Early modern period

1011:(1368–1644), China was leading the world in mathematics as well as science. However, Europe soon caught up to China's scientific and mathematical achievements and surpassed them. Many scholars have speculated about the reason behind China's lag in advancement. A historian named Colin Ronan claims that though there is no one specific answer, there must be a connection between China's urgency for new discoveries being weaker than Europe's and China's inability to capitalize on its early advantages. Ronan believes that China's Confucian bureaucracy and traditions led to China not having a scientific revolution, which led China to have fewer scientists to break the existing orthodoxies, like Galileo Galilei. Despite inventing gunpowder in the 9th century, it was in Europe that the classic handheld firearms, matchlocks, were invented, with evidence of use around the 1480s. China was using the matchlocks by 1540, after the Portuguese brought their matchlocks to Japan in the early 1500s. China during the Ming Dynasty established a bureau to maintain its calendar. The bureau was necessary because the calendars were linked to celestial phenomena and that needs regular maintenance because twelve lunar months have 344 or 355 days, so occasional leap months have to be added in order to maintain 365 days per year. 1037:, also contributed to the growth of private industry. In particular, small-scale industries grew up, often specializing in paper, silk, cotton, and porcelain goods. For the most part, however, relatively small urban centers with markets proliferated around the country. Town markets mainly traded food, with some necessary manufactures such as pins or oil. In the 16th century the Ming dynasty flourished over maritime trade with the Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch Empires. The trade brought in a massive amount of silver, which China at the time needed desperately. Prior to China's global trade, its economy ran on paper money. However, in the 14th century, China's paper money system suffered a crisis, and by the mid-15th century, crashed. The silver imports helped fill the void left by the broken paper money system, which helps explain why the value of silver in China was twice as high as the value of silver in Spain during the end of the 16th century. 1574: 1462: 2546: 3170: 1824:, which led from Europe to East Asia, revived in the 16th century. Leaders also supported direct sea trade with Europe, particularly England and The Netherlands, which sought Persian carpet, silk, and textiles. Other exports were horses, goat hair, pearls, and an inedible bitter almond hadam-talka used as a spice in India. The main imports were spice, textiles (woolens from Europe, cotton from Gujarat), metals, coffee, and sugar. Despite their demise in 1722, the Safavids left their mark by establishing and spreading Shi'a Islam in major parts of the Caucasus and West Asia. 680: 3139:. Black African slave labour from Portugal's West African possessions was imported to do the grueling agricultural work. As the wealth of the Ibero-America increased, some Western European powers (Dutch, French, British, Danish) sought to duplicate the model in areas that the Iberians had not settled in numbers. They seized some Caribbean islands from the Spanish and transferred the model of sugar production on plantations with slave labour and settled in northern areas of North America in what are now the Eastern Seaboard of the United States and Canada. 3233:, in lower British North America, rebelled against British rule through 1765-1783, due to various factors such as belief in natural rights, the enforcement of new taxes levied by a Parliament which they could not vote for representatives in, and opposition to monarchy. The British colonies in Canada remained loyal to the crown, and a provisional government formed by the Thirteen Colonies proclaimed their independence on 4 July 1776, and subsequently became the original 13 United States of America. With the 1783 Treaty of Paris ending the 4246:

According to Bengsston, this trend existed amongst cities in different parts of Italy and in various parts of Europe even though cities operated under different economic and agricultural conditions. This leads Bengsston to his conclusion on what may have caused mortality rates in infants to spike during winter: "The strong protective effect of summer for neonatal deaths leads us to suppose that in many cases, these might be due to the insufficient heating systems of the houses or to the exposure of the newborn to cold during the

3860: 1446: 2429: 1198: 3406: 806: 1015: 1077: 3252: 1722: 2849: 1514:, although the dynasty continued for another 150 years. During this period, the Empire was marked by a highly centralized administration connecting the different regions. All the significant monuments of the Mughals, their most visible legacy, date to this period which was characterized by the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and architectural results. The 2154: 3076: 2089:

classic firearms. The advances made in gunpowder and firearms was directly tied to the decline in the use of plate armor because of the inability of the armor to protect one from bullets. The musket was able to penetrate all forms of armor available at the time, making armor obsolete, and as a consequence the heavy musket as well. Although there is relatively little to no difference in design between

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supporters of the Rump Parliament. The Civil War ended with the Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Worcester. The monopoly of the Church of England on Christian worship in England ended with the victors consolidating the established Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. Constitutionally, the wars established the precedent that an English monarch cannot govern without Parliament's consent. The

564:. There is no exact date that marks the beginning or end of the period and its extent may vary depending on the area of history being studied. In general, the early modern period is considered to have lasted from around the start of the 16th century to the start of the 19th century (about 1500–1800). In a European context, it is defined as the period following the 1424:. Because the ships were armed with cannons, Admiral Yi's navy was able to demolish the Japanese invading fleets, destroying hundreds of ships in Japan's second invasion. During the 17th century, Korea was invaded again, this time by Manchurians, who would later take over China as the Qing Dynasty. In 1637, King 3201:

or the Caribbean islands. France, The Netherlands, and Great Britain held colonies in North America and the West Indies from the 17th century, 100 years after the Spanish and Portuguese established permanent colonies. The British colonies in North America were founded between 1607 (Virginia) and 1733

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The title was derived from his savage behavior against his enemies, and particularly from a war with France in late 1471: frustrated by the refusal of the French to engage in open battle, and angered by French attacks on his unprotected borders in Hainault and Flanders, Charles marched his army back

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In October 1638 Ottoman forces returned to Mesopotamia, stormed Baghdad, and captured the city in December despite sustaining heavy casualties. These included the grand vizier, who "was killed leading the assault" (Sykes: 2:211). The Safavids were forced to sue for peace. On May 17, 1639 the Ottoman

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to his enemies, His early death was a pivotal moment in European history. Charles has often been regarded as the last representative of the feudal spirit, although in administrative affairs, he introduced remarkable modernizing innovations. Upon his death, Charles left an unmarried nineteen-year-old

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replaced older methods of studying nature, which had relied on ancient texts by writers like Aristotle. By the time of the Revolution, these methods resulted in an accumulation of knowledge that overturned ideas inherited from Ancient Greece and Islamic scholars. Major changes during the Scientific

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value. As a result, the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time. This often led to numerous confrontations between noble but impoverished samurai and well-to-do peasants. None, however, proved compelling enough to seriously challenge the established order

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During the early modern period, thorough and accurate global data on mortality rates is limited for a number of reasons including disparities in medical practices and views on the dead. However, there still remains data from European countries that still holds valuable information on the mortality

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Initially, Portuguese settlements (Brazil) in the coastal northeast were of lesser importance in the larger Portuguese overseas empire, where lucrative commerce and small settlements devoted to trade were established in coastal Africa, India and China. With sparse indigenous populations that could

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Bengsston writes that climate conditions were the most important factor in determining infant mortality rates: "For the period from birth to the fifth birthday, is clearly the most important determinant of death". Winters proved to be harsh on families and their newborns, especially if the other

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was a route followed by certain Anglo-American pirates in the early 18th century, involving voyages from Bermuda and the Americas to attack Muslim and East India Company ships in the Indian Ocean and Red Sea. The post-War of the Spanish Succession period saw many unemployed sailors and privateers

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For instance, Italy is home to a very warm climate in the summer, and the temperature drops immensely in the winter. This lends context to Bengsston writing that "the winter peak was the cruelest: during the first 10 days of life, a newborn was four times more likely to die than in the summer".

2356:(1480–1562). Maximilian (although Claude Michaud opines that he could claim "last knight" status by virtue of being the last medieval epic poet) was actually a chief modernizing force of the time (whose reform initiatives led to Europe-wide revolutions in the areas of warfare and communications, 4264:

During the early modern period, many societies' views on death changed greatly. With the implementation of new torture techniques, and increased public executions, people began to give more value to their life, and their body after death. Along with the views on death, methods of execution also

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When gunpowder was introduced to Europe, it was immediately used almost exclusively in weapons and explosives for warfare. Though it was invented in China, gunpowder arrived in Europe already formulated for military use; European countries took advantage of this and were the first to create the

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Infant mortality was a global concern during the early modern period as many newborns would not survive into childhood. Bengsston provides comparative data on infant mortality averages in a variety of European towns, cities, regions and countries starting from the mid-1600s to the 1800s. These

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was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians and Royalists. The first and second civil wars pitted the supporters of King Charles I against the supporters of the Long Parliament, while the third war saw fighting between supporters of King Charles II and

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and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historic era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe, this is a general use of the term. As a cultural movement, it encompassed a rebellion of learning based on

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The 15th to 18th century period is marked by the first European colonies, the rise of strong centralized governments, and the beginnings of recognizable European nation states that are the direct antecedents of today's states. Although the Renaissance included revolutions in many

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from the outside world but this policy was not always enforced uniformly or successfully. However, by the end of the Early Modern Period, China, Korea and Japan were mostly closed and uninterested in Europeans, even while trading relationships grew in port cities such as

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as a category. The term generally encompasses Western Europe, West Africa, and the Americas. It seeks to illustrate both local and regional developments, as well as the connections between these geographical regions through trade, migration, and cultural exchange.

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Early 17th-century philosophy is often referred to as the Age of Rationalism, succeeding Renaissance philosophy and preceding the Enlightenment. Some consider it the earliest part of the Enlightenment, stretching over two centuries. This era includes the works of

1154:"A date around 1780 as the beginning of modern China is thus closer to what we know today as historical 'reality'. It also allows us to have a better baseline to understand the precipitous decline of the Chinese polity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries." 1404:

dynasty (1392–1910) with a largely bloodless coup. Yi Seong-gye moved the capital of Korea to the location of modern-day Seoul. The dynasty was heavily influenced by Confucianism, which also played a large role to shaping Korea's strong cultural identity.

2425:, played a decisive role. The Taborite faction of Hussite warriors, primarily infantry, decisively defeated larger armies with heavily armored knights, contributing to the infantry revolution. However, the Hussite Crusades were ultimately inconclusive. 3079:

World Colonization of 1492 (Early Modern World), 1550, 1660, 1754 (Age of Enlightenment), 1822 (Industrial revolution), 1885 (European Hegemony), 1914 (World War I era), 1938 (World War II era), 1959 (Cold War era) and 1974, 2008 (Recent

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is normally used with reference to discontiguous overseas empires rather than contiguous land-based empires, European or otherwise. European colonisation during the 15th to 19th centuries resulted in the spread of Christianity to

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and stretching from the middle Volga to Ryazan and Tula, then breaking abruptly to the south and extending to the Dnieper via Pereyaslavl. This area was settled by a population of free people practicing various trades and crafts.

2337:(1443–1490), a notable nation builder, conqueror (Hungary in his time was the most powerful in Central Europe) and patron, was the first who introduced the Renaissance outside of Italy. In military area, he introduced the 1040:

China under the later Ming dynasty became isolated, prohibiting the construction of ocean going sea vessels. Despite isolationist policies the Ming economy still suffered from an inflation due to an overabundance of

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period covers approximately the late 17th century. This period was characterized by Anglo-French seamen based in Jamaica and Tortuga attacking Spanish colonies and shipping in the Caribbean and eastern Pacific. The

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in scientific discovery, technological innovation, and economic development began in the early modern period as the pace of change in Western countries increased significantly compared to the rest of the world.

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for the proper training of priests, the reform of religious life by returning orders to their spiritual foundations, and new spiritual movements focusing on the devotional life and a personal relationship with

2981:, or simply put as the Restoration, began in 1660 when the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were all restored under Charles II after the Commonwealth of England that followed the English Civil War. The 2717:) and introduced local self-management into the rural regions. During his long reign, Ivan IV nearly doubled the already large Russian territory by annexing the three Tatar khanates (parts of disintegrated 5912:'s conquest until the early eighteenth century, which marked the beginning of British and French domination of the Mediterranean Sea routes, the region witnessed what Rhoads Murphey has described as the 2380: 614:

character. New economies and institutions emerged, becoming more sophisticated and globally articulated over the course of the period. The early modern period also included the rise of the dominance of

4193:, Tommy Bengtsson provides adequate information pertaining to the data of infant mortality rates in European countries as well as provide necessary contextual influences on these mortality rates. 1805:

after the Islamic conquest of Persia and the establishment of Islam, marking an important point in the history of Islam in the east. The Safavid dynasty was founded about 1501. From their base in

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North America outside the zone of Spanish settlement was a contested area in the 17th century. Spain had founded small settlements in Florida and Georgia, but nowhere near the size of those in

2330:(1493) which gave the majority of Burgundian inheritance to the Habsburg (Mary already died in 1482). The rise of the Habsburg dynasty was a prime factor in the spreading of the Renaissance. 2344:

Some noblemen from the generation that lived during this period have been attributed the moniker "the last knight", with the most notable being the above-mentioned Maximilian I (1459–1519),

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in 1473, building the regime on trade revenues and the cooperation of Muslim merchants. The empire eventually made Islam the official religion, built mosques, and brought Muslim scholars to

7186:"Hispania- Austria. Die Katholischen Könige, Maximilian I. und die Anfänge der Casa de Austria in Spanien/Los Reyes Catolicos, Maximiliano I. y los inicios de la Casa de Austria en España" 3498:, demonstrating that planets move in ellipses rather than perfect circles. The idea that the stars were fixed on celestial spheres was replaced by the idea that stars are distant suns. 6089: 6249:, had already discussed heliocentric hypotheses as early as the third century BCE. However, there is little evidence that he ever developed his ideas beyond a very basic outline 841:. The European colonization of the Americas began during the early modern period, as did the establishment of European trading hubs in Asia and Africa, which contributed to the 778:

and their impact on thought and thinking, from concepts from nationalism to organizing armies. The early period ended in a time of political and economic change, as a result of

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during the mid-16th to mid-17th centuries. The Counter-Reformation was a comprehensive effort, involving ecclesiastical reforms as well as political and spiritual movements.

5999:[A Study on the Content of the Inscriptions on the Buildings of the Sharifian Saadi Dynasty of Morocco (During the Period between AH 915–1069/151069/1510–1658 CE)]. 687:

At the onset of the early modern period, trends in various regions of the world represented a shift away from medieval modes of organization, politically and economically.

2360:), who broke the back of the knight class (causing many to become robber barons) and had personal conflicts with the three other men on the matter of the knight's status. 1820:

What fueled the growth of Safavid economy was its position between the burgeoning civilizations of Europe to its west and Islamic Central Asia to its east and north. The

1409:(1418–1450), one of the only two kings in Korea's history to earn the title of great in their posthumous titles, reclaimed Korean territory to the north and created the 3387:

strengthened rural parishes, improved popular piety, helped to curb corruption within the church, and set examples that would be a strong impetus for Catholic renewal.

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is often used to mark the end of the Scientific Revolution, as it established the fundamental laws of physics that would dominate scientific thinking for centuries.

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in establishing its rule, but did not necessarily "assimilate", instead adopting a more universalist style of governance. The Manchus were formerly known as the

4163:, the sister of Francis I, herself a poet, novelist and religious mystic, gathered around her and protected a circle of vernacular poets and writers, including 4106:

as an intellectual movement spread across Europe. The basic training of the humanist was to speak well and write (typically, in the form of a letter). The term

1057:. The European trade depression of the 1620s also hurt the Chinese economy, which sunk to the point where all of China's trading partners cut ties with them: 4049:, elevating contemporary knowledge over classical Greek and Roman wisdom. Enlightenment thought also significantly influenced German philosophy, fostered by 10621: 7866:

Olin, John C. The Catholic Reformation: Savonarola to Ignatius Loyola: Reform in the Church, 1495-1540. Fordham University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8232-1275-0.

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dawned, beginning with revolts in America and France, political changes were then pushed forward in other countries partly as a result of upheavals of the

7455: 1809:, the Safavids established control over all of Persia and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region, thus becoming the first native dynasty since the 8866: 7642: 4978: 7197: 6224: 5590: 10496: 2913: 1503:, becoming the biggest global economy and manufacturing power, with a nominal GDP that valued a quarter of world GDP, superior than the combination of 970:

was the dominant power in Maritime Southeast Asia. The early modern period experienced an influx of European traders and missionaries into the region.

8413: 1676:, which dominated Muslim Malay settlements in Phuket, Satun, Pattani, and Sumatra. The Portuguese invaded Malacca's capital in 1511, and by 1528, the 1029:

In the early Ming dynasty, urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex. Large urban centers, such as

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from 1600 to 1868 is also referred to as the early modern period. In Korea, the early modern period is considered to have lasted from the rise of the

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during the 1940s and 1950s and gradually spread to other historians in the following decades and became widely known among scholars during the 1990s.

