Monarchy of the United Kingdom

464: 663: 633: 2980: 4409: 537: 5554: 5493: 48: 949: 3202:. In practice, prerogative powers are exercised only on the prime minister's advice – the prime minister, and not the sovereign, has control. The monarch holds a weekly audience with the prime minister; no records of these audiences are taken and the proceedings remain fully confidential. The monarch may express his or her views, but, as a constitutional ruler, must ultimately accept the decisions of the prime minister and Cabinet, who by definition enjoy the confidence of the House of Commons. In Bagehot's words: "the sovereign has, under a constitutional monarchy ... three rights – the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, the right to warn." 5206: 5056:. While still able to serve, the Duke of Sussex and Duke of York no longer carry out royal duties. With the accession of Charles III and planned overseas trips in 2023, it was decided to expand the list of those eligible to serve as counsellors of state. On 14 November 2022, the King sent a message to both Houses of Parliament, formally asking for a change in the law that would allow Princess Anne and Prince Edward to be added to the list of counsellors of state. The next day, a bill to that end was introduced in Parliament and it received royal assent on 6 December, coming into force on 7 December. 5542: 562: 4305: 821: 4246:. The Exclusion Bill failed; on several occasions, Charles II dissolved Parliament because he feared that the bill might pass. After the dissolution of the Parliament of 1681, Charles ruled without a Parliament until his death in 1685. When James succeeded Charles, he pursued a policy of offering religious tolerance to Roman Catholics, thereby drawing the ire of many of his Protestant subjects. Many opposed James's decisions to maintain a large standing army, appoint Roman Catholics to high political and military offices, and imprison 67: 4868: 5605: 5617: 851: 5217: 5681: 2878: 789: 5653: 5667: 2911: 3567: 4523: 4643: 2924: 2893: 4141: 4011:. William participated in a rebellion against King Henry II of England but when the rebellion failed, William was captured by the English. In exchange for his release, William was forced to acknowledge Henry as his feudal overlord. The English King Richard I agreed to terminate the arrangement in 1189, in return for a large sum of money needed for the Crusades. William died in 1214 and was succeeded by his son 5639: 4343: 3704: 3262:, by convention they do so only on the recommendation of the prime minister. It is therefore the prime minister who controls the composition of the government. In practice, the prime minister will request a member of the government resign in preference to advising the monarch to dismiss them; such ministers are euphemistically described as "leaving the government". 4613:" in all Commonwealth member states, whether they were realms or republics. The position is purely ceremonial, and is not inherited by the British monarch as of right but is vested in an individual chosen by the Commonwealth heads of government. Member states of the Commonwealth that share the same person as monarch are informally known as 3172: 4983:, including the United Kingdom, had agreed to abolish the male-preference rule for anyone born after the date of the meeting, 28 October 2011. They also agreed that future monarchs would no longer be prohibited from marrying a Roman Catholic – a law which dated from the Act of Settlement 1701. However, since the monarch is also the 4701:, to help him regain his throne. Diarmait and his Anglo-Norman allies succeeded and he became King of Leinster again. De Clare married Diarmait's daughter, and when Diarmait died in 1171, de Clare became King of Leinster. Henry was afraid that de Clare would make Ireland a rival Norman kingdom, so he took advantage of the 4370:, who consolidated his position by defeating Jacobite rebellions in 1715 and 1719. The new monarch was less active in government than many of his British predecessors, but retained control over his German kingdoms, with which Britain was now in personal union. Power shifted towards George's ministers, especially to Sir 5387:

ruled against the plaintiffs, finding that the Queen's title was a matter of her own choice and prerogative. The Home Secretary told the House of Commons that monarchs since the Acts of Union had consistently used the higher of the English and Scottish ordinals, which in the applicable four cases has

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on personal income. Parliamentary grants to the sovereign are not treated as income as they are solely for official expenditure. Republicans estimate that the real cost of the monarchy, including security and potential income not claimed by the state, such as profits from the duchies of Lancaster and

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remained within the Union. In 1927, the United Kingdom changed its name to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, while the monarch's style for the next twenty years became "of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of

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The royal prerogative includes the powers to appoint and dismiss ministers, regulate the civil service, issue passports, declare war, make peace, direct the actions of the military, and negotiate and ratify treaties, alliances, and international agreements. However, a treaty cannot alter the domestic

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paid for the upkeep of the royal residences, and an annual Royal Travel Grant-in-Aid paid for travel. The Civil List covered most expenses, including those for staffing, state visits, public engagements, and official entertainment. Its size was fixed by Parliament every 10 years; any money saved was

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allow for regencies in the event of a monarch who is a minor or who is physically or mentally incapacitated. When a regency is necessary, the next qualified individual in the line of succession automatically becomes regent, unless they themselves are a minor or incapacitated. Special provisions were

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The Crown Estate is one of the largest property portfolios in the United Kingdom, with holdings of £15.6 billion in 2022. It is held in trust, and cannot be sold or owned by the sovereign in a private capacity. In modern times, the profits surrendered from the Crown Estate to the Treasury have

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poll showed that 68% of British people felt positively about the monarchy. The newspaper speculated that some of this may have been a reaction to the Queen's death, and said it showed dissatisfaction is higher among young people; 47% of people aged between 18 and 24 wanted the monarchy to continue,

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Although the royal prerogative is extensive and parliamentary approval is not formally required for its exercise, it is limited. Many Crown prerogatives have fallen out of use or have been permanently transferred to Parliament. For example, the sovereign cannot impose and collect new taxes; such an

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would inherit the Crown. Mary II died childless in 1694, leaving William III & II as the sole monarch. By 1700, a political crisis arose, as all of Anne's children had died, leaving her as the only individual left in the line of succession. Parliament was afraid that the former James II or his

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was the first king to rule over a unitary kingdom roughly corresponding to the present borders of England, though its constituent parts retained strong regional identities. The 11th century saw England become more stable, despite a number of wars with the Danes, which resulted in a Danish monarchy

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The sovereign has the power to appoint the prime minister. In accordance with unwritten constitutional conventions, the monarch appoints the individual who commands the support of the House of Commons, usually the leader of a party or coalition that has a majority in that House. The prime minister

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The sovereign is deemed the "fount of justice"; although the monarch does not personally rule in judicial cases, judicial functions are performed in his or her name. For instance, prosecutions are brought on the sovereign's behalf, and courts derive their authority from the Crown. The common law

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where no party or coalition holds a majority, the monarch has an increased degree of latitude in choosing the individual likely to command the most support, though it would usually be the leader of the largest party. Since 1945, there have only been three hung parliaments. The first followed the

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between England and France. His campaigns conquered much French territory, but by 1374, all the gains had been lost. Edward's reign was also marked by the further development of Parliament, which came to be divided into two Houses; he died in 1377, leaving the Crown to his 10-year-old grandson

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is used; for example, Queen Victoria is not known as "Victoria I", and ordinals are not used for English monarchs who reigned before the Norman conquest of England. The question of whether numbering for British monarchs is based on previous English or Scottish monarchs was raised in 1953 when

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affirmed parliamentary supremacy and declared that the English people held certain rights, including freedom from taxes imposed without parliamentary consent. The Bill of Rights required future monarchs to be Protestants and provided that, after any children of William and Mary, Mary's sister

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There are more than 160 laws granting express immunity to the sovereign or their property in various respects. For example, the sovereign is exempt from anti-discrimination legislation and other workers' rights, health and safety, or pensions laws, as well as numerous taxes, and environmental

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in the chamber of the House of Lords, outlining the Government's legislative agenda. Prorogation usually occurs about one year after a session begins, and formally concludes the session. Dissolution ends a parliamentary term, and is followed by a general election for all seats in the House of

10465: 3458:, grants knighthoods and awards other honours. Although peerages and most other honours are granted on the advice of the prime minister, some honours are within the personal gift of the sovereign and are not granted on ministerial advice. The sovereign alone appoints members of the 4987:, the laws which restrict the throne to Protestants remain. The necessary UK legislation making the changes received the royal assent on 25 April 2013 and was brought into force in March 2015 after the equivalent legislation was approved in all the other Commonwealth realms. 3887:, who was declared king and co-ruler. He pursued disastrous wars in France and she attempted to return England to Roman Catholicism (burning Protestants at the stake as heretics in the process). Upon her death in 1558, the pair were succeeded by her Protestant half-sister 3370:

gave Wilson a small majority. The monarch could in theory unilaterally dismiss the prime minister, but in practice, the prime minister's term nowadays comes to an end only by electoral defeat, death, or resignation. The last monarch to remove the prime minister was

4821:. Archbishops and bishops are appointed by the monarch, on the advice of the prime minister, who chooses the appointee from a list of nominees prepared by a Church Commission. The Crown's role in the Church of England is titular; the most senior clergyman, the 4030:

Alexander III's death in a riding accident in 1286 precipitated a major succession crisis. Scottish leaders appealed to King Edward I of England for help in determining who was the rightful heir. Edward chose Alexander's three-year-old Norwegian granddaughter,

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A commentary on the treatises entered into between his Britannic majesty, and his most faithful majesty ... his catholic majesty ... and ... the king of the Netherlands ... for the purpose of preventing their subjects from engaging in any illicit traffic in

3848:, daughter of King Edward IV and a Yorkist heir. Through skill and ability, Henry re-established absolute supremacy in the realm, and the conflicts with the nobility that had plagued previous monarchs came to an end. The reign of the second Tudor king, 4086:, had been taken captive by the English. Having paid a large ransom, James returned to Scotland in 1424; to restore his authority, he used ruthless measures, including the execution of several of his enemies. He was assassinated by a group of nobles. 4608:

At first, every member of the Commonwealth retained the same monarch as the United Kingdom, but when the Dominion of India became a republic in 1950, it would no longer share in a common monarchy. Instead, the British monarch was acknowledged as

4452:, which reformed parliamentary representation, was passed. Together with others passed later in the century, the Act led to an expansion of the electoral franchise and the rise of the House of Commons as the most important branch of Parliament. 5532:. It is flown only from buildings, vessels and vehicles in which the sovereign is present. The Royal Standard is never flown at half-mast because there is always a sovereign: when one dies, his or her successor becomes the sovereign instantly. 4934:, normally by the Archbishop of Canterbury. A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign; indeed, the ceremony usually takes place many months after accession to allow sufficient time for its preparation and for a period of mourning. 3967:. There was an elective element to early Scottish kings and this practice lingered for much longer in Scotland. For example, the first Stewart monarch, Robert II, was selected from among eligible royal males at Linlithgow in 1370 by the 4557:

The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution, although it is often still referred to as "British" for legal and historical reasons and for convenience. The monarch became separately monarch of the United Kingdom,

3362:, if a minority government asked to dissolve Parliament to call an early election to strengthen its position, the monarch could refuse and would do so under three conditions. When Harold Wilson requested a dissolution late in 1974, 5272:. Although replaced as the monarch's primary London residence by Buckingham Palace in 1837, St James's is still the senior palace and remains the ceremonial royal residence. For example, foreign ambassadors are accredited to the 10771: 3438:

allows civil lawsuits against the Crown in its public capacity (that is, lawsuits against the government), but not lawsuits against the monarch personally. The sovereign exercises the "prerogative of mercy", which is used to

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The relationship between the Commonwealth realms is such that any change to the laws governing succession to the shared throne requires the unanimous consent of all the realms. Succession is governed by statutes such as the

4063:, the English again invaded in 1332. During the next four years, Balliol was crowned, deposed, restored, deposed, restored, and deposed until he eventually settled in England, and David remained king for the next 35 years. 3971:

of the Scottish Parliament. However, as a result of this elective element, the rival dynastic lines clashed, often violently. From 942 to 1005, seven consecutive monarchs were either murdered or killed in battle. In 1005,

3786:. Henry V's own reign, which began in 1413, was largely free from domestic strife, leaving the king free to pursue the Hundred Years' War in France. Although he was victorious, his sudden death in 1422 left his infant son 4043:

to be king. Edward proceeded to treat Balliol as a vassal and tried to exert influence over Scotland. In 1295, when Balliol renounced his allegiance to England, Edward I invaded. During the first ten years of the ensuing

4589:; the Parliaments of the United Kingdom and of other Commonwealth countries granted his request. Edward VIII and any children by his new wife were excluded from the line of succession, and the Crown went to his brother, 3206:

action requires the authorisation of an Act of Parliament. According to a parliamentary report, "The Crown cannot invent new prerogative powers", and Parliament can override any prerogative power by passing legislation.

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to depose the king. William obliged, arriving in England on 5 November 1688 to great public support. Faced with the defection of many of his Protestant officials, James fled the realm and William and Mary (rather than

4109:, was an infant, the government was again taken over by regents. James V led another disastrous war with the English in 1542, and his death in the same year left the Crown in the hands of his six-day-old daughter, 3797:, as well as his own ineffectual leadership, led to the weakening of the House of Lancaster. The Lancastrians faced a challenge from the House of York, so-called because its head, a descendant of Edward III, was 3247:" that appointment is immediately effective without any other formality or instrument. The sovereign also has the power to dismiss the prime minister, but the last time this power was exercised was in 1834, when 5103:

exceeded the Sovereign Grant. For example, the Crown Estate produced £312.7 million in the financial year 2021–22, whereas the Sovereign Grant for the monarch was £86.3 million during the same period.

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survey of roughly 1,700 UK people found that 64% thought that the country should continue to have a monarchy, though that was lower than the 67% in September 2022 around the time of Queen Elizabeth II's death.

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After Anne's accession, the problem of succession re-emerged. The Scottish Parliament, infuriated that the English Parliament did not consult them on the choice of Sophia's family as the next heirs, passed the

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is "Charles the third, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of His other Realms and Territories King, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith". The title

257:, which are performed in a non-partisan manner. The UK Government has called the monarchy "a unique soft power and diplomatic asset". The Crown also occupies a unique cultural role, serving as an unofficial 4227:. The new Lord Protector had little interest in governing, and he soon resigned. The lack of clear leadership led to civil and military unrest, and to a popular desire to restore the monarchy. In 1660, the 5406:

is "Quarterly, I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or ; II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules ; III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent ". The supporters are

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compared to 86% aged 65 and over. In May 2022, before the Queen's death, the newspaper reported that polling showed 33% of those aged between 18 and 24 wanted the monarchy to continue. In January 2023, a

3422:. However, as devolution is more limited in Wales, in Welsh matters the monarch acts on the advice of the prime minister and Cabinet of the United Kingdom. The sovereign can veto any law passed by the 15309: 14979: 5439:: "Shame be to him who thinks evil of it"). In Scotland, the monarch uses an alternative form of the arms in which quarters I and IV represent Scotland, II England, and III Ireland. The mottoes are " 4759:, a separate Dominion within the Commonwealth. The Irish Free State was renamed Ireland in 1937, and in 1949 declared itself a republic, left the Commonwealth and severed all ties with the monarchy. 5388:

been the English ordinal. The prime minister confirmed this practice but noted that "neither The Queen nor her advisers could seek to bind their successors". Future monarchs will apply this policy.

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The reigns of most of the Angevin monarchs were marred by civil strife and conflicts between the monarch and the nobility. Henry II faced rebellions from his own sons, including the future monarchs

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Though Catholics are prohibited from succeeding and are deemed "naturally dead" for succession purposes, the disqualification does not extend to the individual's legitimate Protestant descendants.

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Robert's efforts to control Scotland culminated in success and Scottish independence was acknowledged in 1328. However, only one year later, Robert died and was succeeded by his five-year-old son,

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In Scotland, as in England, monarchies emerged after the withdrawal of the Roman Empire from Great Britain in the early fifth century. The three groups that lived in Scotland at this time were the

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Charles II's reign was marked by the development of the first modern political parties in England. Charles had no legitimate children and was due to be succeeded by his Roman Catholic brother,

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Charles the third, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of His other Realms and Territories King, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith

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as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states. The United Kingdom and fourteen other independent sovereign states that share the same person as their monarch are called

10021: 9741: 3198:. The monarch acts within the constraints of convention and precedent, exercising prerogative only on the advice of ministers responsible to Parliament, often through the prime minister or 4786:

maintained polls from 2002 to 2007 showed that around 70–80% of the British public supported the continuation of the monarchy. In September 2022, shortly after the death of Elizabeth II,

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gave complete self-government to the Dominions, effectively creating a system whereby a single monarch operated independently in each separate Dominion. The concept was solidified by the

8322: 3805:, led the Yorkists to victory in 1461, overthrowing Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou. Edward IV was constantly at odds with the Lancastrians and his own councillors after his marriage to 5091:, which was initially set at 15% of the revenues generated by the Crown Estate and increased to 25% in March 2017. The programme of overseas visits by the monarch is determined by the 7562: 4926:

as first required by the Bill of Rights, and an oath that they will "maintain and preserve" the Church of Scotland settlement as required by the Act of Union. The monarch is usually

14725: 4172:, experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to the issue of royal and parliamentary powers, especially the power to impose taxes. He provoked opposition by 3767:. Like many of his predecessors, Richard II conflicted with the nobles by attempting to concentrate power in his own hands. In 1399, while he was campaigning in Ireland, his cousin 4168:

under one monarch – James I & VI became the first monarch to style himself "King of Great Britain" in 1604 – they remained two separate kingdoms. James I & VI's successor,

4593:. George served as a rallying figure for the British people during World War II, making morale-boosting visits to the troops as well as to munitions factories and areas bombed by 3391:(the monarch's approval) is required. In theory, assent can either be granted (making the bill law) or withheld (vetoing the bill), but since 1708 assent has always been granted. 6150: 13879: 905: 890: 3995:

With a further series of battles and deposings, five of Malcolm's sons as well as one of his brothers successively became king. Eventually, the Crown came to his youngest son,

3255:; since then, prime ministers have only left office upon their resignation, which they are expected to offer to the monarch upon losing their majority in the House of Commons. 15124: 13930: 8263: 5966: 1655: 4895:; it is not possible for an individual to renounce his or her right of succession. The Act of Settlement restricts the succession to the legitimate Protestant descendants of 3669:. Upon Henry's death, his eldest surviving legitimate son Richard succeeded to the throne; Richard was absent from England for most of his reign, for he left to fight in the 7606: 4128:, who was widely suspected of Darnley's murder. The nobility rebelled against the queen, forcing her to abdicate. She fled to England, and the Crown went to her infant son 316:

began the process of reducing the English monarch's political powers. In the 16th century, English and Scottish monarchs played a central role in what became the religious

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as his heiress. Jane's reign, however, lasted only nine days; with tremendous popular support, Mary deposed her and declared herself the lawful sovereign. Mary I married

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continued his father's policies by subduing influential noblemen but he was killed in an accident at the age of thirty, and a council of regents again assumed power.

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was marked by great cultural change, technological progress, and the establishment of the United Kingdom as one of the world's foremost powers. In recognition of

14269: 13203: 9809: 3875:, continued with further religious reforms, but his early death in 1553 precipitated a succession crisis. He was wary of allowing his Catholic elder half-sister 3684:

for "Great Charter") to guarantee the rights and liberties of the nobility. Soon afterwards, further disagreements plunged England into a civil war known as the

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In 1513 James IV launched an invasion of England, attempting to take advantage of the absence of the English King Henry VIII. His forces met with disaster at

14718: 6193: 3611:, was crucial in terms of both political and social change. The new monarch continued the centralisation of power begun in the Anglo-Saxon period, while the 3161: 2482: 2064: 1106: 246: 3821:. Afterwards he captured Margaret of Anjou, eventually sending her into exile, but not before killing Henry VI while he was held prisoner in the Tower. The 419:. Although the monarch is shared, each country is sovereign and independent of the others, and the monarch has a different, specific, and official national 14629: 11668: 7494: 7447: 7400: 7353: 7240: 7194: 6748: 6041:

The phrase 'Crown in Parliament' is used to describe the British legislature, which consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

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to take possession of Ireland as a feudal territory nominally under papal overlordship. The Pope wanted the English monarch to annex Ireland and bring the

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ascended the throne having killed many rivals. He continued to ruthlessly eliminate opposition, and when he died in 1034 he was succeeded by his grandson,

956: 8359: 4023:, which were still under the overlordship of Norway. During the reign of Alexander III, Norway launched an unsuccessful invasion of Scotland; the ensuing 13994: 13886: 10328: 10293: 10283: 4942: 2564: 2328: 743: 3782:. For most of his reign, Henry IV was forced to fight off plots and rebellions; his success was partly due to the military skill of his son, the future 14264: 10786: 10338: 9859: 7838: 6372: 1095: 984: 748: 7318: 5909: 5753: 10686: 10001: 9794: 4223:(effectively becoming a military dictator, but refusing the title of king). Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658, when he was succeeded by his son 2539: 2535: 1686: 5173:

Estimates of Queen Elizabeth II's wealth varied, depending on whether assets owned by her personally or held in trust for the nation were included.

4296:, next in line to the throne after his sister-in-law Anne. Soon after the passage of the Act, William III & II died, leaving the Crown to Anne. 3676:

John's reign was marked by conflict with the barons, particularly over the limits of royal power. In 1215, the barons coerced the king into issuing

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to the Scots). The expansion of Scottish dominions continued over the next two centuries, as other territories such as Strathclyde were absorbed.

