Stone Age - Knowledge

3269: 4069: 4284: 2318: 3545: 133: 2761: 3673: 2531: 3395: 4163: 3530: 2266: 34: 942: 4386: 4225: 3504:(Middle Stone Age), used for parts of Eurasia, but not outside it. The choice of a word depends on exact circumstances and the inclination of the archaeologists excavating the site. Microliths were used in the manufacture of more efficient composite tools, resulting in an intensification of hunting and fishing and with increasing social activity the development of more complex settlements, such as 3138:

blank. Then large flakes are struck off the blank and worked into bifaces by hard-hammer percussion on an anvil stone. Finally the edge is retouched: small flakes are hit off with a bone or wood soft hammer to sharpen or resharpen it. The core can be either the blank or another flake. Blanks are ported for manufacturing supply in places where nature has provided no suitable stone.

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to the Oldowan "small flake" tradition, Acheulean is "large flake:" "The primary technological distinction remaining between Oldowan and the Acheulean is the preference for large flakes (>10 cm) as blanks for making large cutting tools (handaxes and cleavers) in the Acheulean." "Large Cutting Tool (LCT)" has become part of the standard terminology as well.

3103: 2447:. If Period B can be presumed to descend from Period A, there must be a boundary between A and B, the A–B boundary. The problem is in the nature of this boundary. If there is no distinct boundary, then the population of A suddenly stopped using the customs characteristic of A and suddenly started using those of B, an unlikely scenario in the process of 3088:

by the time the previously assumed "earliest" culture arrived in northern Europe, the rest of Africa and Eurasia had progressed to the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic, so that across the earth all three were for a time contemporaneous. In any given region there was a progression from Oldowan to Acheulean, Lower to Upper, no doubt.

2907:, interspersed with trees and groves, in favor of open grassland, dated 1.8–1.7 mya. During that transitional period the percentage of grazers among the fossil species increased from around 15–25% to 45%, dispersing the food supply and requiring a facility among the hunters to travel longer distances comfortably, which 3946:, plant-based foods also became a regular part of the diet. A number of factors have been suggested for the extinction: certainly over-hunting, but also deforestation and climate change. The net effect was to fragment the vast ranges required by the large animals and extinguish them piecemeal in each fragment. 2375:

which one they mean, contributes to the considerable equivocation already present in the literature. There are in effect two Stone Ages, one part of the Three-age and the other constituting the Three-stage. They refer to one and the same artifacts and the same technologies, but vary by locality and time.

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These facts show that there were sufficient resources and co-operation to enable large groups to work on these projects. To what extent this was a basis for the development of elites and social hierarchies is a matter of ongoing debate. Although some late Neolithic societies formed complex stratified

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Although most Mode 2 tools are easily distinguished from Mode 1, there is a close similarity of some Oldowan and some Acheulean, which can lead to confusion. Some Oldowan tools are more carefully prepared to form a more regular edge. One distinguishing criterion is the size of the flakes. In contrast

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Consequently, they proposed a new system for Africa, the Three-stage System. Clark regarded the Three-age System as valid for North Africa; in sub-Saharan Africa, the Three-stage System was best. In practice, the failure of African archaeologists either to keep this distinction in mind, or to explain

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Anita Quiles, Hélène Valladas, Hervé Bocherens, Emmanuelle Delqué-Kolic, Evelyne Kaltnecker, Johannes van der Plicht, Jean-Jacques Delannoy, Valérie Feruglio, Carole Fritz, Julien Monney, Michel Philippe, Gilles Tosello, Jean Clottes, and Jean-Michel Geneste "A high-precision chronological model for

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at 0.9 mya. Archaeological attention, however, shifts to the Jordan Rift Valley, an extension of the East African Rift Valley (the east bank of the Jordan is slowly sliding northward as East Africa is thrust away from Africa). Evidence of use of the Nile Valley is in deficit, but Hominans could

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The whole point of their utility is that each is a "sharp-edged rock" in locations where nature has not provided any. There is additional evidence that Oldowan, or Mode 1, tools were used in "percussion technology"; that is, they were designed to be gripped at the blunt end and strike something with

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The tools were formed by knocking pieces off a river pebble, or stones like it, with a hammerstone to obtain large and small pieces with one or more sharp edges. The original stone is called a core; the resultant pieces, flakes. Typically, but not necessarily, small pieces are detached from a larger

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provided something of an answer by proving that man evolved in Africa. The Stone Age must have begun there to be carried repeatedly to Europe by migrant populations. The different phases of the Stone Age thus could appear there without transitions. The burden on African archaeologists became all the

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as well as bronze smelting, archaeologists do not currently recognize a separate Copper Age or Bronze Age. Moreover, the technologies included in those 'stages', as Goodwin called them, were not exactly the same. Since then, the original relative terms have become identified with the technologies of

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The oldest indirect evidence found of stone tool use is fossilised animal bones with tool marks; these are 3.4 million years old and were found in the Lower Awash Valley in Ethiopia. Archaeological discoveries in Kenya in 2015, identifying what may be the oldest evidence of hominin use of tools

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on the shore of a variable-level palaeo-lake, long since vanished. The geology was created by successive "transgression and regression" of the lake resulting in four cycles of layers. The tools are located in the first two, Cycles Li (Limnic Inferior) and Fi (Fluviatile Inferior), but mostly in Fi.

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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, archaeologists worked on the assumption that a succession of Hominans and cultures prevailed, that one replaced another. Today the presence of multiple hominans living contemporaneously near each other for long periods is accepted as proven true; moreover,

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Tools of the Oldowan tradition first came to archaeological attention in Europe, where, being intrusive and not well defined, compared to the Acheulean, they were puzzling to archaeologists. The mystery would be elucidated by African archaeology at Olduvai, but meanwhile, in the early 20th century,

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The cause of the Movius Line remains speculative, whether it represents a real change in technology or a limitation of archeology, but after 1 mya evidence not available to Movius indicates the prevalence of Acheulean. For example, the Acheulean site at Bose, China, is dated 0.803±3K mya. The

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is not to be identified with "Old Stone Age", a translation of Paleolithic, or with Paleolithic, or with the "Earlier Stone Age" that originally meant what became the Paleolithic and Mesolithic. In the initial decades of its definition by the Pan-African Congress of Prehistory, it was parallel in

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A Mode 2 tool is a biface consisting of two concave surfaces intersecting to form a cutting edge all the way around, except in the case of tools intended to feature a point. More work and planning go into the manufacture of a Mode 2 tool. The manufacturer hits a slab off a larger rock to use as a

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Pebble tools are found the latest first in southern Europe and then in northern. They begin in the open areas of Italy and Spain, the earliest dated to 1.6 mya at Pirro Nord, Italy. The mountains of Italy are rising at a rapid rate in the framework of geologic time; at 1.6 mya they were

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There is no named boundary line between Mode 1 and Mode 2 on the west; nevertheless, Mode 2 is equally late in Europe as it is in the Far East. The earliest comes from a rock shelter at Estrecho de Quípar in Spain, dated to greater than 0.9 mya. Teeth from an undetermined Hominan were found

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Useful as it has been, the concept of the Stone Age has its limitations. The date range of this period is ambiguous, disputed, and variable, depending upon the region in question. While it is possible to speak of a general 'Stone Age' period for the whole of humanity, some groups never developed

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cultures of South America continued at a Stone Age level until around 2000 BC, when gold, copper, and silver made their entrance. The peoples of the Americas notably did not develop a widespread behavior of smelting bronze or iron after the Stone Age period, although the technology existed.

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At 'Ubeidiya the marks on the bones of the animal species found there indicate that the manufacturers of the tools butchered the kills of large predators, an activity that has been termed "scavenging". There are no living floors, nor did they process bones to obtain the marrow. These activities

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lower and covered with grassland (as much of the highlands still are). Europe was otherwise mountainous and covered over with dense forest, a formidable terrain for warm-weather savanna dwellers. Similarly there is no evidence that the Mediterranean was passable at Gibraltar or anywhere else to

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In addition to lithic analysis, field prehistorians use a wide range of techniques derived from multiple fields. The work of archaeologists in determining the paleocontext and relative sequence of the layers is supplemented by the efforts of geologic specialists in identifying layers of rock

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to their ideas, hoped to combine cultural anthropology and archaeology in such a way that a specific contemporaneous tribe could be used to illustrate the way of life and beliefs of the people exercising a particular Stone-Age technology. As a description of people living today, the term

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in Spain, dated to about 7,000–4,000 BC, depicts about 50 bowmen in two groups marching or running in step toward each other, each man carrying a bow in one hand and a fistful of arrows in the other. A file of five men leads one band, one of whom is a figure with a "high crowned hat".

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The cycles represent different ecologies and therefore different cross-sections of fauna, which makes it possible to date them. They appear to be the same faunal assemblages as the Ferenta Faunal Unit in Italy, known from excavations at Selvella and Pieterfitta, dated to 1.6–1.2 mya.

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At sites dating from the Lower Paleolithic Period (about 2,500,000 to 200,000 years ago), simple pebble tools have been found in association with the remains of what may have been the earliest human ancestors. A somewhat more sophisticated Lower Paleolithic tradition, known as the

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This uncertainty was clarified by the subsequent excavations at Olduvai; nevertheless, the term is still in use for pre-Acheulean contexts, mainly across Eurasia, that are yet unspecified or uncertain but with the understanding that they are or will turn out to be pebble-tool.

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Some scenes of the Mesolithic, however, can be typed and therefore, judging from their various modifications, are fairly clear. One of these is the battle scene between organized bands of archers. For example, "the marching Warriors", a rock painting at Cingle de la Mola,

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is used to describe the period that followed the Stone Age, as well as to describe cultures that had developed techniques and technologies for working copper alloys (bronze: originally copper and arsenic, later copper and tin) into tools, supplanting stone in many uses.

3265:. It is dated 1.53–1.27 mya. The date of the tools therefore probably does not exceed 1.5 mya; 1.4 is often given as a date. This chronology, which is definitely later than in Kenya, supports the "out of Africa" hypothesis for Acheulean, if not for the Hominans. 2232:, the typology of the stone tools combined with the relative sequence of the types in various regions provide a chronological framework for the evolution of humanity and society. They serve as diagnostics of date, rather than characterizing the people or the society. 2416:

the Paleolithic and Mesolithic, so that they are no longer relative. Moreover, there has been a tendency to drop the comparative degree in favor of the positive: resulting in two sets of Early, Middle and Late Stone Ages of quite different content and chronologies.

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developed or deposited over geologic time; of paleontological specialists in identifying bones and animals; of palynologists in discovering and identifying pollen, spores and plant species; of physicists and chemists in laboratories determining ages of materials by

2398:= new), were fairly solid and were regarded by Goodwin as absolute. He therefore proposed a relative chronology of periods with floating dates, to be called the Earlier and Later Stone Age. The Middle Stone Age would not change its name, but it would not mean 3051:, suggests that the African finds are not the earliest to be found in Africa, or that, in fact, erectus did not originate in Africa after all but on the plains of Asia. The outcome of the issue waits for more substantial evidence. Erectus was found also at 3960:

is believed to have constructed the first man-made structure in East Africa, consisting of simple arrangements of stones to hold branches of trees in position. A similar stone circular arrangement believed to be around 380,000 years old was discovered at

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and other methods. The study of the Stone Age has never been limited to stone tools and archaeology, even though they are important forms of evidence. The chief focus of study has always been on the society and the living people who belonged to it.

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is one of Europe's best examples of a Neolithic village. The community contains stone beds, shelves and even an indoor toilet linked to a stream. The first large-scale constructions were built, including settlement towers and walls, e.g., Jericho

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The Upper Paleolithic is marked by a relatively rapid succession of often complex stone artifact technologies and a large increase in the creation of art and personal ornaments. During period between 35 and 10 kya evolved: from 38 to 30 kya

3760:) refers to a period in African prehistory. Its beginnings are roughly contemporaneous with the European Upper Paleolithic. It lasts until historical times and this includes cultures corresponding to Mesolithic and Neolithic in other regions. 4091:

abstract or symbolic image engraved on natural stone by various methods, usually by prehistoric peoples. They were a dominant form of pre-writing symbols. Petroglyphs have been discovered in different parts of the world, including Australia

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in Kenya, dated to 1.78 mya. An early skull fragment, KNM-ER 2598, dated to 1.9 mya, is considered a good candidate also. Transitions in paleoanthropology are always hard to find, if not impossible, but based on the "long-legged"

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Shea, John J. (2010). "Stone Age Visiting Cards Revisited: a Strategic Perspective on the Lithic Technology of Early Hominin Dispersal". In Fleagle, John G.; Shea, John J.; Grine, Frederick E.; Boden, Andrea L.; Leakey, Richard E (eds.).

2451:. More realistically, a distinct border period, the A/B transition, existed, in which the customs of A were gradually dropped and those of B acquired. If transitions do not exist, then there is no proof of any continuity between A and B. 4177:

The meaning of many of these paintings remains unknown. They may have been used for seasonal rituals. The animals are accompanied by signs that suggest a possible magic use. Arrow-like symbols in Lascaux are sometimes interpreted as

3564:, or New Stone Age, was approximately characterized by the adoption of agriculture. The shift from food gathering to food producing, in itself one of the most revolutionary changes in human history, was accompanied by the so-called 2966:

came on stage and lived contemporaneously with the others. Mode 1 was now being shared by a number of Hominans over the same ranges, presumably subsisting in different niches, but the archaeology is not precise enough to say which.

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sometimes naturally use percussion to extract or prepare food in the wild, and may use either unmodified stones or stones that they have split, creating an Oldowan tool, the tradition may well be far older than its current record.

3292:, India, about 1.2 mya. It does not appear in China and Korea until after 1mya and not at all in Indonesia. There is a discernible boundary marking the furthest extent of the Acheulean eastward before 1 mya, called the 3861:, depend on tool use for survival. The key anatomical and behavioral features required for tool manufacture, which are possessed only by Hominans, are the larger thumb and the ability to hold by means of an assortment of grips. 2648:

and published in 1865) is the earliest division of the Stone Age. It covers the greatest portion of humanity's time (roughly 99% of "human technological history", where "human" and "humanity" are interpreted to mean the genus

2511:, a conference in anthropology held by the Wenner-Gren Foundation, at Burg Wartenstein Castle, which it then owned in Austria, attended by the same scholars that attended the Pan African Congress, including Louis Leakey and 2730:. Alongside the hand-axe tradition, there developed a distinct and very different stone-tool industry, based on flakes of stone: special tools were made from worked (carefully shaped) flakes of flint. In Europe, the 3731:

The Middle Stone Age was a period of African prehistory between Early Stone Age and Late Stone Age. It began around 300,000 years ago and ended around 50,000 years ago. It is considered as an equivalent of European

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According to the current evidence (which may change at any time) Mode 1 tools are documented from about 2.6 mya to about 1.5 mya in Africa, and to 0.5 mya outside of it. The genus Homo is known from

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After its adoption by the First Pan African Congress in 1947, the Three-Stage Chronology was amended by the Third Congress in 1955 to include a First Intermediate Period between Early and Middle, to encompass the

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Once seriously questioned, the intermediates did not wait for the next Pan African Congress two years hence, but were officially rejected in 1965 (again on an advisory basis) by Burg Wartenstein Conference #29,

3500:) tools began in response to these changes. They were derived from the previous Paleolithic tools, hence the term Epipaleolithic, or were intermediate between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, hence the term 2115:, each of which was smelted separately. The transition from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age was a period during which modern people could smelt copper, but did not yet manufacture bronze, a time known as the 3375:

when modern humans likely crossed from Asia by island-hopping. Evidence for symbolic behavior such as body ornamentation and burial is ambiguous for the Middle Paleolithic and still subject to debate. The

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To describe any living group as 'primitive' or 'Stone Age' inevitably implies that they are living representatives of some earlier stage of human development that the majority of humankind has left behind.

