Emperor of Japan - Knowledge

4515:

January 1911, established two categories of imperial properties: the hereditary or crown estates and the personal ("ordinary") properties of the imperial family. The Imperial Household Minister was given the responsibility for observing any judicial proceedings concerning imperial holdings. Under the terms of the law, imperial properties were only taxable in cases where no conflict with the Imperial House Law existed; however, crown estates could only be used for public or imperially-sanctioned undertakings. Personal properties of certain members of the imperial family, in addition to properties held for imperial family members who were minors, were exempted from taxation. Those family members included the Empress Dowager, the Empress, the Crown Prince and Crown Princess, the Imperial Grandson and the consort of the Imperial Grandson. As a result of the poor economic conditions in Japan, 117,059.07 hectares (289,259.25 acres) of crown lands (about 26% of the total landholdings) were either sold or transferred to government and private-sector interests in 1921. In 1930, the Nagoya Detached Palace (

2711: 4293:

young as 6 or 8 years old. The high-priestly duties were deemed possible for a walking child. A reign of around 10 years was regarded a sufficient service. Being a child was apparently a fine property, to better endure tedious duties and to tolerate subjugation to political power-brokers, as well as sometimes to cloak the truly powerful members of the imperial dynasty. Almost all Japanese empresses and dozens of emperors abdicated and lived the rest of their lives in pampered retirement, wielding influence behind the scenes. Several emperors abdicated to their entitled retirement while still in their teens. These traditions show in Japanese folklore, theater, literature, and other forms of culture, where the emperor is usually described or depicted as an adolescent.

4213: 4344:(the Constitution of the Empire of Japan) stated, "The Imperial Throne shall be succeeded to by imperial male descendants, according to the provisions of the Imperial House Law." The 1889 Imperial Household Law fixed the succession on male descendants of the imperial line, and specifically excluded female descendants from the succession. In the event of a complete failure of the main line, the throne would pass to the nearest collateral branch, again in the male line. If the empress did not give birth to an heir, the emperor could take a concubine, and the son he had by that concubine would be recognized as heir to the throne. This law, which was promulgated on the same day as the Meiji Constitution, enjoyed co-equal status with that constitution. 4109: 532: 4966:. If it be not for the natural curiosity of the races, which always seeks something novel and loves to call foreign things by foreign names, it is hard to understand why this obsolete and ambiguous word should so sedulously be retained. It originally meant not only the Sovereign, but also his house, the court, and even the State, and its use in historical writings causes many difficulties which it is unnecessary to discuss here in detail. The native Japanese employ the term neither in speech nor in writing. It might as well be dismissed with great advantage from sober literature as it has been for the official documents." 3085: 489: 4505: 9957: 2265: 4531:

some 207,264 hectares (512,161 acres); those landholdings comprised palace complexes, forest and farm lands and other residential and commercial properties. The total value of the imperial properties was then estimated at ¥650 million, or roughly US$ 195 million at prevailing exchange rates. This was in addition to the emperor's personal fortune, which amounted to hundreds of millions of yen and included numerous family heirlooms and furnishings, purebred livestock and investments in major Japanese firms, such as the Bank of Japan, other major Japanese banks, the

4543:

the imperial households were slashed from a peak of roughly 6,000 to about 1,000. The imperial estates and the emperor's personal fortune (then estimated at US$ 17.15 million, or roughly US$ 800 million in 2024 terms) were transferred to either state or private ownership, excepting 2,760 hectares (6,810 acres) of landholdings. Since the 1947 constitutional reforms, the imperial family has been supported by an official civil list sanctioned by the Japanese government. The largest imperial divestments were the former imperial Kiso and Amagi forest lands in

3101: 372: 88: 9918: 2513: 69: 306: 9944: 4573:, obtained access to 200 documents through a recently passed public information law. Mori's findings, which he published in a book, revealed details of the imperial family's US$ 240 million civil list (in 2003 values). Among other details, the book revealed the imperial family employed a staff of over 1,000 people. The total cost of events related to the enthronement of Emperor Naruhito was approximately 16.6 billion yen ($ 150 million) in 2019. This is 30% higher than Emperor Emeritus Akihito's accession (1990). 8500: 3940: 9892: 281: 10139: 10152: 472: 4599: 10100: 10087: 227: 10113: 10022: 9905: 9829: 8557: 3628: 9970: 10126: 10061: 3887: 2452: 9996: 9931: 10074: 9983: 4442: 10035: 1981: 10048: 10009: 7440: 9818: 4585: 1773: 2818: 4067:(574–622) were children of half-sibling couples. Such marriages often served as alliance or succession devices: the Soga lord ensured his domination of a prince who would be put on the throne as a puppet; or a prince ensured the combination of two imperial descents, to strengthen his own and his children's claim to the throne. Marriages were also a means to seal a reconciliation between two imperial branches. 4071:

from the approved families. The earlier necessity and expediency had mutated into a strict tradition that did not allow for current expediency or necessity, but only prescribed the daughters of a restricted circle of families as eligible brides, because they had produced eligible brides for centuries. Tradition had become more forceful than law.

4357:

can be dynasts, that imperial princesses lose their status as imperial family members if they marry outside the imperial family, and that the emperor and other members of the Imperial Family may not adopt children. It also prevented branches, other than the branch descending from Taishō, from being imperial princes any longer.

4297:

measure – if a suitable male was not available or some imperial branches were in rivalry so that a compromise was needed. Over half of Japanese empresses and many emperors abdicated once a suitable male descendant was considered to be old enough to rule (just past toddlerhood, in some cases). Four empresses,

3630: 3635: 3633: 3629: 4417:

Another proposed plan is to allow unmarried men from the abolished collateral branches of the imperial family to rejoin through adoption or marriage. This would be an emergency measure to ensure stable succession. It does not revise the Imperial Household Law. This does not restore the royalty of the

4292:

Over a thousand years ago, a tradition started that an emperor should ascend relatively young. A dynast who had passed his toddler years was regarded suitable and old enough. Reaching the age of legal majority was not a requirement. Thus, a multitude of Japanese emperors have ascended as children, as

4259:

Women were allowed to succeed (but there existed no known children of theirs whose father did not also happen to be an agnate of the imperial house, thus there is neither a precedent that a child of an imperial woman with a non-imperial man could inherit, nor a precedent forbidding it for children of

4099:

of 1889 made this restriction on brides for the emperor and crown prince explicit. A clause stipulated that daughters of Sekke (the five main branches of the higher Fujiwara) and daughters of the imperial clan itself were primarily acceptable brides. The law was repealed in the aftermath of World War

4356:

hastily cobbled together the legislation to bring the Imperial Household in compliance with the American-written Constitution of Japan that went into effect in May 1947. In an effort to control the size of the imperial family, the law stipulates that only legitimate male descendants in the male line

4296:

Before the Meiji Restoration, Japan had eleven reigns of reigning empresses, all of them daughters of the male line of the Imperial House. None ascended purely as a wife or as a widow of an emperor. Imperial daughters and granddaughters, however, usually ascended the throne as a sort of a "stop gap"

4275:

even decreed an official alternation between heirs of his two sons, which system continued for a couple of centuries (leading finally to shogun-induced (or utilized) strife between these two branches, the "southern" and "northern" emperors). Towards the end, the alternates were very distant cousins

4266:

Abdication was used very often, and in fact occurred more often than death on the throne. In those days, the emperor's chief task was priestly (or godly), containing so many repetitive rituals that it was deemed that after a service of around ten years, the incumbent deserved pampered retirement as

4047:

is an unremarkable one in the Japanese myth world.) To produce imperial children, heirs of the nation, with two-side descent from the two kami, was regarded as desirable – or at least it suited powerful Fujiwara lords, who thus received preference in the imperial marriage-market. The reality behind

2312:

is the annual poetry reading competition convened by the emperor. The emperor is supported in this function by the empress and other members of the imperial family, who have honorary patronages of many associations and organisations. They travel extensively throughout the year within the country to

4542:

Following Japan's defeat in the Second World War, all of the collateral branches of the imperial family were abolished under the Allied occupation of the country and the subsequent constitutional reforms, forcing those families to sell their assets to private or government owners. Staff numbers in

4530:

At the end of 1935, according to official government figures, the Imperial Court owned roughly 1,259,368 hectares (3,111,965 acres) of landed estates, the bulk of which (1,052,000 hectares (2,599,548 acres)) were the emperor's private lands, with the total acreage of the crown estates amounting to

4070:

After a couple of centuries, emperors could no longer take anyone from outside such families as a primary wife, no matter what the potential expediency of such a marriage and the power or wealth offered by such a match. Only very rarely did a prince ascend the throne whose mother was not descended

3634: 2796:

The constitution described the emperor (in Article 4) as: "the head of the Empire, combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty", and he "exercises them, according to the provisions of the present Constitution". His rights included to sanction and promulgate laws, to execute them and to exercise

4270:

Primogeniture was not used – rather, in the early days, the imperial house practiced something resembling a system of rotation. Very often a brother (or sister) followed the elder sibling even in the case of the predecessor leaving children. The "turn" of the next generation came more often after

4009:

Apparently, the oldest tradition of official marriages within the imperial dynasty involved marriages between dynasty members, even between half-siblings or between uncle and niece. Such marriages were deemed to preserve better the imperial blood; or they aimed at producing children symbolic of a

4025:

Japanese monarchs have been, as much as others elsewhere, dependent on making alliances with powerful chiefs and with other monarchs. Many such alliances were sealed by marriages. However, in Japan such marriages soon became incorporated as elements of tradition which controlled the marriages of

2074:

The emperor's fundamental role within the machinery of the Japanese constitution is to perform important representational functions as "…the symbol of the State and of the unity of the People, deriving his position from the will of the people with whom resides sovereign power." He is limited to

4514:

Until the end of World War II, the Japanese monarchy was thought to be among the wealthiest in the world. Before 1911, no distinction was made between the imperial crown estates and the emperor's personal properties, which were considerable. The Imperial Property Law, which came into effect in

4405:

The panel dealing with the succession issue recommended on 25 October 2005, amending the law to allow females of the male line of imperial descent to ascend the Japanese throne. On January 20, 2006, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi devoted part of his annual keynote speech to the controversy,

3619:, which is the common and polite way to refer to the emperor as a person during their reign. Japanese regnal names are more precisely names for a period of time that begins with a historical event, such as the enthronement of an emperor. Since Emperor Meiji, it has been customary to have one 2111:

as designated by the Cabinet. However, the emperor does not have the authority to decline the nominations. The emperor's other responsibilities, laid down in Article 7 of the Constitution, concern the basic functioning of the state. To this end, the emperor, on behalf of the Japanese people:

2091:

and thence to the electorate. In these respects, the emperor personifies the democratic state, sanctions legitimate authority, guarantees the execution of the public will, and fosters a shared national identity and cultural heritage that transcends party politics. In order to maintain his

4001:

Of the eight reigning empresses of Japan, none married or gave birth after ascending the throne. Some of them, being widows, had produced children before their reigns. In the succession, children of the empress were preferred over sons of secondary consorts. Thus it was significant which

4566:

As of 2017, Akihito has an estimated net worth of US$ 40 million. The wealth and expenditures of the emperor and the imperial family have remained a subject of speculation and were largely withheld from the public until 2003, when Mori Yohei, a former royal correspondent for the

4048:

such marriages was an alliance between an imperial prince and a Fujiwara lord (his father-in-law or grandfather), the latter with his resources supporting the prince to the throne and most often controlling the government. These arrangements established the tradition of regents (

3657: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3637: 3659: 3638: 3653: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3644: 3660: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3636: 3640: 3648: 3647: 3642: 3639: 3632: 3655: 3654: 3662: 3998:). With the help of all this polygamy, the imperial clan could produce more offspring. (Sons by secondary consorts were usually recognized as imperial princes, too, and such a son could be recognized as heir to the throne if the empress did not give birth to an heir.) 3058:

of government and guarantees certain fundamental rights. Under its terms, the emperor of Japan is "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people" and exercises a purely ceremonial role without the possession of sovereignty. It was drawn up under the

2601:(1603–1867). However, every shogun from the Minamoto, Ashikaga, and Tokugawa families had to be officially recognized by the emperors, who were still the source of sovereignty, although they could not exercise their powers independently from the shogunate. 4347:

Article 2 of the Constitution of Japan, promulgated in 1947 by influence of the U.S. occupation administration, provides that "The Imperial Throne shall be dynastic and succeeded to in accordance with the Imperial Household Law passed by the Diet." The

4288:

has always passed to descendants in male line from the imperial lineage. Generally, they have been males, though over the reign of one hundred monarchs there have been nine women (one pre-historical and eight historical) as emperor on eleven occasions.

2738:. Japan lacked the military and industrial power to prevent it. Unequal treaties coerced and took advantage of Japan. Consequently, Japan was forcibly opened to foreign trade and the shogunate proved incapable of hindering the "barbarian" interlopers; 3623:

per emperor and to rename each emperor after his death using the name of the era over which he presided. Before Emperor Meiji, the names of the eras were changed more frequently, and the posthumous names of the emperors were chosen differently.

4095:, functioned as the primary source of imperial brides from the 8th century to the 19th century, even more often than daughters of the imperial clan itself. Fujiwara daughters were thus the usual empresses and mothers of emperors. The Meiji-era 2526:

class from the 10th century gradually weakened the power of the imperial family over the realm, leading to a time of instability. Emperors are known to have come into conflict with the reigning shogun from time to time. Some instances, such as

4706:

This way of counting years is based on the ancient Japanese way, and does not necessarily match the current one. The actual date of the foundation of the Yamato House is not known; the first historical writings did not appear until the 8th

2256:. The latter ceremony opens ordinary and extra sessions of the Diet. Ordinary sessions are opened each January and also after new elections to the House of Representatives. Extra sessions usually convene in the autumn and are opened then. 2303:, written in the year 720, has the first mention of this ceremony, whose beginnings are believed to date back even further. The event evolved through time to become the Day of Thanksgiving for Labour, a recognized official holiday today. 4074:

Fujiwara women often became empresses, while concubines came from less exalted noble families. In the last thousand years, sons of an imperial male and a Fujiwara woman have been preferred in the succession. The five Fujiwara families,

2406:

period artefacts were also increasingly crucial in Japan as the Meiji government used them to reinforce their authority. In 2016, the Imperial Household Agency reversed its position and decided to allow researchers to enter some of the

3141:

religion and sentimental traditions. Thus no shogun tried to usurp the emperor, instead they tried to keep the emperor under control and away from politics. However, the emperor still had the power to "control time" via the Japanese

4276:

counted in degrees of male descent (but all that time, intermarriages occurred within the imperial house, thus they were close cousins if female ties are counted). During the past five hundred years, however, probably because of

4146:

were inherited by successive Japanese emperors, which are the same as or similar to the sacred treasures in mythology. These three gifts signify that the emperor is the descendant of Amaterasu. The three sacred treasures are:

4461:, so-called "archaic funerals" were held for the dead emperors, but only the funerary rites from the end of the period, which the chronicles describe in more detail, are known. They were centered around the rite of the 2937:. Scholars dispute the power he had and the role he played during WWII. Hirohito's reign from 1926 until his death in 1989 makes him the longest-lived and longest-reigning historical Japanese emperor, and one of the 1918:

of 1889. Since the enactment of the 1947 constitution, the role of emperor has been relegated to that of a ceremonial head of state without even nominal political powers. For example, the emperor is the head of the

4243:

Millennia ago, the Japanese imperial family developed its own peculiar system of hereditary succession. It has been non-primogenitural, more or less agnatic, based mostly on rotation. Today, Japan uses strict

2953:

since 1978. Hirohito maintained an official boycott of Yasukuni Shrine after it was revealed to him that Class-A war criminals had secretly been enshrined. The boycott was continued by his son and grandson,

3631: 2990:

wanted to be closer to the people, rather than be treated like a god or robot. Inoue believes that during his reign, he transformed the symbolic role of emperor into a human being. In March 2019, the

4410:

was pregnant with her third child, Koizumi suspended such plans. Her son, Prince Hisahito, is the third in line to the throne under the current law of succession. On January 3, 2007, Prime Minister

7011: 4255:

The controlling principles and their interaction were apparently very complex and sophisticated, leading to even idiosyncratic outcomes. Some chief principles apparent in the succession have been:

4026:

later generations, though the original practical alliance had lost its real meaning. A repeated pattern saw an imperial son-in-law under the influence of his powerful non-imperial father-in-law.

3204:(feudal lords) to hold actual power, as such positions were not inherently contradictory to the emperor's position. The shoguns and prime ministers derived their legitimacy from the emperor. The 2438:. The title of emperor was borrowed from China, being derived from Chinese characters, and was retroactively applied to the legendary Japanese rulers who reigned before the 7th–8th centuries AD. 684: 6917: 6772: 5949: 4263:

Adoption was possible and a much used way to increase the number of succession-entitled heirs (however, the adopted child had to be a child of another member agnate of the imperial house).

6979: 6949: 4271:

several individuals of the senior generation. Rotation went often between two or more of the branches of the imperial house, thus more or less distant cousins succeeded each other.