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Scottish nationalists challenged the Queen's use of "Elizabeth II", on the grounds that there had never been an "Elizabeth I" in Scotland. In

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During a temporary physical infirmity or an absence from the kingdom, the sovereign may temporarily delegate some of his or her functions to

4976: 3271: 3057:. Thus the acts of state done in the name of the Crown, such as Crown Appointments, even if personally performed by the monarch, such as the 3022:

and their portrait in government buildings. The Sovereign is further both mentioned in and the subject of songs, loyal toasts, and salutes. "

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from 1629 to 1640, unilaterally levying taxes and adopting controversial religious policies (many of which were offensive to the Scottish

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The monarch takes little direct part in government. The authority to use the sovereign's formal powers is almost all delegated, either by

13892: 10626: 10437: 4971:, under which sons inherit before daughters, and elder children inherit before younger ones of the same sex. The British prime minister, 4748: 4398: 4116:

Mary, a Roman Catholic, reigned during a period of great religious upheaval in Scotland. As a result of the efforts of reformers such as

3833:. Edward V disappeared, presumably murdered by Richard. Ultimately, the conflict culminated in success for the Lancastrian branch led by 2787: 2574: 2196: 1121: 722: 373: 4841:, but otherwise plays no part in its governance, and exerts no powers over it. The sovereign plays no formal role in the disestablished 4440:, the monarch was no longer able to effectively interfere with parliamentary power. In 1834, William dismissed the Whig Prime Minister, 3739:. He attempted to establish English domination of Scotland. However, gains in Scotland were reversed during the reign of his successor, 3707:

Norman possessions in the 12th century, including England (1066–1485, not always in personal union with Normandy), Normandy (911–1204),

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and dissolve Parliament. Each parliamentary session begins with the sovereign's summons. The new parliamentary session is marked by the

14637: 14112: 10636: 10579: 10111: 10054: 9326: 6156: 4838: 4510:. George V's reign was marked by the separation of Ireland into Northern Ireland, which remained a part of the United Kingdom, and the 2739: 2002: 1050: 512: 8945: 8494: 8385: 4211:, was proclaimed King of Great Britain in Scotland, but he was forced to flee abroad after he invaded England and was defeated at the 3298:(the third-largest party) agreed to form the first coalition government since World War II. The third occurred shortly thereafter, in 15439: 14378: 13735: 13715: 10975: 9869: 9605: 9454: 4984: 4292:, which excluded James and his Catholic relations from the succession and made William's nearest Protestant relations, the family of 4242:

arose; the "Petitioners", who supported exclusion, became the Whig Party, whereas the "Abhorrers", who opposed exclusion, became the

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undertake various official, ceremonial, diplomatic and representational duties. Although formally the monarch has authority over the

8670: 8269: 7586: 5541: 4448:. In the ensuing elections, however, Peel lost. The king had no choice but to recall Lord Melbourne. During William IV's reign, the 4160:'s older sister and hence Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed. James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the " 3194:

That part of the government's executive authority which remains theoretically and nominally vested in the sovereign is known as the

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The Civil War culminated in the execution of the king in 1649, the overthrow of the English monarchy, and the establishment of the

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seized power. Richard was deposed, imprisoned, and eventually murdered, probably by starvation, and Henry became king as Henry IV.

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grew, partly on account of negative publicity associated with the royal family (for instance, immediately following the death of

3427: 3302:, when the Conservative Party lost its majority in a snap election, though the party remained in power as a minority government. 3189: 2952: 2510: 2177: 2090: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 593: 447: 211: 4467:, which only permitted succession in the male line, so the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover came to an end. The 423:

for each realm. Although the term is rarely used today, the fifteen Commonwealth realms are, with respect to their monarch, in

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Elizabeth I's death in 1603 ended Tudor rule in England. Since she had no children, she was succeeded by the Scottish monarch

3743:, who also faced conflict with the nobility. In 1311, Edward II was forced to relinquish many of his powers to a committee of 2939: 15229: 13936: 13596: 12518: 12073: 11521: 10656: 10229: 9192: 9104: 8112: 7097: 6487: 5158: 4911: 4725: 4678: 4036: 2902: 2832: 2744: 2734: 2724: 2669: 2587: 2477: 1985: 900: 833: 12483: 5253:

in Edinburgh. The monarch stays at Holyrood for at least one week each year, and when visiting Scotland on state occasions.

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Wales – which had been conquered centuries earlier, but had remained a separate dominion – was annexed to England under the

15339: 15144: 14794: 13999: 13392: 13337: 11703: 10523: 10345: 10006: 9979: 5525: 5065: 4441: 3299: 3287: 3096: 2752: 2639: 2629: 2592: 2552: 2522: 2497: 2459: 2221: 2141: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1145: 963: 696: 254: 8571: 8210: 7534: 5110:, a property portfolio valued at £383 million in 2011, are held in trust. The revenues of the Duchy form part of the 4937:

When an individual ascends the throne, it is expected they will reign until death. The only voluntary abdication, that of

4408: 4331:, threatening to devastate the Scottish economy by restricting trade. The Scottish and English parliaments negotiated the 3311: 14645: 14003: 13867: 12971: 11576: 10696: 10641: 10584: 10503: 10447: 10415: 10249: 9934: 9699: 8731: 6016: 4773: 4480: 4125: 3856:

produced only one surviving child, a daughter, led the monarch to break from the Roman Catholic Church and establish the

3116: 2729: 2694: 2689: 2649: 2634: 2624: 2607: 2602: 2597: 1874: 940: 662: 632: 603: 463: 4585:, even though the Church of England opposed the remarriage of divorcees. Accordingly, Edward announced his intention to 14402: 14386: 14334: 13304: 12976: 10671: 10651: 10594: 10559: 10207: 10175: 10139: 9439: 9421: 8911: 7761: 5403: 5397: 5139: 3346: 2988: 2709: 2674: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2644: 2612: 2201: 931: 766: 473: 407:, the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent, effectively bringing the Empire to an end. 230: 5878:

Debrett's Correct Form: An Inclusive Guide to Everything from Drafting Wedding Invitations to Addressing an Archbishop

5604: 3852:, was one of great political change. Religious upheaval and disputes with the Pope, and the fact that his marriage to 15365: 15259: 15254: 14394: 13941: 13775: 13680: 13528: 13523: 12241: 11390: 11250: 10666: 10564: 10219: 10212: 10079: 10044: 10029: 9929: 9521: 9277: 9214: 9141: 9082: 9016: 8871: 8440: 8161: 7292: 4927: 4862: 3708: 3550: 3335: 3127: 2569: 2127: 1736: 1731: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1084: 993: 920: 507: 8621: 7794: 5788: 5087:

carried forward to the next 10-year period. From 2012, the Civil List and Grants-in-Aid were replaced with a single

4327:, threatening to end the personal union between England and Scotland. The Parliament of England retaliated with the 14410: 14117: 14097: 14042: 14037: 13903: 13839: 13821: 13533: 13508: 12786: 11406: 10751: 10303: 10261: 10185: 10180: 10084: 9962: 9640: 9541: 9449: 8893: 7747: 5228: 5049: 5018: 4962: 4858: 4239: 3868: 3775: 2153: 1953: 1948: 1679: 774: 654: 588: 569: 242: 234: 226: 144: 6199: 5179:

magazine estimated her wealth at US$ 450 million in 2010, but no official figure was available. In 1993, the

4035:. On her way to Scotland in 1290, however, Margaret died at sea, and Edward was again asked to adjudicate between 15370: 14814: 14677: 14463: 14139: 13635: 13503: 12184: 11728: 11288: 10814: 10631: 10569: 10495: 10190: 10039: 9986: 9949: 9914: 9888: 9789: 8791: 7068: 5335: 3919: 3904: 3536: 3327: 2837: 1080: 1062: 1029: 8698: 6741: 6270: 4124:, in 1565. After Lord Darnley's assassination in 1567, Mary contracted an even more unpopular marriage with the 3160:

The sovereign's role as a constitutional monarch is largely limited to non-partisan functions, such as granting

15386: 13358: 12763: 10761: 10549: 10475: 10370: 10323: 10159: 10119: 9909: 9692: 9319: 8009: 7963: 5887: 5719: 5314: 5308: 5291:. The palaces belong to the Crown; they are held in trust for future rulers and cannot be sold by the monarch. 4697:

kingdom. Diarmait asked Henry II for help, gaining a group of Anglo-Norman aristocrats and adventurers, led by

4495: 4132:, who was brought up as a Protestant. Mary was imprisoned and later executed by the English queen Elizabeth I. 3635: 3451: 3199: 3112: 3104: 2373: 2086: 2054: 1918: 1716: 1696: 624: 455: 203: 8645: 7865: 5070:

Until 1760, the monarch met all official expenses from hereditary revenues, which included the profits of the

3330:

temporarily removed the sovereign's authority to dissolve Parliament, however, this power was restored by the

15324: 14994: 14501: 14354: 14127: 13498: 13297: 12600: 11203: 10970: 10776: 10706: 10676: 10646: 10611: 10513: 10485: 10403: 10311: 10195: 9974: 9724: 6513: 4045: 3100: 2915: 2162: 1923: 670: 7844: 6378: 5616: 15449: 15249: 15209: 15109: 15035: 14929: 13809: 13675: 13254: 12236: 12224: 11743: 11638: 11604: 11380: 11359: 11243: 11089: 11013: 10985: 10931: 10734: 10724: 10661: 10616: 10589: 10442: 10427: 10124: 10099: 10034: 9924: 9351: 7324: 6461: 5492: 5037: 4751:. The whole island of Ireland continued to be a part of the United Kingdom until 1922 when what is now the 4309: 4293: 4280: 2897: 2757: 2341: 2240: 2170: 2157: 2133: 1964: 1959: 432: 47: 6405: 4570:, and so forth; one person reigning in multiple distinct sovereign states, in a relationship likened to a 3141:, of which the sovereign is the titular head, has its own legislative, judicial, and executive structures. 15444: 15224: 14924: 14612: 14062: 14032: 13833: 13765: 13695: 13548: 13117: 13031: 12926: 12841: 12758: 12256: 12128: 11983: 11420: 10980: 10958: 10926: 10921: 10903: 10844: 10766: 10756: 10691: 10554: 10518: 10316: 10094: 9733: 9660: 5786: 5777:

The sovereign is, however, entitled to comment on drafts of laws that would directly affect the monarchy

5193: 5041: 4551: 4547: 4264: 3492:

from criminal prosecution or arrest, as well as from civil actions, and their property is not subject to

3315: 3088: 3062: 3015: 2807: 2367: 2226: 2033: 1067: 998: 675: 536: 388: 8412: 5330:" to King Henry VIII in 1521, rewarding him for his support of the Papacy during the early years of the 5191:, estimated her wealth in 1971 at £2 million (the equivalent of about £36 million today). The 4728:. The Pope's grant of Ireland to the English monarch became invalid, so Henry summoned a meeting of the 3952:

is traditionally viewed as the first king of a united Scotland (known as Scotia to writers in Latin, or

3541:"King of England" and "Queen of England" redirect here. For the current king of the United Kingdom, see 3339: 3168:

identified the monarchy in 1867 as the "dignified part" rather than the "efficient part" of government.

261:

for British interests and values abroad, increasing tourism at home, and promoting charities throughout

15355: 15304: 15299: 15274: 15244: 15129: 15040: 14304: 13614: 13264: 13179: 12768: 12666: 11624: 11482: 11040: 10941: 10781: 9361: 7089: 5452: 5379: 4706: 4394: 4382: 4193: 4121: 3509: 3435: 3403: 2928: 2246: 1895: 1839: 1691: 1057: 1008: 364:

from succession to the throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the

337: 13627: 12956: 6974: 4483:, due in part to Victoria's permanent mourning and lengthy period of seclusion following the death of 3642:. Stephen maintained a precarious hold on power, but agreed to a compromise under which Matilda's son 3483: 15334: 15279: 15239: 15194: 15189: 15169: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15134: 15119: 15114: 15099: 15089: 15056: 14889: 14077: 14067: 13908: 13589: 13234: 12921: 12856: 12846: 12831: 12166: 12113: 12023: 11557: 11176: 10936: 10741: 10714: 10224: 10104: 9615: 9356: 9312: 8343: 6436: 5709: 5473:: "No-one provokes me with impunity"); the supporters are the unicorn and lion, who support both the 5430: 5241:, the largest occupied castle in the world, which is used principally at weekends, Easter and during 4586: 4363: 4016: 3981: 3915: 3724: 3608: 3423: 3145: 3108: 2777: 2772: 2231: 2214: 2191: 2111: 2100: 1844: 1800: 977: 13056: 9500: 7986: 7941: 7926: 7911: 7715: 6090: 4922:. Upon their accession, a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths: the 4219:, the most prominent military and political leader in the nation, seized power and declared himself 3980:, instead of a cousin, as had been usual. In 1040, Duncan suffered defeat in battle at the hands of 3895:

and continued its growth into a major world power by building its navy and exploring the New World.

3801:, who was at odds with the Queen. Although the Duke of York died in battle in 1460, his eldest son, 15360: 15319: 15294: 15284: 15269: 15264: 15214: 15179: 15164: 14672: 14621: 14102: 14025: 14020: 13979: 13803: 13797: 13740: 13725: 13332: 12676: 12656: 12621: 12574: 12528: 11880: 11696: 11618: 11567: 11074: 10604: 10244: 9991: 9610: 9459: 9343: 5584: 5408: 5319: 5033: 4871: 4822: 4777: 4610: 4390: 4336: 4317: 4032: 4012: 3838: 3631: 3561: 3434:

holds that the sovereign "can do no wrong", and so cannot be prosecuted for criminal offences. The

3211: 2450: 2182: 1721: 948: 576: 548: 412: 365: 115: 23: 19: 11537: 7688: 4682: 4105:; the king, many senior noblemen, and hundreds of soldiers were killed. As his son and successor, 3638:. Matilda challenged his reign; as a result, England descended into a period of disorder known as 3210:

laws of the United Kingdom; an Act of Parliament is necessary in such cases. The sovereign is the

15314: 15234: 15204: 14919: 14879: 14779: 14568: 14509: 14274: 14132: 13685: 13670: 13645: 13563: 12554: 12246: 12229: 12219: 12194: 12038: 11764: 11400: 11369: 11364: 11308: 11219: 11132: 10953: 10888: 10599: 10256: 9655: 9070: 6301: 5853: 5513: 5464: 5250: 4910:(the death of a sovereign), their heir immediately and automatically succeeds (hence the phrase " 4744: 4567: 4531: 4456: 4204: 4094:

was defeated in a battle against rebellious Scottish earls in 1488, leading to another boy-king:

3985: 3720: 3647: 3411: 3291: 2817: 2074: 2045: 1979: 1854: 880: 396: 357: 333: 277: 191: 9480: 3747:; however, military victories helped him regain control in 1322. Edward was deposed by his wife 14899: 14894: 14560: 14533: 14477: 14432: 14324: 14082: 13989: 13274: 13189: 13036: 12748: 12681: 12549: 12498: 12430: 12330: 12320: 12118: 12053: 11860: 11789: 11644: 11502: 11069: 10134: 9526: 8978: 7814: 5876: 5509: 5331: 5273: 5205: 5092: 4884: 4484: 4375: 4289: 4075: 3933: 3665:, but nevertheless managed to expand his kingdom, forming what is retrospectively known as the 3319: 3295: 3058: 2379: 1758: 1036: 616: 341: 8861: 4120:, a Protestant ascendancy was established. Mary caused alarm by marrying her Catholic cousin, 383:, which covered a quarter of the world's land area at its greatest extent in 1921. The title 15174: 15104: 15025: 14974: 14969: 14944: 14799: 14764: 14667: 14584: 14525: 14493: 13730: 13640: 13517: 13483: 13431: 13259: 13239: 13219: 13082: 13046: 13001: 12946: 12738: 12733: 12508: 12455: 12280: 12189: 12158: 12098: 12048: 11830: 11820: 11614: 11608: 11572: 11527: 11386: 11298: 11224: 11064: 11020: 10883: 10469: 9092: 7282: 6245: 5686: 5474: 5327: 5257: 4923: 4729: 4686: 4563: 4347: 4259: 4208: 4091: 4067: 3814: 3809:, with a brief return to power for Henry VI. Edward IV prevailed, winning back the throne at 3798: 3759: 3697: 3662: 3619: 3467: 3259: 3131: 3092: 3046: 2882: 2762: 2350: 2266: 1711: 301: 12410: 8835: 5014: 3688:. The war abruptly ended when John died in 1216, leaving the Crown to his nine-year-old son 3323:

Commons. If not dissolved sooner, Parliaments are automatically dissolved after five years.

379:

Beginning in the 16th century, the monarch was the nominal head of what came to be the vast

15004: 14949: 14909: 14869: 14864: 14859: 14844: 14839: 14829: 14824: 14804: 14784: 14774: 14769: 14759: 14122: 13827: 13770: 13582: 13419: 13244: 13163: 13127: 13077: 12936: 12861: 12646: 12523: 12315: 12090: 12068: 12063: 12028: 11970: 11586: 11582: 11461: 11354: 11084: 11025: 10990: 10878: 10851: 10362: 9579: 9004: 8951: 8391: 6024: 5458: 5269: 5053: 5025: 4919: 4747:, the Act of Union merged the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland into the 4674: 4324: 4169: 4110: 4087: 4056: 3834: 3689: 3685: 3463: 3359: 2106: 2096: 1832: 1637: 1632: 583: 321: 222: 199: 195: 14703: 7171: 3144:

Powers independent of government are legally granted to other public bodies by statute or

8: 15329: 15139: 15030: 14999: 14964: 14954: 14939: 14884: 14849: 14834: 14819: 14809: 14789: 14485: 14370: 14218: 14072: 14015: 13845: 13665: 13660: 13402: 13269: 13214: 13051: 13041: 13026: 13016: 12981: 12911: 12826: 12796: 12743: 12460: 12214: 12209: 12108: 12103: 11870: 11825: 11784: 11689: 11671:

in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally. Declared itself a republic in 1970.

11634: 11628: 11486: 11348: 11338: 11284: 11161: 11079: 11057: 11052: 11035: 11030: 11008: 10898: 10856: 9559: 6296:

Brock, Michael (September 2004; online edition, January 2008). "William IV (1765–1837)".

5915: 5353:

to differentiate the British monarch from foreign rulers. The monarch chooses his or her

5265: 5003: 4950: 4907: 4880: 4752: 4721: 4710: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4436:

and his own reign, the power of the monarchy declined, and by the time of his successor,

4275: 4274:, was one of the most important events in the long evolution of parliamentary power. The 4271: 4235: 4212: 4161: 4083: 4008: 3996: 3911: 3853: 3806: 3787: 3651: 3643: 3604: 3459: 3419: 3407: 3176: 3031: 2492: 2299: 2069: 2008: 1913: 1908: 1869: 1818: 598: 485: 353: 349: 329: 317: 309: 285: 273: 5170:

Cornwall and rent of Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle, is £334 million a year.

5134:

is a similar estate held in trust to meet the expenses of the monarch's eldest son. The

4705:

and invaded, forcing de Clare and the other Anglo-Norman aristocrats in Ireland and the

4673:

into line with Rome, despite this process already being underway in Ireland by 1155. An

4304: 3450:", the source of all honours and dignities in the United Kingdom. The Crown creates all 15070: 14989: 14934: 14914: 14904: 14874: 13946: 13898: 13700: 13655: 13650: 13618: 13513: 13426: 13168: 12991: 12986: 12951: 12931: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12871: 12866: 12811: 12718: 12564: 12435: 12325: 12305: 12261: 12204: 12199: 12176: 12143: 12133: 12123: 12005: 11561: 11467: 11430: 11328: 11318: 11266: 11156: 11112: 10893: 10871: 10866: 10834: 10746: 9919: 9650: 9434: 8538: 8188: 8084: 7689:"Why Prince Harry's Unsparing Attacks Did Little to Dent the Royal Family's Popularity" 7284:

The Queen's Other Realms: The Crown and Its Legacy in Australia, Canada and New Zealand

7158: 7150: 7123: 6276: 6058: 5997: 5787:

Select Committee on Soft Power and the UK's Influence, House of Lords (14 March 2014).