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The terms "Stone Age", "Bronze Age", and "Iron Age" are not intended to suggest that advancements and time periods in prehistory are only measured by the type of tool material, rather than, for example,

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Arnott, D. W. (June 1959). "J. Desmond Clark and Sonia Cole (ed.): Third Pan-African Congress on Prehistory, Livingstone, 1955. xxxix, 440 pp., 7 col. plates. London: Chatto & Windus, 1957. 75s".

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of the people in those prehistoric times. It is now believed that activities of the Stone Age humans went beyond the immediate requirements of procuring food, body coverings, and shelters. Specific

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technology and others. The chronologic basis for the definition was entirely relative. With the arrival of scientific means of finding an absolute chronology, the two intermediates turned out to be

2848:, Member 5 East, in South Africa. As the blood must have come from a fresh kill, the tool users are likely to have done the killing and used the tools for butchering. Plant residues bonded to the 4681:"Archaeologists in China Discover the Oldest Stone Tools Outside Africa – Chipped rocks found in western China indicate that human ancestors ventured from Africa earlier than previously believed" 6097:

Rogers, Michael J.; Semaw, Sileshi (2009). "From Nothing to Something: The Appearance and Context of the Earliest Archaeological Record". In Camps i Calbet, Marta; Chauhan, Parth R. (eds.).

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It was early realized that the threefold division of culture into Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages adopted in the nineteenth century for Europe had no validity in Africa outside the Nile valley.

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Bowler, J.M.; Johnston, H.; Olley, J.M.; Prescott, J.R.; Roberts, R.G.; Shawcross, W.; Spooner, N.A. (2003). "New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia".

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probably made tools of wood and bone as well as stone. About 700,000 years ago, a new Lower Paleolithic tool, the hand axe, appeared. The earliest European hand axes are assigned to the

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of the raw materials and methods used to make the prehistoric artifacts that are discovered. Much of this study takes place in the laboratory in the presence of various specialists. In

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that began in 1851. In the subsequent decades this simple distinction developed into the archaeological periods of today. The major subdivisions of the Three-age Stone Age cross two

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In other scenes elsewhere, the men wear head-dresses and knee ornaments but otherwise fight nude. Some scenes depict the dead and wounded, bristling with arrows. One is reminded of

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Due to the increased need to harvest and process plants, ground stone and polished stone artifacts became much more widespread, including tools for grinding, cutting, and chopping.

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In the 1920s, South African archaeologists organizing the stone tool collections of that country observed that they did not fit the newly detailed Three-Age System. In the words of

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The duo thus reinvented the Stone Age. In Sub-Saharan Africa, however, iron-working technologies were either invented independently or came across the Sahara from the north (see

2019:, northwestern Kenya, and date to 3.3 million years old. Prior to the discovery of these "Lomekwian" tools, the oldest known stone tools had been found at several sites at 3584:

and spread concentrically to other areas of the world; however, the Near East was probably not the only nucleus of agriculture, the cultivation of maize in Meso-America and of

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the decorated Upper Paleolithic cave of Chauvet-Pont d'Arc, Ardèche, France" PNAS 2016 113 (17) 4670–4675; published ahead of print 11 April 2016, doi:10.1073/pnas.1523158113

4431: 2423:, which meets every four years to resolve the archaeological business brought before it. Delegates are actually international; the organization takes its name from the topic. 1984: 3436:. All of these industries except the Châtelperronian are associated with anatomically modern humans. Authorship of the Châtelperronian is still the subject of much debate. 589: 3238:

cannot be understood therefore as the only or even the typical economic activity of Hominans. Their interests were selective: they were primarily harvesting the meat of

3134:. It makes sense that the most advanced tools should have been innovated by the most advanced Hominan; consequently, they are typically given credit for the innovation. 2958:, who must have continued on with Mode 1 and then with Mode 2 until their extinction no later than 1.1 mya. Meanwhile, living contemporaneously in the same regions 2803:

Consequently, the method is often called "core-and-flake". More recently, the tradition has been called "small flake" since the flakes were small compared to subsequent

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The majority of the animals at the site were of "Palaearctic biogeographic origin". However, these overlapped in range on 30–60% of "African biogeographic origin". The

2035:. The oldest sites discovered to contain tools are dated to 2.6–2.55 mya. One of the most striking circumstances about these sites is that they are from the Late 5601:

Olley, J.M.; Roberts, R.G.; Yoshida, H.; Bowler, J.M. (2006). "Single-grain optical dating of grave-infill associated with human burials at Lake Mungo, Australia".

3580:. Some of these features began in certain localities even earlier, in the transitional Mesolithic. The first Neolithic cultures started around 7000 BC in the 3300:. On the east side of the line the small flake tradition continues, but the tools are additionally worked Mode 1, with flaking down the sides. In Athirampakkam at 2776:

have been found in eastern Africa, manufacturers unknown, at the 3.3 million-year-old site of Lomekwi 3 in Kenya. Better known are the later tools belonging to an

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The problem of the transitions in archaeology is a branch of the general philosophic continuity problem, which examines how discrete objects of any sort that are

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Turvey, Samuel T. (2009). "Chapter 2: In the shadow of the megafauna: prehistoric mammal and bird extinctions across the Holocene". In Turvey, Samuel T. (ed.).

3162:, one side or the other. A crossing would not have been necessary, but it is more likely there than over a theoretical but unproven land bridge through either 2835:

Pebble cores can be useful in many cutting, scraping or chopping tasks, but ... they are not particularly more efficient in such tasks than a sharp-edged rock.

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Various refinements in the shape have been called choppers, discoids, polyhedrons, subspheroid, etc. To date no reasons for the variants have been ascertained:

4987: 2051:…. The possible reasons behind this seeming abrupt transition from the absence of stone tools to the presence thereof include … gaps in the geological record. 2861:. They cannot be said to have developed these tools or to have contributed the tradition to technology. They continued a tradition of yet unknown origin. As 4751: 2992:

Unfortunately, the stage of human industry which corresponds to these deposits cannot be positively identified. All we can say is that it is pre-Acheulean.

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technology, and so remained in the so-called 'Stone Age' until they encountered technologically developed cultures. The term was innovated to describe the

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established itself from South Africa through the rift, North Africa, and across Asia to modern China. This has been called "transcontinental 'savannahstan

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regions progressed past Stone Age technology around 6000 BC. Europe, and the rest of Asia became post-Stone Age societies by about 4000 BC. The

4138:). Signs such as dots were sometimes drawn. Rare human representations include handprints and half-human/half-animal figures. The Cave of Chauvet in the 2980:. C.E.P, Brooks, a British climatologist working in the United States, used the term to describe a "chalky boulder clay" underlying a layer of gravel at 8117: 2123:

or Eneolithic, both meaning 'copper–stone'). The Chalcolithic by convention is the initial period of the Bronze Age. The Bronze Age was followed by the

3008: – Mode 1 associations are scantier but they do exist, especially in the Far East. One strong piece of evidence prevents the conclusion that only 3130:, South Africa, they are in Member 5 West, 1.7–1.4 mya. The 1.7 is a fairly certain, fairly standard date. Mode 2 is often found in association with 3043:, Pakistan, at 2.0 mya, and Renzidong, South China, at over 2 mya. The identification of a fossil skull at Mojokerta, Pernung Peninsula on 3408:

From 50,000 to 10,000 years ago in Europe, the Upper Paleolithic ends with the end of the Pleistocene and onset of the Holocene era (the end of the

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is commonly associated with the Stone Age. For example, a 2003 documentary series showing the evolution of humans through the Stone Age was called

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with a huge stone slab stacked over other similarly large stone slabs; they have been discovered all across Europe and Asia and were built in the

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but evidence of regional identities begins to appear in the wide variety of stone tool types being developed to suit very different environments.

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Toth, Nicholas; Schick, Kathy (2007). "21 Overview of Paleolithic Archaeology". In Henke, H.C. Winfried; Hardt, Thorolf; Tattersall, Ian (eds.).

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The most immediate cause of the new adjustments appears to have been an increasing aridity in the region and consequent contraction of parkland

3919:, in Israel. Moreover, recent evidence indicates that humans processed and consumed wild cereal grains as far back as 23,000 years ago in the 3273: 6256: 6235: 6047: 8470: 7979: 5824: 3268: 2515:, who was delivering a pilot presentation of her typological analysis of Early Stone Age tools, to be included in her 1971 contribution to 5439: 3639:. A comparison of art in the two ages leads some theorists to conclude that Neolithic cultures were noticeably more hierarchical than the 3123: 781: 579: 4054:

can be found on rocks of any kind. The latter are petroglyphs and rock paintings. The art may or may not have had a religious function.

3035:, Member 5, South Africa, and from 1.8 mya at El Kherba, Algeria, North Africa. The manufacturers had already left pebble tools at 2700:

industry, is widely distributed in the Eastern Hemisphere. This tradition is thought to have been the work of the hominin species named

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The Stone Age of Europe is characteristically in deficit of known transitions. The 19th and early 20th-century innovators of the modern

8302: 7753: 6354: 3635:, based on the societies of modern tribesmen at an equivalent technological level, most Neolithic societies were relatively simple and 3312:

authors of this chronologically later East Asian Acheulean remain unknown, as does whether it evolved in the region or was brought in.

1929:, represents a branch that continued on in the deep forest, where the primates evolved. The rift served as a conduit for movement into 1728: 594: 5224:

Brooks, Charles E.P. (1919), "The Correlation of the Quaternary Deposits of the British Isles with Those of the Continent of Europe",

2800:. The prevalent usage, however, is to call all the results flakes, which can be confusing. A split in half is called bipolar flaking. 825:. It therefore represents nearly 99.3% of human history. Though some simple metalworking of malleable metals, particularly the use of 3289: 3249:

was Mediterranean, not savanna. The animals were not passing through; there was simply an overlap of normal ranges. Of the Hominans,

1598: 4654:, broken out to include the more robust forms, anthropological opinion is divided and both usages occur in the professional sources. 4435: 2722:, evidence of which has been found in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Some of the earliest known hand axes were found at 2855:

Although the exact species authoring the tools remains unknown, Mode 1 tools in Africa were manufactured and used predominantly by

2411:). The Neolithic was characterized primarily by herding societies rather than large agricultural societies, and although there was 1618: 987: 3717:

respectively. A distinct regional term is warranted, however, by the location and chronology of the sites and the exact typology.

5978: 5679: 5652: 4202:, a Copper Age mummy revealed by an Alpine melting glacier, who collapsed from loss of blood due to an arrow wound in the back. 6494: 1578: 774: 237: 4126:

In paleolithic times, mostly animals were painted, in theory ones that were used as food or represented strength, such as the

905:, respectively. The Stone Age is also commonly divided into three distinct periods: the earliest and most primitive being the 6162: 6143: 5914: 5689: 5662: 5338: 5046: 4763: 4068: 3402: 2984:, central England, where Acheulean tools had been found. Whether any tools would be found in it and what type was not known. 2346: 3257:. The tools are classified as "Lower Acheulean" and "Developed Oldowan". The latter is a disputed classification created by 817:

with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The period lasted for roughly 3.4 million years and ended between 4000

6749: 4490: 3742:. Early physical evidence comes from Omo and Herto, both in Ethiopia and dated respectively at c. 195 ka and at c. 160 ka. 4283: 6477: 397: 98: 6326: 3985: 2382:, a civil engineer and amateur archaeologist, in an article titled "Stone Age Cultures of South Africa" in the journal 1907:

may have manufactured tools. According to the age and location of the current evidence, the cradle of the genus is the

949:, Ethiopia, descendant of the Palaeo-Awash, source of the sediments in which the oldest Stone Age tools have been found 853:

Stone Age artifacts that have been discovered include tools used by modern humans, by their predecessor species in the

70: 7880: 6786: 6379: 3970: 3962: 2915:"across much of Africa and Asia, substantially before the development of the Mode 2 technology and use of fire ...." 2431:

in 1947. It adopted Goodwin and Lowe's 3-stage system at that time, the stages to be called Early, Middle and Later.

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Efraim Lev; Mordechai E. Kislev; Ofer Bar-Yosef (March 2005). "Mousterian vegetal food in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel".

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Harmand, Sonia; et al. (21 May 2015). "3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya".

3616:

temples of Gozo in the Maltese archipelago are the oldest surviving free standing structures in the world, erected

1558: 4829: 4251:

relating to death and burial were practiced, though certainly differing in style and execution between cultures.

3288:

From Southwest Asia, as the Levant is now called, the Acheulean extended itself more slowly eastward, arriving at

2170: 8499: 7890: 6928: 6742: 6179: 2645: 1768: 725: 202: 77: 5712:. Volume. Vol. I: From the Earliest Times to C. 500 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 248. 4945:. Volume. Vol. I: From the Earliest Times to C. 500 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 246. 2931:

from 2.3 to 2.0 mya, with the latest habilis being an upper jaw from Koobi Fora, Kenya, from 1.4 mya.

6718: 6347: 6005:

The Cave and the Cathedral: How a Real-Life Indiana Jones and a Research Scholar Decoded the Ancient Art of Man

4366: 2734:

is one example of a flake tradition. The early flake industries probably contributed to the development of the

55: 5636:

Kuijt, Ian (2000). "Chapter 13: Near Eastern Neolithic Research: Directions and Trends". In Kuijt, Ian (ed.).

4147:, France, contains the most important cave paintings of the paleolithic era, dating from about 36,000 BC. The 3352:, but Neanderthal physical characteristics have been found also in ambiguous association with the more recent 2203:

Stone tool manufacture continued even after the Stone Age ended in a given area. In Europe and North America,

897:

to divide the timeline of human technological prehistory into functional periods, with the next two being the

8112: 7642: 6902: 2463:

greater, because now they must find the missing transitions in Africa. The problem is difficult and ongoing.

