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executive (at both private and public company institutions), and possess the authority to make crucial decisions affecting the direction of such organizations. As such, executive assistants play a role in decision-making and policy setting. The executive assistant performs the usual roles of managing correspondence, preparing research, and communication, often with one or more administrative assistants or scheduling assistants who report to him or her. The executive assistant also acts as the "gatekeeper", understanding in varying degree the requirements of the executive, and with an ability through this understanding to decide which scheduled events, meetings, teleconferences, or e-mails are most appropriate for allocation of the executive's time.
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level that the executive interacts with increases so does the level of skill required in the executive assistant that works with the executive. Those executive assistants that work with corporate officers must be capable of emulating the style, corporate philosophy, and corporate persona of the executive for which they work. In the modern workplace the advancement of the executive assistants is codependent on the success of the executive and the ability of both to make the job performance of the team seamless whereas the job place evaluation is reflective of each other's performance executive secretary for now.
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152:, and preparing expense reports. Secretaries might also manage all the administrative details of running a high-level conference or meeting and be responsible for arranging the catering for a lunch meeting. Often executives will ask their assistant to take the minutes at meetings and prepare meeting documents for review. In addition to the minutes, the secretary may be responsible for keeping all of the official records of a company or organization. A secretary is also regarded as an "office manager".
494:
512:. Just "secretary" remained in use either as an abbreviation when clear in the context or for relatively modest positions such as administrative assistant of the officer(s) in charge, either individually or as member of a secretariat. As such less influential posts became more feminine and common with the multiplication of bureaucracies in the public and private sectors, new words were also coined to describe them, such as personal assistant.
148:, can have many administrative duties. The title "secretary," with its root meaning of "keeper of secrets," is not used as often as in decades past, and responsibilities have evolved in response to the technological age. The duties may vary according to the nature and size of the company or organization, and might include managing budgets, bookkeeping, attending telephone calls, handling visitors, maintaining websites, travel arrangements,
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officers of equivalent rank holding the title of chief of staff in other service organizations headed by a flag officer or general officer. In the case of unified combatant commands and service major commands, the Chief of Staff is often a general officer or flag officer himself/herself, typically at the 1-star or 2-star level, but he or she should not be confused with the 4-star officers holding the title of
339:(a job which is often part of the career path of an executive assistant) in that they are expected to possess a higher degree of business acumen, be able to manage projects, as well as have the ability to influence others on behalf of the executive. In the past, executive assistants were required to have a high school diploma only, but increasingly jobs are requiring a
576:. In some cases the demand was great enough to spur secretaries being recruited from overseas; in particular, there was often a steady demand for young British women to come to the U.S. and fill temporary or permanent secretarial positions. Several organizations were created to assist secretaries from foreign lands, including the
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The functions of a personal assistant may be entirely carried out to assist one other employee or may be for the benefit of more than one. In other situations, a secretary is an officer of a society or organization who deals with correspondence, admits new members, and organizes official meetings and
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The largest difference between a generalized secretary and skilled executive assistants is that the executive assistant is required to be able to interact extensively with the general public, vendors, customers, and any other person or group that the executive is responsible to interact with. As the
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In a business, many job descriptions overlap. However, while administrative assistant is a generic term, not necessarily implying directly working for a superior, a secretary is usually the key person for all administrative tasks, and often referred to as the "gate keeper". Other titles describing
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In the 20th century, with the spread of the typewriter, shorthand saw competition from steno-typing. Typing thus became the prerogative of women, widows or relatively well-educated young girls, originally from the middle class or the petty bourgeoisie, then from working-class backgrounds with the
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provided many new job openings in business and government for women and men. At
Chicago's Metropolitan Business College in the 1892-1893 were female; in the shorthand and typing courses, however, 90 percent of the students were female. For most of the 20th century, women with shorthand or typing
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Until recent years, the profession of secretary in the original sense was often subject, in the collective imagination, to stereotypes and pejorative connotations. Indeed, secretarial work was easily associated with low-value, thankless, and badly paid tasks, such as serving coffee to superiors,
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Like their civilian counterparts, EAs are also a resource in decision-making, policy setting, and will have leadership oversight of the entire military and civilian staff supporting the civilian official, general officer, or flag officer. EAs are often interchangeable with other senior military
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The work of an executive assistant (sometimes called a management assistant) differs a great deal from that of an administrative assistant. In many organizations, an executive assistant is a high-ranking position in the administrative hierarchy. Executive assistants work for a company officer or
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An executive assistant may, from time to time, act as proxy for the executives, representing him/her/them in meetings or communications and project managing the production of reports or other deliverables in the absence of the executive. An executive assistant differs from an
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of any field of study or when complying with educational requirements within their given industry, may require specialized knowledge in a specific fields of study through a bachelor's degree pertinent to the employer's industry or division's role within the organization.