5699: 5107: 4980: 4888: 4830: 4826: 4614: 4559: 4464: 4402: 4367: 4351: 4332: 4255: 4228: 3884: 3783: 3779: 3748: 3744: 3623: 3557: 3363: 3081: 2323: 2259: 2206: 2049: 1773: 1003: 782: 495: 428: 416: 369: 281: 183: 27: 8758: 8445: 5079: 4581:, who caused a public scandal by announcing his desire to marry the divorced American 4412:

The union of Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom occurred in 1801 under

15454: 14984: 14224: 14200: 14144: 13956: 13414: 13409: 13380: 13194: 13184: 13147: 13021: 13006: 12881: 12851: 12821: 12816: 12791: 12728: 12723: 12713: 12584: 12533: 12420: 12415: 12138: 11774: 11759: 11598: 11512: 11492: 11171: 11117: 10719: 9584: 9574: 9549: 9490: 9273: 9210: 9188: 9137: 9100: 9078: 9012: 8867: 8581: 8157: 7288: 7162: 7106:

Corbett, P.E. (1940), "The Status of the British Commonwealth in International Law",

7093: 7045: 6053: 5883: 5580: 5572: 5414: 5346: 5292: 5288: 5277: 5234: 5209: 5166: 5147: 5131: 5045: 4931: 4915: 4896: 4892: 4846: 4818: 4602: 4538:. Prior to 1926, the British Crown reigned over the British Empire collectively; the 4197: 3857: 3845: 3822: 3794: 3768: 3736: 3732: 3712: 3693: 3630:(his only surviving child) as his heir. Following Henry's death in 1135, his nephew, 3493: 3283: 3227: 3195: 3138: 3023: 2236: 1888: 1884: 1879: 734: 713: 687: 561: 128: 11235: 8151: 7661:"Britain may look united in grief – but polling shows a growing generational divide" 6349: 5941: 5520:, a separate version is used (right), in which the Arms of Scotland take precedence. 13760: 13538: 13493: 13450: 13397: 13370: 13210: 13174: 13092: 12916: 12686: 12631: 12594: 12569: 12559: 12493: 12445: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12345: 12340: 12033: 11779: 11517: 11476: 11472: 11376: 11166: 11149: 11144: 11127: 11107: 10913: 9766: 9635: 9505: 8576: 7499: 7452: 7405: 7358: 7245: 7199: 7142: 7115: 6326: 5893: 5482: 5384: 5350: 5242: 5180: 5135: 5118:, leaked in 2017, show that the Duchy of Lancaster held investments in the British 4946: 4867: 4811: 4760: 4756: 4511: 4503: 4476: 4420:

From 1811 to 1820, George III suffered a severe bout of what is now believed to be

4224: 4196:. In 1642, the conflict between the king and Parliament reached its climax and the 4189: 4049: 4004: 3959:

Early Scottish monarchs did not inherit the Crown directly; instead, the custom of

3949: 3810: 3591: 3399: 3153: 3149: 2547: 2435: 2427: 2406: 2390: 1992: 1943: 1793: 1783: 753: 683: 404: 400: 384: 258: 7518: 7471: 7424: 7377: 7264: 7218: 6493: 3164:. This role has been recognised since the 19th century. The constitutional writer 3011:

and government authority – their profile, for instance, appears on

15289: 14959: 14576: 14294: 14236: 14230: 14212: 14173: 13558: 13465: 13443: 13375: 13087: 12836: 12806: 12801: 12661: 12651: 12616: 12606: 12589: 12425: 12380: 12295: 12013: 11988: 11835: 11648: 11541: 11506: 11416: 10839: 10729: 10420: 10380: 9589: 9564: 9429: 9304: 8544: 8238: 7693: 7567: 5672: 5592: 5588: 5505: 5486: 5424: 5296: 5261: 5246: 5220: 5115: 5088: 5075: 4842: 4782: 4507: 4449: 4429: 4216: 4078:, were marked by a general decline in royal power. When Robert III died in 1406, 4071: 4024: 3953: 3844:

King Henry VII then neutralised the remaining Yorkist forces, partly by marrying

3735:, was far more successful in maintaining royal power and was responsible for the 3627: 3575: 3571: 3504:, however, as distinct from the sovereign, can be the subject of proceedings for 3447: 3266: 3231: 3223: 3171: 3027: 3012: 2318: 2116: 1763: 1745: 1021: 644: 490: 361: 325: 289: 7172:

High Court of Australia: Sue v Hill HCA 30; 23 June 1999; S179/1998 and B49/1998

5828: 5419:" (French: "God and my Right"). Surrounding the shield is a representation of a 66: 14541: 14459: 14299: 14206: 14167: 14092: 14087: 13543: 13488: 13455: 13387: 13365: 13229: 13011: 12996: 12961: 12701: 12696: 12579: 12513: 12385: 12043: 12018: 11923: 11840: 11794: 11551: 11547: 11531: 11496: 11436: 10452: 10333: 10271: 9832: 9715: 9569: 9554: 9381: 9253: 9129: 9038: 9026: 8549: 8545:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 8216: 7503: 7456: 7409: 7249: 7203: 5644: 5576: 5529: 5446: 5366: 5284: 5238: 5151: 5123: 5096: 4900: 4815: 4582: 4571: 4543: 4535: 4460: 4371: 4358:

with the British monarchy from 1714 to 1837. (Orange; borders shown 1814–1866.)

4355: 4328: 4251: 4220: 4165: 4145: 4060: 3964: 3929: 3880: 3825:, nevertheless, continued intermittently during his reign and those of his son 3716: 3666: 3489: 3471: 3376: 3349: 3252: 3165: 3073: 2864: 2384: 2079: 1972: 1968: 812: 424: 380: 179: 138: 133: 9169: 9165: 9151: 9118: 9114: 9050: 7488: 7441: 7394: 7234: 7188: 6028: 5342:

revoked the grant, but Parliament passed a law authorising its continued use.

5264:

were the main residences of the English monarch until Henry VIII acquired the

4148:

became the first monarch to rule over England, Scotland, and Ireland together.

3963:

was followed, where the monarchy alternated between different branches of the

3286:

did not have a majority, they were the largest party. The second followed the

15428: 14740: 13791: 12876: 12641: 12636: 12058: 11916: 11875: 11855: 10508: 10069: 9967: 9957: 9756: 9751: 9630: 9176:. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 14 October 2008 (subscription required). 9161: 9125:. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 14 October 2008 (subscription required). 8585: 7362: 7183: 6880:

Royal Arms, Styles, and Titles of Great Britain: Westminster, 20 October 1604

5992: 5373: 5339: 5184: 5029: 4972: 4968: 4468: 4247: 4177: 4173: 4102: 4020: 3968: 3944:(who would later give their name to Scotland), of the Irish petty kingdom of 3892: 3612: 3546: 3275: 3244: 3054: 3019: 3004: 863: 820: 730: 297: 269: 262: 250: 187: 110: 12405: 9671: 9224: 7767: 7636: 7347: 5216: 3903:"Queen of Scots" and "Queen of Scotland" redirect here. For other uses, see 3790:

on the throne and gave the French an opportunity to overthrow English rule.

399:. Also in this period, the monarchy in Ireland eventually became limited to 332:. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican 14691: 14517: 14184: 13815: 13755: 13553: 13460: 13438: 12966: 12488: 12450: 12350: 11933: 10375: 9746: 9645: 9531: 9495: 9406: 9231:. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 April 2008 (subscription required). 9158:. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 20 April 2008 (subscription required). 9057:. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 22 April 2008 (subscription required). 8928: 7665: 7540: 7081: 6466: 5083: 5078:

agreed to surrender the hereditary revenues of the Crown in return for the

5071: 5009: 4999: 4788: 4594: 4040: 4027:

recognised Scottish control of the Western Isles and other disputed areas.

3388: 3279: 3219: 2420: 2123: 1901: 828: 709: 305: 215: 9684: 6220: 5322:" is held by the king personally, and is not vested in the British Crown. 4362:

In 1714, Queen Anne was succeeded by her second cousin, and Sophia's son,

3945: 3599: 13605: 13198: 12707: 12503: 12395: 12390: 12310: 11901: 11885: 11396: 11304: 10861: 10791: 9620: 9444: 9411: 9396: 9265: 9202: 9180: 8135: 7888: 7615: 5501: 5354: 5111: 5082:, and this arrangement persisted until 2012. An annual Property Services 4938: 4578: 4554:, which has been likened to "a treaty among the Commonwealth countries". 4479:

in 1876. However, her reign was also marked by increased support for the

4472: 4445: 4433: 4389:, thirteen of Britain's American colonies were lost when they formed the 4185: 3888: 3861: 3830: 3677: 3639: 3542: 3497: 3366:

granted his request as Heath had already failed to form a coalition. The

3008: 2309: 1768: 925: 876: 804: 638: 555: 480: 313: 207: 76: 8034:"Princess Beatrice 'to become counsellor of state' for King Charles III" 6693: 5666: 4914:"), and the accession of the new sovereign is publicly proclaimed by an 4039:. A court was set up and after two years of deliberation, it pronounced 3243:

takes office by attending the monarch in a private audience, and after "

15403:

1. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on geographical definition.

13289: 12753: 12691: 12610: 11850: 11815: 9386: 9376: 9366: 9119:

Clare, Richard fitz Gilbert de, second earl of Pembroke (c. 1130–1176)"

8315:"Revealed: Queen's private estate invested millions of pounds offshore" 8058: 7592: 7442:"Clare, Richard fitz Gilbert de, second earl of Pembroke (c.1130–1176)" 7154: 5658: 5568: 5436: 5362: 5323: 5223:, in Edinburgh, Scotland, is the monarch's official Scottish residence. 5162: 5114:, and are used for expenses not borne by the parliamentary grants. The 4717: 4702: 4491: 4437: 4413: 4397:, but British influence elsewhere in the world continued to grow. The 4386: 4339:, with succession under the rules prescribed by the Act of Settlement. 4308:

England and Scotland were united as the Kingdom of Great Britain under

4285: 4243: 4157: 4000: 3973: 3849: 3818: 3764: 3752: 3372: 3248: 3215: 2401: 2186: 1751: 328:. Beginning in 1603, the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a 7127: 5754:"Revealed: Queen lobbied for change in law to hide her private wealth" 4522: 3586:

raids and settlement in the ninth century, the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of

3566: 3282:

resigned following his failure to form a coalition. Although Wilson's

850: 15199: 14319: 14314: 14309: 13112: 13102: 12671: 11978: 11865: 11294: 11139: 11047: 9464: 9401: 9371: 5358: 5143: 5119: 4662: 4590: 4425: 4421: 4117: 3872: 3802: 3740: 3658: 3516:

inspectors cannot enter the sovereign's property without permission.

3501: 3354: 3305: 3050: 2992: 2395: 2013: 1928: 788: 408: 387:

was added to the British monarch's titles between 1876 and 1948. The

238: 26:. For the other countries that share the same person as monarch, see 7146: 6516:, volume 8(1): "Constitutional Law and Human Rights", paragraph 382 6152:

PASC Publishes Government Defence of its Sweeping Prerogative Powers

5652: 5345:

The sovereign is known as "His Majesty" or "Her Majesty". The form "

4424:, an illness rendering him incapable of ruling. His son, the future 3634:, claimed the throne and took power with the support of most of the 14179: 13249: 13132: 13122: 12941: 12440: 11712: 11593: 11457: 11270: 11000: 9391: 8518:"£2m estimate of the Queen's wealth 'more likely to be accurate'", 7119: 6721: 5517: 5187:, who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank, 4690: 4539: 4499: 4267:) were declared joint Sovereigns of England, Scotland and Ireland. 4181: 4153: 4129: 4095: 3977: 3960: 3826: 3670: 3395: 2910: 2356: 2281: 2276: 1862: 392: 7002: 6955: 6943: 6931: 6895: 6557: 4642: 3358:

newspaper, asserted a constitutional convention: according to the

13142: 13097: 13072: 12626: 12335: 11953: 11906: 11845: 11769: 11723: 11344: 11334: 10826: 8898: 8815: 6108: 5268:. Whitehall was destroyed by fire in 1698, leading to a shift to 5127: 4630: 4106: 3598:, and assumed the title "King of the Anglo-Saxons". His grandson 3038: 2892: 2362: 1704: 345: 103: 53:

Royal coats of arms used in Scotland (right) and elsewhere (left)

9237:

The Impossible Office? The History of the British Prime Minister

9166:"Edward VIII (later Prince Edward, duke of Windsor) (1894–1972)" 6545: 4140: 4066:

David II died childless in 1371 and was succeeded by his nephew

13224: 13137: 12400: 12300: 11943: 11799: 11426: 11324: 11314: 11122: 9049:

Brock, Michael (September 2004; online edition, January 2008).

5428: 5420: 5197:

estimated Elizabeth II's personal wealth at £350 million.

5188: 5183:

said estimates of £100 million were "grossly overstated".

5175: 4798: 4793: 4694: 4685:, who had become High King of Ireland in early 1166 and exiled 4079: 3989: 3876: 3673:. He was killed whilst besieging a castle; John succeeded him. 3595: 3587: 3583: 3455: 3440: 3418:. In Scottish matters, the sovereign acts on the advice of the 3415: 3387:

Before a bill passed by the legislative Houses can become law,

2797: 1997: 395:

of the Empire into separate, self-governing countries within a

308:

of the English kingdom. The Anglo-Normans also established the

13574: 8153:

The Sovereign Grant Act 2011 (Change of Percentage) Order 2017

8059:"Princess Anne and Prince Edward to become stand-ins for King" 6798: 4342: 3258:

While the sovereign also appoints and may dismiss every other

2991:, the monarch (exclusively referred to in legislation as "the 11681: 11099: 6527:"Revealed: Queen's sweeping immunity from more than 160 laws" 5478: 5470: 4825:, is the spiritual leader of the Church and of the worldwide 4335:, under which England and Scotland were united into a single 4288:, might attempt to reclaim the throne. Parliament passed the 3941: 3937: 3925: 3681: 2923: 1936: 293: 9150:

Ives, E. W. (September 2004; online edition, January 2008).

6275:, Political Science Resources, 11 March 2008, archived from 5967:"Citizenship ceremonies: guidance notes (English and Welsh)" 5146:, as are the occupied palaces in the United Kingdom such as 4059:. On the pretext of restoring John Balliol's rightful heir, 3793:

The unpopularity of Henry VI's counsellors and his consort,

3703: 2803:

Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union

14854: 14733: 13107: 11948: 11938: 11928: 11911: 5212:, in London, England, is the monarch's principal residence. 4506:" in response to the anti-German sympathies aroused by the 3626:. Henry made a controversial decision to name his daughter 3545:. For the current queen consort of the United Kingdom, see 3505: 3402:

as to the government of the UK. The sovereign appoints the

3026:" (or, alternatively, "God Save the Queen") is the British 2854: 2287: 360:, further curtailed the power of the monarchy and excluded 233:"—this power may only be used according to laws enacted in 8977:, Official website of the British Monarchy, archived from 7843:, Official website of the British Monarchy, archived from 7793:, Official website of the British Monarchy, archived from 7746:, Official website of the British Monarchy, archived from 7133:

Scott, F.R. (January 1944), "The End of Dominion Status",

6747:. Research Briefing. House of Commons Library. p. 8. 6198:, Official website of the British Monarchy, archived from 5299:

in Aberdeenshire are privately owned by the royal family.

5021:(her husband) could act as regent in these circumstances. 4577:

George V's death in 1936 was followed by the accession of

4459:

was made during the long reign of William IV's successor,

7026: 7014: 6990: 6919: 6883: 6862: 6850: 6838: 6826: 6770: 6681: 6653: 6641: 6617: 5524:

The monarch's official flag in the United Kingdom is the

4636:

Henry II took the Lordship of Ireland in the 12th century

3120: 3065:, depend upon decisions made elsewhere. In formal terms: 2859: 300:. The process was completed in the 13th century when the 9296: 9063:

She-Wolves: the Women who Ruled England Before Elizabeth

6629: 5280:. It is also used by other members of the royal family. 5249:. The sovereign's official residence in Scotland is the 4945:. The last monarch involuntarily removed from power was 1117:

Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions

14270:

Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership

8181:"Our Annual Report 2021/22 | Our Annual Report 2021/22" 6758: 6605: 6593: 6581: 6569: 6425: 6272:

Results and analysis: General election, 10 October 1974

5142:, is not owned by the sovereign personally and is held 4941:, had to be authorised by a special Act of Parliament, 4082:

had to rule the country; the monarch, Robert III's son

3774:

Henry IV was the grandson of Edward III and the son of

3034:

are made to the Sovereign and their lawful successors.

9075:

The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy

8772: 6492:, The UK Honours System, 30 April 2007, archived from 6170: 5504:

in the United Kingdom. The design (left) features the

4135: 3988:. The following year, after killing Macbeth's stepson 3646:

would succeed him. Henry accordingly became the first

18:"British sovereign" redirects here. For the coin, see 11265: 7813:, Church of Scotland official website, archived from 6907: 6404:, Office of Public Sector Information, archived from 6126: 4648:

Henry VIII raised it to a kingdom in the 16th century

4248:

Church of England clerics who challenged his policies

3879:

to succeed, and therefore drew up a will designating

3758:

Edward III claimed the French Crown, setting off the

1107:

Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000

15406:

2. Recognised by at least one United Nations member.

14630:

A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture

8608: 8606: 6307: 6070: 5634: 5338:. After Henry broke from the Roman Catholic Church, 4891:. The rules of succession may only be changed by an 3860:(the Anglican Church) and divorce his wife to marry 3237: 241:. In practice the monarch's role, including that of 10813: 8572:"The Queen net worth — Sunday Times Rich List 2020" 7833: 7831: 6304:. Retrieved 10 October 2008 (subscription required) 5372:If only one monarch has used a particular name, no 5276:, and the Palace is the site of the meeting of the 5157:The sovereign is subject to indirect taxes such as 4956: 4250:. As a result, a group of Protestants known as the 4238:. A parliamentary effort to exclude James from the 3696:led the barons in another rebellion, beginning the 9334: 8693: 8691: 8292:Royal Finances: Privy Purse and Duchy of Lancaster 8268:, Duchy of Lancaster, 18 July 2011, archived from 7487: 7440: 7393: 7346: 7233: 7187: 7168:R v Foreign Secretary; Ex parte Indian Association 5908: 5875: 5106:Like the Crown Estate, the land and assets of the 4074:. The reigns of both Robert II and his successor, 3306:Summons, prorogation and dissolution of Parliament 1096:2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies 159: 8640: 8638: 8603: 3984:, who was killed himself in 1057 by Duncan's son 3007:. The monarch's image is used to signify British 1687:Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom 268:The British monarchy traces its origins from the 15426: 15409:3. Not recognised by any United Nations members. 9270:Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy 7828: 7618:, 14–16 December 2007, p. 9, archived from 5559:Royal Standard of the United Kingdom in Scotland 5233:The sovereign's official residence in London is 4943:His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 4597:. In June 1948 George VI relinquished the title 4007:, the longest-reigning King of Scots before the 3594:secured Wessex, achieved dominance over western 3394:The sovereign has a similar relationship to the 14265:Prince of Wales's Intelligence Community Awards 13746:Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces 9069: 8688: 7928:Union with Scotland Act 1706 (c.11), Article II 7563:"Polls reveal big rise in support for monarchy" 7008: 6961: 6949: 6937: 6901: 6820: 6804: 6727: 6699: 6671: 6563: 6551: 6054:"Constitutional Reform Act 2005: Section 3" 5804:"Queen was Britain's ultimate brand ambassador" 4767: 4299: 9134:The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England 8663: 8635: 7766:, The Archbishop of Canterbury, archived from 6426:Durkin, Mary; Gay, Oonagh (21 December 2005), 6091:"The royal prerogative and ministerial advice" 5873: 5705:Involvement of the British monarchy in slavery 3992:, Malcolm ascended the throne as Malcolm III. 3837:, in 1485, when Richard III was killed in the 3332:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022 1112:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022 14719: 14108:The Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health 13590: 13305: 11697: 11251: 9700: 9676: 9320: 8863:Historical Dictionary of the British Monarchy 8531: 7943:Union with England Act 1707 (c.7), Article II 7539:, Britannia Internet Magazine, archived from 6374:Brief overview – Government of Wales Act 2006 6097:. House of Commons Library Research Briefing. 5245:, an annual race meeting that is part of the 4977:2011 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 4833:and he or she holds the power to appoint the 3179:curtailed the sovereign's governmental power. 2960: 206:. The monarch since 8 September 2022 is King 198:. The term may also refer to the role of the 9009:The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens 7498:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7451:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7404:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7357:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7244:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7198:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 7050:, Government of Nova Scotia, 11 October 2001 5910:"Our picture of Her Majesty will never fade" 5412: 4829:. The monarch takes an oath to preserve the 4546:were subordinate to the United Kingdom. The 3871:. Henry VIII's son and successor, the young 2983:Ministerial folder with the monarch's emblem 2518:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office 2445:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 2414:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 245:, is limited to functions such as bestowing 13893:Prince of Wales v Associated Newspapers Ltd 11669:Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence 9714: 8417:, Official web site of the British Monarchy 8295:, Official web site of the British Monarchy 8236: 6377:, Welsh Assembly Government, archived from 6351:UK Politics: Dewar appointed First Minister 5752:Pegg, David; Evans, Rob (7 February 2021). 5462: 5450: 5440: 5349:" appears in international treaties and on 4749:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 4399:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 3382: 1122:Senedd constituencies and electoral regions 427:. The monarch is also head of state of the 374:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 14726: 14712: 14638:Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World 13597: 13583: 13312: 13298: 11704: 11690: 11258: 11244: 9707: 9693: 9327: 9313: 8822:. Official web site of the British Monarch 8495:"Tax Report Leaves Queen's Wealth in Dark" 8117:, Official website of the British Monarchy 8014:, Official website of the British Monarchy 8011:Queen and Government: Counsellors of State 7870:, Official website of the British Monarchy 7323:, Commonwealth Secretariat, archived from 6507: 6435:, House of Commons Library, archived from 5567:When the monarch is not in residence, the 5357:, not necessarily his or her first name – 4601:, although remaining head of state of the 4378:, although the title was not then in use. 3618:William was succeeded by two of his sons: 3426:, if it is deemed unconstitutional by the 3103:, which is technically a committee of the 2967: 2953: 2065:Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties 2003:Measure of the National Assembly for Wales 280:, which consolidated into the kingdoms of 14380:Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role 13736:Supreme Governor of the Church of England 9248:. Clarendon Law. Oxford University Press. 8754:A brief history of Historic Royal Palaces 8541:inflation figures are based on data from 5751: 4985:Supreme Governor of the Church of England 4949:, who fled into exile in 1688 during the 4164:". Although England and Scotland were in 4113:. Once again, a regency was established. 4015:. Alexander II, as well as his successor 3590:emerged as the dominant English kingdom. 3526:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom 3443:convicted offenders or reduce sentences. 3130:, which by constitution and statute have 1441:European Parliament elections (1979–2019) 296:also gradually came under the control of 237:and within constraints of convention and 13319: 9207:The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy 8940: 8938: 8757:, Historic Royal Palaces, archived from 8728:Official website of the British Monarchy 8703:Official website of the British Monarchy 8675:Official website of the British Monarchy 8650:Official website of the British Monarchy 8618:Official website of the British Monarchy 8265:Accounts, Annual Reports and Investments 7979: 7890:Girls Equal in British throne succession 7438: 7391: 7276: 7274: 7170:(1982). QB 892 at 928; as referenced in 6742:"The coronation: history and ceremonial" 6739: 6088: 5789:Persuasion and Power in the Modern World 5715:List of leaders of dependent territories 5491: 5215: 5204: 4866: 4521: 4407: 4341: 4303: 4139: 3702: 3565: 3484:Sovereign immunity § United Kingdom 3170: 3126:Judicial power is vested in the various 2978: 178:, is the form of government used by the 14734:Heads of state and government of Europe 14470:Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After 14441:Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story 14113:The Prince's School of Traditional Arts 9252: 9243: 9229:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9201: 9179: 9174:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9156:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9123:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9115:"Mac Murchada, Diarmait (c. 1110–1171)" 9055:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 9037: 9025: 8525: 8492: 8466: 8380: 8378: 8312: 7913:Act of Settlement 1700(c.2), Article II 7536:Can the Windsors survive Diana's death? 7495:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7448:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7401:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7354:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7241:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7231: 7195:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7182: 7105: 6298:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6188: 6176: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6132: 6076: 5695:Family tree of the British royal family 3999:. David was succeeded by his grandsons 3428:Secretary of State for Northern Ireland 3310:The sovereign has the power to summon, 3190:Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom 15427: 14449:The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana 13751:Head of the Armed Forces (New Zealand) 11739:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 9234: 9185:The Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth II 9128: 9091: 9060: 9003: 8859: 8833: 8778: 8699:"Royal Residences: St. James's Palace" 8175: 8173: 8107: 8105: 7686: 7313: 7311: 7032: 7020: 6996: 6925: 6913: 6889: 6868: 6856: 6844: 6832: 6816: 6788: 6776: 6715: 6711: 6687: 6675: 6659: 6647: 6635: 6623: 6611: 6599: 6587: 6575: 6313: 5161:, and since 1993 the monarch has paid 4969:male-preference cognatic primogeniture 4699:Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke 4620: 4502:, changed "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" to " 4463:. As a woman, Victoria could not rule 4254:invited James II & VII's daughter 3778:; hence, his dynasty was known as the 2488:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute 438: 14707: 13578: 13293: 11969: 11685: 11239: 10812: 9688: 9675: 9308: 8950:, The Royal Household, archived from 8935: 8813: 8730:, The Royal Household, archived from 8620:, The Royal Household, archived from 8592:from the original on 10 November 2020 8542: 7658: 7560: 7532: 7344: 7280: 7271: 7135:American Journal of International Law 7132: 7080: 6754:from the original on 11 October 2022. 6155:, UK Parliament, 2002, archived from 5906: 5874:Montague-Smith, Patrick, ed. (1979). 4912:The king is dead, long live the king! 4874:, heir apparent to the British throne 4726:Supreme Head of the Church of England 3948:in Argyll and the southern Hebrides. 3477: 3340:feature of the parliamentary calendar 3318:, during which the monarch reads the 3115:and other Crown Servants such as the 2833:United Kingdom and the United Nations 2478:British Overseas Territories Act 2002 411:and his successors adopted the title 15460:Heads of state of the United Kingdom 13338:Royal dukedoms in the United Kingdom 9264: 8375: 8325:from the original on 5 November 2017 8031: 7763:Roles and Responsibilities: Overview 7659:Smith, Matthew (16 September 2022). 7485: 6792: 6764: 6459: 6419: 6138: 5923:from the original on 10 January 2022 5547:Royal Standard of the United Kingdom 5066:Finances of the British royal family 4498:in 1901. In 1917, the next monarch, 4442:William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne 4374:, who is often considered the first 4231:and Charles II returned to Britain. 3898: 3398:governments of Scotland, Wales, and 3183: 2553:British National (Overseas) passport 2498:Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute 2460:British Overseas Territories citizen 1954:2011 referendum on law-making powers 1850:Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly 8918:, 15 April 1953, vol. 514, col. 199 8313:Osborne, Hilary (5 November 2017), 8170: 8102: 8032:Ward, Victoria (9 September 2022), 7687:Serhan, Yasmeen (10 January 2023). 7308: 7086:The High Court and the Constitution 6740:Tarrance, David (18 October 2022). 6089:Torrance, David (24 October 2023). 6021:The Monarchy Today: Queen and State 5801: 5013:made for Queen Elizabeth II by the 4774:republicanism in the United Kingdom 4136:Personal union and republican phase 3530: 3338:was unaffected, which is a regular 3278:was appointed prime minister after 1547:Northern Ireland Assembly elections 604:Republicanism in the United Kingdom 356:, and its Scottish counterpart the 13: 14404:Charles R: The Making of a Monarch 14388:Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work 11734:List of current sovereign monarchs 8902:, 3 March 1953, vol. 512, col. 251 8493:Darnton, John (12 February 1993), 8444:. 30 December 2012. Archived from 7533:Seely, Robert (5 September 1997), 7392:Flanagan, M. T. (September 2004). 7232:Matthew, H.C.G. (September 2004). 6519: 6462:"Mystery lifted on Queen's powers" 5882:. London: Futura. pp. 13–14. 5528:, which depicts the Royal Arms in 5508:in the first and fourth quarters, 5404:coat of arms of the United Kingdom 5398:Coat of arms of the United Kingdom 5138:, which includes artworks and the 4722:had broken with the Church of Rome 4530:During the twentieth century, the 4517: 4514:, an independent nation, in 1922. 4494:, became the first monarch of the 3928:north of the Forth and Clyde, the 3813:and killing the Lancastrian heir, 2989:Constitution of the United Kingdom 14: 15471: 15310:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 14980:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 14396:Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute 13529:Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 13524:Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn 9288: 8390:, Royal Household, archived from 7965:Baby destined to become a monarch 7638:Poll respondents back UK monarchy 7345:Sayer, Jane E. (September 2004). 7108:University of Toronto Law Journal 7092:: Federation Press. p. 314. 4863:Coronation of the British monarch 4805: 4265:James II & VII's Catholic son 4048:, Scotland had no monarch, until 3551:Queen of England (disambiguation) 3238:Appointment of the prime minister 3128:judiciaries of the United Kingdom 3107:. They have the direction of the 1732:Greater London Authority Act 1999 288:by the 10th century. England was 15440:Government of the United Kingdom 14412:Charles III: The Coronation Year 14118:King Charles III Charitable Fund 13904:2022 State Opening of Parliament 13840:Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh 13822:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 13691:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13534:Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 13509:Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 12252:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 11407:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9450:Head of the British Armed Forces 8965: 8921: 8905: 8887: 8866:. Scarecrow Press. p. 392. 8853: 8814:Berry, Ciara (15 January 2016). 8807: 8784: 8745: 8716: 8564: 8511: 8486: 8467:Serafin, Tatiana (7 July 2010). 8460: 8428: 8405: 8336: 8306: 8283: 8256: 8230: 8203: 8144: 8137:Royal funding changes become law 8128: 8077: 8051: 7287:. Federation Press. p. 41. 5802:Hay, George (9 September 2022). 5679: 5665: 5651: 5637: 5615: 5610:Union Flag of the United Kingdom 5603: 5552: 5540: 5334:, particularly for his book the 5229:List of British royal residences 5074:(the royal property portfolio). 5050:Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh 5019:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 4963:Succession to the Crown Act 2013 4957:Restrictions by sex and religion 4899:(1630–1714), a granddaughter of 4859:Succession to the British throne 4679:Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid 4641: 4629: 4270:James's overthrow, known as the 4156:, who was the great-grandson of 4037:13 rival claimants to the throne 3869:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 3776:John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster 3087:Executive power is exercised by 2922: 2909: 2891: 2876: 947: 849: 819: 787: 661: 631: 560: 535: 462: 391:recognised the evolution of the 340:. Following the installation of 243:Head of the British Armed Forces 204:UK's broader political structure 65: 46: 14678:Prince Charles stream tree frog 13604: 13504:Duke of Clarence and St Andrews 11729:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 10815:Countries of the United Kingdom 9915:Countries of the United Kingdom 8085:"Counsellors of State Act 2022" 8025: 8002: 7956: 7904: 7881: 7858: 7781: 7743:Queen and the Church of England 7734: 7708: 7680: 7652: 7554: 7526: 7479: 7432: 7385: 7338: 7225: 7176: 7074: 7061: 7038: 6967: 6874: 6810: 6782: 6733: 6705: 6665: 6480: 6460:Dyer, Clare (21 October 2003), 6453: 6392: 6365: 6342: 6319: 6290: 6263: 6238: 6213: 6182: 6101: 6082: 6046: 6009: 5985: 5959: 5934: 5369:did not use their first names. 5336:Defence of the Seven Sacraments 4661:In 1155 the only English Pope, 4190:organised rebellion in Scotland 4052:declared himself king in 1306. 3920:Government in medieval Scotland 3905:Scottish queen (disambiguation) 3537:History of the English monarchy 3328:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 2838:United Nations Security Council 518:Other constitutional principles 15435:Monarchy of the United Kingdom 13995:State and official visits made 11711: 9910:Counties of the United Kingdom 9336:Monarchy in the United Kingdom 8796:, Archontology, 18 August 2007 8387:The Royal Residences: Overview 8215:, Crown Estate, archived from 8114:Royal Finances: The Civil List 7561:Grice, Andrew (9 April 2002), 7486:Ives, E. W. (September 2004). 5900: 5867: 5846: 5821: 5795: 5780: 5771: 5745: 5732: 5720:Politics of the United Kingdom 5481:, from which fly the flags of 5445:" (an abbreviated form of the 5309:Style of the British sovereign 4675:all-island kingship of Ireland 4496:House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 3713:parts of Africa around Tripoli 3272:February 1974 general election 3230:and ambassadors, and receives 3072:is exercised by the King, the 2374:British Indian Ocean Territory 1919:Act of the Scottish Parliament 1717:English votes for English laws 1697:Council of Nations and Regions 456:Politics of the United Kingdom 324:, and the English king became 210:, who inherited the throne on 174:, commonly referred to as the 172:monarchy of the United Kingdom 1: 14128:Turquoise Mountain Foundation 14098:The Prince's Countryside Fund 13499:Duke of Clarence and Avondale 9272:(Revised ed.). Pimlico. 9136:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 9033:. Cambridge University Press. 8996: 8671:"The Palace of Holyroodhouse" 7071:, 2003 CanLII 41404 (ON S.C.) 7009:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6962:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6950:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6938:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6902:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6821:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6805:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6728:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6700:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6672:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6564:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6552:Cannon & Griffiths (1988) 6221:"State Opening of Parliament" 5993:"Crown Appointments Act 1661" 5200: 4852: 4046:Wars of Scottish Independence 4019:, attempted to take over the 3650:and the first monarch of the 2493:Gibraltar sovereignty dispute 1924:Scottish statutory instrument 1499:Scottish Parliament elections 985:Justices of the Supreme Court 14221:(official, Northern Ireland) 14140:The Prince's May Day Network 13810:Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex 11744:List of monarchy referendums 10682:Universal basic income (UBI) 8469:"The World's Richest Royals" 8237:Emma.Goodey (29 June 2022). 7790:Queen and Church of Scotland 7641:, BBC News, 28 December 2007 7519:UK public library membership 7472:UK public library membership 7425:UK public library membership 7378:UK public library membership 7265:UK public library membership 7219:UK public library membership 5907:Aslet, Clive (21 May 2014), 5038:Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex 4768:Modern status and popularity 4743:In 1800, as a result of the 4444:, and appointed a Tory, Sir 4300:After the 1707 Acts of Union 4294:Sophia, Electress of Hanover 3932:in the south, including the 3488:The sovereign is personally 3352:, writing pseudonymously to 2758:politics of Northern Ireland 1960:Government of Wales Act 1998 1092:UK Parliament constituencies 433:British Overseas Territories 231:His/Her Majesty's Government 7: 14350:Royal address to the nation 14063:Mutton Renaissance Campaign 14033:State Opening of Parliament 13834:Prince Andrew, Duke of York 13549:Duke of Kent and Strathearn 10687:Water supply and sanitation 10386:Weapons of mass destruction 10371:His Majesty's Naval Service 9077:. Oxford University Press. 9073:; Griffiths, Ralph (1988). 9029:(2001). Smith, Paul (ed.). 8239:"Financial reports 2021–22" 8140:, BBC News, 18 October 2011 7893:, BBC News, 28 October 2011 7047:Statute of Westminster 1931 6331:, BBC News, 24 January 2006 5630: 5194:Sunday Times Rich List 2020 5059: 5042:Prince Andrew, Duke of York 4707:major Irish kings and lords 4677:had been created in 854 by 4552:Statute of Westminster 1931 4548:Balfour Declaration of 1926 3334:. The sovereign's power of 3316:State Opening of Parliament 3063:State Opening of Parliament 2368:British Antarctic Territory 1692:Legislative consent motions 834:The Lord McFall of Alcluith 389:Balfour Declaration of 1926 10: 15476: 13615:King of the United Kingdom 10782:Stereotypes of the British 9045:. Oxford University Press. 7281:Boyce, Peter John (2008). 