1882:

The role of the emperor of Japan has historically alternated between a largely ceremonial symbolic role and that of an actual imperial ruler. Since the establishment of the first

2789:

was adopted on 11 February 1889. The emperor of Japan became an active ruler with considerable political power over foreign policy and diplomacy which was shared with an elected

10190: 9865: 4352:

of 1947, enacted by the ninety-second and last session of the Imperial Diet, retained the exclusion on female dynasts found in the 1889 law. The government of Prime Minister

10857:

Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the definition of the Europe–Asia border. Partially or entirely in Asia, depending on the definition of the Africa–Asia border.

6097: 4406:

pledging to submit a bill allowing women to ascend the throne to ensure that the succession continues in the future in a stable manner. Shortly after the announcement that

4240:. However, his descendants, including his successors, were according to records descended from at least one and probably several imperial princesses of the older lineage. 1875:. According to tradition, the office of emperor was created in the 7th century BC, but the first historically verifiable emperors appear around the 5th or 6th centuries 4063:

lords, and women of the imperial clan, i.e. various-degree cousins and often even their own half-sisters. Several imperial figures of the 5th and 6th centuries such as

4394:

on 1 December 2001, there was public debate about amending the current Imperial Household Law to allow women to succeed to the throne. In January 2005, Prime Minister

674: 5978: 3200:. The emperor was more like a revered embodiment of divine harmony than the head of an actual governing administration. In Japan, it was more effective for ambitious 2340:

Although the emperor has been a symbol of continuity with the past, the degree of power exercised by the emperor has varied considerably throughout Japanese history.

4371:

Succession is now regulated by laws passed by the National Diet. The current law excludes women from the succession. A change to this law had been considered until

4622: 4134:. Amaterasu sent him to pacify Japan by bringing the three celestial gifts that are used by the emperor. The account of Ninigi being sent to earth appears in the 4556: 3815:, "Grand King who rules all under heaven", used internally) in Japanese and Chinese sources before the 7th century. The oldest diplomatic reference to the title 4808:

as the symbol of the Japanese state and the unity of the Japanese people, his position deriving from "the will of the people with whom resides sovereign power".

3228:. This was several centuries after the start of the current imperial line. The various names of Japan do not affect the status of the emperor as head of state. 4100:

II. In 1959 the future Emperor Akihito became the first crown-prince for over a thousand years to marry a consort from outside the previously eligible circle.

679: 2852:

for the elimination "for all time of the authority and influence of those who have deceived and misled the people of Japan into embarking on world conquest".

3592:), literally meaning "the honorable gate" (i.e. the gate of the imperial palace, which indicates the person who lives in and possesses the palace; compare 7019: 2293:(新嘗祭, "tasting of new rice") imperial harvest festival. In this ritual, the emperor presents newly gathered rice to the gods. The celebration is known as 10183: 9858: 1923:, conferring orders, decorations, medals, and awards in the name of the state and on behalf of its people in accordance with the advice of the Cabinet. 5896: 6927: 5922: 4527:, the former Kyoto residence of the Tokugawa shoguns and an imperial palace since the Meiji Restoration, was likewise donated to the city of Kyoto. 6780: 5953: 2934: 9525: 2973:." Emperor Shōwa was the longest-reigning historical monarch in Japan's history and the world's longest reigning monarch until surpassed by King 2710: 1890:. Japanese emperors have nearly always been controlled by external political forces, to varying degrees. For example, between 1192 and 1867, the 496: 6989: 4033:

as their highest-ranking wives – the most probable mothers of future monarchs. This was cloaked as a tradition of marriage between heirs of two

10176: 9851: 6742: 5811: 602: 10374: 1991:

seated in the Chamber of the House of Councillors of the National Diet, with members of the Imperial Family, the Cabinet, and Prime Minister

6957: 4481:. For the next 350 years, in-ground burial became the favoured funeral custom. Until 1912, the emperors were usually buried in Kyoto. From 4477:

was the first Japanese imperial personage to be cremated (in 703). After that, with a few exceptions, all emperors were cremated up to the

2004: 7406: 6535: 9395: 8866: 7428: 6825: 6252: 2624:), they described Japanese conditions in analogy, likening the emperor with great symbolic authority, but little political power, to the 2108: 2035:

by a minister in order to take effect, thus passing political responsibility to the minister. By contrast, Japan is one of only two such

1810: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 7111: 2696:. The direct ruling of the emperor proved however inefficient and ultimately failed, with Takauji grabbing political power for himself. 2692:, a defected Kamakura general. The short three-year period during which the power was directly in the hand of the emperor is called the 2805:, who suffered from ill-health and various disabilities, many of these powers were assumed by the Imperial Diet in an era known as the 4236:(c. AD 500) may have been an unrelated outsider, though the sources (Kojiki, Nihon-Shoki) state that he was a male-line descendant of 6347: 1733: 418: 6031: 3599: 2199: 2048: 1920: 721: 6089: 5080:

is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with

1360: 1242: 5472: 4563:

include the two imperial palaces at Tokyo and Kyoto, several imperial villas and a number of imperial farms and game preserves.

4559:. Imperial property holdings have been further reduced since 1947 after several handovers to the government. Today, the primary 3950:

Throughout history, Japanese emperors and noblemen appointed a spouse to the position of chief wife, rather than just keeping a

10899: 10763: 8593: 6000: 444: 4390:

problem, since Prince Akishino was the only male child to be born into the imperial family since 1965. Following the birth of

1783: 10454: 9168: 8682: 7304: 7289: 7256: 7202: 6560: 6523: 6428: 6185: 6049: 5787: 5561: 5534: 5482: 5108: 3129:'s legitimate authority was based on being appointed and receiving the power from the emperor even though the shogun was the 2770:, historic enemies of the Tokugawa, used this turmoil to unite their forces and won an important military victory outside of 2003:

formally vest executive power in the reigning monarch in their capacity as the head of state, who in turn is bound by either

1216: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 731: 539: 9042: 7121: 6653: 6329: 4962:. Tokyo: Shueisha (1903), p. 25. "We purposely avoid, in spite of its wide usage in foreign literature, the misleading term 4228:

The origins of the Japanese imperial dynasty are obscure, and it bases its position on the claim that it has "reigned since

9279: 4560: 4207: 2797:"supreme command of the Army and the Navy". The liaison conference created in 1893 also made the emperor the leader of the 1953: 1229: 1225: 726: 716: 6631: 5968: 2297:(大嘗祭, "Great Tasting") and takes place in the first year after the emperor's accession to the throne. The historical text 2071:. Instead, the Japan Self-Defense Forces Act of 1954 explicitly vests supreme command and control in the prime minister. 10879: 10846: 10389: 9338: 4212: 3487:, which originally referred to retired emperors, gradually expanded over time to include members of the imperial family, 1207: 7141: 4232:". There are no records of any emperor who was not said to have been a descendant of other, yet there is suspicion that 2384:

Archaeological information about the earliest historical rulers of Japan may be contained in the ancient tombs known as

10894: 10874: 10500: 9662: 9286: 6288: 5759: 5591: 4337:, were unwed daughters of previous emperors. None of these empresses married or gave birth after ascending the throne. 1738: 1680: 1570: 689: 5458:

in the House of Councillors in November 2010, when also the Empress and the Prince and Princess Akishino were present.

4976: 10799: 10558: 9301: 9065: 8545: 7281: 7178: 7160: 7071:

Bar-On Cohen, Einat (2012–12). "The Forces of Homology—Hirohito, Emperor of Japan and the 1928 Rites of Succession".

6607: 6453: 6246: 6212: 5327: 4366: 3926: 3904: 2938: 2499: 2473: 2125: 1961: 1852: 1723: 1713: 1365: 1150: 337: 313: 2481: 68: 10809: 10066: 9358: 9269: 8535: 6922: 4642: 4010:

reconciliation between two branches of the imperial dynasty. Daughters of other families remained concubines until

2143: 1510: 1300: 611: 480: 423: 396: 384: 3071:

was inspired by several European states. Currently, it is a rigid document and the oldest unamended constitution.

2381:–571 AD), the 29th emperor, is the first for whom contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates. 10804: 9420: 9296: 9128: 8617: 8606: 7421: 5501:

The International Origins of Japanese Archaeology: William Gowland and His Kofun Collection at the British Museum

4426: 4383: 3181: 2966: 2663: 1803: 1718: 1695: 1640: 1520: 1500: 1485: 1380: 320: 166: 136: 5235: 4398:

appointed a special panel composed of judges, university professors, and civil servants to study changes to the

2836:; he controlled both the sovereign of the state and the imperial forces. The role of the emperor as head of the 2075:

performing "acts in matters of state" as delineated by the Constitution, without even nominal powers related to

10718: 9365: 7328: 6572: 5660:

Totman, Conrad (1966). "Political Succession in The Tokugawa Bakufu: Abe Masahiro's Rise to Power, 1843–1845".

5623: 3965:(1912–1926). Besides his empress, the emperor could take, and nearly always took, several secondary consorts (" 3908: 2477: 1635: 1425: 1400: 1390: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 911: 906: 901: 896: 891: 886: 881: 876: 871: 866: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 821: 816: 811: 806: 801: 796: 791: 786: 781: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 711: 706: 8983: 6495: 4006:

had preferential opportunities in providing chief wives to imperial princes, i.e. supplying future empresses.

10831: 10533: 10224: 9123: 8677: 7354: 7065: 6698: 4407: 4372: 2798: 2362:

2683 years ago. However most modern scholars agree to regard Jimmu and the nine first emperors as mythical.

1685: 1625: 1525: 1515: 1495: 1440: 1375: 1305: 649: 7386:, accompanied with the regents and shoguns during their reign and a genealogical tree of the imperial family 10768: 10743: 10703: 10643: 10633: 10583: 10553: 10543: 10490: 10394: 9306: 9118: 8665: 7436: 6918:"Akihito Net Worth 2017: How Rich Is Japanese Emperor As Parliament Passed Historic Law For His Abdication" 3161:

region of central Japan. The territory of Japan has changed throughout history. Its largest extent was the

1926:

Since the mid-nineteenth century, the emperor and other members of the imperial family have resided at the

1746: 1650: 1600: 1535: 1490: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1415: 1350: 1335: 1310: 1275: 1265: 9936: 4108: 10728: 10723: 10698: 8929: 7101: 6380: 5914: 4376: 2402:

to the public or to archaeologists, citing their desire not to disturb the spirits of the past emperors.

2306:

The office of the emperor is also cultural bearer and steward of tradition and culture. For example, the

2080: 2012: 1886:

in 1192, the emperors of Japan have rarely taken on a role as supreme battlefield commander, unlike many

1728: 1675: 1610: 1605: 1595: 1585: 1575: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1430: 1395: 1385: 1370: 1340: 1315: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1255: 124: 3534:. He then selected a posthumous name, and in 1841, bestowed the title and posthumous name Emperor Kōkaku 1968:, on 1 May 2019. He is the only remaining monarch and head of state in the world who holds the title of 10889: 10884: 10794: 10748: 10693: 10668: 10658: 10568: 10495: 9555: 9225: 9098: 9070: 8854: 8586: 8560: 8281: 7414: 7378: 7359:

pp. 411–412, Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.

5695: 5305: 4486: 4446: 3060: 2216: 1796: 1670: 1660: 1655: 1645: 1620: 1590: 1580: 1540: 1530: 1450: 1410: 1405: 1345: 1325: 1320: 1260: 1200: 208: 4280:

influence, inheritance by sons – but not always, or even most often, the eldest son has been the norm.

10773: 10758: 10673: 10653: 10593: 10548: 10538: 10449: 10254: 9735: 9449: 9331: 9291: 9213: 9163: 9025: 8995: 8914: 8812: 8687: 8672: 7449: 5001: 4667: 2395: 2349: 2068: 2000: 1943: 1705: 1700: 1665: 1630: 1615: 1505: 1480: 1435: 1420: 1330: 1280: 1270: 410: 342: 292: 30: 6750: 6280:

The Cultural Dimensions of Sino-Japanese Relations: Essays on the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries

5076:

p. 78; "According to legend, the first Japanese emperor was Jinmu. Along with the next 13 emperors,

3682:

after his death, which is the only name that Japanese speakers currently use when referring to him.

10733: 10713: 10638: 10628: 10618: 10563: 10424: 9550: 9461: 9259: 9242: 9148: 9133: 9037: 9005: 8978: 4743: 4612: 4532: 4169: 4159: 3268:(Peer's School) by the 1926 Act of Education for the Imperial family, which was abolished in 1947. 3169: 2462: 2289:

is regarded as the foremost Shintō priest in terms of religion. This sacred duty dates back to the

1690: 1455: 1445: 1355: 572: 531: 7047: 2684:

succeeded in 1333 to get back the direct authority directly to the emperor after overthrowing the

1855:. Pursuant to his constitutional role as a national symbol, and in accordance with rulings by the 10778: 10738: 10708: 10678: 10623: 10598: 10588: 10459: 10434: 10334: 10324: 10319: 10274: 10244: 10234: 10001: 9425: 9353: 9343: 9220: 9153: 8952: 8550: 8540: 8252: 4647: 4493: 4317:, were widows of deceased emperors and princesses of the blood imperial in their own right. One, 3897: 3845:) meaning "Heavenly son of the land where the sun rises". The oldest documented use of the title 3261: 3197: 2785:

to nominal full power. He issued the imperial decree of constitutionalism on 14 April 1875. The

2743: 2548: 2466: 2104: 2060: 1914:

in 1868, the emperor was the embodiment of all sovereign power in the realm, as enshrined in the

1864: 1475: 1212: 1182: 1172: 379: 327: 10131: 7240: 7092: 6599: 4043:

of the Fujiwara. (Originally, the Fujiwara descended from relatively minor nobility, thus their

3249: 2326:) is given to a number of competitions such as football, judo, volleyball, and the top division 488: 10841: 10688: 10683: 10648: 10613: 10603: 10419: 10414: 10379: 10299: 10294: 10092: 9897: 9410: 9247: 9158: 9138: 8859: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8380: 8257: 6041: 4657: 4652: 4504: 4399: 4349: 4334: 4143: 4117: 4096: 2885: 2655: 2615: 2604:

During the major part of 1192 to 1867, political sovereignty of the state was exercised by the

2253: 2245: 1856: 1848: 1844: 588: 580: 355: 26: 8188: 6312: 6309: 6278: 6236: 6133: 5648: 5581: 5551: 5524: 5098: 4904: 10663: 10485: 10384: 10359: 10354: 10349: 9778: 9710: 9700: 9602: 9540: 9506: 9476: 9405: 9230: 9198: 8750: 8579: 8345: 5212: 4805: 4662: 4632: 4508: 4249: 4245: 3311: 3257: 3032: 2390:, constructed between the early 3rd century and the early 7th century AD. However, since the 2241: 2117: 2052: 1927: 1828: 251: 240: 181: 8837: 8524: 7350: 7153:

Japanese Capitals in Historical Perspective: Place, Power and Memory in Kyoto, Edo and Tokyo

5749: 5422: 5400: 5282: 5023: 4049: 4014:(701–706)—in what was specifically reported as the first elevation of its kind—elevated his 3084: 2645: 2264: 10464: 10439: 10409: 10364: 10344: 10284: 10259: 10229: 9793: 9535: 9274: 9235: 9143: 9103: 8720: 8074: 8015: 5260: 5190: 4958: 4430: 4391: 4285: 4187: 4165: 4003: 3177: 3117:(emperor). Rather it is the emperor's symbolic and religious power of authority. Since the 3068: 3055: 2893: 2848:

bombers and other manifestations of fanaticism. This in turn led to the requirement in the

2742:

thus began to assert himself politically. By the early 1860s, the relationship between the

2249: 2234: 2100: 2028: 2015:

of ministers responsible to the duly elected parliament. Some monarchies, such as those in

1957: 1887: 1247: 1158: 523: 430: 332: 7970: 7219:

Pye, Lucian W.; Keene, Donald (2002). "Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852-1912".

5826: 5146: 5124: 5045: 3988:), some emperors even had two empresses simultaneously (identified by the separate titles 3511:

and commoners, so it lacks the supreme honor of the imperial title and is unworthy" (from

8: 10753: 10578: 10444: 10404: 10309: 10269: 9783: 9715: 9705: 9588: 9466: 9348: 9318: 9015: 8385: 8370: 8360: 8247: 8232: 8222: 8104: 8089: 8084: 7043: 6984: 5838: 4617: 4548: 4523:, with six other imperial villas being either sold or donated at the same time. In 1939, 4387: 3838: 3205: 2849: 2165: 2157: 2076: 2032: 2020: 2016: 439: 363: 10168: 8330: 8301: 8296: 8267: 8183: 7985: 7950: 5168: 4869: 4321:, was the widow of a crown prince and a princess of the blood imperial. The other four, 3328: 2806: 371: 10514: 10469: 10429: 10369: 10289: 10279: 10264: 9725: 9637: 9560: 9513: 9486: 9481: 9430: 9203: 9113: 9086: 8957: 8909: 8887: 8832: 8805: 8365: 8335: 8242: 8237: 8193: 8173: 8124: 7501: 6590: 6326: 6177: 5805: 5677: 5351:"The Emperor as a Symbol: The Meaning of the Unity of the People Has Evolved with Time" 4767: 4341: 4123: 4092: 4019: 3531: 3118: 3064: 2974: 2892:

separating church and state within Japan. In 1946, Hirohito was forced to proclaim the

2786: 2778: 2767: 2731: 2685: 2662:

period of 1603 to 1868, there was very limited trade between Japan and foreigners. The

2641: 2633: 2598: 2594: 2536: 2512: 2192: 2150: 2064: 1915: 1903: 1860: 1832: 1177: 667: 256: 170: 150: 8129: 7753: 7743: 7649: 6902:

Reed, Christopher (October 5, 1971). "Few personal possessions for reigning monarch".

