental West Germanic)
14:
19562:
19470:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
12753:
12533:An Anthology of German Literature
12079:from the original on 2 April 2015
12008:from the original on 21 June 2024
11625:. Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer.
11524:Facsimile of Bormann's Memorandum
11165:. W3Techs: Web Technology Surveys
10961:from the original on 23 June 2015
10903:"Top 25 Languages in New Zealand"
10515:German L1 speakers outside Europe
10252:from the original on 28 June 2015
10199:from the original on 28 June 2017
9754:World Bulletin of Social Sciences
7876:(the category containing English
7747:German orthography reform of 1944
7466:German orthography reform of 1996
6132:two numbers: singular and plural.
5850:
4830:
4357:
3918:List of radio stations in Germany
3579:Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German
3475:German immigration to the country
3383:
3370:Namibian Broadcasting Corporation
2786:German orthography reform of 1996
2170:mittelhochdeutsche Dichtersprache
2066:is a Christian poem written in a
2046:, and other religious texts (the
1351:
15670:
15623:
15622:
15265:
15125:
14912:
12759:
12523:A history of the German language
12025:(in German). Mainz: H. Schmidt.
11689:A Grammar of the German Language
11623:Geschichte der deutschen Sprache
11559:
11495:
11449:
11433:. 7 January 2003. Archived from
11419:
11389:
11368:
11338:
10703:. NDSU Libraries. Archived from
10677:from the original on 13 May 2014
10606:Bathe, Dirk (29 November 2010).
9343:
8677:
8497:
8459:
8339:
8325:
8311:
8297:
8283:
8269:
8252:
8245:
8238:
8231:
8224:
7766:), and written in corresponding
7627:Problems playing this file? See
7608:
7523:was sometimes maintained (thus "
7241: – "history, historical", (
6939:has the old man me today given.)
6784:Both time expressions in front:
6614:, exclamations, and wishes, the
6362:
6117:(feminine), celebration, party;
5860:
5506:and in the historical region of
5488:in Switzerland and Liechtenstein
4438:, but closer to Low Franconian.
4071:In the German-speaking parts of
3503:
3422:
3399:Pan South African Language Board
2842: Italy (South Tyrol) (0.4%)
2779:standardization of pronunciation
2506:ex abundantia cordis os loquitur
1660:dialects spoken in the southern
849:varieties, including 52-ACB-hc (
18254:German revolutions of 1848–1849
18223:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)
12330:German: Biography of a Language
12232:10.37307/j.1868-7806.2000.01.03
12129:(1st ed.). US: Lulupress.
11576:
11504:"Der Bormann-Brief im Original"
11403:. Walter Krämer. Archived from
11305:
11296:
11279:
11250:
11223:
11208:
11189:
11155:
11105:. Eurostat. 24 September 2015.
11033:
11001:
10895:
10865:
10844:
10813:
10783:
10763:[Pomerania in Brazil].
10752:
10689:
10599:
10580:
10550:
10519:
10473:
10392:
10360:
10328:
10267:
10221:Lewis, Simons & Fennig 2015
10053:
9947:
9889:
9798:
9772:
9741:
9681:
9651:
8638:
8629:
8620:
8611:
8602:
8593:
8584:
8575:
8566:
8557:
8548:
8539:
8530:
8518:
8450:
8441:
8432:
7255: – "humaneness, humane", (
6171:-s, -es, -n, -ns, -en, -ens, -e
5356:
5249:and Hohenlohe) in northeastern
5102:North Upper Saxon–South Markish
4411:or Early Modern Dutch as their
3846:German-language media worldwide
3552:(statewide cultural language):
3156:(with Italian and Romansh) and
2921:The German language in Europe:
2721:ended with a (nearly) complete
2677:Banat, Buchenland, Siebenbürgen
2332:decimated Europe's population.
2288:, and courtly romances such as
1249:, which in turn developed from
18239:Early modern period, 1500–1800
18127:List of early Germanic peoples
18018:of the language on their left.
14871:of the language on their left.
11963:Heeringa, Wilbert Jan (2004).
11770:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/02189-1
11668:. Cambridge University Press.
11456:Ha, Thu-Huong (20 July 2017).
11427:"Ein Hinweis in eigener Sache"
11204:. Routledge. pp. 219–220.
9835:"Beim Deutschen Bund in Eupen"
9665:(in German). 31 October 2022.
9604:
9568:
9538:
9508:
9478:
9448:
9390:
9067:History of the Jews in Germany
8405:List of terms used for Germans
7854:). The long s only appears in
7431:Germany's standardized cursive
7401:
6984:
6629:. The verb is preceded by the
6602:restriction and also with the
6177:
5855:
5112:, and in then German southern
4624:
4386:Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region
3073:million people, or 16% of the
2719:Second Orthographic Conference
1766:history of the German language
1342:Council for German Orthography
1331:its broad spectrum of dialects
1083:, and the Italian province of
453:Azovo German National District
1:
18362:History of Germany since 1990
17909:Germanic substrate hypothesis
17765:
14762:Germanic substrate hypothesis
14618:
11718:. New York: Harper & Row.
11707:10.1016/S0388-0001(03)00033-0
11346:"Foreign Words (Fremdwörter)"
11071:Hamann, Greta (4 June 2020).
8651:
8509:is mostly considered archaic.
8029:
7127:. In the early 19th century,
7102:
6961:is still in second position.
6593:
6375:refers to destruction, as in
5773:
5723:Salorno sulla Strada del Vino
5674:: in the southernmost tip of
5373:dialects in the west and the
4883:German in Germany and Belgium
4682: Southern Low Franconian
4671: Northern Low Franconian
4150:
3895:List of newspapers in Germany
3200:Germans in the Czech Republic
3172:Outside the German Sprachraum
2385:
2319:
2278:
2257:
2008:
1820:Voiceless stops became long (
1628:is based on a combination of
1340:have met every year, and the
1067:(or co-official) language in
1049:Indo-European language family
827:52-ACB (Deutsch & Dutch)
17939:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
16630:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
15795:French Belgian Sign Language
14792:Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
13483:Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
12648:10.3989/rdtp.2000.v55.i1.432
12497:Stellmacher, Dieter (2000).
11806:Giesbers, Charlotte (2008).
11764:. Elsevier. pp. 53–55.
11321:Barbour & Stevenson 1990
10438:[German in Namibia]
10376:(in Russian). Archived from
10306:"Recherches sur les traités"
9942:Scherer & Jankowsky 1995
8370:German family name etymology
8222:
6976:has me the old man the book
6857:mit einem Schirm in der Hand
6803:The full-time specification
6013:Grammatical gender in German
5213:. Franconia consists of the
4120:. If a narrow definition of
4045:varieties of Standard German
4014:
3904:List of magazines in Germany
3694:, a unique dialect known as
3602:(standard German recognized)
2663:In the eastern provinces of
2561: Territories under the
1411:North Sea Germanic languages
260:Until the mid-20th century:
7:
17919:High German consonant shift
14772:High German consonant shift
12583:"Spelling Reform in German"
12535:. D. C. Heath and Company.
12125:Leao, Pedro Macedo (2011).
12095:Dtv-Atlas. Deutsche Sprache
11936:Hattemer, Heinrich (1849).
10637:United States Census Bureau
10444:Allgemeine Deutsche Zeitung
9429:. June 2012. Archived from
9012:Evangelical-Lutheran Church
8262:
7868:High German consonant shift
7670:, but in some dictionaries
7311:– "dictionary, wordbook", (
6123:(masculine), labourer; and
4869:Rhenish Franconian dialects
4857:Central Franconian dialects
4093:
3682:In Australia, the state of
3433:Pennsylvania Dutch language
3393:concentrated in and around
2640:
2478:was published in 1522; the
2458:by the Protestant reformer
2410:, used in the court of the
1770:High German consonant shift
1650:Central Franconian dialects
1596:High German consonant shift
1276:(singular, plural). It has
1174:, after English, both as a
1166:German is one of the major
115:: 80–85 million (2014)
10:
19567:
19521:Languages of Liechtenstein
18269:North German Confederation
18249:Confederation of the Rhine
16457:Westlauwers–Terschellings
16110:According to contemporary
13310:Westlauwers–Terschellings
12963:According to contemporary
12602:Von Polenz, Peter (1999).
12554:. Transaction Publishers.
12520:Super, Charles W. (1893).
12472:Revue de Géographie Alpine
12332:. Oxford University Press.
11988:"Kiautschou Pidgin German"
11232:The Pluricentricity Debate
11230:Dollinger, Stefan (2019).
11196:Dollinger, Stefan (2023).
10665:Blatt, Ben (13 May 2014).
9037:Oriental Orthodox Churches
8355:Outline of German language
8178:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
8046:Walther von der Vogelweide
8033:
7893:in German, e.g. "thank" →
7865:
7736:
7459:
7405:
7258:Menschlichkeit, menschlich
6625:as finite verb) to appear
6247:: first, second and third.
6217:
6010:
5821:with a moderate degree of
5810:
5806:
4628:
4361:
4154:
4097:
3937:
3857:(German pronunciation: ; "
3842:in those parts of Europe.
3757:in the EU member states (+
3677:
3524:Riograndenser Hunsrückisch
3507:
3426:
3305:German language in Namibia
3302:
3298:
2798:
2339:
2206:(regionally in later MHG)→
2133:
1757:
1746:
1742:
1095:, as well as a recognized
909: Co-official language
772:Riograndenser Hunsrückisch
18:
19457:
19409:
19371:
19086:
19003:
18863:
18743:
18734:
18617:
18608:
18489:
18480:
18416:
18407:
18370:
18349:
18231:
18185:
18109:
18078:
18069:
18001:
17952:
17876:
17845:
17777:
17773:
17760:
17709:
17682:
17636:Southern Schleswig Danish
17567:
17448:
17404:
17395:
17391:
17374:
17215:
17158:
17046:
17037:
16942:
16914:
16873:
16864:
16839:
16821:
16732:
16704:
16678:
16669:
16620:
16533:
16508:
16499:
16438:
16333:
16282:
16257:
16248:
16144:
16135:
16131:
16118:
16108:
16052:
16034:
15991:
15933:
15895:
15879:
15821:
15803:
15780:
15747:
15709:
15683:
15618:
15602:
15576:
15521:
15452:
15443:
15420:
15411:
15372:
15354:
15310:
15301:
15278:
15205:
15169:
15138:
15015:
14955:
14946:
14925:
14854:
14805:
14729:
14698:
14630:
14626:
14613:
14562:
14535:
14489:Southern Schleswig Danish
14420:
14301:
14257:
14248:
14244:
14227:
14068:
14011:
13899:
13890:
13795:
13767:
13726:
13717:
13692:
13674:
13585:
13557:
13531:
13522:
13473:
13386:
13361:
13352:
13291:
13186:
13135:
13110:
13101:
12997:
12988:
12984:
12971:
12961:
12878:Stress and reduced vowels
12863:
12787:The Awful German Language
12328:Sanders, Ruth H. (2010).
11040:Fox, Aine (1 June 2023).
10907:ethniccommunities.govt.nz
10608:"Deutsch für die Zukunft"
9032:Eastern Orthodox Churches
8113:Nobel Prize in literature
7872:German does not have any
7398:million words in total).
7244:Geschichte, geschichtlich
6996:Soll er nach Hause gehen?
6765:Adverb of time in front:
6299:without auxiliary verbs (
5974:
5939:
5904:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5786:with Low German substrate
5411:in the densely populated
4006:One Standard German Axiom
3293:
3230:German minority in Poland
3129:German-speaking Community
3062:German-speaking Community
2912:
2793:Geographical distribution
2505:
2300:. Also noteworthy is the
2261: thirteenth century
2248:telling the story of the
2190:of certain vowel sounds:
1662:German-speaking countries
1338:German-speaking countries
1204:German-speaking countries
927:
892:
869:
813:
797:
535:
499:
481:
476:
371:
293:Official language in
291:
286:
270:
231:
200:
172:
119:
103:
52:
43:
38:
19536:Languages of Switzerland
18421:Administrative divisions
17914:West Germanic gemination
17868:Ancient Belgian language
17863:Germanic parent language
17807:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
16929:Austrian Standard German
16123:
15578:Other minority languages
15382:Lake Constance Alemannic
15132:Languages of Switzerland
14767:West Germanic gemination
14721:Ancient Belgian language
14716:Germanic parent language
14660:Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
13782:Austrian Standard German
12976:
12629:Wagner, Claudio (2000).
12548:Swadesh, Morris (1971).
12296:Rothaug, Rudolf (1910).
12247:Reinecke, Adolf (1910).
12180:Lockwood, W. B. (1987).
11919:10.1017/CBO9780511755071
10981:
10759:Szczocarz, Roma (2017).
10562:South African Government
10368:
8526:Francization of Brussels
8425:
8365:Deutsch (disambiguation)
8067:Reformer and theologian
7359:(1st vol., 1854) by the
6326:The distinction between
5767:Klagenfurt am Wörthersee
5650:), southern and eastern
5187:High Franconian dialects
4337:, and historically also
4061:Austrian Standard German
3998:Standard Austrian German
3537:German dialects (namely
2830: Switzerland (5.6%)
2431:Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg
2156:territory (known as the
19:Not to be confused with
19526:Languages of Luxembourg
12810:The American Cyclopædia
12797:The German Mothertongue
12775:Encyclopædia Britannica
12664:Waterman, John (1976).
12531:Thomas, Calvin (1992).
12429:Siebs, Theodor (2000).
12337:Sanders, Willy (1982).
11909:Harbert, Wayne (2006).
11789:The Structure of German
11714:Dickens, A. G. (1974).
10828:(in European Spanish).
10233:Marten & Sauer 2005
8626:historically Low German
8617:historically Low German
8608:historically Low German
8599:historically Low German
8380:Germanism (linguistics)
8121:Rudolf Christoph Eucken
8062:Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm
7743:Antiqua–Fraktur dispute
7712:
7420:Austria's standardized
7297: – "vocabulary", (
7283: – "perception", (
7269: – "millennium", (
6142:Indo-European languages
6129:(neuter), thunderstorm.
5646:, and in most parts of
5614:dialects are spoken in
5403:dialects are spoken in
5270:Reichenbach im Vogtland
5071:(Neumarkt am Mieresch).
5047:(German: Klausenburg),
4035:are distinguished from
3210:North Schleswig Germans
2391:and the publication of
2228:
2220:
2202:
2198:(OHG & MHG "house")
2193:
2022:equivalents. After the
1831:Voiceless stops became
1578:lines (running through
1430:North Sea Germanic and
1426:West Germanic languages
1382:Anglo-Frisian languages
921: Minority language
915: National language
903: Official language
244:Since Old High German:
19546:Stress-timed languages
19129:Bosnia and Herzegovina
18682:Science and technology
18383:History of Brandenburg
18274:Unification of Germany
18264:Frankfurt Constitution
17975:Preterite-present verb
17858:Proto-Germanic grammar
17812:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
16924:German Standard German
16600:East Frisian Low Saxon
16044:Namibian Sign Language
15610:Austrian Sign Language
15005:Lower Sorbian language
15000:Upper Sorbian language
14828:Preterite-present verb
14711:Proto-Germanic grammar
14665:North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
13777:German Standard German
13453:East Frisian Low Saxon
12778:(11th ed.). 1911.
12581:Upward, Chris (1997).
12499:Niederdeutsche Sprache
12062:The Germanic Languages
12040:Keller, R. E. (1978).
11986:Holm, John A. (1989).
11911:The Germanic Languages
11849:Deutsche Dialektologie
11723:Dollinger, St (2021).
11530:is printed in Fraktur.
11130:, pp. 192–94, 96.
10761:"Pommern in Brasilien"
10736:. 2015. Archived from
10448:Namibia Media Holdings
10436:"Anpacken für Deutsch"
8997:Protestant Reformation
8703:Science and Technology
8505:
8490:
8484:
8478:
8472:
8466:
8054:
8050:Wolfram von Eschenbach
8002:
7996:
7990:
7984:
7978:
7972:
7966:
7960:
7954:
7929:
7923:
7917:
7907:
7901:
7899:, "this" and "that" →
7895:
7850:
7844:
7838:
7832:
7813:
7734:
7705:
7672:
7666:
7660:
7654:
7648:
7642:
7597:
7547:
7541:
7531:
7525:
7515:
7513:(tape measure) became
7509:
7454:North Frisian language
7432:
7424:
7368:
7363:
7341:
7335:
7327:
7321:
7313:
7307:
7299:
7293:
7285:
7279:
7271:
7265:
7257:
7251:
7243:
7237:
7219:Joachim Heinrich Campe
7194:
7188:
7182:
7176:
7170:
7164:
7158:
7152:
7146:
7140:
7129:Joachim Heinrich Campe
7086:
7076:
7059:
7051:
7043:
7035:
7025:
6995:
6966:
6943:
6929:
6921:
6884:
6871:
6856:
6843:
6820:
6805:
6791:
6772:
6757:
6744:
6722:
6703:
6678:
6670:
6662:
6654:
6646:
6638:
6627:second in the sentence
6568:
6552:
6546:
6526:
6520:
6511:
6505:
6496:
6490:
6481:
6475:
6466:
6457:
6451:
6442:
6436:
6434:(to interrogate) from
6427:
6421:
6412:
6405:
6395:
6386:
6377:
6370:
6352:
6344:
6254:: singular and plural.
6204:
6194:
6188:
6170:
6125:
6119:
6113:
6103:
6093:
6083:
6077:
6071:
6065:
6059:
6053:
6002:
5995:
5988:
5981:
5967:
5960:
5953:
5946:
5932:
5925:
5918:
5911:
5897:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5607:
5435:), Baden-Württemberg (
5397:
5377:dialects in the east.
5324:is spoken in northern
5182:
5080:Further east, the non-
4800:
4644:
4382:North Rhine-Westphalia
4170:
4056:German Standard German
4024:
3994:Standard German German
3972:and some instances of
3949:
3836:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3766:
3727:
3374:
3318:
3066:
3045:
3024:
3003:
2997:Map shows Austria and
2965:
2886:million speak it as a
2772:
2743:Deutsche Bühnensprache
2742:
2737:
2701:
2691:
2681:
2676:
2657:
2649:
2627:
2615:
2593:
2581:
2527:
2520:
2512:
2485:
2467:
2439:
2420:
2417:, and the other being
2405:
2354:
2303:
2238:
2208:
2169:
2159:
2081:
2039:
1986:
1695:(Central Franconian).
1504:Indo-European language
1499:
1498:in contemporary Europe
1487:
1479:
1168:languages of the world
1045:West Germanic language
1022:
1014:
996:
929:This article contains
45:
16:West Germanic language
19551:Verb-second languages
19501:High German languages
18319:Flight and expulsions
17980:Grammatischer Wechsel
16963:Namibian Black German
16934:Swiss Standard German
16903:Early New High German
16461:Mainland West Frisian
16322:Harlingerland Frisian
15935:Other Bantu languages
15790:Flemish Sign Language
15487:North Pohorje-Remšnik
14833:Grammatischer Wechsel
13816:Namibian Black German
13787:Swiss Standard German
13756:Early New High German
13314:Mainland West Frisian
13175:Harlingerland Frisian
12764:Texts on Wikisource:
12597:on 23 September 2014.
12309:Salmons, Joe (2012).
12021:Kapr, Albert (1993).
11787:Fox, Anthony (2005).
11697:Deumert, Ama (2003).
10135:, pp. 22–24, 36.
10063:28.4 (2014): 373–400.
9970:König & Paul 2019
9576:"Birgit Klein. 1998.
8958:List of German dishes
7866:Further information:
7737:Further information:
7720:
7596:
7499:, it was replaced by
7430:
7419:
7352:
6813:Another possibility:
6606:restriction for main
6464:(to understand) from
6449:(to distribute) from
6011:Further information:
5712:Canton of the Grisons
5601:
5388:
5381:Alemannic and Swabian
5292:) in Saxon Vogtland.
5172:
4993:Ludwigshafen am Rhein
4690:2. Middle Franconian
4650:
4638:
4631:High German languages
4362:Further information:
4164:
4106:mutually intelligible
4084:Swiss Standard German
4066:Swiss Standard German
4022:
4002:Standard Swiss German
3990:pluricentric language
3947:
3752:
3745:As a foreign language
3651:, among many others.