7090:Annandale, New South Wales 6514:Halsbury's Laws of England 5829:"Charities and Patronages" 5583:, whereas in Scotland the 5453:In my defens God me defend 5395: 5380:MacCormick v Lord Advocate 5306: 5226: 5063: 4997: 4993: 4960: 4856: 4709:to recognise him as their 4654: 4526:The British Empire in 1921 4455:The final transition to a 4395:American Revolutionary War 4315: 4194:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 4184:). His attempt to enforce 4122:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley 3909: 3902: 3692:. Later in Henry's reign, 3555: 3540: 3534: 3523: 3519: 3481: 3454:, appoints members of the 3436:Crown Proceedings Act 1947 3404:First Minister of Scotland 3368:resulting general election 3350:Sir Alan "Tommy" Lascelles 3187: 2808:UK–EU withdrawal agreement 338:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 17: 15399: 15379: 15348: 15080: 15069: 15049: 15018: 14750: 14739: 14686: 14660: 14611: 14595: 14552: 14422: 14363: 14342: 14333: 14287: 14250: 14193: 14160: 14153: 14078:Business in the Community 14053: 13972: 13927:Proclamation of accession 13917: 13909:2022 royal tour of Canada 13855: 13784: 13714: 13626: 13612: 13476: 13346: 13325: 13156: 13065: 12779: 12542: 12476: 12288: 12279: 12175: 12157: 12089: 12004: 11962: 11894: 11808: 11752: 11719: 11663:Annexed by Canada in 1949 11658: 11450: 11277: 11197: 11098: 10999: 10947:First Minister and deputy 10912: 10825: 10821: 10808: 10804: 10705: 10545: 10536: 10494: 10411: 10402: 10361: 10302: 10171: 10167: 10158: 10020: 9948: 9900: 9896: 9887: 9820: 9732: 9723: 9682: 9677:Links to related articles 9598: 9540: 9514: 9473: 9420: 9342: 8724:"Ambassadors credentials" 8522:, p. 1, 11 June 1971 6702:, pp. 194, 265, 309. 6401:Northern Ireland Act 1998 5710:Law in the United Kingdom 5431:Honi soit qui mal y pense 5423:bearing the motto of the 5326:first granted the title " 5283:Other residences include 4732:to change his title from 4681:. His last successor was 4174:ruling without Parliament 3916:List of Scottish monarchs 3725:Principality of Tarragona 3709:southern Italy and Sicily 3609:William, Duke of Normandy 3424:Northern Ireland Assembly 3414:on the nomination of the 3406:on the nomination of the 3288:May 2010 general election 3226:), and accredits British 3109:Armed Forces of the Crown 2883:United Kingdom portal 2773:Northern Ireland Protocol 2112:Non-metropolitan District 1801:Northern Ireland Act 1998 1051:Monetary Policy Committee 503:Parliamentary sovereignty 403:. In the years after the 154: 121: 109: 99: 94: 90: 86: 73: 64: 59: 45: 37: 14673:Prince Charles Mountains 14622:The Old Man of Lochnagar 13804:William, Prince of Wales 13766:King's Official Birthday 13741:Head of the Armed Forces 13726:Head of the Commonwealth 13333:List of British monarchs 11881:Self-proclaimed monarchy 10575:Environmental inequality 9661:King's Official Birthday 9460:Head of the Commonwealth 9235:Seldon, Anthony (2021). 9223:Sayers, Jane E. (2004). 9152:"Henry VIII (1491–1547)" 9113:Flanagan, M. T. (2004). 9099:. Cavendish Publishing. 9051:"William IV (1765–1837)" 9031:The English Constitution 8414:Royal Finances: Taxation 8185:www.thecrownestate.co.uk 7968:, ITV News, 22 July 2013 7439:Flanagan, M. T. (2004). 7320:Head of the Commonwealth 6195:Queen and Prime Minister 5725: 5622:Royal Banner of Scotland 5585:Royal Banner of Scotland 5457:") and the motto of the 5409:the Lion and the Unicorn 5320:Head of the Commonwealth 5313:The present sovereign's 5302: 5034:William, Prince of Wales 4872:William, Prince of Wales 4823:Archbishop of Canterbury 4778:Diana, Princess of Wales 4755:won independence as the 4611:Head of the Commonwealth 4475:, Victoria was declared 4428:, ruled in his stead as 4391:United States of America 4337:Kingdom of Great Britain 4318:List of British monarchs 3839:Battle of Bosworth Field 3603:for one generation. The 3562:List of English monarchs 3383:Other royal prerogatives 3347:King's Private Secretary 3294:(the largest party) and 3212:Head of the Armed Forces 3089:His Majesty's Government 2451:Turks and Caicos Islands 1722:Greater London Authority 872:Leader of the Opposition 577:William, Prince of Wales 446:This article is part of 413:Head of the Commonwealth 366:Kingdom of Great Britain 290:conquered by the Normans 116:William, Prince of Wales 24:List of British monarchs 20:Sovereign (British coin) 15185:Holy See (Vatican City) 14855:Holy See (Vatican City) 14355:Royal Christmas Message 14260:List of awards received 14133:Youth Business Scotland 14083:Children & the Arts 13856:Life as Prince of Wales 13564:Duke of York and Albany 12149:Vatican City (Holy See) 9656:Royal Christmas Message 9301:of the British monarchy 9170:"George VI (1895–1952)" 8834:Thorpe, Robert (1819). 8793:Royal Styles: 1521–1553 8543:Clark, Gregory (2017). 8156:. UK Parliament. 2017. 7523:(Subscription required) 7476:(Subscription required) 7429:(Subscription required) 7382:(Subscription required) 6354:, BBC News, 17 May 1999 6302:Oxford University Press 6066:, 2005 c. 4 (s. 3) 5791:(Report). HL Paper 150. 5465:Nemo me impune lacessit 5451: 5441: 5429: 5391: 5251:Palace of Holyroodhouse 4745:Irish Rebellion of 1798 4532:Commonwealth of Nations 4473:British rule over India 4457:constitutional monarchy 4205:Commonwealth of England 3721:Principality of Antioch 3648:Angevin king of England 3412:First Minister of Wales 3080:acting together as the 2197:Community council areas 2075:Non-metropolitan county 1855:Law of Northern Ireland 397:Commonwealth of Nations 358:Claim of Right Act 1689 334:Commonwealth of England 278:early medieval Scotland 15125:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14795:Bosnia and Herzegovina 14478:Willi und die Windzors 14325:Waitrose Duchy Organic 14068:The Prince's Charities 13990:Operation Menai Bridge 12431:Islands of Refreshment 11861:Legitimacy (political) 10461:Science and technology 9527:Speech from the throne 9244:Tomkins, Adam (2003). 9097:Understanding Statutes 9061:Castor, Helen (2010). 9043:Ministers of the Crown 8860:Panton, James (2011). 7504:10.1093/ref:odnb/12955 7457:10.1093/ref:odnb/17697 7410:10.1093/ref:odnb/17697 7250:10.1093/ref:odnb/33370 7204:10.1093/ref:odnb/31061 5521: 5463: 5413: 5332:Protestant Reformation 5224: 5213: 5093:Royal Visits Committee 4885:Act of Settlement 1701 4875: 4835:Lord High Commissioner 4527: 4417: 4376:British prime minister 4359: 4313: 4290:Act of Settlement 1701 4149: 3934:Kingdom of Strathclyde 3891:. England returned to 3728: 3615:continued to develop. 3579: 3549:. For other uses, see 3446:The sovereign is the " 3320:speech from the throne 3180: 3177:Bill of Rights of 1689 2984: 2536:Diplomatic missions of 2380:British Virgin Islands 348:as co-monarchs in the 223:their immediate family 82:since 8 September 2022 14668:Prince Charles Island 14585:The Windsors: Endgame 14561:Her Royal Highness..? 14521:(2016–2020 TV series) 14305:Highgrove House Shops 14103:The King's Foundation 14011:State visits received 14000:2023 visits to France 13731:Defender of the Faith 13681:Saint Kitts and Nevis 12242:Saint Kitts and Nevis 11831:Criticism of monarchy 11821:Abolition of monarchy 11387:Saint Kitts and Nevis 10438:Free trade agreements 9455:Defender of the Faith 9225:"Adrian IV (d. 1159)" 8932:, 2008 edition, p. 43 8912:Royal Style and Title 8705:, The Royal Household 8677:, The Royal Household 8652:, The Royal Household 8040:, The Daily Telegraph 7991:, Ministry of Justice 7810:Queen, State and Kirk 7717:British Monarchy Poll 6429:The Royal Prerogative 6064:The National Archives 6017:"Queen in Parliament" 6003:The National Archives 5687:United Kingdom portal 5495: 5328:Defender of the Faith 5258:Palace of Westminster 5219: 5208: 4924:Accession Declaration 4870: 4810:The sovereign is the 4724:and declared himself 4687:Diarmait Mac Murchada 4683:Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair 4525: 4411: 4345: 4307: 4284:supporters, known as 4260:William III of Orange 4229:monarchy was restored 4143: 3815:Edward of Westminster 3799:Richard, Duke of York 3715:(1146–1158), and the 3706: 3569: 3468:Royal Victorian Order 3260:Minister of the Crown 3234:from foreign states. 3174: 3132:judicial independence 2982: 2778:British–Irish Council 2763:Good Friday Agreement 2575:Free trade agreements 2540:in the United Kingdom 2351:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 2267:Bailiwick of Guernsey 1827:deputy First Minister 1712:Governance of England 723:Deputy Prime Minister 372:joined to create the 336:, which followed the 302:Principality of Wales 292:in 1066, after which 15349:Partially recognised 15019:Partially recognised 14215:(official, Scotland) 14123:Royal Drawing School 13828:Anne, Princess Royal 13320:British royal titles 12074:United Arab Emirates 11355:Realm of New Zealand 10787:World Heritage Sites 10580:Environmental issues 10284:Female party leaders 9925:Overseas territories 7395:"Dermot MacMurrough" 7363:10.1093/ref:odnb/173 6819:, pp. 407–409; 6791:, pp. 400–407; 6730:, pp. 1–12, 35. 6714:, pp. 636–647; 6025:The British Monarchy 5864:. National Archives. 5854:Regency Act 1937, c. 5459:Order of the Thistle 5315:full style and title 5054:Anne, Princess Royal 5026:counsellors of state 5017:, which stated that 4325:Act of Security 1704 3745:baronial "ordainers" 3464:Order of the Thistle 3360:Lascelles Principles 3146:Statutory Instrument 2342:Overseas Territories 2107:Metropolitan Borough 1833:Emma Little-Pengelly 1774:Combined authorities 1132:UK general elections 599:Counsellors of State 513:Separation of powers 322:Scottish Reformation 229:—which is known as " 196:British Constitution 190:, with their powers 15450:Commonwealth realms 15380:Unrecognised states 15050:Unrecognised states 14603:Jonathan Yeo (2024) 14486:Whatever Love Means 14343:Televised addresses 14219:Hillsborough Castle 14073:British Asian Trust 14016:Trooping the Colour 13846:Mountbatten-Windsor 13636:Antigua and Barbuda 13619:Commonwealth realms 13270:Trinidad and Tobago 13157:Commonwealth realms 13042:United Baltic Duchy 12185:Antigua and Barbuda 12177:Commonwealth realms 11871:Order of succession 11635:Trinidad and Tobago 11285:Antigua and Barbuda 11267:Commonwealth realms 9560:Hillsborough Castle 8981:on 28 December 2009 8761:on 18 December 2007 8614:"Buckingham Palace" 8219:on 3 September 2011 8191:on 28 December 2022 7069:O'Donohue v. Canada 7067:Justice Rouleau in 7035:, pp. 314–333. 7023:, pp. 305–306. 7011:, pp. 530–550. 6999:, pp. 677–680. 6964:, pp. 460–469. 6952:, pp. 447–448. 6940:, pp. 439–440. 6928:, pp. 242–245. 6904:, pp. 393–400. 6892:, pp. 214–231. 6871:, pp. 567–575. 6859:, pp. 552–565. 6847:, pp. 549–552. 6835:, pp. 409–412. 6823:, pp. 187, 196 6779:, pp. 390–395. 6767:, pp. 164–177. 6690:, pp. 179–189. 6662:, pp. 133–165. 6650:, pp. 118–130. 6626:, pp. 595–597. 6566:, pp. 102–127. 5916:The Daily Telegraph 5512:in the second, and 5427:of the same name; " 5274:Court of St James's 5266:Palace of Whitehall 5004:Counsellor of State 4981:Commonwealth realms 4975:, announced at the 4951:Glorious Revolution 4908:demise of the Crown 4881:Bill of Rights 1689 4753:Republic of Ireland 4667:Henry II of England 4657:Monarchy of Ireland 4621:Monarchy in Ireland 4615:Commonwealth realms 4481:republican movement 4401:was created by the 4276:Bill of Rights 1689 4272:Glorious Revolution 4236:James, Duke of York 4213:Battle of Worcester 4207:. Charles I's son, 4162:Union of the Crowns 4009:Union of the Crowns 3912:Kingdom of Scotland 3854:Catherine of Aragon 3807:Elizabeth Woodville 3652:Plantagenet dynasty 3605:conquest of England 3508:and contract since 3460:Order of the Garter 3420:Scottish Government 3408:Scottish Parliament 3032:Oaths of allegiance 2565:UK–CD Customs Union 2329:UK-CD Customs Union 2300:Bailiwick of Jersey 2087:Unitary authorities 2070:Metropolitan county 2055:Ceremonial counties 2009:Act of Senedd Cymru 1914:Scottish Parliament 1870:Scottish devolution 439:Constitutional role 417:Commonwealth realms 368:, and in 1801, the 354:Bill of Rights 1689 350:Glorious Revolution 318:English Reformation 310:Lordship of Ireland 274:Anglo-Saxon England 15445:Westminster system 15285:Russian Federation 14955:Russian Federation 14161:As Prince of Wales 13899:black spider memos 13776:Royal Family Order 13514:Duke of Cumberland 13427:Duke of Gloucester 10481:Telecommunications 10433:Economic geography 10289:Political scandals 9920:Crown Dependencies 9651:Duchy of Lancaster 9435:King-in-Parliament 9093:Crabbe, V.C.R.A.C. 9065:. Faber and Faber. 8954:on 5 November 2015 8539:Retail Price Index 8499:The New York Times 8448:on 17 October 2015 8348:, Royal Collection 8272:on 12 October 2011 8065:. 14 November 2022 7797:on 2 December 2010 7750:on 2 December 2010 7186:(September 2004). 6976:Sir Robert Walpole 6795:, pp. 185–198 6718:, pp. 190–211 6678:, pp. 168–176 6638:, pp. 96–115. 6489:Orders of Chivalry 6381:on 26 October 2011 6279:on 14 October 2020 6191:, pp. 59–60; 6059:legislation.gov.uk 6031:on 18 January 2008 5998:legislation.gov.uk 5700:King-in-Parliament 5522: 5256:Historically, the 5225: 5214: 5108:Duchy of Lancaster 4967:Succession was by 4889:Acts of Union 1707 4876: 4831:Church of Scotland 4827:Anglican Communion 4665:, authorised King 4528: 4418: 4403:Acts of Union 1800 4381:The next monarch, 4368:Elector of Hanover 4360: 4352:Kingdom of Hanover 4333:Acts of Union 1707 4314: 4240:line of succession 4150: 3780:House of Lancaster 3760:Hundred Years' War 3731:The next monarch, 3729: 3698:Second Barons' War 3580: 3558:Kingdom of England 3478:Sovereign immunity 3456:orders of chivalry 3364:Queen Elizabeth II 3228:High commissioners 3181: 3134:of the Government. 3091:, which comprises 3082:King-in-Parliament 2987:In the uncodified 2985: 2324:Common Travel Area 2260:Crown Dependencies 2227:Preserved counties 2207:Shires of Scotland 783:King-in-Parliament 429:Crown Dependencies 370:Kingdom of Ireland 184:hereditary monarch 111:Heir apparent 40:the United Kingdom 28:Commonwealth realm 22:. For a list, see 15422: 15421: 15416: 15415: 15395: 15394: 15081:UN members 15065: 15064: 14751:UN members 14701: 14700: 14656: 14655: 14288:Business ventures 14246: 14245: 14225:Sandringham House 14201:Buckingham Palace 13957:Coronation quiche 13572: 13571: 13415:Duke of Edinburgh 13410:Duke of Cambridge 13287: 13286: 13283: 13282: 12972:Piedmont-Sardinia 12724:Sip Song Chau Tai 12534:Thirteen Colonies 12275: 12274: 11679: 11678: 11233: 11232: 11193: 11192: 11189: 11188: 11185: 11184: 10800: 10799: 10532: 10531: 10398: 10397: 10394: 10393: 10279:Political parties 10203:Foreign relations 10154: 10153: 10150: 10149: 9883: 9882: 9860:Mass surveillance 9838:Foreign relations 9771:Second World War 9669: 9668: 9616:Scottish monarchs 9585:Sandringham House 9580:St James's Palace 9575:Kensington Palace 9550:Buckingham Palace 9440:King-on-the-Bench 9209:. HarperCollins. 9194:978-0-471-28330-0 9187:. HarperCollins. 9162:Matthew, H. C. G. 9106:978-1-859-41138-4 8894:Royal Titles Bill 8364:, Royal Household 7517:(Subscription or 7470:(Subscription or 7423:(Subscription or 7376:(Subscription or 7263:(Subscription or 7217:(Subscription or 7184:Matthew, H. C. G. 7099:978-1-86287-691-0 6614:, pp. 79–93. 6602:, pp. 77–78. 6590:, pp. 54–74. 6578:, pp. 30–46. 6554:, pp. 13–17. 6496:on 19 August 2007 6159:on 4 January 2004 5942:"National Anthem" 5862:legislation.co.uk 5581:Sandringham House 5573:Buckingham Palace 5516:in the third. In 5415:Dieu et mon droit 5347:Britannic Majesty 5293:Sandringham House 5289:Kensington Palace 5278:Accession Council 5270:St James's Palace 5235:Buckingham Palace 5210:Buckingham Palace 5167:capital gains tax 5148:Buckingham Palace 5132:Duchy of Cornwall 5046:Princess Beatrice 4932:Westminster Abbey 4920:St James's Palace 4916:Accession Council 4897:Sophia of Hanover 4893:Act of Parliament 4847:Church of Ireland 4819:Church of England 4603:Dominion of India 4534:evolved from the 4198:English Civil War 3899:Scottish monarchy 3858:Church of England 3846:Elizabeth of York 3823:Wars of the Roses 3795:Margaret of Anjou 3769:Henry Bolingbroke 3737:conquest of Wales 3733:Edward Longshanks 3694:Simon de Montfort 3686:First Barons' War 3296:Liberal Democrats 3232:heads of missions 3196:royal prerogative 3184:Royal prerogative 3139:Church of England 3113:the Civil Service 3070:Legislative power 3024:God Save the King 2977: 2976: 2768:UK–Ireland border 2560:Visa requirements 2511:Foreign relations 2465:Visa requirements 2439: 2430: 2423: 2247:Historic counties 2134:Historic counties 1880:Scotland Act 1998 1102:Political parties 999:England and Wales 932:King-on-the-Bench 864:Sir Lindsay Hoyle 499: 168: 167: 129:Buckingham Palace 15467: 15078: 15077: 14748: 14747: 14728: 14721: 14714: 14705: 14704: 14569:King Charles III 14510:King Charles III 14505:(2009 TV serial) 14340: 14339: 14158: 14157: 13962:Scottish service 13761:Duke of Normandy 13676:Papua New Guinea 13599: 13592: 13585: 13576: 13575: 13539:Duke of Hereford 13494:Duke of Clarence 13451:Duke of Rothesay 13398:Duke of Cornwall 13314: 13307: 13300: 13291: 13290: 13211:Irish Free State 12977:Poland–Lithuania 12286: 12285: 12237:Papua New Guinea 11967: 11966: 11706: 11699: 11692: 11683: 11682: 11672: 11664: 11377:Papua New Guinea 11260: 11253: 11246: 11237: 11236: 11213: 11206: 10914:Northern Ireland 10823: 10822: 10810: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10543: 10542: 10456: 10409: 10408: 10267:House of Commons 10235:Local government 10169: 10168: 10165: 10164: 10075:Renewable energy 10060:hydroelectricity 9898: 9897: 9894: 9893: 9730: 9729: 9709: 9702: 9695: 9686: 9685: 9673: 9672: 9641:Monarchy records 9636:Royal collection 9611:English monarchs 9506:Grace and favour 9329: 9322: 9315: 9306: 9305: 9300: 9299: 9297:Official website 9283: 9261: 9249: 9240: 9220: 9198: 9147: 9110: 9088: 9066: 9046: 9034: 9022: 8990: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8969: 8963: 8962: 8961: 8959: 8942: 8933: 8925: 8919: 8909: 8903: 8891: 8885: 8884: 8882: 8880: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8831: 8829: 8827: 8820:The Royal Family 8811: 8805: 8804: 8803: 8801: 8788: 8782: 8776: 8770: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8749: 8743: 8742: 8741: 8739: 8720: 8714: 8713: 8712: 8710: 8695: 8686: 8685: 8684: 8682: 8667: 8661: 8660: 8659: 8657: 8646:"Windsor Castle" 8642: 8633: 8632: 8631: 8629: 8624:on 27 March 2010 8610: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8577:The Sunday Times 8568: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8535: 8529: 8523: 8515: 8509: 8508: 8507: 8505: 8490: 8484: 8483: 8481: 8479: 8464: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8436:"Royal finances" 8432: 8426: 8425: 8424: 8422: 8409: 8403: 8402: 8401: 8399: 8382: 8373: 8372: 8371: 8369: 8361:Royal Collection 8356: 8355: 8353: 8340: 8334: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8310: 8304: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8287: 8281: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8260: 8254: 8253: 8251: 8249: 8243:The Royal Family 8234: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8207: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8196: 8187:. Archived from 8177: 8168: 8167: 8148: 8142: 8141: 8132: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8122: 8109: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8095: 8089:National Archive 8081: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8070: 8055: 8049: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8029: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7988:Regency Act 1953 7983: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7960: 7954: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7908: 7902: 7901: 7900: 7898: 7885: 7879: 7878: 7877: 7875: 7862: 7856: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7835: 7826: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7817:on 17 April 2009 7805: 7804: 7802: 7785: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7770:on 3 August 2008 7758: 7757: 7755: 7738: 7732: 7731: 7730: 7728: 7722: 7712: 7706: 7705: 7703: 7701: 7684: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7673: 7656: 7650: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7633: 7632: 7630: 7624: 7613: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7571:, archived from 7558: 7552: 7551: 7550: 7548: 7543:on 10 April 2011 7530: 7524: 7522: 7514: 7512: 7510: 7491: 7483: 7477: 7475: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7444: 7436: 7430: 7428: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7397: 7389: 7383: 7381: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7350: 7342: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7315: 7306: 7305: 7303: 7301: 7278: 7269: 7268: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7237: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7191: 7180: 7174: 7165: 7130: 7103: 7088:(5th ed.). 