5723: 4450: 4302: 3400:, who died during his reign in 1187, and was posthumously given a title that included 3370:

originally referred to both the residence and the honorific title of a retired emperor

2636:). In keeping with the analogy, they even used the term "emperor" in reference to the 1995:

giving the government's speech in front of the assembled members of parliament (2010).

10608: 10339: 10304: 10040: 9647: 9545: 9518: 9491: 9182: 8939: 8924: 8822: 8650: 7990: 7980: 7975: 7920: 7334: 7324: 7308: 7300: 7285: 7277: 7252: 7236: 7208: 7198: 7182: 7174: 7156: 7088: 7057: 6716: 6679: 6603: 6556: 6519: 6500: 6449: 6424: 6416: 6383:[Royal school enrollment order (October 21, 1918 Imperial Ordinance No. 8)]. 6355: 6284: 6242: 6208: 6181: 6045: 5793: 5783: 5755: 5587: 5557: 5530: 5505: 5478: 5104: 4758: 4734: 4395: 3743:) after his death and will then be referred to exclusively by that name in Japanese. 3620: 3495:, and even commoners, it came to be seen as inappropriate for deceased emperors. The 2705: 2693: 2675: 2540: 2184: 2024: 1911: 1847:

of other countries and remains Japan's internationally recognized head of state. The

1237: 558: 217: 8439: 8390: 8340: 8227: 8025: 7960: 7900: 7821: 7748: 7389: 4482: 4330: 4322: 4064: 3978: 3519: 3237: 3006: 2802: 305: 87: 10836: 10573: 9788: 9627: 9580: 9565: 9501: 9383: 9326: 8827: 8632: 8622: 8520: 8375: 8207: 8139: 8134: 8109: 8030: 7995: 7940: 7228: 7080: 6037: 6008: 5834: 5669: 5624:"Black Ships and the Samurai: Commodore Perry and the Opening of Japan (1853–1854)" 5468: 4870:"Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1790 to Present" 4672: 4627: 4569: 4155: 4127: 3989: 3969:") of various hierarchical degrees. Concubines were allowed also to other dynasts ( 3798: 3678: 3411:

was only written in documents on limited occasions, such as when it was written as

3381: 3318: 3264:

as their tutors. Members of the Imperial family were obliged to be educated at the

3015: 2889: 2723: 2689: 2681: 2544: 2516: 2318: 2084: 2056: 2036: 1164: 503: 405: 131: 20: 8755: 8527: 8400: 8395: 8168: 8094: 7965: 7915: 7846: 7841: 7831: 7826: 7763: 7723: 7659: 7639: 7629: 7576: 7570: 7560: 7540: 7535: 6950:"British Pound to US Dollar Spot Exchange Rates for 2003 from the Bank of England" 4326: 4314: 4076: 4011: 3962: 3523: 3100: 2821: 2739: 2278: 2274: 1910:

rulers of Japan, although they were nominally appointed by the emperor. After the

10904: 10239: 10105: 9988: 9652: 9622: 9617: 9530: 9496: 9415: 9108: 9000: 8919: 8899: 8800: 8660: 8419: 8262: 8119: 8099: 8079: 8069: 8054: 8040: 7905: 7718: 7669: 7624: 7374: 7273: 7084: 6830: 6712: 6657: 6470: 6202: 6171: 4604: 4544: 4353: 4272: 4229: 3939: 3774: 3674: 3515:). He argued that deceased emperors should be referred to as "Era Name + Tennō." 3162: 3154: 3113:

Historically, territorial designations are not a requirement for the position of

3091: 2950: 2650: 2528: 2219: 2206: 2161: 1988: 1984: 654: 546: 8725: 8178: 8020: 7773: 7644: 7619: 7506: 7466: 7100: 5897:"Explainer: Why Yasukuni shrine is a controversial symbol of Japan's war legacy" 5499: 4474: 4310: 4237: 4131: 4059:

Earlier, the emperors had married women from families of the government-holding

3870: 2367: 2188: 10823: 10329: 10249: 10138: 10079: 10014: 9975: 9969: 9832: 9768: 9720: 9677: 9570: 9471: 8849: 8655: 8499: 8355: 8350: 8153: 8114: 8035: 8005: 7945: 7935: 7885: 7836: 7816: 7783: 7728: 7713: 7674: 7664: 7654: 7634: 7555: 7486: 7345: 6743:"Report: Japan lawmakers eye restoration of ex-imperial members for succession" 6639: 5372: 5081: 4873: 4637: 4414:

announced that he would drop the proposal to alter the Imperial Household Law.

4318: 4306: 4233: 4195: 4151: 4029:

Beginning from the 7th and 8th centuries, emperors primarily took women of the

3943: 3500: 3397: 3213: 3172:

was 8,510,000 km (3,300,000 sq mi) in 1942. After its defeat in

2763: 2758: 2658:

was the last ruling empress of Japan and reigned from 1762 to 1771. During the

2590: 2570: 2532: 2371: 2093: 1759: 1187: 280: 7400: 5509: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 4524: 4084: 4080: 3276:

The Japanese language has two words equivalent to the English word "emperor":

2366:, the 10th emperor, may have been a real historical figure. The emperors from 10868: 10399: 10205: 10151: 10118: 9891: 9874: 9730: 9642: 9631: 9400: 9264: 9020: 8434: 8405: 8010: 7955: 7930: 7910: 7895: 7880: 7851: 7778: 7768: 7758: 7738: 7733: 7684: 7679: 7595: 7565: 7550: 7545: 7496: 7491: 7481: 7265: 7212: 7127: 7115:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 252–273. 7106: 6720: 6553:

Imperial Politics and Symbolics in Ancient Japan: The Tenmu Dynasty, 650–800.

6359: 6333: 5797: 5619: 5350: 5077: 4763: 4516: 4298: 4179: 4030: 4015: 3866: 3830: 3826: 3594: 3241: 3185: 2841: 2790: 2782: 2620: 2614:

regents (1203–1333), whose authority was conferred by Imperial warrant. When

2586: 2578: 2415: 2363: 2359: 2308: 2269: 2173: 2136: 2088: 2008: 1840: 624: 595: 463: 392: 155: 146: 73: 9843: 8973: 8745: 7383: 7338: 6415:]. Kodansha Academic Library (in Japanese). Kodansha. pp. 288–290. 3480:, which refer to the emperor's palace or supreme status, were used instead. 471: 10099: 10086: 9910: 9822: 9798: 9741: 9607: 9435: 9254: 8779: 8767: 8762: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8000: 7890: 7865: 7698: 7604: 7520: 7392:, explanation of the title of Emperor in the context of western terminology 6746: 6443: 6319: 6204:

The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison

4682: 4590: 4555:

and a stock farm in the Chiba region, all of which were transferred to the

4536: 4458: 4277: 4260:

empresses). However, female accession was clearly much more rare than male.

4088: 3392:

onward, as it became rare for emperors to pass away before abdicating, the

3389: 3225: 3173: 3150: 3051: 2927: 2837: 2391: 2121: 2096:

as Japan's national symbol, he is barred from making political statements.

1777: 644: 515: 261: 244: 8990: 8817: 7395: 7312: 6348:"Elizabeth Vining, Tutor to a Future Emperor, Dies at 97 (Published 1999)" 4866:

Roughly US$ 23.2 billion in 2022, in terms of relative income value.

4598: 4492:

In 2013, the Imperial Household Agency announced that Emperor Akihito and

4039:(Shinto deities): descendants of Amaterasu with descendants of the family 3265: 10144: 10112: 10027: 9949: 9923: 9010: 8774: 8512: 7925: 7801: 7369: 7323:. Translated by Ricketts, Robert; Swann, Sebastian. New York: Continuum. 7186: 7131:. Vol. 433, no. 9165. October 19, 2019. p. 37 (US edition) 6684: 6496:"From the archives: Japan's Hirohito, 87, Dies After a Reign of 62 Years" 5860: 4929: 4677: 4137: 3862: 3834: 3616: 2926:

instead. As such, some experts doubt whether his divinity was renounced.

2877: 2858: 2833: 2727: 2355: 2290: 2169: 1876: 1871:

religion, which holds him to be the direct descendant of the sun goddess

226: 195: 8844: 7061: 6798: 5579: 4959:

The early institutional life of Japan: a study in the reform of 645 A.D.

3970: 2994:

reported 87% thought Akihito fulfilled his role as symbol of the state.

2554: 2212: 2079:. Moreover, said acts are only exercised in accordance with the binding 685:

Japanese House of Councillors national proportional representation block

9962: 9667: 9032: 8934: 8882: 8795: 8508: 8315: 7015: 6708: 6420: 5681: 5236:"The Japan Self-Defense Forces Law: Translation, History, and Analysis" 4478: 4411: 4221: 3911: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3837:

of China in 607. In this document, Empress Suiko introduced herself to

3733:), upon his abdication on 30 April 2019, and is expected to be renamed 3604: 3496: 3063:

that followed World War II and changed Japan's previous Prussian-style

3002: 2982: 2747: 2582: 2328: 2299: 1931: 637: 3317:

The title given posthumously to an emperor changed after the death of

3236:

The emperors traditionally had an education officer. In recent times,

2233:

Regular ceremonies of the emperor with a constitutional basis are the

10157: 10021: 9917: 9904: 9757: 9060: 8904: 8894: 7232: 7012:"Q&A;: How are the imperial family's money and property managed?" 6773:"Crown Prince Akishino formally declared first in line to the throne" 6703: 5827:"The U.S. Army, Unconditional Surrender, and the Potsdam Declaration" 4060: 3966: 3134: 3020: 2574: 1992: 1883: 1872: 19:"Japanese Emperor" and "Tennō" redirect here. For the butterfly, see 6892:, Kenkyusha Press, Foreign Association of Japan, Tokyo. pp. 332–333. 5673: 5233: 3886: 3176:

the empire was dismantled. The contemporary territories include the

2451: 1892: 10053: 8483: 8473: 8444: 7053: 6632:"Akihito and Japan's Imperial Treasures that make a man an emperor" 5377: 4552: 4217: 4191: 4175: 3958: 3670: 3609: 3245: 3184:. Regardless of territorial changes the emperor remains the formal 3010: 2991: 2959: 2845: 2829: 1949: 299: 97: 9751: 7270:

Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779–1822

6471:"Japan new imperial era name, Reiwa - Origins, Selection, Meaning" 5452:

the opening of an extra session of the Diet in the autumn of 2011.

5024:"The Government of Modern Japan: The Branches and Their Functions" 3143: 2965:

By 1979, Emperor Shōwa was the only monarch in the world with the

2752: 2414:

In the early 7th century, the emperor had begun to be called the "

9995: 9763: 9690: 9685: 8571: 8478: 4795:) for the emperor was once common but is now considered obsolete. 4441: 3710: 3666:

Emperor Akihito giving a New Year's address to the people in 2010

3508: 3253: 3122: 2998: 2987: 2970: 2955: 2735: 2610: 2523: 2370:

are considered as perhaps factual. As one argument, the reign of

2180: 1980: 1969: 1965: 1898: 427: 6322:; n.b., Louis-Frédéric is pseudonym of Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum, 4471:), a provisional depository between death and permanent burial. 3396:

title became established as a posthumous title. An exception is

2817: 10125: 10073: 10060: 9982: 9943: 9930: 9773: 9695: 9672: 9657: 9612: 8946: 5523:

Boscaro, Adriana; Gatti, Franco; Raveri, Massimo, eds. (2003).

5448:

the opening of the ordinary session of the Diet in January 2012

4520: 3857: 3492: 3488: 3201: 3193: 3138: 3126: 3125:

ownership of the realm. Throughout most of medieval Japan, the

2659: 2564: 2129: 2044: 1868: 1863:

from prosecution. By virtue of his position as the head of the

6156: 6154: 4419: 3974: 3957:

The Japanese imperial dynasty consistently practiced official

3685:

The current emperor on the throne is typically referred to as

3165:. In 1938 it was 1,984,000 km (800,000 sq mi). 10047: 10034: 10008: 9956: 9747: 9597: 9593: 8602: 8458: 7439: 5950:"Japanese emperor, a state symbol with scant political power" 4186:

During the succession rite (senso, 践祚), possessing the jewel

4053: 3951: 3752: 3673:

was never referred to by his name in Japan. He was given the

3158: 3067:

that granted the emperor theoretically unlimited powers. The

2881: 2771: 2762:("revere the emperor, expel the barbarians"). The domains of 2386: 1939: 1938:, the current capital of Japan. Earlier, emperors resided in 1935: 1836: 2654:). A Dutch embassy report used similar terminology in 1691. 6265:

by 1942, this 'Empire' covered about 3,285,000 square miles

6151: 5330:. Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. October 25, 2021 4422:

of the Imperial House that were abolished in October 1947.

4035: 2873: 2625: 7066:

Online, multi-formatted, full-text book at openlibrary.org

6878:. The Japan-Manchoukuo Year Book Co. 1938. pp. 50–51. 5454:

The 120th anniversary of the Diet was commemorarated with

4130:, the grandson of the goddess Amaterasu, at the advent of 2666:

were the only westerners who had limited access to Japan.

2441: 675:

List of districts of the House of Representatives of Japan

10198: 9878: 7321:

Inside GHQ: The Allied Occupation of Japan and its Legacy

5973: 3526:

consulted with the court nobles about reviving the title

3435:. Normally, out of respect, euphemistic expressions like 3133:

ruler. The emperor was considered a direct descendant of

2930:

said it would be inadmissible to deny his divine origin.

2715: 1754: 6070: 6001:"Text of the Constitution and Other Important Documents" 5512:. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global 2164566112. 4623:

Controversies regarding the role of the Emperor of Japan

3291:, which refers exclusively to the emperor of Japan, and 2801:. On Meiji's death in 1912 and the accession of his son 7171:

Emperor Hirohito and Shōwa Japan: A Political Biography

5526:

Rethinking Japan: Social Sciences, Ideology and Thought

4905:"Activities of Their Majesties the Emperor and Empress" 2793:. The Japanese subjects gained many rights and duties. 6680:

Imperial law revisited as family shrinks, Emperor ages

6444:

Engelbert Kaempfer; Beatrice M. Bodart-Bailey (1999).

6082: 6058: 4748: 4252:, by which Japan was greatly influenced in the 1870s. 3168:

The maximum extent including the home islands and the

3153:

the first central government of the unified state was

2746:

and the shogunate was changing radically. Disaffected

2644:, whom missionaries called "Emperor Taico-sama" (from 2209:

and other diplomatic documents as provided for by law.

2099:

It is the emperor's preeminent constitutional duty to

2031:, codify this principle by requiring royal acts to be 680:

List of districts of the House of Councillors of Japan

6413:

History of the Emperors 6: Emperors of the Edo Period

5969:"Japan Emperor Akihito to abdicate on April 30, 2019" 5580:

Conrad Schirokauer; David Lurie; Suzanne Gay (1978).