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was a person, therefore, overseeing business confidentially, usually for a powerful individual (a king, pope, etc.). As the duties of a modern secretary often still include the handling of confidential information, the literal meaning of their title still holds true.
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is essential. At higher grades and with more experience they begin to take on additional roles and spend more of their time maintaining physical and electronic files, dealing with the post, photocopying, emailing clients, ordering stationery and answering telephones.
305:. A secretary / executive assistant may also control access to a manager, thus becoming an influential and trusted aide. Executive assistants are available for contact during off hours by new electronic communication methods for consultations.
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writers to "professional and commercial men". Originally, this school was only for male students. In 1871, there were more than 150 such schools operating in the United States, a number that grew to as many as 500 by the 1890s.
595:" to highlight the increased responsibility of today's secretary and other administrative workers, and to avoid embarrassment to those who believe that "secretary" refers only to women or to unskilled workers.
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A more skilled executive assistant may be required to type at high speeds using technical or foreign languages, organize diaries, itineraries and meetings and carry out administrative duties which may include
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holiday, to recognize the hard work of the staff in the office. The holiday caught on, and during the fourth week of April is now celebrated in offices all over the world. It has been renamed "
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In 1952 Mary
Barrett, president of the National Secretaries Association, C. King Woodbridge, president of Dictaphone Corporation, and American businessman Harry F. Klemfuss created a special
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With time, like many titles, the term was applied to more and varied functions, leading to compound titles to specify various secretarial work better, like general secretary or
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jobs similar to or overlapping those of the traditional secretary are Office
Coordinator, Executive Assistant, Office Manager and Administrative Professional.
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In the 1840s and 1850s commercial schools were emerging to train male and female students the skills needed to work in a clerical position. In 1870,
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until the late 19th century, men involved in the daily correspondence and the activities of the powerful had assumed the title of secretary.
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making photocopies or filing menial documents. In addition, the profession was once exercised almost exclusively by women and considered a
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1238:"Educating Women for Self-Reliance and Economic Opportunity: The Strategic Entrepreneurialism of the Katharine Gibbs Schools, 1911–1968"
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535:, the role of secretary has been primarily associated with women. By the 1930s, fewer men were entering the field of secretaries.
73:, or other similar titles is an individual whose work consists of supporting management, including executives, using a variety of
191:, carry out specific projects, take on some of the manager's responsibilities, get involved in decision-making processes, handle
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705:) meaning "having been set apart", with the eventual connotation of something private or confidential, as with the English word
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tasks, and/or logistics and procurement along with a wide range of other duties related to their specific industry.
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85:. There is a diverse array of work experiences attainable within the administrative support field, ranging between
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with a small number of administrative roles. A good command of the prevailing office language and the ability to
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In previous decades, especially in the 20th century and before, at the most basic level a secretary is usually an
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23:. For the position known as secretary that operates within the cabinet of a government's executive branch, see
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historically held by men in decades past, as secretary, administrative assistant, or program assistant roles.
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By the mid-20th century the need for secretaries was great and offices and organizations featured large
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called the
Certified Professional Secretaries Examination (CPS). It was first administered in 1951.
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The role of secretary emerged from
European church and state bureaucracies as aspects of the role of
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Weiss, J (1981). "Educating for clerical work: The nineteenth-century private commercial school".
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rise of the profession between the two world wars, which saw the women seize these innovations.
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The debate theorical-methodological in field of secretariat: diversities and singularities
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This article is about the occupation of an assistant. For the position of leadership, see
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became distinct, and encompassed managing the work of a number of clerks gathered in the
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and filing, carry out background research and present findings, produce documents like
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in previous decades, but in the 21st century many employers began re-classifying many
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Educational handbooks for professions occupied by females in the 1960s and 1970s.
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skills could get secretarial jobs without further education beyond high school.
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In an effort to promote professionalism among United States secretaries, the
136:, left, personal aide to the president of the United States from 2009 to 2011
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1391:"Secretary – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary"
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National
Association of Parliamentarians, Education Committee (1993).
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1019:"Love details time with President Obama in new book "Power Forward""
916:(11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. pp. 458–460.
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943:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Da Capo Press. pp. 142–151.
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events. But this role should not be confused with the role of an
81:, communication, and/or organizational skills within the area of
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iaap – International
Association of Administrative Professionals
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Today, many secretaries also conduct research, briefings, write
1420:. Independence, MO: National Association of Parliamentarians.
699:, "to distinguish" or "to set apart", the passive participle (
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was created in 1942. Today, this organization is known as the
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Mullaney, Marie Marmo; Hilbert, Rosemary C. (February 2018).