7078: 7072: 7065: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7055: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7024: 7018: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6994: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6971: 6965: 6959: 6953: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6878: 6872: 6866: 6860: 6854: 6848: 6842: 6836: 6830: 6824: 6814: 6808: 6802: 6796: 6786: 6780: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6746: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6719: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6679: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6645: 6639: 6633: 6627: 6621: 6615: 6609: 6603: 6597: 6591: 6585: 6579: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6447: 6441: 6434: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6323: 6317: 6311: 6305: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6284: 6267: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6242: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6202:on 14 April 2010 6186: 6180: 6174: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6147: 6136: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6086: 6080: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6038: 6036: 6027:. Archived from 6013: 6007: 6006: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5963: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5938: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5912: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5894:Internet Archive 5892:– via the 5881: 5871: 5865: 5857: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5833:The Royal Family 5825: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5784: 5778: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5749: 5743: 5736: 5689: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5675: 5670: 5669: 5661: 5656: 5655: 5647: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5619: 5607: 5556: 5544: 5468: 5456: 5444: 5434: 5418: 5411:; the motto is " 5385:Court of Session 5181:Lord Chamberlain 5136:Royal Collection 5015:Regency Act 1953 4947:James VII and II 4839:General Assembly 4837:to the Church's 4812:supreme governor 4792:reported that a 4761:Northern Ireland 4757:Irish Free State 4730:Irish Parliament 4645: 4633: 4599:Emperor of India 4512:Irish Free State 4490:Victoria's son, 4477:Empress of India 4258:and her husband 4192:and ignited the 4180:and the English 4126:Earl of Bothwell 4050:Robert the Bruce 4005:William the Lion 3950:Kenneth MacAlpin 3592:Alfred the Great 3531:English monarchy 3400:Northern Ireland 3375:, who dismissed 3154:Royal commission 3150:Order in Council 3095:, primarily the 3078:House of Commons 2969: 2962: 2955: 2927: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2903:Northern Ireland 2896: 2895: 2881: 2880: 2879: 2818:The Commonwealth 2447: 2436:Tristan da Cunha 2434: 2428:Ascension Island 2426: 2418: 2416: 2407:Pitcairn Islands 2391:Falkland Islands 2353: 2290: 2142:Northern Ireland 1944:Welsh devolution 1819:Michelle O'Neill 1794:Northern Ireland 1784:Cornwall Council 1600:Senedd elections 1044:Deputy governors 1009:Northern Ireland 971:Deputy President 951: 853: 843:House of Commons 823: 791: 684:Starmer ministry 665: 635: 564: 539: 493: 466: 443: 442: 405:Second World War 401:Northern Ireland 385:Emperor of India 330:single sovereign 259:brand ambassador 221:The monarch and 176:British monarchy 164: 161: 79: 69: 50: 41: 35: 34: 15475: 15474: 15470: 15469: 15468: 15466: 15465: 15464: 15425: 15424: 15423: 15418: 15417: 15412: 15391: 15375: 15366:Northern Cyprus 15344: 15260:North Macedonia 15082: 15072: 15061: 15045: 15036:Northern Cyprus 15014: 14930:North Macedonia 14752: 14742: 14735: 14732: 14702: 14697: 14682: 14652: 14607: 14591: 14548: 14424: 14418: 14359: 14329: 14295:Duchy Home Farm 14283: 14279:Military Awards 14252: 14242: 14237:Craigowan Lodge 14231:Balmoral Castle 14213:Holyrood Palace 14189: 14174:Highgrove House 14149: 14055: 14049: 13985:Prime ministers 13968: 13919: 13913: 13851: 13780: 13717: 13710: 13696:Solomon Islands 13622: 13608: 13603: 13573: 13568: 13559:Duke of Windsor 13472: 13376:Prince of Wales 13342: 13321: 13318: 13288: 13279: 13204:princely states 13152: 13088:Kingdom of Fiji 13061: 12807:Austria-Hungary 12775: 12538: 12472: 12271: 12257:Solomon Islands 12171: 12153: 12085: 12000: 11958: 11890: 11836:Democratization 11804: 11748: 11715: 11710: 11680: 11675: 11667: 11662: 11654: 11446: 11417:Solomon Islands 11273: 11264: 11234: 11229: 11216: 11209: 11202: 11181: 11094: 10995: 10908: 10817: 10796: 10701: 10657:Public holidays 10637:Life expectancy 10528: 10490: 10470:London Exchange 10466:Stock exchanges 10454: 10453:Pound sterling 10421:Bank of England 10390: 10381:Royal Air Force 10357: 10298: 10230:Law enforcement 10146: 10055:hydraulic frac. 10016: 9997:Lakes and lochs 9944: 9940:Former colonies 9879: 9875:Women's history 9850:Law enforcement 9816: 9762:First World War 9719: 9713: 9678: 9670: 9665: 9594: 9590:Balmoral Castle 9565:Holyrood Palace 9536: 9510: 9481:Crown copyright 9469: 9430:King-in-Council 9416: 9338: 9333: 9295: 9294: 9291: 9286: 9280: 9254:Waldron, Jeremy 9217: 9195: 9144: 9130:Fraser, Antonia 9107: 9085: 9039:Brazier, Rodney 9027:Bagehot, Walter 9019: 8999: 8994: 8993: 8984: 8982: 8971: 8970: 8966: 8957: 8955: 8944: 8943: 8936: 8926: 8922: 8910: 8906: 8892: 8888: 8878: 8876: 8874: 8858: 8854: 8844: 8842: 8825: 8823: 8812: 8808: 8799: 8797: 8790: 8789: 8785: 8777: 8773: 8764: 8762: 8751: 8750: 8746: 8737: 8735: 8734:on 9 March 2009 8722: 8721: 8717: 8708: 8706: 8697: 8696: 8689: 8680: 8678: 8669: 8668: 8664: 8655: 8653: 8644: 8643: 8636: 8627: 8625: 8612: 8611: 8604: 8595: 8593: 8570: 8569: 8565: 8555: 8553: 8536: 8532: 8517: 8516: 8512: 8503: 8501: 8491: 8487: 8477: 8475: 8465: 8461: 8451: 8449: 8434: 8433: 8429: 8420: 8418: 8411: 8410: 8406: 8397: 8395: 8384: 8383: 8376: 8367: 8365: 8358: 8357: 8351: 8349: 8342: 8341: 8337: 8328: 8326: 8311: 8307: 8298: 8296: 8289: 8288: 8284: 8275: 8273: 8262: 8261: 8257: 8247: 8245: 8235: 8231: 8222: 8220: 8209: 8208: 8204: 8194: 8192: 8179: 8178: 8171: 8164: 8150: 8149: 8145: 8134: 8133: 8129: 8120: 8118: 8111: 8110: 8103: 8093: 8091: 8083: 8082: 8078: 8068: 8066: 8057: 8056: 8052: 8043: 8041: 8030: 8026: 8017: 8015: 8008: 8007: 8003: 7994: 7992: 7985: 7984: 7980: 7971: 7969: 7962: 7961: 7957: 7948: 7946: 7940: 7933: 7931: 7925: 7918: 7916: 7910: 7909: 7905: 7896: 7894: 7887: 7886: 7882: 7873: 7871: 7864: 7863: 7859: 7850: 7848: 7837: 7836: 7829: 7820: 7818: 7807: 7800: 7798: 7787: 7786: 7782: 7773: 7771: 7760: 7753: 7751: 7740: 7739: 7735: 7726: 7724: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7709: 7699: 7697: 7685: 7681: 7671: 7669: 7657: 7653: 7644: 7642: 7635: 7628: 7626: 7622: 7611: 7608:Monarchy Survey 7605: 7598: 7596: 7585: 7578: 7576: 7575:on 12 June 2008 7568:The Independent 7559: 7555: 7546: 7544: 7531: 7527: 7516: 7508: 7506: 7484: 7480: 7469: 7461: 7459: 7437: 7433: 7422: 7414: 7412: 7390: 7386: 7375: 7367: 7365: 7343: 7339: 7330: 7328: 7317: 7316: 7309: 7299: 7297: 7295: 7279: 7272: 7262: 7254: 7252: 7230: 7226: 7216: 7208: 7206: 7181: 7177: 7147:10.2307/2192530 7100: 7079: 7075: 7066: 7062: 7053: 7051: 7044: 7043: 7039: 7031: 7027: 7019: 7015: 7007: 7003: 6995: 6991: 6982: 6980: 6973: 6972: 6968: 6960: 6956: 6948: 6944: 6936: 6932: 6924: 6920: 6912: 6908: 6900: 6896: 6888: 6884: 6879: 6875: 6867: 6863: 6855: 6851: 6843: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6815: 6811: 6803: 6799: 6787: 6783: 6775: 6771: 6763: 6759: 6751: 6744: 6738: 6734: 6726: 6722: 6710: 6706: 6698: 6694: 6686: 6682: 6674:, p. 295; 6670: 6666: 6658: 6654: 6646: 6642: 6634: 6630: 6622: 6618: 6610: 6606: 6598: 6594: 6586: 6582: 6574: 6570: 6562: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6536: 6534: 6525: 6524: 6520: 6512: 6508: 6499: 6497: 6486: 6485: 6481: 6472: 6470: 6458: 6454: 6445: 6443: 6442:on 25 June 2008 6439: 6432: 6424: 6420: 6411: 6409: 6408:on 30 July 2020 6398: 6397: 6393: 6384: 6382: 6371: 6370: 6366: 6357: 6355: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6334: 6332: 6325: 6324: 6320: 6312: 6308: 6295: 6291: 6282: 6280: 6269: 6268: 6264: 6254: 6252: 6244: 6243: 6239: 6229: 6227: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6205: 6203: 6192: 6187: 6183: 6175: 6171: 6162: 6160: 6149: 6148: 6139: 6131: 6127: 6117: 6115: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6087: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6034: 6032: 6015: 6014: 6010: 5991: 5990: 5986: 5976: 5974: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5950: 5948: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5926: 5924: 5905: 5901: 5890: 5872: 5868: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5812: 5810: 5800: 5796: 5785: 5781: 5776: 5772: 5762: 5760: 5750: 5746: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5685: 5680: 5678: 5673:Politics portal 5671: 5664: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5611: 5608: 5593:Balmoral Castle 5589:Holyrood Palace 5565: 5564: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5548: 5545: 5506:arms of England 5425:Chivalric order 5400: 5394: 5383:, the Scottish 5311: 5305: 5297:Balmoral Castle 5295:in Norfolk and 5262:Tower of London 5247:social calendar 5231: 5221:Holyrood Palace 5203: 5159:value-added tax 5116:Paradise Papers 5089:Sovereign Grant 5076:King George III 5068: 5062: 5006: 4998:Main articles: 4996: 4965: 4959: 4865: 4857:Main articles: 4855: 4843:Church in Wales 4808: 4783:The Independent 4770: 4738:King of Ireland 4734:Lord of Ireland 4659: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4623: 4520: 4518:Shared monarchy 4508:First World War 4450:Reform Act 1832 4320: 4302: 4217:Oliver Cromwell 4138: 4072:House of Stuart 4025:Treaty of Perth 3922: 3908: 3901: 3885:Philip of Spain 3755:, became king. 3576:Norman Conquest 3572:Bayeux Tapestry 3564: 3554: 3539: 3533: 3528: 3522: 3486: 3480: 3448:fount of honour 3385: 3308: 3290:, in which the 3267:hung parliament 3240: 3224:Royal Air Force 3192: 3186: 3121:Secret Services 3049:or officers of 3028:national anthem 3013:Bank of England 2973: 2944: 2940:Other countries 2935: 2934: 2933: 2921: 2908: 2907: 2890: 2877: 2875: 2870: 2869: 2851: 2829: 2814: 2784: 2749: 2579: 2544: 2532: 2513: 2503: 2502: 2474: 2456: 2455: 2443: 2442: 2433: 2417: 2412: 2411: 2400: 2389: 2378: 2372: 2361: 2349: 2344: 2334: 2333: 2319:British Islands 2315: 2314: 2305: 2304: 2295: 2294: 2286: 2269: 2262: 2252: 2251: 2232:Principal areas 2218: 2211: 2174: 2167: 2145: 2138: 2037: 2029: 2019: 2018: 1962: 1951: 1949:1997 referendum 1940: 1933: 1882: 1875:1997 referendum 1866: 1859: 1803: 1797: 1790: 1764:London Assembly 1759:Mayoral cabinet 1746:Mayor of London 1734: 1727:1998 referendum 1708: 1701: 1682: 1672: 1671: 1670: 1651: 1650: 1644: 1642: 1603: 1602: 1596: 1594: 1550: 1549: 1543: 1541: 1502: 1501: 1495: 1493: 1444: 1443: 1437: 1435: 1136: 1135: 1127: 1087: 1073: 1072: 1054: 1024: 1022:Bank of England 1014: 1013: 990: 936: 928: 923: 913: 912: 891:59th Parliament 887: 884: 875: 862: 838: 832: 808: 793: 786: 769: 759: 758: 740: 738: 726: 717: 705: 691: 679: 650: 645:King-in-Council 641: 619: 609: 608: 580: 533: 523: 522: 491:Treaty of Union 476: 441: 421:title and style 362:Roman Catholics 326:King of Ireland 158: 150: 81: 75: 55: 39: 31: 12: 11: 5: 15473: 15463: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15420: 15419: 15414: 15413: 15411: 15410: 15407: 15404: 15400: 15397: 15396: 15393: 15392: 15390: 15389: 15383: 15381: 15377: 15376: 15374: 15373: 15368: 15363: 15358: 15352: 15350: 15346: 15345: 15343: 15342: 15340:United Kingdom 15337: 15332: 15327: 15322: 15317: 15312: 15307: 15302: 15297: 15292: 15287: 15282: 15277: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15217: 15212: 15207: 15202: 15197: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15145:Czech Republic 15142: 15137: 15132: 15127: 15122: 15117: 15112: 15107: 15102: 15097: 15092: 15086: 15084: 15075: 15067: 15066: 15063: 15062: 15060: 15059: 15053: 15051: 15047: 15046: 15044: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15028: 15022: 15020: 15016: 15015: 15013: 15012: 15010:United Kingdom 15007: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14872: 14867: 14862: 14857: 14852: 14847: 14842: 14837: 14832: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14815:Czech Republic 14812: 14807: 14802: 14797: 14792: 14787: 14782: 14777: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14756: 14754: 14745: 14737: 14736: 14731: 14730: 14723: 14716: 14708: 14699: 14698: 14696: 14695: 14692:← Elizabeth II 14687: 14684: 14683: 14681: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14664: 14662: 14658: 14657: 14654: 14653: 14651: 14650: 14646:Climate Change 14642: 14634: 14626: 14617: 14615: 14609: 14608: 14606: 14605: 14599: 14597: 14593: 14592: 14590: 14589: 14581: 14573: 14565: 14556: 14554: 14550: 14549: 14547: 14546: 14538: 14530: 14522: 14514: 14506: 14498: 14490: 14482: 14474: 14466: 14456:Spitting Image 14453: 14445: 14437: 14428: 14426: 14425:and television 14420: 14419: 14417: 14416: 14408: 14400: 14392: 14384: 14376: 14367: 14365: 14361: 14360: 14358: 14357: 14352: 14346: 14344: 14337: 14331: 14330: 14328: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14300:Dumfries House 14297: 14291: 14289: 14285: 14284: 14282: 14281: 14272: 14267: 14262: 14256: 14254: 14248: 14247: 14244: 14243: 14241: 14240: 14234: 14228: 14222: 14216: 14210: 14207:Windsor Castle 14204: 14197: 14195: 14191: 14190: 14188: 14187: 14182: 14177: 14171: 14168:Clarence House 14164: 14162: 14155: 14151: 14150: 14148: 14147: 14145:Prince's Trust 14142: 14137: 14136: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14095: 14093:iwill Campaign 14090: 14088:In Kind Direct 14085: 14080: 14075: 14065: 14059: 14057: 14051: 14050: 14048: 14047: 14046: 14045: 14040: 14030: 14029: 14028: 14023: 14013: 14008: 14007: 14006: 13992: 13987: 13982: 13976: 13974: 13970: 13969: 13967: 13966: 13965: 13964: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13934: 13923: 13921: 13915: 13914: 13912: 13911: 13906: 13901: 13896: 13889: 13887:Second wedding 13884: 13883: 13882: 13872: 13871: 13870: 13859: 13857: 13853: 13852: 13850: 13849: 13843: 13837: 13831: 13825: 13819: 13813: 13807: 13801: 13795: 13788: 13786: 13782: 13781: 13779: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13722: 13720: 13712: 13711: 13709: 13708: 13706:United Kingdom 13703: 13698: 13693: 13688: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13632: 13630: 13624: 13623: 13621:(2022–present) 13613: 13610: 13609: 13602: 13601: 13594: 13587: 13579: 13570: 13569: 13567: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13544:Duke of Kendal 13541: 13536: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13489:Duke of Albany 13486: 13480: 13478: 13474: 13473: 13471: 13470: 13469: 13468: 13458: 13456:Duke of Sussex 13453: 13448: 13447: 13446: 13436: 13435: 13434: 13424: 13423: 13422: 13412: 13407: 13406: 13405: 13395: 13393:Royal Dukedoms 13390: 13388:Princess Royal 13385: 13384: 13383: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13362: 13361: 13350: 13348: 13344: 13343: 13341: 13340: 13335: 13326: 13323: 13322: 13317: 13316: 13309: 13302: 13294: 13285: 13284: 13281: 13280: 13278: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13208: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13177: 13172: 13166: 13160: 13158: 13154: 13153: 13151: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13075: 13069: 13067: 13063: 13062: 13060: 13059: 13054: 13049: 13044: 13039: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12962:Ottoman Empire 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12922:Kartli-Kakheti 12919: 12914: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12829: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12783: 12781: 12777: 12776: 12774: 12773: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12604: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12546: 12544: 12540: 12539: 12537: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12480: 12478: 12474: 12473: 12471: 12470: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12331:Central Africa 12328: 12323: 12318: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12292: 12290: 12283: 12277: 12276: 12273: 12272: 12270: 12269: 12267:United Kingdom 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12233: 12232: 12227: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12181: 12179: 12173: 12172: 12170: 12169: 12163: 12161: 12155: 12154: 12152: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12095: 12093: 12087: 12086: 12084: 12083: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12010: 12008: 12002: 12001: 11999: 11998: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11975: 11973: 11964: 11960: 11959: 11957: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11924:Prince regnant 11921: 11920: 11919: 11909: 11904: 11898: 11896: 11892: 11891: 11889: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11841:Decolonization 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11812: 11810: 11806: 11805: 11803: 11802: 11797: 11795:Personal union 11792: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11765:Constitutional 11762: 11756: 11754: 11750: 11749: 11747: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11720: 11717: 11716: 11709: 11708: 11701: 11694: 11686: 11677: 11676: 11674: 11673: 11665: 11659: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11652: 11642: 11632: 11622: 11612: 11602: 11590: 11580: 11570: 11565: 11555: 11545: 11535: 11525: 11515: 11510: 11500: 11490: 11480: 11470: 11465: 11454: 11452: 11448: 11447: 11445: 11444: 11437:United Kingdom 11434: 11424: 11414: 11404: 11394: 11384: 11374: 11373: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11352: 11342: 11332: 11322: 11312: 11302: 11292: 11281: 11279: 11275: 11274: 11263: 11262: 11255: 11248: 11240: 11231: 11230: 11228: 11227: 11222: 11215: 11214: 11207: 11199: 11198: 11195: 11194: 11191: 11190: 11187: 11186: 11183: 11182: 11180: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11159: 11154: 11153: 11152: 11142: 11137: 11136: 11135: 11133:First Minister 11130: 11125: 11115: 11110: 11104: 11102: 11096: 11095: 11093: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11061: 11060: 11050: 11045: 11044: 11043: 11041:First Minister 11038: 11033: 11023: 11018: 11017: 11016: 11005: 11003: 10997: 10996: 10994: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10978: 10973: 10968: 10967: 10966: 10956: 10951: 10950: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10929: 10924: 10918: 10916: 10910: 10909: 10907: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10875: 10874: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10848: 10847: 10842: 10831: 10829: 10819: 10818: 10802: 10801: 10798: 10797: 10795: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10738: 10737: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10711: 10709: 10703: 10702: 10700: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10608: 10607: 10602: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10546: 10540: 10534: 10533: 10530: 10529: 10527: 10526: 10524:Rail transport 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10500: 10498: 10492: 10491: 10489: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10463: 10458: 10450: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10424: 10423: 10412: 10406: 10400: 10399: 10396: 10395: 10392: 10391: 10389: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10367: 10365: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10355: 10354: 10353: 10346:Prime Minister 10343: 10342: 10341: 10331: 10326: 10321: 10320: 10319: 10308: 10306: 10300: 10299: 10297: 10296: 10294:Shadow Cabinet 10291: 10286: 10281: 10276: 10275: 10274: 10272:House of Lords 10269: 10259: 10254: 10253: 10252: 10247: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10216: 10215: 10205: 10200: 10199: 10198: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10172: 10162: 10156: 10155: 10152: 10151: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10144: 10143: 10142: 10137: 10129: 10128: 10127: 10122: 10114: 10109: 10108: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10089: 10088: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10062: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10032: 10026: 10024: 10018: 10017: 10015: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9983: 9982: 9972: 9971: 9970: 9965: 9954: 9952: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9906: 9904: 9902:Administrative 9891: 9885: 9884: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9846: 9845: 9835: 9830: 9824: 9822: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9814: 9813: 9812: 9807: 9799: 9798: 9797: 9792: 9784: 9783: 9782: 9777: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9738: 9736: 9727: 9721: 9720: 9718: articles 9716:United Kingdom 9712: 9711: 9704: 9697: 9689: 9683: 9680: 9679: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9602: 9600: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9592: 9587: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9570:Clarence House 9567: 9562: 9557: 9555:Windsor Castle 9552: 9546: 9544: 9538: 9537: 9535: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9518: 9516: 9512: 9511: 9509: 9508: 9503: 9501:King's printer 9498: 9493: 9491:King's Consent 9488: 9483: 9477: 9475: 9471: 9470: 9468: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9426: 9424: 9422:Constitutional 9418: 9417: 9415: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9348: 9346: 9340: 9339: 9332: 9331: 9324: 9317: 9309: 9303: 9302: 9290: 9289:External links 9287: 9285: 9284: 9278: 9262: 9250: 9241: 9232: 9221: 9215: 9199: 9193: 9177: 9159: 9148: 9142: 9132:, ed. (1975). 9126: 9111: 9105: 9089: 9083: 9067: 9058: 9047: 9035: 9023: 9017: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8992: 8991: 8974:Royal Standard 8964: 8934: 8920: 8904: 8886: 8872: 8852: 8806: 8783: 8781:, p. 180. 8771: 8744: 8715: 8687: 8662: 8634: 8602: 8563: 8550:MeasuringWorth 8530: 8526:Pimlott (2001) 8510: 8485: 8459: 8427: 8404: 8374: 8335: 8305: 8282: 8255: 8229: 8202: 8169: 8162: 8143: 8127: 8101: 8076: 8050: 8024: 8001: 7978: 7955: 7903: 7880: 7857: 7847:on 31 May 2015 7827: 7780: 7733: 7707: 7679: 7651: 7625:on 11 May 2011 7553: 7525: 7478: 7431: 7384: 7337: 7327:on 6 July 2010 7307: 7293: 7270: 7224: 7175: 7120:10.2307/824318 7114:(2): 348–359, 7098: 7073: 7060: 7037: 7025: 7013: 7001: 6989: 6966: 6954: 6942: 6930: 6918: 6916:, p. 232. 6906: 6894: 6882: 6873: 6861: 6849: 6837: 6825: 6809: 6807:, p. 170. 6797: 6781: 6769: 6757: 6732: 6720: 6704: 6692: 6680: 6664: 6652: 6640: 6628: 6616: 6604: 6592: 6580: 6568: 6556: 6544: 6533:. 14 July 2022 6518: 6506: 6479: 6452: 6418: 6391: 6364: 6341: 6318: 6306: 6289: 6262: 6237: 6212: 6189:Waldron (1990) 6181: 6179:, p. 312. 6177:Brazier (1997) 6169: 6137: 6133:Bagehot (2001) 6125: 6100: 6081: 6077:Bagehot (2001) 6069: 6045: 6008: 5984: 5958: 5933: 5899: 5888: 5866: 5845: 5820: 5794: 5779: 5770: 5744: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5691: 5690: 5676: 5662: 5648: 5645:History portal 5632: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5621: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5577:Windsor Castle 5562: 5561: 5558: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5526:Royal Standard 5396:Main article: 5393: 5390: 5307:Main article: 5304: 5301: 5285:Clarence House 5239:Windsor Castle 5227:Main article: 5202: 5199: 5152:Windsor Castle 5124:Cayman Islands 5097:Cabinet Office 5064:Main article: 5061: 5058: 4995: 4992: 4958: 4955: 4918:that meets at 4901:James I and VI 4854: 4851: 4807: 4806:Religious role 4804: 4772:In the 1990s, 4769: 4766: 4716:By 1542, King 4689:, the King of 4647: 4640: 4639: 4635: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4583:Wallis Simpson 4572:personal union 4544:Crown Colonies 4536:British Empire 4519: 4516: 4372:Robert Walpole 4356:personal union 4329:Alien Act 1705 4301: 4298: 4252:Immortal Seven 4221:Lord Protector 4166:personal union 4146:James VI and I 4137: 4134: 4061:Edward Balliol 4003:, and then by 3965:House of Alpin 3900: 3897: 3881:Lady Jane Grey 3717:Crusader state 3667:Angevin Empire 3535:Main article: 3532: 3529: 3524:Main article: 3521: 3518: 3482:Main article: 3479: 3476: 3472:Order of Merit 3384: 3381: 3377:Lord Melbourne 3307: 3304: 3253:Lord Melbourne 3239: 3236: 3188:Main article: 3185: 3182: 3166:Walter Bagehot 3158: 3157: 3142: 3135: 3124: 3097:prime minister 3085: 3074:House of Lords 2995:", and styled 2975: 2974: 2972: 2971: 2964: 2957: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2919: 2905: 2900: 2887: 2886: 2885: 2872: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2850: 2849: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2828: 2827: 2826: 2825: 2813: 2812: 2811: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2788:European Union 2783: 2782: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2621: 2620: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2556: 2555: 2543: 2542: 2531: 2530: 2523:Foreign policy 2520: 2514: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2454: 2453: 2448: 2440: 2431: 2424: 2409: 2404: 2398: 2393: 2387: 2385:Cayman Islands 2382: 2376: 2370: 2365: 2359: 2354: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2332: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2313: 2312: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2296: 2293: 2292: 2284: 2279: 2272: 2271: 2270: 2263: 2258: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2212: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2202:Civil parishes 2199: 2194: 2189: 2180: 2168: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2151: 2139: 2137: 2136: 2131: 2124:Civil parishes 2121: 2120: 2119: 2117:London Borough 2114: 2109: 2094: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2080:Greater London 2077: 2072: 2062: 2052: 2043: 2031: 2030: 2027:Administration 2025: 2024: 2021: 2020: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1989: 1988: 1980:First Minister 1976: 1973:Wales Act 2017 1969:Wales Act 2014 1957: 1946: 1934: 1932: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1896:First Minister 1892: 1877: 1872: 1860: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1813:First Minister 1809: 1791: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1781: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1742: 1741: 1740: 1729: 1719: 1714: 1702: 1700: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1683: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1652: 1648:UK referendums 1646: 1641: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1551: 1545: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1503: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1445: 1439: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1281:1910 (Jan–Feb) 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1243: 1238: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1173: 1168: 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1141:1801 co-option 1137: 1129: 1125: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1088: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1048: 1047: 1034: 1033: 1025: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 994:United Kingdom 989: 988: 978:The Lord Hodge 975: 974: 961: 960: 945: 944: 924: 919: 918: 915: 914: 911: 910: 909: 908: 898: 893: 886: 885: 867: 866: 847: 846: 837: 836: 817: 816: 813:House of Lords 802: 801: 779: 778: 770: 765: 764: 761: 760: 757: 756: 751: 746: 728: 727: 707: 706: 697:Prime Minister 681: 680: 659: 658: 629: 628: 620: 615: 614: 611: 610: 607: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 574: 573: 553: 552: 534: 529: 528: 525: 524: 521: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 488: 486:Bill of Rights 483: 477: 472: 471: 468: 467: 459: 458: 452: 451: 440: 437: 425:personal union 381:British Empire 270:petty kingdoms 255:prime minister 218:, his mother. 