3350:

as the honorary title attached to the posthumous name

6699:"Report: Japan to drop plan to allow female monarch" 5444:

The formal investiture of the Prime Minister in 2010

4580: 3507:

is used by everyone from feudal lords and nobles to

3306:, which primarily identifies non-Japanese emperors. 1942:, the ancient capital, for nearly eleven centuries. 1867:, the emperor is also recognized as the head of the 1843:, the emperor carries many functions similar to the 4198:are a testament of the legitimate serving emperor. 4112:

Conjectural images of the Imperial Regalia of Japan

3757:Originally, the ruler of Japan was known as either 2855:In State Shinto, the emperor was believed to be an 2840:religion was exploited during the war, creating an 2160:and other officials as provided for by law, and of 7122:"Japan's Emperor Is a Prisoner in His Own Palaces" 7120: 6792: 6790: 6589: 5522: 5328:"Fundamental Structure of the Government of Japan" 3829:) can be found in a diplomatic document sent from 3557:Other titles that were recorded to be in use were 3208:continues a similar coexistence with the emperor. 6119: 6117: 6115: 6090:"The Anomalous Life of the Japanese Constitution" 5504:(Ph.D.). Norwich, UK: University of East Anglia. 3855:, heavenly emperor) appears on a wooden slat, or 3005:ended. The previous time abdication occurred was 10866: 7192: 6173:A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower 5777: 5348: 5234:Robert D. Eldridge and Musashi Katsuhiro (ed.). 4052:), with these positions held only by a Fujiwara 2669: 7037: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6787: 6598:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 5497: 5169:"Sections 56 (3) and 64, Constitution of Spain" 4833: 4818: 4557:Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 4402:and to make recommendations to the government. 3543: 3466: 3451: 3436: 3428: 3379: 3359: 3332: 3322: 3292: 3277: 3043: 2912: 2897: 2856: 2618:first came into contact with the Japanese (see 2427: 1946:(currently 23 February) is a national holiday. 6740: 6581: 6228: 6112: 5944: 5942: 5940: 5891: 5889: 5858: 5748:Ishida, Takeshi; Kraus, Ellis S, eds. (1989). 5718: 5716: 5365: 4840: 4825: 4790: 4784: 4719: 4466: 4158:, with a replica at the central shrine of the 4135: 3846: 3816: 3802: 3784: 3778: 3764: 3758: 3738: 3728: 3718: 3700: 3690: 3587: 3581: 3537: 3473: 3458: 3443: 3422: 3373: 3353: 3339: 3321:in 967, who was the last to receive the title 3299: 3284: 3218: 3146:which names eras on calendars after emperors. 3037: 2944: 2919: 2904: 2865: 2421: 50: 10184: 9873: 9859: 8587: 8507:Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are in 7422: 6980:"Book lifts the lid on Emperor's high living" 5754:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 7. 5556:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 198–. 5553:The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. – A.D. 907 5303: 5074:Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds, 4952: 4950: 4485:onward, the emperors have been buried at the 4386:, on 6 September 2006, there was a potential 2828:Emperor Shōwa, known by his personal name as 1804: 7528: 7474: 6860: 5643: 5641: 5543: 5529:. Vol. II. Japan Library. p. 300. 5373:"Japan's new Emperor Naruhito pledges unity" 4551:prefectures, grazing lands for livestock in 3569:(王), all meaning "prince" or "emperor", and 2354:According to the traditional account of the 2156:Attests to the appointment and dismissal of 2055:explicitly vests executive authority in the 8466: 7197:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 6446:Kaempfer's Japan: Tokugawa Culture Observed 6297: 5937: 5886: 5747: 5713: 4429:was formally declared first in line to the 3554:was once again used for deceased emperors. 2812: 2699: 2573:who have controlled Japanese emperors: the 2480:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2087:, which is collectively responsible to the 2063:is the leader. The emperor is also not the 10191: 10177: 9866: 9852: 8594: 8580: 7429: 7415: 7150: 6629: 6625: 6623: 6621: 6619: 6448:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 88. 6327:Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Authority File 5873: 5871: 5810:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4947: 4867: 3050:became law when it received the emperor's 1811: 1797: 6796: 6715:. The Associated Press. January 3, 2007. 6587: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6396: 6394: 6207:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. 6194: 5638: 4103: 3927:Learn how and when to remove this message 3310:("the imperial person") was also used in 2500:Learn how and when to remove this message 2151:general elections for members of the Diet 419:Second Kishida Cabinet (Second Reshuffle) 8427: 8323: 8289: 8215: 8161: 8062: 7401:Emperor of Japan's New Year Address 2017 7098: 6765: 6555:pp.154–156. University of Hawaii Press. 6238:The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire 6200: 6169: 5907: 5696:"御誓文ノ趣旨ニ基ク立憲政體樹立ニ關スル詔書（明治八年四月十四日）：文部科学省" 5583:A Brief History of Japanese Civilization 5575: 5573: 5549: 5467: 5096: 4503: 4440: 4211: 4126:, the sacred treasures were bestowed on 4107: 3938: 3723:, Emperor Emeritus), often shortened to 3626: 3211:The first recorded instance of the name 3074: 2980:According to journalist Makoto Inoue of 2896:, but the declaration excludes the word 2816: 2709: 2511: 2263: 1979: 1839:. Although not being the constitutional 1831:privileged position established for the 8867:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) 7873: 7396:Japan opens imperial tombs for research 7318: 6799:"The Funerals of the Japanese Emperors" 6616: 6076: 6064: 6030:Oda, Hiroshi (2009). "Sources of Law". 6023: 5877: 5868: 5626:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology 5306:"Japan's modern monarchy: How it works" 5191:"Section 182, Constitution of Thailand" 4981:Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet 3954:or an assortment of female attendants. 3865:in 1998 and dated back to the reign of 3271: 3026: 3013:ascended on 1 May 2019, referred to as 2949:The Emperors of Japan have not visited 2933:Hirohito was excluded from the postwar 2640:and their regents, e.g. in the case of 2551:and the military governments of Japan. 2442:Disputes and instability (10th century) 964:Japanese House of Councillors elections 10867: 7809: 7706: 7612: 6826:"Emperor, Empress plan to be cremated" 6575:ご存知ですか 3月2日は飛鳥池遺跡で「天皇」木簡が出土したと発表された日です 6406: 6391: 6042:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199232185.001.1 5966: 5773: 5771: 5659: 5125:"Article 106, Constitution of Belgium" 5100:Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945 4853: 3876: 3746: 3054:on 3 November 1946. It provides for a 2939:longest-reigning monarchs in the world 2714:The first arrival of Emperor Meiji to 2632:to secular European rulers (e.g., the 2547:, show the power struggle between the 1975: 10199:Heads of state and government of Asia 10172: 9847: 8575: 7410: 7193:Kawamura, Noriko (January 27, 2016). 7049:The Early Institutional Life of Japan 6345: 6276: 6234: 6163: 5993: 5925:from the original on October 22, 2019 5824: 5618: 5614: 5612: 5570: 5349:Kawanishi Hideya (October 25, 2021). 5147:"Article 14, Constitution of Denmark" 5092: 5090: 5068: 5066: 4860: 4757: 3946:, empress consort of Japan since 2019 3419:in the imperial rescript of accession 2832:in the West, was in power during the 158:(First monarch using title "Emperor") 7246: 7195:Emperor Hirohito and the Pacific War 7151:Fiévé, Nicolas; Waley, Paul (2003). 6901: 6235:James, David H. (November 1, 2010). 6100:from the original on August 11, 2019 5960: 5839:10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim130130102 5825:Villa, Brian Loring (January 1976). 5780:Emperor Hirohito and the Pacific War 4436: 4382:Until the birth of Hisahito, son of 4284:Historically, the succession to the 4208:Enthronement of the Japanese emperor 3909:adding citations to reliable sources 3880: 3550:. From this point onward, the title 2884:). Following Japan's surrender, the 2478:adding citations to reliable sources 2445: 1952:is the current emperor of Japan. He 252:Constitution of Japan (1947–present) 6988:. September 7, 2003. Archived from 6741:Mainichi Japan (October 23, 2019). 6346:Smith, Dinitia (December 1, 1999). 6277:Fogel, Joshua A. (April 29, 2015). 6029: 5981:from the original on April 30, 2019 5768: 5213:"Article 65, Constitution of Japan" 4168:(kept at the central shrine of the 3705:, "His Current Majesty") or simply 3224:was between 665 and 703 during the 3001:abdicated due to health issues and 2569:There have been seven non-imperial 13: 9043:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 8601: 8498: 7102:"Japan § 'Domestic History'" 6779:. November 8, 2020. Archived from 5967:Enjoji, Kaori (December 1, 2017). 5724:"Meiji Constitution | 1889, Japan" 5662:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 5609: 5550:Holcombe, Charles (January 2001). 5498:Edgington-Brown, Luke (May 2016). 5423:"Article 7, Constitution of Japan" 5401:"Article 6, Constitution of Japan" 5353:. Nippon Communications Foundation 5283:"Article 4, Constitution of Japan" 5261:"Article 1, Constitution of Japan" 5087: 5063: 5004:. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency 4496:would be cremated after they die. 3709:, when speaking Japanese. Emperor 3612:), but this term is now obsolete. 3188:of Japan. During most of history, 2555:Factional control (530s–1867) and 2226: 2107:as designated by the Diet and the 2039:where the monarch is not even the 14: 10916: 8910:Imperial Constitution (1890–1947) 7363: 6518:. p.15. Oxford University Press. 6255:from the original on July 6, 2019 5586:. Cengage Learning. p. 147. 4367:Succession to the Japanese throne 4360: 4216:Enthronement ceremony of Emperor 3530:and obtained permission from the 3503:(1730–1804) remarked, "The title 3483:However, as the use of the title 2781:formally stepped down to restore 10150: 10137: 10124: 10111: 10098: 10085: 10072: 10059: 10046: 10033: 10020: 10007: 9994: 9981: 9968: 9955: 9942: 9929: 9916: 9903: 9890: 9828: 9827: 9816: 8556: 8555: 7438: 6923:The International Business Times 6468: 5952:. April 30, 2019. Archived from 5103:. Scarecrow Press. p. 100. 4779:In English, the use of the term 4643:Family tree of Japanese monarchs 4597: 4583: 3885: 3137:and of utmost importance in the 3099: 3083: 2450: 2259: 1930:, located on the former site of 1771: 612:Intellectual Property High Court 530: 487: 470: 370: 304: 279: 225: 86: 74:Standard of the emperor of Japan 67: 7247:Roth, Andrew (March 15, 2007). 7004: 6972: 6942: 6910: 6895: 6888:"Exchange and Interest Rates", 6882: 6845: 6818: 6811:Seidensticker, Edward. (1990). 6805: 6734: 6691: 6672: 6646: 6566: 6545: 6529: 6508: 6488: 6462: 6437: 6373: 6339: 6270: 6126: 5880:Aux sources du Japon: Le Shinto 5852: 5818: 5741: 5688: 5653: 5600: 5516: 5491: 5461: 5437: 5415: 5393: 5342: 5320: 5297: 5275: 5253: 5241:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing 5227: 5205: 5183: 5161: 5139: 5117: 5038: 5016: 4994: 4811: 3983: 3896:needs additional citations for 3809:Ame-no-shita shiroshimesu ōkimi 3695:, "His Majesty the Emperor"), 3009:in 1817. Akihito's eldest son, 2777:On 9 November 1867, the Shogun 2273:poetry competition, chaired by 2179:Attests to general and special 9396:Agriculture, forestry, fishing 7356:Annales des empereurs du Japon 6926:. June 9, 2017. Archived from 6876:The Japan-Manchoukuo Year Book 6874:"Japan – The Imperial Court". 6596:Handbook of Japanese mythology 5304:Brandon Baker (May 22, 2019). 4969: 4922: 4897: 4868:Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). 4804:The emperor is defined by the 4798: 4773: 4728: 4710: 4700: 3346:started to be used instead of 2756:began to rally to the call of 2043:chief executive; the other is 257:Meiji Constitution (1890–1947) 1: 10900:7th-century BC establishments 7370:The Imperial Household Agency 7018:. May 4, 2019. Archived from 6630:Anna Jones (April 27, 2019). 4909:The Imperial Household Agency 4688: 4519:) was donated to the city of 4201: 3407:During their reign, the term 2911:, including the unusual word 2799:Imperial General Headquarters 2670:Kenmu Restoration (1333–1336) 2375: 2332:winner of a sumo tournament. 603:Justices of the Supreme Court 8530:is not traditionally listed. 7297:The Emperors of Modern Japan 7085:10.1080/02757206.2013.726990 7038:General and cited references 6160:Fiévé & Waley, 2003:235. 5474:The Emperors of Modern Japan 5002:"Japan - The World Factbook" 4891: 3615:Japanese emperors take on a 3573:(天子), or "child of heaven". 3248:had Marshal-Admiral Marquis 3231: 1859:, the emperor is personally 7: 8984:1923 Great Kantō earthquake 8930:Abolition of the han system 6588:Ashkenazi, Michael (2003). 6036:. Oxford University Press. 5859: 4977:"The Constitution of Japan" 4834: 4819: 4749: 4663:Japanese official state car 4576: 4313:, as well as the legendary 4136: 3863:Asuka-mura, Nara Prefecture 3544: 3467: 3452: 3437: 3429: 3380: 3360: 3333: 3323: 3293: 3278: 3044: 2945:Contemporary (1978–present) 2913: 2898: 2857: 2428: 2411:with limited time and way. 2207:instruments of ratification 1208:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 10: 10921: 10880:Political history of Japan 7379:World History Encyclopedia 7295:Shillony, Ben-Ami (2008). 7169:Large, Stephen S. (1992). 7099:Brinkley, Francis (1911). 6688:, December 16, 2011, p. 3. 6283:. Routledge. p. 140. 6170:Henshall, Kenneth (2012). 5097:Henshall, Kenneth (2013). 5046:"最高裁判所判例集事件番号平成1(行ツ)126" 4487:Musashi Imperial Graveyard 4447:Musashi Imperial Graveyard 4364: 4267:an honored former emperor. 4205: 4115: 3750: 2997:On 30 April 2019, Emperor 2977:of Thailand in July 2008. 2734:made their first visit to 2703: 2673: 2562: 2347: 2343: 2335: 699:Japanese general elections 18: 10895:Ceremonial heads of state 10875:Deified Japanese monarchs 10855: 10822: 10788:limited recognized states 10787: 10524: 10513: 10479:limited recognized states 10478: 10215: 10204: 9885: 9811: 9579: 9457: 9448: 9391: 9382: 9317: 9194: 9190: 9181: 9094: 9085: 9053: 8996:Japan during World War II 8966: 8875: 8813:Mongol invasions of Japan 8788: 8713: 8640: 8631: 8613: 8496: 8457: 8418: 8314: 8280: 8206: 8152: 8053: 7864: 7800: 7697: 7603: 7594: 7519: 7465: 7458: 6890:Japan Year Book 1938–1939 6381:"皇族就学令大正15年10月21日皇室令第8号" 6303:Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric 5778:Kawamura, Noriko (2016). 4841: 4826: 4791: 4785: 4738: 4668:List of emperors of Japan 4499: 4467: 4248:, which was adopted from 3847: 3817: 3803: 3785: 3779: 3765: 3759: 3739: 3729: 3719: 3701: 3691: 3588: 3582: 3538: 3474: 3459: 3444: 3423: 3374: 3354: 3340: 3331:in 991 onward, the title 3300: 3285: 3219: 3038: 2935:Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal 2920: 2905: 2866: 2824:reigned from 1926 to 1989 2774:against Tokugawa forces. 2422: 2396:Imperial Household Agency 2350:List of emperors of Japan 2185:commutation of punishment 2135:Convokes sessions of the 2118:constitutional amendments 2069:Japan Self-Defense Forces 2001:constitutional monarchies 343:Imperial Household Agency 190: 177: 162: 142: 130: 120: 115: 111: 107: 94: 85: 80: 66: 59: 51: 48: 40: 31:List of emperors of Japan 9270:House of Representatives 9066:2019 imperial transition 9038:Great Hanshin earthquake 9006:Second Sino-Japanese War 8979:Japan during World War I 7073:History and Anthropology 5425:. The Constitute Project 5403:. The Constitute Project 5285:. The Constitute Project 5263:. The Constitute Project 5215:. The Constitute Project 5193:. The Constitute Project 5171:. The Constitute Project 5149:. The Constitute Project 5127:. The Constitute Project 4934:Encyclopaedia Britannica 4693: 4613:Anti-monarchism in Japan 4329:(also Empress Shōtoku), 4170:Three Palace Sanctuaries 4160:Three Palace Sanctuaries 3861:, that was unearthed in 3843:Hi izurutokoro no tenshi 3602:), was once used (as in 3206:parliamentary government 3170:Japanese colonial empire 2813:World War II (1937–1945) 2700:Meiji Restoration (1868) 2398:has refused to open the 2144:House of Representatives 2094:institutional neutrality 1151:Administrative divisions 481:House of Representatives 207:This article is part of 8953:First Sino-Japanese War 7145:(subscription required) 7112:Encyclopædia Britannica 6514:Huffman, James (2010). 6407:Fujita, Satoru (2018). 6201:Harrison, Mark (2000). 