3583:Santa Maria do Herval
3566:Santa Maria de Jetibá
3514:Colonia Tovar dialect
3335:Namibian Black German
3312:
3182:(forced) assimilation
3051:
3030:
3009:
2971:
2920:
2905:German sociolinguist
2818: Germany (78.3%)
2805:German-speaking world
2757:German stage language
2735:
2587:
2551:
2534:Early New High German
2500:
2450:
2349:
2342:Early New High German
2336:Early New High German
1897:
1493:
1485:
1359:
1317:Swiss Standard German
1305:pluricentric language
1278:strong and weak verbs
1012:
960:
190:Early New High German
25:High German languages
19531:Languages of Namibia
19516:Languages of Germany
19511:Languages of Belgium
19506:Languages of Austria
19080:Languages of Europe
18991:World Heritage Sites
18669:German states by GDP
18259:German Confederation
17985:Indo-European ablaut
17965:Germanic strong verb
17934:Germanic spirant law
17071:Southeast Limburgish
16567:Gelders-Overijssels
16196:Irish Middle English
16186:Early Modern English
15873:Languages of Namibia
15813:German Sign Language
15677:Languages of Belgium
15272:Languages of Austria
15170:Major dialect groups
15079:German Sign Language
14938:Standard High German
14919:Languages of Germany
14838:Indo-European ablaut
14818:Germanic strong verb
14787:Germanic spirant law
13924:Southeast Limburgish
13420:Gelders-Overijssels
13049:Irish Middle English
13039:Early Modern English
12913:Phonological history
11656:. Milano: Cisalpino.
11621:Bach, Adolf (1965).
10592:10 June 2023 at the
10481:"Deutsch in Namibia"
10374:russia.bestpravo.com
10316:on 18 September 2015
10304:Bureau des Traités.
10281:. 20 February 2018.
9960:, pp. 807–900,
9550:yivoencyclopedia.org
9283:World Heritage Sites
9007:New Apostolic Church
8938:Ore Mountain cuisine
7952:, e.g. "to laugh" →
7807:A proper use of the
7378:), initiated by the
7370:Deutsches Wörterbuch
7356:Deutsches Wörterbuch
7238:Historie, historisch
7204:Renaissance humanism
7123:, and most recently
7003:Multiple infinitives
6688:declarative sentence
5765:(German: Bozen) and
5589:(Alsatian: Mìlhüsa).
5559:Freiburg im Breisgau
5478:Vorarlbergerisch in
5423:, in the south also
3878:onlinetvrecorder.com
3876:. With the webpage "
3069:As of 2012, about 90
2824: Austria (8.4%)
2427:Electorate of Saxony
1993:language in several
1506:that belongs to the
1421:Low German/Low Saxon
1323:is sometimes called
1231:North Germanic group
582:Colonia Tovar German
19372:States with limited
18627:Automobile industry
18213:Carolingian dynasty
18147:History of the Huns
17953:Synchronic features
17924:Germanic a-mutation
17877:Diachronic features
17227:in the broad sense
17160:East Central German
17114:Lorraine Franconian
17088:Transylvanian Saxon
17048:West Central German
16823:East Low Franconian
16733:West Low Franconian
16053:Immigrant languages
15896:Recognized regional
15523:Burgenland Croatian
14806:Synchronic features
14777:Germanic a-mutation
14730:Diachronic features
14080:in the broad sense
14013:East Central German
13967:Lorraine Franconian
13941:Transylvanian Saxon
13901:West Central German
13676:East Low Franconian
13586:West Low Franconian
12855:Description of the
12503:Low German language
12420:. London, England:
12373:] (in German).
12184:. Clarendon Press.
12042:The German language
11854:German dialectology
11632:Variation in German
11141:"Why Learn German?"
10858:, London, England:
10526:Schubert, Joachim.
10470:, pp. 561–613.
10310:Conventions.coe.int
9964:, pp. 232–34,
9898:, pp. 239–42,
9427:European Commission
8992:Freedom of Religion
8933:Lower Saxon cuisine
8470:, and occasionally
7572:[ˈraːsfɛlt]
7562:this is done using
6696:Normal word order:
6328:grammatical aspects
5843:
5827:grammatical genders
5392:restaurant sign in
5076:East Central German
5067:(Hermannstadt) and
4927:Transylvanian Saxon
4923:in the Netherlands.
4893:Lorraine Franconian
4851:West Central German
4823:, written with the
4790:Lorraine Franconian
4610:, and the south of
4532:Mülheim an der Ruhr
4405:Early Modern Period
3608:massive immigration
3321:Namibia also was a
3282:are identified as "
2854:As a result of the
2836: Brazil (3.2%)
2454:translation of the
1693:Lorraine Franconian
1196:scientific language
1051:, mainly spoken in
1013:Man speaking German
853:) & 52-ACB-he (
835:52-ACB-e & -f (
443:(select localities)
373:Recognised minority
19496:Fusional languages
18697:Telecommunications
18378:History of Prussia
18294:Revolution of 1918
18289:War guilt question
18208:Carolingian Empire
18177:Sack of Rome (410)
18086:History of Germany
17970:Germanic weak verb
17779:Language subgroups
17129:Pennsylvania Dutch
17078:Moselle Franconian
17056:Central Franconian
16889:Middle High German
16640:Central Pomeranian
16595:Northern Low Saxon
16308:Wangerooge Frisian
16102:Germanic languages
15684:Official languages
15139:Official languages
15033:Moselle Franconian
14823:Germanic weak verb
14632:Language subgroups
13982:Pennsylvania Dutch
13931:Moselle Franconian
13909:Central Franconian
13742:Middle High German
13493:Central Pomeranian
13448:Northern Low Saxon
13161:Wangerooge Frisian
12955:Germanic languages
12275:Robinson, Orrin W.
11650:Cercignani, Fausto
11143:. Goethe Institute
10646:on 17 January 2010
10061:Lutheran Quarterly
9984:, pp. 365–68.
9886:, pp. 239–42.
9786:. 3 September 2024
9350:Germany portal
8948:Pomeranian cuisine
8869:Germanic mythology
8698:History of Germany
8670:Culture of Germany
8503:In modern German,
8305:Switzerland portal
8187:Friedrich Schiller
8012:⟨ch⟩
8008:⟨gh⟩
7950:⟨ch⟩
7938:⟨gh⟩
7887:⟨th⟩
7882:⟨th⟩
7878:⟨th⟩
7836:(guard-house) and
7787:Germanic languages
7735:
7598:
7433:
7425:
7408:German orthography
7364:
7217:or linguists like
6393:(to break apart),
6336:progressive aspect
5838:Declension of the
5837:
5608:
5457:district of Reutte
5398:
5183:
5043:, and in Romania:
4949:Moselle Franconian
4907:Rhenish Franconian
4865:Moselle Franconian
4801:
4709:Moselle Franconian
4645:
4171:
4025:
3950:
3767:
3692:Australian English
3494:Pennsylvania Dutch
3457:(with figures for
3376:Allgemeine Zeitung
3340:German remained a
3319:
3284:regional languages
3280:Moselle Franconian
3264:Carpathian Germans
3244:Germans of Romania
3220:Germans of Hungary
3067:
3046:
3041:Moselle Franconian
3025:
3004:
2966:
2848: Other (4.1%)
2738:
2594:
2582:
2503:When Christ says '
2468:
2452:Modern High German
2412:Holy Roman Emperor
2402:German, one being
2355:
2142:Middle High German
2136:Middle High German
2130:Middle High German
2014:), a Latin-German
1987:
1847:following a vowel
1828:following a vowel;
1670:Alemannic dialects
1512:Germanic languages
1500:
1496:Germanic languages
1488:
1480:
1414:Anglo-Frisian and
1346:German orthography
1262:inflected language
1188:continental Europe
1015:
997:
976: + 10,000,000
855:Pennsylvania Dutch
692:Pennsylvania Dutch
562:Middle High German
394:(6 municipalities)
185:Middle High German
21:Germanic languages
19478:
19477:
19046:
19045:
18999:
18998:
18730:
18729:
18644:Chemical Triangle
18604:
18603:
18591:Political parties
18539:Foreign relations
18476:
18475:
18403:
18402:
18314:Allied occupation
18218:Holy Roman Empire
18025:
18024:
18010:extinct languages
17997:
17996:
17993:
17992:
17944:Great Vowel Shift
17756:
17755:
17752:
17751:
17705:
17704:
17551:Greenlandic Norse
17370:
17369:
17366:
17365:
17362:
17361:
17301:Southern Bavarian
17284:Northern Bavarian
17260:Highest Alemannic
17211:
17210:
16945:standard variants
16860:
16859:
16706:Standard variants
16665:
16664:
16524:Middle Low German
16495:
16494:
16491:
16490:
16295:Saterland Frisian
16068:
16067:
15880:Official language
15839:
15838:
15636:
15635:
15572:
15571:
15559:
15558:
15407:
15406:
15392:Highest Alemannic
15339:Southern Bavarian
15320:
15294:
15279:Official language
15231:
15230:
15213:Swiss-German Sign
15091:
15090:
15087:
15086:
14947:Regional/minority
14926:Official language
14878:
14877:
14863:extinct languages
14850:
14849:
14846:
14845:
14797:Great Vowel Shift
14609:
14608:
14605:
14604:
14558:
14557:
14404:Greenlandic Norse
14223:
14222:
14219:
14218:
14215:
14214:
14154:Southern Bavarian
14137:Northern Bavarian
14113:Highest Alemannic
14064:
14063:
13798:standard variants
13713:
13712:
13559:Standard variants
13518:
13517:
13377:Middle Low German
13348:
13347:
13344:
13343:
13148:Saterland Frisian
12921:
12920:
12732:978-3-11-005977-9
12679:978-0-295-73807-9
12621:978-3-11-016426-8
12561:978-0-20-236982-2
12512:978-3-89693-326-3
12320:978-0-19-969793-9
12288:978-0-8047-2221-6
12214:978-3-9805843-1-9
12191:978-0-19-815850-9
12157:978-1-55671-391-0
12105:978-3-423-03025-0
12072:978-0-415-28079-2
12051:978-0-571-11159-6
12044:. London: Faber.
12032:978-3-87439-260-0
12001:978-0-521-35940-5
11928:978-0-521-80825-5
11823:978-90-813044-1-2
11798:978-0-19-927399-7
11779:978-0-08-044299-0
11740:978-3-99036-023-1
11675:978-0-521-49970-5
11641:978-0-521-35704-3
11601:978-3-11-016575-3
11567:Cercignani (1979)
11323:, pp. 160–3.
11245:Ammon et al. 2004
10879:. 26 March 2017.
10820:Messer, Natalia.
10767:. ViLE-Netzwerk.
10275:"We speak German"
10195:. 17 March 2016.
10159:. New York City.
10111:, pp. 30–54.
10034:978-0-19-934037-8
9839:Lëtzebuerger Land
9729:on 17 August 2014
9436:on 6 January 2016
9386:
9385:
9126:
9022:Roman Catholicism
9002:Protestant Church
8333:Luxembourg portal
8260:
8259:
8219:
8210:
8201:
8192:
8183:
8129:Gerhart Hauptmann
8036:German literature
7946:⟨f⟩
7891:⟨d⟩
7874:dental fricatives
7614:
7560:Microsoft Windows
7556:operating systems
7376:German Dictionary
7339:– "to propose", (
7215:Philipp von Zesen
6898:figures of speech
6836:Swapped adverbs:
6806:Gestern um 10 Uhr
6737:Object in front:
6533:(to experience).
6384:(to tear apart),
6200:English compounds
6009:
6008:
5842:definite article
5819:fusional language
5702:), just like the
5680:Vogtland District
5469:Baden-Württemberg
5425:Highest Alemannic
5365:dialects are the
5326:Baden-Württemberg
5262:Vogtland District
5251:Baden-Württemberg
5243:Heilbronn-Franken
5239:Thuringian Forest
5021:Bergisch Gladbach
5009:Offenbach am Main
4961:Frankfurt am Main
4686:maken–machen line
4621:
4413:literary language
4174:Middle Low German
3861:" in German), or
3735:German New Guinea
3575:Rio Grande do Sul
3520:Rio Grande do Sul
3333:language called "
3254:Germans in Russia
3081:German Sprachraum
2964:
2577:Habsburg monarchy
2565:, comprising the
2563:Holy Roman Empire
2379:regional dialects
2371:Holy Roman Empire
2363:Thirty Years' War
1892:
1891:
1749:History of German
1713:Saterland Frisian
1255:Early Middle Ages
1223:Frisian languages
1172:Germanic language
1097:national language
1010:
982: + 1,000,000
955:
954:
937:rendering support
933:phonetic symbols.
682:Palatinate German
468:
456:
444:
436:
424:
412:
363:
19558:
19410:Dependencies and
19346:Northern Ireland
19087:Sovereign states
19073:
19066:
19059:
19050:
19049:
19026:
19019:
19012:
18976:Prussian virtues
18741:
18740:
18649:Economic history
18615:
18614:
18509:
18487:
18486:
18438:Cities and towns
18414:
18413:
18394:Baden Revolution
18198:Treaty of Verdun
18167:Marcomannic Wars
18122:Migration Period
18117:Germanic peoples
18101:Military history
18076:
18075:
18052:
18045:
18038:
18029:
18028:
17802:Elbe (Irminonic)
17775:
17774:
17762:
17761:
17690:Mainland Gutnish
17580:Swedish dialects
17542:Middle Icelandic
17516:Middle Norwegian
17405:Historical forms
17402:
17401:
17393:
17392:
17376:
17375:
17335:South Franconian
17321:Hutterite German
17289:Central Bavarian
17109:Rhine Franconian
17044:
17043:
16874:Historical forms
16871:
16870:
16786:Surinamese Dutch
16679:Historical forms
16676:
16675:
16509:Historical forms
16506:
16505:
16258:Historical forms
16255:
16254:
16142:
16141:
16133:
16132:
16120:
16119:
16095:
16088:
16081:
16072:
16071:
15866:
15859:
15852:
15843:
15842:
15675:
15674:
15663:
15656:
15649:
15640:
15639:
15626:
15625:
15450:
15449:
15418:
15417:
15374:Alemannic German
15364:Tyrolean Swabian
15327:Central Bavarian
15314:
15308:
15307:
15288:
15270:
15269:
15258:
15251:
15244:
15235:
15234:
15130:
15129:
15118:
15111:
15104:
15095:
15094:
14953:
14952:
14917:
14916:
14905:
14898:
14891:
14882:
14881:
14655:Elbe (Irminonic)
14628:
14627:
14615:
14614:
14543:Mainland Gutnish
14433:Swedish dialects
14395:Middle Icelandic
14369:Middle Norwegian
14258:Historical forms
14255:
14254:
14246:
14245:
14229:
14228:
14188:South Franconian
14174:Hutterite German
14142:Central Bavarian
13962:Rhine Franconian
13897:
13896:
13727:Historical forms
13724:
13723:
13639:Surinamese Dutch
13532:Historical forms
13529:
13528:
13362:Historical forms
13359:
13358:
13111:Historical forms
13108:
13107:
12995:
12994:
12986:
12985:
12973:
12972:
12948:
12941:
12934:
12925:
12924:
12908:Language history
12849:
12842:
12835:
12826:
12825:
12814:
12779:
12763:
12748:
12746:
12744:
12717:Wiesinger, Peter
12712:
12683:
12671:
12660:
12650:
12625:
12598:
12593:. Archived from
12577:
12575:
12573:
12544:
12527:
12516:
12493:
12483:
12481:10.4000/rga.1454
12462:
12456:
12448:
12425:
12414:Skottsberg, Carl
12409:
12394:
12392:
12390:
12361:Scherer, Wilhelm
12356:
12333:
12324:
12305:
12292:
12270:
12268:
12266:
12243:
12218:
12195:
12176:
12171:
12169:
12140:
12121:
12119:
12117:
12088:
12086:
12084:
12055:
12036:
12017:
12015:
12013:
11982:
11980:
11978:
11959:
11957:
11955:
11932:
11905:
11879:
11877:
11875:
11839:
11837:
11835:
11802:
11783:
11756:
11754:
11752:
11719:
11710:
11693:
11684:Curme, George O.
11679:
11657:
11645:
11626:
11617:
11615:
11613:
11570:
11563:
11557:
11551:
11545:
11544:
11521:
11519:
11499:
11493:
11487:
11481:
11480:
11475:
11473:
11453:
11447:
11446:
11444:
11442:
11423:
11417:
11416:
11414:
11412:
11407:on 10 March 2010
11393:
11387:
11381:
11375:
11372:
11366:
11365:
11363:
11361:
11342:
11336:
11330:
11324:
11318:
11312:
11309:
11303:
11300:
11294:
11285:Heinz Eickmans,
11283:
11277:
11276:
11274:
11272:
11262:
11254:
11248:
11242:
11236:
11235:
11227:
11221:
11220:
11212:
11206:
11205:
11193:
11187:
11181:
11175:
11174:
11172:
11170:
11159:
11153:
11152:
11150:
11148:
11137:
11131:
11125:
11119:
11118:
11116:
11114:
11099:
11093:
11092:
11090:
11088:
11068:
11062:
11061:
11059:
11057:
11046:Evening Standard
11037:
11031:
11030:
11028:
11026:
11020:
11013:
11005:
10999:
10998:
10996:
10994:
10977:
10971:
10970:
10968:
10966:
10960:
10949:
10941:
10935:
10929:
10923:
10922:
10920:
10918:
10899:
10893:
10892:
10890:
10888:
10869:
10863:
10862:
10852:Skottsberg, Carl
10848:
10842:
10841:
10839:
10837:
10817:
10811:
10810:
10808:
10806:
10801:on 30 March 2019
10797:. Archived from
10787:
10781:
10780:
10778:
10776:
10756:
10750:
10749:
10747:
10745:
10726:
10717:
10716:
10714:
10712:
10693:
10687:
10686:
10684:
10682:
10662:
10656:
10655:
10653:
10651:
10645:
10639:. Archived from
10634:
10626:
10620:
10619:
10603:
10597:
10584:
10578:
10577:
10575:
10573:
10554:
10548:
10547:
10545:
10543:
10523:
10517:
10512:
10503:
10502:
10500:
10498:
10492:
10485:
10477:
10471:
10465:
10459:
10458:
10457:on 24 June 2008.