3310: 2326:. A conflict between the Burgundian side (Maximilian brought with himself almost no resources from the Empire) and France ensued, culminating in the 1096:, natural calamities, crop failure and sudden epidemics. The ensuing breakdown of authority and people's livelihoods allowed rebel leaders, such as 610:

Historians in recent decades have argued that, from a worldwide standpoint, the most important feature of the early modern period was its spreading

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to establish a unified Iranian state. Problematic for the Safavids was the powerful Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans, a Sunni dynasty, fought several

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demarcated their respective interests in Southeast Asia. From the 1850s onwards, the pace of colonization shifted to a significantly higher gear.

3863:"If there is something you know, communicate it. If there is something you don't know, search for it." An engraving from the 1772 edition of the 3013:

concluded between various European states helped end the War of the Spanish Succession. The representatives who met were Louis XIV of France and

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in response to the Protestant Reformation. Its goal was to reform internal Church practices while reaffirming the Church’s authority as the true

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was one of the founders of modern chemistry. In visual arts, notable representatives included the "three giants of the High Renaissance", namely

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Israel, Jonathan I. Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650–1750. Oxford University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0198206088.

10636: 9087: 5467: 1518:, located in the south west of present-day India, surpassed the Mughals as the dominant power in India from 1740 and expanding rapid until the 1142:, which became the new capital of the Qing dynasty. The Manchus adopted the Confucian norms of traditional Chinese government in their rule of 7783: 4603: 3940: 3534: 2865:

pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for European artistic developments and the contributions of such

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During the end of the 16th century, Korea was invaded twice by Japan, first in 1592 and again in 1597. Japan failed both times due to Admiral

10661: 8562: 2455:. The siege culminated in a counterattack that forced Sultan Mehmet II to retreat, with the victory being credited with deciding the fate of 10006: 6123: 1178:

Isle in 1543, the Japanese adopted several of the technologies and cultural practices of their visitors, whether in the military area (the

9077: 7377: 7299: 7016: 6977: 6860: 6770: 6561: 6483: 6099: 5417: 4684: 3038: 8265:), published after her death, among other devotional poetry. See also "Marguerite de Navarre: Religious Reformist" in Jonathan A. Reid, 7416: 7338: 6938: 6899: 6809: 6731: 6692: 6653: 6614: 6444: 6405: 6366: 6327: 5510: 5156: 5117: 5000: 2542:

of printed literature. Its jurisdiction was limited to baptized Catholics, while non-Christians were typically tried by secular courts.

1743:. This was perhaps the golden age of the empire. The Ottomans expanded southwest into North Africa while battling with the re-emergent 6288: 3135:

not be coerced to work and no known deposits of precious metals, Portugal sought a high-value, low-bulk export product and found it in

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Goldman, E.O., & Eliason, L.C. (2003). The diffusion of military technology and ideas. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.

842: 10576: 7528: 1054: 6169: 4537: 9850: 9345: 7875:

Ditchfield, Simon. "The Catholic Reformation." Renaissance Studies, vol. 15, no. 3, 2001, pp. 390-409. DOI:10.1111/1477-4658.00088.

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from the Ile-de-France to Burgundian territory, burning over two thousand towns, villages and castles on his way—Taylor, Aline S.

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and the notion of a singular Christian hegemony. The treaty also marked the birth of the modern concept of national sovereignty.

1936: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1573: 1461: 525: 438: 9938: 9298: 3656: 3178: 1672:, and eastern Indonesia, though the effectiveness of this influence remains debated. Majapahit struggled to control the rising 908:

reached their zenith, while the empire itself is believed to have had the world's largest economy, bigger than the entirety of

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Jacob, Margaret C. The Scientific Revolution: A Brief History with Documents. Bedford/St. Martin's, 2010. ISBN 978-0312539481.

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in 1453 and later by various movements to reform the church (including Lutheran, Zwinglian, and Calvinist), followed by the

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and preceding the advent of modernity; but the dates of these boundaries are far from universally agreed. In the context of

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Berlin, Isaiah. Against the Current: Essays in the History of Ideas. Princeton University Press, 2001. ISBN 978-0691090269.

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Leeson, Peter T. The Invisible Hook: The Hidden Economics of Pirates. Princeton University Press, 2009. ISBN 9780691137477.

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Konstam, Angus. Pirates: The Complete History from 1300 BC to the Present Day. Osprey Publishing, 2008. ISBN 9781846032400.

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Olin, John C. The Catholic Reformation: Savonarola to Ignatius Loyola. Fordham University Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0823212750.

5205:(First edition, 1983), section "Azuchi-Momoyama History (1568–1600)" by George Elison, in the entry for "history of Japan". 3495: 3106: 2756:. The native land of the Cossacks is defined by a line of Russian/Ruthenian town-fortresses located on the border with the 2039: 1712: 1042: 2357: 329: 241: 9436: 3463: 3400: 2192: 1708: 1593: 4761: 4205:

For instance, the average infant mortality rate in what is now Germany was 108 infant deaths for every 1,000 births; in

8841: 8809: 8399: 8358: 8333: 8288: 8257: 7590: 7293: 6065: 5554: 5411: 4954: 2345: 415: 324: 10681: 9193: 8760: 8555: 8459: 7857:

Armitage, David. The Ideological Origins of the British Empire. Cambridge University Press, 2000. ISBN 9780521789783.

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Rediker, Marcus. Villains of All Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age. Beacon Press, 2004. ISBN 9780807050255.

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methods of Italian Humanism to the study of antique coinage and to legal history, composing a detailed commentary on

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might be trained as samurai, and samurai might act as local lords. Otherwise, the largely inflexible nature of this

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Various events and historical transitions have been proposed as the start of the early modern period, including the

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around the world. The rise of sustained contacts between previously isolated parts of the globe, in particular the

2459:. The noon bell, ordered by Pope Callixtus III, commemorates this victory across the Christian world to this day. 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10611: 10546: 9591: 9426: 8712: 8165: 3694:(1735), introducing the classification of organisms into hierarchical categories and replacing Aristotle’s ideas. 3648: 3202:(Georgia). The Dutch explored the east coast of North America and began founding settlements in what they called 8720: 7459: 1428:

was forced to surrender to the Qing forces, and was ordered to send princesses as concubines to the Qing Prince

9802: 9055: 4744: 4645: 4242:

seasons of the year were warmer. This seasonal drop in temperature was a lot for an infant's body to adapt to.

4007: 3364: 2920:. French culture likewise flourished during this era, producing a number of figures of great renown, including 2545: 2421:. These wars were notable for being among the first European conflicts where hand-held gunpowder weapons, like 2118: 2023:

in 1485. Early modern European history is usually seen to span from the start of the 15th century, through the

479: 232: 7639: 7605:

Hansen, Joseph. Witchcraft in Europe, 400-1700: A Documentary History. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2001.

5783: 5582: 4970: 3907:. This period in Europe was characterized by system-builders—philosophers who established unified theories of 9955: 9400: 9362: 9238: 9226: 9028: 8992: 8142:

Gaukroger, Stephen. Descartes: An Intellectual Biography. Oxford University Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0198239949.

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as a key trading post for Britain in its rivalry with the Dutch. However, the rivalry cooled in 1824 when an

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in 1669, and the systematic study of fossils and rock types began to question the biblical age of the Earth.

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congress. Until 1806, the regulations became part of the constitutional laws of the Holy Roman Empire. The

424: 10707: 10566: 10551: 10446: 9303: 9283: 8987: 8548: 8378: 5532: 4898:

Flynn, Dennis O.; Giraldez, Arturo (1995). "Arbitrage, China, and World Trade in the Early Modern Period".

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spread northward to France, Germany, Holland and England, where it became associated with the Reformation.

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sources, the development of linear perspective in painting, and gradual but widespread educational reform.

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in the 17th and 18th centuries, until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century.

1734: 1609: 1111: 113: 6254: 3517: 2929: 396: 391: 9972: 9483: 9013: 8944: 8888: 6095: 4265:

changed. New devices to torture and execute criminals were invented. The number of criminals executed by

3748: 3713: 3187: 1202: 928: 756: 572:, the early modern period is often used even in contexts where there is no equivalent "medieval" period. 518: 277: 4202:

statistics are measured for infant deaths within the first month of every 1,000 births in a given area.

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civic politics, accelerated travel due to improvements in mapping and ship design, and the emergence of

9843: 9566: 9410: 9405: 9209: 9127: 8597: 8195:

Barry, John M. Roger Williams and the Creation of the American Soul. Viking, 2012. ISBN 978-0670023059.

7823: 7115: 3899:'s occultist approaches. Instead, reason became the central source of knowledge, initiating the era of 3844: 3521: 3468: 3296:

The early modern period was initiated by the Reformation and the collapse of the unity of the medieval

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surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company, in 1765, when the company was granted the

1406: 1227: 1025:

brought about auspicious events; merchant-funding for such projects was needed by the late Ming period.

944: 79: 4073:. The Enlightenment flourished until around 1790–1800, after which the emphasis on reason gave way to 2840:

turning to piracy in the Caribbean, the American eastern seaboard, West Africa, and the Indian Ocean.

1854:. Between the 15th and 16th centuries, various nomadic tribes arrived from the steppes, including the 1167:

that began around 1467 and lasted around a century consisted of several continually "warring states".

10491: 10451: 9892: 9395: 9350: 9144: 8498: 7324:

Kommunikation und Konfrontation: Diplomatie und Gesandtschaftswesen Kaiser Maximilians I. (1486–1519)

4221:, 80–110 infants died per every 1,000 babies born. In Sweden, 70–95 infants died per 1,000 births in 3800: 2904:

Men who featured prominently in the political and military life of France during this period include

2753: 2642: 2477: 2468: 1563: 939:

were stimulated by trade with the Portuguese, the Spanish, and the Dutch, while Japan engaged in the

712: 7780: 5471: 4408: 4347: 2510:

in the modern era refers to several institutions within the Catholic Church tasked with prosecuting

10732: 10591: 10319: 10081: 10041: 10031: 9979: 8486: 7122:(in German). Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kreis Kaiserslautern, Historischer Verein der Pfalz. p. 197. 4599: 4493: 4015: 3854: 3050: 3022: 2599: 2588: 2444: 1814: 1605: 315: 4259: 2629:

was preoccupied with external threats and allowed German princes to decide whether to enforce the

2353: 2310:, as his heir. Her marriage would have enormous implications for the political balance of Europe. 1716: 410: 405: 222: 10742: 10369: 10277: 9576: 9571: 9431: 8972: 7649: 4070: 3752: 3725: 3675: 3499: 2986: 2369: 1657: 1601: 1519: 1302: 1018: 913: 287: 8475: 7557: 7551: 6120: 5996:دراسة في مضمون النقوش الكتابية علي عمائر الأشراف السعديين بالمغرب الأقصي(915-1069هــ/1510-1658م) 2129:. Despite its name, for much of its history the Empire did not include Rome within its borders. 1187: 10747: 10541: 10531: 10120: 10051: 10036: 9517: 9476: 9176: 9092: 8900: 8707: 8186:

Gardner, Sebastian. Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason. Routledge, 1999. ISBN 978-0415119099.

7844: 6157: 5994: 4403: 4342: 4066: 4058: 4003: 3896: 3794: 3744: 3644: 3551:, which revolutionized the understanding of human anatomy and corrected errors in the works of 3066: 2953: 2889: 2738: 2653: 2452: 2390: 2016: 2000: 1984: 1420:, Korea's revered naval genius, who led the Korean Navy using advanced metal clad ships called 799: 704: 648: 576: 511: 269: 203: 25: 7361: 7283: 7000: 6961: 6844: 6754: 6545: 6467: 5960: 5403:

The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-century China

5401: 4662: 4632: 4441: 4380: 3891:

is also called the Age of Reason because it marked a departure from the medieval tradition of

3033:

on the other. The treaty enregistered the defeat of French ambitions expressed in the wars of

1660:

and is considered one of the greatest states in Indonesian history. Its influence extended to

1234:'s entry into Kyoto in 1568, when he led his army to the imperial capital in order to install 817:

would pave the way for the global European presence characteristic of the early modern period.

10651: 10626: 10556: 10239: 9967: 9740: 9698: 9668: 9455: 9330: 8728: 8481: 8268:

King's sister—queen of dissent: Marguerite of Navarre (1492–1549) and her evangelical network

8231: 7400: 7322: 6922: 6883: 6793: 6715: 6676: 6637: 6598: 6428: 6389: 6350: 6311: 5778: 5494: 5357: 5331: 5308: 5140: 5099: 5008: 4799: 4160: 4078: 4062: 3594: 3454: 3429: 3329: 3280: 2909: 2338: 2205: 2047: 1535: 1368: 1134:, the last Ming emperor, committed suicide. The Manchus then allied with former Ming general 728: 700: 624: 569: 101: 7706: 7700: 6272: 5891: 4394:

de Vries, Jan (14 September 2009). "The limits of globalization in the early modern world".

4333:

de Vries, Jan (14 September 2009). "The limits of globalization in the early modern world".

2830:

in the early modern period, spanning from the mid-17th century to the mid-18th century. The

2733:

in South Western Siberia. Thus by the end of the 16th century Russia was transformed into a

2157:

Gutenberg reviewing a press proof (a colored engraving created probably in the 19th century)

1230:. Although a start date of 1573 is often given, in more broad terms, the period begins with 386: 10646: 10401: 10314: 10292: 10215: 10211: 10140: 10056: 10001: 9996: 9819: 9663: 9552: 9181: 9122: 9065: 9023: 8977: 8814: 8655: 8634: 7664:, "Ivan the Magnificent" or "Ivan the Awesome", is precisely a man who has become a legend" 6246: 5818:

Pigeaud, Theodore G. Th. (1963). "Alphabetical Index of Subjects Treated in Volumes II–V".

4283: 4138: 4103: 4096: 4025:

culture played a key role in spreading Enlightenment ideas, culminating in the influential

3888: 3828: 3706: 3607: 3376: 2821: 2584: 2523: 2473: 2024: 2012: 1940: 1768: 1673: 1247: 966:

lords de facto ruling the south and north of present-day Vietnam respectively, whereas the

951: 901: 858: 830: 732: 716: 376: 306: 227: 213: 89: 85: 8266: 8133:

Outram, Dorinda. The Enlightenment. Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0521546812.

7524: 7505: 7402:

German Imperial Knights: Noble Misfits between Princely Authority and the Crown, 1479–1648

6033:

Stanford Jay Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press. 1977, p. 77.

4172: 4150: 3255: 1350:

ranking below. The country was strictly closed to foreigners with few exceptions with the

1021:, built in 1576: the Chinese believed that building pagodas on certain sites according to 767:

took place as Western Europe greatly surpassed China in technology and per capita wealth.