2378:

The three-stage system was proposed in 1929 by Astley John Hilary Goodwin, a professional archaeologist, and

922: 735: 6970: 3942:. It possibly forced modification in the dietary habits of the humans of that age and with the emergence of 3084:, who must have inherited the tools. He also explains the last of the Acheulean in Germany at 0.4 mya. 8107: 7647: 7120: 6318: 2063: 1208: 980: 687: 667: 624: 614: 539: 499: 84: 6796: 2443:

in any way can be presumed to have a relationship of any sort. In archaeology, the relationship is one of

7073: 6559: 4713: 3973:). Several human habitats dating back to the Stone Age have been discovered around the globe, including: 3145:

In North Africa, the presence of Mode 2 remains a mystery, as the oldest finds are from Thomas Quarry in

2887: 2412: 2242:

to determine their typology, function and technologies involved. It includes the scientific study of the

957: 584: 3016:, Israel, Mode 1 tools have been found dating to 2.4 mya, about 0.5 my earlier than the known 2008:

hominin fossil discovered in Lake Turkana, Kenya, in 1999) may have been the earliest tool-users known.

8375: 8176: 5943: 4680: 4364:

tells the story of a group of early homo sapiens searching for their lost fire. A 21st-century series,

4101: 3412:). Modern humans spread out further across the Earth during the period known as the Upper Paleolithic. 3398: 3360:

in Eastern Europe/Eurasia. There is no evidence for Neanderthals in Africa, Australia or the Americas.

2458:

recognized the problem of the initial transition, the "gap" between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic.

2317: 1661: 1395: 1387: 1379: 672: 262: 51: 20: 5062: 5011: 3380:

exhibit the earliest traces of human life in India, some of which are approximately 30,000 years old.

2542:

first proposed a division of the Stone Age into older and younger parts based on his work with Danish

66: 8181: 7996: 6654: 6340: 6260: 6239: 6203: 3939: 3884: 3222: 2655:), extending from 2.5 or 2.6 million years ago, with the first documented use of stone tools by 2407: 1499: 878:

have been discovered that were used during this period as well but these are rarely preserved in the

3496:

and a need to adapt to a changing environment and find new food sources. The development of Mode 5 (

3031:

After the initial appearance at Gona in Ethiopia at 2.7 mya, pebble tools date from 2.0 mya at

8370: 7462: 7007: 6543: 6291: 4308:

coexisted is sometimes portrayed in popular culture in cartoons, films and computer games, such as

2247: 2199: 730: 677: 662: 657: 604: 7534: 7529: 5651:

Boehm, Christopher (2000). "The Origin of Morality as Social Control". In Katz, Leonard D. (ed.).

4836:. Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth. 27 August 2007. Archived from 4304:, but only the last programme showed humans living in caves. While the idea that human beings and 4191: 3173:

Meanwhile, Acheulean went on in Africa past the 1.0 mya mark and also past the extinction of

2819:

Pebble cores are ... artifacts that have been shaped by varying amounts of hard-hammer percussion.

8487: 8397: 7569: 7336: 7155: 7088: 6820: 6514: 6451: 6446: 6322: 6193: 6056: 5509: 5482: 4007:. The people who made these huts were expert mammoth hunters. Examples have been found along the 3818:(deer) and other materials were widely used, as well. During the most recent part of the period, 3377: 3372: 3242:, which is estimated to have been available without spoiling for up to four days after the kill. 3186: 2777: 1469: 973: 556: 483: 390: 44: 5871: 5463: 3348:

lived in Europe and the Near East (c. 300,000–28,000 years ago). Their technology is mainly the

2522:

However, although the intermediate periods were gone, the search for the transitions continued.

2238:

is a major and specialised form of archaeological investigation. It involves the measurement of

8575: 8449: 8055: 7946: 7934: 7630: 7371: 7210: 6847: 6781: 6765: 5449: 4409: 4316: 4093: 3943: 3440: 2609: 2379: 2295: 2057: 2027:, which serve to date them. All the tools come from the Busidama Formation, which lies above a 1428: 702: 692: 652: 634: 529: 435: 428: 6049:

Community Structure through Time: 'Ubeidiya, a Lower Pleistocene Site as a Case Study (Thesis)

5825:"Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysis" 5708:(1982). "The Culture of the Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age". In Clark, J. Desmond (ed.). 5640:. Fundamental Issues in Archaeology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. p. 317. 3443:

at 40,000 to 50,000 years ago, with a possible range of up to 125,000 years ago. The earliest

356: 8314: 8250: 8124: 7817: 7743: 7517: 7512: 7450: 7389: 7326: 7274: 7267: 6813: 6604: 6482: 6441: 5904: 5510:"Pleistocene magnetochronology of early hominid sites at Ceprano and Fontana Ranuccio, Italy" 4805: 4399: 4356: 4239:

Modern studies and the in-depth analysis of finds dating from the Stone Age indicate certain

4109: 3308:

the Acheulean age started at 1.51 mya and it is also prior than North India and Europe.

2841: 2468: 1200: 879: 755: 561: 489: 413: 326: 7699: 6039:

The First Africans: African Archaeology from the Earliest Toolmakers to Most Recent Foragers

5732: 5528: 4786:

Easby, Dudley T. (April 1965). "Pre-Hispanic Metallurgy and Metalworking in the New World".

3874: 3511:

The earliest known battle occurred during the Mesolithic period at a site in Egypt known as

2475:

technologies, and the Second Intermediate Period between Middle and Later, to encompass the

8580: 8531: 8526: 8509: 8504: 8482: 8272: 7986: 7839: 7731: 7635: 7428: 7113: 6912: 6855: 6723: 6699: 6487: 6458: 5839: 5797: 5610: 5559: 5524: 5322: 4573: 4300: 4215: 4211: 4088: 3989: 3927: 3908: 3627:

with newly settled people importing exotic goods over distances of many hundreds of miles.

3565: 3544: 3080: 3078:

is regarded as having been extinct; however, a more modern version apparently had evolved,

2804: 2711: 2674: 1837: 1638: 1485: 1354: 1339: 926: 707: 450: 340: 253: 7083: 5312:"Hominid Cave at Thomas Quarry I (Casablanca, Morocco): Recent findings and their context" 3853:

can both use and manufacture stone tools. This combination of abilities is more marked in

3316:

there also. The last Mode 2 in Southern Europe is from a deposit at Fontana Ranuccio near

2298:

of Europe. It may not always be the best in relation to regions such as some parts of the

2084:

of the known oldest stone tools outside Africa, estimated at 2.12 million years old.

8: 8570: 8235: 8040: 7873: 7406: 7279: 7160: 7135: 6584: 6219: 5638:

Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and differentiation

4404: 4361: 4335: 4171: 3652: 3409: 2739: 2731: 2551: 2217: 697: 629: 321: 16:

Prehistoric period during which stone was widely used by humans to make tools and weapons

5843: 5801: 5657:. Journal of Consciousness Studies Volume 7. Thorverton: Imprint Academic. p. 158. 5614: 5563: 5326: 4577: 4543: 2207:

were in use until well into the 20th century, and still are in many parts of the world.

166: 8611: 8521: 8424: 8326: 8139: 7321: 7051: 7017: 6684: 6628: 6589: 6499: 6404: 5863: 5583: 4920: 4732: 4685: 4597: 4449: 4374:

tells of two New Stone Age children fighting to fulfil a prophecy and save their clan.

4228: 3733: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3455: 3339: 2735: 2719: 2539: 2484: 2191: 1748: 524: 470: 383: 316: 214: 91: 4830:"ASA Statement on the use of 'primitive' as a descriptor of contemporary human groups" 4199: 3681: 3577: 3458:

which was exposed during this period by lower sea levels. These people are called the

3417: 3353: 2180: 1815: 8563: 8553: 8543: 8492: 8149: 8067: 7361: 7346: 7331: 7311: 7202: 7181: 6992: 6835: 6694: 6667: 6599: 6579: 6567: 6409: 6399: 6158: 6139: 6077: 5910: 5855: 5685: 5658: 5575: 5042: 4924: 4912: 4759: 4736: 4589: 4047: 3978: 3920: 3702: 3686: 3667: 3572:, polished stone tools, and construction of more complex, larger settlements such as 3389: 3206: 2862: 2690: 2488: 2154: 2150: 1908: 748: 599: 444: 244: 188: 5622: 5246:. New Haven: Yale University Press for the Hispanic Society of America. p. 272. 5033:. Volume. Vol. 3. Berlin; Heidelberg; New York: Springer-Verlag. p. 1944. 2760: 8558: 8465: 8208: 7991: 7791: 7711: 7667: 7467: 7289: 7140: 7100: 6679: 6572: 6509: 6504: 6426: 6363: 5867: 5847: 5805: 5705: 5618: 5587: 5567: 5532: 5490: 5330: 5034: 4904: 4722: 4644: 4601: 4581: 4288: 3870: 3726: 3581: 3322: 3297: 3071: 2948: 2629: 2480: 2455: 2363: 2337: 2243: 2225: 1990: 1963: 1420: 1369: 890: 864: 682: 609: 351: 277: 218: 8050: 8006: 3996:, dates to around 23,000 BC. The walls were made of packed clay blocks and stones. 2844:. Modern science has been able to detect mammalian blood cells on Mode 1 tools at 2158: 8439: 8409: 8171: 8099: 8077: 8035: 7930: 7900: 7765: 7760: 7411: 7294: 6865: 6674: 6436: 6431: 6083:. Ancient People and Places, Volume 72. New York; Washington: Praeger Publishers. 5822: 5334: 5038: 4539: 4310: 4255: 4148: 4043: 3888: 3880: 3751: 3508:. Domestication of the dog as a hunting companion probably dates to this period. 3467: 2827:

From a functional standpoint, pebble cores seem designed for no specific purpose.

2811:

The essence of the Oldowan is the making and often immediate use of small flakes.

2743: 2625: 2547: 2307: 2282: 2250:, researchers attempt to create replica tools, to understand how they were made. 2235: 1930: 1453: 1222: 1178: 918: 833:

for purposes of ornamentation, was known in the Stone Age, it is the melting and

544: 534: 494: 311: 270: 248: 132: 6198: 4984:"History: Systematic Investigation of the African Later Tertiary and Quaternary" 3573: 2440: 2039:, where prior to their discovery tools were thought to have evolved only in the 8548: 8475: 8297: 8262: 8193: 8082: 7954: 7662: 7247: 7237: 7058: 7039: 6689: 6662: 6633: 5966: 5536: 5239: 4727: 4708: 4391: 4371: 4263: 4219: 3993: 3935: 3632: 3605: 3493: 3479: 3463: 3330:", a fragment of whose skull was found at Ceprano nearby, dated 0.46 mya. 3063:

or earlier hominans. They might have reached Italy and Spain along the coasts.

2985: 2896: 2678: 2593: 2543: 2195: 2020: 2016: 1274: 1261: 1191: 1165: 929:. In the chronology of prehistory, the Neolithic era usually overlaps with the 810: 5809: 4908: 4151:

cave paintings in Spain were done 14,000 to 12,000 BC and show, among others,

4143: 3553: 3356:

archeological culture in Western Europe and several local industries like the

2869:

Towards the end of Oldowan in Africa a new species appeared over the range of

8605: 8434: 8419: 8365: 8343: 8240: 8228: 8144: 8013: 7895: 7856: 7844: 7832: 7544: 7455: 7384: 7125: 7068: 7046: 6955: 6887: 6882: 6860: 6099:

Sourcebook of paleolithic transitions: methods, theories, and interpretations

5938: 4916: 4491:"Origins of human intelligence: The chain of tool-making and brain evolution" 4121: 3831: 3786: 3672: 3459: 3262: 2785: 2723: 2697: 2336:

Archaeologists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries CE, who adapted the

2048: 2028: 1999: 1793: 1461: 344: 295: 257: 6975: 6276: 6022:. The Imprint of Man. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 48–51. 5979:"Chauvet cave: The most accurate timeline yet of who used the cave and when" 5238: 3253:

left several cranial fragments. Teeth of undetermined species may have been

2265: 1966:

as a tool-maker and developed a dependence on it, becoming a "tool-equipped

1903:, with the possible exception of the early Stone Age, when species prior to 8353: 8309: 8290: 8245: 8045: 7969: 7726: 7721: 7677: 7304: 7186: 7150: 7130: 6982: 6960: 6872: 6594: 5859: 5787: 5579: 4650: 4593: 4348: 4340: 4232: 4135: 4051: 3956: 3803: 3738: 3585: 3512: 3505: 3444: 3226: 3190: 3178: 3151: 3127: 3032: 2954: 2857: 2845: 2797: 2701: 2661: 2459: 2424: 2311: 2259: 2251: 2221: 2194:, the Stone Age was followed directly by the Iron Age. The Middle East and 2135: 2120: 2073: 1958: 1869: 1443: 1410: 1324: 1248: 1235: 930: 870: 838: 822: 455: 373: 8402: 5494: 4941:(1982). "The Earliest Archaeological Traces". In Clark, J. Desmond (ed.). 4162: 3938:

occurred in Asia, Europe, North America and Australia. This was the first

3394: 2530: 8392: 8382: 8338: 8333: 8285: 8223: 8186: 8159: 8060: 8030: 7905: 7827: 7748: 7736: 7497: 7482: 7472: 7443: 7401: 7316: 7284: 7232: 7165: 7002: 6877: 6734: 6394: 6214: 6090:

Human beginnings in South Africa: uncovering the secrets of the Stone Age

5823:

Dolores R. Piperno; Ehud Weiss; Irene Holst; Dani Nadel (5 August 2004).

5226:

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution 1917

4938: 4756:

West African Culture Dynamics: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives

4676: 4344: 4031: 3916: 3811: 3807: 3663: 3640: 3636: 3433: 3421: 3345: 3293: 3258: 3229:, then frequented over the long term (hundreds of thousands of years) by 3067: 2977: 2793: 2715: 2706:. Although no such fossil tools have yet been found, it is believed that 2666: 2621: 2579: 2570: 2563: 2512: 2387: 2174: 2040: 2024: 1925: 1772: 1515: 1139: 946: 906: 894: 830: 818: 504: 224: 182: 5851: 5571: 4585: 4432:"Oldest tool use and meat-eating revealed | Natural History Museum" 3697:

has shown that the Middle Stone Age is in fact contemporaneous with the

3613: 2130:

The transition out of the Stone Age occurred between 6000 and 2500

136: 8536: 8429: 8387: 8203: 8166: 8129: 8025: 7612: 7524: 7351: 7252: 7225: 7145: 6943: 6897: 6808: 6776: 6638: 6530: 6416: 6389: 6384: 4837: 4709:"Early Balkan Metallurgy: Origins, Evolution and Society, 6200–3700 BC" 4322: 4271: 4127: 4105: 4080: 4063: 3912: 3773: 3714: 3609: 3592: 3533: 3501: 3483: 3425: 3349: 3305: 3281: 3119: 2900:

in East Africa, an evolution from one of those two has been suggested.