6138:Encyclopædia Britannica 5915:"King Bhumibol's reign" 5882:. Parigi: Albin Michel. 5728:Encyclopedia Britannica 5072:Hoye, Timothy. (1999). 4648:Imperial House of Japan 3289:, "heavenly sovereign") 2549:Imperial Court in Kyoto 2358:, Japan was founded by 1964:of his father, Emperor 1845:constitutional monarchs 1107:Unified local elections 445:Administrative Agencies 9421:Science and technology 8860:Council of Five Elders 8855:Azuchi–Momoyama period 8503: 7319:Takemae, Eiji (2002). 6852:"Legacy of Hirohito". 6516:Japan in World History 5878:Herbert, Jean (1964). 5831:The SHAFR Guide Online 5606:Titsingh, pp. 411–412. 5050:Supreme Court of Japan 4720: 4658:Japanese honors system 4653:Japanese Air Force One 4511: 4454: 4420:11 collateral branches 4400:Imperial Household Law 4350:Imperial Household Law 4335:Empress Go-Sakuramachi 4225: 4144:Three Sacred Treasures 4118:Three Sacred Treasures 4113: 4104:Three Sacred Treasures 3947: 3801:, used externally) or 3667: 3598:, an old term for the 3518:Amid this trend, when 3106:Current realm of Japan 2825: 2719: 2656:Empress Go-Sakuramachi 2519: 2282: 2254:National Diet Building 2246:Speech from the Throne 1996: 1944:The Emperor's Birthday 1921:Japanese honors system 1906:(1203–1333), were the 1857:Supreme Court of Japan 1849:Imperial Household Law 1226:Diplomatic missions of 27:Tenno (disambiguation) 25:. For other uses, see 16:Head of state of Japan 9366:Deputy Prime Minister 8751:Asuka Kiyomihara Code 8502: 7173:. London: Routledge. 7022:on September 27, 2020 6656:. 宮内庁. Archived from 6551:Ooms, Herman (2009). 6385:National Diet Library 6005:National Diet Library 5477:. BRILL. p. 15. 4806:Constitution of Japan 4633:Divine right of kings 4509:Tokyo Imperial Palace 4507: 4444: 4433:on November 8, 2020. 4246:agnatic primogeniture 4215: 4111: 3977:). After a decree by 3942: 3665: 3576:In English, the term 3258:Elizabeth Gray Vining 3075:Realm and territories 3033:Constitution of Japan 3031:In 1947 the post-war 2820: 2713: 2597:(1336–1565), and the 2515: 2267: 2242:Tokyo Imperial Palace 2235:Imperial Investitures 2193:restoration of rights 2053:Constitution of Japan 1983: 182:Tokyo Imperial Palace 10764:United Arab Emirates 10455:United Arab Emirates 9275:House of Councillors 9169:World Heritage Sites 8536:Imperial family tree 7390:The Emperor of Japan 7384:List of the Emperors 6783:on November 8, 2020. 5026:. Asia for Educators 4431:chrysanthemum throne 4286:Chrysanthemum Throne 4220:with Prime Minister 4188:Yasakani no Magatama 4166:Yasakani no Magatama 3905:improve this article 3873:in the 7th century. 3388:. However, from the 3327:. From the death of 3272:Reference and naming 3178:Japanese archipelago 3069:liberal constitution 3056:parliamentary system 3027:Current constitution 2894:Humanity Declaration 2616:Portuguese explorers 2474:improve this section 2313:uphold these roles. 2250:House of Councillors 2227:ceremonial functions 1958:Chrysanthemum Throne 1851:governs the line of 524:House of Councillors 333:Chrysanthemum Throne 185:(official residence) 9292:Self-Defense Forces 8546:Order of succession 6985:The Daily Telegraph 6753:on October 24, 2019 6313:Japan encyclopedia, 6307:(2005). "Nihon" in 6096:. August 15, 2017. 6011:on November 6, 2020 4854:Informational notes 4618:Chrysanthemum taboo 4561:imperial properties 4178:sword (kept at the 3877:Marriage traditions 3839:Emperor Yang of Sui 3747:Origin of the title 3713:received the title 3121:, the emperor held 2986:, Emperor Emeritus 2850:Potsdam Declaration 2688:, with the help of 2215:the credentials of 1976:Constitutional role 1853:imperial succession 1361:Trinidad and Tobago 338:Imperial Succession 167:February 11, 660 BC 9426:Telecommunications 8958:Russo-Japanese War 8888:Tokugawa shogunate 8838:Nanboku-chō period 8833:Ashikaga shogunate 8806:Kamakura shogunate 8504: 7351:Nihon Ōdai Ichiran 6954:PoundSterling Live 6654:"ご即位・立太子・成年に関する用語" 6642:on March 24, 2022. 6591:"Ninigi-no-Mikoto" 6542:, October 10, 2019 6536:Satoshi Yabuuchi, 6504:. January 7, 1989. 6352:The New York Times 6180:. pp. 15–16. 6178:Palgrave Macmillan 5919:The New York Times 5903:. August 14, 2021. 5751:Democracy in Japan 5456:a special ceremony 4956:Kanʼichi Asakawa. 4768:heavenly sovereign 4512: 4455: 4342:Meiji Constitution 4226: 4124:Japanese mythology 4114: 4097:Imperial House Law 4050:Sesshō and Kampaku 3948: 3668: 3600:Ottoman government 3532:Tokugawa shogunate 3499:Confucian scholar 3119:Kamakura shogunate 3065:Meiji Constitution 2975:Bhumibol Adulyadej 2826: 2787:Meiji Constitution 2779:Tokugawa Yoshinobu 2720: 2686:Kamakura shogunate 2648:and the honorific 2642:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 2634:Holy Roman emperor 2585:(1159–1180s), the 2537:Kamakura shogunate 2522:The growth of the 2520: 2283: 2158:Ministers of State 2081:advice and consent 2065:commander-in-chief 1997: 1916:Meiji Constitution 1833:hereditary monarch 196:www.kunaicho.go.jp 169:; 2684 years ago ( 143:First monarch 29:. For a list, see 10890:Japanese monarchy 10885:Emperors of Japan 10862: 10861: 10818: 10817: 10525:UN members 10509: 10508: 10216:UN members 10166: 10165: 9841: 9840: 9807: 9806: 9556:Sexual minorities 9444: 9443: 9378: 9377: 9374: 9373: 9287:Political parties 9226:Foreign relations 9177: 9176: 9081: 9080: 9071:COVID-19 pandemic 8940:Satsuma Rebellion 8925:Meiji Restoration 8823:Kenmu Restoration 8683:Foreign relations 8569: 8568: 8492: 8491: 8453: 8452: 8414: 8413: 8310: 8309: 8276: 8275: 8202: 8201: 8148: 8147: 8049: 8048: 7860: 7859: 7796: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7693: 7692: 7590: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7515: 7514: 7445:Emperors of Japan 7305:978-90-474-4225-7 7299:. Leiden: Brill. 7290:978-0-7007-1720-0 7258:978-1-4067-6311-9 7204:978-0-295-80631-0 7044:Asakawa, Kan'ichi 6930:on August 5, 2020 6561:978-0-8248-3235-3 6524:978-0-19-979884-1 6501:Los Angeles Times 6430:978-4-065-11640-1 6187:978-0-230-34662-8 6051:978-0-19-923218-5 5789:978-0-295-80631-0 5563:978-0-8248-2465-5 5536:978-0-904404-79-1 5484:978-90-04-16822-0 5469:Shillony, Ben-Ami 5110:978-0-8108-7872-3 4764:ruler from heaven 4759:[tennoꜜː] 4747: 4437:Burial traditions 4396:Junichiro Koizumi 4340:Article 2 of the 4224:(22 October 2019) 3937: 3936: 3929: 3773:, "Grand King of 3663: 3608:, a 19th-century 3061:Allied occupation 2967:monarchical title 2706:Meiji Restoration 2694:Kenmu Restoration 2676:Kenmu Restoration 2593:(1199–1333), the 2589:(1192–1199), the 2581:(850s–1070), the 2541:Kenmu Restoration 2510: 2509: 2502: 1912:Meiji Restoration 1821: 1820: 1243:Visa requirements 1238:Japanese passport 1201:Foreign relations 1188:Submunicipalities 690:Political parties 559:Hiroyuki Nagahama 218:Politics of Japan 202: 201: 10912: 10522: 10521: 10213: 10212: 10193: 10186: 10179: 10170: 10169: 10155: 10154: 10142: 10141: 10129: 10128: 10116: 10115: 10103: 10102: 10090: 10089: 10077: 10076: 10064: 10063: 10051: 10050: 10038: 10037: 10025: 10024: 10012: 10011: 9999: 9998: 9986: 9985: 9973: 9972: 9960: 9959: 9947: 9946: 9934: 9933: 9921: 9920: 9908: 9907: 9895: 9894: 9868: 9861: 9854: 9845: 9844: 9831: 9830: 9823:Japan portal 9821: 9820: 9819: 9736:National symbols 9455: 9454: 9389: 9388: 9192: 9191: 9188: 9187: 9092: 9091: 9026:Economic miracle 8828:Muromachi period 8638: 8637: 8596: 8589: 8582: 8573: 8572: 8559: 8558: 8521:Imperial Consort 8518: 8464: 8463: 8425: 8424: 8321: 8320: 8287: 8286: 8213: 8212: 8159: 8158: 8060: 8059: 7871: 7870: 7807: 7806: 7704: 7703: 7610: 7609: 7601: 7600: 7526: 7525: 7472: 7471: 7463: 7462: 7453: 7443: 7442: 7431: 7424: 7417: 7408: 7407: 7375:Emperor of Japan 7342: 7262: 7249:Dilemma in Japan 7233:10.2307/20033332 7216: 7166: 7146: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7124: 7116: 7104: 7032: 7031: 7029: 7027: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6999: 6997: 6976: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6965: 6960:on July 31, 2020 6956:. Archived from 6946: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6899: 6893: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6871: 6858: 6857: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6838: 6822: 6816: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6794: 6785: 6784: 6769: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6749:. Archived from 6738: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6695: 6689: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6638:. Archived from 6627: 6614: 6613: 6593: 6585: 6579: 6578:, March 2, 2018. 6573:Masataka Kondo, 6570: 6564: 6549: 6543: 6533: 6527: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6492: 6486: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6404: 6389: 6388: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6343: 6337: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6274: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6260: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6198: 6192: 6191: 6167: 6161: 6158: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6130: 6124: 6121: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6086: 6080: 6079:, p. xxxix. 6074: 6068: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6007:. Archived from 5997: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5946: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5921:. May 21, 1989. 5911: 5905: 5904: 5893: 5884: 5883: 5875: 5866: 5864: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5809: 5801: 5775: 5766: 5765: 5745: 5739: 5738: 5736: 5734: 5720: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5616: 5607: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5577: 5568: 5567: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5495: 5489: 5488: 5465: 5459: 5441: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5408: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5369: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5279: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5240: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5121: 5115: 5114: 5094: 5085: 5070: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5042: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5020: 5014: 5013: 5011: 5009: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4973: 4967: 4954: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4901: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4880: 4864: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4822: 4815: 4809: 4802: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4787: 4777: 4771: 4761: 4756: 4752: 4742: 4740: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4714: 4708: 4704: 4673:Reigning Emperor 4607: 4602: 4601: 4593: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4570:Mainichi Shimbun 4470: 4469: 4445:Entrance of the 4156:Ise Grand Shrine 4141: 4128:Ninigi-no-Mikoto 3987: 3985: 3932: 3925: 3921: 3918: 3912: 3889: 3881: 3850: 3849: 3820: 3819: 3813:Sumera no mikoto 3806: 3805: 3788: 3787: 3782: 3781: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3761: 3742: 3741: 3732: 3731: 3722: 3721: 3704: 3703: 3694: 3693: 3664: 3591: 3590: 3585: 3584: 3549: 3547: 3541: 3540: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3462: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3447: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3387: 3385: 3377: 3376: 3365: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3345: 3343: 3342: 3336: 3326: 3319:Emperor Murakami 3305: 3303: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3288: 3287: 3281: 3223: 3222: 3221: 3103: 3087: 3049: 3047: 3041: 3040: 2925: 2923: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2908: 2907: 2901: 2890:Shinto Directive 2871: 2869: 2868: 2862: 2807:Taishō Democracy 2690:Ashikaga Takauji 2577:(530s–645), the 2545:Emperor Go-Daigo 2517:Emperor Go-Daigo 2505: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2485: 2454: 2446: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2380: 2377: 2248:ceremony in the 2037:sovereign states 1934:in the heart of 1888:Western monarchs 1829:constitutionally 1825:emperor of Japan 1813: 1806: 1799: 1778:Japan portal 1776: 1775: 1774: 534: 504:Fukushiro Nukaga 491: 474: 374: 308: 283: 229: 204: 203: 198: 186: 132:Heir presumptive 103:since 1 May 2019 100: 90: 71: 55: 54: 53: 44: 38: 37: 22:Sasakia charonda 10920: 10919: 10915: 10914: 10913: 10911: 10910: 10909: 10865: 10864: 10863: 10858: 10851: 10824:Supreme leaders 10814: 10800:Northern Cyprus 10783: 10526: 10516: 10505: 10491:Northern Cyprus 10474: 10217: 10207: 10200: 10197: 10167: 10162: 10149: 10136: 10123: 10110: 10097: 10084: 10071: 10058: 10045: 10032: 10019: 10006: 9993: 9980: 9967: 9954: 9941: 9928: 9915: 9902: 9889: 9881: 9872: 9842: 9837: 9817: 9815: 9803: 9623:Class S (genre) 9575: 9551:Sex trafficking 9526:Life expectancy 9462:Anti-monarchism 9440: 9370: 9313: 9280:List of members 9260:Law enforcement 9173: 9077: 9049: 9001:Mukden Incident 8962: 8920:Meiji oligarchy 8900:Empire of Japan 8871: 8801:Kamakura period 8784: 8709: 8627: 8609: 8600: 8570: 8565: 8516: 8488: 8449: 8420:Empire of Japan 8410: 8306: 8282:Azuchi-Momoyama 8272: 8253:Go-Tsuchimikado 8198: 8144: 8045: 7856: 7788: 7689: 7582: 7511: 7454: 7447: 7437: 7435: 7366: 7346:Titsingh, Isaac 7331: 7274:RoutledgeCurzon 7259: 7221:Foreign Affairs 7205: 7163: 7144: 7134: 7132: 7119: 7040: 7035: 7025: 7023: 7010: 7009: 7005: 6995: 6993: 6992:on May 11, 2019 6978: 6977: 6973: 6963: 6961: 6948: 6947: 6943: 6933: 6931: 6916: 6915: 6911: 6900: 6896: 6887: 6883: 6873: 6872: 6861: 6851: 6850: 6846: 6836: 6834: 6831:The Japan Times 6824: 6823: 6819: 6810: 6806: 6797:François Macé. 6795: 6788: 6771: 6770: 6766: 6756: 6754: 6739: 6735: 6725: 6723: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6678:Martin, Alex, " 6677: 6673: 6663: 6661: 6652: 6651: 6647: 6628: 6617: 6610: 6586: 6582: 6571: 6567: 6550: 6546: 6534: 6530: 6513: 6509: 6494: 6493: 6489: 6479: 6477: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6442: 6438: 6431: 6405: 6392: 6379: 6378: 6374: 6364: 6362: 6344: 6340: 6302: 6298: 6291: 6275: 6271: 6258: 6256: 6249: 6233: 6229: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6152: 6142: 6140: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6123:Roth, 2007:103. 6122: 6113: 6103: 6101: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6028: 6024: 6014: 6012: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5984: 5982: 5965: 5961: 5956:on May 1, 2019. 