10456:
10450:. Archived from
10441:
10431:
10420:
10419:
10417:
10415:
10396:
10390:
10389:
10387:
10385:
10380:on 8 August 2016
10364:
10358:
10357:
10355:
10353:
10347:
10341:. Archived from
10340:
10332:
10326:
10325:
10323:
10321:
10312:. Archived from
10301:
10295:
10294:
10292:
10290:
10271:
10265:
10264:
10259:
10257:
10242:
10236:
10230:
10224:
10218:
10209:
10208:
10206:
10204:
10185:
10176:
10175:
10173:
10171:
10165:
10154:
10145:
10136:
10130:
10124:
10118:
10112:
10106:
10100:
10094:
10088:
10082:
10076:
10070:
10064:
10057:
10051:
10045:
10039:
10038:
10012:
9997:
9991:
9985:
9979:
9973:
9951:
9945:
9939:
9930:
9924:
9918:
9912:
9903:
9893:
9887:
9881:
9870:
9864:
9855:
9854:
9852:
9850:
9830:
9824:
9823:
9821:
9819:
9802:
9796:
9795:
9793:
9791:
9776:
9770:
9769:
9767:
9765:
9745:
9739:
9738:
9736:
9734:
9728:
9721:
9713:
9707:
9706:
9704:
9702:
9685:
9679:
9678:
9676:
9674:
9655:
9649:
9643:
9632:
9631:
9629:
9627:
9608:
9602:
9601:
9599:
9597:
9591:
9584:
9572:
9566:
9565:
9563:
9561:
9542:
9536:
9535:
9533:
9531:
9518:המאסף ha-Me'asef
9512:
9506:
9505:
9503:
9501:
9490:digipres.cjh.org
9482:
9476:
9475:
9473:
9471:
9460:www.thetorah.com
9452:
9446:
9445:
9443:
9441:
9435:
9424:
9416:
9397:
9394:
9378:
9371:
9364:
9348:
9347:
9346:
9116:
8943:Palatine cuisine
8918:Bavarian cuisine
8681:
8672:
8656:
8655:
8645:
8642:
8636:
8633:
8627:
8624:
8618:
8615:
8609:
8606:
8600:
8597:
8591:
8588:
8582:
8579:
8573:
8570:
8564:
8561:
8555:
8552:
8546:
8543:
8537:
8534:
8528:
8522:
8510:
8508:
8501:
8495:
8493:
8487:
8481:
8475:
8469:
8463:
8457:
8454:
8448:
8445:
8439:
8436:
8415:Names of Germany
8349:
8344:
8343:
8342:
8335:
8330:
8329:
8328:
8321:
8316:
8315:
8314:
8307:
8302:
8301:
8300:
8293:
8288:
8287:
8286:
8279:
8274:
8273:
8256:
8249:
8242:
8235:
8228:
8217:
8208:
8199:
8190:
8181:
8174:
8173:
8161:Elfriede Jelinek
8059:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8000:, "neighbour" →
7999:
7993:
7987:
7981:
7975:
7969:
7963:
7957:
7951:
7947:
7939:
7932:
7926:
7920:
7910:
7904:
7898:
7892:
7888:
7883:
7879:
7862:Consonant shifts
7853:
7847:
7841:
7835:
7825:typefaces. Many
7816:
7708:
7675:
7669:
7663:
7657:
7651:
7645:
7616:
7615:
7595:
7574:
7550:
7544:
7534:
7528:
7518:
7512:
7397:
7373:
7344:
7338:
7330:
7324:
7316:
7310:
7302:
7296:
7288:
7282:
7274:
7268:
7260:
7254:
7252:Humanität, human
7246:
7240:
7200:Christianisation
7197:
7191:
7185:
7179:
7173:
7167:
7161:
7155:
7149:
7143:
7089:
7079:
7062:
7054:
7046:
7038:
7028:
6998:
6989:Sentences using
6969:
6946:
6932:
6924:
6887:
6874:
6864:Swapped object:
6859:
6846:
6823:
6808:
6794:
6775:
6760:
6747:
6725:
6706:
6681:
6673:
6665:
6657:
6649:
6641:
6612:yes–no questions
6580:
6559:Indeed, several
6555:
6549:
6532:
6523:
6517:
6508:
6502:
6493:
6487:
6478:
6469:
6463:
6454:
6448:
6439:
6433:
6424:
6418:
6408:
6401:
6392:
6383:
6373:
6273:(in addition to
6209:
6197:
6191:
6173:
6166:definite article
6128:
6122:
6116:
6106:
6096:
6086:
6080:
6074:
6068:
6062:
6056:
6005:
5998:
5991:
5984:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5949:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5914:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5844:
5836:
5664:Upper Palatinate
5523:Canton of Valais
5322:South Franconian
5317:South Franconian
5247:Tauber Franconia
5233:(those parts of
5229:, the region of
5195:South Franconian
5096:(dialect of the
4921:Kerkrade dialect
4784:South Franconian
4781:
4772:
4761:Appel–Apfel line
4748:
4735:
4716:
4706:
4694:
4681:
4670:
4619:
4592:'s-Hertogenbosch
4182:Hanseatic League
3962:Northern Germany
3789:
3785:
3755:foreign language
3739:Papua New Guinea
3732:
3558:Laranja da Terra
3554:Domingos Martins
3510:Brazilian German
3441:Hutterite German
3379:
3072:
3055:
3034:
3013:
2989:
2975:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2926:
2922:
2901:
2896:foreign language
2893:
2885:
2860:foreign language
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2817:
2775:
2766:had established
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2704:
2694:
2684:
2643:
2560:
2523:
2515:
2508:
2507:
2488:
2442:
2423:
2408:
2390:
2387:
2324:
2321:
2308:
2283:
2280:
2275:Hartmann von Aue
2262:
2259:
2243:
2231:
2223:
2211:
2205:
2196:
2188:diphthongization
2174:employed in the
2172:
2164:
2098:, Bavarian, and
2084:
2044:
2034:Merseburg charms
2013:
2010:
1973:
1951:
1935:
1924:
1913:
1902:
1842:
1841:
1774:Migration Period
1768:begins with the
1689:Upper Franconian
1687:
1469:
1452:
1434:
1418:
1390:
1374:
1368:
1362:Anglic languages
1186:, especially in
1184:foreign language
1042:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1029:
1025:
1011:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
965:by population:
920:
914:
908:
902:
897:
885:
879:
874:
851:Hutterite German
809:
789:
779:
769:
759:
749:
739:
729:
719:
709:
699:
689:
679:
669:
659:
649:
639:
629:
619:
612:Hutterite German
609:
599:
589:
579:
569:
559:
549:
540:
531:
525:
518:
512:
504:
495:
494:
486:
462:
450:
442:
430:
418:
406:
375:language in
357:
276:
237:
125:
48:
36:
35:
19566:
19565:
19561:
19560:
19559:
19557:
19556:
19555:
19491:German language
19481:
19480:
19479:
19474:
19453:
19411:
19405:
19391:Northern Cyprus
19373:
19367:
19261:North Macedonia
19082:
19077:
19047:
19042:
19029:
19022:
19015:
19008:
18995:
18859:
18810:Life expectancy
18726:
18600:
18571:Law enforcement
18507:
18472:
18399:
18366:
18345:
18329:Divided Germany
18299:Weimar Republic
18227:
18193:Frankish Empire
18181:
18105:
18071:
18065:
18056:
18026:
18021:
17989:
17948:
17929:Germanic umlaut
17894:Holtzmann's law
17872:
17841:
17769:
17748:
17701:
17678:
17612:South Jutlandic
17597:Danish dialects
17563:
17444:
17387:
17358:
17340:East Franconian
17294:Viennese German
17207:
17188:Silesian German
17154:
17143:Central Hessian
17033:
16958:Namibian German
16947:
16938:
16916:Standard German
16910:
16896:New High German
16882:Old High German
16856:
16835:
16817:
16728:
16700:
16661:
16645:East Pomeranian
16635:Brandenburgisch
16622:East Low German
16616:
16543:Dutch Low Saxon
16535:West Low German
16529:
16487:
16453:Schiermonnikoog
16434:
16329:
16315:Wursten Frisian
16278:
16244:
16127:
16114:
16104:
16099:
16069:
16064:
16048:
16030:
15987:
15929:
15891:
15875:
15870:
15840:
15835:
15817:
15799:
15776:
15743:
15705:
15679:
15669:
15667:
15637:
15632:
15614:
15598:
15568:
15555:
15517:
15439:
15403:
15368:
15350:
15332:Viennese German
15312:Austro-Bavarian
15297:
15286:Austrian German
15274:
15264:
15262:
15232:
15227:
15201:
15165:
15134:
15124:
15122:
15092:
15083:
15011:
14948:
14942:
14921:
14911:
14909:
14879:
14874:
14842:
14801:
14782:Germanic umlaut
14747:Holtzmann's law
14725:
14694:
14622:
14601:
14554:
14531:
14465:South Jutlandic
14450:Danish dialects
14416:
14297:
14240:
14211:
14193:East Franconian
14147:Viennese German
14060:
14041:Silesian German
14007:
13996:Central Hessian
13886:
13811:Namibian German
13800:
13791:
13769:Standard German
13763:
13749:New High German
13735:Old High German
13709:
13688:
13670:
13581:
13553:
13514:
13498:East Pomeranian
13488:Brandenburgisch
13475:East Low German
13469:
13396:Dutch Low Saxon
13388:West Low German
13382:
13340:
13306:Schiermonnikoog
13287:
13182:
13168:Wursten Frisian
13131:
13097:
12980:
12967:
12957:
12952:
12922:
12917:
12888:Spelling reform
12859:
12857:German language
12853:
12802:
12770:German Language
12767:
12756:
12751:
12742:
12740:
12733:
12701:10.2307/3531328
12680:
12622:
12571:
12569:
12562:
12513:
12450:
12449:
12445:
12388:
12386:
12353:
12321:
12289:
12264:
12262:
12215:
12192:
12167:
12165:
12158:
12137:
12115:
12113:
12106:
12082:
12080:
12073:
12052:
12033:
12011:
12009:
12002:
11976:
11974:
11953:
11951:
11929:
11902:
11873:
11871:
11864:
11833:
11831:
11824:
11799:
11780:
11750:
11748:
11741:
11676:
11642:
11611:
11609:
11602:
11579:
11574:
11573:
11564:
11560:
11552:
11548:
11541:
11539:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11525:
11517:
11515:
11500:
11496:
11488:
11484:
11471:
11469:
11454:
11450:
11440:
11438:
11425:
11424:
11420:
11410:
11408:
11395:
11394:
11390:
11382:
11378:
11373:
11369:
11359:
11357:
11344:
11343:
11339:
11331:
11327:
11319:
11315:
11310:
11306:
11301:
11297:
11284:
11280:
11270:
11268:
11260:
11256:
11255:
11251:
11243:
11239:
11228:
11224:
11213:
11209:
11194:
11190:
11182:
11178:
11168:
11166:
11161:
11160:
11156:
11146:
11144:
11139:
11138:
11134:
11128:Von Polenz 1999
11126:
11122:
11112:
11110:
11101:
11100:
11096:
11086:
11084:
11069:
11065:
11055:
11053:
11038:
11034:
11024:
11022:
11021:on 8 April 2016
11018:
11011:
11007:
11006:
11002:
10992:
10990:
10983:
10979:
10978:
10974:
10964:
10962:
10958:
10947:
10943:
10942:
10938:
10930:
10926:
10916:
10914:
10901:
10900:
10896:
10886:
10884:
10871:
10870:
10866:
10849:
10845:
10835:
10833:
10818:
10814:
10804:
10802:
10789:
10788:
10784:
10774:
10772:
10757:
10753:
10743:
10741:
10740:on 26 June 2015
10728:
10727:
10720:
10710:
10708:
10707:on 19 June 2010
10695:
10694:
10690:
10680:
10678:
10663:
10659:
10649:
10647:
10643:
10632:
10628:
10627:
10623:
10604:
10600:
10594:Wayback Machine
10585:
10581:
10571:
10569:
10556:
10555:
10551:
10541:
10539:
10528:"Natal Germans"
10524:
10520:
10513:
10506:
10496:
10494:
10493:on 24 June 2008
10490:
10483:
10479:
10478:
10474:
10466:
10462:
10454:
10439:
10432:
10423:
10413:
10411:
10406:. 5 June 2015.
10398:
10397:
10393:
10383:
10381:
10370:
10366:
10365:
10361:
10351:
10349:
10345:
10338:
10334:
10333:
10329:
10319:
10317:
10302:
10298:
10288:
10286:
10273:
10272:
10268:
10255:
10253:
10244:
10243:
10239:
10231:
10227:
10219:
10212:
10202:
10200:
10187:
10186:
10179:
10169:
10167:
10163:
10152:
10146:
10139:
10131:
10127:
10119:
10115:
10107:
10103:
10095:
10091:
10083:
10079:
10071:
10067:
10058:
10054:
10046:
10042:
10035:
10013:
10000:
9992:
9988:
9980:
9976:
9968:, p. 233,
9952:
9948:
9940:
9933:
9925:
9921:
9913:
9906:
9894:
9890:
9882:
9873:
9865:
9858:
9848:
9846:
9831:
9827:
9817:
9815:
9803:
9799:
9789:
9787:
9778:
9777:
9773:
9763:
9761:
9746:
9742:
9732:
9730:
9726:
9719:
9715:
9714:
9710:
9700:
9698:
9697:. 15 April 2015
9687:
9686:
9682:
9672:
9670:
9657:
9656:
9652:
9644:
9635:
9625:
9623:
9610:
9609:
9605:
9595:
9593:
9589:
9582:
9574:
9573:
9569:
9559:
9557:
9544:
9543:
9539:
9529:
9527:
9514:
9513:
9509:
9499:
9497:
9484:
9483:
9479:
9469:
9467:
9454:
9453:
9449:
9439:
9437:
9433:
9422:
9418:
9417:
9400:
9395:
9391:
9382:
9344:
9342:
9335:
9334:
9330:Deutschlandlied
9325:National anthem
9310:
9309:
9298:
9297:
9293:Monuments Lists
9278:
9277:
9268:
9267:
9233:
9232:
9221:
9220:
9196:
9195:
9177:
9176:
9162:
9161:
9150:
9149:
9104:
9103:
9092:
9091:
8982:
8981:
8963:
8962:
8953:Swabian cuisine
8928:Hessian cuisine
8923:Hamburg cuisine
8903:
8902:
8891:
8890:
8877:
8864:
8863:
8848:
8847:
8828:
8827:
8818:
8817:
8779:
8778:
8767:
8766:
8727:
8726:
8715:
8714:
8711:
8693:
8692:
8668:
8654:
8649:
8648:
8643:
8639:
8634:
8630:
8625:
8621:
8616:
8612:
8607:
8603:
8598:
8594:
8589:
8585:
8580:
8576:
8571:
8567:
8562:
8558:
8553:
8549:
8544:
8540:
8535:
8531:
8523:
8519:
8514:
8513:
8502:
8498:
8464:
8460:
8455:
8451:
8446:
8442:
8437:
8433:
8428:
8375:German toponymy
8345:
8340:
8338:
8331:
8326:
8324:
8317:
8312:
8310:
8303:
8298:
8296:
8289:
8284:
8282:
8277:Language portal
8275:
8268:
8265:
8216:
8207:
8198:
8189:
8180:
8117:Theodor Mommsen
8077:Standard German
8038:
8032:
8011:
8007:
7994:, "daughter" →
7949:
7945:
7937:
7890:
7886:
7881:
7877:
7870:
7864:
7749:
7733:used in Fraktur
7715:
7706:„Guten Morgen!“
7649:Adressenverlage
7634:
7633:
7625:
7623:
7622:
7621:
7620:
7617:
7609:
7606:
7604:German alphabet
7599:
7593:
7462:
7414:
7406:Main articles:
7404:
7395:
7105:
7065:
7057:
7049:
7041:
7005:
6987:
6906:
6904:Auxiliary verbs
6900:) more freely.
6860:is highlighted.
6809:is highlighted.
6596:
6365:
6222:
6216:
6214:Verb inflection
6180:
6138:Old High German
6015:
5840:Standard German
5835:
5833:Noun inflection
5815:
5809:
5776:
5704:East Franconian
5612:Austro-Bavarian
5604:Austro-Bavarian
5596:
5594:Austro-Bavarian
5557:: Strossburi),
5504:Bavarian Swabia
5473:Bavarian Swabia
5441:Bavarian Swabia
5383:
5375:Austro-Bavarian
5359:
5319:
5278:Oelsnitz/Vogtl.
5274:Auerbach/Vogtl.