2882: 2773: 2765: 2670: 2589: 2399: 2270: 2239: 2146: 2131: 2116: 2100: 2055:

The species that made the Pliocene tools remains unknown. Fragments of

2032: 1945: 1916: 910: 898: 883: 846: 814: 806: 509: 460: 283: 207: 6155:

Making Silent Stones Speak: Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology

4139: 2608:

The succession of these phases varies enormously from one region (and

2534:

Time series plot of temperature over the previous 5 million years

8444: 8213: 8198: 7796: 7781: 7706: 7689: 7607: 7492: 7433: 7423: 7418: 7341: 7220: 7108: 7034: 6801: 6421: 5444: 4267: 4167: 4097: 4084: 4027: 4016: 3931: 3842: 3799: 3710: 3624: 3561: 3537: 3529: 3524: 3497: 3448: 3429: 3368: 3357: 3163: 3115: 3107: 3097: 2599: 2509:

Systematic Investigation of the African Later Tertiary and Quaternary

2496: 2448: 2444: 2391: 2326: 2278: 2204: 2187:

from about 3300 BC, carried with him a copper axe and a flint knife.

2162: 1853: 1530: 914: 875: 826: 519: 332: 291: 6111:. Dordrecht; Heidelberg; London; New York: Springer. pp. 47–64. 3623:–2500 BC. The earliest evidence for established trade exists in the 2419:

By voluntary agreement, archaeologists respect the decisions of the

2224:

exploited, adaptation to climate, adoption of agriculture, cooking,

33: 8218: 8154: 8001: 7959: 7694: 7602: 7477: 7299: 7262: 7242: 6620: 6332: 6314:. Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth. 4330:

dinosaurs co-existing is not supported by any scientific evidence.

4305: 4179: 3819: 3600: 3492:, 10,000 years ago, to around 6,000 years ago was characterized by 3155: 2943: 2583: 2559: 2500: 2476: 2322: 2291: 2166: 2124: 2093: 2036: 2005: 1987: 1912: 1704: 1152: 1126: 902: 834: 465: 306: 173: 5892:. Oxford Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 16–17. 5470:. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. 28 January 2010. 1937:

into North Africa and through the continuation of the rift in the

8280: 8072: 8018: 7964: 7786: 7592: 7502: 7356: 7257: 7215: 7078: 6997: 6950: 6938: 5654:

Evolutionary Origins of Morality: Cross-disciplinary Perspectives

4295: 4183: 4156: 4131: 4020: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3827: 3706: 3569: 3489: 3301: 3202: 3197:, a more advanced, but not yet modern, descendant most likely of 3159: 3146: 3114:

The end of Oldowan in Africa was brought on by the appearance of

3052: 2904: 2878: 2849: 2781: 2755: 2656: 2472: 2428: 2330: 2303: 2229: 2139: 2112: 2099:

is regarded as the end of the Stone Age and the beginning of the

2012: 1967: 1920: 1897:

The Stone Age is contemporaneous with the evolution of the genus

1309: 1301: 1287: 1111: 514: 361: 3447:

remains found in Australia (and outside of Africa) are those of

3055:, Georgia, from 1.75 mya in association with pebble tools. 2988:, a contemporary German archaeologist working in Spain, quipped: 941: 8348: 7885: 7863: 7716: 7652: 7597: 6987: 6965: 6933: 6907: 6538: 6041:. Cambridge World Archaeology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4958:

The evolution of modern humans in Africa: a comprehensive guide

4752:"An Ethnohistorical Reconstruction of Traditional Igbo Society" 4259: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4073: 4008: 3904: 3896: 3815: 3795: 3791: 3596: 3367:

burial indicating an organised society. The earliest evidence (

3364: 3317: 3277: 3239: 3167: 3122:. The earliest known instances are in the 1.7–1.6 mya layer at 3020:

finds. If the date is correct, either another Hominan preceded

2962:

inherited the tools around 2.3 mya. At about 1.9 mya

2640: 2492: 2299: 2104: 2031:, or missing layer, which would have been from 2.9 to 2.7 1938: 842: 4224: 3320:

in Italy dated to 0.45 mya, which is generally linked to

3070:, United Kingdom, from 0.8 mya. The last traces are from 2831:

However, they would not have been manufactured for no purpose:

917:

era. Neolithic peoples were the first to transition away from

8414: 8134: 7868: 7822: 7684: 7539: 7487: 7063: 7029: 4152: 3900: 3892: 3781: 3777: 3736:. It is associated with anatomically modern or almost modern 3549: 3246: 3040: 3036: 3013: 2981: 2255: 2184: 2081: 1949: 854: 299: 231: 150:–2500 BC, some of the world's oldest free-standing structures 6295: 5781: 3701:. The Early Stone Age therefore is contemporaneous with the 2503:. Magosian is "an artificial mix of two different periods". 1983: 862:, and possibly by the earlier partly contemporaneous genera 8360: 8321: 7801: 7657: 7587: 7507: 7379: 6892: 5594: 5549: 4333:

Other depictions of the Stone Age include the best-selling

4327: 3969:, France. (Concerns about the dating have been raised, see 3966: 3823: 3230: 3044: 2651: 2077:, have been found in sites near the age of the Gona tools. 1934: 1899: 858: 196: 140: 6109:

Out of Africa I: the First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia

5684:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 419–420. 5063:"Paleolithic Period | Definition, Dates, & Facts" 4159:, Dordogne, France, dates from about 15,000 to 10,000 BC. 3181:, Kenya, dated to about 0.9 mya. Its owner was still 3102: 2718:; a later, more refined hand-axe tradition is seen in the 2714:, which developed in northern France in the valley of the 2669:

around 10,000 BC. The Paleolithic era ended with the

7672: 7438: 7396: 6311: 5600: 3854: 2108: 2096: 1886: 909:

era; a transitional period with finer tools known as the

2911:

obviously had. The ultimate proof is the "dispersal" of

2815:

Another naming scheme is "Pebble Core Technology (PBC)":

2792:

piece, in which case the larger piece may be called the

6007:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. 157–158. 3466:

sites, some 13,500 years ago. Globally, societies were

3066:

In northern Europe, pebble tools are found earliest at

2011:

The oldest stone tools were excavated from the site of

4897:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

3631:

chiefdoms similar to Polynesian societies such as the

3344:

This period is best known as the era during which the

2634:

The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic (from Greek: παλαιός,

2103:. The first highly significant metal manufactured was 882:. The Stone Age is further subdivided by the types of 5228:, Washington: Government Pronting Office, p. 277 3911:, as is evident from archaeobotanical finds from the 3830:. Agriculture was developed and certain animals were 3261:

to describe an Acheulean-like tradition in Bed II at

2938:

According to this chronology Mode 1 was inherited by

2840:

the edge, from which use they were given the name of

6230:

Robert A. Giusepi, 2000. History World International

4381: 3756:

The Later Stone Age (LSA, sometimes also called the

2644:, "stone" lit. "old stone", coined by archaeologist 1956:" recently. Starting in the grasslands of the rift, 5024: 5022: 4707:Radivojević, Miljana; Roberts, Benjamin W. (2021). 3705:and happens to include the same main technologies, 3462:, and the earliest accepted dates are those of the 2080:In July 2018, scientists reported the discovery in 952: 921:societies into the settled lifestyle of inhabiting 58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6076: 5115: 5113: 4706: 837:of copper that marks the end of the Stone Age. In 6127:Ancient Stones: The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily 4788:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 4003:bones have been found in East-Central Europe and 3988:with a roof supported with timber, discovered in 3776:were made from a variety of stones. For example, 3676:Acheulean biface from Lake Langano area, Ethiopia 2877:. The earliest "unambiguous" evidence is a whole 8603: 6129:. Thornham/Norfolk (UK): Brazen Head Publishing. 5507: 5309: 5019: 4205: 3930:, 15,000 to 9,000 years ago, mass extinction of 3883:were wild plants and animals harvested from the 3363:Neanderthals nursed their elderly and practised 2386:. By then, the dates of the Early Stone Age, or 6259:. AerobiologicalEngineering.com. Archived from 6238:. AerobiologicalEngineering.com. Archived from 5903:Ranger, Terence O.; Kimambo, Isaria N. (1976). 5440:"Acheulian stone tools discovered near Chennai" 5110: 4960:. Lanham, Maryland: AltaMira Press. p. 54. 3177:there. The last Acheulean in East Africa is at 1684: 6036: 5909:. University of California Press. p. 30. 5775: 5763: 5297: 5285: 5256: 5211: 5187: 5175: 5163: 5146: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5075: 4970: 4754:. In Swartz, B.K.; Dumett, Raymond E. (eds.). 4669: 4559: 4557: 4526: 4514: 4186:use, but the evidence remains interpretative. 2852:of some tools confirm the use to chop plants. 2047:… the earliest stone tool makers were skilled 1944:Starting from about 4 million years ago ( 1919:. The closest relative among the other living 6750: 6348: 6088:Deacon, Hilary John; Deacon, Janette (1999). 5902: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5142: 5140: 4749: 4026:An animal hide tent dated to around 15000 to 3977:A tent-like structure inside a cave near the 3488:The period starting from the end of the last 3371:) of settlement in Australia dates to around 2519:, "Excavations in Beds I and II, 1960–1963." 2434: 2043:. Excavators at the locality point out that: 1978: 1962:, the predecessor of modern humans, found an 981: 782: 391: 6092:. Walnut Creek, California : Altamira Press. 6087: 5816: 5269: 5267: 5265: 4986:. The Wenner-Gren Foundation. Archived from 4882: 4347:and are loosely based on archaeological and 3907:were part of the human diet long before the 3473: 3451:; they have been dated at 42,000 years old. 3000:There are ample associations of Mode 2 with 2254:are craftsmen who use sharp tools to reduce 2157: BC in the archaeological sites of the 841:, this occurred by about 3000 BC, when 6136:Past Worlds: The Times Atlas of Archaeology 6096: 6055:. Paleoanthropology Society. Archived from 5543: 5242:; Christine Matthew; Henry Osborne (1924). 4663: 4626: 4614: 4554: 4426: 4424: 4287:Imaginative depiction of the Stone Age, by 4034:, was discovered at Plateau Parain, France. 2210: 1973: 6764: 6757: 6743: 6355: 6341: 6152: 6037:Barham, Lawrence; Mitchell, Peter (2008). 5936: 5896: 5152: 5137: 5028: 4955: 4050:is inferred from found instruments, while 3216: 2976:the term "Pre-Acheulean" came into use in 2742:, which is associated with the remains of 2726:(Tanzania) in association with remains of 988: 974: 936: 789: 775: 398: 384: 6153:Schick, Kathy D.; Toth, Nicholas (1993). 5262: 5100: 5098: 5096: 4726: 4278: 3857:and men, but only men, or more generally 3841:are able to use stone tools, such as the 3720: 933:("Copper") era preceding the Bronze Age. 889:The Stone Age is the first period in the 118:Learn how and when to remove this message 6647: 6552: 6467: 6045: 6017: 5906:The Historical Study of African Religion 5426: 5414: 5402: 5390: 5378: 5366: 5354: 4421: 4282: 4223: 4161: 4067: 4023:, Czech Republic and in southern Poland. 3745: 3671: 3657: 3543: 3528: 3393: 3267: 3221:Mode 2 is first known out of Africa at ' 3110:tool, not worked over the entire surface 3101: 2970: 2759: 2529: 2316: 2264: 1982: 940: 131: 6277:"PanAfrican Archaeological Association" 6124: 5976: 5970: 5677: 4563: 4538: 2881:, KNM-ER 3733 (a find identifier) from 2615: 2491:. Fauresmith is now considered to be a 2087: 1911:System, especially toward the north in 8604: 6292:"Society of Africanist Archaeologists" 6222:1910, Boston: Houghton Mifflin company 6133: 5887: 5508:Giovanni Muttoni; et al. (2009). 5480: 5310:Jean-Paul Raynal; et al. (2010). 5223: 5093: 4894: 4675: 3949: 3548:Different views of one arrowhead from 3091: 1882: 913:era; and the final stage known as the 238:Recent African origin of modern humans 7928: 7567: 6833: 6738: 6336: 6074: 6002: 5937:Groeneveld, Emma (12 February 2017). 5733:"Biological origins of modern humans" 5704: 5650: 5635: 4937: 4870: 4858: 4807:KM 11708 Kiuruveden kirves; Esinekuva 4785: 4473: 3646: 3403:Kimberley region of Western Australia 3333: 3209:, in the same evolutionary status as 2357: 2347:Association of Social Anthropologists 966: 821:and 2000 BC, with the advent of 7929: 6362: 6254: 6233: 6105: 5273: 5199: 5104: 5087: 4544:"Oldest tools pre-date first humans" 3454:The Americas were colonised via the 3383: 3185:, but in South Africa, Acheulean at 2749: 2684: 2566:boundary (highly glaciated climate) 2325:engraved with human face found from 2310:used stone for tools until European 1825: 1803: 1781: 1757: 1737: 1717: 1693: 1673: 1650: 1627: 1607: 1587: 1567: 1547: 955: 56:adding citations to reliable sources 27: 6018:Martínez, Antonio Beltrán (1982) . 5517:Earth and Planetary Science Letters 3763: 3713:, which produced Mode 1 and Mode 2 3536:, Scotland: Europe's most complete 3074:, dated 0.5 mya. By that time 2919:carried Mode 1 tools over Eurasia. 1997:known to date, have indicated that 13: 6327:National Museum of Natural History 6157:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 6117: 5977:Netburn, Deborah (December 2016). 4758:. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 329. 4488: 3439:Most scholars date the arrival of 3189:, 1.0–0.6 mya, is associated with 2421:Pan-African Congress on Prehistory 2384:Annals of the South African Museum 14: 8623: 7881:Megalithic architectural elements 6173: 6134:Scarre, Christopher, ed. (1988). 5790:Journal of Archaeological Science 5483:"Europe's oldest axes discovered" 4326:, the notion of hominids and non- 4115: 3879:Food sources of the Palaeolithic 3864: 761:Outline of prehistoric technology 673:History of electrical engineering 7568: 5481:Dalton, Rex (2 September 2009). 5009:"Worsaae, Jens Jacob Asmussen". 4434:. 18 August 2010. Archived from 4384: 3201:. The Thoman Quarry Hominans in 2349:discourages this use, asserting: 1941:to the vast grasslands of Asia. 32: 8500:Evolutionary origin of religion 6046:Belmaker, Miriam (March 2006). 6011: 5996: 5958: 5930: 5881: 5769: 5757: 5748: 5739: 5725: 5716: 5710:The Cambridge History of Africa 5698: 5671: 5644: 5629: 5623:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.07.022 5501: 5474: 5456: 5448:. 25 March 2011. Archived from 5432: 5420: 5408: 5396: 5384: 5372: 5360: 5348: 5303: 5291: 5279: 5250: 5232: 5217: 5205: 5193: 5181: 5169: 5081: 5069: 5055: 5002: 4976: 4964: 4949: 4943:The Cambridge History of Africa 4931: 4888: 4876: 4864: 4852: 4822: 4798: 4779: 4743: 4700: 4657: 4632: 4620: 4476:Metals, Culture, and Capitalism 3790:) for use as cutting tools and 3150:easily have reached the palaeo- 2499:, while Sangoan is a facies of 2134:for much of humanity living in 2092:Innovation in the technique of 2004:(a 3.2 to 3.5-million-year-old 726:Timeline of historic inventions 43:needs additional citations for 6719:List of archaeological periods 6215:The stone age in North America 6020:Rock art of the Spanish Levant 5678:Guthrie, Russell Dale (2005). 5468:What Does It Mean to be Human? 5321:. 223–224 (223–224): 369–382. 4956:Willoughby, Pamela R. (2007). 4608: 4532: 4520: 4508: 4482: 4467: 4442: 4367:Chronicles of Ancient Darkness 4057: 3875:Paleolithic diet and nutrition 3608:) and ceremonial sites, e.g.: 3588:in the Far East being others. 3024:out of Africa or the earliest 2764:This is a Mode 1, or Oldowan, 1546: 1: 8113:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 7643:British megalith architecture 6629:History of ferrous metallurgy 6029: 5681:The Nature of Paleolithic Art 5031:Handbook of Paleoanthropology 4206:Stone Age rituals and beliefs 4046:is visible in the artifacts. 3643:cultures that preceded them. 3617: 2525: 927:agriculture became widespread 703:History of nuclear technology 144: 8108:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 7648:Nordic megalith architecture 6319:Human Timeline (Interactive) 6204:Resources in other libraries 5335:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.03.011 5039:10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_64 3954:Around 2 million years ago, 3518: 3225:, Israel, a site now on the 3047:, dated to 1.8 mya, as 2673:, or in areas with an early 2145:The first evidence of human 2064:Australopithecus aethiopicus 2023:, on sediments of the paleo- 845:became widespread. The term 688:History of materials science 668:History of computer hardware 625:Arab Agricultural Revolution 540:Fourth Industrial Revolution 500:Second Industrial Revolution 7: 6125:Piccolo, Salvatore (2013). 4714:Journal of World Prehistory 4377: 2796:and the smaller pieces the 2413:copper metallurgy in Africa 1883: 1105: 525:Third Industrial Revolution 490:First Industrial Revolution 10: 8628: 8256:British Isles and Brittany 8177:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 6075:Clark, J. Desmond (1970). 5944:World History Encyclopedia 5776:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5764:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5603:Quaternary Science Reviews 5537:10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.032 5298:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5286:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5257:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5212:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5188:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5176:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5164:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5147:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5132:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5120:Barham & Mitchell 2008 5076:Barham & Mitchell 2008 4971:Barham & Mitchell 2008 4728:10.1007/s10963-021-09155-7 4527:Barham & Mitchell 2008 4515:Barham & Mitchell 2008 4209: 4119: 4102:Death Valley National Park 4061: 3868: 3749: 3724: 3661: 3650: 3522: 3477: 3399:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 3387: 3337: 3205:similarly are most likely 3126:, West Turkana, Kenya. At 3095: 2753: 2688: 2619: 2586:boundary (modern climate) 2435:Problem of the transitions 1979:Beginning of the Stone Age 1915:, where it is bordered by 263:Origin of the domestic dog 21:Stone Age (disambiguation) 18: 8458: 8271: 8098: 7945: 7941: 7924: 7810: 7774: 7623: 7580: 7576: 7563: 7370: 7201: 7174: 7099: 7025: 7016: 6921: 6846: 6842: 6834: 6829: 6772: 6714: 6619: 6529: 6370: 6199:Resources in your library 5810:10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.006 5722:McBrearty and Brooks 2000 4909:10.1017/S0041977X00069135 4498:Anthropological Notebooks 4262:, single-chambered, were 3940:Holocene extinction event 3682:Early Stone Age in Africa 3474:Epipaleolithic/Mesolithic 3445:anatomically modern human 3284:, National Museum of Iran 2784:, after the type site of 2408:iron metallurgy in Africa 2390:, and Late Stone Age, or 2190:In some regions, such as 2119:(or more technically the 2107:, an alloy of copper and 736:Complete list by category 6079:The Prehistory of Africa 5319:Quaternary International 4883:Deacon & Deacon 1999 4415: 3768: 3552:, 3300 to 2400 BC, 3401:found in the north-west 3272:Biface (trihedral) from 3158:along the shores of the 2772:The earliest documented 2427:hosted the first one in 2248:experimental archaeology 2211:Concept of the Stone Age 1974:Stone Age in archaeology 1933:and also north down the 998: 813:was widely used to make 731:Technological revolution 678:History of manufacturing 663:History of communication 658:History of biotechnology 8488:Evolutionary musicology 7891:Oldest extant buildings 7818:Archaeological features 7337:Prepared-core technique 6452:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 6447:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A 6138:. London: Times Books. 6003:Aczel, Amir D. (2000). 5529:2009E&PSL.286..255M 5012:Encyclopædia Britannica 4664:Rogers & Semaw 2009 4627:Rogers & Semaw 2009 4615:Rogers & Semaw 2009 4489:Ko, Kwang Hyun (2016). 4343:, which are set in the 4155:. The hall of bulls in 3909:agricultural revolution 3378:Bhimbetka rock shelters 3217:Acheulean out of Africa 3211:H. heidelbergensis 3195:H. heidelbergensis 2935:is dated 1.8–0.6 mya. 2768:from the western Sahara 2296:archaeological cultures 1870:P a r a n t h r o p u s 1729:Dispersal beyond Africa 937:Historical significance 484:Proto-industrialization 8450:Unchambered long cairn 8298:Mound Builders culture 7631:Neolithic architecture 6766:Prehistoric technology 6380:Prehistoric technology 4750:S.J.S. Cookey (1980). 4410:Timeline of prehistory 4317:One Million Years B.C. 4291: 4279:Modern popular culture 4258:, multichambered, and 4236: 4174: 4094:Sydney rock engravings 4077: 4038: 3944:agricultural practices 3721:Middle Stone Age (MSA) 3693:. However, since then 3677: 3557: 3541: 3405: 3296:, after its proposer, 3285: 3111: 3039:, Israel, at 2.4 mya, 2994: 2837: 2829: 2821: 2813: 2769: 2535: 2380:Clarence van Riet Lowe 2372: 2355: 2345:is controversial. The 2333: 2273: 2177:in modern-day Serbia. 2058:Australopithecus garhi 2053: 1993: 1001:−10 — 950: 693:History of measurement 653:History of agriculture 620:Medieval Islamic world 530:Digital transformation 151: 8125:List of Stone Age art 7327:Microblade technology 7275:Langdale axe industry 6873:Ard / plough 6442:Pre-Pottery Neolithic 6236:"Stone Age Hand-axes" 6101:. New York: Springer. 5745:McDougall et al. 2005 5495:10.1038/news.2009.878 4818:– via finna.fi. 4400:List of Stone Age art 4286: 4227: 4165: 4108:, Peru), and Europe ( 4087:. A Petroglyph is an 4071: 3891:meats, including the 3746:Later Stone Age (LSA) 3675: 3658:Early Stone Age (ESA) 3568:: the development of 3547: 3532: 3397: 3326:, a "late variant of 3271: 3105: 3028:has yet to be found. 2990: 2971:Oldowan out of Africa 2833: 2825: 2817: 2809: 2763: 2698:Chopper chopping tool 2602:period of archaeology 2596:period of archaeology 2573:period of archaeology 2533: 2368: 2351: 2320: 2268: 2228:, and religion. Like 2149:dates to between the 2045: 1986: 1091:−1 — 1081:−2 — 1071:−3 — 1061:−4 — 1051:−5 — 1041:−6 — 1031:−7 — 1021:−8 — 1011:−9 — 944: 880:archaeological record 756:Outline of technology 647:By type of technology 574:By historical regions 562:Emerging technologies 422:By technological eras 414:History of technology 327:Pre-Pottery Neolithic 225:Homo neanderthalensis 135: 8532:Prehistoric medicine 8527:Prehistoric counting 8510:Prehistoric religion 8505:Paleolithic religion 8483:Behavioral modernity 7840:Causewayed enclosure 7732:Abri de la Madeleine 6856:Neolithic Revolution 6724:List of time periods 6459:Neolithic Revolution 6257:"Stone Age Habitats" 5890:Holocene Extinctions 5609:(19–20): 2469–2474. 5344:on 28 February 2011. 4474:Goody, Jack (2012). 4301:Walking with Cavemen 4216:Prehistoric religion 4212:Paleolithic religion 3928:Wisconsin glaciation 3926:Near the end of the 3887:. They liked animal 3837:Some species of non- 3826:) were used to make 3566:Neolithic Revolution 3081:Homo heidelbergensis 3012:reached Eurasia: at 2712:Abbevillian industry 2665:, to the end of the 2638:, "old"; and λίθος, 2616:Three-age chronology 2483:. They were in fact 2088:End of the Stone Age 1685:Earliest stone tools 809:period during which 720:Technology timelines 708:History of transport 451:Neolithic Revolution 341:Neolithic Revolution 254:Behavioral modernity 52:improve this article 19:For other uses, see 8571:Prehistoric warfare 7317:Magdalenian culture 7280:Levallois technique 7211:Earliest toolmaking 6544:Bronze Age collapse 6220:Warren K. Moorehead 5852:10.1038/nature02734 5844:2004Natur.430..670P 5802:2005JArSc..32..475L 5615:2006QSRv...25.2469O 5572:10.1038/nature01383 5564:2003Natur.421..837B 5327:2010QuInt.223..369R 5244:Fossil Man in Spain 5134:, pp. 126–127. 