Head of state - Knowledge

134: 2103: 123: 105: 3583: 7044: 1591: 5767: 7781: 19925: 5752: 7253: 3886: 1391: 6865: 94: 19886: 3909: 5787: 3605: 114: 7757: 1789: 2081:, which was expected, in normal circumstances, to be answerable to the Reichstag. Initially, the president was merely a symbolic figure with the Reichstag dominant; however, persistent political instability, in which governments often lasted only a few months, led to a change in the power structure of the republic, with the president's emergency powers called increasingly into use to prop up governments challenged by critical or even hostile Reichstag votes. By 1932, power had shifted to such an extent that the German president, 85: 76: 19912: 3565: 19051: 18995: 2137:

executive officials of the government are answerable solely and exclusively to a presiding, acting head of state, and is selected by and on occasion dismissed by the head of state without reference to the legislature. It is notable that some presidential systems, while not providing for collective executive accountability to the legislature, may require legislative approval for individuals prior to their assumption of cabinet office and empower the legislature to remove a president from office (for example, in the

19860: 6356: 20107: 2672:, sometimes by no more than a mention or signature; and public places, streets, monuments and institutions such as schools are named for current or previous heads of state. In monarchies (e.g., Belgium) there can even be a practice to attribute the adjective "royal" on demand based on existence for a given number of years. However, such political techniques can also be used by leaders without the formal rank of head of state, even party - and other revolutionary leaders without formal state mandate. 143: 20120: 19247: 2579: 6222: 20068: 20055: 20081: 19219: 7440: 819: 2004:) have fused the roles of the head of state with the head of government (like in a presidential system), while having the sole executive officer, often called a president, being dependent on the Parliament's confidence to rule (like in a parliamentary system). While also being the leading symbol of the nation, the president in this system acts mostly as a prime minister since the incumbent must be a member of the legislature at the time of the election, answer 19205: 19990: 19873: 17037: 16526: 14082: 13566: 13555: 19163: 19317: 19009: 16853: 19303: 19275: 16950: 16705: 2381: 19093: 19938: 19149: 19023: 16751: 16567: 19289: 19079: 19065: 18981: 16996: 1798: 1665: 20094: 19191: 19037: 16807: 20029: 19135: 152: 19366: 1338: 19964: 19233: 19121: 16664: 3657:(and a Letter of Recall at the end of a tenure) to other heads of state and, conversely, receives the letters of their foreign counterparts. Without that accreditation, the chief of the diplomatic mission cannot take up their role and receive the highest diplomatic status. The role of a head of state in this regard, is codified in the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations from 1961, which (as of 2017) 191 sovereign states has 2521: 19345: 19899: 19261: 16904: 16623: 20042: 19951: 19107: 5098:

first meeting; and the Council may within a maximum period of forty days from the date of submission and with a two-thirds majority of its Members reject any of these decree-laws or request amendment thereof to be effected within a specified period of time; such decree-laws shall cease to have the power of law from the date of their rejection by the Council or where the period for effecting the amendments have expired.

20003: 19177: 20016: 19977: 19331: 6062: 2017: 6053: 14094: 7244:, or a similar constitutional procedure by which the highest legislative or judicial authorities are empowered to revoke the head of state's mandate on exceptional grounds. This may be a common crime, a political sin, or an act by which the head of state violates such provisions as an established religion mandatory for the monarch. By similar procedure, an original mandate may be declared invalid. 6162:, the governor-general unexpectedly dismissed the prime minister in order to break a stalemate between the House of Representatives and Senate over money bills. The governor-general issued a public statement saying he felt it was the only solution consistent with the constitution, his oath of office, and his responsibilities, authority, and duty as governor-general. A letter from the queen's 1705:'s abdication required the approval of each of the six independent realms of which he was monarch. In monarchies with a written constitution, the position of monarch is created under the constitution and could be abolished through a democratic procedure of constitutional amendment. In many cases there are significant procedural hurdles imposed on such a procedure (as in the 6922:, in which the eldest child of the monarch is first in line to become monarch, is the most common system in hereditary monarchy. The order of succession is usually affected by rules on gender. Historically "agnatic primogeniture" or "patrilineal primogeniture" was favoured, that is inheritance according to seniority of birth among the sons of a monarch or 7644:, should as a crowned head have the sovereign right to determine the precedence of how ambassadors (apart from the papal nuncio and the imperial ambassador) would rank, based on the date of their credentials. The pragmatic suggestions of Pombal was not successful, and as the pretensions among the great powers were so deep-rooted, it would take the 4622:). In other systems there are usually fixed terms, but the head of state retains authority to dissolve the legislature in certain circumstances. Where a head of government has lost support in the legislature, some heads of state may refuse a dissolution, where one is requested, thereby forcing the head of government's resignation. 1726:

heads of state powers and functions akin to presidential or semi-presidential systems, in some cases without containing reference to modern democratic principles of accountability to parliament or even to modern governmental offices. Usually, the king had the power of declaring war without previous consent of the parliament.

5045:, so as to decide if the conditions laid down in paragraph one still apply. The Council shall make its decision publicly as soon as possible. It shall, as of right, carry out such an examination and shall make its decision in the same manner after sixty days of the exercise of emergency powers or at any moment thereafter. 5097:

The Emir may, in the event of exceptional cases that require measures of utmost urgency which necessitate the issue of special laws and in case that Al-Shoura Council is not in session, issue pertinent decrees that have the power of law. Such decree-laws shall be submitted to Al-Shoura Council at its

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Head of state is the highest-ranking constitutional position in a sovereign state. A head of state has some or all of the roles listed below, often depending on the constitutional category (above), and does not necessarily regularly exercise the most power or influence of governance. There is usually

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In reality, numerous variants exist to the position of a head of state within a parliamentary system. The older the constitution, the more constitutional leeway tends to exist for a head of state to exercise greater powers over government, as many older parliamentary system constitutions in fact give

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in the country in the event of exceptional cases specified by the law; and in such cases, he may take all urgent necessary measures to counter any threat that undermine the safety of the State, the integrity of its territories or the security of its people and interests or obstruct the organs of the

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In some parliamentary systems, the head of state retains certain discretionary powers in relation to bills to be exercised. They may have authority to veto a bill until the houses of the legislature have reconsidered it, and approved it a second time; reserve a bill to be signed later, or suspend it

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is the Head of the State and a symbol of the unity of the country and represents the sovereignty of the country. He shall guarantee the commitment to the Constitution and the preservation of Iraq's independence, sovereignty, unity, and the safety of its territories, in accordance with the provisions

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requesting a dissolution of parliament and a general election. In a letter informing the monarch after the event, the Governor General said: "I have to await the verdict of history to prove my having adopted a wrong course, and this I do with an easy conscience that, right or wrong, I have acted in

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shall be notified of this decree within the fifteen days following its issue; and in the event that the Council is not in session for any reason whatsoever, the Council shall be notified of the decree at its first convening. Martial laws shall be declared for a limited period and the same shall not

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2) Treaties by which territory of the State would be ceded, State property alienated, sovereign rights or prerogatives of the State affected, a new burden imposed on the Principality or its citizens, or an obligation assumed that would limit the rights of the citizens of Liechtenstein shall require

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Although many constitutions, particularly from the 19th century and earlier, make no explicit mention of a head of state in the generic sense of several present day international treaties, the officeholders corresponding to this position are recognised as such by other countries. In a monarchy, the

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to surrender on behalf of his state to the invading German army in 1940, against the will of his government. Judging that his responsibility to the nation by virtue of his coronation oath required him to act, he believed that his government's decision to fight rather than surrender was mistaken and

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explicitly name the monarch as their head of state (though Tuvalu's constitution states that "references in any law to the Head of State shall be read as including a reference to the governor-general"). Governors-general are frequently treated as heads of state on state and official visits; at the

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upon whomever he pleases as a reward for distinguished services, and such orders must be publicly announced, but no rank or title other than that attached to any office. The order exempts no one from the common duties and burdens of citizens, nor does it carry with it any preferential admission to

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are noteworthy contemporary cases of multilateral treaties cast in this traditional format, as are the accession agreements of new member states. However, rather than being invariably concluded between two heads of state, it has become common that bilateral treaties are in present times cast in an

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according to established constitutional authority. In Australia the present king is generally assumed to be head of state, since the governor-general and the state governors are defined as his "representatives". However, since the governor-general performs almost all national regal functions, the

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passed by the house or houses of the legislature be signed into law by the head of state. In some states, such as the United Kingdom, Belgium and Ireland, the head of state is, in fact, formally considered a tier of the legislature. However, in most parliamentary systems, the head of state cannot

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chief executive officer. Under parliamentary systems the executive authority is exercised by the head of state, but in practice is done so on the advice of the cabinet of ministers. This produces such terms as "Her Majesty's Government" and "His Excellency's Government." Examples of parliamentary

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in 1806 and the weak position of France and other catholic states to assert themselves) and remains so to this day, that all sovereign states are treated as equals, whether monarchies or republics. On occasions when multiple heads of state or their representatives meet, precedence is by the host

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3. In the event that a draft law is returned to the Council within the period specified in the preceding paragraph and the Council passes the same once more with a two-thirds majority of all its Members, the Emir shall ratify and promulgate it. The Emir may in compelling circumstances order the

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ultimate decision making on military manoeuvres is made elsewhere. The head of state will, regardless of actual authority, perform ceremonial duties related to the country's armed forces, and will sometimes appear in military uniform for these purposes; particularly in monarchies where also the

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of the head of state can be found in government offices, courts of law, or other public buildings. The idea, sometimes regulated by law, is to use these portraits to make the public aware of the symbolic connection to the government, a practice that dates back to medieval times. Sometimes this

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of the early 19th century. Most presidents in such countries are selected by democratic means (popular direct or indirect election); however, like all other systems, the presidential model also encompasses people who become head of state by other means, notably through military dictatorship or

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Some constitutions or fundamental laws provide for a head of state who is not only in theory but in practice chief executive, operating separately from, and independent from, the legislature. This system is known as a "presidential system" and sometimes called the "imperial model", because the

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is the Head of State, the symbol of its unity and permanence. He arbitrates and moderates the regular functioning of the institutions, assumes the highest representation of the Spanish State in international relations, especially with the nations of its historical community, and exercises the

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2. The President of the Russian Federation shall be the guarantor of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and of human and civil rights and freedoms. In accordance with the procedure established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, he (she) shall adopt measures to protect the

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Where the institutions of the Republic, the independence of the Nation, the integrity of its territory or the fulfilment of its international commitments are under serious and immediate threat, and where the proper functioning of the constitutional public authorities is interrupted, the

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to tender the resignation of the government, he can, in practice, request it if the prime minister is from his own majority. In presidential systems, the president often has the power to fire ministers at his sole discretion. In the United States, the unwritten convention calls for the

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for appointment by the King or proposes a successor to the prime minister for appointment by the King within three days of the rejection of a motion of confidence. The King appoints the proposed successor as prime minister, who takes office when the new Federal Government is sworn

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as the head of the special administrative region, in addition to their role as the head of government. These non-sovereign-state heads, nevertheless, have limited or no role in diplomatic affairs, depending on the status and the norms and practices of the territories concerned.

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In China, the political job that matters most is the General Secretary of the Communist Party. The party controls the military and domestic security forces, and sets the policies that the government carries out. China's presidency lacks the authority of the American and French

6170:, confirmed that the only person competent to commission an Australian prime minister was the governor-general and it would not be proper for the monarch to personally intervene in matters that the Constitution Act so clearly places within the governor-general's jurisdiction. 6926:, with sons and their male issue inheriting before brothers and their male issue, to the total exclusion of females and descendants through females from succession. This complete exclusion of females from dynastic succession is commonly referred to as application of the 1824:

These officials are excluded completely from the executive: they do not possess even theoretical executive powers or any role, even formal, within the government. Hence their states' governments are not referred to by the traditional parliamentary model head of state

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At home, heads of state are expected to render lustre to various occasions by their presence, such as by attending artistic or sports performances or competitions (often in a theatrical honour box, on a platform, on the front row, at the honours table), expositions,

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or voluntary resignation. Cabinet members are appointed and dismissed at the sole discretion of the prime minister. Laws and ordinances are promulgated by two Cabinet members in unison signing "On Behalf of the Government" and the government—not the monarch—is the

3986:, the position of commander-in-chief is obvious, as all authority in such a government derives from the application of military force; occasionally a power vacuum created by war is filled by a head of state stepping beyond the normal constitutional role, as King 6899:, there are usually restrictions on the incumbent's exercise of powers and prohibitions on the possibility of choosing a successor by other means than by birth. In a hereditary monarchy, the position of monarch is inherited according to a statutory or customary 5935:

Whenever a head of state is not available for any reason, constitutional provisions may allow the role to fall temporarily to an assigned person or collective body. In a republic, this is - depending on provisions outlined by the constitution or improvised - a

2764:). This means that the government discreetly approves agenda and speeches, especially where the constitution (or customary law) assumes all political responsibility by granting the crown inviolability (in fact also imposing political emasculation) as in the 7427:

The Italian constitution provides that a former president of the Republic takes the title President Emeritus of the Italian Republic and he or she is also a senator for life, and enjoys immunity, flight status and official residences certain privileges.

4618:. In some parliamentary systems, and in some presidential systems, however, the head of state may do so on their own initiative. Some states have fixed term legislatures, with no option of bringing forward elections (e.g., Article II, Section 3, of the 2070:, who became his prime minister from 1986 to 1988. In the French system, in the event of cohabitation, the president is often allowed to set the policy agenda in security and foreign affairs and the prime minister runs the domestic and economic agenda. 6930:. Another variation on agnatic primogeniture was the so-called semi-Salic law, or "agnatic-cognatic primogeniture", which allowed women to succeed only at the extinction of all the male descendants in the male line of the particular legislator. 5557:("state of the masses") replaced the previous republic, and in March 1979 the role of head of state was transferred to the Secretary-General of the General People's Congress (comparable to a Speaker); in practice however Gaddafi remained the 2247:, real political power belonged to the sole legal party. In these states, there was no formal office of head of state, but rather the leader of the legislative branch was considered to be the closest common equivalent of a head of state as a 3325:; in other instances, the head of state may be able to dismiss an office holder unilaterally; other heads of state, or their representatives, have the theoretical power to dismiss any office-holder, while it is exceptionally rarely used. In 5766: 7394: 6933:

Before primogeniture was enshrined in European law and tradition, kings would often secure the succession by having their successor (usually their eldest son) crowned during their own lifetime, so for a time there would be two kings in

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suspension of this law for the period that he deems necessary to serve the higher interests of the country. If, however, the draft law is not passed by a two-thirds majority, it shall not be reconsidered within the same term of session.

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The Constitution as in force on 1 June 2003 together with proclamation declaring the establishment of the Commonwealth, letters patent relating to the Office of Governor-General, Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942, Australia Act

4054:. They may not be transferred to the service of foreign powers, nor may the military forces of any foreign power, except auxiliary forces assisting against hostile attack, be brought into the Realm without the consent of the Storting. 8661: 1944:

with respect to international treaties. The remaining official functions of the sovereign, by constitutional mandate or by unwritten convention, are to open the annual session of the Riksdag, receive foreign ambassadors and sign the

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and various monarchical titles are most commonly used for heads of state, in some nationalistic regimes, the leader adopts, formally or de facto, a unique style simply meaning leader in the national language, e.g., Germany's single

15710: 2054:. Should a president be of one side of the political spectrum and the opposition be in control of the legislature, the president is usually obliged to select someone from the opposition to become prime minister, a process known as 2395:

While clear categories do exist, it is sometimes difficult to choose which category some individual heads of state belong to. In reality, the category to which each head of state belongs is assessed not by theory but by practice.

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Semi-presidential systems combine features of presidential and parliamentary systems, notably (in the president-parliamentary subtype) a requirement that the government be answerable to both the president and the legislature. The

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In presidential systems, such as that of the United States, appointments are nominated by the president's sole discretion, but this nomination is often subject to confirmation by the legislature; and specifically in the US, the

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If the head of state also serves as the chief executive, the head of state can politically control the necessary executive measures without which a proclaimed law can remain dead letter, sometimes for years or even forever.

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Such arrangements are not to be confused with supranational entities which are not states and are not defined by a common monarchy but may (or not) have a symbolic, essentially protocollary, titled highest office, e.g.,

1266:, there is an executive president that is both head of state and head of government. Likewise, in some parliamentary systems the head of state is not the head of government, but still has significant powers, for example 6911:

or bloodline. This usually means that the heir to the throne is known well in advance of becoming monarch to ensure a smooth succession. However, many cases of uncertain succession in European history have often led to

2077:, for example, in its constitution provided for a popularly elected president with theoretically dominant executive powers that were intended to be exercised only in emergencies, and a cabinet appointed by him from the 7085:

Election usually is the constitutional way to choose the head of state of a republic, and some monarchies, either directly through popular election, indirectly by members of the legislature or of a special college of

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and select his own person for the job, even though the outgoing chancellor possessed the confidence of the Reichstag while the new chancellor did not. Subsequently, President von Hindenburg used his power to appoint

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is defined in the constitution as "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people" (article 1), and is generally recognised throughout the world as the Japanese head of state. Although the emperor formally

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The measures shall be designed to provide the constitutional public authorities as swiftly as possible, with the means to carry out their duties. The Constitutional Council shall be consulted with regard to such

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and other presidential regimes. Some of the characteristics of a presidential system, such as a strong dominant political figure with an executive answerable to them, not the legislature can also be found among

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State from performing their duties. However, the decree must specify the nature of such exceptional cases for which the martial laws have been declared and clarify the measures taken to address this situation.

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hold ultimate authority over the armed forces but will only normally, as per either written law or unwritten convention, exercise their authority on the advice of their responsible ministers: meaning that the

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for Swedish ambassadors, chair the foreign advisory committee, preside at the special Cabinet council when a new prime minister takes office, and to be kept informed by the prime minister on matters of state.

6957:, became the first monarchy to declare equal (full cognatic) primogeniture, meaning that the eldest child of the monarch, whether female or male, ascends to the throne. Other European monarchies (such as the 4184:. He shall supervise the same with the assistance of Defence Council under his direct authority. The said Council shall be constituted by an Emiri Resolution, which will also determine the functions thereof. 2707:, dedication events, military parades and war remembrances, prominent funerals, visiting different parts of the country and people from different walks of life, and at times performing symbolic acts such as 1771:, Belgium voted in a referendum to allow him to resume his monarchical powers and duties, but because of the ongoing controversy he ultimately abdicated.) The Belgian constitutional crisis in 1990, when the 7237:. The post can also be abolished by constitutional change; in such cases, an incumbent may be allowed to finish their term. Of course, a head of state position will cease to exist if the state itself does. 7910:

Art. 93. "Should the King find himself unable to reign, the ministers, having observed this inability, immediately summon the Chambers. Regency and guardianship are to be provided by the united Chambers."

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Sometimes a head of state assumes office as a state becomes legal and political reality, before a formal title for the highest office is determined; thus in the since 1 January 1960 independent republic

3283:. In many parliamentary systems, the head of government is appointed with the consent (in practice often decisive) of the legislature, and other figures are appointed on the head of government's advice. 10004: 8266: 7098:), or as an exclusive prerogative. Exclusive prerogative allows the heads of states of constituent monarchies of a federation to choose the head of state for the federation among themselves, as in the 6106:

in Canada) is appointed by the sovereign, usually on the advice of the relevant prime minister (although sometimes it is based on the result of a vote in the relevant parliament, which is the case for

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The few exceptions where the head of state is not even the nominal chief executive - and where supreme executive authority is according to the constitution explicitly vested in a cabinet - include the

7385:, it is still common to refer to the deposed king and his family as if Constantine II were still on the throne, as many European royal courts and households do in guest lists at royal weddings, as in 3971:

may also appear in military garb. This is generally the only time a head of state of a stable, democratic country will appear dressed in such a manner, as statesmen and public are eager to assert the

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Sometimes, however, primogeniture can operate through the female line. In some systems a female may rule as monarch only when the male line dating back to a common ancestor is exhausted. In 1980,

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Examples of heads of state in parliamentary systems using greater powers than usual, either because of ambiguous constitutions or unprecedented national emergencies, include the decision by King

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or collegial regency (council). For example, in the United States the vice-president acts when the president is incapacitated, and in the United Kingdom the monarch's powers may be delegated to

15393: 15715: 13023: 5492: 8658: 5966:, constitutional institutions, including the symbolically crucial head of state, may be reduced to a figurehead or be suspended in favour of an emergency office (such as the original Roman 4572:

2. If the Emir, declines to approve the draft law, he shall return it a long with the reasons for such declination to the Council within a period of three months from the date of referral.

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the prime minister to office, article 6 of the constitution requires him to appoint the candidate "as designated by the Diet", without any right to decline appointment. He is a ceremonial

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refused to sign into law a bill permitting abortion, was resolved by the cabinet assuming the power to promulgate the law while he was treated as "unable to reign" for twenty-four hours.

1980:, which holds no reserve powers whatsoever. The least ceremonial powers held by the president are to provide a mandate to attempt to form a government, to approve the dissolution of the 6781:

conflict when the temporal power sought to control key clergy nominations in order to guarantee popular support, and thereby his own legitimacy, by incorporating the formal ceremony of

6667:, which initially had western-style constitutions (and therefore, western-style presidencies), switched to the presidium model with the adoption of new Soviet-influenced constitutions; 4315:

refuse to sign a bill, and, in granting a bill their assent, indicate that it was passed in accordance with the correct procedures. The signing of a bill into law is formally known as

19559: 7386: 2305:, the office was vacant for years. The late president was granted the posthumous title (akin to some ancient Far Eastern traditions to give posthumous names and titles to royalty) of 9873: 8984: 4059:

The territorial army and the other troops which cannot be classed as troops of the line must never, without the consent of the Storting, be employed outside the borders of the Realm.

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It is usual that the head of state, particularly in parliamentary systems as part of the symbolic role, is the one who opens the annual sessions of the legislature, e.g. the annual

6612:, both of whom alternated months of authority during their year in office, similarly there was an even number of supreme magistrates in the Italic republics of Ancient Age. In the 18943: 13455: 8720: 4773:

senior official posts in the State. Senior officials honourably discharged from office retain the title and rank of their office. This does not apply, however, to Members of the

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shall represent the Federation in its international relations. He shall conclude treaties with foreign states on behalf of the Federation. He shall accredit and receive envoys.

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of the state, and possessing limited executive power. In reality, however, following a process of constitutional evolution, powers are usually only exercised by direction of a

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However, the role of party chief is more senior than that of president. At some point, Xi could be given a party position that also enables him to stay on as long as he likes.

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In some states the office of head of state is not expressed in a specific title reflecting that role, but constitutionally awarded to a post of another formal nature. Colonel

2318: 2141:). In this case the debate centers on confirming them into office, not removing them from office, and does not involve the power to reject or approve proposed cabinet members 8776: 7955: 17878:

Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the definition of the Europe–Asia border. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the definition of the Africa–Asia border.

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in international treaties on behalf of the state; signs them either personally or has them signed in his/her name by ministers (government members or diplomats); subsequent

18121: 16391: 16068: 16028: 15700: 15640: 15104: 7233:, or resignation. In some cases, an abdication cannot occur unilaterally, but comes into effect only when approved by an act of parliament, as in the case of British King 4940:, upon a motion subscribed by one fifth and a decision passed by a two-thirds majority of all the Members of the Assembly of the Republic in full exercise of their office. 2283: 9349: 8555: 18936: 16344: 15964: 15386: 14545: 8029: 4950:

4. For crimes that are not committed in the exercise of his functions, the President of the Republic answers before the common courts, once his term of office has ended.

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Below follows a list of examples from different countries of general provisions in law, which either designate an office as head of state or define its general purpose.

1685:, the legitimacy of the unelected head of state typically derives from the tacit approval of the people via the elected representatives. Accordingly, at the time of the 7342:, who left the throne to his son after winning a referendum which allowed him to retain a full royal household deprived him of a constitutional or representative role. 1545:

In a federal constituent or a dependent territory, the same role is fulfilled by the holder of an office corresponding to that of a head of state. For example, in each

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However, some other states have no problem with deposed monarchs being referred to by their former title, and even allow them to travel internationally on the state's

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shall, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, determine the basic objectives of the internal and foreign policy of the State.

15989: 15984: 15665: 15660: 6821:, typically as a transitional measure as part of establishing the new form of government that the constitution decrees: For example, transitional provision 1 of the 5355:

as a state (so now as a constituent part of the federation, a non-sovereign level). After its expulsion from Malaysia on 9 August 1965, Singapore became a sovereign

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sovereignty of the Russian Federation, its independence and State integrity, and shall ensure the coordinated functioning and interaction of State government bodies.

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Apart from violent overthrow, a head of state's position can be lost in several ways, including death, another by expiration of the constitutional term of office,

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The head of state may also dismiss office-holders. There are many variants on how this can be done. For example, members of the Irish Cabinet are dismissed by the

14705: 9836: 9500: 7812: 16061: 15335: 15097: 11756: 6671:, which was a monarchy before the Soviet takeover, was the only country to move to a unitary presidency from a collective head of state, a move done by dictator 5738:

of diplomacy) or by date of accession. Contemporary international law on precedence, built upon the universally admitted principles since 1815, derives from the

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and the principal functions of such presidents are mainly ceremonial and symbolic, as opposed to the presidents in a presidential or semi-presidential system.

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A foreign power can establishing a branch of their own dynasty, or one friendly to their interests. This was often the outcome of the wars fought between the

2940:(2)The President shall have the responsibility and duty to safeguard the independence, territorial integrity and continuity of the State and the Constitution. 18228: 16038: 15720: 15635: 15630: 14144: 13009: 9039: 8462: 5751: 5034: 2906:

represents the Portuguese Republic, guarantees national independence, the unity of the state and the proper operation of the democratic institutions, and is

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no longer has many of the standard parliamentary system head of state functions that had previously belonged to him or her, as was the case in the preceding

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XXIV - render, each year, accounts to the National Congress concerning the previous fiscal year, within sixty days of the opening of the legislative session

2719:, laying the first stone. Some parts of national life receive their regular attention, often on an annual basis, or even in the form of official patronage. 14565: 8529: 8293: 8285: 5512: 1297:, the position of president has no tangible powers by itself; however, since such a head of state, as a matter of custom, simultaneously holds the post of 10024: 9979:

Guests at the wedding ceremony: Wedding between Crown Princess Victoria and Mr Daniel Westling on Saturday 19 June 2010, 3.30 p.m., at Stockholm Cathedral

8751: 3848:, appoints and recalls plenipotentiary representatives abroad, and ratifies and abrogates treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states. 20158: 19826: 18131: 17204: 15625: 10210: 8224: 7312: 7035:, succession to the throne usually first passes to the monarch's next eldest brother, and only after that to the monarch's children (agnatic seniority). 7000:

In some monarchies there may be liberty for the incumbent, or some body convening after the death of the monarch, to choose from eligible members of the

5508: 5465: 5419: 4275: 4212: 14386: 8904: 8049: 3641:) of the sending state is accredited to the head of state of the receiving state. The head of state accredits (i.e. formally validates) their country's 1657:(or answerable) to the legislature, with the head of government and cabinet in turn accepting constitutional responsibility for offering constitutional 19396: 18180: 15898: 15685: 15360: 7616: 4534:

XXIII - submit to the National Congress the pluriannual plan, the bill of budgetary directives and the budget proposals set forth in this Constitution;

2542: 2535: 1424:

normally has a head of state, and determines the extent of its head's executive powers of government or formal representational functions. In terms of

7275:

of former heads of state can be designed to represent the history or aspirations of a state or its people, such as the equestrian bronze sculpture of

4084:, shall preside over the Supreme Council of Defense established by law, and shall make declarations of war as have been agreed by Parliament of Italy. 19545: 17907: 14468: 14241: 11877: 7390: 6479: 6174: 5488: 4367: 3833: 3712: 2842:

shall be the symbol of the State and of the unity of the People, deriving his position from the will of the people with whom resides sovereign power.

2341: 9600: 9230: 8814: 2768:

from its very beginning; in a monarchy this may even be extended to some degree to other members of the dynasty, especially the heir to the throne.

2757:

or in other cases (possibly as a message, for instance, to distance themselves without rendering offence) just a military officer or civil servant.

18221: 16384: 16334: 14137: 9665: 8209: 6697:, established in 1928, had a panel of about 40 people as collective head of state. Though beginning that year, a provisional constitution made the 6178: 5457: 4283: 2739: 2353: 2223:) regimes, but in most cases of dictatorship, their stated constitutional models are applied in name only and not in political theory or practice. 9769: 9265: 19727: 19609: 14246: 9184:

Bayefsky, Anne F. (1993), "International Human Rights Law in Canadian Courts", in Kaplan, William; McRae, Donald Malcolm; Cohen, Maxwell (eds.),

8208:

is the most powerful figure in the Chinese political system. He is the President of China, but his real influence comes from his position as the

7573: 7464: 2365: 7405:

to be referred to by their former titles or bearing a surname indicating royal status, and has enacted legislation which hinders acquisition of

4906:(3) Criminal prosecution for criminal offences committed by the President of the Republic while executing his office shall be ruled out forever. 1649:(or, at least, not a majority opposition – a subtle but important difference). It also gives the legislature the right to vote down the head of 19819: 17197: 16349: 13189: 10073: 9471: 8308: 6686:. The Sovereignty Council comprises 11 ministers, who together have exercised all governmental functions for Sudan since the fall of President 6167: 5445: 5412: 4898: 4279: 3841: 3780:

shall accredit ambassadors and envoys extraordinary to foreign powers; foreign ambassadors and envoys extraordinary shall be accredited to him.

2345: 10050: 8507: 4303:

in Britain. Even in presidential systems the head of state often formally reports to the legislature on the present national status, e.g. the

19389: 17395: 15001: 13460: 13450: 9061: 7834:

Klug, Heinz (March 2003). "Postcolonial Collages: Distributions of Power and Constitutional Models, With Special Reference to South Africa".