5231:South Thuringia
5227:Lower Franconia
5207:East Franconian
5203:
5201:East Franconian
5179:High Franconian
5167:
5165:High Franconian
5078:
5059:(Großwardein),
5051:(Temeschburg),
5039:, the south of
5013:Luxembourg City
4853:
4843:in the west to
4833:
4825:Hebrew alphabet
4809:High Franconian
4799:
4793:
4787:
4779:
4777:
4775:East Franconian
4770:
4767:High Franconian
4764:
4758:
4746:
4744:
4733:
4726:
4714:
4712:
4704:
4699:
4692:
4689:
4683:
4679:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4656:
4633:
4627:
4492:Mönchengladbach
4421:Standard German
4380:in Germany, in
4366:
4360:
4206:Standard German
4159:
4153:
4102:
4100:German dialects
4096:
4088:Austrian German
4041:Standard German
4017:
3942:
3940:Standard German
3936:
3934:Standard German
3927:Goethe-Institut
3848:
3796:Northern Europe
3787:
3783:
3747:
3684:South Australia
3680:
3612:Lagunen-Deutsch
3543:East Pomeranian
3516:
3508:Main articles:
3506:
3443:
3427:Main articles:
3425:
3386:
3307:
3301:
3296:
3270:In France, the
3232:; German is an
3174:
3152:(with French),
3148:(with French),
3083:
3070:
3065:
3053:
3044:
3032:
3023:
3011:
2995:
2987:
2985:
2973:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2924:
2915:
2899:
2891:
2888:second language
2883:
2856:German diaspora
2852:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2807:
2795:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2727:Standard German
2723:standardization
2715:
2713:Standardization
2598:Habsburg Empire
2590:Austria-Hungary
2580:
2558:
2546:
2544:Habsburg Empire
2486:Meißner Deutsch
2456:Christian Bible
2440:Druckersprachen
2421:Meißner Deutsch
2406:gemeine tiutsch
2388:
2359:Wilhelm Scherer
2344:
2338:
2322:
2281:
2260:
2138:
2132:
2082:Hildebrandslied
2041:Hildebrandslied
2011:
1991:Old High German
1985:
1971:
1969:
1966:Old High German
1949:
1947:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1900:
1852:voiceless stop
1851:
1846:
1790:stop consonants
1762:
1760:Old High German
1756:
1754:Old High German
1751:
1745:
1737:Norman language
1685:
1626:Standard German
1474:
1467:
1465:
1450:
1444:...... German (
1443:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1354:
1321:Standard German
1247:Old High German
1180:second language
1149:North Schleswig
1036:
1035:
1032:[dɔʏtʃ]
1027:
999:
995:
991:
989:
988: + 100,000
985:
983:
979:
977:
973:
971:
967:
963:German diaspora
935:Without proper
923:
922:
918:
916:
912:
910:
906:
904:
900:
888:
887:
883:
881:
877:
864:
858:
844:
834:
828:
826:
824:
821:Standard German
805:
785:
784:
775:
774:
765:
764:
755:
754:
745:
744:
735:
734:
725:
724:
715:
714:
705:
704:
695:
694:
685:
684:
675:
674:
665:
664:
655:
654:
645:
644:
635:
634:
625:
624:
615:
614:
605:
604:
595:
594:
585:
584:
575:
574:
572:Old High German
565:
564:
555:
554:
545:
544:
536:
521:
520:
519:
508:
507:
500:
490:
489:
482:
472:
471:
387:
386:
376:
374:
367:
366:
351:
350:
343:
342:
304:
303:
294:
287:Official status
277:
272:
266:
262:Hebrew Alphabet
250:German alphabet
238:
233:
227:
210:Standard German
203:
196:
180:Old High German
175:
168:
126:
123:Language family
121:
111:
99:
32:
29:Standard German
17:
12:
11:
5:
19564:
19554:
19553:
19548:
19543:
19538:
19533:
19528:
19523:
19518:
19513:
19508:
19503:
19498:
19493:
19476:
19475:
19473:
19472:
19467:
19465:European Union
19461:
19459:
19458:Other entities
19455:
19454:
19452:
19451:
19446:
19441:
19436:
19431:
19426:
19421:
19415:
19413:
19412:other entities
19407:
19406:
19404:
19403:
19398:
19393:
19388:
19383:
19377:
19375:
19369:
19368:
19366:
19365:
19360:
19359:
19358:
19353:
19348:
19343:
19336:United Kingdom
19333:
19328:
19323:
19318:
19313:
19308:
19303:
19298:
19293:
19288:
19283:
19278:
19273:
19268:
19263:
19258:
19253:
19248:
19243:
19238:
19233:
19228:
19223:
19218:
19213:
19208:
19203:
19201:
19196:
19191:
19186:
19181:
19176:
19171:
19166:
19161:
19156:
19151:
19149:Czech Republic
19146:
19141:
19136:
19131:
19126:
19121:
19116:
19111:
19106:
19101:
19096:
19090:
19088:
19084:
19083:
19076:
19075:
19068:
19061:
19053:
19044:
19043:
19041:
19040:
19035:
19028:
19027:
19020:
19013:
19005:
19004:
19001:
19000:
18997:
18996:
18994:
18993:
18988:
18983:
18978:
18973:
18968:
18963:
18958:
18953:
18948:
18943:
18938:
18933:
18928:
18923:
18918:
18913:
18908:
18907:Cultural icons
18905:
18900:
18895:
18890:
18885:
18880:
18875:
18869:
18867:
18861:
18860:
18858:
18857:
18852:
18847:
18842:
18837:
18832:
18827:
18822:
18817:
18812:
18807:
18802:
18797:
18792:
18787:
18786:
18785:
18780:
18770:
18765:
18760:
18755:
18750:
18744:
18738:
18732:
18731:
18728:
18727:
18725:
18724:
18719:
18714:
18709:
18704:
18699:
18694:
18689:
18687:Stock exchange
18684:
18679:
18671:
18666:
18661:
18656:
18651:
18646:
18641:
18640:
18639:
18629:
18624:
18618:
18612:
18606:
18605:
18602:
18601:
18599:
18598:
18593:
18588:
18583:
18578:
18573:
18568:
18563:
18562:
18561:
18556:
18551:
18541:
18536:
18531:
18526:
18521:
18516:
18511:
18501:
18496:
18490:
18484:
18478:
18477:
18474:
18473:
18471:
18470:
18465:
18460:
18455:
18450:
18445:
18440:
18435:
18434:
18433:
18428:
18417:
18411:
18405:
18404:
18401:
18400:
18398:
18397:
18391:
18385:
18380:
18374:
18372:
18368:
18367:
18365:
18364:
18359:
18353:
18351:
18347:
18346:
18344:
18343:
18342:
18341:
18336:
18326:
18324:Denazification
18321:
18316:
18311:
18306:
18301:
18296:
18291:
18286:
18281:
18276:
18271:
18266:
18261:
18256:
18251:
18246:
18241:
18235:
18233:
18229:
18228:
18226:
18225:
18220:
18215:
18210:
18205:
18200:
18195:
18189:
18187:
18183:
18182:
18180:
18179:
18174:
18169:
18164:
18159:
18154:
18149:
18144:
18139:
18134:
18129:
18124:
18119:
18113:
18111:
18107:
18106:
18104:
18103:
18098:
18096:Historiography
18093:
18088:
18082:
18080:
18073:
18067:
18066:
18055:
18054:
18047:
18040:
18032:
18023:
18022:
18020:
18019:
18012:
18002:
17999:
17998:
17995:
17994:
17991:
17990:
17988:
17987:
17982:
17977:
17972:
17967:
17962:
17956:
17954:
17950:
17949:
17947:
17946:
17941:
17936:
17931:
17926:
17921:
17916:
17911:
17906:
17901:
17896:
17891:
17886:
17880:
17878:
17874:
17873:
17871:
17870:
17865:
17860:
17855:
17853:Proto-Germanic
17849:
17847:
17843:
17842:
17840:
17839:
17832:
17825:
17817:
17816:
17815:
17814:
17809:
17804:
17794:
17789:
17783:
17781:
17771:
17770:
17758:
17757:
17754:
17753:
17750:
17749:
17747:
17746:
17739:
17732:
17728:Crimean Gothic
17717:
17715:
17707:
17706:
17703:
17702:
17700:
17699:
17698:
17697:
17692:
17683:
17680:
17679:
17677:
17676:
17675:
17674:
17664:
17663:
17662:
17655:
17648:
17643:
17638:
17633:
17632:
17631:
17626:
17616:
17615:
17614:
17604:
17602:Insular Danish
17599:
17589:
17588:
17587:
17585:Rinkebysvenska
17582:
17571:
17569:
17565:
17564:
17562:
17561:
17554:
17547:
17546:
17545:
17538:
17526:
17521:
17520:
17519:
17512:
17505:
17499:
17493:
17488:
17483:
17478:
17473:
17468:
17463:
17452:
17450:
17446:
17445:
17443:
17442:
17441:
17440:
17433:
17431:Old East Norse
17428:
17426:Old West Norse
17416:
17408:
17406:
17399:
17389:
17388:
17372:
17371:
17368:
17367:
17364:
17363:
17360:
17359:
17357:
17356:
17349:
17348:
17347:
17337:
17332:
17331:
17330:
17329:
17328:
17323:
17318:
17313:
17308:
17306:South Tyrolean
17298:
17297:
17296:
17286:
17276:
17275:
17274:
17269:
17268:
17267:
17257:
17256:
17255:
17248:High Alemannic
17245:
17244:
17243:
17238:
17221:
17219:
17213:
17212:
17209:
17208:
17206:
17205:
17200:
17195:
17190:
17185:
17180:
17175:
17170:
17164:
17162:
17156:
17155:
17153:
17152:
17147:
17146:
17145:
17135:
17134:
17133:
17132:
17131:
17126:
17116:
17106:
17105:
17104:
17103:
17102:
17101:
17100:
17090:
17085:
17075:
17074:
17073:
17068:
17052:
17050:
17041:
17039:Central German
17035:
17034:
17032:
17031:
17030:
17029:
17024:
17017:
17012:
17007:
16997:
16992:
16991:
16990:
16980:
16978:Barossa German
16975:
16970:
16965:
16960:
16954:
16952:
16940:
16939:
16937:
16936:
16931:
16926:
16920:
16918:
16912:
16911:
16909:
16908:
16907:
16906:
16892:
16885:
16877:
16875:
16868:
16862:
16861:
16858:
16857:
16855:
16854:
16849:
16843:
16841:
16837:
16836:
16834:
16833:
16827:
16825:
16819:
16818:
16816:
16815:
16798:
16793:
16788:
16782:
16781:
16776:
16771:
16766:
16761:
16760:
16759:
16757:French Flemish
16749:
16748:
16747:
16736:
16734:
16730:
16729:
16727:
16726:
16716:
16710:
16708:
16702:
16701:
16699:
16698:
16693:
16688:
16682:
16680:
16673:
16671:Low Franconian
16667:
16666:
16663:
16662:
16660:
16659:
16658:
16657:
16647:
16642:
16637:
16632:
16626:
16624:
16618:
16617:
16615:
16614:
16609:
16604:
16603:
16602:
16592:
16591:
16590:
16585:
16580:
16579:
16578:
16573:
16565:
16560:
16555:
16550:
16539:
16537:
16531:
16530:
16528:
16527:
16520:
16512:
16510:
16503:
16497:
16496:
16493:
16492:
16489:
16488:
16486:
16485:
16484:
16483:
16478:
16477:
16476:
16475:
16474:
16472:Westereendersk
16466:
16455:
16450:
16444:
16442:
16436:
16435:
16433:
16432:
16431:
16430:
16425:
16418:
16413:
16412:
16411:
16406:
16403:
16395:
16390:
16389:
16388:
16377:
16376:
16375:
16370:
16365:
16364:
16363:
16358:
16350:
16339:
16337:
16331:
16330:
16328:
16327:
16326:
16325:
16318:
16311:
16299:
16298:
16297:
16288:
16286:
16280:
16279:
16277:
16276:
16273:Middle Frisian
16269:
16261:
16259:
16252:
16246:
16245:
16243:
16242:
16241:
16240:
16233:
16221:
16220:
16219:
16212:
16205:
16193:
16192:
16191:
16190:
16189:
16179:Modern English
16175:
16172:Middle English
16168:
16161:
16150:
16148:
16139:
16129:
16128:
16116:
16115:
16109:
16106:
16105:
16098:
16097:
16090:
16083:
16075:
16066:
16065:
16063:
16062:
16056:
16054:
16050:
16049:
16047:
16046:
16040:
16038:
16036:Sign languages
16032:
16031:
16029:
16028:
16023:
16018:
16013:
16008:
16003:
15997:
15995:
15989:
15988:
15986:
15985:
15980:
15975:
15970:
15965:
15960:
15955:
15950:
15945:
15939:
15937:
15931:
15930:
15928:
15927:
15922:
15917:
15916:
15915:
15910:
15899:
15897:
15893:
15892:
15890:
15889:
15883:
15881:
15877:
15876:
15869:
15868:
15861:
15854:
15846:
15837:
15836:
15834:
15833:
15827:
15825:
15819:
15818:
15816:
15815:
15809:
15807:
15801:
15800:
15798:
15797:
15792:
15786:
15784:
15778:
15777:
15775:
15774:
15769:
15764:
15759:
15753:
15751:
15745:
15744:
15742:
15741:
15736:
15731:
15726:
15721:
15715:
15713:
15707:
15706:
15704:
15703:
15698:
15693:
15687:
15685:
15681:
15680:
15666:
15665:
15658:
15651:
15643:
15634:
15633:
15631:
15630:
15619:
15616:
15615:
15613:
15612:
15606:
15604:
15603:Sign languages
15600:
15599:
15597:
15592:
15587:
15582:
15580:
15574:
15573:
15570:
15569:
15567:
15566:
15560:
15557:
15556:
15554:
15553:
15548:
15543:
15538:
15533:
15527:
15525:
15519:
15518:
15516:
15515:
15514:
15513:
15503:
15502:
15501:
15491:
15490:
15489:
15484:
15479:
15474:
15469:
15458:
15456:
15447:
15441:
15440:
15438:
15437:
15432:
15426:
15424:
15415:
15409:
15408:
15405:
15404:
15402:
15401:
15400:
15399:
15389:
15387:High Alemannic
15384:
15378:
15376:
15370:
15369:
15367:
15366:
15360:
15358:
15356:Swabian German
15352:
15351:
15349:
15348:
15347:
15346:
15336:
15335:
15334:
15323:
15321:
15305:
15299:
15298:
15296:
15295:
15282:
15280:
15276:
15275:
15261:
15260:
15253:
15246:
15238:
15229:
15228:
15226:
15225:
15220:
15215:
15209:
15207:
15206:Sign languages
15203:
15202:
15200:
15199:
15194:
15189:
15184:
15173:
15171:
15167:
15166:
15164:
15163:
15158:
15153:
15148:
15142:
15140:
15136:
15135:
15121:
15120:
15113:
15106:
15098:
15089:
15088:
15085:
15084:
15082:
15081:
15076:
15075:
15074:
15067:Low Franconian
15064:
15063:
15062:
15057:
15052:
15042:
15041:
15040:
15035:
15030:
15023:Central German
15019:
15017:
15013:
15012:
15010:
15009:
15008:
15007:
15002:
14992:
14987:
14982:
14981:
14980:
14975:
14965:
14959:
14957:
14950:
14944:
14943:
14941:
14940:
14929:
14927:
14923:
14922:
14908:
14907:
14900:
14893:
14885:
14876:
14875:
14873:
14872:
14865:
14855:
14852:
14851:
14848:
14847:
14844:
14843:
14841:
14840:
14835:
14830:
14825:
14820:
14815:
14809:
14807:
14803:
14802:
14800:
14799:
14794:
14789:
14784:
14779:
14774:
14769:
14764:
14759:
14754:
14749:
14744:
14739:
14733:
14731:
14727:
14726:
14724:
14723:
14718:
14713:
14708:
14706:Proto-Germanic
14702:
14700:
14696:
14695:
14693:
14692:
14685:
14678:
14670:
14669:
14668:
14667:
14662:
14657:
14647:
14642:
14636:
14634:
14624:
14623:
14611:
14610:
14607:
14606:
14603:
14602:
14600:
14599:
14592:
14585:
14581:Crimean Gothic
14570:
14568:
14560:
14559:
14556:
14555:
14553:
14552:
14551:
14550:
14545:
14536:
14533:
14532:
14530:
14529:
14528:
14527:
14517:
14516:
14515:
14508:
14501:
14496:
14491:
14486:
14485:
14484:
14479:
14469:
14468:
14467:
14457:
14455:Insular Danish
14452:
14442:
14441:
14440:
14438:Rinkebysvenska
14435:
14424:
14422:
14418:
14417:
14415:
14414:
14407:
14400:
14399:
14398:
14391:
14379:
14374:
14373:
14372:
14365:
14358:
14352:
14346:
14341:
14336:
14331:
14326:
14321:
14316:
14305:
14303:
14299:
14298:
14296:
14295:
14294:
14293:
14286:
14284:Old East Norse
14281:
14279:Old West Norse
14269:
14261:
14259:
14252:
14242:
14241:
14225:
14224:
14221:
14220:
14217:
14216:
14213:
14212:
14210:
14209:
14202:
14201:
14200:
14190:
14185:
14184:
14183:
14182:
14181:
14176:
14171:
14166:
14161:
14159:South Tyrolean
14151:
14150:
14149:
14139:
14129:
14128:
14127:
14122:
14121:
14120:
14110:
14109:
14108:
14101:High Alemannic
14098:
14097:
14096:
14091:
14074:
14072:
14066:
14065:
14062:
14061:
14059:
14058:
14053:
14048:
14043:
14038:
14033:
14028:
14023:
14017:
14015:
14009:
14008:
14006:
14005:
14000:
13999:
13998:
13988:
13987:
13986:
13985:
13984:
13979:
13969:
13959:
13958:
13957:
13956:
13955:
13954:
13953:
13943:
13938:
13928:
13927:
13926:
13921:
13905:
13903:
13894:
13892:Central German
13888:
13887:
13885:
13884:
13883:
13882:
13877:
13870:
13865:
13860:
13850:
13845:
13844:
13843:
13833:
13831:Barossa German
13828:
13823:
13818:
13813:
13807:
13805:
13793:
13792:
13790:
13789:
13784:
13779:
13773:
13771:
13765:
13764:
13762:
13761:
13760:
13759:
13745:
13738:
13730:
13728:
13721:
13715:
13714:
13711:
13710:
13708:
13707:
13702:
13696:
13694:
13690:
13689:
13687:
13686:
13680:
13678:
13672:
13671:
13669:
13668:
13651:
13646:
13641:
13635:
13634:
13629:
13624:
13619:
13614:
13613:
13612:
13610:French Flemish
13602:
13601:
13600:
13589:
13587:
13583:
13582:
13580:
13579:
13569:
13563:
13561:
13555:
13554:
13552:
13551:
13546:
13541:
13535:
13533:
13526:
13524:Low Franconian
13520:
13519:
13516:
13515:
13513:
13512:
13511:
13510:
13500:
13495:
13490:
13485:
13479:
13477:
13471:
13470:
13468:
13467:
13462:
13457:
13456:
13455:
13445:
13444:
13443:
13438:
13433:
13432:
13431:
13426:
13418:
13413:
13408:
13403:
13392:
13390:
13384:
13383:
13381:
13380:
13373:
13365:
13363:
13356:
13350:
13349:
13346:
13345:
13342:
13341:
13339:
13338:
13337:
13336:
13331:
13330:
13329:
13328:
13327:
13325:Westereendersk
13319:
13308:
13303:
13297:
13295:
13289:
13288:
13286:
13285:
13284:
13283:
13278:
13271:
13266:
13265:
13264:
13259:
13256:
13248:
13243:
13242:
13241:
13230:
13229:
13228:
13223:
13218:
13217:
13216:
13211:
13203:
13192:
13190:
13184:
13183:
13181:
13180:
13179:
13178:
13171:
13164:
13152:
13151:
13150:
13141:
13139:
13133:
13132:
13130:
13129:
13126:Middle Frisian
13122:
13114:
13112:
13105:
13099:
13098:
13096:
13095:
13094:
13093:
13086:
13074:
13073:
13072:
13065:
13058:
13046:
13045:
13044:
13043:
13042:
13032:Modern English
13028:
13025:Middle English
13021:
13014:
13003:
13001:
12992:
12982:
12981:
12969:
12968:
12962:
12959:
12958:
12951:
12950:
12943:
12936:
12928:
12919:
12918:
12916:
12915:
12910:
12905:
12900:
12895:
12890:
12885:
12880:
12875:
12870:
12864:
12861:
12860:
12852:
12851:
12844:
12837:
12829:
12823:
12822:
12817:
12816:
12815:
12800:
12790:
12780:
12755:
12754:External links
12752:
12750:
12749:
12731:
12713:
12684:
12678:
12661:
12641:(1): 185–196.
12637:(in Spanish).
12626:
12620:
12599:
12578:
12560:
12545:
12528:
12517:
12511:
12494:
12463:
12443:
12426:
12410:
12395:
12357:
12351:
12334:
12325:
12319:
12306:
12293:
12287:
12271:
12244:
12219:
12213:
12196:
12190:
12177:
12156:
12141:
12135:
12122:
12104:
12089:
12071:
12056:
12050:
12037:
12031:
12018:
12000:
11983:
11960:
11933:
11927:
11906:
11900:
11880:
11862:
11840:
11822:
11803:
11797:
11791:. OUP Oxford.
11784:
11778:
11757:
11739:
11720:
11711:
11694:
11680:
11674:
11662:Clyne, Michael
11658:
11646:
11640:
11627:
11618:
11600:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11572:
11571:
11558:
11546:
11494:
11482:
11448:
11437:on 15 May 2011
11418:
11388:
11376:
11367:
11337:
11325:
11313:
11304:
11295:
11278:
11249:
11237:
11222:
11207:
11188:
11176:
11154:
11132:
11120:
11094:
11063:
11032:
11000:
10989:on 10 May 2015
10972:
10936:
10934:, p. 616.
10924:
10894:
10864:
10843:
10812:
10782:
10751:
10718:
10688:
10657:
10621:
10598:
10579:
10549:
10518:
10504:
10472:
10460:
10421:
10391:
10359:
10327:
10296:
10279:deutschland.de
10266:
10237:
10225:
10210:
10177:
10137:
10125:
10113:
10101:
10089:
10077:
10075:, p. 134.
10065:
10052:
10040:
10033:
9998:
9996:, p. 254.
9986:
9974:
9958:Wiesinger 1982
9956:, p. 48,
9946:
9931:
9929:, p. 195.
9919:
9904:
9902:, pp. 5–6
9888:
9871:
9856:
9825:
9812:Deutsche Welle
9797:
9771:
9740:
9708:
9680:
9650:
9633:
9603:
9567:
9537:
9507:
9477:
9447:
9398:
9388:
9387:
9384:
9383:
9381:
9380:
9373:
9366:
9358:
9355:
9354:
9353:
9352:
9337:
9336:
9333:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9311:
9305:
9304:
9303:
9300:
9299:
9296:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9279:
9275:
9274:
9273:
9270:
9269:
9266:
9265:
9260:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9234:
9228:
9227:
9226:
9223:
9222:
9219:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9203:
9197:
9191:
9190:
9189:
9186:
9185:
9179:
9178:
9175:
9174:
9169:
9163:
9157:
9156:
9155:
9152:
9151:
9148:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9111:
9105:
9099:
9098:
9097:
9094:
9093:
9090:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9074:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8983:
8977:
8976:
8975:
8972:
8971:
8965:
8964:
8961:
8960:
8955:
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8908:German cuisine
8904:
8898:
8897:
8896:
8893:
8892:
8889:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8871:
8865:
8855:
8854:
8853:
8850:
8849:
8846:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8829:
8825:
8824:
8823:
8820:
8819:
8816:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8786:
8780:
8774:
8773:
8772:
8769:
8768:
8765:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8728:
8722:
8721:
8720:
8717:
8716:
8713:
8712:
8705:
8700:
8694:
8688:
8687:
8686:
8683:
8682:
8674:
8673:
8665:
8664:
8653:
8650:
8647:
8646:
8637:
8628:
8619:
8610:
8601:
8592:
8583:
8574:
8565:
8556:
8547:
8538:
8529:
8516:
8515:
8512:
8511:
8496:
8479:Menschlichkeit
8458:
8449:
8440:
8430:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8423:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8385:German exonyms
8382:
8377:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8351:
8350:
8347:Belgium portal
8336:
8322:
8319:Austria portal
8308:
8294:
8291:Germany portal
8280:
8264:
8261:
8258:
8257:
8250:
8243:
8236:
8229:
8221:
8220:
8211:
8202:
8196:Brothers Grimm
8193:
8184:
8133:Carl Spitteler
8125:Paul von Heyse
8056:Nibelungenlied
8034:Main article:
8031:
8028:
7958:, "through" →
7936:Likewise, the
7927:, "thirsty" →
7880:). All of the
7863:
7860:
7714:
7711:
7701:quotation mark
7639:telephone book
7624:
7618:
7607:
7602:
7601:
7600:
7591:
7590:
7589:
7529:" instead of "
7461:
7458:
7441:orthographical
7412:German braille
7403:
7400:
7380:Brothers Grimm
7361:Brothers Grimm
7347:
7346:
7332:
7318:
7304:
7290:
7276:
7262:
7248:
7104:
7101:
7097:
7096:
7093:
7090:
7083:
7080:
7073:
7070:
7067:
7063:
7055:
7047:
7039:
7004:
7001:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6981:
6959:auxiliary verb
6955:
6954:
6940:
6926:
6910:auxiliary verb
6905:
6902:
6890:
6889:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6875:
6862:
6861:
6852:
6851:
6850:
6847:
6834:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6825:
6811:
6810:
6801:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6782:
6781:
6780:
6779:
6776:
6763:
6762:
6753:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6735:
6734:
6731:
6730:
6729:
6726:
6713:
6712:
6711:
6710:
6707:
6684:
6683:
6675:
6667:
6659:
6651:
6643:
6623:auxiliary verb
6604:SOV word order
6595:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6582:
6581:
6553:Gehen Sie mit?