5948: 5947: 5938: 5928: 5926: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5895: 5894: 5887: 5876: 5869: 5857: 5853: 5843: 5841: 5823: 5819: 5803: 5802: 5790: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5746: 5742: 5732: 5730: 5722: 5721: 5714: 5704: 5702: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5674:10.2307/2718461 5658: 5654: 5646: 5639: 5629: 5627: 5617: 5610: 5605: 5601: 5594: 5578: 5571: 5564: 5548: 5544: 5537: 5521: 5517: 5496: 5492: 5485: 5466: 5462: 5442: 5438: 5428: 5426: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5406: 5404: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5384: 5382: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5356: 5354: 5347: 5343: 5333: 5331: 5326: 5325: 5321: 5311: 5309: 5302: 5298: 5288: 5286: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5266: 5264: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5232: 5228: 5218: 5216: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5196: 5194: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5174: 5172: 5167: 5166: 5162: 5152: 5150: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5130: 5128: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5111: 5095: 5088: 5071: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5044: 5043: 5039: 5029: 5027: 5022: 5021: 5017: 5007: 5005: 5000: 4999: 4995: 4985: 4983: 4975: 4974: 4970: 4955: 4948: 4938: 4936: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4913: 4911: 4903: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4888: 4878: 4876: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4850: 4838: 4823: 4816: 4812: 4803: 4799: 4778: 4774: 4754: 4733: 4729: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4605:Monarchy portal 4603: 4596: 4589: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4502: 4494:Empress Michiko 4439: 4427:Prince Akishino 4384:Prince Akishino 4377:Prince Hisahito 4369: 4363: 4354:Yoshida Shigeru 4303:Empress Kōgyoku 4273:Emperor Go-Saga 4230:time immemorial 4210: 4204: 4194:and the mirror 4120: 4106: 4022:to chief wife. 3986: 986–1011 3982: 3933: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3902: 3890: 3879: 3755: 3749: 3675:posthumous name 3627: 3535: 3471: 3456: 3441: 3420: 3371: 3351: 3337: 3297: 3282: 3274: 3250:Tōgō Heihachirō 3234: 3217: 3198:prime ministers 3192:power was with 3163:Empire of Japan 3111: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3096: 3095: 3092:Empire of Japan 3088: 3077: 3045:Nihonkoku-Kenpō 3035: 3029: 2951:Yasukuni Shrine 2947: 2917: 2902: 2863: 2815: 2724:Commodore Perry 2708: 2702: 2678: 2672: 2567: 2561: 2529:Emperor Go-Toba 2506: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2471: 2455: 2444: 2419: 2378: 2352: 2346: 2338: 2316:In sports, the 2262: 2059:, of which the 1989:Empress Michiko 1985:Emperor Akihito 1978: 1928:Imperial Palace 1817: 1788: 1784:Other countries 1772: 1770: 1765: 1764: 1751: 1743: 1710: 1252: 1234: 1222: 1203: 1193: 1192: 1169: 1153: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1110: 1109: 1103: 1101: 967: 966: 960: 958: 702: 701: 695: 670: 660: 659: 641: 627: 617: 616: 608: 584: 575: 565: 564: 563: 561: 547:Hidehisa Otsuji 519: 476: 458: 450: 449: 436: 434: 421: 414: 400: 388: 358: 348: 347: 324: 277: 267: 266: 247: 220: 194: 184: 154: 102: 96: 76: 62: 49: 42: 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10918: 10908: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10860: 10859: 10856: 10853: 10852: 10850: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10828: 10826: 10820: 10819: 10816: 10815: 10813: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10791: 10789: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10530: 10528: 10519: 10511: 10510: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10482: 10480: 10476: 10475: 10473: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10221: 10219: 10210: 10202: 10201: 10196: 10195: 10188: 10181: 10173: 10164: 10163: 10161: 10160: 10147: 10134: 10121: 10108: 10095: 10082: 10069: 10056: 10043: 10030: 10017: 10004: 9991: 9978: 9965: 9952: 9939: 9926: 9913: 9900: 9886: 9883: 9882: 9875:Heads of state 9871: 9870: 9863: 9856: 9848: 9839: 9838: 9836: 9835: 9825: 9812: 9809: 9808: 9805: 9804: 9802: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9754: 9745: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9680: 9678:Henohenomoheji 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9635: 9625: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9591: 9585: 9583: 9577: 9576: 9574: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9522: 9521: 9511: 9510: 9509: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9458: 9452: 9446: 9445: 9442: 9441: 9439: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9392: 9386: 9380: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9368: 9363: 9362: 9361: 9354:Prime Minister 9351: 9346: 9344:Foreign policy 9341: 9336: 9335: 9334: 9323: 9321: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9289: 9284: 9283: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9251: 9250: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9228: 9223: 9221:Imperial House 9218: 9217: 9216: 9206: 9201: 9195: 9185: 9179: 9178: 9175: 9174: 9172: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9129:Extreme points 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9095: 9089: 9083: 9082: 9079: 9078: 9076: 9075: 9074: 9073: 9068: 9057: 9055: 9051: 9050: 9048: 9047: 9046: 9045: 9040: 9030: 9029: 9028: 9023: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8988: 8987: 8986: 8981: 8970: 8968: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8944: 8943: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8891: 8890: 8879: 8877: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8869: 8864: 8863: 8862: 8857: 8850:Sengoku period 8847: 8842: 8841: 8840: 8835: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8809: 8808: 8798: 8792: 8790: 8789:Post-Classical 8786: 8785: 8783: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8771: 8770: 8760: 8759: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8717: 8715: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8707: 8706: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8669: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8644: 8642: 8635: 8629: 8628: 8626: 8625: 8620: 8614: 8611: 8610: 8599: 8598: 8591: 8584: 8576: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8563: 8553: 8551:Imperial tombs 8548: 8543: 8541:Imperial House 8538: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8470: 8468: 8461: 8455: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8431: 8429: 8422: 8416: 8415: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8381:Go-Sakuramachi 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8327: 8325: 8318: 8312: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8304: 8299: 8293: 8291: 8284: 8278: 8277: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8258:Go-Kashiwabara 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8219: 8217: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8196: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8165: 8163: 8156: 8154:Northern Court 8150: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8066: 8064: 8057: 8051: 8050: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7983: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7877: 7875: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7813: 7811: 7804: 7798: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7710: 7708: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7691: 7690: 7688: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7616: 7614: 7607: 7598: 7592: 7591: 7588: 7587: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7580: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7532: 7530: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7478: 7476: 7469: 7460: 7456: 7455: 7434: 7433: 7426: 7419: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7398: 7393: 7387: 7381: 7372: 7365: 7364:External links 7362: 7361: 7360: 7343: 7329: 7316: 7293: 7266:Screech, Timon 7263: 7257: 7251:. Roth Press. 7244: 7217: 7203: 7190: 7167: 7161: 7148: 7142:Alternate link 7117: 7107:Chisholm, Hugh 7096: 7079:(4): 425–443. 7069: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7003: 6971: 6941: 6909: 6894: 6881: 6859: 6856:. May 3, 1989. 6844: 6817: 6804: 6786: 6764: 6733: 6690: 6671: 6660:on May 9, 2021 6645: 6615: 6608: 6580: 6565: 6544: 6538:時代背景から知る仏像の秘密 6528: 6507: 6487: 6461: 6454: 6436: 6429: 6409:天皇の歴史６　江戸時代の天皇 6390: 6372: 6338: 6332:2012-05-24 at 6296: 6290:978-1317457671 6289: 6269: 6247: 6227: 6213: 6193: 6186: 6162: 6150: 6125: 6111: 6081: 6069: 6067:, p. 270. 6057: 6050: 6022: 5992: 5959: 5936: 5906: 5885: 5867: 5851: 5817: 5788: 5767: 5761:978-0822954149 5760: 5740: 5712: 5700:www.mext.go.jp 5687: 5652: 5637: 5608: 5599: 5593:978-0495913252 5592: 5569: 5562: 5542: 5535: 5515: 5490: 5483: 5460: 5436: 5414: 5392: 5364: 5341: 5319: 5296: 5274: 5252: 5226: 5204: 5182: 5160: 5138: 5116: 5109: 5086: 5062: 5037: 5015: 4993: 4968: 4946: 4921: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4874:MeasuringWorth 4858: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4810: 4797: 4772: 4727: 4709: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4638:Emperor system 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4609: 4608: 4594: 4578: 4575: 4533:Imperial Hotel 4501: 4498: 4483:Emperor Taishō 4438: 4435: 4375:gave birth to 4365:Main article: 4362: 4361:Current status 4359: 4331:Empress Meishō 4323:Empress Genshō 4319:Empress Genmei 4307:Empress Saimei 4282: 4281: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4234:Emperor Keitai 4203: 4200: 4196:Yata no Kagami 4184: 4183: 4173: 4163: 4152:Yata no Kagami 4116:Main article: 4105: 4102: 4065:Prince Shōtoku 3979:Emperor Ichijō 3935: 3934: 3893: 3891: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3748: 3745: 3522:died in 1840, 3520:Emperor Kōkaku 3501:Nakai Chikuzan 3398:Emperor Antoku 3273: 3270: 3262:Shinzō Koizumi 3252:, and Emperor 3238:Emperor Taishō 3233: 3230: 3105: 3098: 3097: 3089: 3082: 3081: 3080: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3028: 3025: 3007:Emperor Kōkaku 2946: 2943: 2814: 2811: 2744:Imperial Court 2722:In July 1853, 2704:Main article: 2701: 2698: 2674:Main article: 2671: 2668: 2563:Main article: 2560: 2553: 2533:1221 rebellion 2508: 2507: 2458: 2456: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2372:Emperor Kinmei 2345: 2342: 2337: 2334: 2261: 2258: 2238:(Shinninshiki) 2231: 2230: 2223: 2210: 2203: 2196: 2177: 2154: 2147: 2142:Dissolves the 2140: 2133: 2126:cabinet orders 2105:Prime Minister 2061:prime minister 2011:to act on the 1977: 1974: 1865:Imperial House 1819: 1818: 1816: 1815: 1808: 1801: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1786: 1780: 1767: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1750: 1749: 1747:United Nations 1742: 1741: 1739:European Union 1736: 1734:Southeast Asia 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1709: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1681:United Kingdom 1678: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1571:Czech Republic 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1233: 1232: 1221: 1220: 1213:Foreign policy 1210: 1204: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1183:Municipalities 1180: 1175: 1173:Subprefectures 1168: 1167: 1162: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1111: 1105: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 968: 962: 957: 956: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 703: 697: 693: 692: 687: 682: 677: 671: 666: 665: 662: 661: 658: 657: 652: 647: 635: 634: 628: 623: 622: 619: 618: 615: 614: 607: 606: 593: 592: 585: 576: 571: 570: 567: 566: 556: 555: 553:Vice President 544: 543: 528: 527: 513: 512: 501: 500: 485: 484: 468: 467: 459: 456: 455: 452: 451: 448: 447: 442: 416: 415: 390: 389: 380:Prime Minister 368: 367: 359: 354: 353: 350: 349: 346: 345: 340: 335: 330: 328:Imperial House 318: 317: 297: 296: 278: 273: 272: 269: 268: 265: 264: 259: 254: 248: 239: 238: 235: 234: 231: 230: 222: 221: 216: 213: 212: 200: 199: 192: 188: 187: 179: 175: 174: 164: 160: 159: 144: 140: 139: 134: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 113: 112: 109: 108: 105: 104: 92: 91: 83: 82: 78: 77: 72: 64: 63: 60: 57: 56: 46: 45: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10917: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10854: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10829: 10827: 10825: 10821: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10805:South Ossetia 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10792: 10790: 10786: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10531: 10529: 10527:and observers 10523: 10520: 10518: 10512: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10496:South Ossetia 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10483: 10481: 10477: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10222: 10220: 10218:and observers 10214: 10211: 10209: 10203: 10194: 10189: 10187: 10182: 10180: 10175: 10174: 10171: 10159: 10153: 10148: 10146: 10140: 10135: 10133: 10127: 10122: 10120: 10114: 10109: 10107: 10101: 10096: 10094: 10088: 10083: 10081: 10075: 10070: 10068: 10067:López Obrador 10062: 10057: 10055: 10049: 10044: 10042: 10036: 10031: 10029: 10023: 10018: 10016: 10010: 10005: 10003: 9997: 9992: 9990: 9984: 9979: 9977: 9971: 9966: 9964: 9958: 9953: 9951: 9945: 9940: 9938: 9932: 9927: 9925: 9919: 9914: 9912: 9906: 9901: 9899: 9893: 9888: 9887: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9869: 9864: 9862: 9857: 9855: 9850: 9849: 9846: 9834: 9826: 9824: 9814: 9813: 9810: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9759: 9755: 9753: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9743: 9739: 9737: 9734: 9732: 9729: 9727: 9724: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9702: 9699: 9697: 9694: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9636: 9633: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9621: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9582: 9578: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9527: 9524: 9520: 9517: 9516: 9515: 9512: 9508: 9505: 9504: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9459: 9456: 9453: 9451: 9447: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9411:Manufacturing 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9393: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9381: 9367: 9364: 9360: 9357: 9356: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9347: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9339:Fiscal policy 9337: 9333: 9330: 9329: 9328: 9325: 9324: 9322: 9320: 9316: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9294: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9267: 9266: 9265:National Diet 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9249: 9248:Supreme Court 9246: 9245: 9244: 9241: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9196: 9193: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9180: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9096: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9084: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9062: 9059: 9058: 9056: 9052: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9035: 9034: 9031: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8993: 8992: 8989: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8975: 8972: 8971: 8969: 8965: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8948: 8945: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8889: 8886: 8885: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8874: 8868: 8865: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8830: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8807: 8804: 8803: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8787: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8769: 8766: 8765: 8764: 8761: 8757: 8756:Hakuhō period 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8743: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8718: 8716: 8712: 8704: 8703:Imperial Navy 8701: 8699: 8698:Imperial Army 8696: 8694: 8691: 8690: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8648: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8630: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8597: 8592: 8590: 8585: 8583: 8578: 8577: 8574: 8562: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8533: 8532: 8531: 8529: 8528:Empress Jingū 8526: 8522: 8515: 8514: 8510: 8501: 8495: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8469: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8456: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8430: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8417: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8328: 8326: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8313: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8279: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8205: 8195: 8192: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7863: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7799: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7696: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7617: 7615: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7593: 7579: 7578: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7531: 7529:290 BC–269 AD 7527: 7524: 7522: 7518: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7483: 7480: 7479: 7477: 7475:660 BC–291 BC 7473: 7470: 7468: 7464: 7461: 7457: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7432: 7427: 7425: 7420: 7418: 7413: 7412: 7409: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7391: 7388: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7367: 7358: 7357: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7326: 7322: 7317: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7282:0-7007-1720-X 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7260: 7254: 7250: 7245: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7196: 7191: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7179:0-585-44734-9 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7162:0-4154-0581-5 7158: 7155:. Routledge. 