643:

The early modern period is a subdivision of the most recent of the three major periods of

8: 10671: 10536: 10406: 10196: 10125: 9882: 9855: 9838: 9826: 9604: 9367: 9288: 9139: 9132: 9112: 9060: 9018: 8997: 8861: 8804: 8660: 8614: 8571: 4633:

Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics

4533: 4298: 4146: 4050: 3781: 3603: 3458: 3410: 3323: 3276: 3219: 3034: 2982: 2978: 2961: 2937: 2933: 2853: 2774: 2668: 2634: 2611: 2519: 2501: 2493: 2472:

allowed rulers to determine their state's religion. This framework was solidified by the

2394: 2349: 2323: 2284: 2176: 2142: 2083: 1974: 1950: 1515: 1081: 897: 893: 873: 783: 720: 679: 611: 604: 596: 255: 188: 4850:

The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History

1092:

The damage to the economy was compounded by the effects on agriculture of the incipient

655:

and the modern period. The term "early modern" was first proposed by medieval historian

10391: 10307: 10297: 10130: 10093: 10023: 9962: 9945: 9899: 9809: 9723: 9537: 9097: 8883: 8797: 8765: 8675: 8670: 8665: 7827: 7492: 7363:

The Art of Renaissance Warfare: From The Fall of Constantinople to the Thirty Years War

7232: 7148:

Badische Burgen aus romantischer Sicht: Auswahl aus den Beständen des Augustinermuseums

6182: 5727: 5080: 4915: 4791: 4670: 4429: 4421: 4368: 4360: 4112: 3904: 3832: 3685: 3566: 3396: 3090: 2607: 2580: 2553: 2418: 2280: 2161: 2110: 2043: 2020: 1908: 1802: 1759:

In the Ottoman sphere, the Turks seized Egypt in 1517 and established the regencies of

1677: 1321: 1309: 1257: 1239: 1223: 1115: 1058: 958:

experienced a golden age and ruled a large extent of Mainland Southeast Asia, with the

846: 795: 740: 429: 301: 132: 6391:

The Annotated Mona Lisa: A Crash Course in Art History from Prehistoric to Post-Modern

1534:

saw the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers. The

983:

In Early Modern times, the major nations of East Asia attempted to pursue a course of

10521: 10423: 10411: 10396: 10376: 10287: 10234: 10206: 10188: 9991: 9867: 9860: 9673: 9621: 9599: 9527: 9459: 9340: 9335: 9293: 9248: 8916: 8873: 8846: 8831: 8792: 8755: 8522: 8515: 8455: 8449: 8405: 8395: 8354: 8329: 8284: 8276: 8037:

Seeing the Invisible: Microscopes and Microscopists from the 17th to the 19th Century

7806: 7710: 7679: 7653: 7586: 7561: 7478: 7435: 7406: 7367: 7328: 7289: 7152: 7084: 7045: 7006: 6967: 6928: 6889: 6850: 6799: 6760: 6721: 6682: 6643: 6604: 6551: 6512: 6473: 6434: 6395: 6356: 6317: 6278: 6200: 6061: 6016: 5966: 5939: 5897: 5856: 5831: 5741: 5731: 5695: 5656: 5617: 5550: 5500: 5444: 5407: 5380: 5283: 5260: 5250: 5222: 5183: 5146: 5107: 5084: 5045: 5035: 4950: 4878: 4853: 4822: 4740: 4715: 4674: 4665:. In Lex Heerma van Voss; Els Hiemstra-Kuperus; Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk (eds.). 4641: 4579: 4573: 4460: 4437: 4433: 4417: 4376: 4372: 4356: 4316: 4250:

ceremony. This last hypothesis could explain why the effect was so strong in Italy".

4168: 4022: 3995: 3971: 3928: 3900: 3767: 3766:

emerged in the 18th century, but much of early modern anthropology is now considered

3763: 3611: 3589: 3511: 3357: 3230: 3183: 3042: 3014: 2973: 2870: 2744:

Russia experienced territorial growth through the 17th century, which was the age of

2726: 2688: 2660: 2638: 2557: 2463: 2334: 2319: 2260: 2256: 2236: 2221: 2213: 2106: 2067: 2031: 1875: 1585: 1539: 1500: 1470: 1450: 1294: 1235: 1171: 1131: 967: 955: 889: 834: 787: 771: 644: 619:

as an economic theory. Other notable trends of the period include the development of

592: 557: 292: 246: 10666: 5853:

Indonesia's History Between the Myths: Essays in Legal History and Historical Theory

4130: 4110:

comes from the latter part of the 15th century. The people were associated with the

3987: 2248: 1118:

in 1917. During its reign, the Qing dynasty adopted many of the outward features of

10282: 10272: 10098: 10046: 9950: 9814: 9703: 9653: 9631: 9626: 9557: 9325: 8939: 8895: 8624: 8604: 8387: 8112:

The Worldly Philosophers: The Lives, Times and Ideas of the Great Economic Thinkers

6008: 5823: 5072: 4946: 4942: 4907: 4413: 4352: 4293: 4123: 3947:(1637). The first major advancements in modern science included Newton's theory of 3944: 3729: 3651:

includes some who questioned the strictest form of this dogma. The idea of partial

3633: 3573: 3548: 3446: 3421: 3384: 3246: 2998: 2945: 2905: 2730: 2722: 2710: 2676: 2672: 2432: 2406: 2327: 2307: 2298: 2291: 2272: 2264: 2224: 2137: 2055: 1907:. Pashtun forces also invaded Persia, and the opposing forces were defeated in the 1621: 1356:

policy. Literacy among the Japanese people rose in the two centuries of isolation.

1046: 959: 814: 764: 760: 668: 588: 457: 118: 8949: 5878:

Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450–1680: Volume Two, Expansion and Crisis

4213:

reported 140–160 infants dying per every 1,000 babies born. In what is now Italy,

4164: 4057:

emerging as a leading figure. These developments also had profound impacts on the

2663:(1542–circa 1860), covering most of the Italian peninsula and certain other areas. 2136:

was a cultural movement that began in the 14th century, beginning in Italy in the

10656: 10596: 10481: 10329: 10324: 10302: 10222: 10176: 9933: 9887: 9785: 9762: 9745: 9718: 9503: 9355: 9275: 9243: 8924: 8619: 8326:

Life Under Pressure: Mortality and Living Standards in Europe and Asia, 1700–1900

8239: 7787: 7765: 7646: 7146: 7117: 7078: 7039: 6506: 6178: 6127: 5933: 5735: 5689: 5650: 5540: 5536: 5361: 5335: 5312: 5216: 4803: 4770: 4637: 4191:

Life Under Pressure: Mortality and Living Standards in Europe and Asia, 1700–1900

3690: 3622: 3491: 3480: 3472: 3349: 3297: 3129: 2957: 2941: 2757: 2295: 2126: 2035: 1928: 1899:(warriors for the faith) invaded and conquered much of northern India during the 1780: 1776: 1764: 1760: 1665: 1567: 1543: 1531: 1474: 1397: 1272: 1267:

from 1600 to 1868 characterized early modern Japan. The Tokugawa shogunate was a

1243: 1119: 963: 905: 775: 474: 156: 7116:

Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kreis Kaiserslautern, Historischer Verein der Pfalz (1984).

5827: 4026: 3866: 3859: 10686: 10606: 10561: 10501: 10466: 10258: 10171: 10076: 9984: 9775: 9609: 9532: 8929: 8878: 8856: 8851: 8836: 8826: 8819: 7660:; Quote from p. 78: "But Ivan IV, Ivan the Terrible, or as the Russian has it, 4658: 4627: 4269:

increased, as did the total rate of executions during the early modern period.

4209:, there were 140–190 infant deaths reported for every 1,000 births. In France, 4046: 3999: 3991: 3967: 3960: 3824: 3812: 3737: 3652: 3599: 3561: 3556: 3437: 3363:

New religious orders were a fundamental part of this trend. Orders such as the

3263: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3156: 3125: 3030: 3026: 3010: 3006: 2706: 2630: 2440: 2439:

The final crusade, the Crusade of 1456, was organized to counter the advancing

2268: 2172: 2051: 1946: 1912: 1851: 1837: 1798: 1748: 1730: 1425: 1164: 1123: 1093: 924: 909: 862: 656: 193: 7810: 6012: 5958: 10701: 10641: 10526: 10441: 10386: 10246: 10166: 10061: 9911: 9904: 9797: 9750: 9643: 9499: 9451: 9390: 8532: 7617:

The Roman Inquisition: A Papal Bureaucracy and Its Laws in the Age of Galileo

6020: 4935: 4911: 4845: 4288: 4054: 4030: 3975: 3892: 3816: 3804: 3702: 3681: 3637: 3450: 3449:

of the solar system (the other planets circle the Earth) was replaced by the

3186:

in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the

3173: 2896:

between France and Spain and is often considered part of the overall accord.

2622: 2576: 2549: 2318:, with the aid of Mary's stepmother, Margaret. In 1477, the territory of the 2180: 1996: 1932: 1900: 1886: 1649: 1508: 1485: 1481: 1466: 1454: 1282: 1104: 936: 885: 869: 822: 779: 553: 545: 467: 142: 33: 9468: 7231:(3, "The revival of infantry tactics in the Late Middle Ages (2012)"): 6–9. 5496:

Why Europe Grew Rich and Asia Did Not: Global Economic Divergence, 1600–1850

5264: 5049: 4321:

The birth of the modern world, 1780–1914: global connections and comparisons

2826:

The Golden Age of Piracy is a designation given to one or more outbursts of

2583:, marking the start of the Reformation. Luther’s movement, supported by the 2341:, one of the first standing armies in Europe and a remarkably modern force. 1445: 735:. The globalization of the period can be seen in the medieval North Italian 10676: 10476: 10381: 10227: 10201: 10110: 9792: 9780: 9728: 9688: 9683: 9547: 9542: 8982: 8445: 8409: 8161: 8082:

Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Study of Early Modern Physics

6885:

Royal Divine Coronation Iconography in the Medieval Euro-Mediterranean Area

6085: 5076: 4520:

War made new: Technology, warfare, and the course of history, 1500 to today

4141:. Although a royal absolutist (and not a republican like the early Italian 3956: 3936: 3908: 3759: 3671: 3577: 3529: 3191: 3046: 3002: 2949: 2874: 2862: 2836: 2797: 2770: 2718: 2714: 2448: 2428: 2389:

Christianity was challenged at the beginning of the modern period with the

2240: 2232: 2165: 2008: 1988: 1904: 1879: 1843: 1792: 1739: 1613: 1577: 1231: 1219: 1197: 1183: 1143: 1107: 1049:. Ming China was further strained by victorious but costly wars to protect 1008: 984: 940: 932: 826: 719:

and ended with the establishment of the modern international system in the

632: 616: 164: 137: 8391: 7758: 6430:

Artistic Representations of Suffering: Rights, Resistance, and Remembrance

4222: 3875:(center) is surrounded by light and unveiled by the figures to the right, 2231:(1493–1541) is associated with a medical revolution while the Anglo-Irish 919:

Various Chinese dynasties controlled the East Asian sphere. In Japan, the

10616: 10364: 10359: 10351: 10336: 10161: 10066: 9877: 9713: 9678: 9658: 9638: 9616: 9581: 9117: 8592: 8441: 6313:

Transforming Matter: A History of Chemistry from Alchemy to the Buckyball

5063:

Wakeman, Frederic E. (1986). "China and the Seventeenth-Century Crisis".

4782:

Needham, Joseph (1956). "Mathematics and Science in China and the West".

4074: 4038: 3979: 3912: 3717: 3487: 3476: 3405: 3333: 3291: 3215: 3094: 2925: 2804:

to Asia for valuable spices that Mediterranean powers could not contest.

2801: 2748:. Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities, resembling 2734: 2615: 2603: 2595: 2572: 2564: 2507: 2497: 2489: 2456: 2373: 2209: 2133: 1641: 1617: 1484:

is usually dated from 1526, around the end of the Middle Ages. It was an

1421: 1313: 1175: 1005: 877: 805: 736: 708: 692: 664: 652: 580: 565: 343: 338: 208: 58: 7236: 7220: 4795: 4425: 4364: 2466:(1555) ended the concept of a united Christian church. The principle of 912:

and worth 25% of global GDP. By the mid-18th century, India was a major

865:

conquered Southeastern Europe, and parts of West Asia and North Africa.

10147: 10135: 10105: 10071: 10011: 9693: 4919: 4230: 4210: 4118: 3983: 3952: 3876: 3773: 3667: 3585: 3433: 3380: 3340: 3305: 3223: 3152: 2694: 2539: 2535: 2228: 2217: 2122: 1496: 1488: 1417: 1298: 1290: 1264: 1127: 1097: 1076: 1014: 920: 359: 169: 122: 97: 43: 8540: 3251: 2921: 1088:. This work was a collaboration between Chinese and European painters. 10581: 10418: 10153: 10115: 9708: 9522: 9107: 9102: 8954: 8380:

Introduction to A Global History of Execution and the Criminal Corpse

7285:

Mercenaries: A Guide to Private Armies and Private Military Companies

5546: 5531: 4266: 4226: 4134: 3808: 3721: 3660: 3625:, who is credited with pioneering dental techniques in his 1728 work 3618: 3581: 3507: 3503: 3372: 3368: 3301: 3198: 3148: 3136: 3121: 3070: 2885: 2831: 2785: 2568: 2531: 2527: 2515: 2201: 2183: 1867: 1821: 1810: 1645: 1625: 1581: 1511: 1492: 1380: 1376: 1317: 1135: 1022: 989: 854: 850: 688: 561: 549: 462: 183: 47: 8213:

Porter, Roy. The Enlightenment. Palgrave, 2001. ISBN 978-0333964500.

5104:

A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology

2633:. The religious conflict escalated, leading to the formation of the 1958: 1495:

by the late 17th and the early 18th centuries. The empire dominated

1326: 1277: 1252: 892:

for the military technology that enabled them). Particularly in the

10571: 10267: 10088: 9916: 9831: 9770: 9733: 9082: 9070: 8162:"Kant, Immanuel: Metaphysics – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" 5326:

Tae-gyu, Kim (15 April 2012). "Joseon: Korea's Confucian kingdom".

4090: 4034: 4011: 3924: 3820: 2878: 2866: 2800:

technologies, new maps, and advances in astronomy to seek a viable

2745: 2701:(the "Awesome" or "the Terrible") was officially crowned the first 2511: 2212:, an Italian political philosopher, considered a founder of modern 2168: 2090: 2054:

empires had emerged as world powers from the multipolar contest of

1992: 1954: 1855: 1559: 1384: 1347: 1343: 1179: 1080:

Painting depicting the Qing Chinese celebrating a victory over the

1062: 861:

and colonization of Native Americans began during this period. The

790:; other factors included the redrawing of the map of Europe by the 696: 600: 584: 174: 71: 7327:(in German). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 98, 99. 5773: 4667:

The Ashgate Companion to the History of Textile Workers, 1650–2000

2848: 2322:

was annexed by France. In the same year, Mary married Maximilian,

1983:

to change around the start of the 16th century, starting with the

1316:), unlike the shogunates before it, was based on the strict class 1045:

silver entering its economy through new European colonies such as

10486: 10341: 10253: 8629: 6639:

God and Gold: Britain, America and the Making of the Modern World

5909: 5352:

Tae-gyu, Kim (29 May 2012). "Joseon: Korea's Confucian kingdom".

4247: 4206: 3948: 3698: 3308:. Max Weber has written a highly influential book on this called 3262:

A key development in early modern history is the creation of the

3237:, Britain recognised the former Thirteen Colonies' independence. 2793: 2698: 2645:—allowing rulers to determine the religion of their territories. 2422: 2414: 2410: 2244: 2153: 2004: 1924: 1871: 1859: 1806: 1772: 1721: 1661: 1335: 1331: 1211: 1191: 1139: 1034: 1030: 881: 825:

peoples had built a large and varied civilization, including the

810: 628: 620: 6795:

War, State, and Society in England and the Netherlands 1477–1559

5808:

1300, 2nd ed. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991. page 19

5249:. Borders Press in association with HarperCollins. p. 175. 3075: 2251:(often considered the greatest artist of Northern Renaissance), 10506: 4218: 4214: 3920: 3880: 3345: 3270: 2917: 2827: 2749: 2709:") of Russia in 1547. The Tsar promulgated a new code of laws ( 2409:(1419–1434) involved military actions against the followers of 2252: 2114: 1980: 1890: 1863: 1847: 1833: 1744: 1669: 1551: 1504: 1429: 1410: 1401: 1352: 1339: 1268: 1085: 1050: 993: 838: 748: 498: 8275:; v. 139). Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2009. (2 v.: (xxii, 795 p.) 7119:

Jahrbuch zur Geschichte von Stadt und Landkreis Kaiserslautern

6154:

Early modern British history, 1485–1760: a select bibliography

6143:

Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies, Cambridge 1988

5935:

Tolerance and movements of religious dissent in Eastern Europe

5303:

Lee, Lawrence (21 March 2014). "Honoring the Joseon Dynasty".

4739:(2nd ed.). Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. pp. 109–110. 4095:

With the adoption of large-scale printing after 1500, Italian

3663:

was not fully articulated and accepted until the 19th century.

3647:

remained dominant throughout the early modern period, but the

3640:

in the 1790s, though it was unclear at the time how it worked.

2385:

Johann Sebastian Bach – Mass in B minor – Agnus Dei, From 1724

1246:

after his victory over supporters of the Toyotomi clan at the

943:

after the arrival of the first European Portuguese during the

10471: 10461: 10456: 9928: 9923: 8504: 7640:

Storytelling and Mythmaking: Images from Film and Literature.

7083:(in French). Presses universitaires de Grenoble. p. 75. 7041:

The Last Knight: The Art, Armor, and Ambition of Maximilian I

5180:

Culinary Cultures of Europe: Identity, Diversity and Dialogue

4971:"The Ming Voyages | Asia for Educators | Columbia University" 3943:(1687), and the development of Descartes' famous proposition 3916: 3872: 3552: 3304:

in particular has been argued as instrumental to the rise of

2789: 2713:), established the first Russian feudal representative body ( 2263:

of the Flemish Baroque traditions. Famous composers included

2216:. Machiavelli is most famous for a short political treatise, 2187: 1895: 1893:

dynasty. Following Muslim Arab and Turkic conquests, Pashtun

1653: 1555: 1372: 1066: 752: 744: 8493: 6846:

Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places

5178:

Goldstein, Darra; Merkle, Kathrin; Mennell, Stephen (2006).