7568: 5376:

abolished the position and title of vice-president, assuming the positions of Prime Minister and Head of Cabinet. He also proclaimed himself

4821: 2629:

of the state; in hereditary monarchies this extends to the monarch being a symbol of the unbroken continuity of the state. For instance, the

1162: 9316: 7319:, representing the territorial expansion of the United States in the first 130 years from its founding, which is promoted as the "Shrine of 18729: 18694: 18126: 16205: 15969: 15572: 14875: 14580: 10804: 10632: 10547: 10286: 9869: 8976: 8822: 8635: 7620: 6694: 6144: 5495:, who performs some of the roles of a head of state, such as accrediting foreign ambassadors and undertaking overseas visits. However, the 5156: 4204: 3747: 3723:

shall represent the State in all its relations with foreign countries, without prejudice to the requisite participation of the responsible

2408: 2260: 1645:

who is answerable to the legislature. This accountability and legitimacy requires that someone be chosen who has a majority support in the

1262:, the head of state usually has mostly ceremonial powers, with a separate head of government. However, in some parliamentary systems, like 8165: 7724: 4515:

IV - sanction, promulgate and order the publication of laws, as well as to issue decrees and regulations for the true enforcement thereof;

1961:(head of government) to the president. However, the president has no access to documentation and all access to ministers goes through the 16377: 15340: 9448: 5786: 5707:. The Pope also had the sole right to determine the precedence of all others. This principle was first challenged by a Protestant ruler, 4842:

who is Head of State cannot be prosecuted for his or her actions. Nor can a Regent be prosecuted for his or her actions as Head of State.

4484:; If he approves he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated... 3339: 2322: 9957: 8717: 5407:

There are also a few nations in which the exact title and definition of the office of head of state have been vague. During the Chinese

5250:(d) remit the whole or a part of a punishment imposed on a person for an offence or of a penalty or forfeiture on account of an offence. 19722: 19604: 15320: 14625: 13559: 13470: 9747: 8082: 7881: 6648: 4894: 3104: 847: 6659:

remained the only country among them that retained an office of president as a form of a single head of state throughout this period;

6573:, in which a monarchy experiences an exceptional period of multiple rulers. Examples of collective republican systems include nominal 4157:

Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States

3165:

and shall be exercised by him either directly or indirectly through the officers subordinate to him in accordance to the Constitution.

3119:

as the Queen's representative, and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution, and of the laws of the Commonwealth.

18160: 13602: 13525: 11990: 7578: 7260:

in Berlin, Germany, dedicated 1897, nearly 10 years after his death. The monument was destroyed by the communist government in 1950.

6202: 5739: 5500: 4769: 3630: 3513: 9402: 8436: 6021:(held by the British monarch, but not legally reserved for it) or 'Head of the Arab Union' (14 February - 14 July 1958, held by the 20304: 14981: 14620: 13086: 12887: 10701: 9903: 8578: 8192: 7952: 6229: 5927:. The monarchies who survived through this era were the ones who were willing to subject themselves to constitutional limitations. 1489:, in which the head of state has either none or very limited executive powers, and mainly has a ceremonial and symbolic role (e.g. 1298: 8410: 6470:, certain dynasties adopted a title expressing their positions as "servant" of a patron deity of the state, but in the sense of a 20151: 16033: 15888: 15046: 14525: 14261: 13819: 11019: 8334: 8316: 5434: 5038: 4453:

with annual messages on the situation in the country and on the basic objectives of the internal and foreign policy of the State.

9927: 9127: 9110: 7350:, where he was imprisoned, into a miniature version of his First Empire, with most trappings of a sovereign monarchy, until his 7157:

rulers. Dictators often use democratic titles, though some proclaim themselves monarchs. Examples of the latter include Emperor

1466:, in which the head of state, in theory, possesses key executive powers, but such power is exercised on the binding advice of a 18604: 17784: 16339: 16294: 14675: 14206: 13465: 13406: 13076: 10291: 10012: 9628: 9066: 9026: 8848: 8552: 8398: 4688: 4473: 4409: 4131: 2649:

practice is taken to excess, and the head of state becomes the principal symbol of the nation, resulting in the emergence of a

2102: 9346: 8026: 4349:

session takes place at a special meeting of the Chamber held no later than the third day of the session. At this meeting, the

3844:

receives foreign diplomatic representatives on behalf of the People's Republic of China and, in pursuance of decisions of the

2760:

For non-executive heads of state there is often a degree of censorship by the politically responsible government (such as the

2675:

Heads of state often greet important foreign visitors, particularly visiting heads of state. They assume a host role during a

18739: 18077: 17979: 17900: 17475: 16244: 15908: 15753: 14735: 14680: 14665: 14555: 14540: 14416: 14306: 14236: 11870: 11071: 10626: 10157: 10109: 9714: 9691: 9195: 9168: 8788: 7707: 6159: 5659:, etc.) offer a wide spectrum of styles, either monarchic (mostly identical to homonyms in larger states) or republican, see 5461: 3415: 2966:

He shall represent the State of Lithuania and shall perform everything with which he is charged by the Constitution and laws.

2924: 2634: 2188: 966: 11036: 5033:

After thirty days of the exercise of such emergency powers, the matter may be referred to the Constitutional Council by the

2653:

where the image of the head of state is the only visual representation of the country, surpassing other symbols such as the

1743:—the parliamentary approval to the government appointed by the king—was customary, but not required by law. So, Italy had a 18849: 18654: 18304: 14740: 14645: 14346: 13500: 13485: 10256: 9290: 8882: 8736: 8705: 8620: 8612: 8127: 7976: 7920: 6590: 6586: 6085: 4937: 4801: 3287: 3090:

shall have the supreme authority in all the affairs of the Realm, and he shall exercise such supreme authority through the

9379: 19251: 18183: 18092: 18032: 17867: 17410: 16284: 16145: 15818: 15492: 15175: 15142: 14590: 14570: 14301: 14178: 13480: 13416: 11524: 10058: 9387: 8759: 7414: 7210: 5627: 5516: 5347:) for its governor (the actual head of state remained the British monarch). The second and last incumbent of the office, 4928: 4696: 4417: 4127: 3924: 3798: 3545: 3183: 2984: 2287: 2240: 1730: 1558: 1546: 1195: 12218: 4590:; this power is rarely used); refer a bill to the courts to test its constitutionality; refer a bill to the people in a 3821:

d) shall receive letters of credence and letters of recall of diplomatic representatives accredited to his (her) office.

1451:(fundamental laws) that establish different political systems, four major types of heads of state can be distinguished: 20144: 19791: 19747: 18966: 18102: 18067: 17935: 17521: 16862: 14725: 14635: 13535: 13184: 11529: 9833: 7123: 6725:

is often established, even if only by fictitious claims of continuity (e.g., a forged claim of descent from a previous

6644: 6552: 6163: 5924: 5491:

was abolished. As a result, some of the duties previously held by the president were constitutionally delegated to the

4877: 3368: 2415:(legislature), has moved Liechtenstein into the semi-presidential category. Similarly the original powers given to the 2352:

with limited power. However, since 1993, as a matter of convention, the presidency has been held simultaneously by the

1562: 1120: 6147:

by acting unilaterally (that is, without direction from ministers, parliament, or the monarch) occurred in 1926, when

6127:

as to which officeholder—the monarch, the governor general, or both—can be considered the head of state. New Zealand,

5997:

is a retrospective label for those cases where the states were governed entirely separately. Of contemporary terms, a

5240:, either indefinite or for a specified period, of the execution of a punishment imposed on that person for an offence; 5201:...and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of 20256: 19757: 19476: 18875: 18769: 18764: 18186: 17820: 17579: 16259: 16195: 15562: 14615: 14585: 14266: 13515: 13510: 13490: 13315: 10794: 10201: 10184: 10131: 9741: 7806: 7091: 6761:. This can take the form of supreme divine authority above the state's, granting a tool for political influence to a 6071: 5615: 5194: 5135: 3011: 2609:

a formal public ceremony when a person becomes head of state, or some time after. This may be the swearing in at the

2560: 2439: 2308: 1716:

with a parliamentary system (such as India, Germany, Austria, Italy and Israel), the head of state is usually titled

1432:, independent state is usually identified as the person who, according to that state's constitution, is the reigning 1377: 995: 904: 715: 246: 16555: 10025:

Selected guest list for the wedding service at Cathédrale Notre-Dame de Luxembourg on October 20, 2012 at 11:00 a.m.

8871: 8681: 8366: 7295:, placed in front of the Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata (Calcutta) (1921), commemorating Queen Victoria's reign as 20284: 20034: 17893: 17830: 16329: 16210: 16190: 15582: 15240: 15011: 14830: 14794: 14715: 14690: 14475: 14396: 14361: 14331: 14221: 14098: 13569: 13505: 13037: 12474: 11863: 11339: 8748: 8387: 7276: 6856:

by name, rather than by the fact he was the prime minister of colonial Seychelles immediately before independence.

6326: 6120: 5356: 5351:, kept the style at 31 August 1963 unilateral declaration of independence and after 16 September 1963 accession to 5015: 3972: 3431: 2812:

is the head of State of New Zealand, and shall be known by the royal style and titles proclaimed from time to time.

2599: 2595: 2477: 1011: 321: 9021: 8459: 20299: 19223: 18880: 18324: 18047: 17949: 17825: 16105: 15427: 15016: 14750: 14660: 14550: 14421: 14371: 14326: 13540: 10737: 10281: 9479: 9422: 8537: 8481: 8421: 8362: 7409:

unless those terms are met. The former king brought this issue, along with property ownership issues, before the

6831: 6640: 6206: 6198: 6182: 5952:

is resident in Andorra; each is represented in Andorra by a delegate, though these persons hold no formal title.

5669:

were elected by their Italian aristocratic republics from a patrician nobility, but "reigned" as sovereign dukes.

5396:" meaning "highest"; roughly translated to English as "Supreme Commander of the Revolution"). He was praised as " 4885: 4831: 4243: 3633:, which codified longstanding custom, operates under the presumption that the head of a diplomatic mission (i.e. 3541: 2818: 2727: 2638: 2269: 2128:" - the name of the system refers to any head of state who actually governs and is not directly dependent on the 1920: 1912: 936: 8526: 8282: 4888:

may not be detained, subjected to criminal prosecution or prosecuted for offence or other administrative delict.

20246: 20236: 18896: 18519: 17739: 16354: 16215: 16140: 16023: 15587: 15235: 15021: 14341: 14251: 14231: 13475: 13232: 12920: 12723: 11316: 10819: 10081: 9817: 9347:

The Constitution, as laid down on 17 May 1814 by the Constituent Assembly at Eidsvoll and subsequently amended.

8492: 7410: 7202: 6994: 6532: 6439: 6267:, who claimed descent from their respective sun gods and often sought to maintain this bloodline by practising 5623: 5139: 5079: 4560: 4481: 4152: 3291: 3229: 3030:

is vested, at least notionally, in the head of state. In presidential systems the head of state is the actual,

2313:. All substantive power, as party leader, itself not formally created for four years, was inherited by his son 2110: 2073:

Other countries evolve into something akin to a semi-presidential system or indeed a full presidential system.

1359: 1355: 1259: 840: 710: 488: 336: 179: 170: 55: 8116:", includes spines of two books titled "American Revolution" and "Constitution and Laws of the United States". 6713:

The position of head of state can be established in different ways, and with different sources of legitimacy.

3504: 19737: 19444: 18834: 18504: 18004: 17969: 17852: 17554: 17245: 16606: 16249: 15893: 15763: 15330: 15245: 15195: 14755: 13879: 13733: 13595: 13386: 12854: 11153: 8901: 8563: 7583: 6601:, which maintains the tradition of Italian medieval republics that had always had an even number of consuls. 5716: 4708:

in the cases and in accordance with the procedure provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation;

4208: 3423: 3116: 2369: 2317:. The post of president was formally replaced on 5 September 1998, for ceremonial purposes, by the office of 2244: 725: 7332: 34: 19629: 19452: 18759: 18719: 18619: 18545: 18439: 18073: 18038: 17975: 17789: 17764: 17724: 17664: 17654: 17604: 17574: 17564: 17511: 17415: 15287: 15230: 15185: 14904: 14892: 14650: 14381: 14296: 14271: 13495: 13051: 12976: 12909: 12728: 12454: 11807: 10789: 10777: 10296: 8912: 8780: 7534: 7371:

By tradition, deposed monarchs who have not freely abdicated continue to use their monarchical titles as a

7287:

London, commemorating Queen Victoria and her reign (1837–1901), and unveiled in 1911 by her grandson, King

6733:(as may be the case in a dynastic split). Such grants of sovereignty are usually forced, as is common with 6679: 6565:

rotates among the members of the collective as the term of office progresses. Of multiple royal systems, a

6107: 5308: 5269: 4239: 3928: 2779: 2416: 2125: 1718: 1566: 1554: 1550: 1157: 899: 474: 306: 277: 19904: 17051: 16647: 16596: 16581: 8811: 3942:

A head of state is often, by virtue of holding the highest executive powers, explicitly designated as the

2742:

the head of state of the host nation, by uttering a single formulaic phrase as determined by the charter.

19707: 19639: 19516: 18734: 18434: 18175: 18165: 18083: 17749: 17744: 17719: 15979: 15215: 15041: 14670: 14316: 13962: 13520: 13401: 13282: 13162: 12981: 12876: 11985: 11670: 11584: 11479: 11394: 11311: 10809: 10681: 10536: 9594: 8007: 6194: 6190: 6111: 5708: 5363: 5245:(c) substitute a less severe form of punishment for any punishment imposed on a person for an offence; or 5173: 4994: 4675: 4659: 4526: 4434:

c) shall announce referendums in accordance with the procedure established by federal constitutional law;

4296: 4271: 4094: 3769: 3669: 3664:

However, there are provisions in the Vienna Convention that a diplomatic agent of lesser rank, such as a

3617: 2078: 1962: 1578: 971: 778: 9661: 7674:, pp. 110–11 " being an embodiment of the State itself or representatitve of its international persona." 6705:

and the National Government bound to the instructions of the Central Executive Committee of that party.

3371:, by an absolute majority of its members, adopts a motion of no confidence proposing a successor to the 18865: 18814: 18809: 18784: 18754: 18639: 18550: 18088: 18058: 18028: 17815: 17769: 17714: 17689: 17679: 17589: 17516: 16279: 16254: 15913: 15903: 15813: 15768: 15345: 15315: 15270: 15255: 15160: 15066: 14595: 14535: 14431: 13434: 13396: 13227: 12986: 12865: 11817: 11732: 11321: 11219: 9286: 9259: 8856: 7214: 6845: 6818: 6652: 6651:. After World War II the Soviet model was subsequently adopted by almost all countries belonged to its 6186: 6148: 6075: 6042: 5028: 4864: 4774: 4465: 4304: 4216: 4156: 4144: 3868: 3491: 3221: 2184: 1610:

Parliamentary constitutional monarchies in which the monarch usually does not personally exercise power

311: 282: 17010: 13001: 11509: 9870:"Deutsches Historisches Museum Berlin - Reinhold Begas - Monuments for the German Empire - Exhibition" 6981:, which came into effect in 2015 after having been approved by all of the affected nations. Sometimes 5940:, the chief of government, the legislature or its presiding officer. In a monarchy, this is usually a 3556:, and the prime minister in turn appoints and dismisses cabinet ministers at his/her sole discretion. 19772: 19644: 18928: 18844: 18789: 18749: 18704: 18699: 18679: 18669: 18664: 18659: 18644: 18629: 18624: 18609: 18599: 18566: 18399: 18098: 18063: 17930: 17794: 17779: 17694: 17674: 17614: 17569: 17559: 17470: 17275: 16642: 16314: 15858: 15833: 15355: 15310: 15225: 15220: 15205: 15200: 15165: 14971: 14850: 14730: 14720: 14710: 14685: 14530: 14505: 14411: 14401: 13987: 13939: 13529: 12953: 12145: 11934: 11787: 11474: 11409: 11399: 11384: 10719: 10666: 10576: 8128:"Ending Term Limits for China's Xi Is a Big Deal. Here's Why. - Is the presidency powerful in China?" 7588: 7292: 7280: 6954: 6124: 5404:

originally given to kings; Sukarno awarded himself titles in that fashion due to his noble ancestry.

5231:(a) grant a pardon, either free or subject to lawful conditions, to a person convicted of an offence; 4510:

III – start the legislative procedure, in the manner and in the cases set forth in this Constitution;

4450: 3590: 3582: 3372: 3003: 2950: 2716: 2504: 2435: 2055: 1826: 1134: 1115: 833: 438: 228: 30: 16729: 16369: 11609: 10070: 9468: 8305: 7279:, first Emperor of a unified Germany erected in Berlin at the end of the nineteenth century; or the 6773:

after his death. The division of theocratic power can be disputed, as happened between the Pope and

4901:

suit. The punishment may be the loss of his presidential office and of his eligibility to regain it.

1510:, in which the head of state shares key executive powers with a head of government or cabinet (e.g. 19767: 19139: 18985: 18870: 18829: 18804: 18794: 18779: 18774: 18724: 18689: 18674: 18191: 18170: 18155: 18023: 17754: 17734: 17659: 17649: 17639: 17584: 17445: 17046: 16632: 16289: 16264: 16150: 15843: 15828: 15788: 15773: 15502: 15265: 15260: 15210: 15190: 15150: 15056: 14961: 14951: 14840: 14820: 14760: 14700: 14086: 13982: 13791: 13738: 13588: 13381: 12931: 12364: 12170: 11229: 11209: 11174: 11127: 11081: 10433: 10249: 10197: 10047: 10035: 8504: 8187: 7504: 7376: 7316: 6427: 6018: 5956: 5643:

in Greek Antiquity and the equivalent city states in the feudal era and later, (many in Italy, the

5578: 5007: 4916: 4671: 3734: 3724: 3549: 3427: 3334: 2932: 2895: 2481: 2412: 2168: 2051: 2047: 2032: 1970: 1932: 1507: 1271: 1263: 1129: 553: 443: 9075: 7043: 5418:, no successor was named, so the duties of the head of state were transferred collectively to the 3267:

The head of state usually appoints most or all the key officials in the government, including the

1590: 1282:

leaders of the nation (in practice they divide the leadership of the nation between themselves).

20289: 20202: 19969: 19762: 19752: 19678: 19673: 19619: 19279: 19125: 18824: 18744: 18714: 18429: 18389: 18289: 17940: 17799: 17759: 17729: 17699: 17644: 17619: 17609: 17480: 17455: 17355: 17345: 17340: 17295: 17265: 17255: 16765: 16678: 16304: 16269: 16200: 16130: 16110: 16053: 16002: 15951: 15848: 15803: 15680: 15567: 15477: 15437: 15250: 15180: 15170: 15155: 14991: 14939: 14924: 14914: 14605: 14600: 14575: 14286: 13683: 13272: 13212: 13137: 12429: 11954: 11107: 10799: 10782: 10772: 10747: 10591: 10317: 10215: 10149: 10141: 9320: 8697: 7987: 7529: 6896: 6853: 6290: 5904: 5884: 5863:

the role of a monarchs has gradually transitioned from that of a sovereign ruler—in the sense of

5851: 5798: 5720: 5605:

till 21 February 1971, only from then on as regular (but unconstitutional, unelected) president.

5123: 4732: 4630: 4375: 3720: 3386: 3350: 3079: 2911: 2809: 2708: 2531: 2404: 2212: 1884: 1807: 1681: 1658: 1630: 1348: 1188: 1079: 483: 20099: 16872: 15371: 10176: 8632: 7758:"The Managerial Constitution: The Convergence of Constitutional and Corporate Governance Models" 6347:

and acts as supreme governor of the Church of England, although this is purely a symbolic role.

3665: 20060: 19865: 19796: 19712: 19508: 18409: 18404: 18053: 18043: 17985: 17945: 17862: 17709: 17704: 17669: 17634: 17624: 17440: 17435: 17400: 17320: 17315: 16760: 16324: 16299: 16274: 16185: 16160: 15923: 15878: 15868: 15838: 15808: 15758: 15597: 15542: 15512: 15432: 15350: 15325: 14351: 13718: 12223: 12160: 12155: 11827: 11742: 11589: 11301: 11234: 11102: 11051: 10983: 10883: 10873: 10671: 10606: 10413: 10342: 8162: 7731: 7339: 7217:

line would henceforth sit on the Armenian throne, but his nomination had to be approved by the

7107: 6986: 6722: 6431: 5993:

In early modern Europe, a single person was often monarch simultaneously of separate states. A

5876: 5712: 5676:

refers to various state arrangements that combine "republican" and "monarchic" characteristics.

5608:

In certain cases a special style is needed to accommodate imperfect statehood, e.g., the title

5562: 5370: 5339: 4852: 4757: 4494: 4354: 4335: 4300: 4119: 4047: 4035: 4010: 4006: 3790: 3676: 3642: 3495: 3470: 3444: 3196: 3175: 3129: 2976: 2958: 2420: 2368:

rather than an administrative post; theoretically, the President serves at the pleasure of the

2176: 2156: 2039: 1941: 1924: 1763: 1698: 1654: 1529:, in which the head of state is also the head of government and has all executive powers (e.g. 1313: 1091: 872: 720: 662: 608: 215: 122: 10099: 9949: 9704: 9445: 9399: 7798:

Freedom of speech: importing European and US constitutional models in transitional democracies

7777: 7697: 7615:

It is listed as such in the current Constitution; it is thus equivalent to organs such as the

5807: 2372:, the legislature, and is not legally vested to take executive action on its own prerogative. 2059: 19717: 19599: 19589: 19370: 19237: 19195: 19041: 18684: 18614: 18535: 18484: 18479: 18454: 18309: 18274: 17994: 17684: 17506: 17405: 17380: 17375: 17370: 16714: 16693: 16309: 16170: 16115: 15994: 15853: 15798: 15655: 15577: 15552: 15527: 15487: 15472: 15031: 14770: 14745: 14520: 14451: 14426: 14276: 14216: 14201: 13831: 13774: 13668: 13653: 13277: 13237: 13101: 13066: 13033: 12836: 12334: 12070: 11812: 11792: 11772: 11635: 11599: 11554: 11499: 11291: 11286: 11061: 11008: 10833: 10742: 10711: 10651: 10601: 10383: 10373: 9989: 9731: 8060: 7999: 7303:

National Memorial, a group sculpture constructed (1927–1941) on a conspicuous skyline in the

7252: 7077: 6990: 6822: 6582: 6344: 6336: 6256: 6006: 5971: 5949: 5864: 5728:

usually determined in alphabetical order (in whatever language the host determines, although

5215: 5055: 4960: 4924: 4789: 4552: 4231: 4169: 4069: 4018: 3979: 3483: 3154: 3112: 2903: 2852: 2831: 2801: 2459: 2411:

and cabinet. It could be argued that the strengthening of the Prince's powers, vis-a-vis the

2164: 2145:, so accountability does not operate in the same sense understood as a parliamentary system. 2043: 2024: 1936: 1841: 1706: 1690: 1402: 1018: 540: 373: 16540: 10963: 8099: 8079: 6729:). There have been cases of sovereignty granted by deliberate act, even when accompanied by 4525:

XI - upon the opening of the legislative session, send a government message and plan to the

3885: 3314:

has to approve senior executive branch and judicial appointments by a simple majority vote.

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The Constitution of Belgium, Coordinated text of 14 February 1994 (last updated 8 May 2007)

7554: 7381: 7343: 7158: 7099: 7032: 6939: 6558: 6393:

and served as dynastic heads of state, sometimes in addition to another title, such as the

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were effectively figureheads with real political power being exercised by the chief of the

2451: 2232: 1954: 1897: 1876: 1638: 1626: 1456: 1425: 1394: 1286: 1251: 1233: 1103: 991: 986: 650: 521: 511: 496: 423: 341: 219: 19321: 18213: 16923: 14129: 7962:, Protocol and Liaison Service, United Nations (8 April 2016). Retrieved on 15 April 2016. 6864: 3473:, to promote general officers and to appoint them to the offices held exclusively by them; 1301:, they are the executive leader with their powers deriving from their status of being the 8: 20196: 19162: 18999: 18839: 18649: 18540: 18509: 18474: 18464: 18449: 18394: 18359: 18344: 18329: 18319: 18299: 17774: 17599: 17465: 17425: 17330: 17290: 17020: 16867: 16770: 16319: 16180: 16175: 16155: 15946: 15934: 15873: 15863: 15783: 15695: 15690: 15650: 15608: 15547: 15537: 15532: 15517: 15507: 15457: 14887: 14765: 14655: 14510: 14490: 14446: 14441: 14336: 14191: 14067: 13836: 13824: 13781: 13391: 13349: 13303: 13217: 13157: 12898: 12514: 12339: 12213: 12150: 12135: 11822: 11767: 11604: 11594: 11579: 11569: 11534: 11464: 11379: 11349: 11296: 11013: 10767: 10762: 10661: 10656: 10423: 10378: 10337: 10242: 8728: 8575: 8433: 8342: 7633: 7499: 7474: 7067: 7013: 6900: 6892: 6730: 6562: 6318: 6010: 5975: 5945: 5908: 5900: 5888: 5842: 5408: 5381: 5181: 5131: 5003: 4740: 4667: 4502: 4396: 4311: 4106: 4102: 3987: 3932: 3916: 3893: 3777: 3594: 3573: 3521:

XVII - appoint members of the Council of the Republic, in accordance with article 89, VII

3452: 3358: 3330: 3244: 3204: 3137: 3087: 2172: 2160: 2148: 2118: 2082: 2050:

who is chosen by the president, but who nevertheless must be able to gain support in the

1977: 1860: 1772: 1686: 1650: 1574: 1526: 1414: 1267: 1141: 762: 672: 526: 428: 378: 316: 210: 17189: 9901: 8182: 5163:

He shall exercise the power to pardon individual offenders on behalf of the Federation.

1653:

and their cabinet, forcing it either to resign or seek a parliamentary dissolution. The

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with limited power, the symbolic role of a head of state is now generally performed by

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and other cabinet ministers, key judicial figures; and all major office holders in the

3268: 3162: 3091: 2860: 2765: 2761: 2750: 2696: 2630: 2455: 2447: 2407:, constitutional powers that included a veto over legislation and power to dismiss the 2291: 2124:

Note: The head of state in a "presidential" system may not actually hold the title of "

1946: 1916: 1815: 1694: 1642: 1467: 1275: 1244: 1181: 1108: 1098: 1023: 951: 924: 800: 393: 201: 183: 62: 19209: 19027: 16785: 16550: 10205: 9599:, Port Moresby: World Intellectual Property Organization, Part 5, Division 1, (1)(a), 8331: 7338:

A monarch may retain his style and certain prerogatives after abdication, as did King

6123:

in political and media discussion. To a lesser extent, uncertainty has been expressed

4863:

person is sacred; he cannot be censured or accused. The responsibility rests with his

3983: 3604: 2499:

head of state was the monarch of the United Kingdom, ruling directly or indirectly as

2113:, set the precedent for an executive head of state in republican systems of government 20294: 20212: 20008: 19634: 19594: 19181: 18494: 17955: 17629: 17360: 17325: 16974: 16688: 16135: 15883: 15557: 15482: 13934: 13914: 13859: 13411: 13366: 13342: 13325: 13222: 13207: 13172: 13122: 12790: 12753: 12684: 12635: 12509: 12238: 11949: 11747: 11737: 11700: 11574: 11559: 11434: 11404: 11374: 11369: 11344: 11281: 11276: 11266: 11137: 11086: 10973: 10968: 10691: 10327: 10312: 10180: 10153: 10127: 10105: 9919: 9770:"Seychelles Independence Constitution 1976 - Citizenship Rights in Africa Initiative" 9737: 9710: 9687: 9433: 9191: 9164: 9135: 9102: 8784: 8732: 8701: 8037: 7855: 7802: 7773: 7703: 7406: 7284: 7257: 7087: 7028: 6913: 6672: 6613: 6340: 6306: 6252: 6251:

or individual rulers have claimed the right to rule by divine authority, such as the

6115: 5920: 5872: 5724: 5656: 5652: 5644: 5536: 5527: 5484: 5011: 4971:

is the head of State. His person shall be inviolable and he must be respected by all.

4642: 4619: 4587: 4346: 4307:

in the United States of America, or the State of the Nation Address in South Africa.

4235: 3864: 3811:

b) shall hold negotiations and sign international treaties of the Russian Federation;

3646: 3586: 3487: 3461: 3398: 3299: 3208: 2881: 2787: 2488: 2279: 2208: 2106: 2020: 1872: 1837:. Within this general category, variants in terms of powers and functions may exist. 1739: 1309: 1255: 999: 864: 795: 469: 331: 326: 287: 260: 237: 19524: 17066: 9622: 8845: 7008:

descendants of the dynasty's founder. Rules of succession may be further limited by

5963: 4211:

in normal peacetime (article 65a), and that command authority is transferred to the

3503:

XV - appoint, with due regard for the provisions of article 73, the Justices of the

2194: 20226: 19782: 19664: 19484: 19307: 17960: 17857: 17594: 17335: 16979: 16969: 16959: 16928: 16918: 16576: 16015: 16010: 15974: 13994: 13841: 13809: 13786: 13622: 13376: 13337: 13298: 12800: 12655: 12344: 12324: 12258: 12228: 12203: 12165: 11944: 11763: 11727: 11645: 11469: 11239: 11184: 11147: 11122: 11112: 11046: 10998: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10898: 10893: 10586: 10332: 8643: 7843: 7765: 7641: 7296: 7166: 7150: 7130: 7057: 7048: 7005: 6757:

Under a theocracy, perceived divine status translated into earthly authority under

6702: 6621: 6578: 6521: 6378: 6128: 5817: 5673: 5660: 5473: 5441: 5422: 5006:

shall take measures required by these circumstances, after formally consulting the

4744: 4529:, describing the state of the nation and requesting the actions he deems necessary; 3951: 3479: 3303: 3027: 2839: 2754: 2650: 2500: 2357: 1892: 1880: 1811: 1734: 1634: 745: 501: 355: 192: 16984: 16719: 7421: 6690:. Decisions are made either by consensus or by a super majority vote (8 members). 6313:

was once sovereign pontiff and head of state, first, of the politically important

6173:

Other Commonwealth realms that are now constituted with a governor-general as the

4357:. If the Head of State is unable to attend, the Speaker declares the session open. 3564: 3010:

The Executive Power of the Nation shall be vested in a citizen with the title of "

2264:

Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets

1984:

made by the prime minister, and to pardon criminals or to commute their sentence.