4840:on 14 November 2011 4586:10.1038/nature14464 4578:2015Natur.521..310H 4405:Prehistoric warfare 4362:Jean-Jacques Annaud 4339:series of books by 4172:World Heritage Site 3950:Shelter and habitat 3653:African archaeology 3441:humans in Australia 3410:Last Glacial Period 3092:Acheulean in Africa 2929:H. rudolfensis 2897:H. rudolfensis 2740:Mousterian industry 2738:flake tools of the 2732:Clactonian industry 2552:geologic time scale 2302:and Oceania, where 2218:social organization 893:frequently used in 698:History of medicine 590:Indian subcontinent 322:Trihedral Neolithic 8522:Origin of language 8515:Spiritual drug use 8425:Rectangular dolmen 8327:Dartmoor kistvaens 8140:Carved stone balls 7852:Circular enclosure 7811:Other architecture 7754:Alp pile dwellings 7342:Solutrean industry 7253:Gravettian culture 6903:Secondary products 6405:Middle Paleolithic 5452:on 23 August 2011. 5369:, pp. 119–120 5259:, pp. 106–107 4686:The New York Times 4617:, pp. 162–163 4438:on 18 August 2010. 4292: 4237: 4229:Poulnabrone dolmen 4175: 4104:), South America ( 4100:), North America ( 4078: 3999:Many huts made of 3849:shells with them. 3734:Middle Paleolithic 3699:Middle Paleolithic 3695:Radiocarbon dating 3691:Middle Paleolithic 3678: 3647:African chronology 3558: 3542: 3456:Bering land bridge 3406: 3340:Middle Paleolithic 3334:Middle Paleolithic 3286: 3112: 2770: 2736:Middle Paleolithic 2720:Acheulian industry 2550:boundaries on the 2540:Jens Jacob Worsaae 2536: 2358:Three-stage system 2334: 2274: 2192:Sub-Saharan Africa 1994: 1486:H. heidelbergensis 951: 923:towns and villages 635:Renaissance Europe 317:Shepherd Neolithic 215:Middle Paleolithic 152: 8599: 8598: 8595: 8594: 8591: 8590: 8544:Prehistoric music 8493:music archaeology 8150:Cup and ring mark 7975:Clothing/textiles 7920: 7919: 7916: 7915: 7559: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7362:Yubetsu technique 7347:Striking platform 7312:Lithic technology 7197: 7196: 7182:Game drive system 7101:Projectile points 6993:Mortar and pestle 6732: 6731: 6710: 6709: 6615: 6614: 6525: 6524: 6410:Upper Paleolithic 6400:Lower Paleolithic 6180:Library resources 6164:978-0-671-69371-8 6145:978-0-7230-0306-9 5983:Los Angeles Times 5916:978-0-520-03179-1 5838:(7000): 670–673. 5754:White et al. 2003 5706:Clark, J. Desmond 5691:978-0-226-31126-5 5664:978-0-7190-5612-3 5558:(6925): 837–840. 5048:978-3-540-32474-4 4765:978-90-279-7920-9 4572:(7552): 310–315. 4294:The image of the 4166:Rock painting at 4048:Prehistoric music 4015:, including near 3979:Grotte du Lazaret 3921:Upper Paleolithic 3703:Lower Paleolithic 3668:Lower Paleolithic 3633:Ancient Hawaiians 3494:rising sea levels 3390:Upper Paleolithic 3384:Upper Paleolithic 3207:Homo rhodesiensis 2750:Oldowan in Africa 2691:Lower Paleolithic 2685:Lower Paleolithic 2489:Lower Paleolithic 2481:will-of-the-wisps 1909:East African Rift 1895: 1894: 1887:million years ago 1846: 1845: 1824: 1823: 1802: 1801: 1794:Earliest rock art 1780: 1779: 1756: 1755: 1749:Earliest language 1736: 1735: 1716: 1715: 1692: 1691: 1672: 1671: 1662:Earliest sign of 1649: 1648: 1639:Earliest sign of 1626: 1625: 1606: 1605: 1586: 1585: 1566: 1565: 1209:Ou. macedoniensis 799: 798: 605:Hellenistic world 600:Maya civilization 408: 407: 357:Pottery Neolithic 245:Upper Paleolithic 189:Lower Paleolithic 128: 127: 120: 102: 8619: 8559:Divje Babe flute 8466:Archaeoastronomy 8209:Petrosomatoglyph 7943: 7942: 7926: 7925: 7775:Water management 7578: 7577: 7565: 7564: 7468:Denticulate tool 7290:Lithic reduction 7023: 7022: 6844: 6843: 6831: 6830: 6759: 6752: 6745: 6736: 6735: 6645: 6644: 6550: 6549: 6465: 6464: 6427:Middle Stone Age 6364:Three-age system 6357: 6350: 6343: 6334: 6333: 6315: 6307: 6305: 6303: 6298:on 17 April 2015 6294:. Archived from 6287: 6285: 6283: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6263:on 17 March 2011 6251: 6249: 6247: 6242:on 17 March 2011 6168: 6149: 6130: 6112: 6102: 6093: 6084: 6082: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6062:on 30 April 2011 6061: 6054: 6042: 6024: 6023: 6015: 6009: 6008: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5974: 5968: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5934: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5885: 5879: 5878: 5876: 5870:. Archived from 5829: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5752: 5746: 5743: 5737: 5736: 5729: 5723: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5648: 5642: 5641: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5523:(1–2): 255–268. 5514: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5436: 5430: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5394: 5388: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5337:. Archived from 5316: 5307: 5301: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5276:, pp. 55–57 5271: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5150: 5144: 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5108: 5102: 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5065:. 7 August 2023. 5059: 5053: 5052: 5026: 5017: 5016: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4873:, pp. 18–19 4868: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4802: 4796: 4795: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4747: 4741: 4740: 4730: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4679:(11 July 2018). 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4645:Australopithecus 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4606: 4605: 4561: 4552: 4551: 4540:Morelle, Rebecca 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4495: 4486: 4480: 4479: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4460: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4428: 4394: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4336:Earth's Children 4289:Viktor Vasnetsov 4256:Megalithic tombs 4110:Finnmark, Norway 4098:Bhimbetka, India 4083:appeared in the 4011:river valley of 3881:hunter-gatherers 3871:Paleolithic diet 3784:were shaped (or 3764:Material culture 3727:Middle Stone Age 3622: 3619: 3582:fertile crescent 3468:hunter-gatherers 3373:40,000 years ago 3323:Homo cepranensis 3298:Hallam L. Movius 3255:H. ergaster 3193:, classified as 2949:Australopithecus 2630:Three-age system 2456:three-age system 2364:J. Desmond Clark 2338:three-age system 2308:hunter-gatherers 2244:lithic reduction 1991:projectile point 1964:ecological niche 1955: 1875: 1873: 1872: 1858: 1856: 1840: 1831: 1826: 1818: 1816:Earliest clothes 1809: 1804: 1796: 1787: 1782: 1763: 1758: 1743: 1738: 1723: 1718: 1705:Earliest sign of 1699: 1694: 1679: 1674: 1664:Australopithecus 1656: 1651: 1633: 1628: 1619:Earliest bipedal 1613: 1608: 1599:Chimpanzee split 1593: 1588: 1573: 1568: 1553: 1548: 1534: 1533: 1519: 1518: 1502: 1488: 1474: 1446: 1433: 1413: 1400: 1372: 1370:Australopithecus 1359: 1344: 1327: 1314: 1290: 1277: 1264: 1251: 1238: 1225: 1213: 1194: 1181: 1168: 1156: 1142: 1129: 1116: 1114: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1072: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1022: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 990: 983: 976: 970: 960: 959:Hominin timeline 953: 891:three-age system 865:Australopithecus 791: 784: 777: 683:Maritime history 615:Byzantine Empire 410: 409: 400: 393: 386: 352:Khiamian culture 219:Middle Stone Age 192:Early Stone Age 154: 153: 149: 146: 123: 116: 112: 109: 103: 101: 60: 36: 28: 8627: 8626: 8622: 8621: 8620: 8618: 8617: 8616: 8602: 8601: 8600: 8587: 8454: 8440:Stone box grave 8410:Megalithic tomb 8315:Cotswold-Severn 8267: 8172:Guardian stones 8100:Prehistoric art 8094: 7937: 7912: 7901:Timber trackway 7806: 7770: 7766:Wattle and daub 7619: 7598:Standing stones 7572: 7551: 7366: 7193: 7170: 7095: 7012: 6922:Food processing 6917: 6866:New World crops 6838: 6825: 6768: 6763: 6733: 6728: 6706: 6643: 6611: 6548: 6521: 6463: 6432:Later Stone Age 6366: 6361: 6310: 6301: 6299: 6290: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6266: 6264: 6255:Kowalski, D.R. 6245: 6243: 6234:Kowalski, D.R. 6210: 6209: 6208: 6188: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6171: 6165: 6146: 6120: 6118:Further reading 6115: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6032: 6027: 6016: 6012: 6001: 5997: 5987: 5985: 5975: 5971: 5963: 5959: 5949: 5947: 5935: 5931: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5901: 5897: 5886: 5882: 5874: 5827: 5821: 5817: 5786: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5762: 5758: 5753: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5731: 5730: 5726: 5721: 5717: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5676: 5672: 5665: 5649: 5645: 5634: 5630: 5599: 5595: 5548: 5544: 5512: 5506: 5502: 5479: 5475: 5462: 5461: 5457: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5425: 5421: 5413: 5409: 5401: 5397: 5389: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5341: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5296: 5292: 5284: 5280: 5272: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5237: 5233: 5222: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5186: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5162: 5153: 5145: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5118: 5111: 5103: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5061: 5060: 5056: 5049: 5027: 5020: 5008: 5007: 5003: 4993: 4991: 4990:on 28 July 2011 4982: 4981: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4954: 4950: 4936: 4932: 4893: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4843: 4841: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4813: 4811: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4784: 4780: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4748: 4744: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4674: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4637: 4633: 4625: 4621: 4613: 4609: 4562: 4555: 4542:(20 May 2015). 4537: 4533: 4525: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4493: 4487: 4483: 4472: 4468: 4458: 4456: 4448: 4447: 4443: 4430: 4429: 4422: 4418: 4390: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4349:anthropological 4311:The Flintstones 4281: 4222: 4210:Main articles: 4208: 4200:Ötzi the Iceman 4124: 4118: 4066: 4060: 4044:Prehistoric art 4041: 3990:Dolní Věstonice 3981:, Nice, France. 3952: 3903:. Large seeded 3877: 3869:Main articles: 3867: 3845:, which breaks 3806:tools, such as 3771: 3766: 3754: 3752:Later Stone Age 3748: 3729: 3723: 3670: 3662:Main articles: 3660: 3655: 3649: 3620: 3527: 3521: 3486: 3478:Main articles: 3476: 3418:Châtelperronian 3392: 3386: 3354:Châtelperronian 3342: 3336: 3328:H. erectus 3251:H. erectus 3219: 3199:H. erectus 3183:H. erectus 3175:H. erectus 3132:H. erectus 3100: 3094: 3076:H. erectus 3061:H. erectus 3049:H. erectus 3026:H. erectus 3022:H. erectus 3018:H. erectus 3010:H. erectus 3006:H. erectus 3002:H. erectus 2973: 2964:H. erectus 2960:H. habilis 2933:H. erectus 2925:H. habilis 2917:H. erectus 2913:H. erectus 2909:H. erectus 2892:H. habilis 2888:limb morphology 2805:Acheulean tools 2758: 2752: 2744:Neanderthal man 2728:H. erectus 2708:H. erectus 2693: 2687: 2632: 2626:Human evolution 2620:Main articles: 2618: 2544:kitchen middens 2528: 2437: 2360: 2283:potassium-argon 2236:Lithic analysis 2213: 2196:Southeast Asian 2181:Ötzi the Iceman 2090: 1981: 1976: 1953: 1931:southern Africa 1891: 1890: 1878: 1877: 1876: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1854:H o m i n i d s 1852: 1850: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1829: 1820: 1819: 1814: 1807: 1798: 1797: 1792: 1785: 1776: 1775: 1761: 1752: 1751: 1741: 1732: 1731: 1721: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1697: 1688: 1687: 1677: 1668: 1667: 1654: 1645: 1644: 1631: 1622: 1621: 1611: 1602: 1601: 1591: 1582: 1581: 1571: 1562: 1561: 1551: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1466: 1458: 1450: 1449: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1425: 1417: 1416: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1392: 1384: 1376: 1375: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1336: 1332: 1331: 1330: 1323: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1306: 1298: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1286: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1273: 1268: 1267: 1266: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1247: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1234: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1223:Chororapithecus 1221: 1216: 1215: 1214: 1205: 1197: 1196: 1190: 1185: 1184: 1183: 1179:Samburupithecus 1177: 1172: 1171: 1170: 1164: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1150: 1146: 1145: 1144: 1138: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1125: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1112: 1110: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 994: 968: 962: 958: 939: 919:hunter-gatherer 795: 766: 765: 751: 749:Article indices 741: 740: 721: 713: 712: 648: 640: 639: 630:Medieval Europe 575: 567: 566: 557:Post-industrial 545:Imagination Age 535:Information Age 495:Standardization 423: 404: 343: 312:Heavy Neolithic 273: 271:Epipalaeolithic 261: 249:Later Stone Age 247: 217: 203:Control of fire 191: 147: 124: 113: 107: 104: 61: 59: 49: 37: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8625: 8615: 8614: 8597: 8596: 8593: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8585: 8584: 8583: 8573: 8568: 8567: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8549:Alligator drum 8541: 8540: 8539: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8518: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8497: 8496: 8495: 8485: 8480: 8479: 8478: 8476:lunar calendar 8473: 8462: 8460: 8459:Other cultural 8456: 8455: 8453: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8406: 8405: 8400: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8373: 8363: 8358: 8357: 8356: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8319: 8318: 8317: 8307: 8306: 8305: 8295: 8294: 8293: 8288: 8277: 8275: 8269: 8268: 8266: 8265: 8263:Venus figurine 8260: 8259: 8258: 8253: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8232: 8231: 8226: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8194:Megalithic art 8191: 8190: 8189: 8184: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8163: 8162: 8152: 8147: 8145:Cave paintings 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8110: 8104: 8102: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8092: 8091: 8090: 8085: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8064: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8028: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8011: 8010: 8009: 8004: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7983: 7982: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7951: 7949: 7947:Material goods 7939: 7938: 7922: 7921: 7918: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7910: 7909: 7908: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7877: 7876: 7866: 7861: 7860: 7859: 7849: 7848: 7847: 7837: 7836: 7835: 7825: 7820: 7814: 7812: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7784: 7778: 7776: 7772: 7771: 7769: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7757: 7756: 7746: 7741: 7740: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7681: 7680: 7670: 7665: 7663:Cliff dwelling 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7627: 7625: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7616: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7595: 7590: 7584: 7582: 7574: 7573: 7561: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7553: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7548: 7547: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7521: 7520: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7459: 7458: 7448: 7447: 7446: 7441: 7431: 7426: 7421: 7416: 7415: 7414: 7404: 7399: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7382: 7376: 7374: 7368: 7367: 7365: 7364: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7287: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7271: 7270: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7248:Fire hardening 7245: 7240: 7238:Clovis culture 7235: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7207: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7178: 7176: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7168: 7163: 7161:Manis Mastodon 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7105: 7103: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7093: 7092: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7061: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7044: 7043: 7042: 7040:throwing stick 7032: 7026: 7020: 7014: 7013: 7011: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6979: 6978: 6973: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6936: 6931: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6880: 6875: 6870: 6869: 6868: 6863: 6852: 6850: 6840: 6839: 6827: 6826: 6824: 6823: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6806: 6805: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6762: 6761: 6754: 6747: 6739: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6726: 6721: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6665: 6657: 6651: 6649: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6634:Iron meteorite 6631: 6625: 6623: 6617: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6577: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6562: 6556: 6554: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6535: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6497: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6471: 6469: 6462: 6461: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6449: 6439: 6437:Epipaleolithic 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6392: 6387: 6382: 6376: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6360: 6359: 6352: 6345: 6337: 6331: 6330: 6329:(August 2016). 