4819:

The Dialogue of Civilizations in the Birth of Modern Science

4145:), Budé was active in civic life, serving as a diplomat for 3978:

classified his predecessors into two philosophical schools:

3732:

in 1784, which described the force between electric charges.

2171:, around 1439, and as the global inventor of the mechanical 1616:

assumed the task of directly administering India in the new

1359:

In some parts of the country, particularly smaller regions,

10601: 8324:

Bengsston, Tommy (2004). "12: Infant and Child Mortality".

8204:

Proust, Jacques. Diderot et l'Encyclopédie. A. Colin, 1962.

5959:

Muzaffar Husain Syed; Syed Saud Akhtar; B D Usmani (2011).

3588:

before the fields were clearly separated. Boyle argued for

3467:. Copernicus' work, influenced by earlier scholars such as 3100: 2702: 2059: 8351:

The Work of the Dead: A Cultural History of Mortal Remains

5379:. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 13. 3356:. It also involved political activities that included the 1186:), decorative art, language (integration to Japanese of a 8273:

Studies in medieval and Reformation traditions, 1573–4188

8007:

Edward Jenner and the History of Smallpox and Vaccination

2893: 2648:

Two main Inquisitions remained active in the modern era:

2594:

Luther’s 95 Theses criticized practices like the sale of

1962: 1680:

was established by a Malaccan prince to succeed Malacca.

1604:. Rule by the Company lasted until 1858, when, after the 1286: 1070: 5438: 4900:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

3502:

began to separate into different disciplines, with only

2788:, the most desired trading goods were gold, silver, and 2093:

and musket except in size and strength, it was the term

1558:, or in 1772, when the company established a capital in 10586: 6843:

Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (2013).

4663:"The Long Globalization and Textile Producers in India" 4534:"The Congress of Vienna, 1 November 1814 – 8 June 1815" 3453:(the planets circle the Sun). This shift, known as the 2884:

The Peace of Westphalia resulted from the first modern

2637:

to defend Protestant interests. This culminated in the

2522:(1478–1834). The Inquisition prosecuted crimes such as 1850:, and the far eastern portions were ruled by the local 1293:

from 1603 until 1868, when it was abolished during the

1182:, European-style cuirasses, European ships), religion ( 8451:

Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy

7519: 7517: 7515: 6466:

Carl, Klaus H.; Manca, Joseph; McShane, Megan (2016).

5177: 3541:

Advances in anatomy were marked by the publication of

1289:, now called Tokyo. The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from 888:

empires grew in strength (three of which are known as

857:, greatly altered the human environment. Notably, the 7962:

Knowledge and Practice in English Medicine, 1550–1680

6842: 6824: 5928:

Király, Béla K., ed. (1975). "The Ottoman aspects of

5244: 5029: 4708:

Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context,

4481:

The World Economy, Volume 1: A Millennial Perspective

3751:

identifying the common origin of what are now called

2109:

was a union of territories in Central Europe under a

2007:

the modern period is often dated to the start of the

1507:'s GDP. The "classic period" ended with the death of 7992:

Pierre Fauchard and the Founding of Modern Dentistry

7902:

The Scientific Revolution: A Very Short Introduction

5282:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 364. 3409:

Model for the Three Superior Planets and Venus from

1379:

were set at fixed amounts which did not account for

7512: 6792:Gunn, Steven; Grummitt, David; Cools, Hans (2007). 5804:M.C. Ricklefs, A History of Modern Indonesia Since 4623: 4621: 4178: 3799:Inventions of the early modern period included the 699:and of religious unity in Western Europe under the 6717:Charles the Bold: The Last Valois Duke of Burgundy 5462: 5460: 5106:. University of California Press. pp. 26–36. 4934: 4562:. American historical series, H. Holt and Company. 4196: 3317: 2598:and sparked debates, leading to the rise of rival 2100: 1285:. The period gets its name from the capital city, 1114:. The Qing ruled from 1644 to 1912, with a brief, 8009:. Proceedings (Baylor University Medical Center). 7525:"Medieval Sourcebook: Inquisition – Introduction" 6966:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 245. 6791: 6713: 6508:The Creative Impulse: An Introduction to the Arts 6387: 4116:, a novel curriculum that was competing with the 3311:The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 2992: 2074:, all entered a period of stagnation or decline. 2030:The early modern period is taken to end with the 1525: 1238:as the 15th, and ultimately final, shōgun of the 1214:, an example of art flourishing in the Edo Period 931:. By the 16th century, Asian economies under the 813:. Advances in shipbuilding technology during the 10699: 6465: 6091:Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes 5138: 4714:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 150–154. 4618: 4217:averaged 134 infant deaths per 1,000 births. In 3986:. The former was represented by figures such as 3895:, which was rooted in Christian dogma, and from 3716:included research into the relationship between 2656:(1536–1821), similar to the Spanish Inquisition. 2483: 2400: 1648:, an archipelagic empire based on the island of 1330:(feudal lords) were at the top, followed by the 1218:Central government was largely reestablished by 8244:The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy 7964:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 278–280. 7472: 7429: 6752: 6587:. Lanham, Md: Madison Books, c2001, pp. 212–213 5927: 5652:Modern India: the origins of an Asian democracy 5486: 5457: 4712:800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland 3674:, with early observations of microorganisms by 3037:and preserved the European system based on the 2843: 2610:. In England, the movement became known as the 1363:and samurai were more or less identical, since 9088:Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe 7974: 7698: 7543: 7456:"Pope Calixtus III on the victory at Belgrade" 7267:Kersken, Uwe (2014). "Die letzten ihrer Art". 5726: 5499:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 39–45. 5182:. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. p. 350. 4762:A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tự Đức 4498:War and peace in an age of upheaval, 1793–1830 4189:rates of infants during this era. In his book 3017:on the one hand, and representatives of Queen 2625:(1521) declared Luther a heretic, but Emperor 2518:. The first significant manifestation was the 1953:at the beginning of the modern era. It seized 1570:, and became directly involved in governance. 1491:imperial power that ruled most of the area as 1469:ambassador Khan'Alam in 1618 negotiating with 1371:system unleashed disruptive forces over time. 759:in 1647 and consolidated its control over the 9498: 9484: 8556: 6714:Vaughan, Richard; Paravicini, Werner (2002). 6426: 6274:Toxicology in the Middle Ages and Renaissance 6114: 6058:The Ottoman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia 5492: 4897: 4454: 4236: 3636:was invented in the 1770s and popularized by 2571:in the early 16th century brought changes to 2363: 2046:. At the end of the early modern period, the 1827: 1683: 809:A Japanese depiction of a Portuguese trading 667:. It was first picked up within the field of 519: 8482:Discussion of the medieval/modern transition 7834:. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983. 7673: 7190:Revue d'Histoire Moderne & Contemporaine 6084: 5142:The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History 4941:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 4765:. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995. p. 119. 4154: 3864: 3780:, has been interpreted as the foundation of 3614:and the identification of chemical elements. 3510:technology improved tremendously as did the 3471:, sparked a significant paradigm shift. The 3271:Religion, science, philosophy, and education 2967: 2779: 2125:and dissolved the Empire in 1806 during the 1242:, and it lasts until the coming to power of 1148:The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History 1069:, and the Dutch severed connections between 707:, which caused a backlash that expanded the 9078:History of European Jews in the Middle Ages 7144: 6674: 5798: 5439:L. Canfield, Robert; Jonathan Haas (2002). 4699: 3941:Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica 3838: 3486:Using precise astronomical observations by 2641:(1555), which established the principle of 2198:On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres 2190:from the center of the universe. His book, 9491: 9477: 8563: 8549: 8109: 7889:. Cambridge University Press. p. 393. 7262: 7260: 7258: 7005:. Columbia University Press. p. 159. 6756:A History of the Habsburg Empire 1273–1700 6547:The Hutchinson Concise Dictionary of Music 6258: 6250: 6199:. Cambridge University Press. p. 61. 5740:. Cambridge University Press. p. 56. 5443:. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. 4229:, and 41 infants died per 1,000 births in 3580:have been described as founders of modern 3572:Both the 8th century Islamic experimenter 3441:Revolution and the 18th century included: 2314:secured the match for his son, the future 2290:Among the notable royalty of the time was 1190:) and culinary: the Portuguese introduced 526: 512: 8440: 8323: 7676:History of Russia from the Earliest Times 7076: 7037: 6596: 6388:Strickland, Carol; Boswell, John (2007). 6044:Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire 5992: 5636: 5374: 5240: 5238: 5145:. Columbia University Press. p. 15. 4937:ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age 4705: 4407: 4346: 4102:Developing during the Enlightenment era, 4033:with contributions from thinkers such as 3951:, which, along with the contributions of 3827:. Early attempts at building a practical 3285: 3142: 3115: 3001:established after a series of individual 2164:is credited as the first European to use 2097:which remained in use up into the 1800s. 2077: 1103:The Ming dynasty fell around 1644 to the 8484:from the introduction to the pioneering 8079: 8049: 7977:The Chemical Choir: A History of Alchemy 7899: 7884: 7359: 6963:The Dorothy Dunnett Companion: Volume II 6959: 6472:. Parkstone International. p. 412. 6433:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 61. 6137: 5965:. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd. p. 150. 5822:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 29–46. 5614:South Asia in the World: An Introduction 5525: 5214: 5097: 4500:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4393: 4332: 3963:, and others, fueled the Enlightenment. 3858: 3404: 3390: 3339:Such reforms included the foundation of 3328:The Counter-Reformation was a period of 3250: 3168: 3101:Exploration and conquest of the Americas 3074: 2847: 2764: 2544: 2427: 2377: 2152: 1720: 1572: 1460: 1444: 1250:in 1600. Tokugawa received the title of 1196: 1075: 1013: 804: 703:. The old order was destabilized by the 683:Map of the world, by Paolo Petrini, 1700 678: 556:, with divisions based primarily on the 8570: 8348: 8319: 8317: 8052:Carl Linnaeus: Father of Classification 7914: 7398: 7281: 7266: 7255: 7218: 7183: 7080:Bayard: histoires croisées du chevalier 7077:Gal, Stéphane; Bayard, Amis de (2007). 6998: 6920: 6881: 6830: 6753:Berenger, Jean; Simpson, C. A. (2014). 6348: 5817: 5655:. Oxford University Press. p. 46. 5399: 5351: 5325: 5221:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 91. 5100:"Conquest and the Blessing of the Past" 5062: 4844: 4781: 4043:Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns 3851:Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment 3544:De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem 3457:, is marked by the 1543 publication of 3111:Portuguese colonization of the Americas 1698:Timeline of 18th-century Muslim history 1694:Timeline of 17th-century Muslim history 1690:Timeline of 16th-century Muslim history 1592:The Maratha Confederacy, following the 715:, which included the especially bloody 10700: 8372: 8370: 8315: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8238:, pp. 113–114, in Charles B. Schmitt, 8094: 8064: 8034: 8019: 8004: 7994:. Journal of the History of Dentistry. 7944: 7904:. Oxford University Press. p. 65. 7800: 7678:. Vol. 6. 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Robert (2001). 5277: 5235: 5218:Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945 4571: 4225:, 48 infants died per 1,000 births in 3657:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 2815: 2148: 1550:, or the right to collect revenue, in 1158: 1065:, the Japanese cut off all trade with 548:that is part of, or (depending on the 9472: 8544: 7929: 7614: 7549: 7341:from the original on 28 February 2022 7200:from the original on 16 February 2022 7165:from the original on 15 February 2022 7126:from the original on 15 February 2022 7058:from the original on 15 February 2022 7019:from the original on 15 February 2022 6980:from the original on 15 February 2022 6941:from the original on 15 February 2022 6902:from the original on 15 February 2022 6863:from the original on 15 February 2022 6812:from the original on 15 February 2022 6734:from the original on 15 February 2022 6695:from the original on 15 February 2022 6656:from the original on 15 February 2022 6617:from the original on 15 February 2022 6564:from the original on 16 February 2022 6543: 6525:from the original on 16 February 2022 6486:from the original on 15 February 2022 6447:from the original on 15 February 2022 6408:from the original on 15 February 2022 6369:from the original on 15 February 2022 6355:. The Oliver Press, Inc. p. 28. 6330:from the original on 15 February 2022 6291:from the original on 15 February 2022 6194: 6073:Empire and Iran signed a treaty (...) 5786:from the original on 19 December 2019 5754:from the original on 25 February 2021 5687: 5648: 5593:from the original on 10 November 2010 5589:. London: BBC. Section 5: Aurangzeb. 5513:from the original on 21 November 2019 5347: 5345: 4932: 4872: 4840: 4838: 4687:from the original on 10 December 2019 4253: 3747:began in the late 18th century, with 3526:Newton's law of universal gravitation 3161:Colonial history of the United States 3063:European colonization of the Americas 1918: 1842:In the 16th to early 18th centuries, 1388:until the arrival of foreign powers. 1061:restricted shipments of exports from 725:European colonization of the Americas 16:Historical period, about 1500 to 1800 9227:Oration on the Dignity of Man (1486) 8419:from the original on 28 October 2020 8376: 7989: 7959: 7380:from the original on 27 January 2022 7366:. Casemate Publishers. p. 175. 7097:from the original on 1 February 2020 6635: 5875: 5691:India under colonial rule: 1700–1885 5247:HarperCollins atlas of world history 5032:HarperCollins Atlas of World History 4816: 4651: 4531: 4260:Capital punishment § Modern era 3107:Spanish colonization of the Americas 2682: 2062:empires of the early modern period, 2040:Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire 1713:Transformation of the Ottoman Empire 1640:At the start of the modern era, the 999: 9437:History of the Mediterranean region 8640:International relations (1648–1814) 8367: 8342: 8294: 7619:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 7531:from the original on 14 August 2014 7271:. Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen(zdf). 6603:. Infobase Publishing. p. 31. 6055: 5766: 5708:from the original on 15 August 2020 5669:from the original on 15 August 2020 5575: 5302: 5120:from the original on 12 August 2020 5034:. HarperCollins. pp. 168–169. 4657: 4540:from the original on 4 October 2018 4006:in New England on the principle of 3606:followed with the discovery of the 3464:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium 3401:Science in the Age of Enlightenment 2193:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium 1937:History of South Africa (1652–1815) 1709:Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire 802:, which ended the Napoleonic Wars. 13: 8476:Internet Modern History Sourcebook 7887:The Cambridge Companion to Galileo 7553:Great Ages of Man: The Reformation 7151:(in German). Rombach. p. 96. 6197:Firearms: A Global History to 1700 5993:Abu Rehab, Mohammad (9 May 2014). 5616:. London=: Routledge. p. 34. 5420:from the original on 29 April 2016 5406:. University of California Press. 5342: 5159:from the original on 1 August 2020 4835: 4606:from the original on 26 April 2008 4602:. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 4183: 3776:'s work, such as his seminal book 3093:, the Americas, Australia and the 2972:Before the Age of Revolution, the 973: 950:Meanwhile, in Southeast Asia, the 14: 10759: 10682:Western European and Others Group 9194:Greek scholars in the Renaissance 8761:Journalism of Early Modern Europe 8469: 8168:from the original on 27 June 2013 8084:. University of California Press. 8024:. University of California Press. 8022:Evolution: The History of an Idea 7432:The Hussite Revolution, 1419–1436 6773:from the original on 1 March 2022 6227:from the original on 29 June 2017 5737:A concise history of modern India 5694:. Pearson Education. p. 30. 5563:from the original on 12 June 2020 5542:Developing cultures: case studies 5493:Parthasarathi, Prasannan (2011). 4981:from the original on 6 March 2010 4279:Cuisine in the early modern world 3970:in Europe, notably following the 3966:The 18th century saw the rise of 3701:was established with the work of 3496:Kepler's laws of planetary motion 3240: 3210:.). France colonized what is now 2312:Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor 2208:. Another notable individual was 1729:During the early modern era, the 1702: 1635: 1440: 1391: 798:and the peace established by the 727:, this period also contained the 591:. Its end is often marked by the 8249: 8225: 8216: 8207: 8198: 8189: 8180: 8154: 8145: 8136: 8127: 8118: 8103: 8088: 8073: 8058: 8043: 8028: 8013: 7998: 7983: 7968: 7953: 7938: 7923: 7908: 7893: 7878: 7869: 7860: 7851: 7837: 7817: 7794: 7772: 7750: 7741: 7732: 7723: 7692: 7667: 7632: 7623: 7608: 7599: 7574: 7466: 7448: 7423: 7392: 7353: 5851:Resink, Gertrudes Johan (1968). 4494:The new Cambridge modern history 4455:Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. (2021). 4418:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00497.x 4357:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00497.x 4179:Death in the early modern period 4129:In France, pre-eminent Humanist 3610:, which led to the rejection of 3432:of the 16th and 17th centuries, 2614:, resulting in the formation of 2316:Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 2277:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina 2105:In the early modern period, the 1911:. The Pashtuns later formed the 1644:between India and China crossed 1536:commercial colonization of India 1522:halted their expansion in 1761. 663:as a broader alternative to the 9427:History of Western civilization 8713:Decline of the Byzantine Empire 8494:Society for Renaissance Studies 8067:The Seashell on the Mountaintop 7932:Isaac Newton: The Last Sorcerer 7801:Palmer, Robert Roswell (1962). 7434:. University of Chicago Press. 7314: 7275: 7212: 7177: 7138: 7109: 7070: 7038:Terjanian, Pierre, ed. 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It was the last of the major 1271:regime of Japan established by 1130:'s peasant rebels in 1644, the 1126:. When Beijing was captured by 1100:, to challenge Ming authority. 661:A Short History of Civilization 9056:Christianity in the modern era 8842:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 8434: 8097:A Short History of Linguistics 8050:Anderson, Margaret J. (2009). 7900:Principe, Lawrence M. (2011). 7405:. Routledge. pp. 65, 91. 7044:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 6642:. Atlantic Books. p. 90. 6511:. Prentice-Hall. p. 283. 5583:"Mughal Empire (1500s, 1600s)" 5278:Sansom, George Bailey (1998). 5245:Barraclough, Geoffrey (2003). 5203:Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan 5098:Crossley, Pamela Kyle (2000). 5030:Barraclough, Geoffrey (2003). 4852:. Princeton University Press. 4558:Hazen, Charles Downer (1910). 4532:Bloy, Marjie (30 April 2002). 4525: 4512: 4503: 4486: 4473: 4448: 4387: 4326: 4310: 4008:separation of church and state 3475:resisted this theory, and the 3218:in 1608. France's loss in the 2993:International balance of power 1815:campaigns against the Safavids 1526:British and Dutch colonization 876:, powers such as the Ottoman, 577:fall of Constantinople in 1453 1: 9401:History of the European Union 9239:Giovanni Pico della Mirandola 9029:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 8993:War of the Spanish Succession 7975:Maxwell-Stuart, P.G. (2012). 7803:A History of the Modern World 7219:Brunner, Jean-Claude (2012). 6636:Mead, Walter Russell (2014). 6394:. Andrews McMeel Publishing. 6277:. Academic Press. p. 2. 6221:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 6181:, Sites Organized by Period, 6152:Helen Miller, Aubrey Newman. 6098:. p. 107. Archived from 5805: 5400:Wakeman, Frederic E. (1985). 4709: 4706:Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). 4483:, OECD Publishing, pp. 51–52. 4457:What is Early Modern History? 4304: 4077:and the growing influence of 3788: 3354:French school of spirituality 3165:History of Canada (1763–1867) 2792:. Western Europeans used the 2484:Inquisitions and Reformations 2401:End of the Crusades and Unity 1538:commenced in 1757, after the 1435: 1207: 638: 9304:Early Netherlandish painting 8501:(archived 25 September 2011) 8099:. Longman. pp. 160–163. 7705:. Academic Intl Pr. p. 7556:. Time-Life Books. pp. 7399:Ninness, Richard J. (2020). 7145:Durian-Ress, Saskia (1993). 6999:Bulliet, Richard W. (2016). 6134:(retrieved 10 October 2006). 6046:, IB Tauris (30 March 2006). 5305:The Wall Street Journal Asia 4933:Frank, Andre Gunder (1998). 4877:. Harvard University Press. 3222:resulted in the transfer of 2892:, signed in 1659, ended the 2844:European states and politics 2462:Nearly a century later, the 2186:(1543), which displaced the 1610:Government of India Act 1858 1194:and valuable refined sugar. 1004:Around the beginning of the 978: 552:) immediately preceded, the 7: 10738:History of Europe by period 8945:Absolute monarchy in France 8889:Lands of the Bohemian Crown 8454:(2nd ed.). Routledge. 8263:The Mirror of a Sinful Soul 8110:Heilbroner, Robert (1999). 8069:. Dutton. pp. 134–136. 7919:. Bantam Books. p. 66. 7585:. Oxford University Press. 