20192: 20073: 19956: 19349: 19111: 19097: 18799: 18469: 17260: 16887: 16790: 16673: 16545: 14860: 14356: 14057: 14047: 14004: 13954: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13764: 13759: 13703: 13693: 13632: 13627: 13320: 13255: 13127: 12640: 12394: 12374: 12329: 12115: 11640: 11389: 11359: 11354: 11214: 11204: 11169: 11159: 11142: 10978: 10933: 10848: 10566: 10541: 10388: 10119: 10077: 10054: 10031: 10008: 9985: 9907: 9895: 9840: 9475: 9452: 9429: 9406: 9383: 9353: 9218: 9185: 9158: 9114: 8908: 8878: 8852: 8818: 8755: 8724: 8689: 8665: 8639: 8616: 8582: 8559: 8533: 8511: 8488: 8466: 8444: 8440: 8417: 8394: 8338: 8312: 8289: 8270: 8169: 8086: 8056: 8033: 7983: 7959: 7645: 7445: 7356:

escape and reseizure of power in France convinced his opponents, reconvening the

7198: 7154: 7126: 6798: 6594: 6503: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6244: 6026: 5879:"—to that of a constitutional monarch; parallel with the conceptual evolution of 5777: 5729: 5544: 5348: 5042: 4779:

No personal, or mixed, hereditary privileges may henceforth be granted to anyone.

4255: 4251: 3912: 3276: 2723: 2688: 2680: 2626: 2361: 2236: 2216: 1294: 1290: 1225: 1171: 823: 805: 630: 615: 224: 206: 133: 113: 19153: 16734: 9294: 8609: 7847: 7240:

Heads of state generally enjoy widest inviolability, although some states allow

6802: 6355: 5959:

in the event of the removal, disability or death of an incumbent head of state.

5547:

initially ruled as combined head of state and briefly head of government of the

4945:

3. Conviction implies removal from office and disqualification from re-election.

4195:

designate officials other than the head of state with command-in-chief powers.

3998:

whose offices are legally civilian, will frequently appear in military uniform.

3957:

In a constitutional monarchy or non-executive presidency, the head of state may

3871:

has been permitted to exercise them since 1947 and has done so since the 1970s.

1973:

to test its constitutionality, which are used under the president's discretion.

1957:

has with the Irish government is through a formal briefing session given by the

20252: 20171: 20106: 20047: 19982: 19943: 19937: 19293: 19050: 18963: 18113: 17844: 17350: 17270: 17056: 16938: 16892: 16877: 16841: 16836: 16724: 16652: 16401: 15139: 15130: 14175: 14166: 14042: 14011: 13999: 13967: 13909: 13874: 13869: 13801: 13663: 13658: 13611: 13132: 13071: 13061: 13056: 12810: 12805: 12689: 12459: 12384: 12288: 12253: 11904: 11782: 11564: 11549: 11514: 11254: 11249: 11132: 11066: 10938: 10596: 10571: 10476: 10393: 10347: 9376: 7514: 7372: 7300: 7162: 7111: 7009: 6974: 6943: 6923: 6687: 6656: 6605: 6513: 6506:

in 2011, Dalai Lamas were both political and spiritual leaders ("god-king") of

6499: 6455: 6394: 6137: 6081: 5998: 5937: 5610: 5551:, styled as Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council. In 1977, the Libyan 5366: 5344: 5330: 5272:, but some have or have had other titles. Titles commonly used by monarchs are 4282:, however, in practice, these offices are held by the same person, who is also 3688: 3576: 3240: 3068: 2712: 2641:

as the "personal symbol of allegiance, unity and authority for all Canadians".

2492: 2473: 2248: 2074: 2067: 1966: 1788: 1471: 1410: 1221: 961: 946: 941: 894: 701: 620: 574: 516: 197: 104: 17061: 17025: 16933: 16913: 6569:, in which two rulers is the constitutional norm, may be distinguished from a 6140:, they are accorded the status of head of state in addition to the sovereign. 4429:

in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal law;

4019:

Land and Naval Militia, and of all Naval and Military Forces, of and in Canada

2625:

One of the most important roles of the modern head of state is being a living

20278: 20119: 20086: 19859: 17420: 16882: 16816: 16795: 16780: 16683: 16637: 16591: 14052: 13977: 13929: 13754: 13713: 13708: 13688: 13678: 12831: 12298: 12090: 12020: 11924: 11429: 11194: 11189: 10611: 10469: 10428: 10080:, (25701/94 | Judgment (Merits) | Court (Grand Chamber) | 23 November 2000), 7594: 7544: 7454: 7218: 7106:. The Pope, head of state of Vatican City, is chosen by previously appointed 7095: 6919: 6849: 6359: 6286: 6221: 5846: 5793: 5734: 5619: 5277: 5237: 5070: 4984: 4968: 4564: 4177: 3272: 2684: 2665: 2496: 2469: 2400: 2326: 2199: 2180: 2138: 2005: 1904:

with no independent discretionary powers related to the governance of Japan.

1888: 1767:

would damage Belgium. (Leopold's decision proved highly controversial. After

1530: 625: 603: 578: 408: 233: 142: 19811: 10958: 10048:

THE FORMER KING CONSTANTINOS OF GREECE AND 8 MEMBERS OF HIS FAMILY v. GREECE

9291:"The Governor General - the evolution of Canada's oldest public institution" 5970:) or eliminated by a new "provisionary" regime, such as a collective of the 5780:

who compared Bodin's political theories unfavourably with those of Aristotle

5655:, essentially tribal-type but urbanised regions throughout the world in the 4109:. He shall preside over the higher national defence councils and committees. 3512:

XVI - appoint judges in the events established by this Constitution and the

2935:

shall be the Head of State and represent the State vis-à-vis foreign states.

2821:

appointed by the Sovereign is the Sovereign's representative in New Zealand.

2578: 1693:

acted of its own authority to name a new king and queen (the joint monarchs

1228:. The specific naming of the head of state depends on the country's form of 20067: 20054: 19878: 19460: 19265: 17015: 16821: 16775: 16535: 14116: 14037: 13972: 13924: 13919: 13851: 13728: 13723: 12841: 12650: 12555: 12419: 12248: 12233: 11959: 11519: 11041: 11003: 10903: 10486: 10124:

Constitutional Conventions and the Headship of State: Australian Experience

7489: 7459: 7365: 7352: 7308: 7206: 7194: 7001: 6904: 6636: 6609: 6517: 6435: 6420: 6322: 6314: 6272: 6225: 6022: 5666: 5401: 5317: 4323: 4317: 3968: 3947: 3901: 3680: 3658: 3650: 3597: 3295: 2704: 2692: 2610: 2591: 2431: 2388: 2091: 1993: 1864: 1768: 1448: 1421: 1302: 388: 11855: 8089:, Office of the Attorney General (December 2013). Retrieved 3 August 2014. 7725:"Whose Europe? National Models and the Constitution of the European Union" 7331:

Former presidents of the United States, while holding no political powers

6993:

and all persons who have married Roman Catholics are ineligible to be the

6749:, who by testament left his realm to Rome to avoid a disastrous conquest. 5601:

the military leader after the coup of 25 January 1971 was formally styled

4238:

as a collective body. The authority of the Government is exercised by the

4050:. These forces may not be increased or reduced without the consent of the 2454:

but is also, in addition, recognised as the head of state. The offices of

54:

This article is about the type of political position. For other uses, see

20232: 20182: 20112: 20080: 19995: 19917: 19891: 19492: 19246: 19013: 16964: 16831: 16611: 16601: 16586: 13889: 13864: 13698: 13648: 12815: 12748: 12565: 12484: 12268: 12243: 12193: 12105: 12065: 12060: 12040: 12035: 12025: 12010: 12005: 11751: 11260: 11056: 10948: 10943: 10863: 10454: 10438: 10104:. Oxford International Law Library. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 8355: 7769: 7549: 7539: 7304: 7241: 7234: 7017: 6958: 6778: 6738: 6574: 6099: 5880: 5680: 5531: 5504: 5480: 5202: 5074: 4607: 3991: 3684: 2676: 2443: 2314: 2302: 2298: 2203: 2129: 1702: 1646: 1538: 1429: 692: 657: 560: 548: 413: 242: 175: 151: 84: 10101:

The Position of Heads of State and Senior Officials in International Law

9187:

Law, policy and international justice: essays in honour of Maxwell Cohen

8469:, New Zealand Parliamentary Counsel Office. Retrieved on 28 August 2013. 7439: 4893:(2) President of the Republic may be prosecuted for high treason at the 4606:

A head of state is often empowered to summon and dissolve the country's

3526:

XXV - fill and abolish federal government positions, as set forth by law

2745:

As such invitations may be very numerous, such duties are often in part

2325:

was simultaneously declared "the highest post of the state", not unlike

818: 19930: 19218: 19083: 19069: 19055: 18913:

1. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition.

14062: 13944: 13884: 13673: 13031: 12570: 12499: 12389: 12308: 12293: 12273: 12085: 12055: 12045: 12015: 11890: 11306: 11244: 11163: 10403: 10368: 9729: 9706:

Ideology, Politics, and Government in the Soviet Union: An Introduction

8205: 7494: 7335:, sometimes continue to exert influence in national and world affairs. 7230: 7142: 6841: 6786: 6758: 6698: 6598: 6487: 6451: 6331: 6276: 6002: 5868: 5833: 5715:. Great Britain would later claim a break of the old principle for the 5684: 5553: 5453: 5449: 5437: 5415: 5289: 4705: 4591: 4426: 3634: 3536:

Some countries have alternative provisions for senior appointments: In

3035:

systems in which the head of state is notional chief executive include

2907: 2746: 2614: 2587: 2349: 2086: 1901: 1868: 1615:

Presidential republics, one-party states, and other forms of government

1398: 1362: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1240: 1237: 1229: 1065: 1053: 931: 914: 782: 772: 767: 506: 368: 19416: 18958: 9799: 3994:. In these and in revolutionary regimes, the head of state, and often 3286:

In practice, these decisions are often a formality. The last time the

2791:

functions expressly conferred on him by the Constitution and the laws.

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A head of state can be empowered to designate his successor, such as

6935: 6927: 6770: 6570: 6529: 6398: 6264: 6061: 5426: 5334: 5143: 4646: 4219:

is invoked (article 115b): something which has never happened so far.

3613: 3402: 3322: 3036: 2220: 1958: 1664: 1570: 1534: 1519: 667: 565: 448: 403: 383: 166: 75: 9285: 9261:

Letters Patent Constituting the Office of Governor General of Canada

7360:

in 1815, to revoke his gratuitous privileges and send him to die in

6817:

Individual heads of state may acquire their position by virtue of a

6155:

the interests of Canada and implicated no one else in my decision."

5962:

In exceptional situations, such as war, occupation, revolution or a

5824:) as a generic term for the ruler, similar to contemporary usage of 5322: 5031:

shall not be dissolved during the exercise of such emergency powers.

4242:

on behalf of the Government, and subordinate to the minister is the

2520: 1797: 1337: 20222: 20021: 19316: 19302: 19274: 19008: 16954: 16949: 16857: 16852: 16709: 16704: 12738: 12494: 12349: 12283: 12208: 12175: 12075: 11964: 11886: 11802: 11685: 11675: 11494: 10993: 10265: 7288: 7272: 7268: 7178: 7103: 7024: 6982: 6806: 6746: 6483: 6475: 6467: 6443: 6403: 6386: 6294: 6102:. In the realms other than the United Kingdom, a governor-general ( 5967: 5916: 5829: 5692: 5598: 5570: 5493:

Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly

5352: 5265: 4649:

who has ceased to retain the support of a majority in Dáil Éireann.

4051: 3963: 3031: 2669: 2645: 2384: 2275: 2152: 2063: 2001: 1997: 1746: 1669: 1441: 1437: 1086: 1074: 1043: 790: 750: 433: 418: 398: 267: 188: 93: 16083: 13580: 7953:

HEADS OF STATE, HEADS OF GOVERNMENT, MINISTERS FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS

5699:

In medieval Catholic Europe, it was universally accepted that the

3086:

Subject to the limitations laid down in this Constitution Act the

19963: 19288: 19148: 19120: 19092: 19078: 19064: 19022: 18994: 18980: 17000: 16995: 16755: 16750: 16571: 16566: 15401: 14027: 13081: 12780: 12545: 12504: 12449: 12424: 12278: 12100: 12000: 11695: 11650: 11625: 11179: 10888: 10506: 10459: 10398: 10322: 10276: 9844: 9456: 9410: 9071: 9035: 8229: 6966: 6908: 6782: 6742: 6726: 6668: 6664: 6617: 6566: 6557:

Sometimes multiple individuals are co-equal heads of state, or a

6471: 6446:, a unique dynasty of temporal/religious leadership, leading the 6260: 6248: 5982: 5912: 5837:, originally published in 1532: in fact that particular literary 5373: 5285: 5281: 4200: 3958: 3626: 3553: 3048: 3040: 1981: 1928: 1754: 1479: 1433: 1217: 956: 889: 705: 363: 10002:

Selected Guest List for the Wedding Service at Westminster Abbey

9627:, Funafuti: Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute, 48(1), 8527:

CONSTITUTION OF THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC: SEVENTH REVISION (2005)

6389:. Various political Muslim leaders since have styled themselves 5691:, titles meaning "lieutenant" or "governor", originally for the 2274:(1956–1966). This position may or may not have been held by the 2016: 20093: 20041: 20028: 19950: 19911: 19898: 19344: 19260: 19190: 19134: 19106: 19036: 16811: 16806: 16627: 16622: 12785: 12620: 12575: 11914: 11909: 11777: 11690: 10953: 10853: 10496: 10352: 10057:, (25701/94 | DECISION | COMMISSION (Plenary) | 21 April 1998) 8693: 8586: 7398: 7264: 7174: 6962: 6950: 6762: 6660: 6629: 6625: 6536: 6447: 6382: 6268: 6259:. Some monarchs even claimed divine ancestry, such as Egyptian 6132: 6052: 6030: 5979: 5941: 5860: 5812: 5594: 5448:

is now the head of state. Although the presidency is a largely

5301: 5293: 5113: 4223: 3856: 3702:

His Majesty the King of X and His Excellency the President of Y

3638: 3537: 3326: 3256: 3248: 3060: 3044: 2465: 2424: 2284:

First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party

1976:

The most extreme non-executive republican head of state is the

1908: 1879:. The constitution explicitly vests all executive power in the 1673: 1515: 1511: 1498: 1490: 755: 697: 595: 9160:

Treaty-making and Australia: globalization versus sovereignty?

8777:

Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil: 3rd Edition

6632:

there were two hereditary kings, belonging to two dynasties.

6454:

in Central and South Asia, once ranking among British India's

4399:

shall sign every Law, other than a Law relating to its powers.

2179:; this is generally attributed to the strong influence of the 20015: 20002: 19976: 19924: 19330: 19232: 19176: 16668: 16663: 11842: 10234: 7361: 6683: 6525: 6507: 6416: 5838: 5640: 5523: 5313: 4747:, without ever having the power to attach privileges to them. 4263: 3973:

primacy of (civilian, elected) politics over the armed forces

3936: 3806:

a) shall direct the foreign policy of the Russian Federation;

3252: 3064: 3056: 3052: 2462:

are similar in this respect to the South African presidency.

2337: 2330: 1600:

Republics with an executive president elected by a parliament

1494: 1475: 1048: 19567: 4674:

and the Presidents of the Houses of Parliament, declare the

3026:

In the majority of states, whether republics or monarchies,

18364: 18243: 16908: 16903: 14159: 13769: 11660: 10501: 10491: 10481: 10464: 7347: 6766: 6412: 6408: 6310: 6237: 5700: 5297: 5273: 5020:

He shall address the Nation and inform it of such measures.

4601: 4246:

who holds the highest level of command within the military.

3612:, written in French, for the Czechoslovakian Ambassador to 2661: 2654: 2319:

President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly

2251:. In the Soviet Union this position carried such titles as 2062:, a Socialist, for example, was forced to cohabit with the 9834:

Swedish Act of Succession (English Translation as of 2012)

8264:

Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein (LR 101)

7882:"Belgian King, Unable to Sign Abortion Law, Takes Day Off" 5614:

was used in Kashmir after its accession to India, and the

2297:

This may even lead to an institutional variability, as in

19846: 17219: 12581: 9596:

Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea

9583:

Constitution, s 2; Australia Act 1986 (Cth and UK), s 7.

7722: 6825:

states that once the constitution enters into force, the

3111:

The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the

20166: 19411: 17915: 15119: 9702: 9229:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press: 337. 8225:"China sets stage for Xi to stay in office indefinitely" 6542: 5948:

when they are abroad or unavailable. Neither of the two

5268:, the head of state nowadays usually bears the title of 3645:(or rarer equivalent diplomatic mission chiefs, such as 3342:

to resign on their own initiative when called to do so.

3161:

The executive power of the union shall be vested in the

7648:

for the great powers to have a fresh look at the issue.

7027:, which is semi-elective and gives weight to merit and 6561:

embodies the functions of head of state. In some cases

6478:, ruling "in the name of" the patron god(ess), such as 6285:('divine') was conferred (notably posthumously) on the 2863:

is the Head of the State and represents national unity.

2253:

Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR

1289:, the head of state is also the head of government. In 10071:

CASE OF THE FORMER KING OF GREECE AND OTHERS v. GREECE

7299:

from 1876. Another, twentieth century, example is the

6678:

A modern example of a collective head of state is the

6114:), as a representative and to exercise almost all the 5703:

ranked first among all rulers and was followed by the

5359:

and installed Yusof bin Ishak as its first president.

4931:

for crimes committed in the exercise of his functions.

2476:, was nominally a presidential republic. However, the 6801:

holds that the nation—either the whole people or the

5883:

from merely the personal rule of a single person, to

5742:(in particular, articles 13, 16.1 and Appendix iii). 5732:

has for much of the 19th and 20th centuries been the

5626:" in 1994. In 2008, the same office was restyled as " 5184:

is vested with the power to grant individual pardons.

4480:, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the 4118:

According to Chapter 4, Article 87, Section 1 of the

4021:, is hereby declared to continue to be vested in the 3629:

is generally understood to be the head of state. The

18916:

2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member.

9686:

Kerr, John (1978), Matters for Judgment, Macmillan,

8897: 8895: 8893: 8891: 8659:

My Constitutional Act with explanations, 9th edition

8317:

Embassy of the Republic of Botswana in Washington DC

8294:

Department of Justice and Constitutional Development

8125: 7435: 6938:– a senior king and a junior king. Examples include 6624:

there were two supreme magistrates, styled kings or

5757:

Title page of 1550 Italian edition of Machiavelli's

5513:

Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of North Korea

5431:

Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

5134:

can grant pardons and amnesties. He may only pardon

3846:

Standing Committee of the National People's Congress

2375: 2008:

in Parliament, avoid motions of no confidence, etc.

10211:

Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law

9439: 8172:, EXECUTIVE: THE PRESIDENT OF THE CHINESE REPUBLIC. 7326: 6969:in 1991) have since followed suit. Similar reforms 6524:theocracy from 1585, using various styles, such as 6385:were spiritual and temporal absolute successors of 5723:, when it was decided (due to the abolition of the 5633: 5337:gained self-government, it adopted the Malay style 4353:declares the session open at the invitation of the 3195:Title IV, Chapter II, Section I, Article 76 of the 10168: 9393: 9004: 9002: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8801: 8799: 8797: 8283:Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 7213:ended with a compromise: a Parthian prince of the 5974:type, or removed by an occupying force, such as a 5593:(French for "head of state") until 5 May 1960. In 5041:, sixty Members of the National Assembly or sixty 3498:and other civil servants, when established by law; 3262: 1316:(1958), said that the head of state should embody 13092:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister 8888: 7632:On the occasion of a royal marriage in 1760, the 7110:under 80 years of age from among themselves in a 6868:Absolute cognatic primogeniture diagram. Legend: 6840:under it. An extreme example of this approach is 6516:, the former homeland of the imperial dynasty of 5988: 5083:be extended unless approved by Al-Shoura Council. 4828:Example 1 (parliamentary non-executive monarchy): 4627:Example 1 (parliamentary non-executive republic): 4368:Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein 4332:Example 1 (non-executive parliamentary monarchy): 3713:Constitution of the Principality of Liechtenstein 3383:Example 2 (parliamentary non-executive republic): 2828:Example 3 (parliamentary non-executive monarchy): 20276: 18919:3. Not recognised by any United Nations members. 9864: 9862: 9730:F. J. Ferdinand Joseph Maria Feldbrugge (1987). 9555: 9553: 9493:"PLO body elects Abbas 'President of Palestine'" 8923: 8921: 8605: 8603: 8601: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8259: 8257: 8255: 8210:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party 7173:, or Chief of State, and established himself as 7023:Other hereditary systems of succession included 6143:An example of a governor-general departing from 5930: 5577:, a former French colony), the first president, 5509:General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea 5212:Example 5 (presidential parliamentary republic): 4284:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party 2354:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party 2094:as Chancellor without consulting the Reichstag. 1729:For example, under the 1848 constitution of the 1278:, has both heads of state and government as the 16237: 16098: 9446:Basic Law of Israel: The President of the State 9190:, Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press, p. 112, 9109:(October 2010). Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 8999: 8915:, United Nations. Retrieved on 15 October 2012. 8794: 7574:List of heads of state by diplomatic precedence 7465:Air transports of heads of state and government 7401:opposes the right of their deposed monarch and 7375:for the rest of their lives. Hence, even after 5711:and was later maintained by his country at the 5534:, given the comparative ambiguity of the title 4130:shall be the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the 3002:Section 87 (Second Division, Chapter 1) of the 2679:, and the programme may feature playing of the 2257:Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 1852: 1655:executive branch is thus said to be responsible 16084:Heads of state and government of North America 10171:A Dictionary of Modern Politics: Third Edition 8902:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1961 8548: 8546: 8455: 8453: 8424:(August 2016). Retrieved on 13 September 2016. 7145:. This is not the same as the use of force to 6152:refused the head of government's formal advice 5540:and the nature of the head of state's office. 5392:" meaning "commander or martial figurehead", " 4722: 4641:may in absolute discretion refuse to dissolve 4321:. Some monarchical states call this procedure 3834:Constitution of the People's Republic of China 3174:Under Chapter 4, Article 80, Section 3 of the 3136:The executive power shall be exercised by the 2691:, official exchange of gifts, and attending a 2427:closer to the French semi-presidential model. 2301:, where, after the presidency of party leader 2151:are a notable feature of constitutions in the 1846: 20152: 19841: 19827: 19553: 19397: 18944: 18229: 17901: 17205: 16385: 16069: 15402:Heads of state and government of the Americas 15387: 15105: 14145: 13596: 13017: 12943:Autonomous types of first-tier administration 11871: 10250: 9859: 9550: 9538: 9526: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9510: 9103:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany 8957: 8945: 8933: 8918: 8885:(August 2012). Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 8672:(August 2012). Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 8592: 8576:The Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania 8411:Olympic Charter: in force as of 2 August 2016 8252: 7948: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7938: 7619:, rather than to offices such as that of the 7569:List of current heads of state and government 5155:According to Chapter V, Article 60(2) of the 4822:Immunity from prosecution (international law) 4439:d) shall submit draft laws to the State Duma; 3950:, holding the highest office in all military 1189: 841: 16029:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 15711:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 14121: 9709:. University Press of America. p. 165. 9648: 9620: 9592: 9293:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from 9163:. Annandale: Federation Press. p. 254. 8823:National Archives and Records Administration 8477: 8475: 8276: 8163:Krishna Kanta Handique State Open University 8022: 8020: 8018: 8016: 7667: 7665: 7141:A head of state may seize power by force or 7051:directly elects their head of state, by type 6997:and are skipped in the order of succession. 6695:National Government of the Republic of China 6616:there were nine supreme magistrates, styled 5588: 5582: 5157:Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany 4936:2. Proceedings may only be initiated by the 4658:Title II, Article 12, first sentence of the 4374:Every law shall require the sanction of the 4230:states that the ultimate authority over the 3748:Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany 3696:intergovernmental format, e.g., between the 3101:Example 2 (parliamentary absentee monarchy): 2798:Example 2 (parliamentary absentee monarchy): 2633:is described by the government as being the 2387:, Emperor of India, and Empress Mary at the 2011: 1965:. The president does, however, hold limited 1935:and terminates their commission following a 1887:(articles 65 and 66) and responsible to the 1629:the head of state may be merely the nominal 1318: 11885: 9736:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 23. 8977:"Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations" 8543: 8522: 8520: 8450: 7417:, but lost with respect to the name issue. 6859: 6769:priesthood reversed the reforms of Pharaoh 6280: 6216: 6043:Governor-general § Modern Commonwealth 5746:European writers of 16th and 17th centuries 5466:Chairman of the Central Military Commission 5446:President of the People's Republic of China 5316:and combined head of state and government, 4276:Chairman of the Central Military Commission 4068:Chapter II, Article 87, 4th section of the 3859:, these head of state powers belong to the 3842:President of the People's Republic of China 3620:and addressed to his Lithuanian counterpart 2364:. The presidency is officially regarded as 2323:chairman of the National Defense Commission 2187:served as an inspiration and model for the 1752: 1744: 1557:the powers and duties are performed by the 15: 20159: 20145: 19834: 19820: 19560: 19546: 19404: 19390: 18951: 18937: 18236: 18222: 17908: 17894: 17212: 17198: 16392: 16378: 16076: 16062: 15394: 15380: 15112: 15098: 14152: 14138: 13603: 13589: 13138:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary 13024: 13010: 11878: 11864: 10257: 10243: 9565: 9507: 9223:The Canadian Yearbook of International Law 9097: 9095: 9093: 8867: 8865: 8654: 8652: 8183:"A simple guide to the Chinese government" 8075: 8073: 8071: 8069: 7935: 7689: 5561:leader as "Guide of the Revolution" until 4614:, this is often done on the advice of the 4444:e) shall sign and promulgate federal laws; 4408:According to Chapter 4, Article 84 of the 3816:c) shall sign instruments of ratification; 3675:The head of state is often designated the 3367:offers its resignation to the King if the 3105:Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act 2975:Chapter 4, Article 80, Section 1-2 of the 2446:) and is thus similar, in principle, to a 2278:Soviet leader at the moment. For example, 1594:World's parliamentary states (as of 2024): 1196: 1182: 848: 834: 16: 9827: 9416: 9342: 9340: 9338: 9254: 8841: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8833: 8831: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8675: 8626: 8553:THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA 8472: 8013: 7794: 7662: 7579:List of longest reigning current monarchs 7136: 6805:—gives a mandate, through acclamation or 6593:with members from three nations; the two 6411:as head of state, such as in what is now 6001:had less government co-ordination than a 5740:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 5622:, was styled the first "President of the 5501:President of the State Affairs Commission 4788:Title II, Article 87, 8th section of the 3967:monarch's consort and other members of a 3631:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 3494:, the President and the Directors of the 3302:on the advice of outgoing Prime Minister 3230:President of the United States of America 3228:The executive Power shall be vested in a 2923:Chapter IV, Section 1, Article 66 of the 2561:Learn how and when to remove this message 1867:and was intended to replace the previous 1378:Learn how and when to remove this message 19568:Heads of state and government of Oceania 10118: 9372: 9370: 9368: 9366: 9287:Office of the Governor General of Canada 9250: 9248: 9219:"Canadian Practice in International Law" 9216: 9183: 9132:Chinese Government's Official Web portal 9062:"Treaty on European Union (92/C 191/01)" 8517: 8348: 8327: 8325: 8299: 8126:Chris Buckley; Adam Wu (10 March 2018). 8112:Lifetime portrait (1796), known as the " 7972: 7970: 7968: 7346:transformed the Italian principality of 7251: 7247: 7188: 7181:was one of several who named themselves 7042: 6907:tracing its origin through a historical 6863: 6752: 6354: 6220: 5458:General Secretary of the Communist Party 5444:. This situation was later changed: the 5386:Presiden Seumur Hidup Panglima Tertinggi 4915:Title II, Chapter I, Article 130 of the 4832:Swedish Instrument of Government of 1974 4602:Summoning and dissolving the legislature 3982:, or governments which have arisen from 3907: 3884: 3789:Chapter 4, Article 86, Section 4 of the 3603: 3581: 3563: 3548:has the role of formally appointing the 3203:The Executive Power is exercised by the 3128:According to Article 26 (2) of the 1975 2894:Title II, Chapter I, Article 120 of the 2379: 2282:never headed the Supreme Soviet but was 2101: 2015: 1875:system with a form of liberal democracy 1806:Two contemporary heads of state who are 1663: 1589: 1389: 1327: 1299:General Secretary of the Communist Party 24:This is an accepted version of this page 18244:Heads of state and government of Europe 14160:Heads of state and government of Africa 10175:. London: Europa Publications. p. 9795: 9793: 9090: 8862: 8649: 8066: 7723:Nicolaidis and Weatherill, ed. (2003). 7695: 7640:, tried to maintain that the host, the 6482:(servant of Vishnu) in the case of the 6343:, the reigning monarch holds the title 6175:viceregal representative of Charles III 5719:in 1718. However, it was not until the 5170:Example 3 (semi-presidential republic): 4991:Example 1 (semi-presidential republic): 4913:Example 4 (semi-presidential republic): 4685:Example 3 (semi-presidential republic): 4656:Example 2 (semi-presidential republic): 4586:indefinitely (generally in states with 4472:Every Bill which shall have passed the 4406:Example 4 (semi-presidential republic): 4116:Example 5 (semi-presidential republic): 4091:Example 4 (semi-presidential republic): 3787:Example 4 (semi-presidential republic): 3766:Example 3 (semi-presidential republic): 3698:Government of X and the Government of Y 3412:Example 3 (semi-presidential republic): 3172:Example 5 (semi-presidential republic): 2973:Example 9 (semi-presidential republic): 2947:Example 8 (semi-presidential republic): 2892:Example 6 (semi-presidential republic): 2468:, during the military dictatorships of 1585: 1305:, rather than the office of president. 14: 20277: 17177: 17174: 17171: 16425: 16422: 16419: 10292:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 10015:(2011). Retrieved on 12 November 2012. 9335: 9268:from the original on 24 September 2015 9156: 9067:Official Journal of the European Union 9027:Official Journal of the European Union 8828: 8765: 8711: 8610:Constitution of the Russian Federation 7862: 7755: 6721:Power can come from force, but formal 6647:(between 1938 and 1989) served as the 6608:there were two heads of state, styled 6502:until the political retirement of the 6158:Another example occurred when, in the 6036: 5499:role of head of state lies within the 5012:Presidents of the Houses of Parliament 4689:Constitution of the Russian Federation 4410:Constitution of the Russian Federation 4254:are under the absolute control of the 4132:Armed Forces of the Russian Federation 3486:and those of the superior courts, the 2541:Please improve this section by adding 2226: 2097: 1778: 20140: 19815: 19541: 19385: 18932: 18217: 17889: 17220:Heads of state and government of Asia 17193: 17074: 16414: 16373: 16057: 15375: 15093: 14133: 14120: 13584: 13005: 11859: 11846: 10522: 10238: 9750:from the original on 22 December 2018 9363: 9264:, Ottawa: King's Printer for Canada, 9245: 8742: 8322: 8237:from the original on 26 February 2018 7965: 6891:The position of a monarch is usually 6792: 6741:revolts. This occurred with the last 6716: 6543:Multiple or collective heads of state 6160:1975 Australian constitutional crisis 5487:" four years after his death and the 4802:honorary distinctions of the Republic 4717: 3478:XIV - appoint, after approval by the 3416:Constitution of the Republic of Korea 3361:appoints and dismisses his ministers. 3281:commissioned officers in the military 2925:Constitution of the Republic of Korea 2635:personification of the Canadian state 2613:of a president of a republic, or the 2505:Viceroy and Governor-General of India 2023:, President and head of state of the 1440:; or the president, in the case of a 967:President of the Council of Ministers 163:, from left to right, top to bottom: 18161:Dutch East Indies (Governor-General) 17916:Leaders of Southeast Asian countries 14093: 9960:from the original on 7 February 2015 9930:from the original on 8 February 2015 9876:from the original on 9 February 2015 9790: 8633:CONSTITUTION OF THE ARGENTINE NATION 8621:Government of the Russian Federation 8482:Constitution of the Italian Republic 7833: 6591:Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina 6585:, where each member acts in turn as 6321:, the pope remains head of state of 6086:Governor-General of Papua New Guinea 6027:its short-lived Hashemite federation 4290: 3683:, when necessary, may rest with the 3288:prime minister of the United Kingdom 3103:Under Chapter II, Section 61 of the 2660:Other common representations are on 2514: 2491:(1920–1946) and the founding of the 2403:in 2003 gave its head of state, the 2288:Chairman of the Council of Ministers 1810:, but with no political power: King 1360:adding citations to reliable sources 1331: 13610: 13097:Speaker / President of the assembly 10214:. Oxford International Public Law. 10059:European Commission of Human Rights 9898:Jubilee Monument for Queen Victoria 9631:from the original on 28 August 2015 8296:(2009). Retrieved on 3 August 2014. 8273:(2009). Retrieved on 3 August 2014. 7702:. Routledge. pp. 154–56, 163. 7415:European Convention on Human Rights 6230:sovereign of the Vatican City State 5628:President of the State of Palestine 5153:Example 2 (parliamentary republic): 5120:Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy): 4874:Example 3 (parliamentary republic): 4849:Example 2 (parliamentary monarchy): 4786:Example 3 (parliamentary republic): 4754:Example 2 (parliamentary monarchy): 4729:Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy): 4697:President of the Russian Federation 4425:a) shall announce elections to the 4418:President of the Russian Federation 4385:Example 3 (parliamentary republic): 4364:Example 2 (parliamentary monarchy): 4155:shall be Commander in Chief of the 4128:President of the Russian Federation 4105:shall be Commander-in-Chief of the 4066:Example 3 (parliamentary republic): 4032:Example 2 (parliamentary monarchy): 4003:Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy): 3927:, reviewing troops during the 2008 3799:President of the Russian Federation 3744:Example 2 (parliamentary republic): 3709:Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy): 3469:XIII -...appoint the commanders of 3347:Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy): 3184:President of the Russian Federation 3153:According to Article 53 (1) of the 3151:Example 4 (parliamentary republic): 3126:Example 3 (parliamentary republic): 3076:Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy): 3000:Example 10 (presidential republic): 2985:President of the Russian Federation 2870:Example 5 (parliamentary republic): 2849:Example 4 (parliamentary republic): 2776:Example 1 (parliamentary monarchy): 2421:1974 Hellenic Republic constitution 2321:, while the party leader's post as 2241:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 2189:Latin American wars of independence 1992:Some parliamentary republics (like 51:Public persona of a sovereign state 48: 13185:International development minister 10287:List of current sovereign monarchs 9920:"Mount Rushmore National Memorial" 9668:from the original on 16 April 2016 9499:, 24 November 2008, archived from 9469:Constitution of the Czech Republic 9377:Constitution of the State of Qatar 9233:from the original on 12 April 2016 9042:from the original on 16 March 2013 8987:from the original on 15 March 2017 8369:from the original on 8 August 2014 8140:from the original on 12 March 2018 7892:from the original on 21 March 2017 7124:Lord Protector of the Commonwealth 6812: 6553:Category:Collective heads of state 6119:governor-general has occasionally 5955:There are also several methods of 5683:historically had officials called 5191:Example 4 (presidential republic): 5107: 5035:President of the National Assembly 4878:Constitution of the Czech Republic 4520:V - veto bills, wholly or in part; 4505:shall have the exclusive power to: 4491:Example 6 (presidential republic): 4462:Example 5 (presidential republic): 4141:Example 6 (presidential republic): 4048:land and naval forces of the Realm 3830:Example 5 (single party republic): 3559: 3455:shall have the exclusive power to: 3441:Example 4 (presidential republic): 3340:heads of the executive departments 3218:Example 7 (presidential republic): 3193:Example 6 (presidential republic): 2921:Example 7 (presidential republic): 1987: 1969:, such as referring a bill to the 1953:In contrast, the only contact the 1927:appoints (following a vote in the 49: 20316: 18820:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 18490:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 13560:Government ministers by portfolio 13316:Ministry of Education and Culture 10230: 9733:The distinctiveness of Soviet law 9703:John Alexander Armstrong (1978). 9400:Basic Law of Israel: The Military 8812:Constitution of the United States 7117: 6121:been referred to as head of state 5616:Palestine Liberation Organization 5362:In 1959 after the resignation of 5259: 5195:Constitution of the United States 5025:Parliament shall sit as of right. 4978: 4205:Basic Law of the Federal Republic 4180:is the Commander-in-Chief of the 4080:is the commander-in-chief of the 3290:was unilaterally selected by the 3021: 3012:President of the Argentine Nation 2810:Sovereign in right of New Zealand 2487:Historically, at the time of the 2430:Another complication exists with 2376:Complications with categorisation 1620: 996:Cabinet collective responsibility 905:President of the council of state 716:Biology and political orientation 247:President of the Marshall Islands 20118: 20105: 20092: 20079: 20066: 20053: 20040: 20027: 20014: 20001: 19988: 19975: 19962: 19949: 19936: 19923: 19910: 19897: 19884: 19871: 19858: 19364: 19343: 19329: 19315: 19301: 19287: 19273: 19259: 19245: 19231: 19217: 19203: 19189: 19175: 19161: 19147: 19133: 19119: 19105: 19091: 19077: 19063: 19049: 19035: 19021: 19007: 18993: 18979: 17035: 16994: 16948: 16902: 16851: 16805: 16749: 16703: 16662: 16621: 16565: 16524: 16345:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 16206:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15899:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15573:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15336:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14788:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 14561:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14469:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 14242:Democratic Republic of the Congo 14092: 14081: 14080: 13565: 13564: 13554: 13553: 10805:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 10084:. Retrieved on 12 November 2012. 10061:. Retrieved on 12 November 2012. 10038:. Retrieved on 12 November 2012. 9992:. Retrieved on 12 November 2012. 9603:from the original on 26 May 2015 9482:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 9459:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 9436:. Retrieved on 16 November 2012. 9413:. Retrieved on 11 November 2011. 9390:. Retrieved on 17 November 2012. 9360:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 8981:United Nations Treaty Collection 8883:Belgian House of Representatives 8859:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 8825:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 8791:. Retrieved on 13 November 2012. 8762:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 8739:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 8708:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 8646:. Retrieved on 16 November 2012. 8345:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 8319:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 8195:from the original on 13 May 2018 8010:. Retrieved on 11 November 2012. 7438: 7327:Personal influence or privileges 7177:for a vacant monarchy. Uganda's 6682:, the interim ruling council of 6211:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6060: 6051: 5785: 5765: 5750: 5634:Historical European perspectives 4310:Most countries require that all 3874: 3687:. The treaties constituting the 3572:, presenting his credentials to 3542:Instrument of Government of 1974 3492:Attorney-General of the Republic 2620: 2577: 2519: 2237:constitutionally socialist state 1796: 1787: 1573:'s constitutional document, the 1336: 817: 150: 141: 132: 121: 112: 103: 92: 83: 74: 20305:Air transport of heads of state 12888:Social and political philosophy 10282:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 10091: 10064: 10041: 10018: 9995: 9972: 9942: 9912: 9900:, image with dog to show scale. 9888: 9850: 9811: 9762: 9723: 9696: 9680: 9654: 9642: 9614: 9586: 9577: 9485: 9462: 9309: 9279: 9210: 9177: 9150: 9120: 9054: 9014: 8969: 8846:Constitution of October 4, 1958 8623:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012. 8569: 8566:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012. 8540:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012. 8538:Portuguese Constitutional Court 8498: 8495:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012. 8447:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012. 8427: 8422:International Olympic Committee 8404: 8401:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012. 8381: 8363:Department of Canadian Heritage 8217: 8175: 8156: 8119: 8106: 8092: 8063:. Retrieved on 1 November 2012. 8043: 8040:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012. 7993: 7990:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012. 7904: 7626: 7609: 7129:, who was succeeded by his son 7080:(ranked-choice majority voting) 6581:of the 1790s; the seven-member 6458:, continue to the present day. 6300: 5052:Example 2 (executive monarchy): 4957:Example 5 (executive monarchy): 4559:1. Any draft law passed by the 4166:Example 7 (executive monarchy): 4005:Article III, Section 15 of the 3568:Tekiso Hati, ambassador of the 3263:Appointment of senior officials 3078:According to Section 12 of the 2749:to such persons as a spouse, a 2728:International Olympic Committee 2639:Department of Canadian Heritage 2270:Bureau of the Central Committee 1835:His/Her Excellency's Government 1347:needs additional citations for 1312:, while developing the current 19728:Federated States of Micronesia 19610:Federated States of Micronesia 16556:Cristina Fernández de Kirchner 13233:Ministry of trade and industry 12724:Political history of the world 11847: 10264: 10196: 10166: 10082:European Court of Human Rights 9847:. Retrieved on 28 August 2013. 8927: 8668:, The Communications Section, 8589:. Retrieved on 2 November 2012 7874: 7868: 7827: 7788: 7749: 7716: 7677: 7413:for alleged violations of the 7411:European Court of Human Rights 7038: 7031:. In some monarchies, such as 6846:1976 Independence Constitution 5989:Shared head of multiple states 5925:German Revolution of 1918–1919 5624:Palestinian National Authority 5522:There is debate as to whether 5314:national socialist party chief 4482:President of the United States 3593:, presents his credentials to 2949:Chapter VI, Article 77 of the 2111:president of the United States 1409:Some academic writers discuss 1324:("the spirit of the nation"). 711:Theories of political behavior 337:Political history of the world 171:President of the United States 56:Head of state (disambiguation) 13: 1: 13880:Needle and syringe programmes 13734:Universal access to education 13387:Ministry of religious affairs 9662:"Kerr's Statement Of Reasons" 9022:"Treaty of Lisbon (OJ C 306)" 8749:Constitution of India, Part V 8564:Constitutional Court of Korea 7655: 7584:List of state leaders by year 7313:40th state of the Union, 1889 6884:Diagonal: cannot be displaced 6708: 5931:Interim and exceptional cases 5772:Bodin named on title page of 5288:, but also many other; e.g., 5193:Article II, Section 2 of the 4876:Chapter 3, Article 65 of the 4687:Chapter 4, article 84 of the 4143:Article II, Section 2 of the 4046:is Commander-in-Chief of the 3832:Section 2, Article 81 of the 3514:Advocate-General of the Union 2800:Article 2 of the New Zealand 2543:secondary or tertiary sources 1921:1809 Instrument of Government 1913:1974 Instrument of Government 1814:of Cambodia (left), and King 1577:, for example, specifies the 1549:the role is fulfilled by the 1236:; the head of state may be a 1163:Heads of state and government 726:Critique of political economy 16039:United States Virgin Islands 15721:United States Virgin Islands 12729:History of political thought 10297:List of monarchy referendums 10140: 9571: 9559: 9544: 9532: 9520: 9480:Prague Castle Administration 9317:"The Constitution Act, 1867" 9008: 8963: 8951: 8939: 8913:International Law Commission 8857:The French National Assembly 8027:The Instrument of Government 7988:Office of the Prime Minister 7209:between the two realms. The 7016:or even permission from the 6680:Sovereignty Council of Sudan 5978:(an early example being the 5411:, following the downfall of 5172:Title II, Article 17 of the 5054:Articles 69 & 70 of the 4993:Title II, Article 16 of the 4830:Chapter 5, Article 8 of the 4549:Example 7 (ruling monarchy): 4464:Article 1, Section 7 of the 4334:Chapter 1, Article 4 of the 4207:vests this authority in the 4093:Title II, Article 15 of the 4017:The Command-in-Chief of the 3929:Bastille Day military parade 3768:Title II, Article 14 of the 3488:Governors of the territories 3460:I - appoint and dismiss the 3414:Chapter 4, Section 2 of the 3397:shall, on the nomination of 3220:Article 2, Section 1 of the 2851:Title II, Article 87 of the 2780:Spanish Constitution of 1978 2644:In many countries, official 2243:(USSR) and its constitutive 2239:type inspired by the former 1831:His/Her Majesty's Government 1751:parliamentary system, but a 1555:British Overseas Territories 307:Outline of political science 7: 13963:Publicly funded health care 13402:Ministry of social security 13283:Ministry of water resources 13163:Ministry of foreign affairs 13032:Common types of government 10146:Satow's Diplomatic Practice 10097: 9777:citizenshiprightsafrica.org 9388:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 8760:Ministry of Law and Justice 8727:, Publications Department, 8008:Central Intelligence Agency 7848:10.1177/0268580903018001007 7762:digitalcommons.law.yale.edu 7683: 7671: 7431: 7403:former royal family members 7211:Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 6836:would automatically become 6533:Mongolian People's Republic 6528:. The establishment of the 6493: 6461: 6098:share a monarch, currently 5709:Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden 5214:Part XI, Article 80 of the 5174:French Constitution of 1958 4995:French Constitution of 1958 4811: 4723:Granting titles and honours 4660:French Constitution of 1958 4297:State Opening of Parliament 4095:French Constitution of 1958 3770:French Constitution of 1958 3670:minister of foreign affairs 3653:) through sending formal a 3618:President of Czechoslovakia 2987:shall be the Head of State. 2598:in her coronation portrait 2478:elected civilian presidents 2366:an institution of the state 1963:Department of the Taoiseach 1853: 1764:Leopold III of the Belgians 972:President of the government 10: 20321: 18176:Myanmar (State Counsellor) 18166:Indonesia (Prime Minister) 17060: 16978: 16917: 16835: 16794: 16610: 16534: 13435:Minister without portfolio 13397:Ministry of social affairs 13228:Ministry of infrastructure 10148:(Sixth ed.). Oxford: 8514:. Retrieved 3 August 2014. 