186:reigns as the 180:United Kingdom 166: 165: 156: 152: 151: 149: 148: 145:Various others 141: 139:Windsor Castle 136: 134:Clarence House 131: 125: 123: 119: 118: 113: 107: 106: 101: 97: 96: 92: 91: 88: 87: 84: 83: 71: 70: 62: 61: 57: 56: 51: 43: 42: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15472: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15432: 15430: 15408: 15405: 15402: 15401: 15398: 15388: 15385: 15384: 15382: 15378: 15372: 15371:South Ossetia 15369: 15367: 15364: 15362: 15359: 15357: 15354: 15353: 15351: 15347: 15341: 15338: 15336: 15333: 15331: 15328: 15326: 15323: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15311: 15308: 15306: 15303: 15301: 15298: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15283: 15281: 15278: 15276: 15273: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15220:Liechtenstein 15218: 15216: 15213: 15211: 15208: 15206: 15203: 15201: 15198: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15126: 15123: 15121: 15118: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15108: 15106: 15103: 15101: 15098: 15096: 15093: 15091: 15088: 15087: 15085: 15083:and observers 15079: 15076: 15074: 15068: 15058: 15055: 15054: 15052: 15048: 15042: 15041:South Ossetia 15039: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15023: 15021: 15017: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14890:Liechtenstein 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14871: 14868: 14866: 14863: 14861: 14858: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14801: 14798: 14796: 14793: 14791: 14788: 14786: 14783: 14781: 14778: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14761: 14758: 14757: 14755: 14753:and observers 14749: 14746: 14744: 14738: 14729: 14724: 14722: 14717: 14715: 14710: 14709: 14706: 14694: 14693: 14689: 14688: 14685: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14665: 14663: 14659: 14648: 14647: 14643: 14640: 14639: 14635: 14632: 14631: 14627: 14624: 14623: 14619: 14618: 14616: 14614: 14610: 14604: 14601: 14600: 14598: 14594: 14587: 14586: 14582: 14579: 14578: 14574: 14571: 14570: 14566: 14563: 14562: 14558: 14557: 14555: 14551: 14544: 14543: 14539: 14536: 14535: 14531: 14528: 14527: 14523: 14520: 14519: 14515: 14512: 14511: 14507: 14504: 14503: 14499: 14496: 14495: 14491: 14488: 14487: 14483: 14480: 14479: 14475: 14472: 14471: 14467: 14465: 14461: 14457: 14454: 14451: 14450: 14446: 14443: 14442: 14438: 14435: 14434: 14430: 14429: 14427: 14421: 14415: 14413: 14409: 14407: 14405: 14401: 14399: 14397: 14393: 14391: 14389: 14385: 14383: 14381: 14377: 14375: 14373: 14369: 14368: 14366: 14364:Documentaries 14362: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14347: 14345: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14332: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14292: 14290: 14286: 14280: 14278: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14266: 14263: 14261: 14258: 14257: 14255: 14249: 14238: 14235: 14232: 14229: 14226: 14223: 14220: 14217: 14214: 14211: 14208: 14205: 14202: 14199: 14198: 14196: 14192: 14186: 14183: 14181: 14178: 14175: 14172: 14169: 14166: 14165: 14163: 14159: 14156: 14152: 14146: 14143: 14141: 14138: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14070: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14060: 14058: 14056:and campaigns 14052: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14035: 14034: 14031: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14018: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14005: 14001: 13998: 13997: 13996: 13993: 13991: 13988: 13986: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13977: 13975: 13971: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13939: 13938: 13935: 13932: 13928: 13925: 13924: 13922: 13918:Accession and 13916: 13910: 13907: 13905: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13894: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13881: 13878: 13877: 13876: 13875:First wedding 13873: 13869: 13866: 13865: 13864: 13861: 13860: 13858: 13854: 13847: 13844: 13841: 13838: 13835: 13832: 13829: 13826: 13823: 13820: 13817: 13814: 13812:(younger son) 13811: 13808: 13805: 13802: 13800:(former wife) 13799: 13798:Diana Spencer 13796: 13793: 13792:Camilla Shand 13790: 13789: 13787: 13783: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13757: 13754: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13723: 13721: 13719: 13713: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13687: 13684: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13633: 13631: 13629: 13625: 13620: 13616: 13611: 13607: 13600: 13595: 13593: 13588: 13586: 13581: 13580: 13577: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13519: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13481: 13479: 13475: 13467: 13464: 13463: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13445: 13442: 13441: 13440: 13437: 13433: 13430: 13429: 13428: 13425: 13421: 13418: 13417: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13404: 13401: 13400: 13399: 13396: 13394: 13391: 13389: 13386: 13382: 13379: 13378: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13360: 13357: 13356: 13355: 13352: 13351: 13349: 13345: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13328: 13327: 13324: 13315: 13310: 13308: 13303: 13301: 13296: 13295: 13292: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13212: 13209: 13206: 13205: 13200: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13161: 13159: 13155: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13083:Easter Island 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13070: 13068: 13064: 13058: 13055: 13053: 13050: 13048: 13045: 13043: 13040: 13038: 13035: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12833: 12830: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12784: 12782: 12778: 12771: 12770: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12709: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12622:Jabal Shammar 12620: 12618: 12615: 12612: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12602: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12547: 12545: 12541: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12481: 12479: 12475: 12469: 12468: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12293: 12291: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12278: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12222: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12182: 12180: 12178: 12174: 12168: 12165: 12164: 12162: 12160: 12156: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12114:Liechtenstein 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12096: 12094: 12092: 12088: 12082: 12081: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12011: 12009: 12007: 12003: 11997: 11996: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11976: 11974: 11972: 11968: 11965: 11961: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11918: 11917:Queen regnant 11915: 11914: 11913: 11910: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11893: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11876:Republicanism 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11856:Head of state 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11813: 11811: 11807: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11793: 11791: 11790:Non-sovereign 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11757: 11755: 11751: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11721: 11718: 11714: 11707: 11702: 11700: 11695: 11693: 11688: 11687: 11684: 11670: 11666: 11661: 11660: 11657: 11650: 11646: 11643: 11640: 11636: 11633: 11630: 11626: 11623: 11620: 11616: 11613: 11610: 11606: 11603: 11600: 11596: 11595: 11591: 11588: 11584: 11581: 11578: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11563: 11559: 11556: 11553: 11549: 11546: 11543: 11539: 11536: 11533: 11529: 11526: 11523: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11508: 11504: 11501: 11498: 11494: 11491: 11488: 11484: 11481: 11478: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11463: 11459: 11456: 11455: 11453: 11449: 11442: 11438: 11435: 11432: 11428: 11425: 11422: 11418: 11415: 11412: 11408: 11405: 11402: 11398: 11395: 11392: 11388: 11385: 11382: 11378: 11375: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11357: 11356: 11353: 11350: 11346: 11343: 11340: 11336: 11333: 11330: 11326: 11323: 11320: 11316: 11313: 11310: 11306: 11303: 11300: 11296: 11293: 11290: 11286: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11276: 11272: 11268: 11261: 11256: 11254: 11249: 11247: 11242: 11241: 11238: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11217: 11212: 11208: 11205: 11201: 11200: 11196: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11134: 11131: 11129: 11126: 11124: 11121: 11120: 11119: 11116: 11114: 11111: 11109: 11106: 11105: 11103: 11101: 11097: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11059: 11056: 11055: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11028: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11015: 11012: 11011: 11010: 11007: 11006: 11004: 11002: 10998: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10982: 10979: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10965: 10962: 10961: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10934: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10915: 10911: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10873: 10870: 10869: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10837: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10830: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10811: 10807: 10803: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10736: 10733: 10732: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10712: 10710: 10708: 10704: 10698: 10697:Welfare state 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10642:Mental health 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10597: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10585:Ethnic groups 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10547: 10544: 10541: 10539: 10535: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10509:Bus transport 10507: 10505: 10504:Air transport 10502: 10501: 10499: 10497: 10493: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10471: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10451: 10449: 10448:Manufacturing 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10422: 10419: 10418: 10417: 10414: 10413: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10401: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10360: 10352: 10349: 10348: 10347: 10344: 10340: 10337: 10336: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10324:Civil service 10322: 10318: 10315: 10314: 10313: 10310: 10309: 10307: 10305: 10301: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10273: 10270: 10268: 10265: 10264: 10263: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10251: 10250:republicanism 10248: 10246: 10243: 10242: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10214: 10211: 10210: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10197: 10194: 10193: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10173: 10170: 10166: 10163: 10161: 10157: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10132: 10130: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10117: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10092: 10090: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10070:North Sea oil 10068: 10066: 10063: 10061: 10058: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10037: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10027: 10025: 10023: 10019: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9981: 9978: 9977: 9976: 9973: 9969: 9968:Great Britain 9966: 9964: 9961: 9960: 9959: 9958:British Isles 9956: 9955: 9953: 9951: 9947: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9886: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9819: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9757:Edwardian era 9755: 9753: 9752:Victorian era 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9739: 9737: 9735: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9722: 9717: 9710: 9705: 9703: 9698: 9696: 9691: 9690: 9687: 9681: 9674: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9631:HMY Britannia 9629: 9627: 9626:King's flight 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9603: 9601: 9597: 9591: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9561: 9558: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9539: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9519: 9517: 9513: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9486:Royal warrant 9484: 9482: 9479: 9478: 9476: 9472: 9466: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9427: 9425: 9423: 9419: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9337: 9330: 9325: 9323: 9318: 9316: 9311: 9310: 9307: 9298: 9293: 9292: 9281: 9279:0-7126-7448-9 9275: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9242: 9238: 9233: 9230: 9226: 9222: 9218: 9216:0-00-255494-1 9212: 9208: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9160: 9157: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9143:0-297-76911-1 9139: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9084:0-19-822786-8 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9059: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9040: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9018:1-84119-096-9 9014: 9010: 9006: 9002: 9001: 8980: 8976: 8975: 8968: 8953: 8949: 8948: 8941: 8939: 8931: 8930: 8924: 8917: 8913: 8908: 8901: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8875: 8873:9780810874978 8869: 8865: 8864: 8856: 8840: 8839: 8821: 8817: 8810: 8795: 8794: 8787: 8780: 8779:Fraser (1975) 8775: 8760: 8756: 8755: 8748: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8719: 8704: 8700: 8694: 8692: 8676: 8672: 8666: 8651: 8647: 8641: 8639: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8609: 8607: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8578: 8573: 8567: 8552: 8551: 8546: 8540: 8534: 8528:, p. 401 8527: 8521: 8514: 8500: 8496: 8489: 8474: 8470: 8463: 8447: 8443: 8442: 8437: 8431: 8416: 8415: 8408: 8394:on 1 May 2011 8393: 8389: 8388: 8381: 8379: 8363: 8362: 8347: 8346: 8339: 8324: 8320: 8316: 8309: 8294: 8293: 8286: 8271: 8267: 8266: 8259: 8244: 8240: 8233: 8218: 8214: 8213: 8206: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8174: 8165: 8163:9780111156957 8159: 8155: 8154: 8147: 8139: 8138: 8131: 8116: 8115: 8108: 8106: 8090: 8086: 8080: 8064: 8060: 8054: 8039: 8038:The Telegraph 8035: 8028: 8013: 8012: 8005: 7990: 7989: 7982: 7967: 7966: 7959: 7945: 7944: 7930: 7929: 7915: 7914: 7907: 7892: 7891: 7884: 7869: 7868: 7861: 7846: 7842: 7841: 7834: 7832: 7816: 7812: 7811: 7796: 7792: 7791: 7784: 7769: 7765: 7764: 7749: 7745: 7744: 7737: 7719: 7718: 7711: 7696: 7695: 7690: 7683: 7668: 7667: 7662: 7655: 7640: 7639: 7621: 7617: 7610: 7609: 7594: 7590: 7589: 7588:Monarchy poll 7574: 7570: 7569: 7564: 7557: 7542: 7538: 7537: 7529: 7520: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7496: 7490: 7482: 7473: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7449: 7443: 7435: 7426: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7402: 7396: 7388: 7379: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7355: 7349: 7341: 7326: 7322: 7321: 7314: 7312: 7296: 7294:9781862877009 7290: 7286: 7285: 7277: 7275: 7266: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7242: 7236: 7228: 7220: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7196: 7190: 7189:"Edward VIII" 7185: 7179: 7173: 7169: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7101: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7082:Zines, Leslie 7077: 7070: 7064: 7049: 7048: 7041: 7034: 7033:Fraser (1975) 7029: 7022: 7021:Fraser (1975) 7017: 7010: 7005: 6998: 6997:Ashley (1998) 6993: 6978: 6977: 6970: 6963: 6958: 6951: 6946: 6939: 6934: 6927: 6926:Fraser (1975) 6922: 6915: 6914:Fraser (1975) 6910: 6903: 6898: 6891: 6890:Fraser (1975) 6886: 6877: 6870: 6869:Ashley (1998) 6865: 6858: 6857:Ashley (1998) 6853: 6846: 6845:Ashley (1998) 6841: 6834: 6833:Ashley (1998) 6829: 6822: 6818: 6817:Ashley (1998) 6813: 6806: 6801: 6794: 6790: 6789:Ashley (1998) 6785: 6778: 6777:Ashley (1998) 6773: 6766: 6761: 6750: 6743: 6736: 6729: 6724: 6717: 6716:Fraser (1975) 6713: 6712:Ashley (1998) 6708: 6701: 6696: 6689: 6688:Fraser (1975) 6684: 6677: 6676:Fraser (1975) 6673: 6668: 6661: 6660:Fraser (1975) 6656: 6649: 6648:Fraser (1975) 6644: 6637: 6636:Fraser (1975) 6632: 6625: 6624:Ashley (1998) 6620: 6613: 6612:Fraser (1975) 6608: 6601: 6600:Fraser (1975) 6596: 6589: 6588:Fraser (1975) 6584: 6577: 6576:Fraser (1975) 6572: 6565: 6560: 6553: 6548: 6532: 6528: 6522: 6515: 6510: 6495: 6491: 6490: 6483: 6469: 6468: 6463: 6456: 6438: 6431: 6430: 6422: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6395: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6368: 6353: 6352: 6345: 6330: 6329: 6322: 6316:, p. 17. 6315: 6314:Crabbe (1994) 6310: 6303: 6299: 6293: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6266: 6251: 6250:UK Parliament 6247: 6246:"Prorogation" 6241: 6226: 6225:UK Parliament 6222: 6216: 6201: 6197: 6196: 6190: 6185: 6178: 6173: 6158: 6154: 6153: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6135:, p. 75. 6134: 6129: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6096: 6095:UK Parliament 6092: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6049: 6042: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6012: 6004: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5988: 5973:. 11 May 2023 5972: 5968: 5962: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5922: 5918: 5917: 5911: 5903: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5880: 5879: 5870: 5863: 5859: 5849: 5834: 5830: 5824: 5809: 5805: 5798: 5790: 5783: 5774: 5759: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5735: 5731: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5692: 5688: 5677: 5674: 5668: 5663: 5660: 5654: 5649: 5646: 5635: 5618: 5613: 5606: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5555: 5550: 5543: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5490: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5466: 5460: 5455: 5454: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5432: 5426: 5422: 5417: 5416: 5410: 5405: 5399: 5389: 5386: 5382: 5381: 5375: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5343: 5341: 5340:Pope Paul III 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5310: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5211: 5207: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5185:Jock Colville 5182: 5178: 5177: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5030:Queen Camilla 5027: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5005: 5001: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4973:David Cameron 4970: 4964: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4873: 4869: 4864: 4860: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4817: 4813: 4803: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4644: 4632: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4524: 4515: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4469:Victorian era 4466: 4462: 4458: 4453: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4430:Prince Regent 4427: 4423: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4311: 4306: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4273: 4268: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4178:Presbyterians 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4147: 4142: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4114: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4103:Flodden Field 4099: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4021:Western Isles 4018: 4017:Alexander III 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3970: 3969:Three Estates 3966: 3962: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3906: 3896: 3894: 3893:Protestantism 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3754: 3751:and his son, 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3726: 3723:. Not shown: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3711:(1030–1263), 3710: 3705: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3614: 3613:feudal system 3610: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3552: 3548: 3547:Queen Camilla 3544: 3538: 3527: 3517: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3437: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3390: 3380: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3356: 3351: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3292:Conservatives 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3276:Harold Wilson 3273: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3245:kissing hands 3235: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3201: 3200:Privy Council 3197: 3191: 3178: 3173: 3169: 3167: 3163: 3156:or otherwise. 