6096:University of Chicago Press 5938:. East European Quarterly. 5828:10.1007/978-94-011-8778-7_3 4873:Elman, Benjamin A. (2005). 4578:. New York: Penguin Books. 4396:The Economic History Review 4335:The Economic History Review 4272: 4151:Collège des Lecteurs Royaux 4084: 3714:history of electromagnetism 3684:published the first modern 3332:revival in response to the 3188:Second Continental Congress 3179:Declaration of Independence 3056: 2985:of 1688 establishes modern 2729:along the Volga River, and 2179:formulated a comprehensive 1874:. These groups were led by 1735:expansion and consolidation 1203:The Great Wave off Kanagawa 1170:Following contact with the 711:and sparked the disastrous 674: 560:and the broader concept of 10: 10764: 9411:Military history of Europe 9406:Maritime history of Europe 9299:Dutch and Flemish painting 9210:Science in the Renaissance 8258:Miroir de l'âme pécheresse 8095:Robins, Robert H. (1997). 8080:Heilbron, John L. (1979). 8039:. Oxford University Press. 8035:Bladon, Christine (2020). 7917:The Universe in a Nutshell 7791:(Retrieved on 12 May 2007) 7769:(Retrieved on 12 May 2007) 7756:BBC Science & Nature, 7360:Turnbull, Stephen (2018). 6960:Morrison, Elspeth (2007). 6849:. Routledge. p. 126. 6798:. OUP Oxford. p. 12. 6759:. Routledge. p. 124. 6675:Cartellieri, Otto (2013). 6597:Wingfield, George (2009). 6550:. Routledge. p. 478. 6505:Sporre, Dennis J. (1990). 6352:The Art of the Renaissance 6310:Levere, Trevor H. (2001). 5896:. Brill. 2012. p. 4. 5688:Peers, Douglas M. (2006). 5215:Henshall, Kenneth (2014). 4257: 4237:Causes of infant mortality 4088: 4045:stirred debate within the 4010:after being exiled by the 4002:established the colony of 3848: 3845:17th century in philosophy 3842: 3792: 3712:Early developments in the 3670:led to the development of 3565:advanced knowledge of the 3528:. The 1687 publication of 3518:Aristotle's laws of motion 3506:using scientific methods. 3415:Theoricae novae planetarum 3394: 3321: 3289: 3274: 3244: 3235:American Revolutionary War 3146: 3119: 3104: 3060: 2819: 2768: 2686: 2487: 2367: 2364:Christians and Christendom 2303:Charles the Bold (or Rash) 2081: 1972: 1922: 1831: 1828:Uzbeks and Afghan Pashtuns 1790: 1706: 1687: 1684:West Asia and North Africa 1598:British East India Company 1320:originally established by 1256:in 1603, establishing the 1110:, which would be the last 10452:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 10432: 10350: 10187: 10022: 9893:Standard Average European 9761: 9590: 9510: 9449: 9419: 9396:Genetic history of Europe 9383: 9376: 9318: 9268: 9261: 9218: 9202: 9166: 9157: 9145:European wars of religion 9048: 9041: 9006: 8988:Second Hundred Years' War 8965: 8909: 8785: 8778: 8748: 8741: 8700: 8693: 8648: 8585: 8578: 8529: 8520: 8512: 8020:Bowler, Peter J. (2009). 7949:. Routledge. p. 204. 7915:Hawking, Stephen (2001). 7288:. CQ Press. p. 124. 7221:"Historical Introduction" 6681:. Routledge. p. 80. 6316:. JHU Press. p. 14. 6060:. ABC-CLIO. p. 131. 6013:10.1163/22138609-90000027 5855:. Van Hoeve. p. 21. 5612:Wadley, Susan S. (2015). 5139:R. Keith Schoppa (2000). 5005:mygeologypage.ucdavis.edu 5001:"Chapter 8 The New World" 4522:. New York: Gotham Books. 4155: 4149:and helping to found the 3724:, the development of the 3655:was famously promoted by 2968:Early English revolutions 2877:, who inspired the term " 2780:Trade and the new economy 2754:pioneers of the New World 2643:cuius regio, eius religio 2478:European Wars of Religion 2469:cuius regio, eius religio 1991:and the discovery of the 1979:Many major events caused 1968: 1775:remaining an independent 1771:(between 1519 and 1551), 1596:, eventually lost to the 1588:, 1757, by Francis Hayman 1308:Society in the Japanese " 1146:. Schoppa, the editor of 763:in the 19th century. The 757:reached the Pacific coast 713:European wars of religion 595:, and sometimes also the 587:and the beginning of the 10592:Lancaster House Treaties 10082:Christian existentialism 10042:Ancient Roman philosophy 10032:Ancient Greek philosophy 8487:Cambridge Modern History 8353:. Princeton University. 8349:Laqueur, Thomas (2015). 7990:Ring, Malvin E. (1992). 7885:Machamer, Peter (1998). 7845:"Treaty of Paris (1783)" 7786:25 December 2019 at the 7473:Peter H. Wilson (2011). 7430:Howard Kaminsky (2004). 7184:Michaud, Claude (1996). 6469:30 Millennia of Painting 6132:U.S. Department of State 6126:13 November 2017 at the 5995: 5962:Concise History of Islam 5893:The Holy Land, 1517-1713 5880:. Yale University Press. 5820:Java in the 14th Century 4912:10.1163/1568520952600308 4735:Wyatt, David K. (2003). 4479:Maddison, Angus (2001), 4133:(1467–1540) applied the 4016:Massachusetts Bay Colony 3855:Philosophical skepticism 3839:Enlightenment and reason 2737:, multiconfessional and 2600:Protestant denominations 2589:University of Wittenberg 2575:. The Augustinian friar 2514:and others who violated 2476:(1648), which ended the 2445:Siege of Belgrade (1456) 2333:In Central Europe, King 2058:, while the three great 1725:Ottoman Empire 1481–1683 1606:Indian rebellion of 1857 872:, after the fall of the 837:and its cities, and the 691:declined in Europe, and 10370:Equality before the law 9577:Romano-Germanic culture 9432:History of Christianity 9014:French–Habsburg rivalry 8973:French Wars of Religion 8114:. Simon & Schuster. 8005:Riedel, Stefan (2005). 7945:Nutton, Vivian (2004). 7930:White, Michael (1998). 7764:5 December 2019 at the 7699:Skrynnikov, R. (1981). 7650:Oxford University Press 7581:Davies, Norman (1996). 7321:Metzig, Gregor (2016). 6882:Vagnoni, Mirko (2020). 6349:Corrain, Lucia (2008). 6271:Wexler, Philip (2017). 6245:A Greek mathematician, 6195:Chase, Kenneth (2003). 4947:2027/heb.31038.0001.001 4071:Enlightenment in Poland 3753:Indo-European languages 3728:, and the discovery of 3726:electrostatic generator 3676:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 3522:Newton's laws of motion 3500:Astrology and astronomy 3469:Mu'ayyad al-Din al-Urdi 3258:with joint sheets, 1507 3045:marked the change from 2987:parliamentary democracy 2671:began in 1545 with the 2370:History of Christianity 2113:the first of which was 1737:of power, leading to a 1658:Maritime Southeast Asia 1602:Third Anglo-Maratha War 1520:Third Battle of Panipat 1303:Late Tokugawa shogunate 927:to the enthronement of 10728:18th century in Europe 10723:17th century in Europe 10718:16th century in Europe 10713:15th century in Europe 10532:Eastern European Group 10121:Continental philosophy 10052:Judeo-Christian ethics 10037:Hellenistic philosophy 9518:Cradle of civilization 9177:Renaissance philosophy 9093:Protestant Reformation 8901:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 8708:Fall of Constantinople 8505:Early Modern Resources 8377:Ward, Richard (2015). 8255:She was the author of 7805:. Knopf. p. 234. 7615:Mayer, Thomas (2013). 7282:Axelrod, Alan (2013). 6921:Johnson, Paul (2013). 6544:Jones, Barrie (2014). 6158:Historical Association 5876:Reid, Anthony (1993). 5077:10.1353/late.1986.0006 4975:afe.easia.columbia.edu 4769:11 August 2016 at the 4492:Crawley, C.W. (1965). 4317:Christopher Alan Bayly 4067:Enlightenment in Spain 4059:Scottish Enlightenment 4004:Providence Plantations 3897:Renaissance philosophy 3884: 3865: 3831:were hindered because 3795:Renaissance technology 3745:Historical linguistics 3645:spontaneous generation 3643:The ancient theory of 3627:Le Chirurgien Dentiste 3417: 3286:Protestant Reformation 3259: 3194: 3143:Colonial North America 3116:Colonial Latin America 3081: 3067:History of colonialism 2954:Jules Hardouin Mansart 2890:Treaty of the Pyrenees 2857: 2739:transcontinental state 2697:ideas, the Grand Duke 2693:In development of the 2654:Portuguese Inquisition 2560: 2453:Giovanni da Capistrano 2436: 2417:, concluding with the 2391:fall of Constantinople 2386: 2294:(1433–1477), the last 2158: 2078:Gunpowder and firearms 2001:Protestant Reformation 1985:Fall of Constantinople 1846:was under the rule of 1726: 1589: 1562:, appointed its first 1477: 1458: 1228:Azuchi–Momoyama period 1215: 1156: 1138:and seized control of 1089: 1026: 945:Azuchi–Momoyama period 843:spread of Christianity 818: 800:Second Treaty of Paris 705:Protestant Reformation 684: 625:technological progress 10652:Three Seas Initiative 10627:Pacific Islands Forum 10492:British–Irish Council 10240:Greek Orthodox Church 9699:Industrial Revolution 9669:Scientific Revolution 9456:History of philosophy 9331:Industrial Revolution 8729:Scientific Revolution 8392:10.1057/9781137577931 8232:Paul Oskar Kristeller 8065:Cutler, Alan (2003). 7960:Wear, Andrew (2000). 7674:Solovyov, S. (2001). 7550:Simon, Edith (1966). 6927:. Orion. p. 78. 6678:The Court of Burgundy 6056:Kia, Mehrdad (2017). 5779:World Digital Library 5728:Metcalf, Barbara Daly 5637:Bose & Jalal 2003 4784:Science & Society 4572:Taylor, Alan (2001). 4536:. The Victorian Web. 4459:. Cambridge: Polity. 4161:Marguerite de Navarre 4079:Counter-Enlightenment 4063:Russian Enlightenment 4029:(1751–72), edited by 3939:(1643–1727), such as 3923:, and sometimes even 3862: 3849:Further information: 3778:The Wealth of Nations 3666:The invention of the 3595:The Sceptical Chymist 3535:Principia Mathematica 3455:Copernican Revolution 3430:Scientific Revolution 3408: 3391:Scientific Revolution 3383:, and especially the 3281:History of philosophy 3275:Further information: 3254: 3172: 3078: 2910:Jean-Baptiste Colbert 2851: 2765:Mercantile capitalism 2548: 2431: 2384: 2354:Götz von Berlichingen 2206:Scientific Revolution 2156: 2082:Further information: 1987:in 1453, the fall of 1923:Further information: 1724: 1717:Ottoman ancien régime 1576: 1464: 1448: 1407:King Sejong the Great 1369:social stratification 1200: 1152: 1079: 1017: 914:proto-industrializing 808: 729:Commercial Revolution 701:Roman Catholic Church 682: 623:, increasingly rapid 114:Age of the human race 10647:Special Relationship 10057:Christian philosophy 10002:Western Christianity 9664:Age of Enlightenment 9538:Hellenistic Kingdoms 9182:Renaissance humanism 9066:Bohemian Reformation 9024:Treaties of Nijmegen 8635:Age of Enlightenment 8499:Early Modern Culture 8054:. Enslow Publishers. 7638:Frank D. McConnell. 6888:. MDPI. p. 19. 6259:Linton, 2004, p. 39) 6247:Aristarchus of Samos 6177:6 March 2012 at the 6121:Afghanistan: History 5533:Lawrence E. Harrison 4284:Early modern warfare 4104:Renaissance humanism 4097:Renaissance Humanism 3889:Age of Enlightenment 3829:electrical telegraph 3707:law of superposition 3608:conservation of mass 3479:famously imprisoned 3377:Discalced Carmelites 2822:Golden Age of Piracy 2585:Electorate of Saxony 2474:Treaty of Westphalia 2025:Age of Enlightenment 2011:with the victory of 1949:took control of the 1941:Atlantic slave trade 1674:Sultanate of Malacca 1471:Shah Abbas the Great 1383:or other changes in 1248:Battle of Sekigahara 1116:abortive restoration 1023:geomantic principles 1019:Cishou Temple Pagoda 859:Atlantic slave trade 733:Golden Age of Piracy 621:experimental science 10708:Early modern period 10672:West Nordic Council 10537:Eastern Partnership 10126:Analytic philosophy 9827:Classical tradition 9649:Early modern period 9605:Classical antiquity 9600:European Bronze Age 9368:Revolutions of 1848 9289:Florentine painting 9140:Counter-Reformation 9061:Proto-Protestantism 9019:Peace of Westphalia 8862:Seventeen Provinces 8721:Printing Revolution 8615:Early modern Europe 8610:Early modern period 8572:Early modern Europe 8527:about 1500–1800 CE 7832:Early Latin America 7645:21 May 2020 at the 7269:Die Welt der Ritter 5377:The Korean Language 5065:Late Imperial China 4299:Proto-globalization 4051:Frederick the Great 3782:classical economics 3705:, who proposed the 3604:chemical revolution 3459:Nicolaus Copernicus 3411:Georg von Peuerbach 3324:Counter-Reformation 3277:History of religion 2983:Glorious Revolution 2979:English Restoration 2854:Peace of Westphalia 2816:Piracy's Golden Age 2775:Merchant capitalism 2669:Counter-Reformation 2635:Schmalkaldic League 2612:English Reformation 2587:, developed at the 2520:Spanish Inquisition 2502:Spanish Inquisition 2494:Counter-Reformation 2435:, 12 September 1683 2395:Counter Reformation 2350:Franz von Sickingen 2346:Chevalier de Bayard 2324:Archduke of Austria 2285:Jean-Baptiste Lully 2177:Nicolaus Copernicus 2149:Notable individuals 2084:Military Revolution 1975:Early Modern Europe 1951:trans-Saharan trade 1885:The lineage of the 1530:The development of 1516:Maratha Confederacy 1159:Japanese shogunates 1082:Kingdom of Tungning 898:Mughal architecture 894:Indian subcontinent 874:Timurid Renaissance 784:American Revolution 721:Peace of Westphalia 695:saw the end of the 597:American Revolution 579:, the start of the 542:early modern period 189:Classical antiquity 10131:Post-structuralism 10094:Christian humanism 9724:Universal suffrage 9098:Ninety-five Theses 8884:Kingdom of Bohemia 8798:Free imperial city 8766:The General Crisis 7828:Stuart B. Schwartz 6585:Isabel of Burgundy 6183:Rutgers University 6102:on 12 October 2017 6042:Andrew J. Newman, 5732:Metcalf, Thomas R. 4875:On Their Own Terms 4671:Ashgate Publishing 4254:Capital punishment 4113:studia humanitatis 3905:Western philosophy 3885: 3833:static electricity 3617:Modern scientific 3567:circulatory system 3418: 3397:History of science 3300:. The theology of 3260: 3226:to Great Britain. 3195: 3091:Sub-Saharan Africa 3082: 2858: 2608:Reformed tradition 2581:Ninety-five Theses 2561: 2437: 2419:Battle of Grotniki 2387: 2281:Claudio Monteverdi 2162:Johannes Gutenberg 2159: 2111:Holy Roman Emperor 2044:Congress of Vienna 2021:Battle of Bosworth 1919:Sub-Saharan Africa 1909:Battle of Gulnabad 1727: 1678:Sultanate of Johor 1630:Anglo-Dutch treaty 1614:British government 1608:and following the 1594:Anglo-Maratha wars 1590: 1478: 1459: 1322:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1301:(often called the 1258:Tokugawa shogunate 1240:Ashikaga shogunate 1224:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1216: 1188:Western vocabulary 1090: 1027: 847:Columbian Exchange 819: 796:Congress of Vienna 741:maritime republics 685: 10695: 10694: 10522:Council of Europe 10424:International law 10377:Constitutionalism 10235:Eastern Orthodoxy 9741:Post–Cold War era 9674:Age of Revolution 9528:Greco-Roman world 9466: 9465: 9460:History of Europe 9445: 9444: 9341:French Revolution 9336:Age of Revolution 9314: 9313: 9294:Venetian painting 9257: 9256: 9249:Leonardo da Vinci 9153: 9152: 9037: 9036: 8978:Thirty Years' War 8917:Habsburg monarchy 8874:Habsburg monarchy 8847:Cossack Hetmanate 8832:Portuguese Empire 8793:Holy Roman Empire 8774: 8773: 8756:Absolute monarchy 8737: 8736: 8689: 8688: 8539: 8538: 8530:Succeeded by 8523:History by period 8516:Postclassical Era 8328:. The MIT Press. 8281:978-90-04-17760-4 7759:Leonardo da Vinci 7716:978-0-87569-039-1 7702:Ivan the Terrible 7685:978-5-17-002142-0 7583:Europe: A History 7567:978-0-662-27820-7 7504:value: checksum ( 7477:. Belknap Press. 7462:on 13 April 2009. 7412:978-1-000-28504-8 7373:978-1-5267-1377-3 7334:978-3-11-045673-8 7158:978-3-7930-0678-7 7090:978-2-7061-1420-5 7051:978-1-58839-674-7 7012:978-0-231-54061-2 6973:978-0-307-42844-8 6934:978-1-78022-716-0 6895:978-3-03943-751-1 6856:978-1-136-63944-9 6805:978-0-19-152588-9 6766:978-1-317-89570-1 6727:978-0-85115-918-8 6720:. Boydell Press. 6688:978-1-136-20406-7 6649:978-1-78239-600-0 6610:978-1-4381-0486-7 6557:978-1-135-95018-7 6518:978-0-13-189754-0 6479:978-1-68325-359-4 6440:978-1-5381-5292-8 6401:978-0-7407-6872-9 6362:978-1-934545-04-1 6323:978-0-8018-6610-4 6284:978-0-12-809559-1 6206:978-0-521-82274-9 5972:978-93-82573-47-0 5945:978-0-914710-06-6 5903:978-90-04-23624-0 5862:978-90-200-7468-0 5837:978-94-011-8778-7 5774:"Official, India" 5747:978-0-521-86362-9 5701:978-0-582-31738-3 5662:978-0-19-873112-2 5623:978-1-31745-959-0 5506:978-1-139-49889-0 5450:978-0-521-52291-5 5386:978-0-79149-130-0 5289:978-0-80470-954-5 5256:978-0-681-50288-8 5228:978-0-81087-872-3 5189:978-9-28715-744-7 5152:978-0-231-50037-1 5113:978-0-520-92884-8 5041:978-0-681-50288-8 4884:978-0-674-01685-9 4859:978-1-4008-7444-6 4828:978-0-230-60121-5 4817:Bala, A. (2006). 4721:978-0-521-80496-7 4680:978-0-7546-6428-4 4585:978-0-14-200210-0 4575:American Colonies 4560:Europe since 1815 4518:Boot, M. (2006). 4466:978-1-509-54057-0 4173:François Rabelais 4169:Pierre de Ronsard 4156:Collège de France 3996:Gottfried Leibniz 3972:French Revolution 3929:physical sciences 3901:modern philosophy 3768:scientific racism 3764:paleoanthropology 3612:phlogiston theory 3592:in the 1661 book 3590:corpuscularianism 3584:. Both worked as 3520:were replaced by 3483:for promoting it. 3358:Roman Inquisition 3256:Waldseemüller map 3231:Thirteen Colonies 3184:Committee of Five 3053:naval supremacy. 3043:Treaty of Utrecht 3015:Philip V of Spain 2974:English Civil War 2871:Leonardo da Vinci 2852:Europe after the 2813: 2812: 2689:Tsardom of Russia 2683:Tsardom of Russia 2661:Roman Inquisition 2639:Peace of Augsburg 2558:Ferdinand Pauwels 2464:Peace of Augsburg 2382: 2335:Matthias Corvinus 2320:Duchy of Burgundy 2261:Peter Paul Rubens 2237:Leonardo da Vinci 2214:political science 2107:Holy Roman Empire 2032:French Revolution 1876:Muhammad Shaybani 1803:Persianate empire 1801:was a great Shia 1600:in 1818 with the 1586:Battle of Plassey 1540:Battle of Plassey 1501:Southwestern Asia 1451:Gunpowder Empires 1396:In 1392, General 1295:Meiji Restoration 1275:and ruled by the 1236:Ashikaga Yoshiaki 1132:Chongzhen Emperor 1105:ethnically Manchu 1055:Japanese Invasion 1043:Spanish New World 1000:Chinese dynasties 968:Mataram Sultanate 890:gunpowder empires 835:Maya civilization 831:Inca civilization 821:In the Americas, 788:French Revolution 772:Age of Revolution 723:. Along with the 717:Thirty Years' War 659:in his 1926 work 593:French Revolution 583:, the end of the 558:history of Europe 546:historical period 536: 535: 488: 487: 480:Political history 105: 93: 63: 59:Pleistocene epoch 10755: 10567:EU Customs Union 10099:Secular humanism 10047:Christian ethics 9997:East–West Schism 9980:Physical culture 9704:Great Divergence 9654:Age of Discovery 9493: 9486: 9479: 9470: 9469: 9381: 9380: 9326:Great Divergence 9284:Italian painting 9266: 9265: 9164: 9163: 9046: 9045: 8998:Seven Years' War 8940:House of Bourbon 8896:Protestant Union 8867:Economic history 8783: 8782: 8746: 8745: 8698: 8697: 8625:Age of Discovery 8605:High Renaissance 8583: 8582: 8565: 8558: 8551: 8542: 8541: 8513:Preceded by 8510: 8509: 8465: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8418: 8385: 8374: 8365: 8364: 8346: 8340: 8339: 8321: 8292: 8253: 8247: 8229: 8223: 8220: 8214: 8211: 8205: 8202: 8196: 8193: 8187: 8184: 8178: 8177: 8175: 8173: 8158: 8152: 8149: 8143: 8140: 8134: 8131: 8125: 8122: 8116: 8115: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8092: 8086: 8085: 8077: 8071: 8070: 8062: 8056: 8055: 8047: 8041: 8040: 8032: 8026: 8025: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7947:Ancient Medicine 7942: 7936: 7935: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7912: 7906: 7905: 7897: 7891: 7890: 7882: 7876: 7873: 7867: 7864: 7858: 7855: 7849: 7848: 7847:. 16 April 2021. 