6419:(to try) from
6364:
6361:
6360:
6359:
6340:
6332:
6324:
6321:future perfect
6293:
6278:
6255:
6248:
6241:
6218:Main article:
6215:
6212:
6179:
6176:
6140:and other old
6134:
6133:
6130:
6045:
6007:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5972:
5971:
5964:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5894:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5867:
5866:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5834:
5831:
5813:German grammar
5811:Main article:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5803:
5793:
5787:
5775:
5772:
5771:
5770:
5719:Markneukirchen
5696:Markneukirchen
5595:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5500:
5499:
5489:
5483:
5476:
5409:High Alemannic
5382:
5379:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5353:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5313:
5202:
5199:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5037:Kaiserslautern
4945:
4944:
4934:
4924:
4914:
4900:
4890:
4884:
4852:
4849:
4837:Central German
4832:
4831:Central German
4829:
4817:Ashkenazi Jews
4805:Central German
4778:
4769:
4745:
4732:
4713:
4703:
4701:Dorp–Dorf line
4691:
4678:
4667:
4665:Low Franconian
4641:Central German
4629:Main article:
4626:
4623:
4616:
4615:
4428:Uerdingen line
4374:Dutch language
4370:Low Franconian
4364:Low Franconian
4359:
4358:Low Franconian
4356:
4355:
4354:
4251:Recklinghausen
4155:Main article:
4152:
4149:
4139:, also called
4098:Main article:
4095:
4092:
4069:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4016:
4013:
3938:Main article:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3924:
3915:
3906:
3901:
3855:Deutsche Welle
3847:
3844:
3800:Czech Republic
3772:European Union
3746:
3743:
3700:Barossa Valley
3696:Barossa German
3679:
3676:
3604:
3603:
3596:Antônio Carlos
3592:Santa Catarina
3589:
3572:
3550:Espírito Santo
3532:Espírito Santo
3528:Santa Catarina
3505:
3502:
3479:Midwest region
3424:
3421:
3385:
3384:Rest of Africa
3382:
3303:Main article:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3268:
3267:
3257:
3247:
3237:
3223:
3213:
3203:
3196:Czech Republic
3184:after the two
3173:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3138:
3132:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3103:
3098:
3082:
3079:
3075:European Union
3052:
3031:
3010:
2986:
2976: Most of
2972:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2923:
2914:
2911:
2880:first language
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2794:
2791:
2714:
2711:
2606:Eastern Europe
2557:
2554:Central Europe
2545:
2542:
2425:, used in the
2383:printing press
2375:principalities
2340:Main article:
2337:
2334:
2305:Sachsenspiegel
2273:verse poem by
2240:Nibelungenlied
2134:Main article:
2131:
2128:
2060:Evangelienbuch
2012: 765–775
1999:Pforzen buckle
1977:Crimean Gothic
1970:
1948:
1932:
1921:
1917:Old East Norse
1910:
1906:Old West Norse
1899:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1845:Voiceless stop
1840:
1839:
1836:
1829:
1788:and voiceless
1758:Main article:
1755:
1752:
1747:Main article:
1744:
1741:
1691:dialects) and
1638:Central German
1608:Low Franconian
1567:, and others.
1516:North Germanic
1466:
1449:
1431:
1415:
1387:
1371:
1365:
1353:
1352:Classification
1350:
1294:Modern English
1251:Proto-Germanic
1113:Czech Republic
1061:European Union
1057:Central Europe
994: + 10,000
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
953:
952:
939:, you may see
925:
924:
917:
911:
905:
899:
898:
890:
889:
882:
876:
875:
867:
866:
831:Central German
817:
811:
810:
803:
795:
794:
712:Swabian German
642:Lower Silesian
541:
533:
532:
505:
497:
496:
487:
479:
478:
477:Language codes
474:
473:
470:
469:
457:
445:
437:
425:
413:
401:
399:Czech Republic
396:
382:
381:
380:
379:
377:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
346:
345:
344:
341:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
299:
298:
297:
295:
292:
289:
288:
284:
283:
278:
271:
268:
267:
265:
264:
258:
256:German Braille
253:
241:
239:
235:Writing system
232:
229:
228:
226:
225:
206:
204:
202:Standard forms
201:
198:
197:
195:
194:
193:
192:
178:
176:
173:
170:
169:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
129:
127:
120:
117:
116:
105:
101:
100:
98:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
56:
54:
53:Native to
50:
49:
41:
40:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
19563:
19552:
19549:
19547:
19544:
19542:
19539:
19537:
19534:
19532:
19529:
19527:
19524:
19522:
19519:
19517:
19514:
19512:
19509:
19507:
19504:
19502:
19499:
19497:
19494:
19492:
19489:
19488:
19486:
19471:
19468:
19466:
19463:
19462:
19460:
19456:
19450:
19447:
19445:
19442:
19440:
19437:
19435:
19432:
19430:
19427:
19425:
19424:Faroe Islands
19422:
19420:
19417:
19416:
19414:
19408:
19402:
19399:
19397:
19396:South Ossetia
19394:
19392:
19389:
19387:
19384:
19382:
19379:
19378:
19376:
19370:
19364:
19361:
19357:
19354:
19352:
19349:
19347:
19344:
19342:
19339:
19338:
19337:
19334:
19332:
19329:
19327:
19324:
19322:
19319:
19317:
19314:
19312:
19309:
19307:
19304:
19302:
19299:
19297:
19294:
19292:
19289:
19287:
19284:
19282:
19279:
19277:
19274:
19272:
19269:
19267:
19264:
19262:
19259:
19257:
19254:
19252:
19249:
19247:
19244:
19242:
19239:
19237:
19234:
19232:
19229:
19227:
19224:
19222:
19221:Liechtenstein
19219:
19217:
19214:
19212:
19209:
19207:
19204:
19202:
19200:
19197:
19195:
19192:
19190:
19187:
19185:
19182:
19180:
19177:
19175:
19172:
19170:
19167:
19165:
19162:
19160:
19157:
19155:
19152:
19150:
19147:
19145:
19142:
19140:
19137:
19135:
19132:
19130:
19127:
19125:
19122:
19120:
19117:
19115:
19112:
19110:
19107:
19105:
19102:
19100:
19097:
19095:
19092:
19091:
19089:
19085:
19081:
19074:
19069:
19067:
19062:
19060:
19055:
19054:
19051:
19039:
19036:
19034:
19031:
19030:
19025:
19021:
19018:
19014:
19011:
19007:
19006:
19002:
18992:
18989:
18987:
18984:
18982:
18979:
18977:
18974:
18972:
18969:
18967:
18964:
18962:
18959:
18957:
18954:
18952:
18949:
18947:
18944:
18942:
18939:
18937:
18934:
18932:
18929:
18927:
18924:
18922:
18919:
18917:
18914:
18912:
18909:
18906:
18904:
18901:
18899:
18896:
18894:
18891:
18889:
18886:
18884:
18881:
18879:
18876:
18874:
18871:
18870:
18868:
18866:
18862:
18856:
18853:
18851:
18850:Social issues
18848:
18846:
18843:
18841:
18838:
18836:
18833:
18831:
18828:
18826:
18823:
18821:
18818:
18816:
18813:
18811:
18808:
18806:
18803:
18801:
18798:
18796:
18793:
18791:
18788:
18784:
18781:
18779:
18778:Ethnic groups
18776:
18775:
18774:
18771:
18769:
18766:
18764:
18761:
18759:
18756:
18754:
18751:
18749:
18746:
18745:
18742:
18739:
18737:
18733:
18723:
18720:
18718:
18715:
18713:
18710:
18708:
18705:
18703:
18700:
18698:
18695:
18693:
18690:
18688:
18685:
18683:
18680:
18678:
18676:
18672:
18670:
18667:
18665:
18662:
18660:
18657:
18655:
18652:
18650:
18647:
18645:
18642:
18638:
18635:
18634:
18633:
18630:
18628:
18625:
18623:
18620:
18619:
18616:
18613:
18611:
18607:
18597:
18594:
18592:
18589:
18587:
18584:
18582:
18579:
18577:
18574:
18572:
18569:
18567:
18564:
18560:
18557:
18555:
18552:
18550:
18547:
18546:
18545:
18542:
18540:
18537:
18535:
18532:
18530:
18527:
18525:
18522:
18520:
18517:
18515:
18512:
18510:
18506:
18502:
18500:
18497:
18495:
18492:
18491:
18488:
18485:
18483:
18479:
18469:
18466:
18464:
18461:
18459:
18456:
18454:
18451:
18449:
18446:
18444:
18441:
18439:
18436:
18432:
18429:
18427:
18424:
18423:
18422:
18419:
18418:
18415:
18412:
18410:
18406:
18395:
18392:
18389:
18386:
18384:
18381:
18379:
18376:
18375:
18373:
18369:
18363:
18360:
18358:
18357:Reunification
18355:
18354:
18352:
18348:
18340:
18337:
18335:
18332:
18331:
18330:
18327:
18325:
18322:
18320:
18317:
18315:
18312:
18310:
18307:
18305:
18302:
18300:
18297:
18295:
18292:
18290:
18287:
18285:
18282:
18280:
18279:German Empire
18277:
18275:
18272:
18270:
18267:
18265:
18262:
18260:
18257:
18255:
18252:
18250:
18247:
18245:
18242:
18240:
18237:
18236:
18234:
18230:
18224:
18221:
18219:
18216:
18214:
18211:
18209:
18206:
18204:
18201:
18199:
18196:
18194:
18191:
18190:
18188:
18184:
18178:
18175:
18173:
18170:
18168:
18165:
18163:
18160:
18158:
18155:
18153:
18150:
18148:
18145:
18143:
18140:
18138:
18135:
18133:
18130:
18128:
18125:
18123:
18120:
18118:
18115:
18114:
18112:
18108:
18102:
18099:
18097:
18094:
18092:
18089:
18087:
18084:
18083:
18081:
18077:
18074:
18068:
18064:
18060:
18053:
18048:
18046:
18041:
18039:
18034:
18033:
18030:
18017:
18013:
18011:
18007:
18004:
18003:
18000:
17986:
17983:
17981:
17978:
17976:
17973:
17971:
17968:
17966:
17963:
17961:
17960:Germanic verb
17958:
17957:
17955:
17951:
17945:
17942:
17940:
17937:
17935:
17932:
17930:
17927:
17925:
17922:
17920:
17917:
17915:
17912:
17910:
17907:
17905:
17902:
17900:
17899:Sievers's law
17897:
17895:
17892:
17890:
17887:
17885:
17882:
17881:
17879:
17875:
17869:
17866:
17864:
17861:
17859:
17856:
17854:
17851:
17850:
17848:
17846:Reconstructed
17844:
17838:
17837:
17833:
17831:
17830:
17826:
17824:
17823:
17819:
17818:
17813:
17810:
17808:
17805:
17803:
17800:
17799:
17798:
17795:
17793:
17790:
17788:
17785:
17784:
17782:
17780:
17776:
17772:
17768:
17763:
17759:
17745:
17744:
17740:
17738:
17737:
17733:
17730:
17729:
17724:
17723:
17719:
17718:
17716:
17714:
17713:
17708:
17696:
17693:
17691:
17688:
17687:
17685:
17684:
17681:
17673:
17670:
17669:
17668:
17665:
17661:
17660:
17659:Middle Danish
17656:
17654:
17653:
17649:
17647:
17644:
17642:
17639:
17637:
17634:
17630:
17627:
17625:
17622:
17621:
17620:
17617:
17613:
17610:
17609:
17608:
17605:
17603:
17600:
17598:
17595:
17594:
17593:
17590:
17586:
17583:
17581:
17578:
17577:
17576:
17573:
17572:
17570:
17566:
17560:
17559:
17555:
17553:
17552:
17548:
17544:
17543:
17539:
17537:
17536:
17535:Old Icelandic
17532:
17531:
17530:
17527:
17525:
17522:
17518:
17517:
17513:
17511:
17510:
17509:Old Norwegian
17506:
17503:
17500:
17497:
17494:
17492:
17489:
17487:
17484:
17482:
17479:
17477:
17474:
17472:
17469:
17467:
17464:
17462:
17459:
17458:
17457:
17454:
17453:
17451:
17447:
17439:
17438:
17434:
17432:
17429:
17427:
17424:
17423:
17422:
17421:
17417:
17415:
17414:
17410:
17409:
17407:
17403:
17400:
17398:
17394:
17390:
17386:
17382:
17377:
17373:
17355:
17354:
17350:
17346:
17343:
17342:
17341:
17338:
17336:
17333:
17327:
17326:Gottscheerish
17324:
17322:
17319:
17317:
17314:
17312:
17309:
17307:
17304:
17303:
17302:
17299:
17295:
17292:
17291:
17290:
17287:
17285:
17282:
17281:
17280:
17277:
17273:
17270:
17266:
17265:Walser German
17263:
17262:
17261:
17258:
17254:
17251:
17250:
17249:
17246:
17242:
17239:
17237:
17234:
17233:
17232:
17231:Low Alemannic
17229:
17228:
17226:
17223:
17222:
17220:
17218:
17214:
17204:
17201:
17199:
17196:
17194:
17193:High Prussian
17191:
17189:
17186:
17184:
17181:
17179:
17178:Erzgebirgisch
17176:
17174:
17171:
17169:
17166:
17165:
17163:
17161:
17157:
17151:
17148:
17144:
17141:
17140:
17139:
17136:
17130:
17127:
17125:
17122:
17121:
17120:
17117:
17115:
17112:
17111:
17110:
17107:
17099:
17096:
17095:
17094:
17091:
17089:
17086:
17084:
17083:Luxembourgish
17081:
17080:
17079:
17076:
17072:
17069:
17067:
17064:
17063:
17062:
17059:
17058:
17057:
17054:
17053:
17051:
17049:
17045:
17042:
17040:
17036:
17028:
17025:
17023:
17022:
17021:Klezmer-loshn
17018:
17016:
17015:Scots Yiddish
17013:
17011:
17008:
17006:
17003:
17002:
17001:
16998:
16996:
16993:
16989:
16986:
16985:
16984:
16981:
16979:
16976:
16974:
16971:
16969:
16966:
16964:
16961:
16959:
16956:
16955:
16953:
16951:
16946:
16941:
16935:
16932:
16930:
16927:
16925:
16922:
16921:
16919:
16917:
16913:
16905:
16904:
16900:
16899:
16898:
16897:
16893:
16891:
16890:
16886:
16884:
16883:
16879:
16878:
16876:
16872:
16869:
16867:
16863:
16853:
16852:Meuse-Rhenish
16850:
16848:
16845:
16844:
16842:
16838:
16832:
16829:
16828:
16826:
16824:
16820:
16814:
16810:
16806:
16802:
16799:
16797:
16794:
16792:
16789:
16787:
16784:
16783:
16780:
16779:Kleverlandish
16777:
16775:
16772:
16770:
16767:
16765:
16762:
16758:
16755:
16754:
16753:
16750:
16746:
16743:
16742:
16741:
16740:Central Dutch
16738:
16737:
16735:
16731:
16724:
16720:
16717:
16715:
16712:
16711:
16709:
16707:
16703:
16697:
16694:
16692:
16689:
16687:
16684:
16683:
16681:
16677:
16674:
16672:
16668:
16656:
16653:
16652:
16651:
16648:
16646:
16643:
16641:
16638:
16636:
16633:
16631:
16628:
16627:
16625:
16623:
16619:
16613:
16610:
16608:
16605:
16601:
16598:
16597:
16596:
16593:
16589:
16586:
16584:
16581:
16577:
16574:
16572:
16569:
16568:
16566:
16564:
16561:
16559:
16556:
16554:
16551:
16549:
16548:Stellingwarfs
16546:
16545:
16544:
16541:
16540:
16538:
16536:
16532:
16526:
16525:
16521:
16519:
16518:
16514:
16513:
16511:
16507:
16504:
16502:
16498:
16482:
16479:
16473:
16470:
16469:
16468:Wood Frisian
16467:
16464:
16463:
16462:
16459:
16458:
16456:
16454:
16451:
16449:
16446:
16445:
16443:
16441:
16437:
16429:
16426:
16424:
16423:
16419:
16417:
16414:
16410:
16407:
16404:
16401:
16400:
16399:
16396:
16394:
16391:
16386:
16385:
16384:
16381:
16380:
16378:
16374:
16371:
16369:
16366:
16362:
16359:
16357:
16354:
16353:
16351:
16349:
16348:
16344:
16343:
16341:
16340:
16338:
16336:
16335:North Frisian
16332:
16324:
16323:
16319:
16317:
16316:
16312:
16310:
16309:
16305:
16304:
16303:
16300:
16296:
16293:
16292:
16290:
16289:
16287:
16285:
16281:
16275:
16274:
16270:
16268:
16267:
16263:
16262:
16260:
16256:
16253:
16251:
16247:
16239:
16238:
16234:
16232:
16231:
16227:
16226:
16225:
16222:
16218:
16217:
16213:
16211:
16210:
16206:
16204:
16203:
16199:
16198:
16197:
16194:
16188:
16187:
16183:
16182:
16181:
16180:
16176:
16174:
16173:
16169:
16167:
16166:
16162:
16160:
16157:
16156:
16155:
16152:
16151:
16149:
16147:
16143:
16140:
16138:
16137:Anglo-Frisian
16134:
16130:
16126:
16121:
16117:
16113:
16107:
16103:
16096:
16091:
16089:
16084:
16082:
16077:
16076:
16073:
16061:
16058:
16057:
16055:
16051:
16045:
16042:
16041:
16039:
16037:
16033:
16027:
16024:
16022:
16019:
16017:
16014:
16012:
16009:
16007:
16004:
16002:
15999:
15998:
15996:
15994:
15990:
15984:
15981:
15979:
15976:
15974:
15971:
15969:
15966:
15964:
15961:
15959:
15956:
15954:
15951:
15949:
15946:
15944:
15941:
15940:
15938:
15936:
15932:
15926:
15923:
15921:
15918:
15914:
15911:
15909:
15906:
15905:
15904:
15901:
15900:
15898:
15894:
15888:
15885:
15884:
15882:
15878:
15874:
15867:
15862:
15860:
15855:
15853:
15848:
15847:
15844:
15832:
15829:
15828:
15826:
15824:
15820:
15814:
15811:
15810:
15808:
15806:
15802:
15796:
15793:
15791:
15788:
15787:
15785:
15783:
15779:
15773:
15770:
15768:
15765:
15763:
15760:
15758:
15755:
15754:
15752:
15750:
15746:
15740:
15737:
15735:
15732:
15730:
15727:
15725:
15722:
15720:
15717:
15716:
15714:
15712:
15708:
15702:
15699:
15697:
15694:
15692:
15689:
15688:
15686:
15682:
15678:
15673:
15664:
15659:
15657:
15652:
15650:
15645:
15644:
15641:
15629:
15621:
15620:
15617:
15611:
15608:
15607:
15605:
15601:
15596:
15593:
15591:
15588:
15586:
15583:
15581:
15579:
15575:
15565:
15562:
15561:
15552:
15549:
15547:
15544:
15542:
15539:
15537:
15534:
15532:
15529:
15528:
15526:
15524:
15520:
15512:
15509:
15508:
15507:
15504:
15500:
15497:
15496:
15495:
15492:
15488:
15485:
15483:
15480:
15478:
15475:
15473:
15470:
15468:
15465:
15464:
15463:
15460:
15459:
15457:
15455:
15451:
15448:
15446:
15442:
15436:
15433:
15431:
15428:
15427:
15425:
15423:
15419:
15416:
15414:
15410:
15398:
15397:Walser German
15395:
15394:
15393:
15390:
15388:
15385:
15383:
15380:
15379:
15377:
15375:
15371:
15365:
15362:
15361:
15359:
15357:
15353:
15345:
15344:Gottscheerish
15342:
15341:
15340:
15337:
15333:
15330:
15329:
15328:
15325:
15324:
15322:
15318:
15313:
15309:
15306:
15304:
15300:
15292:
15287:
15284:
15283:
15281:
15277:
15273:
15268:
15259:
15254:
15252:
15247:
15245:
15240:
15239:
15236:
15224:
15221:
15219:
15216:
15214:
15211:
15210:
15208:
15204:
15198:
15195:
15193:
15190:
15188:
15185:
15182:
15178:
15175:
15174:
15172:
15168:
15162:
15159:
15157:
15154:
15152:
15149:
15147:
15144:
15143:
15141:
15137:
15133:
15128:
15119:
15114:
15112:
15107:
15105:
15100:
15099:
15096:
15080:
15077:
15073:
15070:
15069:
15068:
15065:
15061:
15058:
15056:
15053:
15051:
15048:
15047:
15046:
15043:
15039:
15036:
15034:
15031:
15029:
15026:
15025:
15024:
15021:
15020:
15018:
15014:
15006:
15003:
15001:
14998:
14997:
14996:
14993:
14991:
14988:
14986:
14983:
14979:
14976:
14974:
14971:
14970:
14969:
14966:
14964:
14961:
14960:
14958:
14954:
14951:
14945:
14939:
14935:
14931:
14930:
14928:
14924:
14920:
14915:
14906:
14901:
14899:
14894:
14892:
14887:
14886:
14883:
14870:
14866:
14864:
14860:
14857:
14856:
14853:
14839:
14836:
14834:
14831:
14829:
14826:
14824:
14821:
14819:
14816:
14814:
14813:Germanic verb
14811:
14810:
14808:
14804:
14798:
14795:
14793:
14790:
14788:
14785:
14783:
14780:
14778:
14775:
14773:
14770:
14768:
14765:
14763:
14760:
14758:
14755:
14753:
14752:Sievers's law
14750:
14748:
14745:
14743:
14740:
14738:
14735:
14734:
14732:
14728:
14722:
14719:
14717:
14714:
14712:
14709:
14707:
14704:
14703:
14701:
14699:Reconstructed
14697:
14691:
14690:
14686:
14684:
14683:
14679:
14677:
14676:
14672:
14671:
14666:
14663:
14661:
14658:
14656:
14653:
14652:
14651:
14648:
14646:
14643:
14641:
14638:
14637:
14635:
14633:
14629:
14625:
14621:
14616:
14612:
14598:
14597:
14593:
14591:
14590:
14586:
14583:
14582:
14577:
14576:
14572:
14571:
14569:
14567:
14566:
14561:
14549:
14546:
14544:
14541:
14540:
14538:
14537:
14534:
14526:
14523:
14522:
14521:
14518:
14514:
14513:
14512:Middle Danish
14509:
14507:
14506:
14502:
14500:
14497:
14495:
14492:
14490:
14487:
14483:
14480:
14478:
14475:
14474:
14473:
14470:
14466:
14463:
14462:
14461:
14458:
14456:
14453:
14451:
14448:
14447:
14446:
14443:
14439:
14436:
14434:
14431:
14430:
14429:
14426:
14425:
14423:
14419:
14413:
14412:
14408:
14406:
14405:
14401:
14397:
14396:
14392:
14390:
14389:
14388:Old Icelandic
14385:
14384:
14383:
14380:
14378:
14375:
14371:
14370:
14366:
14364:
14363:
14362:Old Norwegian
14359:
14356:
14353:
14350:
14347:
14345:
14342:
14340:
14337:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14325:
14322:
14320:
14317:
14315:
14312:
14311:
14310:
14307:
14306:
14304:
14300:
14292:
14291:
14287:
14285:
14282:
14280:
14277:
14276:
14275:
14274:
14270:
14268:
14267:
14263:
14262:
14260:
14256:
14253:
14251:
14247:
14243:
14239:
14235:
14230:
14226:
14208:
14207:
14203:
14199:
14196:
14195:
14194:
14191:
14189:
14186:
14180:
14179:Gottscheerish
14177:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14165:
14162:
14160:
14157:
14156:
14155:
14152:
14148:
14145:
14144:
14143:
14140:
14138:
14135:
14134:
14133:
14130:
14126:
14123:
14119:
14118:Walser German
14116:
14115:
14114:
14111:
14107:
14104:
14103:
14102:
14099:
14095:
14092:
14090:
14087:
14086:
14085:
14084:Low Alemannic
14082:
14081:
14079:
14076:
14075:
14073:
14071:
14067:
14057:
14054:
14052:
14049:
14047:
14046:High Prussian
14044:
14042:
14039:
14037:
14034:
14032:
14031:Erzgebirgisch
14029:
14027:
14024:
14022:
14019:
14018:
14016:
14014:
14010:
14004:
14001:
13997:
13994:
13993:
13992:
13989:
13983:
13980:
13978:
13975:
13974:
13973:
13970:
13968:
13965:
13964:
13963:
13960:
13952:
13949:
13948:
13947:
13944:
13942:
13939:
13937:
13936:Luxembourgish
13934:
13933:
13932:
13929:
13925:
13922:
13920:
13917:
13916:
13915:
13912:
13911:
13910:
13907:
13906:
13904:
13902:
13898:
13895:
13893:
13889:
13881:
13878:
13876:
13875:
13874:Klezmer-loshn
13871:
13869:
13868:Scots Yiddish
13866:
13864:
13861:
13859:
13856:
13855:
13854:
13851:
13849:
13846:
13842:
13839:
13838:
13837:
13834:
13832:
13829:
13827:
13824:
13822:
13819:
13817:
13814:
13812:
13809:
13808:
13806:
13804:
13799:
13794:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13778:
13775:
13774:
13772:
13770:
13766:
13758:
13757:
13753:
13752:
13751:
13750:
13746:
13744:
13743:
13739:
13737:
13736:
13732:
13731:
13729:
13725:
13722:
13720:
13716:
13706:
13705:Meuse-Rhenish
13703:
13701:
13698:
13697:
13695:
13691:
13685:
13682:
13681:
13679:
13677:
13673:
13667:
13663:
13659:
13655:
13652:
13650:
13647:
13645:
13642:
13640:
13637:
13636:
13633:
13632:Kleverlandish
13630:
13628:
13625:
13623:
13620:
13618:
13615:
13611:
13608:
13607:
13606:
13603:
13599:
13596:
13595:
13594:
13593:Central Dutch
13591:
13590:
13588:
13584:
13577:
13573:
13570:
13568:
13565:
13564:
13562:
13560:
13556:
13550:
13547:
13545:
13542:
13540:
13537:
13536:
13534:
13530:
13527:
13525:
13521:
13509:
13506:
13505:
13504:
13501:
13499:
13496:
13494:
13491:
13489:
13486:
13484:
13481:
13480:
13478:
13476:
13472:
13466:
13463:
13461:
13458:
13454:
13451:
13450:
13449:
13446:
13442:
13439:
13437:
13434:
13430:
13427:
13425:
13422:
13421:
13419:
13417:
13414:
13412:
13409:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13401:Stellingwarfs
13399:
13398:
13397:
13394:
13393:
13391:
13389:
13385:
13379:
13378:
13374:
13372:
13371:
13367:
13366:
13364:
13360:
13357:
13355:
13351:
13335:
13332:
13326:
13323:
13322:
13321:Wood Frisian
13320:
13317:
13316:
13315:
13312:
13311:
13309:
13307:
13304:
13302:
13299:
13298:
13296:
13294:
13290:
13282:
13279:
13277:
13276:
13272:
13270:
13267:
13263:
13260:
13257:
13254:
13253:
13252:
13249:
13247:
13244:
13239:
13238:
13237:
13234:
13233:
13231:
13227:
13224:
13222:
13219:
13215:
13212:
13210:
13207:
13206:
13204:
13202:
13201:
13197:
13196:
13194:
13193:
13191:
13189:
13188:North Frisian
13185:
13177:
13176:
13172:
13170:
13169:
13165:
13163:
13162:
13158:
13157:
13156:
13153:
13149:
13146:
13145:
13143:
13142:
13140:
13138:
13134:
13128:
13127:
13123:
13121:
13120:
13116:
13115:
13113:
13109:
13106:
13104:
13100:
13092:
13091:
13087:
13085:
13084:
13080:
13079:
13078:
13075:
13071:
13070:
13066:
13064:
13063:
13059:
13057:
13056:
13052:
13051:
13050:
13047:
13041:
13040:
13036:
13035:
13034:
13033:
13029:
13027:
13026:
13022:
13020:
13019:
13015:
13013:
13010:
13009:
13008:
13005:
13004:
13002:
13000:
12996:
12993:
12991:
12990:Anglo-Frisian
12987:
12983:
12979:
12974:
12970:
12966:
12960:
12956:
12949:
12944:
12942:
12937:
12935:
12930:
12929:
12926:
12914:
12911:
12909:
12906:
12904:
12901:
12899:
12896:
12894:
12891:
12889:
12886:
12884:
12881:
12879:
12876:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12865:
12862:
12858:
12850:
12845:
12843:
12838:
12836:
12831:
12830:
12827:
12821:
12818:
12812:
12811:
12806:
12801:
12798:
12794:
12791:
12788:
12784:
12781:
12777:
12776:
12771:
12766:
12765:
12762:
12758:
12757:
12738:
12734:
12728:
12724:
12723:
12718:
12714:
12710:
12706:
12702:
12698:
12694:
12690:
12685:
12681:
12675:
12670:
12669:
12662:
12658:
12654:
12649:
12644:
12640:
12636:
12632:
12627:
12623:
12617:
12613:
12609:
12605:
12600:
12596:
12592:
12588:
12584:
12579:
12567:
12563:
12557:
12553:
12552:
12546:
12542:
12538:
12534:
12529:
12525:
12524:
12518:
12514:
12508:
12504:
12500:
12495:
12491:
12487:
12482:
12477:
12473:
12469:
12464:
12460:
12454:
12446:
12444:3-928127-66-7
12440:
12436:
12432:
12427:
12423:
12422:Edward Arnold
12419:
12415:
12411:
12407:
12403:
12402:
12396:
12384:
12380:
12379:Franz Duncker
12376:
12372:
12368:
12367:
12362:
12358:
12354:
12352:3-525-01213-6
12348:
12344:
12340:
12335:
12331:
12326:
12322:
12316:
12312:
12307:
12303:
12299:
12294:
12290:
12284:
12280:
12276:
12272:
12260:
12256:
12252:
12251:
12245:
12241:
12237:
12233:
12229:
12225:
12220:
12216:
12210:
12206:
12202:
12197:
12193:
12187:
12183:
12178:
12175:
12163:
12159:
12153:
12149:
12148:
12142:
12138:
12136:9781447862956
12132:
12128:
12123:
12111:
12107:
12101:
12097:
12096:
12090:
12078:
12074:
12068:
12064:
12063:
12057:
12053:
12047:
12043:
12038:
12034:
12028:
12024:
12019:
12007:
12003:
11997:
11993:
11989:
11984:
11972:
11968:
11967:
11961:
11949:
11945:
11941:
11940:
11934:
11930:
11924:
11920:
11916:
11912:
11907:
11903:
11901:3-529-04510-1
11897:
11893:
11889:
11885:
11884:Goossens, Jan
11881:
11869:
11865:
11863:3-11-007203-3
11859:
11855:
11851:
11850:
11845:
11844:Goossens, Jan
11841:
11829:
11825:
11819:
11815:
11811:
11810:
11804:
11800:
11794:
11790:
11785:
11781:
11775:
11771:
11767:
11763:
11758:
11746:
11742:
11736:
11732:
11728:
11727:
11721:
11717:
11712:
11708:
11704:
11700:
11695:
11691:
11690:
11685:
11681:
11677:
11671:
11667:
11663:
11659:
11655:
11651:
11647:
11643:
11637:
11633:
11628:
11624:
11619:
11607:
11603:
11597:
11593:
11589:
11588:
11582:
11581:
11568:
11562:
11556:, p. 81.
11555:
11550:
11543:
11529:
11513:
11509:
11505:
11498:
11492:, p. 55.
11491:
11490:Reinecke 1910
11486:
11479:
11467:
11463:
11459:
11452:
11436:
11432:
11428:
11422:
11406:
11402:
11398:
11392:
11385:
11384:Hattemer 1849
11380:
11371:
11355:
11351:
11350:dartmouth.edu
11347:
11341:
11335:, p. 25.
11334:
11329:
11322:
11317:
11308:
11299:
11292:
11288:
11282:
11266:
11259:
11253:
11246:
11241:
11233:
11226:
11218:
11211:
11203:
11199:
11192:
11186:, p. 53.
11185:
11180:
11164:
11158:
11142:
11136:
11129:
11124:
11108:
11104:
11098:
11082:
11078:
11074:
11067:
11051:
11047:
11043:
11036:
11017:
11010:
11004:
10988:
10984:
10976:
10957:
10953:
10946:
10940:
10933:
10928:
10912:
10908:
10904:
10898:
10882:
10878:
10874:
10868:
10861:
10860:Edward Arnold
10857:
10853:
10847:
10831:
10827:
10823:
10816:
10800:
10796:
10792:
10786:
10770:
10766:
10762:
10755:
10739:
10735:
10731:
10725:
10723:
10706:
10702:
10698:
10692:
10676:
10672:
10668:
10661:
10642:
10638:
10631:
10625:
10617:
10614:(in German).
10613:
10609:
10602:
10595:
10591:
10588:
10583:
10567:
10563:
10559:
10553:
10537:
10533:
10529:
10522:
10516:
10511:
10509:
10489:
10482:
10476:
10469:
10464:
10453:
10449:
10446:(in German).
10445:
10437:
10430:
10428:
10426:
10409:
10405:
10401:
10395:
10379:
10375:
10371:
10363:
10348:on 1 May 2021
10344:
10337:
10331:
10315:
10311:
10307:
10300:
10284:
10280:
10276:
10270:
10263:
10251:
10247:
10241:
10234:
10229:
10222:
10217:
10215:
10198:
10194:
10190:
10184:
10182:
10162:
10158:
10151:
10144:
10142:
10134:
10129:
10123:, p. 20.
10122:
10117:
10110:
10105:
10098:
10093:
10086:
10081:
10074:
10069:
10062:
10056:
10050:, p. 81.
10049:
10044:
10036:
10030:
10026:
10022:
10018:
10011:
10009:
10007:
10005:
10003:
9995:
9990:
9983:
9978:
9972:, p. 230
9971:
9967:
9966:Giesbers 2008
9963:
9962:Heeringa 2004
9959:
9955:
9954:Goossens 1977
9950:
9944:, p. 11.
9943:
9938:
9936:
9928:
9923:
9917:, p. 83.
9916:
9915:Waterman 1976
9911:
9909:
9901:
9897:
9896:Robinson 1992
9892:
9885:
9884:Robinson 1992
9880:
9878:
9876:
9869:, p. 16.
9868:
9867:Robinson 1992
9863:
9861:
9844:
9840:
9836:
9829:
9814:
9813:
9808:
9801:
9785:
9781:
9775:
9759:
9755:
9751:
9744:
9725:
9718:
9712:
9696:
9695:
9690:
9684:
9668:
9664:
9660:
9654:
9648:, p. 27.
9647:
9646:Goossens 1983
9642:
9640:
9638:
9621:
9617:
9613:
9607:
9588:
9581:
9579:
9571:
9555:
9551:
9547:
9541:
9525:
9521:
9519:
9511:
9495:
9491:
9487:
9481:
9465:
9461:
9457:
9451:
9432:
9428:
9421:
9415:
9413:
9411:
9409:
9407:
9405:
9403:
9393:
9389:
9379:
9374:
9372:
9367:
9365:
9360:
9359:
9357:
9356:
9351:
9341:
9340:
9339:
9338:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9312:
9308:
9302:
9301:
9294:
9291:
9289:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9280:
9272:
9271:
9264:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9235:
9231:
9225:
9224:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9207:
9204:
9202:
9199:
9198:
9194:
9188:
9187:
9184:
9181:
9180:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9164:
9160:
9154:
9153:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9124:
9120:
9115:
9112:
9110:
9107:
9106:
9102:
9096:
9095:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9073:
9070:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9018:
9017:Danish Church
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8984:
8980:
8974:
8973:
8970:
8967:
8966:
8959:
8956:
8954:
8951:
8949:
8946:
8944:
8941:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8924:
8921:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8913:Baden cuisine
8911:
8909:
8906:
8905:
8901:
8895:
8894:
8887:
8886:German legend
8884:
8882:
8879:
8875:
8870:
8867:
8866:
8862:
8858:
8852:
8851:
8844:
8841:
8839:
8836:
8834:
8831:
8830:
8822:
8821:
8814:
8813:North Frisian
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8798:
8797:Lower Sorbian
8794:
8793:Upper Sorbian
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8781:
8777:
8771:
8770:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8729:
8725:
8719:
8718:
8709:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8695:
8691:
8685:
8684:
8680:
8676:
8675:
8671:
8667:
8666:
8662:
8658:
8657:
8641:
8632:
8623:
8614:
8605:
8596:
8587:
8578:
8569:
8560:
8551:
8542:
8533:
8527:
8521:
8517:
8507:
8500:
8492:
8486:
8480:
8474:
8468:
8462:
8453:
8444:
8435:
8431:
8421:
8418:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8396:
8393:
8391:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8352:
8348:
8337:
8334:
8323:
8320:
8309:
8306:
8295:
8292:
8281:
8278:
8272:
8267:
8255:
8251:
8248:
8244:
8241:
8237:
8234:
8230:
8227:
8223:
8215:
8214:Hermann Hesse
8212:
8206:
8203:
8197:
8194:
8188:
8185:
8179:
8176:
8175:
8172:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8154:
8153:Elias Canetti
8150:
8149:Heinrich Böll
8146:
8145:Hermann Hesse
8142:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8122:
8118:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8102:
8098:
8094:
8090:
8086:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8069:Martin Luther
8065:
8063:
8058:
8057:
8051:
8047:
8043:
8037:
8027:
8004:
7998:
7992:
7986:
7980:
7974:
7970:, "naught" →
7968:
7962:
7956:
7943:
7934:
7931:
7925:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7903:
7897:
7875:
7869:
7859:
7857:
7852:
7846:
7840:
7834:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7770:(for example
7769:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7754:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7732:
7728:
7724:
7719:
7710:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7679:
7674:
7668:
7662:
7656:
7650:
7646:occurs after
7644:
7640:
7632:
7630:
7605:
7588:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7552:
7549:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7511:
7506:
7502:
7498:
7493:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7457:
7455:
7451:
7450:Luxembourgish
7445:
7442:
7438:
7429:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7409:
7399:
7393:
7389:
7388:Wilhelm Grimm
7385:
7381:
7377:
7372:
7371:
7362:
7358:
7357:
7351:
7343:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7325:– "to try", (
7323:
7319:
7315:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7295:
7291:
7287:
7281:
7277:
7273:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7253:
7249:
7245:
7239:
7235:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7227:
7222:
7220:
7216:
7212:
7207:
7205:
7201:
7196:
7190:
7184:
7178:
7172:
7166:
7160:
7154:
7148:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7100:
7094:
7091:
7088:
7084:
7081:
7078:
7074:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7061:
7053:
7045:
7037:
7032:
7031:
7030:
7027:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7000:
6997:
6992:
6979:
6975:
6974:
6968:
6964:
6963:
6962:
6960:
6952:
6951:
6945:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6914:perfect tense
6911:
6901:
6899:
6895:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6873:
6869:
6868:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6845:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6838:
6837:
6831:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6817:
6816:
6815:
6814:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6788:
6787:
6786:
6785:
6777:
6774:
6770:
6769:
6768:
6767:
6766:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6746:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6739:
6738:
6732:
6727:
6724:
6720:
6719:
6718:
6717:
6716:
6708:
6705:
6701:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6697:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6619:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6600:V2 word order
6587:
6586:
6585:
6579:
6577:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6561:parenthetical
6557:
6554:
6548:
6543:
6539:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6522:
6516:
6514:
6507:
6501:
6499:
6492:
6488:(to detain);
6486:
6484:
6477:
6471:
6468:
6462:
6460:
6453:
6447:
6445:
6438:
6432:
6430:
6423:
6417:
6415:
6409:
6407:
6400:
6398:
6391:
6389:
6382:
6380:
6374:
6372:
6363:Verb prefixes
6357:
6356:
6355:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6322:
6318:
6314:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6253:
6249:
6246:
6242:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6221:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6201:
6196:
6190:
6185:
6175:
6172:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6150:Ancient Greek
6147:
6143:
6139:
6131:
6127:
6121:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6079:
6073:
6067:
6061:
6055:
6050:
6046:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6022:
6021:
6019:
6014:
6004:
6000:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5965:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5951:
5948:
5944:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5881:
5878:
5874:
5872:
5868:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5830:
5828:
5825:, with three
5824:
5820:
5814:
5801:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5788:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5777:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5732:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5660:Lower Bavaria
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5628:Upper Austria
5625:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5605:
5600:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5528:
5527:Liechtenstein
5524:
5520:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5505:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5453:Liechtenstein
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5429:Low Alemannic
5426:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5413:Swiss Plateau
5410:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5237:south of the
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5217:districts of
5216:
5212:
5208:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5180:
5176:
5171:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5138:Halle (Saale)
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5118:High Prussian
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5098:Ore Mountains
5095:
5094:Erzgebirgisch
5091:
5087:
5083:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5055:(Kronstadt),
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4942:
4938:
4937:Banat Swabian
4935:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4918:
4915:
4912:
4911:Alsace bossue
4908:
4904:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4889:in Luxembourg
4888:
4887:Luxembourgish
4885:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4797:
4791:
4785:
4776:
4768:
4763:
4762:
4756:
4752:
4743:
4739:
4731:
4730:
4724:
4723:Luxembourgish
4720:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4688:
4687:
4677:
4676:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4649:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4622:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4432:Kleverlandish
4429:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4343:Halle (Saale)
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4235:Gelsenkirchen
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4178:lingua franca
4175:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4148:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4074:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4021:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3974:pronunciation
3971:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3946:
3941:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3881:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3870:MediathekView
3866:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3843:
3841:
3840:lingua franca
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3798:, namely the
3797:
3793:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3751:
3742:
3740:
3737:, modern day
3736:
3731:
3730:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3641:Nueva Braunau
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3511:
3504:South America
3501:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:North America
3420:
3418:
3414:
3413:German Empire
3410:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3274:varieties of
3273:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3166:
3162:
3160:(with French)
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3115:Liechtenstein
3113:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3078:
3076:
3063:
3059:
3050:
3043:dialect area.