7154: 7149: 7143: 7130: 7129: 7128:The Economist 7123: 7118: 7114: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7097: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7050: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7026:September 27, 7021: 7017: 7013: 7007: 6991: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6975: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6945: 6929: 6925: 6924: 6919: 6913: 6905: 6898: 6891: 6885: 6877: 6870: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6855: 6848: 6833: 6832: 6827: 6821: 6814: 6813:Tokyo Rising, 6808: 6800: 6793: 6791: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6768: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6737: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6694: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6675: 6659: 6655: 6649: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6620: 6611: 6609:9781576074671 6605: 6601: 6597: 6592: 6584: 6577: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6548: 6541: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6511: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6491: 6476: 6472: 6469:Sieg, Linda. 6465: 6457: 6455:9780824863227 6451: 6447: 6440: 6432: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6401: 6399: 6397: 6395: 6386: 6382: 6376: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6334:archive.today 6331: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6318:, p. 707, at 6317: 6316: 6311: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6292: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6273: 6266: 6259:September 11, 6254: 6250: 6248:9781136925467 6244: 6241:. Routledge. 6240: 6239: 6231: 6216: 6214:9780521785037 6210: 6206: 6205: 6197: 6189: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6174: 6166: 6157: 6155: 6139: 6135: 6129: 6120: 6118: 6116: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6078: 6073: 6066: 6061: 6053: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6034: 6026: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5963: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5902: 5898: 5892: 5890: 5881: 5874: 5872: 5863: 5862: 5855: 5840: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5813: 5807: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5785: 5781: 5774: 5772: 5763: 5757: 5753: 5752: 5744: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5717: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5663: 5656: 5650: 5644: 5642: 5625: 5621: 5615: 5613: 5603: 5595: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5576: 5574: 5565: 5559: 5555: 5554: 5546: 5538: 5532: 5528: 5527: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5502: 5494: 5486: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5464: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5440: 5424: 5418: 5402: 5396: 5381:. May 1, 2019 5380: 5379: 5374: 5368: 5352: 5345: 5329: 5323: 5307: 5300: 5284: 5278: 5262: 5256: 5237: 5230: 5214: 5208: 5192: 5186: 5170: 5164: 5148: 5142: 5126: 5120: 5112: 5106: 5102: 5101: 5093: 5091: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5067: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5025: 5019: 5003: 4997: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4953: 4951: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4910: 4906: 4900: 4896: 4875: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4836: 4821: 4814: 4807: 4801: 4782: 4776: 4769: 4765: 4762:; literally " 4760: 4751: 4745: 4736: 4731: 4722: 4713: 4703: 4699: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4595: 4592: 4581: 4574: 4572: 4571: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4546: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4517:Nagoya Castle 4510: 4506: 4497: 4495: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4434: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4421: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4408:Princess Kiko 4403: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4392:Princess Aiko 4389: 4385: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4373:Princess Kiko 4368: 4358: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4343: 4338: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4327:Empress Kōken 4324: 4320: 4316: 4315:Empress Jingū 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4299:Empress Suiko 4294: 4290: 4287: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4199: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4180:Atsuta Shrine 4177: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4157: 4154:(kept at the 4153: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4145: 4140: 4139: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4119: 4110: 4101: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4068: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4031:Fujiwara clan 4027: 4023: 4021: 4020:Empress Kōmyō 4017: 4013: 4012:Emperor Shōmu 4007: 4005: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3992: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3963:Taishō period 3960: 3955: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3931: 3928: 3920: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3894:This section 3892: 3888: 3883: 3882: 3874: 3872: 3868: 3867:Emperor Tenmu 3864: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3831:Empress Suiko 3828: 3827:Son of Heaven 3825:, Emperor or 3824: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3776: 3772: 3754: 3744: 3736: 3726: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3698: 3688: 3683: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3625: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3595:Sublime Porte 3579: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3555: 3553: 3546: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3524:Emperor Ninkō 3521: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3469: 3454: 3439: 3431: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3383: 3369: 3362: 3349: 3335: 3330: 3329:Emperor En'yū 3325: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3295: 3280: 3269: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3246:Emperor Shōwa 3243: 3242:Nogi Maresuke 3239: 3229: 3227: 3216: 3215: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3186:head of state 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3102: 3093: 3086: 3072: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3046: 3034: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2984: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2924:, living god) 2915: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2861: 2860: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2842:Imperial cult 2839: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2822:Emperor Shōwa 2819: 2810: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2794: 2792: 2791:Imperial Diet 2788: 2784: 2783:Emperor Meiji 2780: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2740:Emperor Kōmei 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2677: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2622: 2621:Nanban period 2617: 2613: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2566: 2558: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2539:and the 1336 2538: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2518: 2514: 2504: 2501: 2493: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2459:This section 2457: 2453: 2448: 2447: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2417: 2416:Son of Heaven 2412: 2410: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2388: 2382: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2364:Emperor Sujin 2361: 2360:Emperor Jimmu 2357: 2351: 2341: 2333: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2319:Emperor's Cup 2314: 2311: 2310: 2309:Utakai Hajime 2304: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2280: 2279:Empress Kōjun 2276: 2275:Emperor Shōwa 2272: 2271: 2270:Utakai Hajime 2266: 2260:Cultural role 2257: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2109:Chief Justice 2106: 2102: 2097: 2095: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2033:countersigned 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1924: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1841:head of state 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1814: 1809: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1794: 1792: 1791: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1769: 1768: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1724:Latin America 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1672: 1669: 1667: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1452: 1449: 1447: 1444: 1442: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1422: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1392: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1367: 1366:United States 1364: 1362: 1359: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1292: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1267: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1257: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1147: 1146: 1138: 1137: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 969: 965: 961: 955: 954: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 903: 900: 898: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 704: 700: 696: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 672: 669: 664: 663: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 642: 640: 639: 633: 630: 629: 626: 625:Bank of Japan 621: 620: 613: 610: 609: 605: 604: 600: 599: 598: 597: 596:Saburo Tokura 591: 590: 589:Chief Justice 586: 583: 582: 581:Supreme Court 578: 577: 574: 569: 568: 562: 560: 554: 551: 550: 549: 548: 542: 541: 537: 536: 535: 533: 526: 525: 521: 520: 518: 517: 511: 508: 507: 506: 505: 499: 498: 494: 493: 492: 490: 483: 482: 478: 477: 475: 473: 466: 465: 464:National Diet 461: 460: 454: 453: 446: 443: 441: 438: 437: 435: 432: 429: 425: 420: 412: 408: 407: 403: 402: 401: 398: 394: 393:Fumio Kishida 386: 382: 381: 377: 376: 375: 373: 366: 365: 361: 360: 357: 352: 351: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 325: 323: 322: 316: 315: 311: 310: 309: 307: 302: 301: 294: 290: 289: 285: 284: 282: 276: 271: 270: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 246: 242: 237: 236: 233: 232: 228: 224: 223: 219: 215: 214: 210: 206: 205: 197: 193: 189: 183: 180: 176: 172: 168: 165: 161: 157: 152: 148: 145: 141: 138: 135: 133: 129: 126: 123: 119: 114: 110: 106: 101: 99: 93: 89: 84: 79: 75: 70: 65: 58: 47: 39: 36: 32: 28: 24: 23: 10759:Turkmenistan 10719:Saudi Arabia 10450:Turkmenistan 10410:Saudi Arabia 10314: 9779:Tea ceremony 9756: 9750: / 9742:No-pan kissa 9740: 9711:Martial arts 9701:LGBT culture 9603:Architecture 9596: / 9541:Prostitution 9507:Homelessness 9477:Demographics 9401:Central bank 9231:Human rights 9208: 9199:Constitution 9054:Contemporary 8876:Early Modern 8780:Heian period 8768:Monmu period 8763:Taika Reform 8741:Asuka period 8736:Kofun period 8731:Yayoi period 8726:Jōmon period 8519: 8511: / 8506: 8505: 8467:1947–present 8075:Tsuchimikado 8016:Go-Shirakawa 7575: 7444: 7355: 7349: 7320: 7296: 7269: 7248: 7224: 7220: 7194: 7170: 7152: 7135:December 12, 7133:. Retrieved 7126: 7110: 7076: 7072: 7048: 7024:. Retrieved 7020:the original 7006: 6994:. Retrieved 6990:the original 6983: 6974: 6962:. Retrieved 6958:the original 6953: 6944: 6932:. Retrieved 6928:the original 6921: 6912: 6903: 6897: 6889: 6884: 6875: 6853: 6847: 6837:November 21, 6835:. Retrieved 6829: 6820: 6812: 6807: 6781:the original 6776: 6767: 6755:. Retrieved 6751:the original 6747:The Mainichi 6736: 6724:. Retrieved 6702: 6693: 6683: 6674: 6662:. Retrieved 6658:the original 6648: 6640:the original 6635: 6595: 6583: 6574: 6568: 6552: 6547: 6540:, The Nikkei 6537: 6531: 6515: 6510: 6499: 6490: 6478:. Retrieved 6474: 6464: 6445: 6439: 6412: 6408: 6384: 6375: 6365:November 13, 6363:. Retrieved 6351: 6341: 6323: 6320:Google Books 6314: 6308: 6304: 6299: 6279: 6272: 6264: 6257:. Retrieved 6237: 6230: 6218:. Retrieved 6203: 6196: 6172: 6165: 6143:November 19, 6141:. Retrieved 6137: 6128: 6102:. Retrieved 6093: 6084: 6077:Takemae 2002 6072: 6065:Takemae 2002 6060: 6033:Japanese Law 6032: 6025: 6013:. Retrieved 6009:the original 6004: 5995: 5983:. Retrieved 5972: 5962: 5954:the original 5929:February 23, 5927:. Retrieved 5918: 5909: 5900: 5879: 5854: 5842:. Retrieved 5830: 5820: 5779: 5750: 5743: 5731:. Retrieved 5727: 5703:. Retrieved 5699: 5690: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5628:. Retrieved 5602: 5582: 5552: 5545: 5525: 5518: 5500: 5493: 5473: 5463: 5439: 5427:. Retrieved 5417: 5405:. Retrieved 5395: 5383:. Retrieved 5376: 5367: 5355:. Retrieved 5344: 5332:. Retrieved 5322: 5310:. Retrieved 5308:. Penn Today 5299: 5287:. Retrieved 5277: 5265:. Retrieved 5255: 5243:. Retrieved 5229: 5217:. Retrieved 5207: 5195:. Retrieved 5185: 5173:. Retrieved 5163: 5151:. Retrieved 5141: 5129:. Retrieved 5119: 5099: 5073: 5053:. Retrieved 5049: 5040: 5028:. Retrieved 5018: 5006:. Retrieved 4996: 4984:. Retrieved 4980: 4971: 4963: 4957: 4937:. Retrieved 4933: 4924: 4914:February 10, 4912:. Retrieved 4908: 4899: 4879:February 22, 4877:. Retrieved 4862: 4813: 4800: 4780: 4775: 4730: 4712: 4702: 4683:State Shinto 4591:Japan portal 4568: 4565: 4541: 4537:Nippon Yusen 4529: 4513: 4491: 4475:Empress Jitō 4473: 4462: 4459:Kofun period 4456: 4424: 4416: 4404: 4381: 4370: 4346: 4339: 4311:Empress Jitō 4295: 4291: 4283: 4254: 4242: 4238:Emperor Ōjin 4227: 4190:, the sword 4185: 4132:Tenson kōrin 4121: 4073: 4069: 4058: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4024: 4008: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3956: 3949: 3923: 3917:January 2021 3914: 3903:Please help 3898:verification 3895: 3871:Empress Jitō 3856: 3852: 3842: 3822: 3812: 3808: 3799:"King of Wa" 3794: 3790: 3771:Yamato-ōkimi 3770: 3756: 3735:Heisei Tennō 3734: 3724: 3714: 3706: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3677: 3669: 3614: 3603: 3593: 3577: 3575: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3556: 3551: 3545:Kōkaku Tennō 3527: 3517: 3512: 3504: 3484: 3482: 3430:sokui senmyō 3417:sumeramikoto 3416: 3415:but read as 3412: 3408: 3406: 3401: 3393: 3390:Heian period 3367: 3347: 3316: 3312:Old Japanese 3308:Sumeramikoto 3307: 3275: 3235: 3226:Asuka period 3212: 3210: 3189: 3174:World War II 3167: 3151:Kofun period 3148: 3130: 3114: 3112: 3030: 3014: 2996: 2981: 2979: 2964: 2948: 2932: 2928:Jean Herbert 2914:akitsumikami 2854: 2844:that led to 2838:State Shinto 2827: 2795: 2776: 2757: 2751: 2721: 2679: 2649: 2637: 2629: 2619: 2609: 2605: 2603: 2568: 2556: 2535:against the 2521: 2496: 2487: 2472:Please help 2460: 2433: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2392:Meiji period 2385: 2383: 2368:Emperor Ōjin 2353: 2339: 2327: 2324:Tennō shihai 2323: 2317: 2315: 2307: 2305: 2298: 2294: 2286: 2284: 2268: 2237: 2232: 2200:state honors 2116:Promulgates 2098: 2073: 2040: 1998: 1948: 1925: 1907: 1897: 1891: 1881: 1824: 1822: 1511:Saudi Arabia 1301:South Africa 1157: 1135: 1106: 1102: 963: 959: 952: 698: 694: 645:Japanese yen 636: 631: 601: 594: 587: 579: 557: 552: 545: 538: 529: 522: 516:Banri Kaieda 514: 510:Vice Speaker 509: 502: 495: 486: 479: 469: 462: 417: 404: 391: 378: 369: 362: 319: 314:Crown Prince 312: 303: 298: 287: 286: 275:The Monarchy 274: 241:Constitution 95: 35: 21: 10847:North Korea 10832:Afghanistan 10734:South Korea 10704:Philippines 10684:North Korea 10534:Afghanistan 10425:South Korea 10395:Philippines 10375:North Korea 10225:Afghanistan 10145:Charles III 9950:Charles III 9924:Charles III 9794:Video games 9536:Pornography 9144:Prefectures 9124:Environment 9119:Earthquakes 9104:Archipelago 9011:Pacific War 8967:Late Modern 8775:Nara period 8721:Paleolithic 8386:Go-Momozono 8371:Sakuramachi 8361:Higashiyama 8248:Go-Hanazono 8233:Go-Kameyama 8223:Go-Murakami 8105:Go-Fukakusa 8090:Go-Horikawa 6777:Japan Times 6757:October 24, 6726:October 20, 6685:Japan Times 5985:December 1, 5865:, Chapter 7 5861:Nihon Shoki 5844:December 9, 5782:. Seattle. 5668:: 102–124. 