7841: 7835: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7798: 7792: 7776: 7770: 7754: 7748: 7745: 7739: 7736: 7730: 7727: 7721: 7720: 7696: 7690: 7689: 7671: 7665: 7636: 7630: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7612: 7606: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7578: 7572: 7571: 7547: 7541: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7521: 7510: 7509: 7503: 7498: 7496: 7488: 7470: 7464: 7463: 7458:. Archived from 7452: 7446: 7445: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7396: 7390: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7264: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7225:Medieval Warfare 7216: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7181: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7170: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7024: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6985: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6918: 6912: 6911: 6909: 6907: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6868: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6750: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6711: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6633: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6594: 6588: 6580: 6574: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6541: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6491: 6463: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6268: 6262: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6192: 6186: 6167: 6161: 6150: 6144: 6141: 6135: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6082: 6076: 6075: 6053: 6047: 6040: 6034: 6031: 6025: 6024: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5956: 5950: 5949: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5888: 5882: 5881: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5848: 5842: 5841: 5815: 5809: 5807: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5770: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5759: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5470:. Archived from 5464: 5455: 5454: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5372: 5366: 5365: 5349: 5340: 5339: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5242: 5233: 5232: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5166: 5164: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5011:on 13 April 2019 5007:. Archived from 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4940: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4842: 4833: 4832: 4814: 4808: 4807: 4779: 4773: 4759:Chapuis, Oscar. 4757: 4751: 4750: 4732: 4726: 4725: 4711: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4655: 4649: 4625: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4600:"Ottoman Empire" 4596: 4590: 4589: 4569: 4563: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4529: 4523: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4501: 4490: 4484: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4411: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4350: 4330: 4324: 4314: 4294:Price revolution 4158: 4157: 4139:Justinian's Code 4124:scholastic logic 3945:Cogito, ergo sum 3903:, especially in 3870: 3634:smallpox vaccine 3574:Jabir ibn Hayyan 3549:Andreas Vesalius 3447:geocentric model 3422:Great Divergence 3348:, including the 3247:Atlantic history 3220:Seven Years' War 3039:balance of power 3031:United Provinces 2999:Peace of Utrecht 2807: 2731:Sibirean Khanate 2711:Sudebnik of 1550 2677:Church of Christ 2673:Council of Trent 2556:to the door, by 2433:Battle of Vienna 2407:Hussite Crusades 2383: 2352:(1481–1523) and 2328:Treaty of Senlis 2308:Mary of Burgundy 2299:Duke of Burgundy 2292:Charles the Bold 2273:Josquin des Prez 2265:Guillaume Du Fay 2225:political theory 2204:and sparked the 2138:Late Middle Ages 2056:colonial empires 1781:Sharifan dynasty 1779:state under the 1622:Stamford Raffles 1564:Governor-General 1480:The rise of the 1400:established the 1209: 1112:dynasty of China 849:that linked the 815:Late Middle Ages 786:, and the first 782:in society, the 765:Great Divergence 761:Russian Far East 669:economic history 645:European history 589:Age of Discovery 528: 521: 514: 503: 497: 458:Age of Discovery 365: 364: 133:Earliest records 119:Recorded history 95: 83: 55: 53: 42: 21: 20: 10763: 10762: 10758: 10757: 10756: 10754: 10753: 10752: 10733:Historical eras 10698: 10697: 10696: 10691: 10657:UKUSA Agreement 10597:Lublin Triangle 10482:Baltic Assembly 10434: 10428: 10346: 10183: 10018: 9888:Eurolinguistics 9757: 9746:Information age 9719:Interwar period 9586: 9506: 9497: 9467: 9462: 9441: 9415: 9372: 9310: 9276:Renaissance art 9253: 9244:Matteo Palmieri 9214: 9198: 9187:Northern Europe 9159: 9149: 9033: 9002: 8961: 8925:House of Stuart 8905: 8770: 8733: 8685: 8656:Northern Europe 8644: 8620:Elizabethan era 8574: 8569: 8535: 8526: 8518: 8472: 8462: 8437: 8432: 8422: 8420: 8416: 8402: 8383: 8375: 8368: 8361: 8347: 8343: 8336: 8322: 8295: 8254: 8250: 8240:Quentin Skinner 8230: 8226: 8221: 8217: 8212: 8208: 8203: 8199: 8194: 8190: 8185: 8181: 8171: 8169: 8160: 8159: 8155: 8150: 8146: 8141: 8137: 8132: 8128: 8123: 8119: 8108: 8104: 8093: 8089: 8078: 8074: 8063: 8059: 8048: 8044: 8033: 8029: 8018: 8014: 8003: 7999: 7988: 7984: 7973: 7969: 7958: 7954: 7943: 7939: 7928: 7924: 7913: 7909: 7898: 7894: 7883: 7879: 7874: 7870: 7865: 7861: 7856: 7852: 7843: 7842: 7838: 7822: 7818: 7799: 7795: 7788:Wayback Machine 7777: 7773: 7766:Wayback Machine 7755: 7751: 7746: 7742: 7737: 7733: 7728: 7724: 7717: 7697: 7693: 7686: 7672: 7668: 7647:Wayback Machine 7637: 7633: 7628: 7624: 7613: 7609: 7604: 7600: 7593: 7579: 7575: 7568: 7548: 7544: 7534: 7532: 7523: 7522: 7513: 7501: 7499: 7490: 7489: 7485: 7471: 7467: 7454: 7453: 7449: 7442: 7428: 7424: 7413: 7397: 7393: 7383: 7381: 7374: 7358: 7354: 7344: 7342: 7335: 7319: 7315: 7305: 7303: 7296: 7280: 7276: 7265: 7256: 7246: 7244: 7217: 7213: 7203: 7201: 7182: 7178: 7168: 7166: 7159: 7143: 7139: 7129: 7127: 7114: 7110: 7100: 7098: 7091: 7075: 7071: 7061: 7059: 7052: 7036: 7032: 7022: 7020: 7013: 6997: 6993: 6983: 6981: 6974: 6958: 6954: 6944: 6942: 6935: 6924:The Renaissance 6919: 6915: 6905: 6903: 6896: 6880: 6876: 6866: 6864: 6857: 6841: 6837: 6829: 6825: 6815: 6813: 6806: 6790: 6786: 6776: 6774: 6767: 6751: 6747: 6737: 6735: 6728: 6712: 6708: 6698: 6696: 6689: 6673: 6669: 6659: 6657: 6650: 6634: 6630: 6620: 6618: 6611: 6595: 6591: 6581: 6577: 6567: 6565: 6558: 6542: 6538: 6528: 6526: 6519: 6503: 6499: 6489: 6487: 6480: 6464: 6460: 6450: 6448: 6441: 6425: 6421: 6411: 6409: 6402: 6386: 6382: 6372: 6370: 6363: 6347: 6343: 6333: 6331: 6324: 6308: 6304: 6294: 6292: 6285: 6269: 6265: 6244: 6240: 6230: 6228: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6207: 6193: 6189: 6179:Wayback Machine 6168: 6164: 6151: 6147: 6142: 6138: 6128:Wayback Machine 6119: 6115: 6105: 6103: 6083: 6079: 6068: 6054: 6050: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6028: 5997: 5991: 5987: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5957: 5953: 5946: 5926: 5922: 5904: 5890: 5889: 5885: 5874: 5870: 5863: 5849: 5845: 5838: 5816: 5812: 5803: 5799: 5789: 5787: 5772: 5771: 5767: 5757: 5755: 5748: 5725: 5721: 5711: 5709: 5702: 5686: 5682: 5672: 5670: 5663: 5647: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5624: 5610: 5606: 5596: 5594: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5566: 5564: 5557: 5549:. p. 158. 5537:Peter L. Berger 5530: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5507: 5491: 5487: 5477: 5475: 5474:on 21 June 2018 5466: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5437: 5433: 5423: 5421: 5414: 5398: 5394: 5387: 5373: 5369: 5354:The Korea Times 5350: 5343: 5328:The Korea Times 5324: 5320: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5276: 5272: 5257: 5243: 5236: 5229: 5213: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5176: 5172: 5162: 5160: 5153: 5137: 5133: 5123: 5121: 5114: 5096: 5092: 5061: 5057: 5042: 5028: 5024: 5014: 5012: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4984: 4982: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4931: 4927: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4843: 4836: 4829: 4815: 4811: 4780: 4776: 4771:Wayback Machine 4758: 4754: 4747: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4704: 4700: 4690: 4688: 4681: 4673:. p. 255. 4659:Roy, Tirthankar 4656: 4652: 4638:OECD Publishing 4628:Maddison, Angus 4626: 4619: 4609: 4607: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4570: 4566: 4557: 4553: 4543: 4541: 4530: 4526: 4517: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4491: 4487: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4453: 4449: 4409:10.1.1.186.2862 4392: 4388: 4348:10.1.1.186.2862 4331: 4327: 4323:(2004). P. 123. 4315: 4311: 4307: 4275: 4262: 4256: 4239: 4199: 4186: 4184:Mortality rates 4181: 4093: 4087: 3857: 3847: 3841: 3797: 3791: 3738:social sciences 3691:Systema Naturae 3623:Pierre Fauchard 3621:was founded by 3598:and discovered 3512:study of optics 3492:Johannes Kepler 3481:Galileo Galilei 3473:Catholic Church 3403: 3393: 3350:Spanish mystics 3326: 3320: 3294: 3288: 3283: 3273: 3249: 3243: 3167: 3145: 3132: 3130:Colonial Brazil 3118: 3113: 3105:Main articles: 3103: 3073: 3061:Main articles: 3059: 2995: 2970: 2958:Claude Perrault 2902: 2879:Renaissance man 2846: 2824: 2818: 2782: 2777: 2769:Main articles: 2767: 2691: 2685: 2504: 2488:Main articles: 2486: 2403: 2378: 2376: 2368:Main articles: 2366: 2257:Venetian school 2200:) began modern 2151: 2127:Napoleonic Wars 2117:. 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Basic Books. 7922: 7907: 7892: 7877: 7868: 7859: 7850: 7836: 7824:James Lockhart 7816: 7793: 7771: 7749: 7740: 7731: 7722: 7715: 7691: 7684: 7666: 7631: 7622: 7607: 7598: 7592:978-0198201717 7591: 7573: 7566: 7542: 7511: 7483: 7465: 7447: 7440: 7422: 7411: 7391: 7372: 7352: 7333: 7313: 7295:978-1483364674 7294: 7274: 7254: 7211: 7196:(2): 371–373. 7176: 7157: 7137: 7108: 7089: 7069: 7050: 7030: 7011: 6991: 6972: 6952: 6933: 6913: 6894: 6874: 6855: 6835: 6823: 6804: 6784: 6765: 6745: 6726: 6706: 6687: 6667: 6648: 6628: 6609: 6589: 6575: 6556: 6536: 6517: 6497: 6478: 6458: 6439: 6419: 6400: 6380: 6361: 6341: 6322: 6302: 6283: 6263: 6238: 6212: 6205: 6187: 6162: 6145: 6136: 6113: 6077: 6067:978-1610693899 6066: 6048: 6035: 6026: 6007:(1): 150–194. 5985: 5971: 5951: 5944: 5930:Pax Ottomanica 5920: 5914:pax Ottomanica 5902: 5883: 5868: 5861: 5843: 5836: 5810: 5797: 5765: 5746: 5719: 5700: 5680: 5661: 5641: 5629: 5622: 5604: 5574: 5556:978-0415952798 5555: 5524: 5505: 5485: 5456: 5449: 5431: 5413:978-0520048041 5412: 5392: 5385: 5367: 5341: 5318: 5295: 5288: 5270: 5255: 5234: 5227: 5207: 5195: 5188: 5170: 5151: 5131: 5112: 5090: 5055: 5040: 5022: 4992: 4962: 4956:978-0520214743 4955: 4925: 4906:(4): 429–448. 4890: 4883: 4865: 4858: 4846:Andrade, Tonio 4834: 4827: 4809: 4790:(4): 320–343. 4774: 4752: 4745: 4727: 4720: 4698: 4679: 4650: 4617: 4591: 4584: 4564: 4551: 4524: 4511: 4502: 4485: 4472: 4465: 4447: 4402:(3): 710–733. 4386: 4341:(3): 710–733. 4325: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4274: 4271: 4258:Main article: 4255: 4252: 4238: 4235: 4198: 4195: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4159:). Meanwhile, 4131:Guillaume Budé 4089:Main article: 4086: 4083: 4047:French Academy 4000:Roger Williams 3992:Baruch Spinoza 3988:René Descartes 3968:secularization 3961:Baruch Spinoza 3843:Main article: 3840: 3837: 3825:Franklin stove 3813:grenade musket 3793:Main article: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3785: 3771: 3758:The fields of 3756: 3734: 3733: 3710: 3695: 3679: 3664: 3653:common descent 3641: 3630: 3615: 3602:of gases. The 3570: 3562:De Motu Cordis 3557:William Harvey 3539: 3515: 3484: 3438:modern science 3392: 3389: 3322:Main article: 3319: 3316: 3298:Western Church 3290:Main article: 3287: 3284: 3272: 3269: 3264:Atlantic World 3242: 3241:Atlantic World 3239: 3212:Eastern Canada 3208:New York State 3204:New Netherland 3182:, showing the 3157:New Netherland 3144: 3141: 3126:Spanish empire 3117: 3114: 3102: 3099: 3058: 3055: 3005:signed in the 3003:peace treaties 2994: 2991: 2969: 2966: 2901: 2898: 2845: 2842: 2820:Main article: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2781: 2778: 2766: 2763: 2687:Main article: 2684: 2681: 2665: 2664: 2657: 2631:Edict of Worms 2485: 2482: 2441:Ottoman Empire 2402: 2399: 2365: 2362: 2269:Heinrich Isaac 2249:Albrecht Dürer 2173:printing press 2150: 2147: 2102: 2099: 2079: 2076: 2064:Ottoman Turkey 1973:Main article: 1970: 1967: 1947:Songhai Empire 1920: 1917: 1913:Durrani Empire 1878:, who was the 1838:Pashtun people 1829: 1826: 1799:Safavid Empire 1791:Main article: 1788: 1785: 1756: 1753: 1749:Safavid Empire 1731:Ottoman Empire 1704: 1703:Ottoman Empire 1701: 1685: 1682: 1637: 1636:Southeast Asia 1634: 1527: 1524: 1509:Mughal Emperor 1442: 1441:Indian empires 1439: 1437: 1434: 1393: 1392:Korean dynasty 1390: 1165:Sengoku period 1160: 1157: 1094:Little Ice Age 1006:ethnically Han 1001: 998: 980: 977: 975: 972: 952:Toungoo Empire 925:Joseon Dynasty 910:Western Europe 863:Ottoman Empire 676: 673: 657:Lynn Thorndike 640: 637: 570:global history 534: 533: 531: 530: 523: 516: 508: 505: 504: 492: 491: 486: 485: 483: 482: 477: 472: 471: 470: 460: 454: 451: 450: 446: 445: 442: 441: 435: 433: 432: 427: 425:Southeast Asia 421: 419: 418: 413: 408: 402: 400: 399: 394: 389: 383: 380: 379: 374: 368: 363: 358: 357: 354: 353: 349: 348: 347: 346: 335: 333: 332: 327: 325:Southeast Asia 321: 319: 318: 312: 310: 309: 304: 298: 296: 295: 290: 284: 281: 280: 274: 273: 268: 267: 264: 263: 259: 258: 252: 250: 249: 244: 242:Southeast Asia 238: 236: 235: 230: 225: 219: 217: 216: 211: 206: 200: 197: 196: 194:Late antiquity 191: 186: 180: 178: 177: 172: 167: 161: 160: 155: 154: 151: 150: 146: 145: 140: 135: 129: 127: 126: 116: 110: 107: 106: 76: 75: 70: 69: 66: 65: 37: 36: 30: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10760: 10749: 10748:World history 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10703: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10632:PROSUR/PROSUL 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10527:Craiova Group 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10503: 10500: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10490: 10488: 10485: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10442:ABCANZ Armies 10440: 10439: 10437: 10431: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10405: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10384: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10371: 10368: 10367: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10357: 10355: 10353: 10349: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10290: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10270: 10269: 10266: 10260: 10257: 10256: 10255: 10252: 10248: 10247:Protestantism 10245: 10241: 10238: 10237: 10236: 10233: 10229: 10226: 10225: 10224: 10221: 10217: 10213: 10210: 10209: 10208: 10205: 10204: 10203: 10200: 10199: 10198: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10190: 10186: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10167:Sovereigntism 10165: 10163: 10160: 10156: 10155: 10151: 10150: 10149: 10146: 10142: 10139: 10138: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10091: 10090: 10087: 10083: 10080: 10079: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10062:Scholasticism 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10029: 10027: 10025: 10021: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9994: 9993: 9990: 9986: 9983: 9982: 9981: 9978: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9966: 9965: 9964: 9961: 9957: 9954: 9953: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9926: 9925: 9922: 9918: 9915: 9914: 9913: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9902: 9901: 9898: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9886: 9885: 9884: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9871: 9869: 9866: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9845: 9842: 9841: 9840: 9837: 9833: 9830: 9829: 9828: 9825: 9821: 9818: 9817: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9773: 9772: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9764: 9760: 9752: 9751:War on terror 9749: 9747: 9744: 9743: 9742: 9739: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9646: 9645: 9644:Modern period 9642: 9640: 9637: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9619: 9618: 9615: 9611: 9608: 9607: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9593: 9589: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9550: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9515: 9513: 9509: 9505: 9501: 9500:Western world 9494: 9489: 9487: 9482: 9480: 9475: 9474: 9471: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9452:Human history 9448: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9424: 9422: 9418: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9391:Art of Europe 9389: 9388: 9386: 9382: 9379: 9375: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9351:Revolutionary 9349: 9348: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9321: 9319:End of period 9317: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9273: 9271: 9267: 9264: 9260: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9228: 9224: 9223: 9221: 9217: 9211: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9201: 9195: 9192: 9188: 9185: 9184: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9169: 9165: 9162: 9156: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9095: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9072: 9069: 9068: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9047: 9044: 9040: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9011: 9009: 9005: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8970: 8968: 8964: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8950:Ancien Régime 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8908: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8821: 8818: 8817: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8799: 8796: 8795: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8784: 8781: 8777: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8747: 8744: 8740: 8730: 8727: 8725:Intellectual: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8699: 8696: 8692: 8682: 8681:Low Countries 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8647: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8599: 8596: 8595: 8594: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8584: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8566: 8561: 8559: 8554: 8552: 8547: 8546: 8543: 8534: 8533:modern period 8525: 8524: 8517: 8511: 8506: 8503: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8489: 8488: 8483: 8480: 8478:, fordham.edu 8477: 8474: 8473: 8463: 8461:0-415-30787-2 8457: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8446:Jalal, Ayesha 8443: 8439: 8438: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8382: 8381: 8373: 8371: 8362: 8356: 8352: 8345: 8337: 8331: 8327: 8320: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8308: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8260: 8259: 8252: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8228: 8219: 8210: 8201: 8192: 8183: 8167: 8163: 8157: 8148: 8139: 8130: 8121: 8113: 8106: 8098: 8091: 8083: 8076: 8068: 8061: 8053: 8046: 8038: 8031: 8023: 8016: 8008: 8001: 7993: 7986: 7978: 7971: 7963: 7956: 7948: 7941: 7933: 7926: 7918: 7911: 7903: 7896: 7888: 7881: 7872: 7863: 7854: 7846: 7840: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7797: 7790: 7789: 7785: 7782: 7778:BBC History, 7775: 7768: 7767: 7763: 7760: 7753: 7744: 7735: 7726: 7718: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7703: 7695: 7687: 7681: 7677: 7670: 7663: 7659: 7658:0-19-502572-5 7655: 7651: 7648: 7644: 7641: 7635: 7626: 7618: 7611: 7602: 7594: 7588: 7584: 7577: 7569: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7554: 7546: 7530: 7526: 7520: 7518: 7516: 7507: 7494: 7486: 7484:9780674062315 7480: 7476: 7469: 7461: 7457: 7451: 7443: 7441:9780226424903 7437: 7433: 7426: 7418: 7414: 7408: 7404: 7403: 7395: 7379: 7375: 7369: 7365: 7364: 7356: 7340: 7336: 7330: 7326: 7325: 7317: 7301: 7297: 7291: 7287: 7286: 7278: 7270: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7242: 7238: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7215: 7199: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7180: 7164: 7160: 7154: 7150: 7149: 7141: 7125: 7121: 7120: 7112: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7082: 7081: 7073: 7057: 7053: 7047: 7043: 7042: 7034: 7018: 7014: 7008: 7004: 7003: 6995: 6979: 6975: 6969: 6965: 6964: 6956: 6940: 6936: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6917: 6901: 6897: 6891: 6887: 6886: 6878: 6862: 6858: 6852: 6848: 6847: 6839: 6833:, p. 78. 