3042:
3038:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2993:
2983:
2979:
2970:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2919:
2910:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2894:million as a
2889:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2813:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2782:
2780:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2764:Theodor Siebs
2744:
2734:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2717:In 1901, the
2710:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2586:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2555:
2550:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2516:
2514:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2480:Old Testament
2477:
2476:New Testament
2473:
2465:
2461:
2460:Martin Luther
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2367:German states
2364:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2326:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2225:(OHG "days")→
2224:
2222:
2216:
2212:
2210:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2189:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2072:Last Judgment
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1995:Elder Futhark
1992:
1983:
1982:East Germanic
1979:
1978:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1944:West Germanic
1941:
1940:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1918:
1908:
1907:
1896:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1750:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:Anglo-Frisian
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1709:Nordfriesland
1706:
1705:North Frisian
1702:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1646:Luxembourgish
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1524:West Germanic
1521:
1520:East Germanic
1517:
1513:
1510:group of the
1509:
1508:West Germanic
1505:
1502:German is an
1497:
1492:
1484:
1478:
1473:
1464:
1463:Luxembourgish
1460:
1456:
1447:
1442:
1439:; in Africa:
1438:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1369: English
1364:
1363:
1358:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1260:German is an
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:Košice Region
1130:
1126:
1125:Upper Silesia
1122:
1118:
1117:North Bohemia
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:Liechtenstein
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1033:
1024:
1019:
970: Germany
964:
959:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
932:
926:
896:
891:
873:
868:
862:
856:
852:
848:
847:émigré German
842:
838:
832:
822:
818:
816:
812:
808:
804:
802:
801:
796:
793:
790: –
788:
783:
780: –
778:
773:
770: –
768:
763:
760: –
758:
753:
752:Walser German
750: –
748:
743:
740: –
738:
733:
730: –
728:
723:
720: –
718:
713:
710: –
708:
703:
700: –
698:
693:
690: –
688:
683:
680: –
678:
673:
670: –
668:
663:
662:Mainfränkisch
660: –
658:
653:
652:Luxembourgish
650: –
648:
643:
640: –
638:
633:
630: –
628:
623:
620: –
618:
613:
610: –
608:
603:
600: –
598:
593:
590: –
588:
583:
580: –
578:
573:
570: –
568:
563:
560: –
558:
553:
550: –
548:
542:
539:
534:
529:
524:
516:
511:
506:
503:
498:
493:
488:
485:
480:
475:
466:
461:
458:
454:
449:
446:
441:
438:
434:
433:Upper Silesia
429:
426:
422:
417:
414:
410:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
389:
388:
385:
378:
370:
361:
356:
353:
352:
349:
348:1 subdivision
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
323:Liechtenstein
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
302:
296:
290:
285:
282:
281:Signed German
279:
275:
269:
263:
259:
257:
254:
251:
247:
243:
242:
240:
236:
230:
223:
219:
215:
211:
208:
207:
205:
199:
191:
188:
187:
186:
183:
182:
181:
177:
171:
157:
154:
153:
152:
149:
148:
147:
146:Elbe Germanic
144:
143:
142:
141:West Germanic
139:
138:
137:
134:
133:
132:
131:Indo-European
128:
124:
118:
114:
109:
106:
102:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
75:Liechtenstein
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
61:
58:
57:
55:
51:
47:
42:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
19401:Transnistria
19363:Vatican City
19024:Bibliography
18935:
18898:Coat of arms
18878:Architecture
18855:Trade unions
18835:Prostitution
18795:Homelessness
18758:Demographics
18707:Trade unions
18674:
18664:German model
18637:Central bank
18581:Conservatism
18544:Human rights
18529:Court system
18524:Constitution
18504:
18350:Contemporary
18339:West Germany
18334:East Germany
18309:World War II
18304:Nazi Germany
18244:18th-century
18203:East Francia
18157:Cimbrian War
18005:
17889:Verner's law
17834:
17829:Gotho-Nordic
17827:
17820:
17741:
17734:
17726:
17720:
17710:
17695:Fårö Gutnish
17657:
17650:
17556:
17549:
17540:
17533:
17514:
17507:
17435:
17430:
17425:
17418:
17411:
17351:
17253:Swiss German
17217:Upper German
17150:Amana German
17124:Volga German
17093:Hunsrückisch
17019:
16973:Unserdeutsch
16968:Berlinerisch
16901:
16894:
16887:
16880:
16840:Cover groups
16796:Mohawk Dutch
16791:Jersey Dutch
16769:East Flemish
16752:West Flemish
16696:Middle Dutch
16650:Low Prussian
16522:
16515:
16481:Terschelling
16465:Clay Frisian
16440:West Frisian
16428:Wiedingharde
16420:
16408:
16368:Heligolandic
16345:
16320:
16313:
16306:
16301:
16284:East Frisian
16271:
16264:
16237:Middle Scots
16235:
16228:
16214:
16207:
16200:
16195:
16184:
16177:
16170:
16163:
15924:
15831:Sinte Romani
15734:West Flemish
15724:East Flemish
15700:
15585:Sinte Romani
15472:Rosen Valley
15290:
15223:Italian Sign
15197:Swiss German
15045:Upper German
15016:Unrecognized
14858:
14742:Verner's law
14687:
14682:Gotho-Nordic
14680:
14673:
14594:
14587:
14579:
14573:
14563:
14548:Fårö Gutnish
14510:
14503:
14409:
14402:
14393:
14386:
14367:
14360:
14288:
14283:
14278:
14271:
14264:
14204:
14106:Swiss German
14070:Upper German
14003:Amana German
13977:Volga German
13946:Hunsrückisch
13872:
13826:Unserdeutsch
13821:Berlinerisch
13754:
13747:
13740:
13733:
13693:Cover groups
13649:Mohawk Dutch
13644:Jersey Dutch
13622:East Flemish
13605:West Flemish
13549:Middle Dutch
13503:Low Prussian
13375:
13368:
13334:Terschelling
13318:Clay Frisian
13293:West Frisian
13281:Wiedingharde
13273:
13261:
13221:Heligolandic
13198:
13173:
13166:
13159:
13154:
13137:East Frisian
13124:
13117:
13090:Middle Scots
13088:
13081:
13067:
13060:
13053:
13048:
13037:
13030:
13023:
13016:
12856:
12808:
12773:
12741:. Retrieved
12721:
12692:
12688:
12667:
12638:
12634:
12611:
12607:
12595:the original
12590:
12586:
12570:. Retrieved
12550:
12532:
12522:
12502:
12498:
12471:
12434:
12430:
12417:
12405:
12400:
12389:12 September
12387:. Retrieved
12370:
12365:
12342:
12338:
12329:
12310:
12301:
12297:
12278:
12263:. Retrieved
12254:
12249:
12223:
12204:
12200:
12181:
12173:
12166:. Retrieved
12146:
12126:
12114:. Retrieved
12094:
12081:. Retrieved
12061:
12041:
12022:
12010:. Retrieved
11991:
11975:. Retrieved
11965:
11952:. Retrieved
11943:
11938:
11910:
11891:
11887:
11872:. Retrieved
11853:
11848:
11832:. Retrieved
11813:
11808:
11788:
11761:
11749:. Retrieved
11730:
11725:
11715:
11698:
11688:
11665:
11653:
11631:
11622:
11610:. Retrieved
11591:
11586:
11577:Bibliography
11561:
11549:
11523:
11516:. Retrieved
11497:
11485:
11477:
11470:. Retrieved
11461:
11451:
11439:. Retrieved
11435:the original
11430:
11421:
11409:. Retrieved
11405:the original
11400:
11391:
11386:, p. 5.
11379:
11370:
11358:. Retrieved
11349:
11340:
11328:
11316:
11307:
11298:
11290:
11286:
11281:
11269:. Retrieved
11252:
11240:
11231:
11225:
11216:
11210:
11201:
11191:
11184:Swadesh 1971
11179:
11167:. Retrieved
11157:
11147:28 September
11145:. Retrieved
11135:
11123:
11111:. Retrieved
11097:
11085:. Retrieved
11076:
11066:
11054:. Retrieved
11045:
11035:
11023:. Retrieved
11016:the original
11003:
10991:. Retrieved
10987:the original
10975:
10963:. Retrieved
10951:
10939:
10927:
10917:21 September
10915:. Retrieved
10906:
10897:
10885:. Retrieved
10876:
10867:
10855:
10846:
10834:. Retrieved
10825:
10815:
10803:. Retrieved
10799:the original
10795:al.rs.gov.br
10794:
10785:
10773:. Retrieved
10764:
10754:
10742:. Retrieved
10738:the original
10733:
10709:. Retrieved
10705:the original
10700:
10691:
10679:. Retrieved
10670:
10660:
10648:. Retrieved
10641:the original
10624:
10611:
10601:
10582:
10570:. Retrieved
10561:
10552:
10540:. Retrieved
10531:
10521:
10495:. Retrieved
10488:the original
10475:
10468:Deumert 2003
10463:
10452:the original
10443:
10412:. Retrieved
10403:
10394:
10382:. Retrieved
10378:the original
10373:
10362:
10350:. Retrieved
10343:the original
10330:
10318:. Retrieved
10314:the original
10309:
10299:
10289:20 September
10287:. Retrieved
10278:
10269:
10261:
10254:. Retrieved
10240:
10235:, p. 7.
10228:
10201:. Retrieved
10193:ec.europa.eu
10192:
10168:. Retrieved
10156:
10128:
10116:
10104:
10097:Rothaug 1910
10092:
10087:, p. ?.
10085:Scherer 1868
10080:
10073:Dickens 1974
10068:
10060:
10055:
10043:
10016:
9989:
9977:
9949:
9927:Salmons 2012
9922:
9891:
9847:. Retrieved
9838:
9828:
9816:. Retrieved
9810:
9800:
9788:. Retrieved
9783:
9774:
9762:. Retrieved
9757:
9753:
9743:
9731:. Retrieved
9724:the original
9711:
9699:. Retrieved
9692:
9683:
9671:. Retrieved
9662:
9653:
9624:. Retrieved
9615:
9606:
9594:. Retrieved
9577:
9570:
9558:. Retrieved
9549:
9540:
9528:. Retrieved
9517:
9510:
9498:. Retrieved
9489:
9480:
9468:. Retrieved
9459:
9450:
9438:. Retrieved
9431:the original
9392:
9320:Coat of arms
9253:Horse Racing
9109:Architecture
9087:Baháʼí Faith
8783:
8762:Afro-Germans
8732:Demographics
8640:
8631:
8622:
8613:
8604:
8595:
8586:
8577:
8568:
8559:
8550:
8541:
8532:
8520:
8499:
8461:
8452:
8443:
8434:
8169:Peter Handke
8165:Herta Müller
8157:Günter Grass
8072:
8066:
8039:
7988:, "sight" →
7976:, "light" →
7935:
7921:, "think" →
7871:
7806:
7803:
7799:World War II
7750:
7698:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7664:comes after
7655:Anlagenbauer
7635:
7626:
7585:proper nouns
7580:
7576:
7567:
7553:
7520:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7494:
7489:
7485:
7473:
7469:
7463:
7446:
7439:and certain
7434:
7375:
7365:
7354:
7223:
7211:Notker Labeo
7208:
7136:Roman Empire
7133:
7106:
7098:
7033:
7006:
6988:
6977:
6972:
6971:
6956:
6949:
6948:
6935:
6934:
6907:
6894:poetic meter
6891:
6863:
6835:
6812:
6783:
6764:
6736:
6714:
6695:
6692:
6685:
6620:
6597:
6583:
6575:
6570:
6558:
6538:German verbs
6535:
6527:
6524:(to drive),
6518:(to cease);
6512:
6497:
6482:
6479:(to stick),
6472:
6470:(to stand).
6458:
6455:(to share),
6443:
6428:
6413:
6403:
6396:
6387:
6378:
6368:
6366:
6351:
6343:
6289:
6285:
6223:
6220:German verbs
6181:
6135:
6018:German nouns
6016:
5817:German is a
5816:
5716:
5688:Bad Brambach
5609:
5516:
5501:
5486:Swiss German
5399:
5390:Swiss German
5363:Upper German
5360:
5357:Upper German
5320:
5204:
5184:
5175:Upper German
5114:East Prussia
5079:
4946:
4931:Transylvania
4909:variant) in
4854:
4834:
4813:Upper German
4802:
4759:
4729:dat–das line
4727:
4700:
4684:
4673:
4617:
4500:Bloemfontein
4425:
4409:Middle Dutch
4394:
4367:
4275:Braunschweig
4211:World War II
4203:
4194:Upper German
4186:Luther Bible
4172:
4145:
4130:
4103:
4076:
4070:
4049:pluricentric
4044:
4026:
4010:
3967:
3954:Luther Bible
3951:
3889:
3882:
3877:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3853:
3849:
3768:
3729:Unserdeutsch
3720:
3712:
3681:
3653:
3633:Puerto Varas
3629:Puerto Montt
3605:
3536:
3526:developed),
3517:
3498:Texas German
3491:
3471:South Dakota
3467:North Dakota
3444:
3437:Plautdietsch
3403:
3387:
3361:
3359:
3349:
3341:
3339:
3320:
3269:
3190:
3175:
3119:
3086:
3084:
3068:
3039:lies in the
2996:
2980:lies in the
2941:
2937:
2930:
2928:
2907:Ulrich Ammon
2904:
2890:, and 75–100
2868:
2853:
2811:
2796:
2783:
2739:
2716:
2692:Hermannstadt
2673:Transylvania
2662:
2610:
2595:
2570:
2528:
2518:
2510:
2501:
2483:
2469:
2437:
2435:
2418:
2415:Maximilian I
2403:
2397:
2356:
2327:
2313:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2264:
2235:
2226:
2218:
2199:
2191:
2185:
2176:Hohenstaufen
2167:
2157:
2139:
2112:
2086:, a secular
2079:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2037:
2027:
2023:
2002:
1988:
1975:
1937:
1926:
1915:
1904:
1855:Voiced stop
1850:Word-initial
1824:) voiceless
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1763:
1721:West Frisian
1697:
1666:Swiss German
1658:Upper German
1624:
1569:
1501:
1424:
1409:
1380:
1360:
1335:
1324:
1303:German is a
1302:
1264:, with four
1259:
1208:
1165:
1017:
1016:
928:
841:Swiss German
815:Linguasphere
798:
732:Unserdeutsch
722:Swiss German
702:Plautdietsch
274:Signed forms
246:Latin script
155:
110:: 95 million
33:
19439:Isle of Man
19374:recognition
19321:Switzerland
19256:Netherlands
18825:Pornography
18800:Immigration
18763:Drug policy
18675:Mittelstand
18622:Agriculture
18586:Nationalism
18559:Transgender
18443:Earthquakes
18390:, 1583-1588
18388:Cologne War
18284:World War I
18186:Middle Ages
18172:Gothic Wars
17904:Kluge's law
17884:Grimm's law
17667:Dalecarlian
17646:Perkerdansk
17619:East Danish
17437:Old Gutnish
17413:Proto-Norse
17353:Langobardic
17345:Vogtlandian
17173:Upper Saxon
17027:Lachoudisch
16988:Lotegorisch
16866:High German
16612:Westphalian
16607:Eastphalian
16571:Achterhooks
16448:Hindeloopen
16383:Bökingharde
16352:Föhr–Amrum
16266:Old Frisian
16230:Early Scots
16165:Old English
16021:ǂKxʼauǁʼein
16001:Nama/Damara
15978:Thimbukushu
15805:Germanosign
15482:Jaun Valley
15467:Gail Valley
15218:French Sign
15038:Upper Saxon
14757:Kluge's law
14737:Grimm's law
14520:Dalecarlian
14499:Perkerdansk
14472:East Danish
14290:Old Gutnish
14266:Proto-Norse
14206:Langobardic
14198:Vogtlandian
14026:Upper Saxon
13880:Lachoudisch
13841:Lotegorisch
13719:High German
13465:Westphalian
13460:Eastphalian
13424:Achterhooks
13301:Hindeloopen
13236:Bökingharde
13205:Föhr–Amrum
13119:Old Frisian
13083:Early Scots
13018:Old English
12883:Orthography
12793:Carl Schurz
12695:(1): 7–12.