5647:Takekoshi, 5620:Dower, John 5197:December 3, 5175:December 3, 5153:December 3, 5131:December 3, 4678:Sacred king 4628:Daijō Tennō 4525:Nijō Castle 4457:During the 4138:Nihon Shoki 4093:Takatsukasa 3835:Sui dynasty 3715:Daijō Tennō 3697:Kinjō Heika 3687:Tennō Heika 3679:Shōwa Tennō 3617:regnal name 3382:Daijō Tennō 3366:. The term 3260:as well as 3149:During the 3090:Map of the 3016:Kinjō Tennō 2899:arahitogami 2888:issued the 2878:incarnation 2859:arahitogami 2834:Pacific War 2728:Black Ships 2559:(1192–1867) 2434:tenshi-sama 2356:Nihon Shoki 2291:Niiname-sai 2205:Attests to 2170:Ambassadors 2166:credentials 2162:full powers 1902:regents in 1896:, or their 1696:New Zealand 1641:Netherlands 1521:South Korea 1501:Philippines 1486:North Korea 1381:Afghanistan 1248:Visa policy 1159:Prefectures 457:Legislature 288:The Emperor 125:His Majesty 41:Emperor of 10869:Categories 10769:Uzbekistan 10744:Tajikistan 10644:Kyrgyzstan 10634:Kazakhstan 10584:East Timor 10554:Bangladesh 10544:Azerbaijan 10517:government 10460:Uzbekistan 10435:Tajikistan 10335:Kyrgyzstan 10325:Kazakhstan 10275:East Timor 10245:Bangladesh 10235:Azerbaijan 10041:Mattarella 10002:Steinmeier 9784:Television 9706:Literature 9668:Hikikomori 9589:Aesthetics 9467:Censorship 9349:Ministries 9319:Government 9033:Heisei era 9016:Occupation 8974:Taishō era 8935:Boshin War 8915:Government 8883:Edo period 8796:Genpei War 8746:Taihō Code 8366:Nakamikado 8336:Go-Mizunoo 8238:Go-Komatsu 8194:Go-Komatsu 8125:Go-Fushimi 7330:0826462472 7272:. London: 7227:(5): 217. 7016:Kyodo News 6709:McLean, VA 6421:B07CZCXLZB 6220:October 2, 6176:. London: 6104:August 11, 6094:Nippon.com 5733:August 21, 5649:pp. 285–86 5510:1079148109 5429:August 15, 5407:August 15, 5357:August 15, 5334:August 15, 5312:August 15, 5289:August 15, 5267:August 15, 5245:August 15, 5219:August 15, 5055:August 10, 5030:August 15, 5008:August 15, 4939:August 12, 4817:initially 4755:pronounced 4689:References 4489:in Tokyo. 4479:Edo period 4412:Shinzo Abe 4388:succession 4222:Shinzo Abe 4206:See also: 4202:Succession 3967:concubines 3961:until the 3841:as 日出處天子 ( 3751:See also: 3605:The Mikado 3513:Sōbō Kigen 3497:Edo period 3240:had Count 3180:and these 3003:Heisei era 2983:The Nikkei 2872:(manifest 2628:, and the 2490:March 2021 2379: 509 2348:See also: 2300:Nihonshoki 2149:Proclaims 2077:government 2049:Article 65 2047:. Rather, 2005:convention 1962:abdication 1932:Edo Castle 1719:Arab world 1636:Montenegro 1426:East Timor 1401:Bangladesh 1391:Azerbaijan 732:1898 (Aug) 727:1898 (Mar) 722:1894 (Sep) 717:1894 (Mar) 638:Kazuo Ueda 440:Ministries 364:Government 10729:Sri Lanka 10724:Singapore 10699:Palestine 10604:Indonesia 10420:Sri Lanka 10415:Singapore 10390:Palestine 10295:Indonesia 10106:Ramaphosa 9898:Ghazouani 9758:Otokonoko 9726:Mythology 9638:Festivals 9561:Sexuality 9514:Languages 9487:Etiquette 9482:Education 9431:Transport 9243:Judiciary 9204:Elections 9114:Districts 9099:Addresses 9087:Geography 9061:Reiwa era 8991:Shōwa era 8905:Meiji era 8895:Bakumatsu 8818:Genkō War 8678:Education 8641:Overviews 8428:1868–1947 8324:1603–1868 8290:1573–1603 8216:1333–1573 8208:Muromachi 8162:1333–1392 8063:1185–1333 7991:Shirakawa 7981:Go-Reizei 7976:Go-Suzaku 7971:Go-Ichijō 7459:Legendary 7403:(YouTube) 7313:592756372 7241:0015-7120 7213:922925863 7093:0275-7206 7052:. Tokyo: 6904:The Times 6854:The Times 6721:0734-7456 6704:USA Today 6480:March 20, 6360:0362-4331 5977:. Tokyo. 5806:cite book 5798:922925863 5705:March 19, 4892:Citations 4744:romanized 4278:Confucian 3266:Gakushūin 3232:Education 3135:Amaterasu 3023:started. 3021:Reiwa era 2759:sonnō jōi 2608:or their 2461:does not 2432:, or 天子様 2225:Performs 2220:diplomats 2174:Ministers 1993:Naoto Kan 1960:upon the 1884:shogunate 1873:Amaterasu 1686:Australia 1626:Lithuania 1526:Sri Lanka 1516:Singapore 1496:Palestine 1441:Indonesia 1376:Venezuela 1306:Argentina 1178:Districts 1165:Governors 668:Elections 650:Banknotes 573:Judiciary 540:President 431:coalition 356:Executive 178:Residence 163:Formation 81:Incumbent 10795:Abkhazia 10749:Thailand 10694:Pakistan 10669:Mongolia 10664:Maldives 10659:Malaysia 10569:Cambodia 10515:Heads of 10486:Abkhazia 10440:Thailand 10385:Pakistan 10360:Mongolia 10355:Maldives 10350:Malaysia 10260:Cambodia 10208:of state 10054:Naruhito 9833:Category 9648:Folklore 9546:Religion 9519:Japanese 9492:Gambling 9302:Maritime 9183:Politics 9164:Villages 8845:Ōnin War 8688:Military 8673:Economic 8607:articles 8561:Category 8484:Naruhito 8376:Momozono 8346:Go-Kōmyō 8331:Go-Yōzei 8302:Go-Yōzei 8297:Ōgimachi 8268:Ōgimachi 8189:Go-En'yū 8184:Go-Kōgon 8140:Go-Daigo 8135:Hanazono 8110:Kameyama 8055:Kamakura 8031:Takakura 7996:Horikawa 7986:Go-Sanjō 7941:Murakami 7874:794–1185 7348:(1834). 7339:45583413 7268:(2006). 7187:52419479 7054:Shueisha 7046:(1903). 6330:Archived 6253:Archived 6134:"Shogun" 6098:Archived 5979:Archived 5923:Archived 5630:June 15, 5622:(2010). 5471:(2008). 5378:BBC News 4832:, later 4735:Japanese 4707:century. 4577:See also 4553:Hokkaido 4549:Shizuoka 4451:Hachiōji 4218:Naruhito 4192:Kusanagi 4176:Kusanagi 4018:consort 4016:Fujiwara 4004:quarters 3971:Shinnōke 3959:polygamy 3795:Wakoku-ō 3671:Hirohito 3610:operetta 3190:de facto 3131:de facto 3011:Naruhito 2992:Mainichi 2960:Naruhito 2846:kamikaze 2830:Hirohito 2682:Go-Daigo 2680:Emperor 2599:Tokugawa 2595:Ashikaga 2587:Minamoto 2579:Fujiwara 2571:families 2295:Daijōsai 2244:and the 2213:Receives 2189:reprieve 2130:treaties 2029:Thailand 1950:Naruhito 1908:de facto 1904:Kamakura 1651:Portugal 1601:Holy See 1536:Thailand 1491:Pakistan 1471:Mongolia 1466:Maldives 1461:Malaysia 1416:Cambodia 1351:Paraguay 1336:Colombia 1311:Barbados 1276:Ethiopia 1266:Djibouti 1230:in Japan 632:Governor 321:Fumihito 300:Naruhito 209:a series 171:mythical 151:mythical 137:Fumihito 98:Naruhito 61:Imperial 10774:Vietnam 10674:Myanmar 10654:Lebanon 10594:Georgia 10549:Bahrain 10539:Armenia 10465:Vietnam 10365:Myanmar 10345:Lebanon 10285:Georgia 10240:Bahrain 10230:Armenia 10132:Erdoğan 9896: 9877:of the 9789:Theatre 9764:Origami 9691:Irezumi 9686:Ikebana 9653:Gardens 9628:Cuisine 9581:Culture 9566:Smoking 9502:Housing 9450:Society 9384:Economy 9327:Cabinet 9209:Emperor 9149:Regions 9134:Islands 9021:Postwar 8949:(noble) 8714:Ancient 8661:Shoguns 8633:History 8623:Outline 8479:Akihito 8263:Go-Nara 8130:Go-Nijō 8120:Fushimi 8100:Go-Saga 8080:Juntoku 8070:Go-Toba 8041:Go-Toba 7906:Montoku 7842:Shōtoku 7810:710–794 7744:Kōgyoku 7719:Bidatsu 7707:539–710 7670:Buretsu 7650:Yūryaku 7625:Nintoku 7613:269–539 7109:(ed.). 7062:4427686 6996:May 27, 6964:May 27, 6934:May 27, 6713:Gannett 6664:May 14, 6475:Reuters 6387:. 2019. 6315:p. 707. 6015:June 8, 5901:Reuters 5682:2718461 4986:July 8, 4930:"Tennō" 4746:: 4453:, Tokyo 4309:), and 4250:Prussia 3833:to the 3711:Akihito 3509:samurai 3493:daimyos 3489:shoguns 3254:Akihito 3194:shoguns 3157:in the 3123:de jure 3094:in 1942 2999:Akihito 2988:Akihito 2971:emperor 2956:Akihito 2764:Satsuma 2748:domains 2736:Edo Bay 2732:US Navy 2730:of the 2638:shōguns 2611:shikken 2606:shōguns 2557:shōguns 2524:samurai 2482:removed 2467:sources 2344:Origins 2336:History 2322:(天皇賜杯, 2281:(1950). 2252:in the 2240:in the 2217:foreign 2198:Awards 2181:amnesty 2101:appoint 2085:Cabinet 2083:of the 2067:of the 2057:Cabinet 2051:of the 2041:nominal 2021:Denmark 2017:Belgium 2009:statute 1970:Emperor 1966:Akihito 1956:to the 1954:acceded 1899:shikken 1893:shōguns 1729:Oceania 1676:Ukraine 1611:Ireland 1606:Iceland 1596:Hungary 1586:Germany 1576:Denmark 1566:Croatia 1561:Belgium 1556:Austria 1551:Albania 1546:Vietnam 1476:Myanmar 1431:Georgia 1396:Bahrain 1386:Armenia 1371:Uruguay 1341:Ecuador 1316:Bolivia 1296:Somalia 1291:Nigeria 1286:Namibia 1256:Algeria 1217:history 497:Speaker 428:Komeito 406:Cabinet 191:Website 116:Details 10905:660 BC 10810:Taiwan 10754:Turkey 10714:Russia 10639:Kuwait 10629:Jordan 10619:Israel 10579:Cyprus 10564:Brunei 10559:Bhutan 10501:Taiwan 10445:Turkey 10405:Russia 10330:Kuwait 10320:Jordan 10310:Israel 10270:Cyprus 10255:Brunei 10250:Bhutan 10156: 10143: 10130: 10117: 10104: 10093:Salman 10091: 10078: 10065: 10052: 10039: 10028:Jokowi 10026: 10013: 10000: 9989:Macron 9987: 9976:Michel 9974: 9961: 9948: 9935: 9922: 9909: 9774:Shinto 9696:Kawaii 9673:Hanami 9658:Geisha 9618:Cinema 9613:Bonsai 9531:People 9497:Health 9416:Energy 9297:Ground 9154:Rivers 9109:Cities 8947:Kazoku 8647:Lists 8605: 8525:Regent 8517: 8440:Taishō 8391:Kōkaku 8356:Reigen 8351:Go-Sai 8341:Meishō 8228:Chōkei 8115:Go-Uda 8085:Chūkyō 8036:Antoku 8026:Rokujō 8006:Sutoku 7961:Ichijō 7946:Reizei 7936:Suzaku 7901:Ninmyō 7886:Heizei 7837:Junnin 7822:Genshō 7817:Genmei 7784:Genmei 7754:Saimei 7749:Kōtoku 7729:Sushun 7714:Kinmei 7675:Keitai 7665:Ninken 7655:Seinei 7635:Hanzei 7596:Yamato 7556:Suinin 7487:Suizei 7337: 7327: 7311: 7303: 7288: 7280: 7255: 7239: 7211: 7201: 7185: 7177: 7159: 7091: 7060: 6815:p. 20. 6719: 6606: 6559: 6522: 6452: 6427: 6419: 6358: 6305:et al. 6287: 6245: 6211: 6184: 6048: 5796: 5786: 5758: 5680: 5590: 5560: 5533: 5508: 5481: 5385:May 2, 5107: 5082:Kinmei 4964:Mikado 4781:Mikado 4766:" or " 4521:Nagoya 4500:Wealth 4463:mogari 4425:Crown 4333:, and 4305:(also 4142:. The 4091:, and 4077:Ichijō 4056:lord. 3944:Masako 3858:mokkan 3823:Tenshi 3775:Yamato 3578:mikado 3571:tenshi 3453:kinchū 3202:daimyo 3155:Yamato 3139:Shinto 3127:shogun 3052:assent 2886:Allies 2803:Taishō 2768:Chōshū 2718:(1868) 2660:Sakoku 2630:shōgun 2565:Shogun 2543:under 2429:tenshi 2394:, the 2191:, and 2128:, and 2045:Sweden 2013:advice 1869:Shinto 1861:immune 1714:Africa 1671:Sweden 1661:Serbia 1656:Russia 1646:Poland 1621:Kosovo 1591:Greece 1581:France 1541:Turkey 1531:Taiwan 1451:Israel 1411:Brunei 1406:Bhutan 1346:Mexico 1326:Canada 1321:Brazil 1261:Angola 10837:China 10779:Yemen 10739:Syria 10709:Qatar 10679:Nepal 10624:Japan 10599:India 10589:Egypt 10574:China 10470:Yemen 10430:Syria 10400:Qatar 10370:Nepal 10315:Japan 10290:India 10280:Egypt 10265:China 10206:Heads 10158:Biden 10080:Putin 10015:Murmu 9911:Milei 9769:Sport 9752:Sentō 9748:Onsen 9731:Names 9721:Music 9716:Media 9682:Icons 9663:Games 9598:Manga 9594:Anime 9571:Women 9472:Crime 9406:Labor 9159:Towns 9139:Lakes 8693:Naval 8656:Clans 8618:Index 8603:Japan 8474:Shōwa 8459:Japan 8445:Shōwa 8435:Meiji 8406:Meiji 8401:Kōmei 8396:Ninkō 8243:Shōkō 8174:Kōmyō 8169:Kōgon 8095:Shijō 8011:Konoe 7966:Sanjō 7956:Kazan 7951:En'yū 7931:Daigo 7916:Yōzei 7911:Seiwa 7896:Junna 7881:Kanmu 7866:Heian 7852:Kanmu 7847:Kōnin 7832:Kōken 7827:Shōmu 7779:Monmu 7769:Tenmu 7764:Kōbun 7759:Tenji 7739:Jomei 7734:Suiko 7724:Yōmei 7699:Asuka 7685:Senka 7680:Ankan 7660:Kenzō 7640:Ingyō 7630:Richū 7605:Kofun 7577:Jingū 7571:Chūai 7566:Seimu 7561:Keikō 7551:Sujin 7546:Kaika 7541:Kōgen 7536:Kōrei 7521:Yayoi 7502:Kōshō 7497:Itoku 7492:Annei 7482:Jimmu 7467:Jōmon 7105:. In 6411:[ 5678:JSTOR 5239:(PDF) 5078:Jimmu 4835:Kōkyo 4820:Kyūjō 4750:Tennō 4721:Heika 4694:Notes 4089:Konoe 4054:sekke 3996:chūgū 3952:harem 3853:Tennō 3804:治天下大王 3753:Okimi 3707:Tennō 3565:(帝), 3561:(皇), 3552:tennō 3528:tennō 3468:shujō 3465:, or 3438:kinri 3413:tennō 3409:tennō 3402:tennō 3361:shigō 3348:tennō 3324:tennō 3294:kōtei 3279:tennō 3214:Nihon 3182:areas 3159:Kinai 3144:Nengō 3115:Tennō 3039:日本国憲法 2882:deity 2880:of a 2772:Kyoto 2753:rōnin 2664:Dutch 2646:Taikō 2583:Taira 2409:kofun 2404:Kofun 2400:kofun 2387:kofun 2329:yūshō 2287:Tennō 2025:Spain 1999:Most 1940:Kyoto 1936:Tokyo 1837:Japan 1827:is a 1706:Tonga 1701:Palau 1666:Spain 1631:Malta 1616:Italy 1506:Qatar 1481:Nepal 1436:India 1421:China 1331:Chile 1281:Kenya 1271:Egypt 655:Coins 156:Tenmu 147:Jimmu 121:Style 43:Japan 10842:Iran 10689:Oman 10649:Laos 10614:Iraq 10609:Iran 10380:Oman 10340:Laos 10305:Iraq 10300:Iran 10119:Yoon 9937:Lula 9643:Flag 9632:wine 9359:list 9332:list 9236:LGBT 9214:list 8666:Wars 8651:Eras 8523:and 8179:Sukō 8021:Nijō 8001:Toba 7921:Kōkō 7891:Saga 7802:Nara 7774:Jitō 7645:Ankō 7620:Ōjin 7507:Kōan 7450:list 7335:OCLC 7325:ISBN 7309:OCLC 7301:ISBN 7286:ISBN 7278:ISBN 7253:ISBN 7237:ISSN 7209:OCLC 7199:ISBN 7183:OCLC 7175:ISBN 7157:ISBN 7137:2020 7089:ISSN 7058:OCLC 7028:2020 6998:2018 6966:2018 6936:2018 6839:2013 6759:2019 6728:2011 6717:ISSN 6666:2019 6604:ISBN 6557:ISBN 6520:ISBN 6482:2024 6450:ISBN 6425:ISBN 6417:ASIN 6367:2020 6356:ISSN 6285:ISBN 6261:2018 6243:ISBN 6222:2016 6209:ISBN 6182:ISBN 6145:2014 6106:2019 6046:ISBN 6017:2015 5987:2017 5931:2020 5846:2020 5812:link 5794:OCLC 5784:ISBN 5756:ISBN 5735:2017 5707:2024 5632:2019 5588:ISBN 5558:ISBN 5531:ISBN 5506:OCLC 5479:ISBN 5450:and 5431:2023 5409:2023 5387:2019 5359:2023 5336:2023 5314:2023 5291:2023 5269:2023 5247:2023 5221:2023 5199:2023 5177:2023 5155:2023 5133:2023 5105:ISBN 5057:2020 5032:2023 5010:2023 4988:2021 4941:2021 4916:2023 4881:2023 4547:and 4545:Gifu 4535:and 4085:Nijō 4081:Kujō 4061:Soga 4045:kami 4041:kami 4036:kami 3994:and 3991:kōgō 3869:and 3791:Wa-ō 3777:"), 3760:大和大王 3740:平成天皇 3725:Jōkō 3720:太上天皇 3702:今上陛下 3692:天皇陛下 3539:光格天皇 3424:即位宣命 3375:太上天皇 3256:had 3019:and 2958:and 2874:kami 2766:and 2750:and 2651:sama 2626:pope 2591:Hōjō 2575:Soga 2465:any 2463:cite 2285:The 2277:and 2172:and 2164:and 2137:Diet 2122:laws 2103:the 2089:Diet 2027:and 1987:and 1823:The 1691:Fiji 1456:Laos 1446:Iran 1356:Peru 1136:2023 1130:2019 1125:2015 1120:2011 1115:2007 1097:2022 1092:2019 1087:2016 1082:2013 1077:2010 1072:2007 1067:2004 1062:2001 1057:1998 1052:1995 1047:1992 1042:1989 1037:1986 1032:1983 1027:1980 1022:1977 1017:1974 1012:1971 1007:1968 1002:1965 997:1962 992:1959 987:1956 982:1953 977:1950 972:1947 953:Next 947:2021 942:2017 937:2014 932:2012 927:2009 922:2005 917:2003 912:2000 907:1996 902:1993 897:1990 892:1986 887:1983 882:1980 877:1979 872:1976 867:1972 862:1969 857:1967 852:1963 847:1960 842:1958 837:1955 832:1953 827:1952 822:1949 817:1947 812:1946 807:1942 802:1937 797:1936 792:1932 787:1930 782:1928 777:1924 772:1920 767:1917 762:1915 757:1912 752:1908 747:1904 742:1903 737:1902 712:1892 707:1890 411:List 385:List 293:List 262:Laws 245:Laws 243:and 9879:G20 9799:Zen 9608:Art 9436:Yen 9307:Air 9255:Law 8316:Edo 7926:Uda 7229:doi 7081:doi 6682:", 6636:BBC 6600:222 6324:see 6038:doi 5974:CNN 5835:doi 5670:doi 4449:in 4122:In 3975:Ōke 3907:by 3811:or 3786:倭国王 3621:era 3586:or 3563:tei 3196:or 2921:現御神 2906:現人神 2876:or 2867:現人神 2726:'s 2716:Edo 2531:'s 2476:by 2168:of 2007:or 1835:of 1755:G20 424:LDP 397:LDP 10871:: 9963:Xi 8513:AD 8509:CE 7377:- 7333:. 7307:. 7284:; 7276:. 7235:. 7225:81 7223:. 7207:. 7181:. 7125:. 7087:. 7077:23 7075:. 7064:. 7056:. 7014:. 6982:. 6952:. 6920:. 6862:^ 6828:. 6789:^ 6775:. 6745:. 6711:: 6707:. 6701:. 6634:. 6618:^ 6602:. 6594:. 6498:. 6473:. 6423:. 6393:^ 6354:. 6350:. 6263:. 6251:. 6153:^ 6136:. 6114:^ 6092:. 6044:. 6003:. 5971:. 5939:^ 5917:. 5899:. 5888:^ 5870:^ 5833:. 5829:. 5808:}} 5804:{{ 5792:. 5770:^ 5726:. 5715:^ 5698:. 5676:. 5666:26 5664:. 5640:^ 5611:^ 5572:^ 5446:, 5375:. 5089:^ 5084:." 5065:^ 5048:. 4979:. 4949:^ 4932:. 4907:. 4872:. 4842:皇居 4827:宮城 4792:御門 4753:; 4741:, 4739:天皇 4737:: 4716:陛下 4539:. 4379:. 4325:, 4301:, 4087:, 4083:, 4079:, 3984:r. 3973:, 3848:天皇 3818:天子 3797:, 3780:倭王 3766:大君 3730:上皇 3583:御門 3559:kō 3542:, 3505:in 3491:, 3485:in 3475:主上 3460:禁中 3450:, 3445:禁裏 3427:, 3404:. 3394:in 3378:, 3368:in 3358:, 3355:諡号 3334:in 3314:. 3301:皇帝 3286:天皇 3244:, 3220:日本 3042:, 2962:. 2941:. 2809:. 2426:, 2423:天子 2376:c. 2187:, 2183:, 2124:, 2120:, 2023:, 2019:, 1972:. 1879:. 1877:AD 1760:G7 1228:/ 211:on 52:天皇 10192:e 10185:t 10178:v 9867:e 9860:t 9853:v 9634:) 9630:( 8595:e 8588:t 8581:v 7452:) 7448:( 7430:e 7423:t 7416:v 7341:. 7315:. 7292:. 7261:. 7243:. 7231:: 7215:. 7189:. 7165:. 7147:. 7139:. 7095:. 7083:: 7068:. 7030:. 7000:. 6968:. 6938:. 6906:. 6841:. 6801:. 6761:. 6730:. 6668:. 6612:. 6563:. 6526:. 6484:. 6458:. 6433:. 6369:. 6336:. 6293:. 6224:. 6190:. 6147:. 6108:. 6054:. 6040:: 6019:. 5989:. 5933:. 5848:. 5837:: 5814:) 5800:. 5764:. 5737:. 5709:. 5684:. 5672:: 5634:. 5596:. 5566:. 5539:. 5487:. 5433:. 5411:. 5389:. 5361:. 5338:. 5316:. 5293:. 5271:. 5249:. 5223:. 5201:. 5179:. 5157:. 5135:. 5113:. 5059:. 5034:. 5012:. 4990:. 4943:. 4918:. 4883:. 4845:) 4839:( 4830:) 4824:( 4789:/ 4786:帝 4783:( 4770:" 4724:) 4718:( 4468:殯 4465:( 4182:) 4172:) 4162:) 3981:( 3930:) 3924:( 3919:) 3915:( 3901:. 3851:( 3821:( 3807:( 3793:/ 3789:( 3783:/ 3769:( 3763:/ 3737:( 3727:( 3717:( 3699:( 3689:( 3589:帝 3580:( 3567:ō 3548:) 3536:( 3478:) 3472:( 3463:) 3457:( 3448:) 3442:( 3433:) 3421:( 3386:) 3372:( 3364:) 3352:( 3344:) 3341:院 3338:( 3304:) 3298:( 3283:( 3048:) 3036:( 2969:" 2918:( 2909:) 2903:( 2870:) 2864:( 2503:) 2497:( 2492:) 2488:( 2484:. 2470:. 2436:) 2420:( 2418:" 2374:( 2229:. 2222:. 2202:. 2195:. 2176:. 2153:. 2146:. 2139:. 2132:. 1812:e 1805:t 1798:v 1219:) 1215:( 433:) 426:- 422:( 413:) 409:( 399:) 395:( 387:) 383:( 295:) 291:( 173:) 153:) 149:( 33:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.