8388:The Queen's role in Canada 7149:power, as is practised by 6848:'s Article 31 stated that 6546: 6293:element in establishing a 6076:Governor General of Canada 6040: 5841:it belongs to is known as 5581:, was at first not styled 5111: 5073:may, be a decree, declare 4982: 4815: 4670:may, after consulting the 4466:United States Constitution 4305:State of the Union address 4145:United States Constitution 3925:Chief of the Defence Staff 3878: 3552:, following a vote in the 3222:United States Constitution 3115:and is exercisable by the 2910:Commander-in-Chief of the 2874:Iraqi constitution of 2005 2438:is in fact elected by the 2370:National People's Congress 2331:People's Republic of China 2185:United States Constitution 2183:in the region, and as the 2116: 2030: 1891:(articles 67 and 69). The 1459:, with two subset models; 312:Index of politics articles 180:King of the United Kingdom 60: 53: 20178: 19853: 19781: 19700: 19691: 19663: 19582: 19573: 19423: 19359: 18973: 18909: 18889: 18858: 18590: 18579: 18559: 18528: 18260: 18249: 18200: 18140: 18112: 18014: 17921: 17876: 17843: 17809:limited recognized states 17808: 17545: 17534: 17500:limited recognized states 17499: 17236: 17225: 17070: 17065: 17055: 17050: 17045: 17029: 17024: 17019: 17014: 17009: 17004: 16988: 16983: 16973: 16968: 16963: 16958: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16927: 16922: 16912: 16896: 16891: 16886: 16881: 16876: 16871: 16866: 16861: 16845: 16840: 16830: 16825: 16820: 16815: 16799: 16789: 16784: 16779: 16774: 16769: 16764: 16759: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16697: 16692: 16687: 16682: 16677: 16672: 16656: 16651: 16648:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 16646: 16643:Fernando Henrique Cardoso 16641: 16636: 16631: 16615: 16605: 16600: 16597:Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada 16595: 16590: 16585: 16582:Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada 16580: 16575: 16559: 16554: 16549: 16544: 16539: 16409: 16228: 16089: 15932: 15744: 15733: 15606: 15418: 15407: 15301: 15279: 15138: 15129: 14808: 14779: 14498: 14489: 14460: 14174: 14165: 14127: 14076: 14020: 13988:National health insurance 13953: 13940:Supervised injection site 13850: 13800: 13747: 13641: 13618: 13549: 13486:Communications ministries 13443: 13427: 13291: 13246: 13198: 13146: 13110: 13044: 12972: 12965: 12824: 12766: 12714: 12707: 12675: 12668: 12608: 12601: 12536: 12527: 12410: 12403: 12317: 12186: 11973: 11935:National unity government 11897: 11853: 11709: 11618: 11332: 11095: 11029: 10841: 10832: 10728: 10710: 10642: 10557: 10515: 10447: 10361: 10305: 10272: 10167:Robertson, David (2002). 8416:19 September 2016 at the 8332:THE CONSTITUTION OF NAURU 7977:The Constitution of Japan 7917:"Constitution of Belgium" 7589:Records of heads of state 7256:The National Monument to 7169:adopted the formal title 6942:of England and the early 6897:constitutional monarchies 6827:Provisional Head of State 6149:Canada's governor general 6145:constitutional convention 5479:In North Korea, the late 5182:President of the Republic 5004:President of the Republic 4925:President of the Republic 4886:President of the Republic 4777:or the State Secretaries. 4668:President of the Republic 4563:shall be referred to the 4503:President of the Republic 4103:President of the Republic 3778:President of the Republic 3591:U.S. ambassador to Israel 3505:Federal Court of Accounts 3453:President of the Republic 3205:President of the Republic 3138:President of the Republic 3004:Constitution of Argentina 2959:President of the Republic 2951:Constitution of Lithuania 2904:President of the Republic 2882:President of the Republic 2861:President of the Republic 2705:national day celebrations 2482:Panamanian Defense Forces 2399:Constitutional change in 2259:; and in the case of the 2012:Semi-presidential systems 1847: 1682:constitutional monarchies 229:President of South Africa 17166: 17163: 17160: 17157: 17154: 17151: 17148: 17145: 17142: 17139: 17136: 17133: 17130: 17127: 17124: 17121: 17118: 17115: 17112: 17109: 17106: 17103: 17100: 17097: 17094: 17091: 17088: 17085: 17082: 17079: 16633:Fernando Collor de Mello 16517: 16514: 16511: 16508: 16505: 16502: 16499: 16496: 16493: 16490: 16487: 16484: 16481: 16478: 16475: 16472: 16469: 16466: 16463: 16460: 16457: 16454: 16451: 16448: 16445: 16442: 16439: 16436: 16433: 16430: 16034:Turks and Caicos Islands 15716:Turks and Caicos Islands 15321:Central African Republic 14546:Central African Republic 14227:Central African Republic 14122:Heads of state by region 13983:Single-payer health care 13792:Universal basic services 13739:Universal basic services 13481:Climate change ministers 13382:Ministry of home affairs 12365:Environmental regulation 12171:Representative democracy 10434:Self-proclaimed monarchy 10036:Government of Luxembourg 9217:Flemming, Brian (1965). 8872:The Belgian Constitution 8723:14 November 2017 at the 8510:28 November 2016 at the 8393:20 February 2009 at the 8306:Constitution of Botswana 8188:South China Morning Post 8100:"Constitution of Israel" 7982:14 December 2013 at the 7602: 7561: 7505:National day of mourning 7317:midwestern United States 6860:By hereditary succession 6649:collective head of state 6428:Islamic Republic of Iran 6401:Islamic states known as 6350: 6217:Religious heads of state 6019:Head of the Commonwealth 5957:head of state succession 5579:Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo 5470:Supreme Military Command 5236:(b) grant to a person a 4938:Assembly of the Republic 4929:Supreme Court of Justice 4917:Constitution of Portugal 4474:House of Representatives 4345:The formal opening of a 4272:People's Liberation Army 4250:The armed forces of the 3471:Navy, Army and Air Force 3430:with the consent of the 3369:House of Representatives 3294:was in 1963, when Queen 2896:Constitution of Portugal 2666:postage and other stamps 2637:and is described by the 2510: 2231:In certain states under 2213:parliamentary monarchies 2139:United States of America 2085:, was able to dismiss a 2033:Semi-presidential system 1883:, who is chaired by the 1508:semi-presidential system 1308:Former French president 1272:semi-presidential system 61:Not to be confused with 31:latest accepted revision 20285:Government institutions 19503:(Republic of the Congo) 18695:Holy See (Vatican City) 18365:Holy See (Vatican City) 18192:South Vietnam (leaders) 17976:Philippines (President) 17011:Julio María Sanguinetti 16679:Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle 14998:South African Republic 14847:Central African Empire 13684:Public good (economics) 13570:Ministries by portfolio 13541:Public works ministries 13273:Ministry of electricity 13213:Ministry of the economy 13087:Office of the president 12430:Uncodified constitution 11955:Administrative division 10702:Vatican City (Holy See) 10216:Oxford University Press 10150:Oxford University Press 10098:Foakes, Joanne (2014). 10076:31 January 2013 at the 10053:31 January 2013 at the 9839:8 February 2014 at the 9451:20 October 2017 at the 9428:1 February 2013 at the 9382:24 October 2004 at the 9356:, Information Service, 9157:Alston, Philip (1995). 8698:Government of Australia 8465:17 October 2013 at the 8337:1 February 2014 at the 8311:23 January 2013 at the 8080:Constitution of Ireland 7836:International Sociology 7530:Power behind the throne 7224: 6985:is affected; under the 6854:President of Seychelles 5905:consent of the governed 5885:Westphalian sovereignty 5721:1815 Congress of Vienna 5326:between 1934 and 1945. 5124:Constitution of Denmark 5039:President of the Senate 4733:Constitution of Belgium 4631:Constitution of Ireland 4629:Article 13.2.2. of the 4387:Section 11.a.1. of the 3668:, is accredited to the 3387:Constitution of Ireland 3351:Constitution of Belgium 3080:Constitution of Denmark 2961:shall be Head of State. 1859:was drawn up under the 1808:constitutional monarchs 1759:"presidential" system. 1631:chief executive officer 1605:Parliamentary republics 721:Political organisations 484:International relations 322:Politics by subdivision 20300:Positions of authority 19519:(United Arab Emirates) 18635:Bosnia and Herzegovina 18305:Bosnia and Herzegovina 17941:East Timor (President) 16761:Rodrigo Borja Cevallos 16730:Andrés Pastrana Arango 15361:South African Republic 13506:Environment ministries 13476:Agriculture ministries 13471:Presidents of assembly 13466:Deputy prime ministers 10984:Islands of Refreshment 10414:Legitimacy (political) 9624:Constitution of Tuvalu 9405:27 August 2014 at the 8907:17 August 2018 at the 8817:19 August 2011 at the 8754:24 August 2015 at the 8493:Senate of the Republic 8085:20 August 2015 at the 7958:25 August 2016 at the 7795:Belavusau, U. (2013). 7756:Gouvea, C. P. (2013). 7696:Kubicek, Paul (2015). 7340:Leopold III of Belgium 7261: 7137:By force or revolution 7082: 6987:Act of Settlement 1701 6955:1810 Act of Succession 6888: 6374: 6281: 6240: 6228:, from March 2013 the 5821: 5713:Congress of Westphalia 5603:military head of state 5589: 5587:but 'merely' known as 5583: 5462:Communist Party leader 5340:Yang di-Pertuan Negara 5016:Constitutional Council 4853:Constitution of Norway 4758:Constitution of Norway 4704:b) shall dissolve the 4495:Brazilian Constitution 4397:President of the State 4378:to attain legal force. 4301:Speech from the Throne 4244:chief of general staff 4191:Some countries with a 4120:Constitution of Russia 4036:Constitution of Norway 4011:Constitution of Canada 4007:Constitution Act, 1867 3980:military dictatorships 3939: 3905: 3791:Constitution of Russia 3746:Article 59 (1) of the 3737:to attain legal force. 3700:, rather than between 3677:high contracting party 3621: 3601: 3579: 3546:Speaker of the Riksdag 3482:, the Justices of the 3445:Constitution of Brazil 3385:Article 13.1.1 of the 3197:Constitution of Brazil 3176:Constitution of Russia 3130:Constitution of Greece 2977:Constitution of Russia 2778:Section 56 (1) of the 2530:relies excessively on 2392: 2342:country's constitution 2114: 2028: 1942:high contracting party 1925:speaker of the Riksdag 1753: 1745: 1676: 1661:to the head of state. 1617: 1561:. The same applies to 1417:in terms of "models". 1406: 1319: 1314:Constitution of France 17986:Singapore (President) 17946:Indonesia (President) 16715:Virgilio Barco Vargas 16335:Saint Kitts and Nevis 16196:Saint Kitts and Nevis 15889:Saint Kitts and Nevis 15563:Saint Kitts and Nevis 15341:Republic of the Congo 14706:São Tomé and Príncipe 14566:Republic of the Congo 14387:São Tomé and Príncipe 14247:Republic of the Congo 13832:Public infrastructure 13669:Public administration 13654:Free-culture movement 13501:Environment ministers 13407:Minister for Veterans 13278:Ministry of Petroleum 13238:Ministry of transport 13077:Deputy First Minister 13067:Deputy prime minister 12921:aspects of capitalism 12837:History of philosophy 12335:Unemployment benefits 12071:Military dictatorship 10795:Saint Kitts and Nevis 10384:Criticism of monarchy 10374:Abolition of monarchy 9990:Royal Court of Sweden 9924:TravelSouthDakota.com 9621:Elizabeth II (1978), 9593:Elizabeth II (1975), 8558:10 March 2012 at the 8460:Constitution Act 1986 8439:21 April 2012 at the 8356:"The Crown in Canada" 8288:25 April 2014 at the 8269:8 August 2014 at the 8061:Royal Court of Sweden 8055:16 March 2015 at the 8050:Duties of the Monarch 7255: 7248:Former heads of state 7189:By foreign imposition 7078:Instant-runoff voting 7046: 6971:were proposed in 2011 6903:, usually within one 6867: 6823:Constitution of Italy 6753:By divine appointment 6703:sole government party 6628:(judges). In ancient 6583:Swiss Federal Council 6498:From the time of the 6397:. Historically, some 6379:early period of Islam 6358: 6345:Defender of the Faith 6337:co-princes of Andorra 6257:divine right of kings 6224: 6203:Saint Kitts and Nevis 6007:co-princes of Andorra 5950:co-princes of Andorra 5865:Divine Right of Kings 5855:(1651) used the term 5672:The paradoxical term 5532:aristocratic republic 5357:Commonwealth republic 5329:In 1959, when former 5216:Constitution of Nauru 5056:Constitution of Qatar 4961:Constitution of Qatar 4790:Constitution of Italy 4612:parliamentary systems 4553:Constitution of Qatar 4449:f) shall address the 4232:Israel Defense Forces 4170:Constitution of Qatar 4070:Constitution of Italy 3911: 3888: 3607: 3585: 3567: 3484:Supreme Federal Court 3321:on the advice of the 3155:Constitution of India 2853:Constitution of Italy 2832:Constitution of Japan 2802:Constitution Act 1986 2596:the Duke of Edinburgh 2460:president of Botswana 2383: 2235:constitutions of the 2155:, including those of 2105: 2044:Fifth French Republic 2025:French Fifth Republic 2019: 1937:vote of no confidence 1907:Since the passage in 1842:Constitution of Japan 1707:Constitution of Spain 1667: 1641:, presided over by a 1627:parliamentary systems 1593: 1403:President of Slovakia 1393: 1328:Constitutional models 1320:l'esprit de la nation 801:Political campaigning 541:Public administration 374:Collective leadership 18859:Partially recognised 18529:Partially recognised 17785:United Arab Emirates 17476:United Arab Emirates 17052:Ramón José Velásquez 17006:Luis Alberto Lacalle 16873:Luis González Macchi 14871:Muhammad Ali dynasty 13496:Education ministries 13333:Information minister 13268:Environment minister 13178:Ministry of interior 13168:Immigration minister 12855:Political ideologies 12131:Parliamentary system 10627:United Arab Emirates 9984:29 July 2012 at the 9497:Khaleej Times Online 9474:16 July 2012 at the 9358:Parliament of Norway 9113:19 June 2017 at the 9038:. 17 December 2007. 8881:, Legal Department, 8851:1 March 2010 at the 8664:18 June 2013 at the 8532:23 June 2014 at the 8505:Constitution of Iraq 8434:SPANISH CONSTITUTION 8365:. 13 December 2013. 8233:. 25 February 2018. 7770:10.2139/ssrn.2288315 7555:Strongman (politics) 7382:King of the Hellenes 7283:erected in front of 7165:. In Spain, general 7159:Napoleon I of France 7100:United Arab Emirates 7047:Countries where the 6940:Henry the Young King 6745:king of Hellenistic 6731:orders of succession 5549:Libyan Arab Republic 5517:most powerful person 5474:most powerful person 5343:("head of state" in 5142:with the consent of 5140:Court of Impeachment 4895:Constitutional Court 4389:Basic Laws of Israel 4236:Government of Israel 4228:applicable basic law 4193:parliamentary system 3921:Jean-Louis Georgelin 3894:King of the Belgians 3693:European Communities 3426:is appointed by the 2885:of the Constitution. 2452:parliamentary system 2340:, under the current 2149:Presidential systems 2132:to remain in office. 1955:president of Ireland 1877:parliamentary system 1586:Parliamentary system 1457:parliamentary system 1395:Grassalkovich Palace 1356:improve this article 1287:presidential systems 1252:parliamentary system 1243:or concurrently the 1234:separation of powers 1158:National governments 992:Government formation 873:Executive government 651:Separation of powers 522:Political psychology 497:Comparative politics 475:political scientists 462:Academic disciplines 342:Political philosophy 220:King of Saudi Arabia 19693:Heads of government 19447:(Equatorial Guinea) 18890:Unrecognised states 18560:Unrecognised states 18016:Heads of government 18001:Vietnam (President) 17966:Myanmar (President) 17047:Carlos Andrés Pérez 16868:Juan Carlos Wasmosy 16404:timeline since 1990 16350:Trinidad and Tobago 16245:Antigua and Barbuda 16230:Heads of government 16211:Trinidad and Tobago 16106:Antigua and Barbuda 15909:Trinidad and Tobago 15754:Antigua and Barbuda 15583:Trinidad and Tobago 15428:Antigua and Barbuda 15122:heads of government 14491:Heads of government 14068:Public viewing area 13837:Public water system 13825:Municipal broadband 13782:Public broadcasting 13392:Ministry of science 13350:Ministry of justice 13343:Ministry of housing 13304:Ministry of culture 13218:Ministry of finance 13158:Ministry of defence 12977:Forms of government 12910:Conservatism navbox 12515:Legislative council 12340:National healthcare 12214:Christian democracy 12136:Presidential system 11991:Countries by system 11823:Trinidad and Tobago 11710:Commonwealth realms 11595:United Baltic Duchy 10738:Antigua and Barbuda 10730:Commonwealth realms 10424:Order of succession 10030:5 July 2014 at the 10013:The Royal Household 10007:12 May 2012 at the 9856:Bivar (1983), p. 85 9352:15 May 2012 at the 8877:6 July 2011 at the 8781:Chamber of Deputies 8729:Hellenic Parliament 8688:10 May 2012 at the 8638:4 June 2011 at the 8581:18 May 2019 at the 8487:20 May 2012 at the 8343:Parliament of Nauru 8032:20 May 2014 at the 7815:on 23 December 2014 7634:premier of Portugal 7500:Mirrors for princes 7475:Cult of personality 7422:diplomatic passport 7068:First-past-the-post 7004:, often limited to 6979:Commonwealth realms 6953:, by rewriting its 6901:order of succession 6852:would be the first 6765:. In this way, the 6653:sphere of influence 6325:. Furthermore, the 6319:Italian unification 6269:incestuous marriage 6179:Antigua and Barbuda 6096:Commonwealth realms 6072:The Lord Tweedsmuir 6037:Commonwealth realms 6011:president of France 5946:counselors of state 5909:Glorious Revolution 5901:popular sovereignty 5889:Peace of Westphalia 5843:Mirrors for princes 5828:, in his classical 5808:Niccolò Machiavelli 5689:stadholders-general 5409:Cultural Revolution 4927:answers before the 4731:Article 113 of the 4645:on the advice of a 4551:Article 106 of the 4240:minister of defence 4209:Minister of Defence 3996:executive ministers 3988:Albert I of Belgium 3917:President of France 3028:executive authority 2726:(rule 55.3) of the 2286:(party leader) and 2272:of the Russian SFSR 2227:Single-party states 2209:absolute monarchies 2198:, as often seen in 2119:Presidential system 2098:Presidential system 2083:Paul von Hindenburg 2060:François Mitterrand 1978:President of Israel 1947:letters of credence 1779:Non-executive model 1731:Kingdom of Sardinia 1687:Glorious Revolution 1551:lieutenant governor 1527:presidential system 1487:non-executive model 1436:, in the case of a 1401:is the seat of the 865:the Politics series 824:Politics portal 673:Election commission 644:Government branches 527:Political sociology 379:Confessional system 317:Politics by country 211:President of France 184:Commonwealth realms 21:Page version status 19417:OPEC member states 18795:Russian Federation 18465:Russian Federation 18184:(Governor-General) 17991:Thailand (Monarch) 17961:Malaysia (Monarch) 17936:Cambodia (Monarch) 16766:Sixto Durán Ballén 16740:Juan Manuel Santos 16285:Dominican Republic 16146:Dominican Republic 15819:Dominican Republic 15493:Dominican Republic 14978:Orange Free State 14033:Government auction 13719:Public procurement 13536:Interior ministers 13417:Minister for women 13372:Ministry of sports 13360:Ministry of labour 13355:Minister of labour 13326:Ministry of health 13311:Education minister 13261:Ministry of energy 13118:Secretary of state 12982:Types of democracy 12877:Political spectrum 12490:Legislative bodies 12445:Head of government 12370:Banking regulation 11930:Federal government 11920:Central government 9906:9 May 2015 at the 9822:Kvinnlig tronföljd 9805:Nordisk familjebok 9323:on 3 February 2010 9258:(1 October 1947), 9078:on 1 February 2009 8983:. United Nations. 8615:4 May 2013 at the 8168:2 May 2014 at the 8133:The New York Times 8114:Lansdowne portrait 8004:The World Factbook 7886:The New York Times 7784:on 18 August 2021. 7525:Official state car 7520:Official residence 7510:Oath of allegiance 7485:Head of government 7480:Directorial system 7395:Luxembourg in 2012 7262: 7183:President for Life 7083: 7070:(plurality voting) 6914:wars of succession 6889: 6838:President of Italy 6793:By social contract 6775:Holy Roman Emperor 6735:self-determination 6717:By fiction or fiat 6589:for one year; the 6549:Directorial system 6474:under an absentee 6375: 6241: 6078:from 1935 to 1940; 5995:composite monarchy 5907:; as shown in the 5867:as articulated by 5717:Quadruple Alliance 5705:Holy Roman Emperor 5472:), making him the 5378:president for life 5122:Section 24 of the 4959:Article 64 of the 4818:Sovereign immunity 4756:Article 23 of the 4745:titles of nobility 4718:Other prerogatives 4616:head of government 4493:Article 84 of the 4280:President of China 4213:federal chancellor 4168:Article 65 of the 4034:Article 25 of the 3944:commander-in-chief 3940: 3906: 3881:Commander in Chief 3655:letter of credence 3622: 3610:letter of credence 3602: 3580: 3570:Kingdom of Lesotho 3462:Ministers of State 3443:Article 84 of the 3365:Federal Government 3349:Article 96 of the 3269:head of government 3209:Ministers of State 3207:, assisted by the 2872:Article 67 of the 2766:Kingdom of Belgium 2762:head of government 2751:head of government 2697:official residence 2456:president of Nauru 2448:head of government 2409:head of government 2393: 2292:head of government 2115: 2029: 1816:Felipe VI of Spain 1691:English parliament 1677: 1643:head of government 1618: 1553:, whereas in most 1468:head of government 1407: 1245:head of government 1116:Semi-parliamentary 952:Minister-president 925:Head of government 507:Political analysis 439:Semi-parliamentary 202:President of India 63:Head of government 27: 20272: 20271: 20266: 20265: 20134: 20133: 19809: 19808: 19805: 19804: 19783:Associated states 19687: 19686: 19665:Associated states 19535: 19534: 19379: 19378: 18926: 18925: 18905: 18904: 18591:UN members 18575: 18574: 18261:UN members 18211: 18210: 17883: 17882: 17839: 17838: 17546:UN members 17530: 17529: 17237:UN members 17187: 17186: 17182: 17181: 16975:Jules Wijdenbosch 16924:Valentín Paniagua 16689:Michelle Bachelet 16607:Eduardo Rodríguez 16367: 16366: 16363: 16362: 16224: 16223: 16051: 16050: 16047: 16046: 15939:other territories 15745:UN members 15729: 15728: 15613:other territories 15419:UN members 15369: 15368: 15297: 15296: 15176:Equatorial Guinea 15087: 15086: 14931:Kingdom of Kongo 14804: 14803: 14581:Equatorial Guinea 14485: 14484: 14262:Equatorial Guinea 14114: 14113: 14108: 14107: 13935:Public university 13915:Public open space 13860:Drinking fountain 13820:Telecommunication 13578: 13577: 13526:Health ministries 13521:Forest ministries 13516:Foreign ministers 13511:Finance ministers 13491:Defence ministers 13412:Ministry of women 13367:Regional minister 13249:natural resources 13223:Industry minister 13208:Commerce minister 13173:Interior minister 13149:foreign affairs / 13123:Minister of state 12999: 12998: 12995: 12994: 12987:Political parties 12866:Political culture 12791:International law 12762: 12761: 12754:U.S. Constitution 12703: 12702: 12685:Political science 12664: 12663: 12636:Political parties 12597: 12596: 12523: 12522: 12239:Constitutionalism 11950:County government 11840: 11839: 11836: 11835: 11525:Piedmont-Sardinia 11277:Sip Song Chau Tai 11087:Thirteen Colonies 10828: 10827: 10198:Watts, Sir Arthur 10159:978-0-19-969355-9 10142:Roberts, Sir Ivor 10111:978-0-19-964028-7 9716:978-0-8191-5405-7 9692:978-0-333-25212-3 9649:Elizabeth II 1978 9434:Riksdag of Sweden 9197:978-0-7735-1114-9 9170:978-1-86287-195-3 8789:978-85-736-5737-1 8670:Danish Parliament 8038:Riksdag of Sweden 7709:978-1-317-34853-5 7699:European Politics 7638:Marquis of Pombal 7407:Greek citizenship 7399:Hellenic Republic 7285:Buckingham Palace 7281:Victoria Memorial 7258:Emperor Wilhelm I 7092:Electoral College 7060:(majority voting) 7029:Agnatic seniority 6673:Nicolae Ceausescu 6614:Athenian Republic 6407:have been led by 6341:Church of England 6307:Roman Catholicism 6253:Mandate of Heaven 6164:private secretary 6116:royal prerogative 6088:from 2004 to 2010 6005:. One of the two 5976:military governor 5923:in 1789, and the 5921:French Revolution 5897:Eighty Years' War 5893:Thirty Years' War 5774:Discorsi politici 5725:Holy Roman Empire 5657:Maya civilisation 5645:Holy Roman Empire 5537:O le Ao o le Malo 5528:elective monarchy 5485:Eternal President 5450:ceremonial office 5413:Chinese President 5398:Paduka Yang Mulia 5138:convicted by the 5092: 5080:Al-Shoura Council 5064: 5029:National Assembly 4851:Article 5 of the 4800:shall confer the 4676:National Assembly 4620:U.S. Constitution 4588:royal prerogative 4567:for ratification. 4527:National Congress 4366:Article 9 of the 4291:Legislative roles 3952:chains of command 3946:of that nation's 3865:royal prerogative 3756:Federal President 3711:Article 8 of the 3672:(or equivalent). 3666:chargé d'affaires 3647:high commissioner 3595:Israeli president 3587:Daniel B. Shapiro 3574:Russian president 3432:National Assembly 3333:cannot force the 3300:Alec Douglas-Home 2830:Article 1 of the 2571: 2570: 2563: 2489:League of Nations 2440:National Assembly 2350:ceremonial office 2346:Chinese President 2309:Eternal President 2280:Nikita Khrushchev 2107:George Washington 2052:National Assembly 2021:Charles de Gaulle 2006:question sessions 1873:absolute monarchy 1861:Allied occupation 1740:Statuto Albertino 1679:In parliamentary 1563:Australian states 1547:Canadian province 1388: 1387: 1380: 1310:Charles de Gaulle 1270:. In contrast, a 1206: 1205: 1130:Semi-presidential 858: 857: 806:Political parties 746:Electoral systems 470:Political science 444:Semi-presidential 356:Political systems 332:Political history 327:Political economy 238:President of Peru 39:14 September 2024 18: 20312: 20161: 20154: 20147: 20138: 20137: 20123: 20122: 20110: 20109: 20097: 20096: 20084: 20083: 20071: 20070: 20058: 20057: 20045: 20044: 20032: 20031: 20019: 20018: 20006: 20005: 19993: 19992: 19980: 19979: 19967: 19966: 19954: 19953: 19941: 19940: 19928: 19927: 19915: 19914: 19902: 19901: 19889: 19888: 19876: 19875: 19863: 19862: 19836: 19829: 19822: 19813: 19812: 19748:Papua New Guinea 19723:Marshall Islands 19701:Sovereign states 19698: 19697: 19630:Papua New Guinea 19605:Marshall Islands 19583:Sovereign states 19580: 19579: 19562: 19555: 19548: 19539: 19538: 19528: 19520: 19512: 19504: 19496: 19488: 19480: 19472: 19464: 19456: 19448: 19440: 19432: 19406: 19399: 19392: 19383: 19382: 19369: 19368: 19367: 19352: 19348: 19347: 19338: 19334: 19333: 19324: 19320: 19319: 19310: 19306: 19305: 19296: 19292: 19291: 19282: 19278: 19277: 19268: 19264: 19263: 19254: 19252:Willem-Alexander 19250: 19249: 19240: 19236: 19235: 19226: 19222: 19221: 19212: 19208: 19207: 19198: 19194: 19193: 19184: 19180: 19179: 19170: 19166: 19165: 19156: 19152: 19151: 19142: 19138: 19137: 19128: 19124: 19123: 19114: 19110: 19109: 19100: 19096: 19095: 19086: 19082: 19081: 19072: 19068: 19067: 19058: 19054: 19053: 19044: 19040: 19039: 19030: 19026: 19025: 19016: 19012: 19011: 19002: 18998: 18997: 18988: 18984: 18983: 18953: 18946: 18939: 18930: 18929: 18588: 18587: 18258: 18257: 18238: 18231: 18224: 18215: 18214: 18187:(Prime Minister) 17956:Laos (President) 17931:Brunei (Monarch) 17910: 17903: 17896: 17887: 17886: 17543: 17542: 17234: 17233: 17214: 17207: 17200: 17191: 17190: 17040: 17039: 16999: 16998: 16980:Ronald Venetiaan 16970:Ronald Venetiaan 16960:Ramsewak Shankar 16953: 16952: 16929:Alejandro Toledo 16919:Alberto Fujimori 16907: 16906: 16863:Andrés Rodríguez 16856: 16855: 16810: 16809: 16754: 16753: 16708: 16707: 16694:Sebastián Piñera 16667: 16666: 16626: 16625: 16577:Jaime Paz Zamora 16570: 16569: 16529: 16528: 16412: 16411: 16394: 16387: 16380: 16371: 16370: 16238:Sovereign states 16235: 16234: 16099:Sovereign states 16096: 16095: 16078: 16071: 16064: 16055: 16054: 16011:Saint Barthélemy 15970:Falkland Islands 15742: 15741: 15691:Saint Barthélemy 15646:Falkland Islands 15416: 15415: 15396: 15389: 15382: 15373: 15372: 15136: 15135: 15114: 15107: 15100: 15091: 15090: 15012:Governor-General 14499:UN member states 14496: 14495: 14172: 14171: 14154: 14147: 14140: 14131: 14130: 14118: 14117: 14096: 14095: 14084: 14083: 13995:Social insurance 13842:Waste management 13810:Electric utility 13787:Public transport 13704:Public ownership 13623:Municipalization 13605: 13598: 13591: 13582: 13581: 13568: 13567: 13557: 13556: 13377:Tourism minister 13338:Housing minister 13299:Culture minister 13026: 13019: 13012: 13003: 13002: 12970: 12969: 12958: 12954:World government 12952: 12947: 12941: 12936: 12930: 12925: 12919: 12914: 12908: 12903: 12897: 12892: 12886: 12881: 12875: 12870: 12864: 12859: 12853: 12801:World government 12712: 12711: 12673: 12672: 12656:Environmentalism 12606: 12605: 12534: 12533: 12408: 12407: 12345:Public education 12325:Social insurance 12259:Environmentalism 12229:Communitarianism 12204:Authoritarianism 12166:Direct Democracy 11945:Local government 11880: 11873: 11866: 11857: 11856: 11844: 11843: 11764:Irish Free State 11530:Poland–Lithuania 10839: 10838: 10790:Papua New Guinea 10520: 10519: 10259: 10252: 10245: 10236: 10235: 10226: 10224: 10222: 10206:Wolfrum, Rüdiger 10202:"Heads of State" 10193: 10174: 10163: 10137: 10126:. Connor Court. 10120:Markwell, Donald 10115: 10085: 10068: 10062: 10045: 10039: 10022: 10016: 9999: 9993: 9976: 9970: 9969: 9967: 9965: 9950:"Mount Rushmore" 9946: 9940: 9939: 9937: 9935: 9916: 9910: 9892: 9886: 9885: 9883: 9881: 9866: 9857: 9854: 9848: 9831: 9825: 9815: 9809: 9808:, vol. 30 (1920) 9797: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9783: 9774: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9727: 9721: 9720: 9700: 9694: 9684: 9678: 9677: 9675: 9673: 9658: 9652: 9646: 9640: 9639: 9638: 9636: 9618: 9612: 9611: 9610: 9608: 9590: 9584: 9581: 9575: 9569: 9563: 9557: 9548: 9542: 9536: 9530: 9524: 9518: 9505: 9504: 9489: 9483: 9466: 9460: 9443: 9437: 9420: 9414: 9397: 9391: 9374: 9361: 9344: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9328: 9319:. Archived from 9313: 9307: 9306: 9304: 9302: 9283: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9273: 9252: 9243: 9242: 9240: 9238: 9214: 9208: 9207: 9206: 9204: 9181: 9175: 9174: 9154: 9148: 9147: 9145: 9143: 9134:. Archived from 9124: 9118: 9099: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9083: 9074:. Archived from 9058: 9052: 9051: 9049: 9047: 9018: 9012: 9006: 8997: 8996: 8994: 8992: 8973: 8967: 8961: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8925: 8916: 8899: 8886: 8869: 8860: 8843: 8826: 8809: 8792: 8774: 8763: 8746: 8740: 8718:The Constitution 8715: 8709: 8679: 8673: 8656: 8647: 8644:Argentine Senate 8630: 8624: 8607: 8590: 8573: 8567: 8550: 8541: 8524: 8515: 8502: 8496: 8479: 8470: 8457: 8448: 8431: 8425: 8408: 8402: 8385: 8379: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8360: 8352: 8346: 8329: 8320: 8303: 8297: 8280: 8274: 8261: 8250: 8249: 8244: 8242: 8221: 8215: 8214: 8202: 8200: 8179: 8173: 8160: 8154: 8153: 8147: 8145: 8123: 8117: 8110: 8104: 8103: 8096: 8090: 8077: 8064: 8047: 8041: 8024: 8011: 7997: 7991: 7974: 7963: 7950: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7919:. Archived from 7908: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7897: 7888:. 5 April 1990. 7878: 7872: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7831: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7811:. Archived from 7792: 7786: 7785: 7780:. Archived from 7753: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7742: 7736: 7730:. Archived from 7729: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7693: 7687: 7681: 7675: 7669: 7649: 7642:King of Portugal 7630: 7624: 7613: 7448: 7443: 7442: 7297:Empress of India 7277:Kaiser Wilhelm I 7201:over control of 7167:Francisco Franco 7075: 7065: 7058:Two-round system 7055: 7049:electoral system 6944:Direct Capetians 6835: 6797:The notion of a 6579:French Directory 6559:corporate person 6327:bishop of Urgell 6284: 6168:Martin Charteris 6129:Papua New Guinea 6108:Papua New Guinea 6104:governor general 6064: 6055: 5891:ending both the 5877:L'etat c'est moi 5792:Frontispiece of 5789: 5769: 5754: 5674:crowned republic 5661:Chief magistrate 5592: 5586: 5519:in North Korea. 