12083:27 February
11751:21 December
11612:20 November
11518:20 November
11360:23 February
11169:18 February
10887:23 February
10836:17 December
10404:lefigaro.fr
10157:www.mla.org
10133:Upward 1997
10109:Nerius 2000
9982:Keller 1978
9900:Thomas 1992
9849:11 December
9818:2 September
9790:3 September
9784:w3techs.com
9764:2 September
9701:3 September
9616:ipol.org.br
9057:Neopaganism
8874:Continental
8843:Oktoberfest
8218:(1877–1962)
8209:(1875–1955)
8205:Thomas Mann
8200:(1785–1863)
8191:(1759–1805)
8182:(1749–1832)
8141:Nelly Sachs
8137:Thomas Mann
8042:Middle Ages
7964:, "high" →
7768:handwriting
7764:Schwabacher
7753:blackletter
7652:but before
7478:long vowels
7464:Before the
7402:Orthography
7342:vorschlagen
7336:proponieren
7286:Wahrnehmung
7272:Jahrtausend
7168:from Latin
6991:modal verbs
6985:Modal verbs
6854:The phrase
6755:The object
6616:finite verb
6542:finite verb
6509:(to hear),
6503:(to sell);
6440:(to take),
6425:(to seek),
6271:subjunctive
6230:conjugation
6178:Compounding
6158:Old English
6111:), such as
5796:Ruhrdeutsch
5700:Vogtlandian
5668:South Tyrol
5662:as well as
5508:Württemberg
5405:Switzerland
5334:Wissembourg
5290:Vogtlandian
5282:Klingenthal
5090:Upper Saxon
5069:Târgu Mureș
5045:Cluj-Napoca
4989:Saarbrücken
4675:ik–ich line
4659:Rhenish fan
4625:High German
4417:Dachsprache
4401:Middle Ages
4388:and of the
4378:Lower Rhine
4323:Bremerhaven
4133:High German
4073:Switzerland
4029:linguistics
3982:orthography
3958:Saxon court
3859:German Wave
3812:Netherlands
3715:New Zealand
3708:World War I
3417:World War I
3286:", but the
3272:High German
3262:(see also:
3252:(see also:
3242:(see also:
3218:(see also:
3208:(see also:
3198:(see also:
3110:Switzerland
3020:Switzerland
2999:South Tyrol
2682:Temeschburg
2569:heartland (
2389: 1440
2330:Black Death
2323: 1220
2286:lyric poems
2282: 1203
2263:), and the
2161:Ostsiedlung
2119:monasteries
2055:Ludwigslied
1954:Old Frisian
1939:Old English
1928:Old Gutnish
1782:sound shift
1772:during the
1723:(spoken in
1715:(spoken in
1707:(spoken in
1642:High German
1634:Upper Saxon
1600:High German
1386:Anglic and
1326:High German
1253:during the
1085:South Tyrol
1077:Switzerland
961:Map of the
943:instead of
819:52-ACB–dl (
762:Westphalian
742:Upper Saxon
384:8 countries
355:South Tyrol
333:Switzerland
301:7 countries
174:Early forms
151:High German
95:South Tyrol
70:Switzerland
19485:Categories
19291:San Marino
19251:Montenegro
19231:Luxembourg
19211:Kazakhstan
19114:Azerbaijan
18986:Television
18971:Philosophy
18946:Literature
18805:Irreligion
18790:Healthcare
18753:Corruption
18519:Chancellor
18508:(military)
18505:Bundeswehr
17736:Burgundian
17652:Old Danish
17641:Gøtudanskt
17624:Bornholmsk
17486:Vestlandsk
17466:Kebabnorsk
17203:Halcnovian
17168:Thuringian
16831:Limburgish
16801:Stadsfries
16774:Brabantian
16501:Low German
16347:Eiderstedt
16202:Fingallian
16060:Portuguese
16016:Kung-Ekoka
15948:Rukwangali
15943:Otjiherero
15823:Indo-Aryan
15782:Francosign
15757:Champenois
15729:Limburgish
15719:Brabantian
15462:Carinthian
15315:(see also
15289:(see also
15072:Limburgish
14985:Low German
14956:Recognized
14589:Burgundian
14505:Old Danish
14494:Gøtudanskt
14477:Bornholmsk
14339:Vestlandsk
14319:Kebabnorsk
14056:Halcnovian
14021:Thuringian
13684:Limburgish
13654:Stadsfries
13627:Brabantian
13354:Low German
13200:Eiderstedt
13055:Fingallian
12783:Mark Twain
12541:1010180266
12265:10 January
12168:16 October
11969:(Thesis).
11528:letterhead
11472:5 December
11271:1 December
11087:31 January
11025:17 October
10121:Siebs 2000
10048:Super 1893
9733:17 October
9626:28 October
9425:(report).
9263:Volleyball
9258:Motorsport
9206:Television
9172:Philosophy
9159:Literature
9052:Irreligion
8826:Traditions
8652:References
8491:Menschheit
8467:menschlich
8420:DDR German
8030:Literature
7856:lower case
7851:Wachs-tube
7845:Wach-ſtube
7780:sans-serif
7629:media help
7482:diphthongs
7314:Wörterbuch
7300:Wortschatz
7280:Perzeption
7266:Millennium
7103:Vocabulary
7019:, and the
6594:Word order
6494:(to buy),
6313:pluperfect
6275:infinitive
6267:imperative
6263:indicative
6189:Hundehütte
6089:diminutive
6034:accusative
6030:nominative
5976:Accusative
5871:Nominative
5823:inflection
5790:Missingsch
5774:Regiolects
5755:Ingolstadt
5747:Regensburg
5692:Bad Elster
5644:Burgenland
5583:Winterthur
5579:Reutlingen
5551:Strasbourg
5480:Vorarlberg
5467:German in
5445:Vorarlberg
5415:including
5286:Franconian
5197:dialects.
5086:Thuringian
5082:Franconian
5041:Düsseldorf
5001:Heidelberg
4997:Leverkusen
4951:dialects.
4917:Limburgish
4867:) and the
4653:Franconian
4608:Willemstad
4576:Maastricht
4568:Zoetermeer
4544:Amersfoort
4520:Oberhausen
4508:Paramaribo
4464:Düsseldorf
4335:Hildesheim
4327:Salzgitter
4198:Low German
4167:Low German
4157:Low German
4151:Low German
4137:Low German
4027:In German
3970:vocabulary
3890:See also:
3570:Vila Pavão
3481:, such as
3391:Low German
3362:Sprachraum
3348:, and had
3228:(see also
3186:World wars
3178:expulsions
3135:Luxembourg
3106:17 cantons
3088:Sprachraum
3037:Luxembourg
2994:-speaking.
2932:Sprachraum
2876:Low German
2799:See also:
2632:Germanized
2626:, German:
2123:scriptoria
2100:Thuringian
2049:Georgslied
1833:affricates
1826:fricatives
1680:, such as
1664:, such as
1648:(based on
1630:Thuringian
1620:Istvaeonic
1616:Ingvaeonic
1604:Low German
1580:Düsseldorf
1298:loan words
1233:, such as
1089:Luxembourg
1028:pronounced
859:52-ACB-i (
845:52-ACB-h (
829:52-ACB-d (
632:Low German
543:Variously:
409:Syddanmark
328:Luxembourg
80:Luxembourg
19429:Gibraltar
19226:Lithuania
18941:Libraries
18921:Festivals
18768:Education
18712:Transport
18677:companies
18596:President
18534:Elections
18499:Bundesrat
18494:Bundestag
18463:Mountains
18431:Districts
18409:Geography
18142:Visigoths
18079:Overviews
18016:varieties
18008:indicate
17822:Northwest
17767:Philology
17672:Elfdalian
17607:Jutlandic
17529:Icelandic
17504:(written)
17498:(written)
17476:Trøndersk
17456:Norwegian
17420:Old Norse
17241:Coloniero
17225:Alemannic
17198:Wymysorys
17066:Colognian
17061:Ripuarian
16983:Rotwelsch
16813:Midslands
16764:Zeelandic
16745:Hollandic
16719:Afrikaans
16691:Old Dutch
16517:Old Saxon
16416:Karrharde
16398:Goesharde
16379:Mainland
16112:philology
15920:Afrikaans
15903:Oshiwambo
15595:Hungarian
15511:Prekmurje
15506:Pannonian
15050:Alemannic
15028:Ripuarian
14978:Saterland
14949:languages
14869:varieties
14861:indicate
14675:Northwest
14620:Philology
14525:Elfdalian
14460:Jutlandic
14382:Icelandic
14357:(written)
14351:(written)
14329:Trøndersk
14309:Norwegian
14273:Old Norse
14094:Coloniero
14078:Alemannic
14051:Wymysorys
13919:Colognian
13914:Ripuarian
13836:Rotwelsch
13666:Midslands
13617:Zeelandic
13598:Hollandic
13572:Afrikaans
13544:Old Dutch
13370:Old Saxon
13269:Karrharde
13251:Goesharde
13232:Mainland
12965:philology
12873:Phonology
12657:145209650
12453:cite book
12240:0044-2496
11686:(1922) .
11554:Kapr 1993
11401:vds-ev.de
11333:Leao 2011
11056:26 August
10952:Goethe.de
10932:Holm 1989
9994:Bach 1965
9694:The Local
9659:"Deutsch"
9596:10 August
9580:, p. 200"
9560:10 August
9530:10 August
9500:10 August
9470:10 August
9276:Monuments
8969:Festivals
8857:Mythology
8776:Languages
8506:Diktionär
8485:Humanität
8360:Denglisch
7839:Wachstube
7833:Wachſtube
7776:Sütterlin
7762:, and in
7756:typefaces
7731:ligatures
7564:Alt codes
7548:KRESSLEIN
7537:Capital ß
7532:KRESSLEIN
7488:replaces
7472:replaced
7328:versuchen
7322:probieren
7308:Diktionär
7294:Vokabular
7230:loanwords
6885:sein Büro
6758:Sein Büro
6399:schneiden
6354:erblicken
6305:preterite
6292:(werden).
6290:to become
6232:classes:
6228:Two main
6184:compounds
6162:Icelandic
6160:, modern
6063:(-ship),
5800:Ruhr area
5780:Berlinian
5759:Innsbruck
5636:Carinthia
5575:Pforzheim
5539:Stuttgart
5475:, Germany
5401:Alemannic
5394:Andermatt
5367:Alemannic
5350:Heilbronn
5346:Karlsruhe
5298:Nuremberg
5235:Thuringia
5211:Franconia
5142:Magdeburg
5049:Timișoara
5005:Darmstadt
4973:Wiesbaden
4861:Ripuarian
4798:in France
4792:in France
4697:Ripuarian
4588:Remscheid
4580:Dordrecht
4560:Apeldoorn
4504:Eindhoven
4488:Wuppertal
4472:The Hague
4468:Rotterdam
4460:Amsterdam
4444:Cape Town
4436:Ripuarian
4397:Afrikaans
4347:Magdeburg
4331:Gütersloh
4319:Göttingen
4315:Wolfsburg
4311:Paderborn
4303:Osnabrück
4299:Oldenburg
4283:Groningen
4267:Bielefeld
4201:Germany.
4141:Low Saxon
4126:ISO 639-3
4114:phonology
4079:diglossia
4037:varieties
4031:, German
4015:Varieties
3976:and even
3721:A German
3668:Venezuela
3656:Argentina
3637:Frutillar
3459:Cantonese
3354:apartheid
3346:Afrikaans
3176:Although
3056: In
2992:Alemannic
2872:Alemannic
2702:Kronstadt
2687:Timișoara
2675:(German:
2656:(German:
2654:Ljubljana
2648:(German:
2636:Pressburg
2614:(German:
2575:) of the
2556:in 1648:
2271:Arthurian
2254:Siegfried
2246:epic poem
2178:court in
2115:dialectal
2104:Irminones
2092:Old Saxon
2088:epic poem
2007:(written
1962:Old Dutch
1958:Old Saxon
1885:/k/→/kx/
1882:/k/→/xx/
1874:/t/→/ts/
1871:/t/→/ss/
1863:/p/→/pf/
1860:/p/→/ff/
1822:geminated
1778:Old Saxon
1733:Old Norse
1725:Friesland
1717:Saterland
1678:Grand Est
1612:Irminonic
1592:Uerdingen
1576:Uerdingen
1565:Afrikaans
1548:Old Norse
1544:Icelandic
1536:Norwegian
1441:Afrikaans
1405:Saterland
1239:Norwegian
1211:Afrikaans
1178:and as a
1141:Hauerland
1020:(German:
800:Glottolog
538:ISO 639-3
502:ISO 639-2
484:ISO 639-1
19449:Svalbard
19434:Guernsey
19381:Abkhazia
19351:Scotland
19306:Slovenia
19301:Slovakia
19276:Portugal
19134:Bulgaria
19033:Category
18951:Internet
18936:Language
18926:Folklore
18845:Religion
18820:Pensions
18815:Naturism
18692:Taxation
18576:Lobbying
18549:Intersex
18482:Politics
18091:Timeline
18070:General
18063:articles
17743:Vandalic
17686:Gutnish
17491:Vikværsk
17471:Sognamål
17461:Bergensk
17311:Cimbrian
17279:Bavarian
17236:Alsatian
17183:Lusatian
17119:Palatine
16809:Amelands
16686:Frankish
16576:Sallaans
16558:Gronings
16409:Southern
16402:Northern
16393:Halligen
16342:Insular
16159:dialects
15953:Setswana
15908:Kwanyama
15711:Germanic
15628:Category
15317:Bavarian
15303:Germanic
15181:Ticinese
15060:Bavarian
14596:Vandalic
14539:Gutnish
14344:Vikværsk
14324:Sognamål
14314:Bergensk
14164:Cimbrian
14132:Bavarian
14089:Alsatian
14036:Lusatian
13972:Palatine
13662:Amelands
13539:Frankish
13429:Sallaans
13411:Gronings
13262:Southern
13255:Northern
13246:Halligen
13195:Insular
13012:dialects
12903:Dialects
12893:Alphabet
12737:Archived
12566:Archived
12490:85526804
12474:(99–2).
12416:(1911).
12383:Archived
12363:(1868).
12277:(1992).
12259:Archived
12162:Archived
12110:Archived
12077:Archived
12006:Archived
11977:29 March
11971:Archived
11948:Archived
11886:(1983).
11868:Archived
11846:(1977).
11828:Archived
11745:Archived
11664:(1995).
11652:(1979).
11606:Archived
11512:Archived
11466:Archived
11441:15 March
11411:15 March
11354:Archived
11265:Archived
11107:Archived
11081:Archived
11050:Archived
10956:Archived
10911:Archived
10881:Archived
10877:ABC News
10854:(1911),
10830:Archived
10805:30 March
10769:Archived
10765:LernCafe
10675:Archived
10650:15 March
10616:Archived
10590:Archived
10566:Archived
10542:2 August
10536:Archived
10408:Archived
10283:Archived
10250:Archived
10197:Archived
10161:Archived
9843:Archived
9673:27 March
9667:Archived
9620:Archived
9618:. IPOL.
9587:Archived
9554:Archived
9524:Archived
9494:Archived
9464:Archived
9248:Handball
9238:Football
9123:painters
9077:Hinduism
9072:Buddhism
8987:Religion
8979:Religion
8881:Folklore
8861:folklore
8747:Russians
8661:a series
8659:Part of
8590:moribund
8581:moribund
8572:moribund
8563:moribund
8554:moribund
8545:moribund
8536:moribund
8263:See also
8097:Hoffmann
8089:Schiller
7942:Germanic
7814:langes s
7703:) as in
7577:Coesfeld
7568:Raesfeld
7542:KREẞLEIN
7526:KREßLEIN
7516:MASSBAND
7226:synonyms
7017:modality
6936:The book
6908:When an
6547:mitgehen
6195:Baumhaus
6154:Sanskrit
6144:such as
6126:Gewitter
6120:Arbeiter
6057:(-ing),
6038:genitive
5941:Genitive
5751:Salzburg
5678:(in the
5676:Vogtland
5640:Salzburg
5606:dialects
5587:Mulhouse
5555:Alsatian
5547:Augsburg
5498:, France
5492:Alsatian
5338:Alsatian
5332:(around
5310:Erlangen
5306:Würzburg
5260:(in the
5258:Vogtland
5215:Bavarian
5154:Chemnitz
5110:Silesian
4969:Mannheim
4913:, France
4903:Alsatian
4899:, France
4877:Palatine
4796:Alsatian
4755:Palatine
4655:dialects
4643:dialects
4548:Solingen
4528:Nijmegen
4480:Duisburg
4456:Gqeberha
4452:Brussels
4448:Pretoria
4307:Enschede
4223:Dortmund
4176:was the
4169:dialects
4122:language
4094:Dialects
4033:dialects
3986:dialects
3824:Slovenia
3816:Slovakia
3704:Adelaide
3664:Paraguay
3621:Valdivia
3616:Valdivia
3600:Pomerode
3487:Bismarck
3463:Mandarin
3405:Cameroon
3395:Wartburg
3342:de facto
3276:Alsatian
3260:Slovakia
3150:Fribourg
3001:, Italy.
2982:Bavarian
2942:de facto
2669:Bukovina
2620:Budapest
2572:Erblande
2400:chancery
2291:Parzival
2252:-slayer
2233:(MHG)).
2096:Alamanni
2068:Bavarian
2064:Muspilli
2029:Muspilli
2024:Abrogans
2016:glossary
2004:Abrogans
1888:/g/→/k/
1877:/d/→/t/
1866:/b/→/p/
1735:and the
1682:Alsatian
1313:Austrian
1198:and the
1129:Slovakia
1065:official
949:Help:IPA
807:stan1295
602:Cimbrian
592:Bavarian
460:Slovakia
222:Austrian
136:Germanic
104:Speakers
19341:England
19331:Ukraine
19281:Romania
19241:Moldova
19199:Ireland
19194:Iceland
19189:Hungary
19179:Germany
19174:Georgia
19164:Finland
19159:Estonia
19154:Denmark
19139:Croatia
19124:Belgium
19119:Belarus
19109:Austria
19104:Armenia
19099:Andorra
19094:Albania
19010:Outline
18916:Fashion
18903:Cuisine
18865:Culture
18830:Poverty
18773:Germans
18736:Society
18717:Welfare
18702:Tourism
18659:Exports
18632:Banking
18610:Economy
18514:Cabinet
18453:Islands
18448:Geology
18371:Regions
18137:Teutons
18110:Ancient
18072:History
18059:Germany
18006:Italics
17629:Scanian
17575:Swedish
17524:Faroese
17502:Nynorsk
17481:Valdris
17316:Mòcheno
17272:Swabian
17138:Hessian
17098:Hunsrik
17010:Western
17005:Eastern
17000:Yiddish
16950:creoles
16847:Bergish
16563:Drèents
16553:Tweants
16405:Central
16387:Mooring
16250:Frisian
16209:Kildare
16154:English
15993:Khoisan
15983:Shiyeyi
15963:Gciriku
15887:English
15772:Walloon
15762:Lorrain
15749:Romance
15739:Yiddish
15590:Turkish
15564:Serbian
15541:Dolinci
15494:Styrian
15477:Ebriach
15454:Slovene
15177:Lombard
15161:Romansh
15156:Italian
15055:Swabian
14995:Sorbian
14968:Frisian
14859:Italics
14482:Scanian
14428:Swedish
14377:Faroese
14355:Nynorsk
14334:Valdris
14169:Mòcheno
14125:Swabian
13991:Hessian
13951:Hunsrik
13863:Western
13858:Eastern
13853:Yiddish
13803:creoles
13700:Bergish
13416:Drèents
13406:Tweants
13258:Central
13240:Mooring
13103:Frisian
13062:Kildare
13007:English
12898:Braille
12868:Grammar
12813:. 1879.
12743:29 June
12709:3531328
12572:28 July
12116:29 June
12012:22 July
11954:28 July
11874:29 June
11834:29 June
10965:18 July
10775:27 July
10744:18 July
10711:18 July
10572:18 July
10497:23 June
10414:18 July
10384:18 July
10352:20 June
10320:18 July
10256:11 July
10203:18 July
9760:: 22–24
9440:24 July
9307:Symbols
9288:Castles
9145:Theatre
9135:Fashion
9119:artists
9082:Sikhism
8900:Cuisine
8833:Culture
8789:Sorbian
8737:Germans
8690:History
8081:Lessing
8003:Nachbar
7997:Tochter
7933:, etc.
7930:durstig
7827:Antiqua
7823:Fraktur
7783:Antiqua
7772:Kurrent
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18426:States
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