6316: 6308: 6288: 6273: 6252: 6231: 6223: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6196: 6190: 6189: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6174:External links 6172: 6170: 6169: 6163: 6150: 6144: 6131: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6103: 6094: 6085: 6072: 6043: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6010: 5995: 5969: 5957: 5939:"Chauvet Cave" 5929: 5915: 5895: 5880: 5877:on 4 May 2011. 5815: 5796:(3): 475–484. 5780: 5768: 5756: 5747: 5738: 5724: 5715: 5697: 5690: 5670: 5663: 5643: 5628: 5593: 5542: 5500: 5473: 5455: 5431: 5419: 5407: 5395: 5383: 5371: 5359: 5347: 5302: 5290: 5278: 5261: 5249: 5240:Hugo Obermaier 5231: 5216: 5204: 5192: 5180: 5178:, p. 146. 5168: 5151: 5136: 5124: 5109: 5092: 5080: 5078:, p. 130. 5068: 5054: 5047: 5018: 5001: 4975: 4963: 4948: 4930: 4887: 4885:, pp. 5–6 4875: 4863: 4851: 4821: 4797: 4778: 4764: 4742: 4721:(2): 195–278. 4699: 4668: 4656: 4638:As to whether 4631: 4619: 4607: 4553: 4531: 4519: 4507: 4481: 4466: 4441: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4392:History portal 4379: 4376: 4372:Michelle Paver 4357:Quest for Fire 4354:The 1981 film 4280: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4220:Mother goddess 4207: 4204: 4120:Main article: 4117: 4116:Rock paintings 4114: 4072:Petroglyph in 4062:Main article: 4059: 4056: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4024: 3997: 3994:Czech Republic 3982: 3951: 3948: 3936:woolly mammoth 3866: 3865:Food and drink 3863: 3810:. Wood, bone, 3802:were used for 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3758:Late Stone Age 3750:Main article: 3747: 3744: 3725:Main article: 3722: 3719: 3685:Africa to the 3659: 3656: 3651:Main article: 3648: 3645: 3606:Tell es-Sultan 3523:Main article: 3520: 3517: 3480:Epipaleolithic 3475: 3472: 3464:Clovis culture 3388:Main article: 3385: 3382: 3338:Main article: 3335: 3332: 3218: 3215: 3096:Main article: 3093: 3090: 2986:Hugo Obermaier 2972: 2969: 2754:Main article: 2751: 2748: 2689:Main article: 2686: 2683: 2679:Epipaleolithic 2675:neolithisation 2617: 2614: 2612:) to another. 2606: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2597: 2594:Epipaleolithic 2576: 2575: 2574: 2527: 2524: 2436: 2433: 2359: 2356: 2212: 2209: 2089: 2086: 2021:Gona, Ethiopia 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1893: 1892: 1884: 1880: 1879: 1864: 1863: 1862: 1849: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1835: 1834: 1832: 1822: 1821: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1800: 1799: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1778: 1777: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1754: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1734: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1714: 1713: 1703: 1702: 1700: 1690: 1689: 1683: 1682: 1680: 1670: 1669: 1660: 1659: 1657: 1647: 1646: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1624: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1614: 1604: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1594: 1584: 1583: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1564: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1554: 1545: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1527: 1526: 1525: 1523: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1508: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1478: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1421:H. rudolfensis 1406: 1405: 1404: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1320: 1319: 1318: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1275:Graecopithecus 1271: 1270: 1269: 1262:Sahelanthropus 1258: 1257: 1256: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1219: 1218: 1217: 1192:Ouranopithecus 1188: 1187: 1186: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1166:Nakalipithecus 1162: 1161: 1160: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1104: 1101:0 — 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1004: 999: 996: 995: 993: 992: 985: 978: 967: 964: 963: 956: 938: 935: 797: 796: 794: 793: 786: 779: 771: 768: 767: 764: 763: 758: 752: 747: 746: 743: 742: 739: 738: 733: 728: 722: 719: 718: 715: 714: 711: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 649: 646: 645: 642: 641: 638: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 580:Ancient Africa 576: 573: 572: 569: 568: 565: 564: 559: 553: 552: 548: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 479: 478: 474: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 438: 432: 431: 429:Pre-industrial 424: 421: 420: 417: 416: 406: 405: 403: 402: 395: 388: 380: 377: 376: 369: 368: 367: 366: 365: 364: 354: 349: 348: 347: 330: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 303: 302: 296:Bow and Arrows 281: 280: 268: 267: 266: 265: 242: 241: 240: 235: 228: 212: 211: 210: 205: 200: 178: 177: 162: 161: 126: 125: 40: 38: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8624: 8613: 8610: 8609: 8607: 8582: 8579: 8578: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8565: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8546: 8545: 8542: 8538: 8535: 8534: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8498: 8494: 8491: 8490: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8468: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8457: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8435:Simple dolmen 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8420:Passage grave 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8368: 8367: 8366:Gallery grave 8364: 8362: 8359: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8328: 8325: 8324: 8323: 8320: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8311: 8308: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8299: 8296: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8282: 8281:Burial mounds 8279: 8278: 8276: 8274: 8270: 8264: 8261: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8241:Statue menhir 8239: 8237: 8234: 8230: 8229:Stone carving 8227: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8192: 8188: 8185: 8183: 8180: 8179: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8161: 8158: 8157: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8119: 8116: 8115: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8101: 8097: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8080: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8068:Sewing needle 8066: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8033: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8015: 8012: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7932: 7927: 7923: 7907: 7904: 7903: 7902: 7899: 7897: 7896:Timber circle 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7875: 7872: 7871: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7853: 7850: 7846: 7845:Tor enclosure 7843: 7842: 7841: 7838: 7834: 7833:fulacht fiadh 7831: 7830: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7813: 7809: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7779: 7777: 7773: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7751: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7701: 7698: 7697: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7622: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7566: 7562: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7452: 7449: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7413: 7410: 7409: 7408: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7398: 7395: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7288: 7286: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7200: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7110: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7098: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7069:spear-thrower 7067: 7066: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7047:Bow and arrow 7045: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7027: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7015: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6956:Grinding slab 6954: 6952: 6949: 6945: 6942: 6941: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6888:Domestication 6886: 6884: 6883:Digging stick 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6861:Founder crops 6859: 6858: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6832: 6828: 6822: 6819: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6803: 6802:New Stone Age 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6775: 6774: 6771: 6767: 6760: 6755: 6753: 6748: 6746: 6741: 6740: 6737: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6713: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6677: 6676: 6673: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6622: 6618: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6578: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6532: 6528: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6466: 6460: 6457: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6358: 6353: 6351: 6346: 6344: 6339: 6338: 6335: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6278: 6274: 6262: 6258: 6253: 6241: 6237: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6227:The Stone Age 6224: 6221: 6218:Vol. 1 of 2, 6217: 6216: 6212: 6211: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6166: 6160: 6156: 6151: 6147: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6128: 6123: 6122: 6110: 6104: 6100: 6095: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6080: 6073: 6058: 6051: 6050: 6044: 6040: 6035: 6034: 6021: 6014: 6006: 5999: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5967: 5961: 5946: 5945: 5940: 5933: 5918: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5899: 5891: 5884: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5826: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5784: 5778:, p. 108 5777: 5772: 5765: 5760: 5751: 5742: 5734: 5728: 5719: 5711: 5707: 5701: 5693: 5687: 5683: 5682: 5674: 5666: 5660: 5656: 5655: 5647: 5639: 5632: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5589: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5477: 5469: 5465: 5464:"Bose, China" 5459: 5451: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5435: 5428: 5427:Belmaker 2006 5423: 5416: 5415:Belmaker 2006 5411: 5404: 5403:Belmaker 2006 5399: 5393:, p. 147 5392: 5391:Belmaker 2006 5387: 5381:, p. 149 5380: 5379:Belmaker 2006 5375: 5368: 5367:Belmaker 2006 5363: 5356: 5355:Belmaker 2006 5351: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5300:, p. 130 5299: 5294: 5287: 5282: 5275: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5258: 5253: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5208: 5201: 5196: 5190:, p. 112 5189: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5166:, p. 145 5165: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5149:, p. 128 5148: 5143: 5141: 5133: 5128: 5122:, p. 132 5121: 5116: 5114: 5106: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5089: 5084: 5077: 5072: 5064: 5058: 5050: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5023: 5014: 5013: 5005: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4973:, p. 477 4972: 4967: 4959: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4879: 4872: 4867: 4860: 4855: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4825: 4809: 4808: 4801: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4767: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4703: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4666:, p. 164 4665: 4660: 4653: 4652: 4648:or the genus 4647: 4646: 4642:is the genus 4641: 4635: 4629:, p. 155 4628: 4623: 4616: 4611: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4560: 4558: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4529:, p. 147 4528: 4523: 4517:, p. 106 4516: 4511: 4503: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4477: 4470: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4427: 4425: 4420: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4382: 4375: 4373: 4369: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4331: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4290: 4285: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4196: 4193: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4122:Cave painting 4113: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3958: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3761: 3759: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3740: 3735: 3728: 3718: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3654: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3626: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3481: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3460:Paleo-Indians 3457: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3411: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3381: 3379: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3325: 3324: 3319: 3313: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3187:Elandsfontein 3184: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3118:, or Mode 2, 3117: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3089: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3072:Kent's Cavern 3069: 3064: 3062: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2968: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2942:from unknown 2941: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2859: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2788:in Tanzania. 