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Military aides still carry the president's nuclear 'football'
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and other civilian defense officials down to the level of a
203:
List of job titles synonymous with or similar to secretary:
886:"Secretary Job Information | National Careers Service"
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1183:"The college degree has become the new high school degree"
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with positions in nearly every industry, especially among
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797:"Three Wellesley alumnae tapped for Obama administration"
765:"Three Wellesley alumnae tapped for Obama administration"
559:
International
Association of Administrative Professionals
888:. Nationalcareersservice.direct.gov.uk. January 27, 2012
1327:"English Girls in New York: They Don't Go Home Again"
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duties, devise and maintain office systems including
121:, all which differ from an administrative assistant.
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Recruiting
Resources: How to Recruit and Hire Better
1370:, « Histoire des secrétaires », émission
93:, associate, junior, mid-senior, and senior level
519:founded a school where students could qualify as
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1472:American Society of Administrative Professionals
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1045:"Leaving Obama's Shadow, to Cast One of His Own"
1002:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
461:Education, training, and entering the profession
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864:CILIP Guidelines for Secondary School Libraries
465:In the late 19th century, the invention of the
375:recipients, Wednesday, October 6, 2021, in the
940:Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised In Brief
1499:Office and administrative support occupations
1349:Sténographie, sténotypie ou dictaphone ?
1207:Military Assistant/Executive Officer Handbook
984:. Archived from the original on March 1, 2013
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582:Association of British Secretaries in America
561:(IAAP). The organization developed the first
363:Jayna McCarron, left, serving as part of the
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937:Robert III, Henry M.; et al. (2011).
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830:"White House staffers depart for Harvard"
677:Learn how and when to remove this message
1306:"Secretaries wanted across the Atlantic"
1181:Rampell, Catherine (September 9, 2014).
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527:In the 1880s, with the invention of the
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16:Office occupation supporting management
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1393:. Merriam-webster.com. August 31, 2012
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910:Robert, Henry M.; et al. (2011).
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445:as his/her senior military assistant.
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313:This should be distinguished from the
295:Secretary at work, photo taken in 2007
117:who hold the title of "secretary", or
1477:Administrative Professional Resources
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913:Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised
424:Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense
1304:Scot, Barbara (September 29, 1967).
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978:"Two-sport athlete charged with DWI"
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659:adding citations to reliable sources
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578:Society of International Secretaries
437:The Secretary of Defense also has a
367:is seen meeting with U.S. President
1325:Seebohm, Caroline (July 19, 1971).
1135:"Program Assistant Job Description"
1133:content.external (April 11, 2022).
303:accountancy or financial accounting
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1043:Kantor, Jodi (November 11, 2011).
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593:Administrative Professional's Week
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1437:"The Slow Death of the Secretary"
1074:"Secretary Jobs in the Age of AI"
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1017:Martin, Nick (February 4, 2015).
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1418:Spotlight on You the Secretary
1242:History of Education Quarterly
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828:Parnes, Amie (June 16, 2011).
500:(the town clerk), painting by
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1435:Covert, Bryce (May 4, 2015).
1224:So You Want to Be a Secretary
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689:The term is derived from the
140:A secretary, also known as a
1209:. Retrieved on 11 June 2013.
805:. Wellesley, Massachusetts:
773:. Wellesley, Massachusetts:
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420:Deputy Secretary of Defense
365:White House Military Office
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209:administrative professional
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1220:Swimming in the Steno Pool
872:10.29085/9781783300303.017
451:Chief of Staff of the Army
384:U.S. Department of Defense
29:Secretary (disambiguation)
18:
1279:Journal of Social History
1102:. Bls.gov. March 29, 2012
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357:United States Coast Guard
606:Secretary typist in 1951
549:with his Secretary, 1627
337:administrative assistant
214:administrative assistant
146:administrative assistant
60:administrative assistant
1373:La Marche de l'Histoire
802:The Wellesley Townsman
770:The Wellesley Townsman
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223:administrative officer
173:stakeholder management
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27:. For other uses, see
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1160:"Secretaries/typists"
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498:Der Gemeindeschreiber
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735:Department secretary
655:improve this article
416:Secretary of Defense
361:Lieutenant Commander
247:management assistant
125:Duties and functions
99:white-collar careers
1504:Private secretaries
1353:Archives nationales
1255:10.1017/heq.2017.49
1187:The Washington Post
547:Constantijn Huygens
510:financial secretary
396:lieutenant colonels
321:Executive assistant
267:body man/body women
219:executive assistant
107:executive secretary
65:executive assistant
1311:The Glasgow Herald
1050:The New York Times
957:on August 16, 2017
809:. January 20, 2009
777:. January 20, 2009
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70:personal secretary
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1380:, 16 janvier 2013
1335:. pp. 34–38.
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574:secretarial pools
563:standardized test
341:bachelor's degree
315:company secretary
259:project assistant
255:program assistant
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