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3105:Privy Council 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3059:King's Speech 3056: 3055:public bodies 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3020:British coins 3017: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3005:head of state 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2981: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2958: 2956: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2917: 2912: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2894: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2874: 2873: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2856: 2853: 2852: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2830: 2824: 2823:member states 2821: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2815: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2740:United States 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2726: 2723: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2615: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2528: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2512: 2507: 2506: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2470:Visa policies 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2337: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2311: 2308: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2261: 2256: 2255: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2219: 2217: 2216: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2192:Council areas 2190: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2172: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2144: 2143: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2036: 2035: 2028: 2023: 2022: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1986:Eluned Morgan 1984: 1983: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1938: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1864: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1796: 1795: 1785: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1707: 1706: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1676: 1675: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1624: 1621: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1239: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1128: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1076: 1069: 1066: 1064: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1053: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1037:Andrew Bailey 1032: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1018: 1017: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 991: 987: 986: 982: 981: 980: 979: 973: 972: 968: 967: 966: 965: 964:The Lord Reed 959: 958: 954: 953: 952: 950: 943: 942: 941:Supreme Court 938: 937: 935: 933: 927: 922: 917: 916: 907: 904: 903: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 888: 882: 878: 874: 873: 869: 868: 865: 861: 860: 856: 855: 854: 852: 845: 844: 840: 839: 835: 831: 830: 826: 825: 824: 822: 815: 814: 810: 809: 807: 806: 800: 799: 795: 794: 792: 790: 784: 777: 776: 775:UK Parliament 772: 771: 768: 763: 762: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 741: 739: 736: 732: 731:Angela Rayner 725: 724: 720: 719: 718: 715: 711: 703: 699: 698: 694: 693: 692: 689: 685: 677: 673: 672: 668: 667: 666: 664: 657: 656: 655:HM Government 652: 651: 649: 648: 646: 640: 636: 634: 627: 626: 625:Privy Council 622: 621: 618: 613: 612: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 581: 579: 578: 572: 571: 570:Heir apparent 567: 566: 565: 563: 558: 557: 550: 546: 545: 541: 540: 538: 532: 527: 526: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 497: 496:Acts of Union 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 478: 475: 470: 469: 465: 461: 460: 457: 454: 453: 449: 445: 444: 436: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 312:. Meanwhile, 311: 307: 303: 299: 298:Anglo-Normans 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 266: 264: 263:civil society 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 219: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 188:head of state 185: 181: 177: 173: 163: 157: 153: 147: 146: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 126: 124: 120: 117: 114: 112: 108: 105: 102: 98: 93: 89: 85: 80: 78: 72: 68: 63: 58: 54: 49: 44: 36: 33: 29: 25: 21: 16: 15387:Transnistria 15057:Transnistria 15009: 14690: 14644: 14636: 14628: 14620: 14613:Bibliography 14583: 14575: 14567: 14559: 14540: 14532: 14524: 14518:The Windsors 14516: 14508: 14500: 14492: 14484: 14476: 14468: 14455: 14447: 14439: 14433:Chorus Girls 14431: 14411: 14403: 14395: 14387: 14379: 14372:Royal Family 14371: 14276: 14251:Awards given 14185:Llwynywermod 13891: 13816:Elizabeth II 13756:Lord of Mann 13705: 13554:Duke of Ross 13484:Queen Mother 13461:Duke of York 13439:Duke of Kent 13353: 13329: 13260:South Africa 13255:Sierra Leone 13202: 13032:Two Sicilies 12967:Papal States 12767: 12706: 12599: 12465: 12266: 12225:Cook Islands 12078: 12064:Saudi Arabia 11993: 11615:South Africa 11605:Sierra Leone 11592: 11568:Newfoundland 11440: 11360:Cook Islands 11075:Homelessness 10889:Homelessness 10672:Social class 10652:Prostitution 10595:Homelessness 10376:British Army 10239: 10208:Human rights 10196:By-elections 10176:Constitution 9747:Georgian era 9646:Crown Estate 9532:Royal Maundy 9496:Royal assent 9445:King's peace 9407:Elizabeth II 9335: 9269: 9266:Weir, Alison 9260:. Routledge. 9257: 9245: 9236: 9228: 9206: 9203:Pimlott, Ben 9184: 9181:Pimlott, Ben 9173: 9155: 9133: 9122: 9096: 9074: 9071:Cannon, John 9062: 9054: 9042: 9030: 9011:. Robinson. 9008: 9005:Ashley, Mike 8983:, retrieved 8979:the original 8973: 8967: 8956:, retrieved 8952:the original 8946: 8927: 8923: 8915: 8907: 8897: 8889: 8877:. Retrieved 8862: 8855: 8843:. Retrieved 8836: 8824:. Retrieved 8819: 8809: 8798:, retrieved 8792: 8786: 8774: 8763:, retrieved 8759:the original 8753: 8747: 8736:, retrieved 8732:the original 8727: 8718: 8707:, retrieved 8702: 8679:, retrieved 8674: 8665: 8654:, retrieved 8649: 8626:, retrieved 8622:the original 8617: 8594:, retrieved 8575: 8566: 8554:. Retrieved 8548: 8533: 8519: 8513: 8502:, retrieved 8498: 8488: 8476:. Retrieved 8472: 8462: 8450:. Retrieved 8446:the original 8439: 8430: 8419:, retrieved 8413: 8407: 8396:, retrieved 8392:the original 8386: 8366:, retrieved 8360: 8350:, retrieved 8344: 8338: 8327:, retrieved 8319:The Guardian 8318: 8308: 8297:, retrieved 8291: 8285: 8274:, retrieved 8270:the original 8264: 8258: 8246:. Retrieved 8242: 8232: 8221:, retrieved 8217:the original 8211: 8205: 8193:. Retrieved 8189:the original 8184: 8152: 8146: 8136: 8130: 8119:, retrieved 8113: 8092:. Retrieved 8088: 8079: 8067:. Retrieved 8062: 8053: 8044:11 September 8042:, retrieved 8037: 8027: 8016:, retrieved 8010: 8004: 7993:, retrieved 7987: 7981: 7970:, retrieved 7964: 7958: 7947:, retrieved 7942: 7932:, retrieved 7927: 7917:, retrieved 7912: 7906: 7895:, retrieved 7889: 7883: 7872:, retrieved 7866: 7860: 7849:, retrieved 7845:the original 7839: 7819:, retrieved 7815:the original 7809: 7799:, retrieved 7795:the original 7789: 7783: 7772:, retrieved 7768:the original 7762: 7752:, retrieved 7748:the original 7742: 7736: 7725:, retrieved 7716: 7710: 7698:. Retrieved 7692: 7682: 7670:. Retrieved 7666:The Guardian 7664: 7654: 7643:, retrieved 7637: 7627:, retrieved 7620:the original 7607: 7597:, retrieved 7595:, April 2006 7587: 7577:, retrieved 7573:the original 7566: 7556: 7545:, retrieved 7541:the original 7535: 7528: 7507:. Retrieved 7493: 7489:"Henry VIII" 7481: 7460:. Retrieved 7446: 7434: 7413:. Retrieved 7399: 7387: 7366:. Retrieved 7352: 7340: 7331:26 September 7329:, retrieved 7325:the original 7319: 7298:. Retrieved 7283: 7253:. Retrieved 7239: 7227: 7207:. Retrieved 7193: 7178: 7167: 7141:(1): 34–49, 7138: 7134: 7111: 7107: 7085: 7076: 7063: 7052:, retrieved 7046: 7040: 7028: 7016: 7004: 6992: 6981:, retrieved 6975: 6969: 6957: 6945: 6933: 6921: 6909: 6897: 6885: 6876: 6864: 6852: 6840: 6828: 6812: 6800: 6784: 6772: 6760: 6735: 6723: 6707: 6695: 6683: 6667: 6655: 6643: 6631: 6619: 6607: 6595: 6583: 6571: 6559: 6547: 6535:. Retrieved 6531:The Guardian 6530: 6521: 6509: 6498:, retrieved 6494:the original 6488: 6482: 6471:, retrieved 6467:The Guardian 6465: 6455: 6444:, retrieved 6437:the original 6428: 6421: 6410:, retrieved 6406:the original 6400: 6394: 6383:, retrieved 6379:the original 6373: 6367: 6356:, retrieved 6350: 6344: 6333:, retrieved 6328:Royal Assent 6327: 6321: 6309: 6297: 6292: 6281:, retrieved 6277:the original 6271: 6265: 6253:. Retrieved 6249: 6240: 6228:. Retrieved 6224: 6215: 6204:, retrieved 6200:the original 6194: 6184: 6172: 6161:, retrieved 6157:the original 6151: 6128: 6116:. Retrieved 6112: 6103: 6094: 6084: 6079:, p. 9. 6072: 6057: 6048: 6040: 6033:. Retrieved 6029:the original 6020: 6011: 6005:. 1661 c. 6. 5996: 5987: 5975:. Retrieved 5970: 5961: 5949:. Retrieved 5945: 5936: 5925:, retrieved 5914: 5902: 5877: 5869: 5861: 5848: 5836:. Retrieved 5832: 5823: 5811:. Retrieved 5807: 5797: 5782: 5773: 5763:11 September 5761:. Retrieved 5758:The Guardian 5757: 5747: 5739: 5738:Full style: 5734: 5587:is flown at 5571:is flown at 5566: 5523: 5498:coat of arms 5401: 5378: 5371: 5344: 5312: 5282: 5255: 5232: 5192: 5174: 5172: 5156: 5140:Crown Jewels 5105: 5101: 5084:grant-in-aid 5072:Crown Estate 5069: 5023: 5010:Regency Acts 5007: 5000:Regency Acts 4989: 4979:that all 16 4966: 4936: 4905: 4877: 4809: 4789:The Guardian 4787: 4781: 4780:). However, 4771: 4742: 4737: 4733: 4715: 4671:Irish church 4660: 4607: 4598: 4595:Nazi Germany 4576: 4556: 4529: 4489: 4454: 4419: 4380: 4361: 4321: 4269: 4233: 4202: 4151: 4115: 4100: 4065: 4054: 4041:John Balliol 4029: 4013:Alexander II 3994: 3958: 3923: 3866: 3843: 3829:and brother 3792: 3773: 3757: 3730: 3727:(1129–1173). 3675: 3656: 3617: 3581: 3574:depicts the 3514: 3487: 3445: 3432: 3393: 3389:royal assent 3386: 3353: 3345:In 1950 the 3344: 3325: 3309: 3284:Labour Party 3280:Edward Heath 3264: 3257: 3241: 3220:British Army 3208: 3204: 3193: 3175:The English 3159: 3036: 3000: 2996: 2986: 2715:South Africa 2700:Saudi Arabia 2421:Saint Helena 2213: 2183:Subdivisions 2169: 2154:Subdivisions 2140: 2046:Subdivisions 2032: 1978: 1935: 1902:John Swinney 1894: 1861: 1825: 1811: 1792: 1779:Metro mayors 1744: 1703: 1647: 1643: 1599: 1595: 1546: 1542: 1498: 1494: 1440: 1436: 1130: 1126: 1049: 1042: 1035: 1028: 983: 976: 969: 962: 955: 946: 939: 929: 870: 857: 848: 841: 829:Lord Speaker 827: 818: 811: 803: 797: 796: 780: 773: 729: 721: 710:Keir Starmer 708: 695: 682: 669: 660: 653: 642: 637: 630: 623: 584:Royal family 575: 568: 559: 554: 543: 542: 530: 474:Constitution 378: 306:client state 267: 220: 216:Elizabeth II 200:royal family 175: 171: 169: 143: 74: 32: 15: 15325:Switzerland 15255:Netherlands 14995:Switzerland 14925:Netherlands 14580:(2019/2021) 14529:(2016–2023) 14513:(2017 film) 14497:(2006 film) 14253:and created 13863:Investiture 13806:(elder son) 13686:Saint Lucia 13671:New Zealand 13646:The Bahamas 13606:Charles III 13199:British Raj 13171:(Sri Lanka) 13057:Württemberg 12769:South Yemen 12657:Maguindanao 12550:Afghanistan 12311:Barotseland 12247:Saint Lucia 12220:New Zealand 12129:Netherlands 11902:Chhatrapati 11886:Sovereignty 11826:Aristocracy 11397:Saint Lucia 11365:New Zealand 11162:Health care 11070:Health care 10976:Health care 10884:Health care 10792:Anglosphere 10667:Social care 10622:Immigration 10565:Drug policy 10329:Departments 10257:Nationality 10030:Agriculture 9963:terminology 9930:City status 9801:Since 1979 9621:Royal train 9412:Charles III 9397:Edward VIII 8841:. p. 1 8816:"Passports" 8596:11 November 8248:28 December 8223:1 September 8195:28 December 8069:15 November 7700:24 February 7672:28 November 7645:30 November 7629:30 November 7616:Populus Ltd 7348:"Adrian IV" 7235:"George VI" 6793:Weir (1996) 6765:Weir (1996) 6255:23 December 6230:23 December 6118:23 December 6109:"Audiences" 6035:19 February 5977:23 December 5951:23 December 5530:banner form 5502:Charles III 5355:regnal name 5243:Royal Ascot 5112:Privy Purse 5099:committee. 4939:Edward VIII 4816:established 4720:of England 4579:Edward VIII 4568:New Zealand 4485:her husband 4446:Robert Peel 4434:the Regency 4215:. In 1653, 4186:Anglicanism 3889:Elizabeth I 3862:Anne Boleyn 3835:Henry Tudor 3831:Richard III 3678:Magna Carta 3640:the Anarchy 3607:in 1066 by 3543:Charles III 3498:foreclosure 3336:prorogation 3148:such as an 3053:, or other 3009:sovereignty 3001:Her Majesty 2685:New Zealand 2680:Netherlands 2570:Visa policy 2548:UK passport 2310:Isle of Man 2237:Communities 2187:Sheriffdoms 2005:(1999–2011) 1769:London Plan 1085:referendums 926:Charles III 906:List of MPs 877:Rishi Sunak 805:Charles III 767:Legislature 744:Departments 639:Charles III 594:Prerogative 556:Charles III 544:The Monarch 508:Rule of law 481:Magna Carta 342:William III 314:Magna Carta 208:Charles III 202:within the 182:by which a 104:His Majesty 77:Charles III 15429:Categories 15290:San Marino 15250:Montenegro 15230:Luxembourg 15210:Kazakhstan 15110:Azerbaijan 15073:government 14960:San Marino 14920:Montenegro 14900:Luxembourg 14880:Kazakhstan 14780:Azerbaijan 14534:The Prince 14464:2020–2021) 14335:Depictions 14209:(official) 14203:(official) 14170:(official) 14154:Residences 13952:guest list 13937:Coronation 13920:coronation 13880:guest list 13716:Titles and 13617:and other 13265:Tanganyika 13180:The Gambia 13108:Niuē-Fekai 13047:Yugoslavia 12947:Montenegro 12754:Upper Yafa 12749:Upper Asir 12386:Madagascar 12119:Luxembourg 11851:Government 11816:Abdication 11785:Hereditary 11713:Monarchies 11625:Tanganyika 11483:The Gambia 11128:Government 11036:Government 11031:Parliament 10747:Literature 10627:Innovation 10560:Demography 10455:(currency) 10304:Government 10262:Parliament 10186:Devolution 10181:Corruption 10116:Materials 10050:geothermal 9734:Chronology 9542:Residences 9522:Coronation 9515:Ceremonial 9387:Edward VII 9377:William IV 9367:George III 9246:Public Law 8997:References 8947:Union Jack 8879:31 October 8845:30 October 8826:30 October 8800:10 October 8478:13 January 8398:9 December 8368:9 December 8329:9 November 8094:7 December 7972:7 November 7897:28 October 7867:Coronation 7593:Ipsos MORI 7521:required.) 7474:required.) 7462:14 October 7427:required.) 7380:required.) 7300:31 October 7267:required.) 7221:required.) 6983:14 October 6446:10 October 6412:10 October 6358:10 October 6283:10 October 6163:10 October 5927:30 October 5889:0708815006 5659:Law portal 5569:Union Flag 5475:escutcheon 5437:Old French 5363:Edward VII 5324:Pope Leo X 5201:Residences 5163:income tax 5120:tax havens 5080:Civil List 4961:See also: 4853:Succession 4718:Henry VIII 4703:papal bull 4655:See also: 4492:Edward VII 4438:William IV 4414:George III 4393:after the 4387:George III 4348:Electorate 4316:See also: 4310:Queen Anne 4244:Tory Party 4209:Charles II 4158:Henry VIII 4076:Robert III 4001:Malcolm IV 3974:Malcolm II 3936:, and the 3910:See also: 3850:Henry VIII 3819:Tewkesbury 3765:Richard II 3753:Edward III 3620:William II 3582:Following 3556:See also: 3410:, and the 3373:William IV 3251:dismissed 3249:William IV 3222:, and the 3216:Royal Navy 3117:Diplomatic 3043:convention 2402:Montserrat 1993:Government 1909:Government 1752:Sadiq Khan 1680:Devolution 1371:1974 (Oct) 1366:1974 (Feb) 1286:1910 (Dec) 1058:Currencies 896:Opposition 589:Succession 251:appointing 235:Parliament 227:government 122:Residences 15225:Lithuania 14895:Lithuania 14596:Portraits 14526:The Crown 14502:The Queen 14494:The Queen 14460:1984–1996 14320:Poundbury 14315:Nansledan 14310:Knockroon 14239:(private) 14233:(private) 14227:(private) 14176:(private) 14054:Charities 13980:Household 13931:attendees 13842:(brother) 13836:(brother) 13641:Australia 13330:See also: 13235:Mauritius 13128:Rarotonga 13113:Nuku Hiva 13103:Mangareva 13078:Bora Bora 12957:Neuchâtel 12927:Lithuania 12832:Catalonia 12719:Sri Lanka 12672:Manchukuo 12647:Kurdistan 12601:Indonesia 12524:Talamanca 12484:Araucanía 12467:and other 12446:Wassoulou 12190:Australia 11866:Oligarchy 11558:Mauritius 11295:Australia 11271:dominions 11157:Education 11113:Geography 11065:Education 11021:Geography 10971:Education 10942:Executive 10927:Geography 10879:Education 10852:Geography 10632:Languages 10570:Education 10496:Transport 10334:Ministers 10220:Judiciary 10191:Elections 10131:Wildlife 10040:biodiesel 10022:Resources 10012:Volcanoes 10002:Mountains 9987:Coastline 9889:Geography 9843:1814–1919 9805:political 9790:political 9742:Formation 9465:The Crown 9402:George VI 9372:George IV 9362:George II 8929:Debrett's 8586:0140-0460 8520:The Times 8452:20 August 8276:18 August 7995:9 October 7840:Accession 7774:9 October 7163:147122057 6385:30 August 5442:In Defens 5359:George VI 5351:passports 4663:Adrian IV 4591:George VI 4564:Australia 4540:Dominions 4487:in 1861. 4432:. During 4426:George IV 4422:porphyria 4383:George II 4286:Jacobites 4170:Charles I 4118:John Knox 4092:James III 4068:Robert II 3946:Dál Riata 3873:Edward VI 3803:Edward IV 3741:Edward II 3690:Henry III 3659:Richard I 3654:in 1154. 3600:Æthelstan 3502:The Crown 3494:execution 3379:in 1834. 3355:The Times 3300:June 2017 3093:ministers 3051:the Crown 3047:ministers 3003:) is the 2993:Sovereign 2720:Palestine 2705:Singapore 2618:Hong Kong 2583:Australia 2483:UK-OT JMC 2396:Gibraltar 2163:Districts 2097:Districts 2014:Welsh law 1929:Scots law 1840:Executive 1081:Elections 1063:Banknotes 957:President 921:Judiciary 749:Ministers 617:Executive 531:The Crown 409:George VI 393:Dominions 304:became a 239:precedent 214:of Queen 212:the death 192:regulated 60:Incumbent 15455:Kingdoms 15356:Abkhazia 15305:Slovenia 15300:Slovakia 15275:Portugal 15130:Bulgaria 15071:Heads of 15026:Abkhazia 14975:Slovenia 14970:Slovakia 14945:Portugal 14800:Bulgaria 14743:of state 14180:Birkhall 13848:(family) 13830:(sister) 13824:(father) 13818:(mother) 13477:Inactive 13381:Princess 13371:Princess 13250:Rhodesia 13245:Pakistan 13164:Barbados 13133:Rimatara 13123:Rapa Iti 13052:Valencia 13027:Tavolara 13017:Scotland 12982:Portugal 12942:Moldavia 12827:Bulgaria 12822:Brittany 12797:Asturias 12677:Mongolia 12667:Maldives 12529:Trinidad 12519:Suriname 12477:Americas 12461:Zimbabwe 12456:Zanzibar 12441:Wituland 12416:Ngazidja 12411:Ndzuwani 12346:Ethiopia 12069:Thailand 12049:Malaysia 12029:Cambodia 11979:Eswatini 11775:Elective 11760:Absolute 11649:monarchy 11639:monarchy 11629:monarchy 11619:monarchy 11609:monarchy 11599:monarchy 11594:Rhodesia 11587:monarchy 11583:Pakistan 11577:monarchy 11562:monarchy 11552:monarchy 11542:monarchy 11532:monarchy 11522:monarchy 11507:monarchy 11497:monarchy 11487:monarchy 11477:monarchy 11462:monarchy 11458:Barbados 11441:monarchy 11431:monarchy 11421:monarchy 11411:monarchy 11401:monarchy 11391:monarchy 11381:monarchy 11349:monarchy 11339:monarchy 11329:monarchy 11319:monarchy 11309:monarchy 11299:monarchy 11289:monarchy 11220:Category 11172:Religion 11118:Politics 11085:Religion 11026:Politics 11014:timeline 11001:Scotland 10986:Religion 10937:Assembly 10932:Politics 10899:Religion 10857:Politics 10845:timeline 10762:Religion 10742:Identity 10605:Scotland 10550:Cannabis 10476:Taxation 10363:Military 10245:monarchs 10240:Monarchy 10160:Politics 10120:forestry 10100:Scottish 10091:Fishing 9950:Physical 9870:Taxation 9865:Military 9855:Maritime 9828:Economic 9821:By topic 9786:Postwar 9780:military 9775:civilian 9767:Interwar 9392:George V 9382:Victoria 9357:George I 9344:Monarchs 9268:(1996). 9256:(1990). 9205:(2001). 9183:(1998). 9164:(2004). 9095:(1994). 9041:(1997). 9007:(1998). 8765:20 April 8590:archived 8441:Republic 8352:30 March 8323:archived 8063:BBC News 7727:22 April 7723:, YouGov 7599:6 August 7579:20 April 7547:20 April 7509:20 April 7415:20 April 7368:20 April 7255:20 April 7209:20 April 7084:(2008). 7054:20 April 6749:Archived 6335:27 April 6113:royal.uk 5946:royal.uk 5921:archived 5631:See also 5518:Scotland 5510:Scotland 5483:Scotland 5367:Victoria 5260:and the 5144:in trust 5060:Finances 4887:and the 4764:India". 4711:overlord 4691:Leinster 4587:abdicate 4500:George V 4461:Victoria 4364:George I 4312:in 1707. 4182:Puritans 4154:James VI 4144:In 1603 4130:James VI 4096:James IV 4088:James II 4057:David II 4033:Margaret 3978:Duncan I 3961:tanistry 3827:Edward V 3788:Henry VI 3749:Isabella 3671:Crusades 3644:Henry II 3578:of 1066. 3470:and the 3452:peerages 3396:devolved 3312:prorogue 3099:and the 3076:and the 3061:and the 3018:and all 2916:Scotland 2745:Zimbabwe 2735:Portugal 2725:Pakistan 2670:Malaysia 2588:Barbados 2357:Anguilla 2282:Alderney 2277:Guernsey 2171:Scotland 2158:Counties 1965:2006 Act 1889:2016 Act 1885:2012 Act 1863:Scotland 1845:Assembly 1806:2006 Act 1737:2007 Act 1030:Governor 1004:Scotland 754:Agencies 448:a series 431:and the 286:Scotland 38:King of 15335:Ukraine 15280:Romania 15240:Moldova 15200:Ireland 15195:Iceland 15190:Hungary 15175:Germany 15170:Georgia 15160:Finland 15155:Estonia 15150:Denmark 15135:Croatia 15120:Belgium 15115:Belarus 15105:Austria 15100:Armenia 15095:Andorra 15090:Albania 15005:Ukraine 14950:Romania 14910:Moldova 14870:Ireland 14865:Iceland 14860:Hungary 14845:Germany 14840:Georgia 14830:Finland 14825:Estonia 14820:Denmark 14805:Croatia 14790:Belgium 14785:Belarus 14775:Austria 14770:Armenia 14765:Andorra 14760:Albania 14661:Eponyms 14542:Spencer 14194:As King 13947:Concert 13868:Coronet 13718:honours 13666:Jamaica 13661:Grenada 13518:Duchess 13466:Duchess 13444:Duchess 13432:Duchess 13420:Duchess 13403:Duchess 13240:Nigeria 13215:Ireland 13143:Tahuata 13118:Raiatea 13098:Huahine 13073:Abemama 13066:Oceania 13037:Tuscany 12992:Romania 12987:Prussia 12952:Navarre 12932:Majorca 12912:Ireland 12907:Imereti 12902:Iceland 12897:Hungary 12892:Hanover 12887:Granada 12877:Germany 12872:Georgia 12867:Galicia 12857:Finland 12847:Corsica 12842:Cilicia 12812:Bavaria 12802:Austria 12787:Albania 12759:Vietnam 12702:Sarawak 12692:Qu'aiti 12627:Kathiri 12590:Dapitan 12565:Bukhara 12514:Miskito 12436:Tunisia 12426:Shilluk 12336:Dahomey 12326:Burundi 12316:Bagirmi 12296:Adamawa 12215:Jamaica 12210:Grenada 12195:Bahamas 12159:Oceania 12109:Denmark 12104:Belgium 12099:Andorra 12014:Bahrain 11989:Morocco 11984:Lesotho 11963:Current 11954:Pharaoh 11907:Emperor 11846:Dynasty 11800:Regency 11780:Federal 11770:Diarchy 11724:Monarch 11573:Nigeria 11518:Ireland 11345:Jamaica 11335:Grenada 11305:Bahamas 11278:Current 11204:Outline 11177:Symbols 11167:Culture 11150:tourism 11145:Economy 11108:History 11090:Symbols 11080:Culture 11058:tourism 11053:Economy 11009:History 10991:Symbols 10981:Culture 10964:tourism 10959:Economy 10922:History 10904:Symbols 10894:Culture 10872:tourism 10867:Economy 10835:History 10827:England 10777:Theatre 10772:Symbols 10730:Cuisine 10707:Culture 10677:Suicide 10647:Poverty 10612:Housing 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2149:History 2050:Regions 2041:History 2034:England 1705:England 1191:1832–33 859:Speaker 671:Cabinet 346:Mary II 282:England 247:honours 194:by the 155:Website 95:Details 15361:Kosovo 15330:Turkey 15320:Sweden 15295:Serbia 15270:Poland 15265:Norway 15245:Monaco 15215:Latvia 15180:Greece 15165:France 15140:Cyprus 15031:Kosovo 15000:Turkey 14990:Sweden 14965:Serbia 14940:Poland 14935:Norway 14915:Monaco 14885:Latvia 14850:Greece 14835:France 14810:Cyprus 14649:(2023) 14641:(2010) 14633:(1989) 14625:(1980) 14588:(2021) 14572:(2014) 14564:(1981) 14545:(2021) 14537:(2021) 14489:(2005) 14481:(1996) 14473:(1992) 14452:(1982) 14444:(1982) 14436:(1981) 14414:(2023) 14406:(2023) 14398:(2016) 14390:(2007) 14382:(1994) 14374:(1969) 13794:(wife) 13785:Family 13701:Tuvalu 13656:Canada 13651:Belize 13628:Realms 13366:Prince 13347:Titles 13275:Uganda 13225:Malawi 13190:Guyana 13169:Ceylon 13148:Tahiti 13138:Rurutu 13093:Hawaii 13022:Serbia 13007:Saxony 12997:Russia 12882:Greece 12862:France 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