2787: 2786:Olduvai Gorge 2783: 2779: 2775: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2724:Olduvai Gorge 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2699: 2692: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2647: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2613: 2611: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2585: 2581: 2578:The geologic 2577: 2572: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2558:The geologic 2557: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2532: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2517:Olduvai Gorge 2514: 2510: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2414: 2410: 2409: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2354: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2272: 2269:A variety of 2267: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2252:Flintknappers 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2208: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2159:Vinča culture 2156: 2155:5th millennia 2152: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2095: 2085: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2060: 2059: 2052: 2050: 2049:flintknappers 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2029:disconformity 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2003: 2001: 2000:Kenyanthropus 1992: 1989: 1985: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1888: 1881: 1874: 1871: 1857: 1855: 1839: 1838:Modern humans 1833: 1828: 1827: 1817: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1795: 1789: 1784: 1783: 1774: 1770: 1769:Earliest fire 1765: 1760: 1759: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1739: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1719: 1710: 1709: 1701: 1696: 1695: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1675: 1666: 1665: 1658: 1653: 1652: 1643: 1642: 1635: 1630: 1629: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1609: 1600: 1595: 1590: 1589: 1580: 1579:Gorilla split 1575: 1570: 1569: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1532: 1517: 1504: 1503: 1501: 1489: 1487: 1473: 1471: 1465: 1463: 1457: 1455: 1454:H. antecessor 1448: 1447: 1445: 1432: 1430: 1424: 1422: 1415: 1414: 1412: 1399: 1397: 1396:Au. anamensis 1391: 1389: 1388:Au. afarensis 1383: 1381: 1380:Au. africanus 1374: 1373: 1371: 1358: 1356: 1343: 1341: 1329: 1328: 1326: 1313: 1311: 1310:O. tugenensis 1305: 1303: 1291: 1289: 1278: 1276: 1265: 1263: 1252: 1250: 1239: 1237: 1226: 1224: 1212: 1210: 1204: 1202: 1195: 1193: 1182: 1180: 1169: 1167: 1155: 1154: 1143: 1141: 1130: 1128: 1117: 1115: 997: 991: 986: 984: 979: 977: 972: 971: 965: 961: 954: 948: 943: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 872: 867: 866: 861: 860: 856: 851: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 804: 792: 787: 785: 780: 778: 773: 772: 770: 769: 762: 759: 757: 754: 753: 750: 745: 744: 737: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 723: 717: 716: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 650: 644: 643: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 595:Ancient China 593: 591: 588: 586: 585:Ancient Egypt 583: 581: 578: 577: 571: 570: 563: 560: 558: 555: 554: 550: 549: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 485: 481: 480: 476: 475: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 446: 442: 439: 437: 434: 433: 430: 426: 425: 419: 418: 415: 412: 411: 401: 396: 394: 389: 387: 382: 381: 379: 378: 375: 371: 370: 363: 360: 359: 358: 355: 353: 350: 346: 345:Domestication 342: 339: 338: 337: 336: 335: 334: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 301: 297: 293: 290: 289: 288: 287: 286: 285: 279: 276: 275: 274: 272: 264: 259: 255: 252: 251: 250: 246: 243: 239: 236: 234: 233: 229: 227: 226: 222: 221: 220: 216: 213: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 198: 194: 193: 190: 187: 186: 185: 184: 180: 179: 175: 171: 170: 164: 163: 160: 156: 155: 142: 138: 134: 130: 122: 119: 111: 100: 97: 93: 90: 86: 83: 79: 76: 72: 69: – 68: 64: 63:Find sources: 57: 53: 47: 46: 41:This article 39: 35: 30: 29: 26: 22: 8376:wedge-shaped 8361:Funeral pyre 8354:Great dolmen 8310:Chamber tomb 8291:Round barrow 8246:Stone circle 8118:Blombos Cave 8046:Grooved ware 7970:Chalcolithic 7874:Thornborough 7792:Flush toilet 7727:Blombos Cave 7722:Rock shelter 7678:Quiggly hole 7570:Architecture 7545:illustration 7187:Buffalo jump 7008:Storage pits 6971:Aşıklı Höyük 6961:Ground stone 6797:Subdivisions 6791: 6595:Chalcolithic 6371: 6300:. Retrieved 6296:the original 6280:. Retrieved 6265:. Retrieved 6261:the original 6244:. Retrieved 6240:the original 6226: 6213: 6194:Online books 6184: 6154: 6135: 6126: 6108: 6098: 6089: 6078: 6064:. Retrieved 6057:the original 6048: 6038: 6019: 6013: 6004: 5998: 5986:. Retrieved 5982: 5972: 5960: 5948:. Retrieved 5942: 5932: 5922:25 September 5920:. Retrieved 5905: 5898: 5889: 5883: 5872:the original 5835: 5831: 5818: 5793: 5789: 5783: 5771: 5766:, p. 74 5759: 5750: 5741: 5727: 5718: 5709: 5700: 5680: 5673: 5653: 5646: 5637: 5631: 5606: 5602: 5596: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5520: 5516: 5503: 5486: 5476: 5467: 5458: 5450:the original 5443: 5434: 5429:, p. 20 5422: 5417:, p. 21 5410: 5405:, p. 67 5398: 5386: 5374: 5362: 5350: 5339:the original 5318: 5305: 5293: 5288:, p. 24 5281: 5252: 5243: 5234: 5225: 5219: 5214:, p. 73 5207: 5202:, p. 57 5195: 5183: 5171: 5127: 5107:, p. 50 5090:, p. 49 5083: 5071: 5057: 5030: 5010: 5004: 4992:. Retrieved 4988:the original 4978: 4966: 4957: 4951: 4942: 4939:Isaac, Glynn 4933: 4900: 4896: 4890: 4878: 4866: 4861:, p. 22 4854: 4842:. Retrieved 4838:the original 4833: 4824: 4812:. Retrieved 4810:(in Finnish) 4806: 4800: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4769:. Retrieved 4755: 4745: 4718: 4712: 4702: 4690:. Retrieved 4684: 4677:Zimmer, Carl 4671: 4659: 4651:Paranthropus 4649: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4622: 4610: 4569: 4565: 4547: 4534: 4522: 4510: 4501: 4497: 4484: 4475: 4469: 4457:. Retrieved 4453: 4444: 4436:the original 4365: 4355: 4353: 4341:Jean M. Auel 4334: 4332: 4321: 4315: 4309: 4299: 4293: 4238: 4233:County Clare 4197: 4188: 4176: 4142: 4136:Chauvet Cave 4125: 4079: 4052:parietal art 4042: 3957:Homo habilis 3955: 3953: 3934:such as the 3925: 3878: 3836: 3832:domesticated 3808:quern-stones 3804:ground stone 3785: 3772: 3757: 3755: 3739:Homo sapiens 3737: 3730: 3679: 3629: 3590: 3574:Göbekli Tepe 3559: 3513:Cemetery 117 3510: 3506:Lepenski Vir 3487: 3453: 3438: 3432:, and 18–10 3414: 3407: 3362: 3346:Neanderthals 3343: 3327: 3321: 3314: 3310: 3287: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3236: 3227:Jordan River 3220: 3210: 3198: 3194: 3191:Saldanha man 3182: 3179:Olorgesailie 3174: 3172: 3152:Jordan River 3144: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3128:Sterkfontein 3113: 3086: 3079: 3075: 3065: 3060: 3057: 3048: 3033:Sterkfontein 3030: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 3004:in Eurasia. 3001: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2974: 2963: 2959: 2955:Paranthropus 2953: 2947: 2939: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2902: 2895: 2891: 2875:Homo erectus 2874: 2871:Homo habilis 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1236:Oreopithecus 1233: 1220: 1206: 1198: 1189: 1176: 1163: 1151: 1137: 1124: 1109: 931:Chalcolithic 888: 871:Paranthropus 869: 863: 857: 852: 839:Western Asia 823:metalworking 805:was a broad 802: 800: 610:Roman Empire 482: 440: 427:Premodern / 374:Chalcolithic 331: 282: 269: 232:Homo sapiens 230: 223: 195: 181: 168: 158: 129: 114: 108:October 2022 105: 95: 88: 81: 74: 62: 50:Please help 45:verification 42: 25: 8398:unchambered 8393:Long barrow 8383:Grave goods 8339:Court cairn 8334:Clava cairn 8286:Bowl barrow 8224:Rock cupule 8167:Golden hats 8160:Hill figure 8061:Unstan ware 8041:Cord-marked 7906:Sweet Track 7828:Burnt mound 7749:Stilt house 7737:Sibudu Cave 7530:Tally stick 7498:Quern-stone 7483:Hammerstone 7473:Fire plough 7444:Pesse canoe 7402:Bannerstone 7372:Other tools 7285:Lithic core 7233:Aurignacian 7121:Bare Island 7003:Quern-stone 6700:Scandinavia 6395:Paleolithic 6323:Smithsonian 6282:28 February 6267:22 February 6246:22 February 5988:22 December 5487:Nature News 5357:, p. 9 4794:(2): 89–98. 4640:aethiopicus 4450:"Stone Age" 4345:Paleolithic 4170:, India, a 4144:département 4134:(as in the 4081:Petroglyphs 4076:, Australia 4058:Petroglyphs 4032:Magdalenian 3971:Terra Amata 3963:Terra Amata 3917:Kebara Cave 3885:environment 3774:Stone tools 3715:stone tools 3664:Paleolithic 3641:Paleolithic 3637:egalitarian 3621: 3600 3595:located in 3554:Saint-Léons 3434:Magdalenian 3422:Aurignacian 3294:Movius Line 3274:Amar Merdeg 3259:Mary Leakey 3120:stone tools 3068:Happisburgh 2978:climatology 2946:, probably 2863:chimpanzees 2774:stone tools 2716:Somme River 2667:Pleistocene 2622:Paleolithic 2580:Pleistocene 2571:Paleolithic 2564:Pleistocene 2513:Mary Leakey 2388:Paleolithic 2271:stone tools 2240:stone tools 2175:Rudna Glava 2071:, possibly 2041:Pleistocene 2025:Awash River 1948:) a single 1462:H. ergaster 1355:Ar. ramidus 1340:Ar. kadabba 1302:O. praegens 1140:Pleistocene 969:This box: 947:Awash River 907:Paleolithic 895:archaeology 884:stone tools 815:stone tools 807:prehistoric 505:Machine Age 436:Prehistoric 208:Stone tools 183:Paleolithic 148: 3600 139:temples in 67:"Stone Age" 8537:trepanning 8430:Ring cairn 8388:Jar burial 8371:transepted 8303:U.S. sites 8204:Petroglyph 8130:Bird stone 8088:wine press 7761:Stone roof 7744:Roundhouse 7636:long house 7613:Stonehenge 7581:Ceremonial 7525:Stone tool 7352:Tool stone 7322:Metallurgy 7226:Mousterian 7203:Toolmaking 7141:Cumberland 7114:Transverse 7084:Schöningen 6976:Qesem cave 6944:Earth oven 6898:Irrigation 6809:Technology 6777:Prehistory 6639:Metallurgy 6531:Bronze Age 6417:Mesolithic 6390:Flint tool 6385:Stone tool 6030:References 4903:(2): 400. 4871:Clark 1970 4859:Clark 1970 4844:31 October 4504:(1): 5–22. 4351:findings. 4323:Chuck Rock 4272:Bronze Age 4128:rhinoceros 4106:Cumbe Mayo 4064:Petroglyph 3915:layers of 3913:Mousterian 3610:Stonehenge 3593:Skara Brae 3578:Çatalhöyük 3534:Skara Brae 3502:Mesolithic 3484:Mesolithic 3426:Gravettian 3350:Mousterian 3306:Tamil Nadu 3280:foothill, 2890:shared by 2883:Koobi Fora 2766:stone tool 2671:Mesolithic 2590:Mesolithic 2526:Chronology 2469:Fauresmith 2441:contiguous 2400:Mesolithic 2321:Stone Age 2260:flint tool 2256:flintstone 2226:settlement 2205:millstones 2200:proto-Inca 2147:metallurgy 2117:Copper Age 2101:Bronze Age 2015:3 in West 1970:dweller". 1917:grasslands 1531:Denisovans 1470:Au. sediba 1444:H. erectus 1411:H. habilis 1201:Ou. turkae 911:Mesolithic 899:Bronze Age 876:Bone tools 847:Bronze Age 510:Atomic Age 461:Bronze Age 456:Copper Age 292:Microliths 284:Mesolithic 78:newspapers 8612:Stone Age 8581:symbolism 8445:Tor cairn 8403:Grønsalen 8344:Cremation 8236:Sculpture 8214:Pictogram 8199:Petroform 8019:amber use 7987:Cosmetics 7797:Reservoir 7782:Check dam 7712:Pueblitos 7707:Pit-house 7690:Longhouse 7624:Dwellings 7493:Microlith 7424:Bow drill 7419:Bone tool 7412:prismatic 7221:Acheulean 7136:Cresswell 7109:Arrowhead 7035:Boomerang 6951:Granaries 6913:Terracing 6792:Stone Age 6685:Pre-Roman 6648:Continent 6553:Continent 6468:Continent 6422:Neolithic 6372:Stone Age 6312:"The ASA" 6185:Stone Age 5445:The Hindu 5274:Shea 2010 5200:Shea 2010 5105:Shea 2010 5088:Shea 2010 4925:162906190 4917:1474-0699 4814:21 August 4737:237005605 4306:dinosaurs 4268:Neolithic 4235:, Ireland 4192:Castellón 4168:Bhimbetka 4130:or large 4096:), Asia ( 4085:Neolithic 4030:, in the 4017:Chernihiv 3986:structure 3932:Megafauna 3843:sea otter 3834:as well. 3822:(such as 3820:sediments 3800:sandstone 3711:Acheulean 3625:Neolithic 3562:Neolithic 3538:Neolithic 3525:Neolithic 3519:Neolithic 3498:microlith 3449:Mungo Man 3430:Solutrean 3369:Mungo Man 3358:Szeletian 3164:Gibraltar 3124:Kokiselei 3116:Acheulean 3108:Acheulean 3098:Acheulean 2780:known as 2600:Neolithic 2497:Acheulean 2449:evolution 2445:causality 2392:Neolithic 2343:Stone Age 2327:Kiuruvesi 2279:carbon-14 2163:Majdanpek 1429:Au. garhi 915:Neolithic 803:Stone Age 520:Space Age 441:Stone Age 333:Neolithic 159:Stone Age 143:, Malta, 8606:Category 8219:Rock art 8182:painting 8155:Geoglyph 7980:timeline 7960:Beadwork 7700:Mehrgarh 7695:Mudbrick 7603:megalith 7478:Fire-saw 7300:debitage 7295:analysis 7263:Hand axe 7243:Cupstone 6821:Glossary 6782:Timeline 6695:Germanic 6621:Iron Age 6585:Atlantic 6066:19 March 5860:15295598 5580:12594511 4834:ASA News 4594:25993961 4548:BBC News 4378:See also 4270:and the 4180:calendar 4149:Altamira 4089:intaglio 4028:10000 BC 3859:Hominans 3851:Primates 3839:primates 3794:, while 3614:Ġgantija 3601:Scotland 3556:, France 3428:, 22–17 3424:, 28–22 3420:, 40–28 3223:Ubeidiya 3156:Ethiopia 2944:Hominans 2842:choppers 2778:industry 2659:such as 2657:hominans 2584:Holocene 2560:Pliocene 2538:In 1859 2501:Lupemban 2477:Magosian 2323:hand axe 2292:smelting 2167:Jarmovac 2125:Iron Age 2094:smelting 2037:Pliocene 2006:Pliocene 2002:platyops 1988:Obsidian 1921:primates 1913:Ethiopia 1153:Hominini 1127:Pliocene 903:Iron Age 901:and the 886:in use. 835:smelting 466:Iron Age 307:Tahunian 278:Natufian 174:Pliocene 137:Ġgantija 8576:Symbols 8187:pigment 8073:Weaving 8036:Cardium 8031:Pottery 8026:Mirrors 8014:Jewelry 7955:Baskets 7935:culture 7787:Cistern 7593:Pyramid 7535:Weapons 7513:Scraper 7503:Racloir 7463:Cleaver 7451:Chopper 7357:Uniface 7268:Grooves 7258:Hafting 7216:Oldowan 7175:Systems 7126:Cascade 7089:woomera 7079:harpoon 7052:history 7018:Hunting 6998:Pottery 6939:Cooking 6848:Farming 6814:history 6787:Outline 6680:British 6605:Romania 6590:British 6515:British 6302:3 March 5950:24 July 5868:4431395 5840:Bibcode 5798:Bibcode 5611:Bibcode 5588:4365526 5560:Bibcode 5525:Bibcode 5323:Bibcode 4994:3 March 4692:13 July 4602:1207285 4574:Bibcode 4454:HISTORY 4296:caveman 4260:dolmens 4245:beliefs 4241:rituals 4184:almanac 4157:Lascaux 4140:Ardèche 4021:Moravia 4013:Ukraine 4005:Siberia 4001:mammoth 3965:, near 3905:legumes 3897:kidneys 3847:abalone 3828:pottery 3792:weapons 3787:chipped 3707:Oldowan 3570:pottery 3540:village 3490:ice age 3302:Chennai 3290:Isampur 3263:Olduvai 3240:Cervids 3203:Morocco 3160:Red Sea 3147:Morocco 3053:Dmanisi 2905:savanna 2879:cranium 2850:silicon 2782:Oldowan 2756:Oldowan 2636:palaios 2610:culture 2473:Sangoan 2429:Nairobi 2331:Finland 2314:began. 2304:farmers 2230:pottery 2171:Pločnik 2140:Eurasia 2113:arsenic 2017:Turkana 2013:Lomekwi 1968:savanna 1830:← 1808:← 1786:← 1773:cooking 1762:← 1742:← 1722:← 1698:← 1678:← 1655:← 1632:← 1612:← 1592:← 1572:← 1552:← 1288:Orrorin 1113:Miocene 1096:– 1086:– 1076:– 1066:– 1056:– 1046:– 1036:– 1026:– 1016:– 1006:– 945:Modern 515:Jet Age 471:Ancient 362:Pottery 167:before 92:scholar 8554:flutes 8349:Dolmen 8273:Burial 8083:winery 8056:Linear 7886:Midden 7864:Cursus 7857:Goseck 7717:Pueblo 7668:Dugout 7653:Burdei 7332:Mining 7156:Lamoka 7151:Folsom 7131:Clovis 6988:Metate 6966:Hearth 6934:Basket 6908:Sickle 6675:Europe 6659:Asian 6655:Africa 6600:Nordic 6580:Europe 6568:Levant 6560:Africa 6539:Bronze 6510:Nordic 6505:Poland 6500:Europe 6495:Africa 6182:about 6161: 6142: 5913: 5866: 5858: 5832:Nature 5688: 5661: 5586: 5578: 5552:Nature 5045: 4923: 4915: 4771:3 June 4762: 4735: 4600: 4592: 4566:Nature 4459:31 May 4264:graves 4218:, and 4153:bisons 4074:Sydney 4009:Dniepr 3992:, the 3901:brains 3893:livers 3816:antler 3796:basalt 3612:. The 3597:Orkney 3365:ritual 3318:Anagni 3278:Zagros 3168:Sicily 2798:flakes 2677:, the 2641:lithos 2628:, and 2493:facies 2485:Middle 2300:Indies 2290:metal- 2105:bronze 2067:, and 1939:Levant 1541: 843:bronze 831:copper 551:Future 477:Modern 445:lithic 300:Canoes 258:Atlatl 94: 87: 80: 73: 65: 8471:sites 8415:Mummy 8135:Cairn 8051:Jōmon 8002:shoes 7997:Hides 7869:Henge 7823:Broch 7685:Jacal 7540:Wheel 7488:Knife 7434:Canoe 7429:Burin 7407:Blade 7305:flake 7166:Plano 7074:baton 7064:Spear 7030:Arrow 6983:Manos 6836:Tools 6690:Roman 6668:India 6663:China 6573:India 6564:Asia 6488:Japan 6483:India 6478:China 6474:Asia 6060:(PDF) 6053:(PDF) 5875:(PDF) 5864:S2CID 5828:(PDF) 5584:S2CID 5513:(PDF) 5342:(PDF) 5315:(PDF) 4921:S2CID 4733:S2CID 4598:S2CID 4494:(PDF) 4416:Notes 4328:avian 4249:rites 4019:, in 3889:organ 3812:shell 3782:chert 3778:flint 3769:Tools 3687:Upper 3550:chert 3247:biome 3154:from 3041:Riwat 3037:Yiron 3014:Yiron 2982:Hoxne 2548:epoch 2185:mummy 2082:China 1950:biome 855:genus 811:stone 99:JSTOR 85:books 8564:gudi 8322:Cist 8251:list 8078:Wine 8007:Ötzi 7992:Glue 7965:Beds 7933:and 7931:Arts 7802:Well 7658:Cave 7588:Kiva 7518:side 7508:Rope 7456:tool 7390:bone 7380:Adze 7146:Eden 7059:Nets 6929:Fire 6893:Goad 6878:Celt 6304:2011 6284:2011 6269:2011 6248:2011 6159:ISBN 6140:ISBN 6068:2011 5990:2016 5952:2019 5924:2017 5911:ISBN 5856:PMID 5686:ISBN 5659:ISBN 5576:PMID 5043:ISBN 4996:2011 4913:ISSN 4846:2011 4816:2022 4773:2016 4760:ISBN 4694:2018 4590:PMID 4461:2020 4320:and 4243:and 4132:cats 3967:Nice 3899:and 3873:and 3855:apes 3824:clay 3798:and 3780:and 3709:and 3689:and 3680:The 3666:and 3599:off 3586:rice 3576:and 3560:The 3482:and 3282:Ilam 3231:Homo 3045:Java 2952:and 2940:Homo 2927:and 2894:and 2794:core 2652:Homo 2569:The 2487:and 2471:and 2183:, a 2153:and 2138:and 2069:Homo 1935:Nile 1905:Homo 1900:Homo 1708:Homo 989:edit 982:talk 975:view 868:and 859:Homo 829:and 827:gold 801:The 197:Homo 169:Homo 157:The 141:Gozo 71:news 7673:Hut 7608:row 7439:Oar 7397:Axe 7385:Awl 5848:doi 5836:430 5806:doi 5619:doi 5568:doi 5556:421 5533:doi 5521:286 5491:doi 5331:doi 5035:doi 4905:doi 4792:109 4723:doi 4582:doi 4570:521 4370:by 4360:by 4231:in 4182:or 4112:). 4039:Art 3304:in 3276:at 3166:or 3106:An 2592:or 2495:of 2396:neo 2306:or 2258:to 2151:6th 2111:or 2109:tin 2097:ore 2033:mya 1946:mya 1926:Pan 925:as 54:by 8608:: 6325:, 6321:– 5981:. 5941:. 5862:. 5854:. 5846:. 5834:. 5830:. 5804:. 5794:32 5792:. 5617:. 5607:25 5605:. 5582:. 5574:. 5566:. 5554:. 5531:. 5519:. 5515:. 5489:. 5485:. 5466:. 5442:. 5329:. 5317:. 5264:^ 5154:^ 5139:^ 5112:^ 5095:^ 5041:. 5021:^ 4919:. 4911:. 4901:22 4899:. 4832:. 4790:. 4731:. 4719:34 4717:. 4711:. 4683:. 4596:. 4588:. 4580:. 4568:. 4556:^ 4546:. 4502:22 4500:. 4496:. 4452:. 4423:^ 4314:, 4214:, 3984:A 3923:. 3895:, 3814:, 3618:c. 3515:. 3213:. 3170:. 2873:: 2746:. 2681:. 2624:, 2554:: 2402:. 2366:: 2329:, 2281:, 2262:. 2220:, 2173:, 2169:, 2165:, 2142:. 2132:BC 2127:. 2061:, 1771:/ 874:. 819:BC 372:↓ 298:, 294:, 260:, 256:, 165:↑ 145:c. 6758:e 6751:t 6744:v 6356:e 6349:t 6342:v 6306:. 6286:. 6271:. 6250:. 6167:. 6148:. 6070:. 5992:. 5954:. 5926:. 5850:: 5842:: 5812:. 5808:: 5800:: 5735:. 5694:. 5667:. 5625:. 5621:: 5613:: 5590:. 5570:: 5562:: 5539:. 5535:: 5527:: 5497:. 5493:: 5333:: 5325:: 5051:. 5037:: 5015:. 4998:. 4927:. 4907:: 4848:. 4775:. 4739:. 4725:: 4696:. 4604:. 4584:: 4576:: 4550:. 4478:. 4463:. 4274:. 4092:( 3604:( 2807:. 2582:– 2562:– 2394:( 1954:' 1889:) 1885:( 1472:) 1468:( 1464:) 1460:( 1456:) 1452:( 1431:) 1427:( 1423:) 1419:( 1398:) 1394:( 1390:) 1386:( 1382:) 1378:( 1357:) 1353:( 1342:) 1338:( 1312:) 1308:( 1304:) 1300:( 1211:) 1207:( 1203:) 1199:( 790:e 783:t 776:v 447:) 443:( 399:e 392:t 385:v 176:) 172:( 121:) 115:( 110:) 106:( 96:· 89:· 82:· 75:· 48:. 23:.

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