5442:paramount leader 5423:Soong Ching-ling 5090: 5062: 4775:Council of State 4451:Federal Assembly 4268:command-in-chief 4252:Communist states 4217:State of Defence 4009:, a part of the 3869:Governor General 3616:, signed by the 3600:on 3 August 2011 3304:Harold Macmillan 3117:Governor-General 2819:Governor-General 2755:cabinet minister 2730:states that the 2717:ship christening 2709:cutting a ribbon 2687:, inspection of 2681:national anthems 2651:personality cult 2631:Canadian monarch 2590:ceremony: Queen 2581: 2566: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2546: 2523: 2515: 2501:Emperor of India 2362:one party system 2268:Chairman of the 2266:(pre-1922), and 2245:Soviet republics 2233:Marxist–Leninist 1858: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1812:Norodom Sihamoni 1800: 1791: 1758: 1750: 1735:Kingdom of Italy 1635:executive branch 1616: 1614: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1447:Among the state 1428:: the head of a 1383: 1376: 1372: 1369: 1363: 1340: 1332: 1322: 1295:communist states 1216:) is the public 1198: 1191: 1184: 1138: 1126: 1112: 1095: 1083: 860: 859: 850: 843: 836: 822: 821: 612: 557: 512:Political theory 502:Election science 492: 478: 256: 255: 193:Emperor of Japan 154: 145: 136: 125: 116: 107: 96: 87: 78: 20320: 20319: 20315: 20314: 20313: 20311: 20310: 20309: 20275: 20274: 20273: 20268: 20267: 20262: 20174: 20165: 20135: 20130: 20117: 20104: 20091: 20078: 20065: 20052: 20039: 20026: 20013: 20000: 19987: 19974: 19961: 19948: 19935: 19922: 19909: 19896: 19883: 19870: 19857: 19849: 19840: 19810: 19801: 19777: 19758:Solomon Islands 19683: 19659: 19640:Solomon Islands 19569: 19566: 19536: 19531: 19523: 19515: 19507: 19499: 19491: 19483: 19475: 19467: 19459: 19451: 19443: 19435: 19427: 19419: 19410: 19380: 19375: 19365: 19363: 19355: 19350:Carl XVI Gustaf 19342: 19341: 19328: 19327: 19314: 19313: 19300: 19299: 19286: 19285: 19280:Rebelo de Sousa 19272: 19271: 19258: 19257: 19244: 19243: 19230: 19229: 19216: 19215: 19202: 19201: 19188: 19187: 19174: 19173: 19160: 19159: 19146: 19145: 19140:Sakellaropoulou 19132: 19131: 19118: 19117: 19104: 19103: 19090: 19089: 19076: 19075: 19062: 19061: 19048: 19047: 19042:Christodoulides 19034: 19033: 19020: 19019: 19006: 19005: 18992: 18991: 18978: 18977: 18969: 18957: 18927: 18922: 18901: 18885: 18876:Northern Cyprus 18854: 18770:North Macedonia 18592: 18582: 18571: 18555: 18546:Northern Cyprus 18524: 18440:North Macedonia 18262: 18252: 18245: 18242: 18212: 18207: 18196: 18156:Burma (Monarch) 18145: 18136: 18114:Supreme leaders 18108: 18010: 17917: 17914: 17884: 17879: 17872: 17845:Supreme leaders 17835: 17821:Northern Cyprus 17804: 17547: 17537: 17526: 17512:Northern Cyprus 17495: 17238: 17228: 17221: 17218: 17188: 17183: 17034: 16993: 16947: 16901: 16888:Federico Franco 16850: 16804: 16791:Alfredo Palacio 16786:Lucio Gutiérrez 16748: 16702: 16674:Patricio Aylwin 16661: 16620: 16564: 16551:Néstor Kirchner 16546:Eduardo Duhalde 16523: 16405: 16400:South American 16398: 16368: 16359: 16220: 16085: 16082: 16052: 16043: 15940: 15938: 15928: 15746: 15736: 15725: 15614: 15612: 15602: 15420: 15410: 15403: 15400: 15370: 15365: 15304:and governments 15303: 15293: 15275: 15125: 15118: 15088: 15083: 15017:State President 15002:State President 14982:State President 14958:Merina Kingdom 14817:Ashanti Empire 14811:and governments 14810: 14800: 14775: 14481: 14456: 14161: 14158: 14123: 14115: 14110: 14109: 14104: 14072: 14058:Public security 14048:Public offering 14016: 14005:Social security 13955:Social services 13949: 13905:Public hospital 13900:Public computer 13895:Public bookcase 13846: 13796: 13765:Law enforcement 13760:Fire department 13743: 13694:Public interest 13637: 13633:Progressive tax 13628:Nationalization 13614: 13612:Public services 13609: 13579: 13574: 13545: 13461:Prime ministers 13456:Vice presidents 13439: 13423: 13321:Health minister 13287: 13256:Energy minister 13248: 13242: 13200: 13194: 13150: 13148: 13142: 13128:Deputy minister 13106: 13040: 13030: 13000: 12991: 12961: 12956: 12950: 12945: 12939: 12934: 12932:Western culture 12928: 12923: 12917: 12912: 12906: 12901: 12895: 12890: 12884: 12879: 12873: 12868: 12862: 12857: 12851: 12820: 12758: 12699: 12680:Fields of study 12660: 12641:Advocacy groups 12593: 12529: 12519: 12399: 12395:Street cleaning 12375:Food inspection 12330:Law enforcement 12313: 12182: 12116:Totalitarianism 11969: 11893: 11884: 11849: 11841: 11832: 11757:princely states 11705: 11641:Kingdom of Fiji 11614: 11360:Austria-Hungary 11328: 11091: 11025: 10824: 10810:Solomon Islands 10724: 10706: 10638: 10553: 10511: 10443: 10389:Democratization 10357: 10301: 10268: 10263: 10233: 10220: 10218: 10187: 10160: 10134: 10112: 10094: 10089: 10088: 10078:Wayback Machine 10069: 10065: 10055:Wayback Machine 10046: 10042: 10032:Wayback Machine 10023: 10019: 10009:Wayback Machine 10000: 9996: 9986:Wayback Machine 9977: 9973: 9963: 9961: 9948: 9947: 9943: 9933: 9931: 9918: 9917: 9913: 9908:Wayback Machine 9893: 9889: 9879: 9877: 9868: 9867: 9860: 9855: 9851: 9841:Wayback Machine 9832: 9828: 9816: 9812: 9798: 9791: 9781: 9779: 9772: 9768: 9767: 9763: 9753: 9751: 9744: 9728: 9724: 9717: 9701: 9697: 9685: 9681: 9671: 9669: 9660: 9659: 9655: 9647: 9643: 9634: 9632: 9619: 9615: 9606: 9604: 9591: 9587: 9582: 9578: 9570: 9566: 9558: 9551: 9543: 9539: 9531: 9527: 9519: 9508: 9491: 9490: 9486: 9476:Wayback Machine 9467: 9463: 9453:Wayback Machine 9444: 9440: 9430:Wayback Machine 9423:The Riksdag Act 9421: 9417: 9407:Wayback Machine 9398: 9394: 9384:Wayback Machine 9375: 9364: 9354:Wayback Machine 9345: 9336: 9326: 9324: 9315: 9314: 9310: 9300: 9298: 9297:on 13 June 2011 9284: 9280: 9271: 9269: 9253: 9246: 9236: 9234: 9215: 9211: 9202: 9200: 9198: 9182: 9178: 9171: 9155: 9151: 9141: 9139: 9138:on 26 July 2013 9126: 9125: 9121: 9115:Wayback Machine 9100: 9091: 9081: 9079: 9060: 9059: 9055: 9045: 9043: 9020: 9019: 9015: 9007: 9000: 8990: 8988: 8975: 8974: 8970: 8962: 8958: 8950: 8946: 8938: 8934: 8926: 8919: 8909:Wayback Machine 8900: 8889: 8879:Wayback Machine 8870: 8863: 8853:Wayback Machine 8844: 8829: 8819:Wayback Machine 8810: 8795: 8775: 8766: 8756:Wayback Machine 8747: 8743: 8725:Wayback Machine 8716: 8712: 8690:Wayback Machine 8680: 8676: 8666:Wayback Machine 8657: 8650: 8640:Wayback Machine 8631: 8627: 8617:Wayback Machine 8608: 8593: 8583:Wayback Machine 8574: 8570: 8560:Wayback Machine 8551: 8544: 8534:Wayback Machine 8525: 8518: 8512:Wayback Machine 8503: 8499: 8489:Wayback Machine 8480: 8473: 8467:Wayback Machine 8458: 8451: 8445:Senate of Spain 8441:Wayback Machine 8432: 8428: 8418:Wayback Machine 8409: 8405: 8399:Royal Household 8395:Wayback Machine 8386: 8382: 8372: 8370: 8358: 8354: 8353: 8349: 8339:Wayback Machine 8330: 8323: 8313:Wayback Machine 8304: 8300: 8290:Wayback Machine 8281: 8277: 8271:Wayback Machine 8262: 8253: 8240: 8238: 8223: 8222: 8218: 8198: 8196: 8181: 8180: 8176: 8170:Wayback Machine 8161: 8157: 8143: 8141: 8124: 8120: 8111: 8107: 8098: 8097: 8093: 8087:Wayback Machine 8078: 8067: 8057:Wayback Machine 8048: 8044: 8034:Wayback Machine 8025: 8014: 7998: 7994: 7984:Wayback Machine 7975: 7966: 7960:Wayback Machine 7951: 7936: 7926: 7924: 7915: 7909: 7905: 7895: 7893: 7880: 7879: 7875: 7867: 7863: 7832: 7828: 7818: 7816: 7809: 7793: 7789: 7754: 7750: 7740: 7738: 7737:on 17 June 2015 7734: 7727: 7721: 7717: 7710: 7694: 7690: 7682: 7678: 7670: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7652: 7646:Napoleonic Wars 7631: 7627: 7614: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7564: 7559: 7446:Politics portal 7444: 7437: 7434: 7391:Britain in 2011 7358:Vienna Congress 7329: 7250: 7227: 7199:Parthian Empire 7191: 7171:Jefe del Estado 7139: 7127:Oliver Cromwell 7120: 7081: 7073: 7071: 7063: 7061: 7053: 7041: 6995:British monarch 6991:Roman Catholics 6887: 6881:Black: deceased 6872:Grey: incumbent 6862: 6829: 6815: 6813:By constitution 6799:social contract 6795: 6755: 6719: 6711: 6595:Captains Regent 6555: 6545: 6504:14th Dalai Lama 6496: 6480:Padmanabha Dasa 6464: 6456:princely states 6372:Ottoman dynasty 6368:Caliph of Islam 6353: 6335:one of the two 6303: 6219: 6112:Solomon Islands 6092: 6091: 6090: 6089: 6079: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6065: 6057: 6056: 6045: 6039: 5991: 5933: 5803: 5790: 5781: 5778:Fabio Albergati 5770: 5761: 5755: 5636: 5545:Muammar Gaddafi 5420:Vice Presidents 5402:Malay honorific 5349:Yusof bin Ishak 5262: 5197:provides that: 5116: 5110: 5108:Right of pardon 5032: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 4987: 4981: 4824: 4814: 4778: 4725: 4720: 4604: 4497:provides that: 4376:Reigning Prince 4370:provides that: 4341:provides that: 4293: 4256:Communist party 4234:rests with the 4172:provides that: 3913:Nicolas Sarkozy 3883: 3877: 3863:as part of the 3721:Reigning Prince 3562: 3560:Diplomatic role 3362: 3277:foreign service 3265: 3024: 3006:provides that: 2724:Olympic Charter 2689:military troops 2627:national symbol 2623: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2567: 2556: 2550: 2547: 2540: 2536:primary sources 2524: 2513: 2434:, in which the 2417:Greek President 2405:Reigning Prince 2378: 2329:earlier in the 2229: 2121: 2100: 2046:provides for a 2035: 2014: 1990: 1988:Executive model 1917:Swedish monarch 1854:Nihonkoku-Kenpō 1844: 1822: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1793: 1792: 1781: 1733:, and then the 1623: 1612: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1588: 1579:chief executive 1420:An independent 1384: 1373: 1367: 1364: 1353: 1341: 1330: 1226:sovereign state 1202: 1172:Politics portal 1132: 1118: 1106: 1089: 1077: 1058: 1028: 998: 994: 990: 976: 937:Chief executive 909: 854: 816: 811: 810: 741: 740: 731: 730: 688: 687: 678: 677: 646: 645: 636: 635: 631:Public interest 616:Domestic policy 606: 599: 598: 587: 586: 551: 544: 543: 532: 531: 493: 486: 479: 472: 464: 463: 454: 453: 359: 358: 347: 346: 302: 301: 292: 261:Politics series 254: 253: 252: 251: 225:Cyril Ramaphosa 207:Emmanuel Macron 157: 156: 155: 147: 146: 138: 137: 128: 127: 126: 118: 117: 109: 108: 99: 98: 97: 89: 88: 80: 79: 66: 59: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 20318: 20308: 20307: 20302: 20297: 20292: 20290:Heads of state 20287: 20270: 20269: 20264: 20263: 20261: 20260: 20250: 20240: 20230: 20220: 20210: 20200: 20190: 20179: 20176: 20175: 20172:Group of Seven 20168:Heads of state 20164: 20163: 20156: 20149: 20141: 20132: 20131: 20129: 20128: 20115: 20102: 20089: 20076: 20063: 20050: 20037: 20024: 20011: 19998: 19985: 19972: 19959: 19946: 19933: 19920: 19907: 19894: 19881: 19868: 19854: 19851: 19850: 19843:Heads of state 19839: 19838: 19831: 19824: 19816: 19807: 19806: 19803: 19802: 19800: 19799: 19794: 19788: 19786: 19785:of New Zealand 19779: 19778: 19776: 19775: 19770: 19765: 19760: 19755: 19750: 19745: 19740: 19735: 19730: 19725: 19720: 19715: 19710: 19704: 19702: 19695: 19689: 19688: 19685: 19684: 19682: 19681: 19676: 19670: 19668: 19667:of New Zealand 19661: 19660: 19658: 19657: 19652: 19647: 19642: 19637: 19632: 19627: 19622: 19617: 19612: 19607: 19602: 19597: 19592: 19586: 19584: 19577: 19575:Heads of state 19571: 19570: 19565: 19564: 19557: 19550: 19542: 19533: 19532: 19530: 19529: 19521: 19513: 19511:(Saudi Arabia) 19505: 19501:Sassou Nguesso 19497: 19489: 19481: 19473: 19465: 19457: 19449: 19441: 19433: 19424: 19421: 19420: 19413:Heads of state 19409: 19408: 19401: 19394: 19386: 19377: 19376: 19374: 19373: 19360: 19357: 19356: 19354: 19353: 19339: 19325: 19311: 19297: 19283: 19269: 19255: 19241: 19238:Spiteri Debono 19227: 19213: 19199: 19185: 19171: 19157: 19143: 19129: 19115: 19101: 19087: 19073: 19059: 19045: 19031: 19017: 19003: 18989: 18986:Van der Bellen 18974: 18971: 18970: 18964:European Union 18960:Heads of state 18956: 18955: 18948: 18941: 18933: 18924: 18923: 18921: 18920: 18917: 18914: 18910: 18907: 18906: 18903: 18902: 18900: 18899: 18893: 18891: 18887: 18886: 18884: 18883: 18878: 18873: 18868: 18862: 18860: 18856: 18855: 18853: 18852: 18850:United Kingdom 18847: 18842: 18837: 18832: 18827: 18822: 18817: 18812: 18807: 18802: 18797: 18792: 18787: 18782: 18777: 18772: 18767: 18762: 18757: 18752: 18747: 18742: 18737: 18732: 18727: 18722: 18717: 18712: 18707: 18702: 18697: 18692: 18687: 18682: 18677: 18672: 18667: 18662: 18657: 18655:Czech Republic 18652: 18647: 18642: 18637: 18632: 18627: 18622: 18617: 18612: 18607: 18602: 18596: 18594: 18585: 18577: 18576: 18573: 18572: 18570: 18569: 18563: 18561: 18557: 18556: 18554: 18553: 18548: 18543: 18538: 18532: 18530: 18526: 18525: 18523: 18522: 18520:United Kingdom 18517: 18512: 18507: 18502: 18497: 18492: 18487: 18482: 18477: 18472: 18467: 18462: 18457: 18452: 18447: 18442: 18437: 18432: 18427: 18422: 18417: 18412: 18407: 18402: 18397: 18392: 18387: 18382: 18377: 18372: 18367: 18362: 18357: 18352: 18347: 18342: 18337: 18332: 18327: 18325:Czech Republic 18322: 18317: 18312: 18307: 18302: 18297: 18292: 18287: 18282: 18277: 18272: 18266: 18264: 18255: 18247: 18246: 18241: 18240: 18233: 18226: 18218: 18209: 18208: 18201: 18198: 18197: 18195: 18194: 18189: 18178: 18173: 18171:Laos (Monarch) 18168: 18163: 18158: 18152: 18150: 18143:heads of state 18138: 18137: 18135: 18134: 18129: 18124: 18118: 18116: 18110: 18109: 18107: 18106: 18096: 18086: 18081: 18071: 18061: 18056: 18051: 18041: 18036: 18026: 18020: 18018: 18012: 18011: 18009: 18008: 17998: 17988: 17983: 17973: 17963: 17958: 17953: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17927: 17925: 17923:Heads of state 17919: 17918: 17913: 17912: 17905: 17898: 17890: 17881: 17880: 17877: 17874: 17873: 17871: 17870: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17849: 17847: 17841: 17840: 17837: 17836: 17834: 17833: 17828: 17823: 17818: 17812: 17810: 17806: 17805: 17803: 17802: 17797: 17792: 17787: 17782: 17777: 17772: 17767: 17762: 17757: 17752: 17747: 17742: 17737: 17732: 17727: 17722: 17717: 17712: 17707: 17702: 17697: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17677: 17672: 17667: 17662: 17657: 17652: 17647: 17642: 17637: 17632: 17627: 17622: 17617: 17612: 17607: 17602: 17597: 17592: 17587: 17582: 17577: 17572: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17551: 17549: 17540: 17532: 17531: 17528: 17527: 17525: 17524: 17519: 17514: 17509: 17503: 17501: 17497: 17496: 17494: 17493: 17488: 17483: 17478: 17473: 17468: 17463: 17458: 17453: 17448: 17443: 17438: 17433: 17428: 17423: 17418: 17413: 17408: 17403: 17398: 17393: 17388: 17383: 17378: 17373: 17368: 17363: 17358: 17353: 17348: 17343: 17338: 17333: 17328: 17323: 17318: 17313: 17308: 17303: 17298: 17293: 17288: 17283: 17278: 17273: 17268: 17263: 17258: 17253: 17248: 17242: 17240: 17231: 17223: 17222: 17217: 17216: 17209: 17202: 17194: 17185: 17184: 17180: 17179: 17176: 17173: 17169: 17168: 17165: 17162: 17159: 17156: 17153: 17150: 17147: 17144: 17141: 17138: 17135: 17132: 17129: 17126: 17123: 17120: 17117: 17114: 17111: 17108: 17105: 17102: 17099: 17096: 17093: 17090: 17087: 17084: 17081: 17078: 17072: 17071: 17069: 17067:Nicolás Maduro 17064: 17059: 17057:Rafael Caldera 17054: 17049: 17044: 17031: 17030: 17028: 17023: 17021:Tabaré Vázquez 17018: 17013: 17008: 17003: 16990: 16989: 16987: 16982: 16977: 16972: 16967: 16962: 16957: 16944: 16943: 16941: 16939:Ollanta Humala 16936: 16931: 16926: 16921: 16916: 16911: 16898: 16897: 16895: 16893:Horacio Cartes 16890: 16885: 16880: 16878:Nicanor Duarte 16875: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16847: 16846: 16844: 16842:Donald Ramotar 16839: 16837:Bharrat Jagdeo 16834: 16829: 16824: 16819: 16814: 16801: 16800: 16798: 16793: 16788: 16783: 16778: 16773: 16771:Fabián Alarcón 16768: 16763: 16758: 16745: 16744: 16742: 16737: 16732: 16727: 16725:Ernesto Samper 16722: 16717: 16712: 16699: 16698: 16696: 16691: 16686: 16681: 16676: 16671: 16658: 16657: 16655: 16653:Dilma Rousseff 16650: 16645: 16640: 16635: 16630: 16617: 16616: 16614: 16609: 16604: 16599: 16594: 16589: 16584: 16579: 16574: 16561: 16560: 16558: 16553: 16548: 16543: 16538: 16533: 16520: 16519: 16516: 16513: 16510: 16507: 16504: 16501: 16498: 16495: 16492: 16489: 16486: 16483: 16480: 16477: 16474: 16471: 16468: 16465: 16462: 16459: 16456: 16453: 16450: 16447: 16444: 16441: 16438: 16435: 16432: 16428: 16427: 16424: 16421: 16418: 16410: 16407: 16406: 16402:Heads of state 16397: 16396: 16389: 16382: 16374: 16365: 16364: 16361: 16360: 16358: 16357: 16352: 16347: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16322: 16317: 16312: 16307: 16302: 16297: 16292: 16287: 16282: 16277: 16272: 16267: 16262: 16257: 16252: 16247: 16241: 16239: 16232: 16226: 16225: 16222: 16221: 16219: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16193: 16188: 16183: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16153: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16133: 16128: 16123: 16118: 16113: 16108: 16102: 16100: 16093: 16091:Heads of state 16087: 16086: 16081: 16080: 16073: 16066: 16058: 16049: 16048: 16045: 16044: 16042: 16041: 16036: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16020:Sint Eustatius 16018: 16013: 16008: 16005: 16000: 15999:Navassa Island 15997: 15992: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15965:Cayman Islands 15962: 15959: 15954: 15949: 15943: 15941: 15933: 15930: 15929: 15927: 15926: 15921: 15916: 15911: 15906: 15901: 15896: 15891: 15886: 15881: 15876: 15871: 15866: 15861: 15856: 15851: 15846: 15841: 15836: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15816: 15811: 15806: 15801: 15796: 15791: 15786: 15781: 15776: 15771: 15766: 15761: 15756: 15750: 15748: 15739: 15731: 15730: 15727: 15726: 15724: 15723: 15718: 15713: 15708: 15703: 15701:Sint Eustatius 15698: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15676:Navassa Island 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15641:Cayman Islands 15638: 15633: 15628: 15623: 15617: 15615: 15607: 15604: 15603: 15601: 15600: 15595: 15590: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15555: 15550: 15545: 15540: 15535: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15515: 15510: 15505: 15500: 15495: 15490: 15485: 15480: 15475: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15440: 15435: 15430: 15424: 15422: 15413: 15405: 15404: 15399: 15398: 15391: 15384: 15376: 15367: 15366: 15364: 15363: 15358: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15338: 15333: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15307: 15305: 15302:Defunct states 15299: 15298: 15295: 15294: 15292: 15291: 15283: 15281: 15277: 15276: 15274: 15273: 15268: 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15233: 15228: 15223: 15218: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15178: 15173: 15168: 15163: 15158: 15153: 15147: 15145: 15133: 15131:Heads of state 15127: 15126: 15117: 15116: 15109: 15102: 15094: 15085: 15084: 15082: 15081: 15080: 15079: 15071: 15070: 15069: 15067:Prime Minister 15061: 15060: 15059: 15057:Prime Minister 15051: 15050: 15049: 15047:Prime Minister 15044: 15036: 15035: 15034: 15026: 15025: 15024: 15022:Prime Minister 15019: 15014: 15006: 15005: 15004: 14996: 14995: 14994: 14986: 14985: 14984: 14976: 14975: 14974: 14972:Prime Minister 14966: 14965: 14964: 14956: 14955: 14954: 14952:Prime Minister 14946: 14945: 14944: 14943: 14942: 14929: 14928: 14927: 14925:Prime Minister 14919: 14918: 14917: 14915:Prime Minister 14909: 14908: 14907: 14905:Prime Minister 14899: 14898: 14897: 14896: 14895: 14882: 14881: 14880: 14879: 14878: 14865: 14864: 14863: 14855: 14854: 14853: 14845: 14844: 14843: 14835: 14834: 14833: 14831:Prime Minister 14825: 14824: 14823: 14814: 14812: 14809:Defunct states 14806: 14805: 14802: 14801: 14799: 14798: 14791: 14783: 14781: 14777: 14776: 14774: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14743: 14738: 14733: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14713: 14708: 14703: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14618: 14613: 14608: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14588: 14583: 14578: 14573: 14568: 14563: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14502: 14500: 14493: 14487: 14486: 14483: 14482: 14480: 14479: 14472: 14464: 14462: 14458: 14457: 14455: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14374: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14183: 14181: 14169: 14167:Heads of state 14163: 14162: 14157: 14156: 14149: 14142: 14134: 14128: 14125: 14124: 14112: 14111: 14106: 14105: 14103: 14102: 14090: 14077: 14074: 14073: 14071: 14070: 14065: 14060: 14055: 14050: 14045: 14043:Public holiday 14040: 14035: 14030: 14024: 14022: 14018: 14017: 14015: 14014: 14012:Youth services 14009: 14008: 14007: 14002: 14000:Social pension 13992: 13991: 13990: 13980: 13975: 13970: 13968:Public housing 13965: 13959: 13957: 13951: 13950: 13948: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13910:Public library 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13877: 13875:Infrastructure 13872: 13870:Free education 13867: 13862: 13856: 13854: 13848: 13847: 13845: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13828: 13827: 13817: 13812: 13806: 13804: 13802:Public utility 13798: 13797: 13795: 13794: 13789: 13784: 13779: 13778: 13777: 13775:Savings system 13770:Postal service 13767: 13762: 13757: 13751: 13749: 13748:Basic services 13745: 13744: 13742: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13726: 13721: 13716: 13711: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13686: 13681: 13676: 13671: 13666: 13664:Product sample 13661: 13659:Free newspaper 13656: 13651: 13645: 13643: 13639: 13638: 13636: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13619: 13616: 13615: 13608: 13607: 13600: 13593: 13585: 13576: 13575: 13573: 13572: 13562: 13550: 13547: 13546: 13544: 13543: 13538: 13533: 13523: 13518: 13513: 13508: 13503: 13498: 13493: 13488: 13483: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13447: 13445: 13441: 13440: 13438: 13437: 13431: 13429: 13425: 13424: 13422: 13421: 13420: 13419: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13363: 13362: 13352: 13347: 13346: 13345: 13335: 13330: 13329: 13328: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13307: 13306: 13295: 13293: 13289: 13288: 13286: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13264: 13263: 13252: 13250: 13247:Environment / 13244: 13243: 13241: 13240: 13235: 13230: 13225: 13220: 13215: 13210: 13204: 13202: 13201:infrastructure 13196: 13195: 13193: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13181: 13180: 13170: 13165: 13160: 13154: 13152: 13144: 13143: 13141: 13140: 13135: 13133:Undersecretary 13130: 13125: 13120: 13114: 13112: 13108: 13107: 13105: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13089: 13084: 13079: 13074: 13072:First minister 13069: 13064: 13062:Prime minister 13059: 13057:Vice president 13054: 13048: 13046: 13042: 13041: 13029: 13028: 13021: 13014: 13006: 12997: 12996: 12993: 12992: 12990: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12973: 12967: 12963: 12962: 12960: 12959: 12948: 12937: 12926: 12915: 12904: 12893: 12882: 12871: 12860: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12828: 12826: 12822: 12821: 12819: 12818: 12813: 12811:European Union 12808: 12806:United Nations 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12770: 12768: 12764: 12763: 12760: 12759: 12757: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12715: 12709: 12705: 12704: 12701: 12700: 12698: 12697: 12692: 12690:Urban planning 12687: 12682: 12676: 12670: 12666: 12665: 12662: 12661: 12659: 12658: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12638: 12633: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12609: 12603: 12599: 12598: 12595: 12594: 12592: 12591: 12586: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12537: 12531: 12525: 12524: 12521: 12520: 12518: 12517: 12512: 12507: 12502: 12497: 12492: 12487: 12482: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12460:Prime minister 12457: 12452: 12447: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12427: 12422: 12417: 12411: 12405: 12401: 12400: 12398: 12397: 12392: 12387: 12385:Traffic lights 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12321: 12319: 12315: 12314: 12312: 12311: 12306: 12304:Theoreticians: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12289:Fundamentalism 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12254:Egalitarianism 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12190: 12188: 12184: 12183: 12181: 12180: 12179: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12133: 12128: 12119: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11977: 11975: 11971: 11970: 11968: 11967: 11962: 11957: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11932: 11927: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11901: 11899: 11895: 11894: 11883: 11882: 11875: 11868: 11860: 11854: 11851: 11850: 11838: 11837: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11761: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11719: 11713: 11711: 11707: 11706: 11704: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11622: 11620: 11616: 11615: 11613: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11515:Ottoman Empire 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11475:Kartli-Kakheti 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11336: 11334: 11330: 11329: 11327: 11326: 11314: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11157: 11150: 11145: 11140: 11135: 11130: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11110: 11105: 11099: 11097: 11093: 11092: 11090: 11089: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11033: 11031: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11023: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10884:Central Africa 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10845: 10843: 10836: 10830: 10829: 10826: 10825: 10823: 10822: 10820:United Kingdom 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10786: 10785: 10780: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10734: 10732: 10726: 10725: 10723: 10722: 10716: 10714: 10708: 10707: 10705: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10648: 10646: 10640: 10639: 10637: 10636: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10563: 10561: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10551: 10544: 10539: 10534: 10528: 10526: 10517: 10513: 10512: 10510: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10489: 10484: 10479: 10477:Prince regnant 10474: 10473: 10472: 10462: 10457: 10451: 10449: 10445: 10444: 10442: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10394:Decolonization 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10365: 10363: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10355: 10350: 10348:Personal union 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10318:Constitutional 10315: 10309: 10307: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10273: 10270: 10269: 10262: 10261: 10254: 10247: 10239: 10232: 10231:External links 10229: 10228: 10227: 10194: 10191:head of state. 10185: 10164: 10158: 10144:, ed. (2009). 10138: 10132: 10116: 10110: 10093: 10090: 10087: 10086: 10063: 10040: 10017: 9994: 9971: 9941: 9911: 9887: 9858: 9849: 9826: 9810: 9789: 9761: 9742: 9722: 9715: 9695: 9679: 9653: 9641: 9613: 9585: 9576: 9564: 9549: 9537: 9525: 9506: 9503:on 8 June 2011 9484: 9461: 9438: 9415: 9392: 9362: 9334: 9308: 9278: 9244: 9209: 9196: 9176: 9169: 9149: 9128:"Constitution" 9119: 9089: 9053: 9013: 9011:: pp. 542-543. 8998: 8968: 8956: 8944: 8932: 8917: 8887: 8861: 8827: 8793: 8764: 8741: 8710: 8674: 8648: 8625: 8591: 8568: 8542: 8516: 8497: 8471: 8449: 8426: 8403: 8380: 8347: 8321: 8298: 8275: 8251: 8216: 8174: 8155: 8118: 8105: 8091: 8065: 8042: 8012: 7992: 7964: 7934: 7923:on 1 June 2013 7903: 7873: 7861: 7842:(1): 114–131. 7826: 7807: 7787: 7748: 7715: 7708: 7688: 7676: 7660: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7651: 7650: 7625: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7598: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7515:Oath of office 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7451: 7450: 7449: 7433: 7430: 7397:. The current 7387:Sweden in 2010 7377:Constantine II 7328: 7325: 7301:Mount Rushmore 7249: 7246: 7226: 7223: 7190: 7187: 7163:Zog of Albania 7138: 7135: 7119: 7118:By appointment 7116: 7112:papal conclave 7072: 7062: 7052: 7040: 7037: 7014:equal marriage 7010:state religion 6977:and the other 6975:United Kingdom 6924:head of family 6886: 6885: 6882: 6879: 6878:Circle: female 6876: 6873: 6869: 6861: 6858: 6814: 6811: 6794: 6791: 6754: 6751: 6737:granted after 6718: 6715: 6710: 6707: 6688:Omar Al-Bashir 6657:Czechoslovakia 6645:Supreme Soviet 6606:Roman Republic 6544: 6541: 6535:replaced this 6520:, was another 6514:Outer Mongolia 6500:5th Dalai Lama 6495: 6492: 6463: 6460: 6432:Supreme Leader 6395:Ottoman Sultan 6352: 6349: 6302: 6299: 6289:, a symbolic, 6218: 6215: 6138:United Nations 6082:Paulias Matane 6069: 6068: 6059: 6058: 6050: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6041:Main article: 6038: 6035: 5999:personal union 5990: 5987: 5938:vice-president 5932: 5929: 5805: 5804: 5791: 5784: 5782: 5771: 5764: 5762: 5756: 5749: 5747: 5697: 5696: 5677: 5670: 5664: 5647:, the Moorish 5635: 5632: 5611:Sadr-i-Riyasat 5456:, who is also 5440:was still the 5429:, then to the 5367:Mohammad Hatta 5364:Vice President 5261: 5260:Official title 5258: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5233: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5087: 5086: 5085: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5008:Prime Minister 4980: 4979:Reserve powers 4977: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4954: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4933: 4910: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4890: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4807: 4806: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4751: 4750: 4749: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4710: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4672:Prime Minister 4653: 4652: 4651: 4603: 4600: 4583: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4574: 4569: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4542: 4536: 4531: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4456: 4455: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4278:, but not the 4248: 4247: 4220: 4189: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4113: 4112: 4111: 4088: 4087: 4086: 4063: 4062: 4061: 4056: 4029: 4028: 4027: 3933:Champs-Élysées 3879:Main article: 3876: 3873: 3853: 3852: 3851: 3850: 3827: 3826: 3825: 3824: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3784: 3783: 3782: 3763: 3762: 3761: 3741: 3740: 3739: 3733:the assent of 3729: 3689:European Union 3577:Vladimir Putin 3561: 3558: 3550:prime minister 3534: 3533: 3532: 3531: 3530: 3529: 3523: 3518: 3509: 3500: 3475: 3466: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3424:Prime Minister 3409: 3408: 3407: 3401:, appoint the 3380: 3379: 3378: 3373:prime minister 3335:prime minister 3264: 3261: 3241:Czech Republic 3237: 3236: 3235: 3234: 3215: 3214: 3213: 3190: 3189: 3188: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3148: 3147: 3146: 3123: 3122: 3121: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3069:United Kingdom 3023: 3022:Executive role 3020: 3019: 3018: 3017: 3016: 2997: 2996: 2995: 2989: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2918: 2917: 2916: 2889: 2888: 2887: 2867: 2866: 2865: 2846: 2845: 2844: 2825: 2824: 2823: 2814: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2732:Olympic summer 2713:groundbreaking 2622: 2619: 2617:of a monarch. 