6832: 6827: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6797: 6796: 6788: 6772: 6768: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6749: 6733: 6729: 6723: 6719: 6718: 6710: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6680: 6679: 6671: 6655: 6651: 6645: 6641: 6640: 6632: 6616: 6612: 6606: 6602: 6601: 6593: 6586: 6579: 6563: 6559: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6540: 6524: 6520: 6514: 6510: 6509: 6501: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6462: 6446: 6442: 6436: 6432: 6431: 6423: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6393: 6392: 6384: 6368: 6364: 6358: 6354: 6353: 6345: 6329: 6325: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6306: 6290: 6286: 6280: 6276: 6275: 6267: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6251:(Dreyer, 1953 6248: 6242: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6208: 6202: 6198: 6191: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6173: 6172: 6166: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6140: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6117: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6087: 6081: 6074: 6069: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6045: 6039: 6030: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5989: 5974: 5968: 5964: 5963: 5955: 5947: 5941: 5937: 5936: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5915: 5911: 5905: 5899: 5895: 5894: 5887: 5879: 5872: 5864: 5858: 5854: 5847: 5839: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5801: 5785: 5782:. 1890–1923. 5781: 5780: 5775: 5769: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5707: 5703: 5697: 5693: 5692: 5684: 5668: 5664: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5645: 5638: 5633: 5625: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5528: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5498: 5497: 5489: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5461: 5452: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5405: 5404: 5396: 5388: 5382: 5378: 5371: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5348: 5346: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5307:. p. 8. 5306: 5299: 5291: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5239: 5230: 5224: 5220: 5219: 5211: 5204: 5199: 5191: 5185: 5181: 5174: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5144: 5143: 5135: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5037: 5033: 5026: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4996: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4966: 4958: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4894: 4886: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4861: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4839: 4830: 4824: 4820: 4813: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4778: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4756: 4748: 4742: 4738: 4731: 4723: 4717: 4713: 4702: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4648:, pp. 259–261 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4622: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4568: 4561: 4555: 4539: 4535: 4528: 4521: 4515: 4506: 4499: 4496:. Volume 9., 4495: 4489: 4482: 4476: 4468: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4289:Periodization 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4270: 4268: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4243: 4234: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4194: 4192: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4165:Clément Marot 4162: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4125: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4098: 4092: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4055:Immanuel Kant 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4031:Denis Diderot 4028: 4024: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3976:Immanuel Kant 3973: 3969: 3964: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3893:scholasticism 3890: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3868: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3817:lightning rod 3814: 3810: 3806: 3805:lifting tower 3802: 3801:floating dock 3796: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3754: 3750: 3749:William Jones 3746: 3743: 3742: 3741: 3739: 3731: 3730:Coulomb's law 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3703:Nicolas Steno 3700: 3697:Early modern 3696: 3693: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3682:Carl Linnaeus 3680: 3678:in the 1670s. 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3638:Edward Jenner 3635: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3545: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3451:heliocentrism 3448: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3423: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3175: 3174:John Trumbull 3171: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3138: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3027:Duke of Savoy 3024: 3023:Great Britain 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2855: 2850: 2841: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2809: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2776: 2772: 2762: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2623:Diet of Worms 2619: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2577:Martin Luther 2574: 2570: 2566: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2550:Martin Luther 2547: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2443:and lift the 2442: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2375: 2371: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2348:(1476–1524), 2347: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2155: 2146: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1997:Martin Luther 1995:in 1492, and 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1933:Asante Empire 1930: 1926: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1901:Lodhi dynasty 1898: 1897: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1839: 1835: 1825: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1794: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1752: 1751:to the east. 1750: 1746: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1732: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1482:Mughal Empire 1476: 1472: 1468: 1463: 1456: 1455:Mughal Empire 1452: 1447: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1283:Tokugawa clan 1280: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1213: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1087: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1010: 1007: 997: 995: 991: 986: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 948: 946: 942: 938: 937:Mughal Bengal 934: 930: 926: 922: 917: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 870:Islamic world 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 823:pre-Columbian 816: 812: 807: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 780:mechanization 777: 773: 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 681: 672: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 636: 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The Swiss 2220:, a work of 2197: 2191: 2181:heliocentric 2166:movable type 2160: 2131: 2104: 2094: 2087: 2068:Mughal India 2029: 2009:Tudor period 2003:in 1517. In 1989:Muslim Spain 1978: 1957:in 1468 and 1944: 1905:Suri dynasty 1894: 1884: 1844:Central Asia 1841: 1819: 1796: 1793:Safavid Iran 1787:Safavid Iran 1769:Tripolitania 1758: 1755:North Africa 1740:Pax Ottomana 1738: 1728: 1639: 1624:established 1591: 1578:Robert Clive 1547: 1529: 1479: 1422:turtle ships 1415: 1398:Yi Seong-gye 1395: 1364: 1360: 1358: 1351: 1325: 1307: 1297:in the late 1276: 1262: 1251: 1232:Oda Nobunaga 1220:Oda Nobunaga 1217: 1201: 1184:Christianity 1169: 1162: 1153: 1147: 1144:China proper 1108:Qing dynasty 1102: 1091: 1039: 1028: 1009:Ming dynasty 1003: 985:isolationism 982: 949: 941:Nanban trade 933:Ming dynasty 918: 867: 827:Aztec Empire 820: 769: 686: 660: 642: 617:mercantilism 609: 574: 541: 539: 537: 502: 377:Contemporary 372:Early modern 371: 138:Protohistory 90:Contemporary 84: 57: 56: 52: 18: 10617:Open Balkan 10435:integration 10365:Rule of law 10360:Natural law 10337:Agnosticism 10315:Hellenistic 10293:Anglo-Saxon 10223:Catholicism 10162:Atlanticism 10067:Rationalism 9873:Immigration 9856:Esotericism 9714:World War I 9679:Romanticism 9659:Reformation 9639:Renaissance 9617:Middle Ages 9582:Christendom 9511:Foundations 9363:Nationalism 9173:Philosophy: 9128:Switzerland 9118:Lutheranism 8593:Renaissance 8490:(1902–1912) 8435:Works cited 8423:3 September 8242:(editors), 7502:|isbn= 7345:15 February 7247:15 February 7204:16 February 7169:15 February 7130:15 February 7101:15 February 7062:15 February 7023:15 February 6984:15 February 6945:15 February 6906:15 February 6867:15 February 6816:15 February 6777:15 February 6738:15 February 6699:15 February 6660:15 February 6621:15 February 6568:16 February 6529:16 February 6490:15 February 6451:15 February 6412:15 February 6373:15 February 6334:15 February 6295:15 February 6255:pp. 135–148 5071:(1): 1–26. 4610:11 February 4153:(later the 4081:movements. 4075:Romanticism 4039:Montesquieu 3980:Rationalism 3913:metaphysics 3718:electricity 3600:Boyle's law 3555:. In 1628, 3488:Tycho Brahe 3477:Inquisition 3428:During the 3334:Reformation 3292:Reformation 3216:Quebec City 3214:, founding 3095:Philippines 3086:colonialism 2934:La Fontaine 2802:trade route 2735:multiethnic 2616:Anglicanism 2604:Lutheranism 2596:indulgences 2573:Christendom 2565:Reformation 2508:Inquisition 2498:Inquisition 2490:Reformation 2457:Christendom 2374:Christendom 2301:, known as 2210:Machiavelli 2134:Renaissance 2017:Richard III 1733:enjoyed an 1656:empires of 1642:Spice Route 1620:. In 1819, 1618:British Raj 1542:, when the 1453:, with the 1449:Map of the 1338:, with the 1314:Edo society 1226:during the 1176:Tanegashima 1073:and Macau. 954:along with 929:King Gojong 737:city-states 709:Inquisition 693:Christendom 665:Renaissance 653:Middle Ages 629:secularized 612:globalizing 581:Renaissance 566:Middle Ages 344:Renaissance 10702:Categories 10637:Rio Treaty 10148:Relativism 10106:Liberalism 10072:Empiricism 10024:Philosophy 10012:Secularism 9963:Philosophy 9900:Literature 9694:Capitalism 9356:Napoleonic 9280:Painting: 9167:Philosophy 8649:By country 7811:1000384424 7384:27 January 5758:28 January 5712:28 January 5673:28 January 5597:18 October 5517:15 October 5362:1990192832 5336:1990220190 5313:1508838378 5163:15 October 4804:1296937594 4746:974957544X 4646:9264104143 4305:References 4231:Vastanfors 4211:Beauvaisis 4119:quadrivium 3984:Empiricism 3953:John Locke 3877:Philosophy 3789:Technology 3774:Adam Smith 3668:microscope 3586:alchemists 3547:(1543) by 3494:developed 3434:empiricism 3395:See also: 3381:Barnabites 3341:seminaries 3306:capitalism 3245:See also: 3224:New France 3153:New France 3147:See also: 3120:See also: 3029:, and the 2886:diplomatic 2695:Third Rome 2602:, such as 2540:censorship 2536:witchcraft 2339:Black Army 2306:daughter, 2229:Paracelsus 2218:The Prince 2119:Francis II 2072:Qing China 2038:, and the 1584:after the 1489:Persianate 1436:South Asia 1418:Yi Sun-sin 1334:-caste of 1299:Edo period 1291:Edo Castle 1265:Edo period 1172:Portuguese 1128:Li Zicheng 1098:Li Zicheng 921:Edo period 639:Definition 475:Futurology 416:South Asia 316:South Asia 233:South Asia 170:Bronze Age 165:Copper Age 123:Common Era 98:10,000 BCE 44:Prehistory 10582:Five Eyes 10577:EU–UK TCA 10419:Democracy 10308:Old Norse 10197:Abrahamic 10154:Peritrope 10136:Tolerance 10116:Socialism 9946:Mythology 9934:Classical 9883:Languages 9861:Astrology 9709:Modernism 9523:Old World 9158:Academic 9108:Huguenots 9103:Calvinism 9049:Overviews 9007:Diplomacy 8955:Louis XIV 8786:Countries 8701:Political 8579:Overviews 7652:, 1979. 7493:cite book 6185:Libraries 6106:3 January 6021:2213-8609 6001:Abgadiyat 5587:bbc.co.uk 5547:Routledge 5085:143899868 4544:9 January 4434:219969360 4404:CiteSeerX 4373:219969360 4343:CiteSeerX 4267:gibbeting 4227:Sundsvall 4223:Linköping 4147:Francis I 3809:newspaper 3722:magnetism 3661:Evolution 3619:dentistry 3582:chemistry 3508:Telescope 3504:astronomy 3373:Theatines 3369:Ursulines 3365:Capuchins 3302:Calvinism 3199:New Spain 3149:New Spain 3137:sugarcane 3122:New Spain 3084:The term 3071:New World 3035:Louis XIV 2867:polymaths 2786:Old World 2727:Astrakhan 2627:Charles V 2569:modernity 2554:95 theses 2532:Judaizing 2528:blasphemy 2516:canon law 2447:, led by 2255:from the 2202:astronomy 2184:cosmology 2143:classical 2123:abdicated 2013:Henry VII 1868:Khongirad 1822:Silk Road 1811:Sassanids 1646:Majapahit 1626:Singapore 1582:Mir Jafar 1512:Aurangzeb 1493:Hindustan 1457:in orange 1381:inflation 1377:peasantry 1318:hierarchy 1269:feudalist 1136:Wu Sangui 1059:Philip IV 990:Guangzhou 979:East Asia 956:Ayutthaya 855:New World 851:Old World 792:Final Act 755:. Russia 689:Feudalism 649:antiquity 562:modernity 550:historian 463:Modernity 430:West Asia 411:East Asia 330:West Asia 307:East Asia 247:West Asia 228:East Asia 184:Axial Age 86:Neolithic 80:Timelines 48:Stone Age 10642:Schengen 10572:Eurozone 10412:Property 10407:Religion 10298:Frankish 10288:Germanic 10268:Paganism 10189:Religion 10177:European 10089:Humanism 9992:Religion 9951:Painting 9917:Internet 9868:Folklore 9839:Clothing 9810:Calendar 9786:Cyrillic 9771:Alphabet 9734:Cold War 9377:See also 9123:Scottish 9083:Haskalah 9071:Hussites 9042:Religion 8921:England 8810:Germany 8779:Politics 8749:Concepts 8448:(2003). 8414:Archived 8410:27559562 8283:(v. 1), 8236:Humanism 8166:Archived 7784:Archived 7762:Archived 7643:Archived 7529:Archived 7417:Archived 7378:Archived 7339:Archived 7300:Archived 7241:Archived 7237:48578016 7198:Archived 7163:Archived 7124:Archived 7095:Archived 7056:Archived 7017:Archived 6978:Archived 6939:Archived 6900:Archived 6861:Archived 6810:Archived 6771:Archived 6732:Archived 6693:Archived 6654:Archived 6615:Archived 6562:Archived 6523:Archived 6484:Archived 6445:Archived 6406:Archived 6367:Archived 6328:Archived 6289:Archived 6225:Archived 6175:Archived 6124:Archived 6088:(1995). 5784:Archived 5752:Archived 5734:(2006). 5706:Archived 5667:Archived 5591:Archived 5561:Archived 5539:(2006). 5511:Archived 5418:Archived 5358:ProQuest 5332:ProQuest 5309:ProQuest 5265:56350180 5157:Archived 5118:Archived 5050:56350180 4979:Archived 4848:(2016). 4800:ProQuest 4796:40400462 4767:Archived 4685:Archived 4661:(2010). 4630:(2003): 4604:Archived 4538:Archived 4426:40929823 4365:40929823 4273:See also 4143:umanisti 4108:umanista 4091:Humanism 4085:Humanism 4035:Voltaire 4012:Puritans 3927:and the 3925:politics 3821:bifocals 3686:taxonomy 3352:and the 3330:Catholic 3080:history) 3057:Americas 3009:city of 2962:Le Nôtre 2746:Cossacks 2606:and the 2512:heretics 2169:printing 2091:arquebus 1993:Americas 1955:Timbuktu 1872:Manghuds 1856:Kipchaks 1852:Pashtuns 1560:Calcutta 1385:monetary 1344:artisans 1210:1830 by 1180:arquebus 1150:argues, 1124:Jurchens 1063:Acapulco 916:region. 853:and the 731:and the 697:Crusades 675:Overview 601:Napoleon 585:Crusades 449:See also 293:Americas 278:Timeline 175:Iron Age 72:Holocene 26:a series 24:Part of 10487:Benelux 10392:Thought 10342:Atheism 10283:Finnish 10259:Culture 10254:Judaism 10216:Eastern 10212:Western 10207:Culture 10141:Paradox 10007:Decline 9968:Science 9844:History 9832:Studies 9815:Cuisine 9803:Periods 9763:Culture 9592:History 9558:Eastern 9553:Western 9504:culture 9269:General 9233:Authors 9203:Science 9133:Radical 9113:English 8936:France 8910:Leaders 8815:Britain 8676:Germany 8661:England 8630:Baroque 8598:Outline 8246:(1990). 7558:120–121 6600:Belgium 5424:27 July 5124:28 July 4920:3632434 4691:20 June 4442:1635517 4381:1635517 4248:baptism 4207:Bavaria 4053:, with 4021:French 4014:of the 3949:gravity 3736:In the 3699:geology 3385:Jesuits 3051:British 3011:Utrecht 2942:Le Brun 2930:Boileau 2922:Molière 2914:Turenne 2906:Mazarin 2856:in 1648 2794:compass 2784:In the 2750:pirates 2699:Ivan IV 2524:sorcery 2423:muskets 2415:Bohemia 2411:Jan Hus 2245:Raphael 2222:realist 2052:Russian 2048:British 2042:at the 2019:at the 2005:England 1925:Dahomey 1860:Naimans 1807:Ardabil 1773:Morocco 1765:Tunisia 1761:Algeria 1745:Persian 1662:Sumatra 1486:Islamic 1375:on the 1365:daimyōs 1361:daimyōs 1348:traders 1340:farmers 1336:samurai 1332:warrior 1327:daimyōs 1281:of the 1278:shōguns 1212:Hokusai 1192:tempura 1140:Beijing 1035:Beijing 1031:Nanjing 902:culture 882:Safavid 868:In the 811:carrack 794:of the 770:As the 406:Oceania 302:Oceania 223:Oceania 157:Ancient 102:Present 10507:CANZUK 10397:Speech 10325:Slavic 10303:Gothic 10278:Celtic 10273:Baltic 10172:Values 9973:Values 9533:Greece 9384:Europe 9160:fields 8805:France 8694:Events 8671:France 8666:Papacy 8458: 8408: 8398: 8357: 8332: 8291:(v. 2) 8287: 8279: 8172:4 July 7809: 7713: 7682: 7656: 7589: 7564: 7535:8 July 7500:Check 7481: 7438: 7409: 7370: 7331: 7292: 7235: 7155: 7087: 7048: 7009: 6970: 6931: 6892: 6853: 6802: 6763: 6724: 6685: 6646: 6607: 6554: 6515: 6476: 6437: 6398: 6359: 6320: 6281: 6231:8 July 6203: 6160:, 1970 6064: 6019: 5969: 5942: 5900: 5859: 5834: 5790:30 May 5744: 5698: 5659: 5620: 5567:26 May 5553: 5503: 5478:8 July 5447: 5410: 5383: 5360: 5334: 5311: 5286: 5263: 5253: 5225: 5186: 5149: 5110: 5083: 5048: 5038: 4953: 4918: 4881: 4856: 4825: 4802: 4794: 4743: 4718: 4677: 4644: 4582: 4463: 4440: 4432: 4424: 4406: 4379: 4371: 4363: 4345: 4219:Geneva 4215:Venice 4069:, and 4041:. 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