2600:on 2 June 1953 2586: 2585: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2527: 2525: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2493:United Nations 2474:Manuel Noriega 2377: 2374: 2249:natural person 2228: 2225: 2204:Middle Eastern 2200:Latin American 2117:Main article: 2099: 2096: 2075:Weimar Germany 2068:Jacques Chirac 2048:prime minister 2031:Main article: 2013: 2010: 1989: 1986: 1967:reserve powers 1933:prime minister 1885:prime minister 1863:that followed 1805: 1804: 1795: 1794: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1633:, heading the 1622: 1621:Standard model 1619: 1587: 1584: 1543: 1542: 1523: 1504: 1503: 1502: 1483: 1472:United Kingdom 1464:standard model 1386: 1385: 1344: 1342: 1335: 1329: 1326: 1285:Meanwhile, in 1260:United Kingdom 1214:chief of state 1204: 1203: 1201: 1200: 1193: 1186: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1168: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1160: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1135:cohabitational 1127: 1113: 1101: 1096: 1084: 1080:Constitutional 1069: 1068: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1040: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1015: 1005: 1004: 1003: 1002: 980: 979: 978: 977: 975: 974: 969: 964: 962:Prime minister 959: 954: 949: 947:First minister 944: 942:Chief minister 939: 934: 928: 918: 917: 911: 910: 908: 907: 902: 897: 895:Supreme leader 892: 886: 883: 882: 876: 875: 869: 868: 856: 855: 853: 852: 845: 838: 830: 827: 826: 813: 812: 809: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 787: 786: 770: 765: 760: 759: 758: 748: 742: 738: 737: 736: 733: 732: 729: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 695: 689: 686:Related topics 685: 684: 683: 680: 679: 676: 675: 670: 665: 660: 654: 653: 647: 643: 642: 641: 638: 637: 634: 633: 628: 623: 621:Foreign policy 618: 613: 600: 594: 593: 592: 589: 588: 585: 584: 583: 582: 568: 563: 558: 545: 539: 538: 537: 534: 533: 530: 529: 524: 519: 517:Policy studies 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 482: 480: 468: 465: 461: 460: 459: 456: 455: 452: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 360: 354: 353: 352: 349: 348: 345: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 303: 300:Primary topics 299: 298: 297: 294: 293: 291: 290: 285: 280: 274: 271: 270: 264: 263: 250: 249: 240: 231: 222: 213: 204: 198:Droupadi Murmu 195: 186: 182:and the other 173: 161:Heads of state 159: 158: 149: 148: 140: 139: 131: 130: 129: 120: 119: 111: 110: 102: 101: 100: 91: 90: 82: 81: 73: 72: 71: 70: 69: 50: 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20317: 20306: 20303: 20301: 20298: 20296: 20293: 20291: 20288: 20286: 20283: 20282: 20280: 20258: 20254: 20251: 20248: 20244: 20241: 20238: 20234: 20231: 20228: 20224: 20221: 20218: 20214: 20211: 20208: 20204: 20201: 20198: 20194: 20191: 20188: 20184: 20181: 20180: 20177: 20173: 20169: 20162: 20157: 20155: 20150: 20148: 20143: 20142: 20139: 20127: 20121: 20116: 20114: 20108: 20103: 20101: 20095: 20090: 20088: 20082: 20077: 20075: 20069: 20064: 20062: 20056: 20051: 20049: 20043: 20038: 20036: 20035:López Obrador 20030: 20025: 20023: 20017: 20012: 20010: 20004: 19999: 19997: 19991: 19986: 19984: 19978: 19973: 19971: 19965: 19960: 19958: 19952: 19947: 19945: 19939: 19934: 19932: 19926: 19921: 19919: 19913: 19908: 19906: 19900: 19895: 19893: 19887: 19882: 19880: 19874: 19869: 19867: 19861: 19856: 19855: 19852: 19848: 19844: 19837: 19832: 19830: 19825: 19823: 19818: 19817: 19814: 19798: 19795: 19793: 19790: 19789: 19787: 19784: 19780: 19774: 19771: 19769: 19766: 19764: 19761: 19759: 19756: 19754: 19751: 19749: 19746: 19744: 19741: 19739: 19736: 19734: 19731: 19729: 19726: 19724: 19721: 19719: 19716: 19714: 19711: 19709: 19706: 19705: 19703: 19699: 19696: 19694: 19690: 19680: 19677: 19675: 19672: 19671: 19669: 19666: 19662: 19656: 19653: 19651: 19648: 19646: 19643: 19641: 19638: 19636: 19633: 19631: 19628: 19626: 19623: 19621: 19618: 19616: 19613: 19611: 19608: 19606: 19603: 19601: 19598: 19596: 19593: 19591: 19588: 19587: 19585: 19581: 19578: 19576: 19572: 19563: 19558: 19556: 19551: 19549: 19544: 19543: 19540: 19526: 19522: 19518: 19514: 19510: 19506: 19502: 19498: 19494: 19490: 19486: 19482: 19478: 19474: 19470: 19466: 19462: 19458: 19454: 19450: 19446: 19442: 19438: 19434: 19430: 19426: 19425: 19422: 19418: 19414: 19407: 19402: 19400: 19395: 19393: 19388: 19387: 19384: 19372: 19362: 19361: 19358: 19351: 19346: 19340: 19337: 19332: 19326: 19323: 19318: 19312: 19309: 19304: 19298: 19295: 19290: 19284: 19281: 19276: 19270: 19267: 19262: 19256: 19253: 19248: 19242: 19239: 19234: 19228: 19225: 19220: 19214: 19211: 19206: 19200: 19197: 19192: 19186: 19183: 19178: 19172: 19169: 19164: 19158: 19155: 19150: 19144: 19141: 19136: 19130: 19127: 19122: 19116: 19113: 19108: 19102: 19099: 19094: 19088: 19085: 19080: 19074: 19071: 19066: 19060: 19057: 19052: 19046: 19043: 19038: 19032: 19029: 19024: 19018: 19015: 19010: 19004: 19001: 18996: 18990: 18987: 18982: 18976: 18975: 18972: 18968: 18967:member states 18965: 18961: 18954: 18949: 18947: 18942: 18940: 18935: 18934: 18931: 18918: 18915: 18912: 18911: 18908: 18898: 18895: 18894: 18892: 18888: 18882: 18881:South Ossetia 18879: 18877: 18874: 18872: 18869: 18867: 18864: 18863: 18861: 18857: 18851: 18848: 18846: 18843: 18841: 18838: 18836: 18833: 18831: 18828: 18826: 18823: 18821: 18818: 18816: 18813: 18811: 18808: 18806: 18803: 18801: 18798: 18796: 18793: 18791: 18788: 18786: 18783: 18781: 18778: 18776: 18773: 18771: 18768: 18766: 18763: 18761: 18758: 18756: 18753: 18751: 18748: 18746: 18743: 18741: 18738: 18736: 18733: 18731: 18730:Liechtenstein 18728: 18726: 18723: 18721: 18718: 18716: 18713: 18711: 18708: 18706: 18703: 18701: 18698: 18696: 18693: 18691: 18688: 18686: 18683: 18681: 18678: 18676: 18673: 18671: 18668: 18666: 18663: 18661: 18658: 18656: 18653: 18651: 18648: 18646: 18643: 18641: 18638: 18636: 18633: 18631: 18628: 18626: 18623: 18621: 18618: 18616: 18613: 18611: 18608: 18606: 18603: 18601: 18598: 18597: 18595: 18593:and observers 18589: 18586: 18584: 18578: 18568: 18565: 18564: 18562: 18558: 18552: 18551:South Ossetia 18549: 18547: 18544: 18542: 18539: 18537: 18534: 18533: 18531: 18527: 18521: 18518: 18516: 18513: 18511: 18508: 18506: 18503: 18501: 18498: 18496: 18493: 18491: 18488: 18486: 18483: 18481: 18478: 18476: 18473: 18471: 18468: 18466: 18463: 18461: 18458: 18456: 18453: 18451: 18448: 18446: 18443: 18441: 18438: 18436: 18433: 18431: 18428: 18426: 18423: 18421: 18418: 18416: 18413: 18411: 18408: 18406: 18403: 18401: 18400:Liechtenstein 18398: 18396: 18393: 18391: 18388: 18386: 18383: 18381: 18378: 18376: 18373: 18371: 18368: 18366: 18363: 18361: 18358: 18356: 18353: 18351: 18348: 18346: 18343: 18341: 18338: 18336: 18333: 18331: 18328: 18326: 18323: 18321: 18318: 18316: 18313: 18311: 18308: 18306: 18303: 18301: 18298: 18296: 18293: 18291: 18288: 18286: 18283: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18271: 18268: 18267: 18265: 18263:and observers 18259: 18256: 18254: 18248: 18239: 18234: 18232: 18227: 18225: 18220: 18219: 18216: 18206: 18205: 18199: 18193: 18190: 18188: 18185: 18182: 18179: 18177: 18174: 18172: 18169: 18167: 18164: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18153: 18151: 18149: 18144: 18139: 18133: 18130: 18128: 18125: 18123: 18120: 18119: 18117: 18115: 18111: 18104: 18100: 18097: 18094: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18079: 18075: 18072: 18069: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18049: 18045: 18042: 18040: 18037: 18034: 18030: 18027: 18025: 18022: 18021: 18019: 18017: 18013: 18006: 18002: 17999: 17996: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17981: 17977: 17974: 17971: 17967: 17964: 17962: 17959: 17957: 17954: 17951: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17928: 17926: 17924: 17920: 17911: 17906: 17904: 17899: 17897: 17892: 17891: 17888: 17875: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17850: 17848: 17846: 17842: 17832: 17829: 17827: 17826:South Ossetia 17824: 17822: 17819: 17817: 17814: 17813: 17811: 17807: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17753: 17751: 17748: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17716: 17713: 17711: 17708: 17706: 17703: 17701: 17698: 17696: 17693: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17653: 17651: 17648: 17646: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17631: 17628: 17626: 17623: 17621: 17618: 17616: 17613: 17611: 17608: 17606: 17603: 17601: 17598: 17596: 17593: 17591: 17588: 17586: 17583: 17581: 17578: 17576: 17573: 17571: 17568: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17556: 17553: 17552: 17550: 17548:and observers 17544: 17541: 17539: 17533: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17517:South Ossetia 17515: 17513: 17510: 17508: 17505: 17504: 17502: 17498: 17492: 17489: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17462: 17459: 17457: 17454: 17452: 17449: 17447: 17444: 17442: 17439: 17437: 17434: 17432: 17429: 17427: 17424: 17422: 17419: 17417: 17414: 17412: 17409: 17407: 17404: 17402: 17399: 17397: 17394: 17392: 17389: 17387: 17384: 17382: 17379: 17377: 17374: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17364: 17362: 17359: 17357: 17354: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17344: 17342: 17339: 17337: 17334: 17332: 17329: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17317: 17314: 17312: 17309: 17307: 17304: 17302: 17299: 17297: 17294: 17292: 17289: 17287: 17284: 17282: 17279: 17277: 17274: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17262: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17243: 17241: 17239:and observers 17235: 17232: 17230: 17224: 17215: 17210: 17208: 17203: 17201: 17196: 17195: 17192: 17170: 17077: 17073: 17068: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17032: 17027: 17022: 17017: 17012: 17007: 17002: 16997: 16992: 16991: 16986: 16985:Dési Bouterse 16981: 16976: 16971: 16966: 16961: 16956: 16951: 16946: 16945: 16940: 16935: 16930: 16925: 16920: 16915: 16910: 16905: 16900: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16884: 16883:Fernando Lugo 16879: 16874: 16869: 16864: 16859: 16854: 16849: 16848: 16843: 16838: 16833: 16828: 16823: 16818: 16817:Desmond Hoyte 16813: 16808: 16803: 16802: 16797: 16796:Rafael Correa 16792: 16787: 16782: 16781:Gustavo Noboa 16777: 16772: 16767: 16762: 16757: 16752: 16747: 16746: 16741: 16736: 16731: 16726: 16721: 16720:César Gaviria 16716: 16711: 16706: 16701: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16684:Ricardo Lagos 16680: 16675: 16670: 16665: 16660: 16659: 16654: 16649: 16644: 16639: 16638:Itamar Franco 16634: 16629: 16624: 16619: 16618: 16613: 16608: 16603: 16598: 16593: 16592:Jorge Quiroga 16588: 16583: 16578: 16573: 16568: 16563: 16562: 16557: 16552: 16547: 16542: 16537: 16532: 16527: 16522: 16521: 16429: 16417: 16413: 16408: 16403: 16395: 16390: 16388: 16383: 16381: 16376: 16375: 16372: 16356: 16355:United States 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16242: 16240: 16236: 16233: 16231: 16227: 16217: 16216:United States 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16192: 16189: 16187: 16184: 16182: 16179: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16139: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16119: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16103: 16101: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16088: 16079: 16074: 16072: 16067: 16065: 16060: 16059: 16056: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 15998: 15996: 15993: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15975:French Guiana 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15944: 15942: 15936: 15931: 15925: 15922: 15920: 15917: 15915: 15914:United States 15912: 15910: 15907: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15882: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15757: 15755: 15752: 15751: 15749: 15747:and observers 15743: 15740: 15738: 15732: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15651:French Guiana 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15618: 15616: 15610: 15605: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15588:United States 15586: 15584: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15539: 15536: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15509: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15499: 15496: 15494: 15491: 15489: 15486: 15484: 15481: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15444: 15441: 15439: 15436: 15434: 15431: 15429: 15426: 15425: 15423: 15421:and observers 15417: 15414: 15412: 15406: 15397: 15392: 15390: 15385: 15383: 15378: 15377: 15374: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15342: 15339: 15337: 15334: 15332: 15329: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15308: 15306: 15300: 15290: 15289: 15285: 15284: 15282: 15278: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15192: 15189: 15187: 15184: 15182: 15179: 15177: 15174: 15172: 15169: 15167: 15164: 15162: 15159: 15157: 15154: 15152: 15149: 15148: 15146: 15144: 15143:member states 15141: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15128: 15123: 15115: 15110: 15108: 15103: 15101: 15096: 15095: 15092: 15078: 15075: 15074: 15073:Zulu Kingdom 15072: 15068: 15065: 15064: 15062: 15058: 15055: 15054: 15052: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15039: 15037: 15033: 15030: 15029: 15027: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15009: 15008:South Africa 15007: 15003: 15000: 14999: 14997: 14993: 14990: 14989: 14987: 14983: 14980: 14979: 14977: 14973: 14970: 14969: 14967: 14963: 14960: 14959: 14957: 14953: 14950: 14949: 14947: 14941: 14938: 14937: 14936: 14933: 14932: 14930: 14926: 14923: 14922: 14920: 14916: 14913: 14912: 14910: 14906: 14903: 14902: 14900: 14894: 14891: 14890: 14889: 14886: 14885: 14883: 14877: 14874: 14873: 14872: 14869: 14868: 14866: 14862: 14859: 14858: 14856: 14852: 14849: 14848: 14846: 14842: 14839: 14838: 14836: 14832: 14829: 14828: 14826: 14822: 14819: 14818: 14816: 14815: 14813: 14807: 14797: 14796: 14792: 14790: 14789: 14785: 14784: 14782: 14778: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14722: 14719: 14717: 14714: 14712: 14709: 14707: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14621:Guinea-Bissau 14619: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14592: 14589: 14587: 14584: 14582: 14579: 14577: 14574: 14572: 14569: 14567: 14564: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14503: 14501: 14497: 14494: 14492: 14488: 14478: 14477: 14473: 14471: 14470: 14466: 14465: 14463: 14459: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14302:Guinea-Bissau 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14184: 14182: 14180: 14179:member states 14177: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14164: 14155: 14150: 14148: 14143: 14141: 14136: 14135: 14132: 14126: 14119: 14101: 14100: 14091: 14089: 14088: 14079: 14078: 14075: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14053:Public sector 14051: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14025: 14023: 14019: 14013: 14010: 14006: 14003: 14001: 13998: 13997: 13996: 13993: 13989: 13986: 13985: 13984: 13981: 13979: 13978:Job guarantee 13976: 13974: 13971: 13969: 13966: 13964: 13961: 13960: 13958: 13956: 13952: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13930:Public toilet 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13920:Public school 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13857: 13855: 13853: 13849: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13826: 13823: 13822: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13815:Oil & gas 13813: 13811: 13808: 13807: 13805: 13803: 13799: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13776: 13773: 13772: 13771: 13768: 13766: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13755:Civil service 13753: 13752: 13750: 13746: 13740: 13737: 13735: 13732: 13730: 13727: 13725: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13715: 13714:Public rights 13712: 13710: 13709:Public policy 13707: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13689:Public health 13687: 13685: 13682: 13680: 13679:Public domain 13677: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13646: 13644: 13640: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13620: 13617: 13613: 13606: 13601: 13599: 13594: 13592: 13587: 13586: 13583: 13571: 13563: 13561: 13552: 13551: 13548: 13542: 13539: 13537: 13534: 13531: 13530:mental health 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13492: 13489: 13487: 13484: 13482: 13479: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13448: 13446: 13442: 13436: 13433: 13432: 13430: 13426: 13418: 13415: 13414: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13361: 13358: 13357: 13356: 13353: 13351: 13348: 13344: 13341: 13340: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13327: 13324: 13323: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13305: 13302: 13301: 13300: 13297: 13296: 13294: 13290: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13262: 13259: 13258: 13257: 13254: 13253: 13251: 13245: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13231: 13229: 13226: 13224: 13221: 13219: 13216: 13214: 13211: 13209: 13206: 13205: 13203: 13197: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13179: 13176: 13175: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13164: 13161: 13159: 13156: 13155: 13153: 13151:public safety 13145: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13115: 13113: 13109: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13095: 13093: 13090: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13078: 13075: 13073: 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13049: 13047: 13043: 13039: 13035: 13027: 13022: 13020: 13015: 13013: 13008: 13007: 13004: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12974: 12971: 12968: 12964: 12955: 12949: 12944: 12938: 12933: 12927: 12922: 12916: 12911: 12905: 12900: 12894: 12889: 12883: 12878: 12872: 12867: 12861: 12856: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12832:Human history 12830: 12829: 12827: 12823: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12776: 12772: 12771: 12769: 12767:International 12765: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12716: 12713: 12710: 12706: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12677: 12674: 12671: 12667: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12644: 12642: 12639: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12615: 12611: 12610: 12607: 12604: 12600: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12583: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12538: 12535: 12532: 12526: 12516: 12513: 12511: 12508: 12506: 12503: 12501: 12498: 12496: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12486: 12483: 12481: 12478: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12448: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12440:Head of state 12438: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12426: 12423: 12421: 12418: 12416: 12413: 12412: 12409: 12406: 12402: 12396: 12393: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12322: 12320: 12316: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12299:Progressivism 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12191: 12189: 12185: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12146:Collaborative 12144: 12142: 12139: 12138: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12125: 12121: 12120: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12091:Republicanism 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12021:Confederation 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11978: 11976: 11972: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11956: 11953: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11925:Unitary state 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11902: 11900: 11896: 11892: 11888: 11881: 11876: 11874: 11869: 11867: 11862: 11861: 11858: 11852: 11845: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11765: 11762: 11759: 11758: 11753: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11714: 11712: 11708: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11636:Easter Island 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11623: 11621: 11617: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11337: 11335: 11331: 11324: 11323: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11262: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11175:Jabal Shammar 11173: 11171: 11168: 11165: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11155: 11151: 11149: 11146: 11144: 11141: 11139: 11136: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11104: 11101: 11100: 11098: 11094: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11028: 11022: 11021: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10831: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10775: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10735: 10733: 10731: 10727: 10721: 10718: 10717: 10715: 10713: 10709: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10667:Liechtenstein 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10649: 10647: 10645: 10641: 10635: 10634: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10564: 10562: 10560: 10556: 10550: 10549: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10525: 10521: 10518: 10514: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10471: 10470:Queen regnant 10468: 10467: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10452: 10450: 10446: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10429:Republicanism 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10409:Head of state 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10366: 10364: 10360: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10343:Non-sovereign 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10310: 10308: 10304: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10274: 10271: 10267: 10260: 10255: 10253: 10248: 10246: 10241: 10240: 10237: 10217: 10213: 10212: 10207: 10203: 10199: 10195: 10192: 10188: 10186:1-85743-093-X 10182: 10178: 10173: 10172: 10165: 10161: 10155: 10151: 10147: 10143: 10139: 10135: 10133:9781925501155 10129: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10107: 10103: 10102: 10096: 10095: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10072: 10067: 10060: 10056: 10052: 10049: 10044: 10037: 10033: 10029: 10026: 10021: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10003: 9998: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9980: 9975: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9945: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9915: 9909: 9905: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9891: 9875: 9871: 9865: 9863: 9853: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9835: 9830: 9823: 9819: 9814: 9807: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9794: 9778: 9771: 9765: 9749: 9745: 9743:90-247-3576-9 9739: 9735: 9734: 9726: 9718: 9712: 9708: 9707: 9699: 9693: 9689: 9683: 9667: 9663: 9657: 9650: 9645: 9630: 9626: 9625: 9617: 9602: 9598: 9597: 9589: 9580: 9573: 9568: 9561: 9556: 9554: 9546: 9541: 9534: 9529: 9522: 9517: 9515: 9513: 9511: 9502: 9498: 9494: 9488: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9470: 9465: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9447: 9442: 9435: 9431: 9427: 9424: 9419: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9401: 9396: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9378: 9373: 9371: 9369: 9367: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9348: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9322: 9318: 9312: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9282: 9267: 9263: 9262: 9257: 9251: 9249: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9213: 9199: 9193: 9189: 9188: 9180: 9172: 9166: 9162: 9161: 9153: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9123: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9098: 9096: 9094: 9077: 9073: 9069: 9068: 9063: 9057: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9028: 9023: 9017: 9010: 9005: 9003: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8972: 8965: 8960: 8953: 8948: 8941: 8936: 8929: 8924: 8922: 8914: 8910: 8906: 8903: 8898: 8896: 8894: 8892: 8884: 8880: 8876: 8873: 8868: 8866: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8847: 8842: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8834: 8832: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8813: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8802: 8800: 8798: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8773: 8771: 8769: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8750: 8745: 8738: 8737:960 560 073 0 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8719: 8714: 8707: 8706:0 642 78285 7 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8684: 8678: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8660: 8655: 8653: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8634: 8629: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8611: 8606: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8596: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8577: 8572: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8554: 8549: 8547: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8528: 8523: 8521: 8513: 8509: 8506: 8501: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8483: 8478: 8476: 8468: 8464: 8461: 8456: 8454: 8446: 8442: 8438: 8435: 8430: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8412: 8407: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8384: 8368: 8364: 8357: 8351: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8333: 8328: 8326: 8318: 8314: 8310: 8307: 8302: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8284: 8279: 8272: 8268: 8265: 8260: 8258: 8256: 8248: 8236: 8232: 8231: 8226: 8220: 8213: 8211: 8207: 8194: 8190: 8189: 8184: 8178: 8171: 8167: 8164: 8159: 8152: 8151:presidencies. 8139: 8135: 8134: 8129: 8122: 8115: 8109: 8101: 8095: 8088: 8084: 8081: 8076: 8074: 8072: 8070: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8051: 8046: 8039: 8035: 8031: 8028: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8017: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7996: 7989: 7985: 7981: 7978: 7973: 7971: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7954: 7949: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7941: 7939: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7907: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7870: 7865: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7830: 7814: 7810: 7808:9781135071981 7804: 7801:. Routledge. 7800: 7799: 7791: 7783: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7752: 7733: 7726: 7719: 7711: 7705: 7701: 7700: 7692: 7685: 7680: 7673: 7668: 7666: 7661: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7629: 7622: 7618: 7617:State Council 7612: 7608: 7597: 7596: 7595:World Leaders 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7545:State funeral 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7455:21-gun salute 7453: 7452: 7447: 7441: 7436: 7429: 7425: 7423: 7418: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7383: 7379:ceased to be 7378: 7374: 7369: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7354: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7336: 7334: 7324: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7259: 7254: 7245: 7243: 7238: 7236: 7232: 7222: 7220: 7219:Roman emperor 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7186: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7151:authoritarian 7148: 7144: 7134: 7132: 7128: 7125: 7115: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7096:United States 7093: 7090:(such as the 7089: 7079: 7069: 7059: 7050: 7045: 7036: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7021: 7019: 7015: 7012:, residency, 7011: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6956: 6952: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6931: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6920:Primogeniture 6917: 6915: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6883: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6866: 6857: 6855: 6851: 6850:James Mancham 6847: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6790: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6750: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6714: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6691: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6676: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6602: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6554: 6550: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6491: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6449: 6445: 6441: 6440:head of state 6437: 6434:, at present 6433: 6429: 6424: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6405: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6380: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6360:Abdulmecid II 6357: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6333: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6275:, during the 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6171: 6169: 6166:at the time, 6165: 6161: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6146: 6141: 6139: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6073: 6063: 6054: 6044: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5960: 5958: 5953: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5847:Thomas Hobbes 5844: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5826:head of state 5823: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5802: 5800: 5795: 5794:Thomas Hobbes 5788: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5763: 5760: 5753: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5736: 5735:lingua franca 5731: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5675: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5637: 5631: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5620:Yasser Arafat 5617: 5613: 5612: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5591: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5566: 5564: 5563:his overthrow 5560: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5541: 5539: 5538: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5507:, who as the 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5368: 5365: 5360: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5336: 5333:crown colony 5332: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5204: 5199: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5183: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5099: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4985:reserve power 4972: 4970: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4897:based on the 4896: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4847: 4843: 4841: 4840:King or Queen 4836: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4826: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4709: 4707: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4693: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4683: 4679: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4599: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4579: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4454: 4452: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4423: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4398: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4377: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4351:Head of State 4348: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4319: 4313: 4308: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3900:on Belgium's 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3875:Military role 3872: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3781: 3779: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3764: 3759: 3757: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3736: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3458: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3449: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3343: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3273:civil service 3270: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3233: 3231: 3226: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3185: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3164: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3145: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3015: 3013: 3008: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2789: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2700: 2699:of the host. 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2685:military band 2682: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2621:Symbolic role 2618: 2616: 2612: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2580: 2565: 2562: 2554: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2528:This section 2526: 2522: 2517: 2516: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2485: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2470:Omar Torrijos 2467: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2401:Liechtenstein 2397: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2348:is a largely 2347: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2327:Deng Xiaoping 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2310: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2261:Soviet Russia 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2181:United States 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2095: 2093: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2066:(right wing) 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2034: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1971:Supreme Court 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1923:. Today, the 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1855: 1843: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1799: 1790: 1776: 1774: 1773:head of state 1770: 1765: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1749: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1723: 1721: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1701:); likewise, 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1592: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1567:Indian states 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1531:United States 1528: 1524: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1452: 1450: 1449:constitutions 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1382: 1379: 1371: 1368:November 2012 1361: 1357: 1351: 1350: 1345:This section 1343: 1339: 1334: 1333: 1325: 1323: 1321: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1210:head of state 1199: 1194: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1180: 1179: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1123: 1117: 1114: 1110: 1105: 1104:Parliamentary 1102: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1092:Parliamentary 1088: 1085: 1081: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1034: 1033: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1014: 1013: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 988: 984: 983: 982: 981: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 929: 927: 926: 922: 921: 920: 919: 916: 913: 912: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 887: 885: 884: 881: 880:Head of state 878: 877: 874: 871: 870: 866: 862: 861: 851: 846: 844: 839: 837: 832: 831: 829: 828: 825: 820: 815: 814: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 784: 780: 776: 775: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 757: 754: 753: 752: 749: 747: 744: 743: 735: 734: 727: 724: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 703: 699: 696: 694: 691: 690: 682: 681: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 655: 652: 649: 648: 640: 639: 632: 629: 627: 626:Civil society 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 610: 605: 604:Public policy 602: 601: 597: 591: 590: 580: 576: 572: 571: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 555: 550: 547: 546: 542: 536: 535: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 495: 490: 485: 481: 476: 471: 467: 466: 458: 457: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 424:Parliamentary 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 409:Hybrid regime 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 361: 357: 351: 350: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 304: 296: 295: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 275: 273: 272: 269: 266: 265: 262: 258: 257: 248: 244: 241: 239: 235: 234:Dina Boluarte 232: 230: 226: 223: 221: 217: 214: 212: 208: 205: 203: 199: 196: 194: 190: 187: 185: 181: 177: 174: 172: 168: 165: 164: 162: 153: 144: 135: 124: 115: 106: 95: 86: 77: 68: 64: 57: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 20167: 19842: 19792:Cook Islands 19674:Cook Islands 19574: 19412: 18959: 18897:Transnistria 18567:Transnistria 18250: 18202: 18142: 17922: 17780:Turkmenistan 17740:Saudi Arabia 17471:Turkmenistan 17431:Saudi Arabia 17226: 17075: 17016:Jorge Batlle 16822:Cheddi Jagan 16776:Jamil Mahuad 16735:Álvaro Uribe 16536:Carlos Menem 16415: 16090: 16024:Sint Maarten 16016:Saint Martin 15935:Dependencies 15706:Sint Maarten 15696:Saint Martin 15609:Dependencies 15408: 15286: 15280:Other states 15241:South Africa 15236:Sierra Leone 14793: 14786: 14780:Other states 14731:South Africa 14721:Sierra Leone 14526:Burkina Faso 14474: 14467: 14461:Other states 14412:South Africa 14402:Sierra Leone 14207:Burkina Faso 14097: 14085: 14038:Public float 13973:Job creation 13925:Public space 13852:Public works 13729:Public value 13724:Public trust 12957:}} 12951:{{ 12946:}} 12940:{{ 12935:}} 12929:{{ 12924:}} 12918:{{ 12913:}} 12907:{{ 12902:}} 12896:{{ 12891:}} 12885:{{ 12880:}} 12874:{{ 12869:}} 12863:{{ 12858:}} 12852:{{ 12846: 12842:Civilization 12795: 12773: 12743: 12733: 12718: 12679: 12651:Civil rights 12645: 12630: 12612: 12580: 12560: 12556:Town meeting 12540: 12489: 12464: 12439: 12434: 12420:Constitution 12414: 12379: 12359: 12303: 12249:Distributism 12234:Conservatism 12219:Collectivism 12187:Philosophies 12161:Cosmopolitan 12156:Conservative 12122: 11995: 11986:Govt systems 11980: 11960:Municipality 11939: 11813:South Africa 11808:Sierra Leone 11755: 11585:Two Sicilies 11520:Papal States 11320: 11259: 11152: 11018: 10778:Cook Islands 10631: 10617:Saudi Arabia 10546: 10408: 10219:. Retrieved 10209: 10190: 10170: 10145: 10123: 10100: 10092:Bibliography 10066: 10043: 10020: 9997: 9974: 9962:. Retrieved 9953: 9944: 9932:. Retrieved 9923: 9914: 9894: 9890: 9878:. Retrieved 9852: 9829: 9821: 9813: 9803: 9780:. Retrieved 9776: 9764: 9752:. Retrieved 9732: 9725: 9705: 9698: 9682: 9670:. Retrieved 9656: 9644: 9633:, retrieved 9623: 9616: 9605:, retrieved 9595: 9588: 9579: 9567: 9562:: pp. 42-43. 9547:: pp. 41-42. 9540: 9535:: pp. 37-38. 9528: 9501:the original 9496: 9487: 9464: 9441: 9418: 9395: 9325:. Retrieved 9321:the original 9311: 9299:. Retrieved 9295:the original 9281: 9270:, retrieved 9260: 9235:. Retrieved 9226: 9222: 9212: 9201:, retrieved 9186: 9179: 9159: 9152: 9140:. Retrieved 9136:the original 9131: 9122: 9080:. Retrieved 9076:the original 9065: 9056: 9044:. Retrieved 9031: 9025: 9016: 8989:. Retrieved 8980: 8971: 8966:: pp. 61-68. 8959: 8954:: pp. 71-79. 8947: 8942:: pp. 35-44. 8935: 8744: 8713: 8677: 8628: 8571: 8500: 8429: 8406: 8383: 8371:. Retrieved 8350: 8301: 8278: 8246: 8241:28 September 8239:. Retrieved 8228: 8219: 8204: 8199:28 September 8197:. Retrieved 8186: 8177: 8158: 8149: 8144:28 September 8142:. Retrieved 8131: 8121: 8108: 8094: 8045: 7995: 7925:. Retrieved 7921:the original 7912: 7906: 7894:. Retrieved 7885: 7876: 7864: 7839: 7835: 7829: 7817:. Retrieved 7813:the original 7797: 7790: 7782:the original 7761: 7751: 7739:. Retrieved 7732:the original 7718: 7698: 7691: 7679: 7628: 7611: 7593: 7490:Honors music 7460:Aide-de-camp 7426: 7419: 7380: 7370: 7366:Saint Helena 7351: 7337: 7330: 7309:South Dakota 7263: 7239: 7228: 7207:buffer state 7195:Roman Empire 7192: 7170: 7155:totalitarian 7146: 7140: 7121: 7084: 7033:Saudi Arabia 7022: 7002:ruling house 6999: 6965:in 1990 and 6948: 6932: 6918: 6905:royal family 6890: 6875:Square: male 6844:, where the 6819:constitution 6816: 6796: 6756: 6720: 6712: 6692: 6677: 6637:Soviet Union 6634: 6603: 6575:triumvirates 6556: 6518:Genghis Khan 6512: 6497: 6465: 6450:offshoot of 6436:Ali Khamenei 6425: 6421:Saudi Arabia 6402: 6390: 6376: 6330: 6323:Vatican City 6315:Papal States 6304: 6301:Christianity 6291:legitimating 6279:, the title 6273:Ancient Rome 6242: 6236:role of the 6233: 6172: 6157: 6142: 6103: 6093: 6084:(right) was 6023:King of Iraq 6015: 5992: 5961: 5954: 5934: 5856: 5850: 5832: 5825: 5811: 5806: 5797: 5773: 5758: 5733: 5698: 5648: 5609: 5607: 5602: 5574: 5567: 5558: 5552: 5542: 5535: 5521: 5503:, currently 5496: 5478: 5406: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5361: 5338: 5328: 5321: 5318:Adolf Hitler 5306: 5263: 5249: 5244: 5235: 5230: 5221: 5211: 5200: 5190: 5179: 5169: 5162: 5152: 5129: 5119: 5096: 5089: 5075:Martial Laws 5068: 5061: 5051: 5000: 4990: 4966: 4956: 4949: 4944: 4935: 4922: 4912: 4905: 4892: 4883: 4873: 4858: 4848: 4837: 4827: 4795: 4785: 4763: 4753: 4738: 4728: 4703: 4694: 4684: 4665: 4655: 4643:Dáil Éireann 4636: 4626: 4605: 4596: 4584: 4576: 4571: 4558: 4548: 4538: 4533: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4500: 4490: 4471: 4461: 4448: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4424: 4415: 4405: 4394: 4384: 4373: 4363: 4344: 4337: 4331: 4324:royal assent 4322: 4318:promulgation 4316: 4309: 4294: 4249: 4190: 4182:armed forces 4175: 4165: 4150: 4140: 4125: 4115: 4107:Armed Forces 4100: 4090: 4082:armed forces 4075: 4065: 4058: 4041: 4031: 4016: 4002: 3984:coups d'état 3977: 3969:royal family 3956: 3948:armed forces 3941: 3919:and General 3902:national day 3854: 3839: 3829: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3796: 3786: 3775: 3765: 3753: 3743: 3731: 3718: 3708: 3701: 3697: 3681:ratification 3674: 3663: 3651:papal nuncio 3623: 3598:Shimon Peres 3540:, under the 3535: 3525: 3520: 3511: 3502: 3496:Central Bank 3477: 3468: 3459: 3450: 3440: 3421: 3411: 3399:Dáil Éireann 3392: 3382: 3356: 3346: 3329:, while the 3316: 3308: 3296:Elizabeth II 3285: 3266: 3238: 3227: 3217: 3202: 3192: 3181: 3171: 3160: 3150: 3135: 3125: 3110: 3100: 3085: 3075: 3025: 3009: 2999: 2991: 2982: 2972: 2965: 2956: 2946: 2939: 2930: 2920: 2912:Armed Forces 2901: 2891: 2879: 2869: 2858: 2848: 2837: 2827: 2816: 2807: 2797: 2785: 2775: 2770: 2759: 2744: 2736:winter games 2721: 2701: 2693:state dinner 2674: 2659: 2643: 2624: 2611:inauguration 2607: 2592:Elizabeth II 2557: 2551:October 2019 2548: 2529: 2503:through the 2486: 2464: 2432:South Africa 2429: 2398: 2394: 2389:Delhi Durbar 2335: 2306: 2296: 2267: 2263: 2256: 2252: 2230: 2217:single party 2193: 2147: 2142: 2135: 2123: 2122: 2109:, the first 2092:Adolf Hitler 2072: 2064:neo-Gaullist 2058:. President 2056:Cohabitation 2040:constitution 2036: 1994:South Africa 1991: 1975: 1952: 1906: 1869:militaristic 1865:World War II 1839: 1834: 1830: 1823: 1769:World War II 1761: 1738: 1728: 1724: 1717: 1713: 1711: 1680: 1678: 1624: 1544: 1486: 1463: 1446: 1422:nation state 1419: 1408: 1374: 1365: 1354:Please help 1349:verification 1346: 1317: 1307: 1303:party leader 1284: 1279: 1264:South Africa 1249: 1213: 1209: 1207: 1142:Presidential 1121: 1037: 1010: 985: 923: 879: 554:street-level 429:Presidential 389:Dictatorship 259:Part of the 160: 67: 38: 29:This is the 23: 20233:Charles III 20183:Charles III 20113:Charles III 19918:Charles III 19892:Charles III 19738:New Zealand 19620:New Zealand 19527:(Venezuela) 18835:Switzerland 18765:Netherlands 18505:Switzerland 18435:Netherlands 18181:Philippines 18074:Philippines 17868:North Korea 17853:Afghanistan 17755:South Korea 17725:Philippines 17705:North Korea 17555:Afghanistan 17446:South Korea 17416:Philippines 17396:North Korea 17246:Afghanistan 17062:Hugo Chávez 17026:José Mujica 16965:Johan Kraag 16934:Alan García 16914:Alan García 16832:Janet Jagan 16612:Evo Morales 16602:Carlos Mesa 16587:Hugo Banzer 16340:Saint Lucia 16290:El Salvador 16201:Saint Lucia 16151:El Salvador 16003:Puerto Rico 15894:Saint Lucia 15829:El Salvador 15681:Puerto Rico 15568:Saint Lucia 15503:El Salvador 15246:South Sudan 15196:Ivory Coast 14901:The Gambia 14736:South Sudan 14626:Ivory Coast 14417:South Sudan 14307:Ivory Coast 13890:Public bank 13865:Free clinic 13699:Public land 13649:Common good 13199:Economics / 12816:World Court 12749:Magna Carta 12566:Legislation 12528:Governance 12485:Legislature 12360:Regulation: 12269:Familialism 12244:Corporatism 12224:Communalism 12194:Agrarianism 12106:Technocracy 12066:Meritocracy 12061:Kleptocracy 12041:Ergatocracy 12036:Electocracy 12026:Colonialism 12011:Bureaucracy 12006:Aristocracy 11752:British Raj 11724:(Sri Lanka) 11610:Württemberg 11322:South Yemen 11210:Maguindanao 11103:Afghanistan 10864:Barotseland 10800:Saint Lucia 10773:New Zealand 10682:Netherlands 10455:Chhatrapati 10439:Sovereignty 10379:Aristocracy 9954:HISTORY.com 9754:20 December 9672:17 December 9327:29 November 9082:11 November 7927:10 December 7819:23 December 7741:23 December 7550:State visit 7540:Sacred king 7305:Black Hills 7242:impeachment 7235:Edward VIII 7039:By election 7018:legislature 6959:Netherlands 6946:in France. 6830: [ 6779:investiture 6739:nationalist 6377:During the 6207:Saint Lucia 6199:New Zealand 6183:the Bahamas 6100:Charles III 6074:(left) was 5964:coup d'état 5911:of 1688 in 5881:sovereignty 5685:stadholders 5681:Netherlands 5590:chef d'état 5505:Kim Jong Un 5483:was named " 5481:Kim Il Sung 5203:Impeachment 4768:may bestow 4743:may confer 4608:legislature 4338:Riksdag Act 3992:World War I 3990:did during 3896:inspecting 3685:legislature 3643:ambassadors 2677:state visit 2444:legislature 2315:Kim Jong Il 2303:Kim Il Sung 2299:North Korea 2195:coup d'état 2169:El Salvador 2130:legislature 2027:(1959–1969) 1703:Edward VIII 1699:William III 1647:legislature 1539:South Korea 1415:governments 1122:simul simul 1109:Westminster 1099:Directorial 693:Sovereignty 658:Legislature 561:Technocracy 549:Bureaucracy 414:Meritocracy 394:Directorial 243:Hilda Heine 176:Charles III 20279:Categories 20213:Mattarella 20207:of Germany 20203:Steinmeier 20009:Mattarella 19970:Steinmeier 19322:Pirc Musar 19308:Pellegrini 19182:Mattarella 19126:Steinmeier 19070:Frederik X 18800:San Marino 18760:Montenegro 18740:Luxembourg 18720:Kazakhstan 18620:Azerbaijan 18583:government 18470:San Marino 18430:Montenegro 18410:Luxembourg 18390:Kazakhstan 18290:Azerbaijan 18148:government 18039:East Timor 17790:Uzbekistan 17765:Tajikistan 17665:Kyrgyzstan 17655:Kazakhstan 17605:East Timor 17575:Bangladesh 17565:Azerbaijan 17538:government 17481:Uzbekistan 17456:Tajikistan 17356:Kyrgyzstan 17346:Kazakhstan 17296:East Timor 17266:Bangladesh 17256:Azerbaijan 16270:Costa Rica 16131:Costa Rica 15995:Montserrat 15990:Martinique 15985:Guadeloupe 15804:Costa Rica 15737:government 15671:Montserrat 15666:Martinique 15661:Guadeloupe 15478:Costa Rica 15288:Somaliland 15231:Seychelles 15186:The Gambia 14795:Somaliland 14716:Seychelles 14681:Mozambique 14666:Mauritania 14651:Madagascar 14606:The Gambia 14541:Cape Verde 14476:Somaliland 14397:Seychelles 14362:Mozambique 14347:Mauritania 14332:Madagascar 14287:The Gambia 14222:Cape Verde 14063:Public use 13945:Urban park 13885:Public art 13674:Public bad 13451:Presidents 13147:Defence / 13045:Leadership 13038:ministries 12966:Categories 12899:liberalism 12847:Templates: 12744:Documents: 12719:Overviews: 12571:Regulation 12500:Parliament 12404:Components 12390:Sanitation 12380:Municipal: 12309:John Locke 12294:Liberalism 12274:Fanaticism 12086:Plutocracy 12056:Geniocracy 12046:Federalism 12016:Capitalism 11891:government 11848:Government 11818:Tanganyika 11733:The Gambia 11661:Niuē-Fekai 11600:Yugoslavia 11500:Montenegro 11307:Upper Yafa 11302:Upper Asir 10939:Madagascar 10672:Luxembourg 10404:Government 10369:Abdication 10338:Hereditary 10266:Monarchies 9964:7 February 9934:7 February 9896:Frampton's 9880:9 February 9301:16 January 9237:16 January 9203:16 January 9142:2 November 9046:1 November 8206:Xi Jinping 7896:8 February 7656:References 7495:Leadership 7364:on barren 7353:Cent Jours 7315:), in the 7231:abdication 7205:, a vital 7143:revolution 7006:legitimate 6893:hereditary 6842:Seychelles 6803:electorate 6787:coronation 6763:priesthood 6759:divine law 6723:legitimacy 6709:Legitimacy 6699:Kuomintang 6675:in 1974. 6599:San Marino 6563:precedence 6547:See also: 6488:Travancore 6452:Shia Islam 6438:serves as 6399:theocratic 6332:ex officio 6277:Principate 6265:Sapa Incas 6247:, various 6234:ex officio 6003:real union 5873:Absolutism 5869:Jean Bodin 5834:The Prince 5776:(1602) by 5759:The Prince 5554:Jamahiriya 5489:presidency 5476:in China. 5454:Xi Jinping 5438:Mao Zedong 5416:Liu Shaoqi 5382:Indonesian 5290:Grand Duke 5144:Parliament 5112:See also: 5091:Article 70 5063:Article 69 4983:See also: 4816:See also: 4706:State Duma 4691:provides: 4678:dissolved. 4610:. In most 4592:referendum 4427:State Duma 4013:, states: 3867:, but the 3735:Parliament 3725:Government 3635:ambassador 3298:appointed 3142:Government 2908:ex officio 2615:coronation 2588:Coronation 2532:references 2419:under the 2358:top leader 2087:chancellor 1902:figurehead 1871:and quasi- 1651:government 1399:Bratislava 1274:, such as 1254:, such as 1247:and more. 1241:figurehead 1238:ceremonial 1230:government 1054:Presidency 932:Chancellor 915:Government 783:Governance 773:Government 768:Federalism 369:City-state 20257:of the EU 20247:of the US 20237:of the UK 20197:of France 20187:of Canada 20074:Ramaphosa 19866:Ghazouani 19708:Australia 19590:Australia 19495:(Nigeria) 19431:(Algeria) 19371:EU portal 19336:Felipe VI 19196:Rinkēvičs 19028:Milanović 18735:Lithuania 18405:Lithuania 18084:Singapore 18044:Indonesia 17750:Sri Lanka 17745:Singapore 17720:Palestine 17625:Indonesia 17441:Sri Lanka 17436:Singapore 17411:Palestine 17316:Indonesia 17042:Venezuela 16827:Sam Hinds 16541:de la Rúa 16531:Argentina 16325:Nicaragua 16300:Guatemala 16186:Nicaragua 16161:Guatemala 15980:Greenland 15924:Venezuela 15869:Nicaragua 15839:Guatemala 15759:Argentina 15656:Greenland 15598:Venezuela 15543:Nicaragua 15513:Guatemala 15433:Argentina 15216:Mauritius 15124:of Africa 15063:Zimbabwe 15038:Zanzibar 14884:Ethiopia 14671:Mauritius 14352:Mauritius 13052:President 13034:ministers 12775:Diplomacy 12695:Sociology 12626:Campaigns 12614:Elections 12589:Precedent 12561:Outcomes: 12551:Committee 12530:processes 12480:Judiciary 12455:President 12415:Documents 12355:Espionage 12318:Functions 12264:Extremism 12199:Anarchism 12151:Consensus 12141:Cellular 12124:Democracy 12111:Theocracy 12096:Socialism 12081:Oligarchy 12051:Feudalism 12031:Communism 11898:Overviews 11788:Mauritius 11681:Rarotonga 11666:Nuku Hiva 11656:Mangareva 11631:Bora Bora 11510:Neuchâtel 11480:Lithuania 11385:Catalonia 11272:Sri Lanka 11225:Manchukuo 11200:Kurdistan 11154:Indonesia 11077:Talamanca 11037:Araucanía 11020:and other 10999:Wassoulou 10743:Australia 10419:Oligarchy 10221:5 October 9800:Tronföljd 9256:George VI 9107:Bundestag 9034:(C 306). 8930:: p. 221. 8928:Robertson 8373:31 August 7856:144612269 7535:President 7470:Bodyguard 7321:Democracy 7291:; or the 7273:monuments 7269:memorials 7161:and King 7108:cardinals 6961:in 1983, 6936:coregency 6928:Salic law 6895:, but in 6771:Akhenaten 6641:Presidium 6587:President 6571:coregency 6539:in 1924. 6530:Communist 6444:Aga Khans 6366:and last 6339:. In the 6297:dynasty. 6249:dynasties 6245:antiquity 6125:in Canada 6025:, during 5875:and the " 5857:Sovereign 5852:Leviathan 5799:Leviathan 5695:monarchs. 5584:président 5565:in 2011. 5515:, is the 5427:Dong Biwu 5394:tertinggi 5371:President 5335:Singapore 5320:, as the 5309:president 5270:President 5224:President 5136:Ministers 5023:measures. 4798:President 4647:Taoiseach 4639:President 4299:with the 4153:President 4078:President 3890:Albert II 3614:Lithuania 3428:President 3403:Taoiseach 3395:President 3331:president 3323:taoiseach 3319:president 3163:President 3092:Ministers 3037:Australia 2933:President 2747:delegated 2740:opened by 2738:shall be 2670:banknotes 2646:portraits 2436:president 2221:Communist 2177:Venezuela 2157:Argentina 2126:president 2079:Reichstag 1959:taoiseach 1719:president 1714:republics 1575:Basic Law 1571:Hong Kong 1535:Indonesia 1520:Sri Lanka 1430:sovereign 1291:one-party 1024:Secretary 1000:Secretary 900:President 763:Unitarism 751:Elections 739:Subseries 668:Judiciary 663:Executive 566:Adhocracy 449:Theocracy 404:Feudalism 384:Democracy 167:Joe Biden 20295:Monarchy 20227:of Japan 20223:Naruhito 20217:of Italy 20022:Naruhito 19718:Kiribati 19600:Kiribati 19485:al-Menfi 19479:(Kuwait) 19461:Khamenei 19439:(Angola) 19437:Lourenço 19429:Tebboune 19294:Iohannis 19000:Philippe 18866:Abkhazia 18815:Slovenia 18810:Slovakia 18785:Portugal 18640:Bulgaria 18581:Heads of 18536:Abkhazia 18485:Slovenia 18480:Slovakia 18455:Portugal 18310:Bulgaria 18253:of state 18141:Defunct 18089:Thailand 18059:Malaysia 18029:Cambodia 17816:Abkhazia 17770:Thailand 17715:Pakistan 17690:Mongolia 17685:Maldives 17680:Malaysia 17590:Cambodia 17536:Heads of 17507:Abkhazia 17461:Thailand 17406:Pakistan 17381:Mongolia 17376:Maldives 17371:Malaysia 17281:Cambodia 17229:of state 16955:Suriname 16858:Paraguay 16710:Colombia 16310:Honduras 16280:Dominica 16255:Barbados 16171:Honduras 16141:Dominica 16116:Barbados 15947:Anguilla 15904:Suriname 15879:Paraguay 15854:Honduras 15814:Dominica 15799:Colombia 15769:Barbados 15735:Heads of 15621:Anguilla 15578:Suriname 15553:Paraguay 15528:Honduras 15488:Dominica 15473:Colombia 15443:Barbados 15411:of state 15346:Ethiopia 15316:Cameroon 15271:Zimbabwe 15256:Tanzania 15161:Botswana 15028:Tunisia 14968:Nigeria 14857:Dahomey 14837:Burundi 14771:Zimbabwe 14746:Tanzania 14596:Ethiopia 14591:Eswatini 14571:Djibouti 14536:Cameroon 14521:Botswana 14452:Zimbabwe 14427:Tanzania 14277:Ethiopia 14272:Eswatini 14252:Djibouti 14217:Cameroon 14202:Botswana 14087:Category 14021:See also 13642:Concepts 13102:Minister 12739:Suffrage 12669:Academic 12602:Politics 12541:Process: 12510:Assembly 12495:Congress 12475:Ministry 12350:Military 12284:Feminism 12209:Centrism 12176:Republic 12076:Monarchy 11996:Systems: 11965:Township 11887:Politics 11803:Rhodesia 11798:Pakistan 11717:Barbados 11686:Rimatara 11676:Rapa Iti 11605:Valencia 11580:Tavolara 11570:Scotland 11535:Portugal 11495:Moldavia 11380:Bulgaria 11375:Brittany 11350:Asturias 11230:Mongolia 11220:Maldives 11082:Trinidad 11072:Suriname 11030:Americas 11014:Zimbabwe 11009:Zanzibar 10994:Wituland 10969:Ngazidja 10964:Ndzuwani 10899:Ethiopia 10622:Thailand 10602:Malaysia 10582:Cambodia 10532:Eswatini 10328:Elective 10313:Absolute 10200:(2010). 10122:(2016). 10074:Archived 10051:Archived 10028:Archived 10005:Archived 9982:Archived 9958:Archived 9928:Archived 9904:Archived 9874:Archived 9837:Archived 9824:, p. 16. 9748:Archived 9666:Archived 9629:archived 9601:archived 9574:: p. 43. 9523:: p. 39. 9472:Archived 9449:Archived 9426:Archived 9403:Archived 9380:Archived 9350:Archived 9266:archived 9231:Archived 9111:Archived 9040:Archived 8985:Archived 8905:Archived 8875:Archived 8849:Archived 8815:Archived 8752:Archived 8721:Archived 8686:Archived 8662:Archived 8636:Archived 8613:Archived 8579:Archived 8556:Archived 8530:Archived 8508:Archived 8485:Archived 8463:Archived 8437:Archived 8414:Archived 8391:Archived 8367:Archived 8335:Archived 8309:Archived 8286:Archived 8267:Archived 8235:Archived 8193:Archived 8166:Archived 8138:Archived 8083:Archived 8053:Archived 8030:Archived 7980:Archived 7956:Archived 7890:Archived 7432:See also 7373:courtesy 7344:Napoleon 7293:monument 7289:George V 7265:Effigies 7197:and the 7179:Idi Amin 7147:maintain 7104:Malaysia 7088:electors 7025:tanistry 6983:religion 6973:for the 6807:election 6747:Pergamon 6626:suffetes 6622:Carthage 6494:Buddhism 6484:Maharaja 6476:god-king 6468:Hinduism 6462:Hinduism 6404:imamates 6387:Muhammad 6317:. After 6295:de facto 6261:pharaohs 6255:and the 6110:and the 5968:dictator 5917:Scotland 5830:treatise 5822:Principe 5693:Habsburg 5618:leader, 5599:Idi Amin 5575:Cameroun 5571:Cameroon 5559:de facto 5435:Chairman 5390:panglima 5353:Malaysia 5266:republic 5176:states: 5126:states: 5043:Senators 5014:and the 4997:states: 4919:states: 4899:Senate's 4880:states: 4855:states: 4834:states: 4812:Immunity 4792:states: 4760:states: 4735:states: 4662:states: 4633:states: 4555:states: 4476:and the 4468:states: 4391:states: 4336:Swedish 4147:states: 4097:states: 4072:states: 4052:Storting 4038:states: 3964:de facto 3836:states: 3793:states: 3772:states: 3750:states: 3715:states: 3691:and the 3659:ratified 3418:states: 3224:states: 3140:and the 3067:and the 3032:de facto 2979:states: 2953:states: 2927:states: 2898:states: 2876:states: 2855:states: 2834:states: 2817:(2) The 2808:(1) The 2804:states: 2782:states: 2495:(1945), 2385:George V 2276:de facto 2165:Colombia 2153:Americas 2002:Kiribati 1998:Botswana 1898:appoints 1818:(right). 1747:de facto 1670:Harald V 1559:governor 1442:republic 1438:monarchy 1426:protocol 1280:de facto 1087:Republic 1075:Monarchy 1044:Governor 1019:Minister 1012:Ministry 863:Part of 791:Ideology 609:doctrine 570:Service 434:Republic 419:Monarchy 399:Federacy 288:Category 268:Politics 189:Naruhito 35:reviewed 20170:of the 20100:Erdoğan 19864: 19845:of the 19773:Vanuatu 19655:Vanuatu 19517:Mohamed 19487:(Libya) 19455:(Gabon) 19210:Nausėda 19168:Higgins 18962:of the 18845:Ukraine 18790:Romania 18750:Moldova 18710:Ireland 18705:Iceland 18700:Hungary 18685:Germany 18680:Georgia 18670:Finland 18665:Estonia 18660:Denmark 18645:Croatia 18630:Belgium 18625:Belarus 18615:Austria 18610:Armenia 18605:Andorra 18600:Albania 18515:Ukraine 18460:Romania 18420:Moldova 18380:Ireland 18375:Iceland 18370:Hungary 18355:Germany 18350:Georgia 18340:Finland 18335:Estonia 18330:Denmark 18315:Croatia 18300:Belgium 18295:Belarus 18285:Austria 18280:Armenia 18275:Andorra 18270:Albania 18132:Vietnam 18127:Myanmar 18099:Vietnam 18064:Myanmar 17795:Vietnam 17695:Myanmar 17675:Lebanon 17615:Georgia 17570:Bahrain 17560:Armenia 17486:Vietnam 17386:Myanmar 17366:Lebanon 17306:Georgia 17261:Bahrain 17251:Armenia 17076:Country 17001:Uruguay 16756:Ecuador 16572:Bolivia 16416:Country 16315:Jamaica 16295:Grenada 16250:Bahamas 16176:Jamaica 16156:Grenada 16111:Bahamas 15961:Bonaire 15957:Bermuda 15919:Uruguay 15859:Jamaica 15834:Grenada 15824:Ecuador 15779:Bolivia 15764:Bahamas 15636:Bonaire 15631:Bermuda 15593:Uruguay 15533:Jamaica 15508:Grenada 15498:Ecuador 15453:Bolivia 15438:Bahamas 15356:Somalia 15331:Comoros 15311:Algeria 15226:Nigeria 15221:Namibia 15206:Liberia 15166:Burundi 15120:Deputy 15053:Zambia 14988:Rwanda 14962:Monarch 14948:Malawi 14935:Monarch 14888:Emperor 14876:Monarch 14851:Emperor 14821:Monarch 14756:Tunisia 14726:Somalia 14711:Senegal 14696:Nigeria 14686:Namibia 14676:Morocco 14641:Liberia 14636:Lesotho 14586:Eritrea 14556:Comoros 14531:Burundi 14506:Algeria 14437:Tunisia 14407:Somalia 14392:Senegal 14377:Nigeria 14367:Namibia 14357:Morocco 14322:Liberia 14317:Lesotho 14267:Eritrea 14237:Comoros 14212:Burundi 14187:Algeria 14099:Commons 14028:Commons 13082:Premier 12825:Related 12781:Embassy 12734:Reforms 12708:History 12646:Issues: 12631:Groups: 12546:Hearing 12505:Council 12470:Cabinet 12465:Bodies: 12450:Monarch 12425:Charter 12279:Fascism 12101:Statism 12001:Anarchy 11974:Systems 11940:Levels: 11793:Nigeria 11768:Ireland 11696:Tahuata 11671:Raiatea 11651:Huahine 11626:Abemama 11619:Oceania 11590:Tuscany 11545:Romania 11540:Prussia 11505:Navarre 11485:Majorca 11465:Ireland 11460:Imereti 11455:Iceland 11450:Hungary 11445:Hanover 11440:Granada 11430:Germany 11425:Georgia 11420:Galicia 11410:Finland 11400:Corsica 11395:Cilicia 11365:Bavaria 11355:Austria 11340:Albania 11312:Vietnam 11255:Sarawak 11245:Qu'aiti 11180:Kathiri 11143:Dapitan 11118:Bukhara 11067:Miskito 10989:Tunisia 10979:Shilluk 10889:Dahomey 10879:Burundi 10869:Bagirmi 10849:Adamawa 10768:Jamaica 10763:Grenada 10748:Bahamas 10712:Oceania 10662:Denmark 10657:Belgium 10652:Andorra 10567:Bahrain 10542:Morocco 10537:Lesotho 10516:Current 10507:Pharaoh 10460:Emperor 10399:Dynasty 10353:Regency 10333:Federal 10323:Diarchy 10277:Monarch 10208:(ed.). 9845:Riksdag 9820:1977:5 9782:24 July 9651:, 51(2) 9572:Roberts 9560:Roberts 9545:Roberts 9533:Roberts 9521:Roberts 9457:Knesset 9411:Knesset 9072:EUR-Lex 9036:EUR-Lex 9009:Roberts 8991:27 June 8964:Roberts 8952:Roberts 8940:Roberts 8783:(2010) 8731:(2008) 8700:(2003) 8230:Reuters 7778:2288315 7686:, p. 62 7621:Premier 7215:Arsacid 7203:Armenia 7131:Richard 7094:in the 6967:Belgium 6909:dynasty 6785:during 6783:unction 6777:in the 6743:Attalid 6727:dynasty 6669:Romania 6665:Hungary 6643:of the 6635:In the 6618:archons 6604:In the 6567:diarchy 6522:lamaist 6472:viceroy 6426:In the 6383:caliphs 6362:is the 6287:emperor 6226:Francis 6195:Jamaica 6191:Grenada 6009:is the 5983:Harmost 5980:Spartan 5913:England 5849:in his 5818:Italian 5526:was an 5497:de jure 5374:Sukarno 5331:British 5307:Though 5286:Empress 5282:Emperor 5238:respite 4923:1. The 4865:Council 4561:Council 4355:Speaker 4347:Riksdag 4274:is the 4270:of the 4215:when a 4201:Germany 3959:de jure 3931:on the 3904:in 2011 3861:monarch 3719:1) The 3627:monarch 3608:A 1992 3554:Riksdag 3292:monarch 3245:Ireland 3049:Denmark 3041:Austria 2983:1. The 2931:(1)The 2840:Emperor 2695:at the 2497:India's 2413:Landtag 2391:, 1911. 2360:in the 2219:(e.g., 2143:en bloc 2042:of the 1982:Knesset 1929:Riksdag 1911:of the 1893:emperor 1881:Cabinet 1755:de jure 1695:Mary II 1639:cabinet 1569:, etc. 1480:Germany 1434:monarch 1293:ruling 1268:Morocco 1258:or the 1218:persona 1066:Systems 987:Cabinet 957:Premier 890:Monarch 796:Culture 706:Country 364:Anarchy 278:Outline 20253:Michel 20193:Macron 20124: 20111: 20098: 20085: 20072: 20061:Salman 20059: 20046: 20033: 20020: 20007: 19996:Jokowi 19994: 19981: 19968: 19957:Macron 19955: 19944:Michel 19942: 19929: 19916: 19903: 19890: 19877: 19768:Tuvalu 19650:Tuvalu 19525:Maduro 19509:Salman 19493:Tinubu 19477:Mishal 19471:(Iraq) 19469:Rashid 19463:(Iran) 19453:Oligui 19445:Obiang 19154:Sulyok 19112:Macron 18871:Kosovo 18840:Turkey 18830:Sweden 18805:Serbia 18780:Poland 18775:Norway 18755:Monaco 18725:Latvia 18690:Greece 18675:France 18650:Cyprus 18541:Kosovo 18510:Turkey 18500:Sweden 18475:Serbia 18450:Poland 18445:Norway 18425:Monaco 18395:Latvia 18360:Greece 18345:France 18320:Cyprus 18024:Brunei 17831:Taiwan 17775:Turkey 17735:Russia 17660:Kuwait 17650:Jordan 17640:Israel 17600:Cyprus 17585:Brunei 17580:Bhutan 17522:Taiwan 17466:Turkey 17426:Russia 17351:Kuwait 17341:Jordan 17331:Israel 17291:Cyprus 17276:Brunei 17271:Bhutan 17178:2010s 17175:2000s 17172:1990s 16812:Guyana 16628:Brazil 16426:2010s 16423:2000s 16420:1990s 16330:Panama 16320:Mexico 16265:Canada 16260:Belize 16191:Panama 16181:Mexico 16126:Canada 16121:Belize 15874:Panama 15864:Mexico 15844:Guyana 15789:Canada 15784:Brazil 15774:Belize 15548:Panama 15538:Mexico 15518:Guyana 15463:Canada 15458:Brazil 15448:Belize 15266:Zambia 15261:Uganda 15211:Malawi 15151:Angola 15042:Sultan 14921:Kenya 14911:Ghana 14867:Egypt 14827:Benin 14766:Zambia 14761:Uganda 14701:Rwanda 14656:Malawi 14616:Guinea 14511:Angola 14447:Zambia 14442:Uganda 14382:Rwanda 14337:Malawi 14297:Guinea 14192:Angola 13558: 13292:Social 13190:Europe 13111:Titles 12796:World: 12786:Treaty 12621:Voting 12576:Zoning 12435:Roles: 11981:Lists: 11915:Empire 11910:Nation 11828:Uganda 11778:Malawi 11743:Guyana 11722:Ceylon 11701:Tahiti 11691:Rurutu 11646:Hawaii 11575:Serbia 11560:Saxony 11550:Russia 11435:Greece 11415:France 11405:Cyprus 11390:Crimea 11370:Bosnia 11345:Aragon 11333:Europe 11297:Taiwan 11267:Sikkim 11250:Ryukyu 11235:Najran 11133:Chehab 11113:Bengal 11062:Mexico 11047:Brazil 10974:Rwanda 10954:Maravi 10854:Ankole 10842:Africa 10834:Former 10815:Tuvalu 10758:Canada 10753:Belize 10697:Sweden 10687:Norway 10677:Monaco 10644:Europe 10597:Kuwait 10592:Jordan 10577:Brunei 10572:Bhutan 10524:Africa 10497:Sultan 10448:Titles 10362:Topics 10183: 10156: 10130: 10108: 9843:, The 9740: 9713: 9690: 9635:25 May 9607:25 May 9272:29 May 9194: 9167: 8787: 8735: 8704: 8694:ComLaw 8587:Seimas 7854: 7805: 7776: 7706: 7684:Foakes 7672:Foakes 7636:, the 7333:per se 7175:regent 7076: 7074: 7066: 7064: 7056: 7054: 6963:Norway 6951:Sweden 6661:Poland 6639:, the 6630:Sparta 6610:consul 6577:; the 6537:regime 6448:Nizari 6442:. 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