Oldowan - Knowledge

1427:. However, the disposition of the bones allows some question about hominin methods of obtaining meat. That they were omnivores is unquestioned, as the digging implement and the probable use of hammer stones to smash nuts indicate. Lewis Binford first noticed that the bones at Olduvai contained a disproportionately high incidence of extremities, which are low in food substance. He concluded other predators had taken the best meat, and the hominins had only scavenged. The counter view is that while hunting many large animals would be beyond the reach of an individual human, groups could bring down larger game, as pack hunting animals are capable of doing. Moreover, since many animals both hunt and scavenge, it is possible that hominins hunted smaller animals, but were not above driving carnivores from larger kills, as they probably were driven from kills themselves from time to time. 1810: 1443: 884:, and pounders. However, more recent classifications of Oldowan assemblages have been made that focus primarily on manufacture due to the problematic nature of assuming use from stone artefacts. An example is Isaac et al.'s tri-modal categories of "Flaked Pieces" (cores/choppers), "Detached Pieces" (flakes and fragments), "Pounded Pieces" (cobbles utilized as hammerstones, etc.) and "Unmodified Pieces" (manuports, stones transported to sites). Oldowan tools are sometimes called "pebble tools", so named because the blanks chosen for their production already resemble, in pebble form, the final product. 2050:. Mary Leakey organized a typology of Early Pleistocene stone tools, which developed Oldowan tools into three chronological variants, A, B and C. Developed Oldowan B is of particular interest due to changes in morphology that appear to have been driven mostly by the short term availability of a chert resource from 1.65 to 1.53 Ma. The flaking properties of this new resource resulted in considerably more core reduction and a higher prevalence of flake retouch. Similar tools had already been found in various locations in Europe and Asia for some time, where they were called Chellean and 1135:. Any rock that can hold an edge will do. The main source of these rocks is river cobbles, which provide both hammer stones and striking platforms. The earliest tools were simply split cobbles. It is not always clear which is the flake. Later tool-makers clearly identified and reworked flakes. Complaints that artifacts could not be distinguished from naturally fractured stone have helped spark careful studies of Oldowan techniques. These techniques have now been duplicated many times by archaeologists and other knappers, making misidentification of archaeological finds less likely. 168: 250: 1408:

boundaries between groups, as individuals enter, become the focus of bands, and others leave, it is also probable that the tools we find are the result of many overlapping groups working the same territories, and perhaps competing over them. Because of the huge expanse of time and the multiplicity of species associated with possible Oldowan tools, it is difficult to be more precise than this, since it is almost certain that different social groupings were used at different times and in different places.

1155: 2171: 2261: 2347: 1243: 1018: 66: 2019: 25: 2433:)), Syria revealed a plethora of Oldowan tools. In a 2m test pit excavated in 2008, 790 artifacts were found, with many pebble tools, cores, flakes, manuports, and flake debris. Although many of these tools show little sign of modification, several of the pebble tools are distinctly-shaped bifacial and trifacial choppers. Dated between 2.0-1.8 Ma, these stone tools are some of the earliest Near East finds. 1482: 1610: 1514: 1530: 1498: 1690: 1626: 1578: 1450: 1754: 1738: 1642: 1546: 1722: 1674: 1594: 1770: 1658: 1466: 1706: 980:. Most early European sites yield "Mode 1" or Oldowan assemblages. The earliest Acheulean sites in Europe only appear around 0.5 Ma. In addition, the Acheulean tradition does not seem to spread to Eastern Asia. It is unclear from the archaeological record when the production of Oldowan technologies ended. Other tool-making traditions seem to have supplanted Oldowan technologies by 0.25 Ma. 1562: 957:

periods. This realisation required a rethinking of old cultural sequences in which the more "advanced" Acheulean was supposed to have succeeded the Oldowan. The different traditions may have been used by different species of hominins living in the same area, or multiple techniques may have been used by an individual species in response to different circumstances.

1940:. Kanjera South is estimated to around 2 Ma. while Nyayanga is estimated to 2.9 Ma. One of the significant excavations, in the area, is Leakey's expedition in 1932-35. In 1995, Oldowan and Plio-Pleistocene faunal remains surfaced from the site. and in 2015 excavations led to the discovery of the earliest Oldowan stone tool technology in association with 2092:, and Breuil noted the distinct absence of a significant number of cores, suggesting a "portable culture". At the time, this was considered very significant, as portability supported the conclusion that the Oldowan tool-makers were capable of planning for future needs, by creating the tools in a location which was distant from their use. 1842:, excavated by Helene Roche, J. W. Harris and Sileshi Semaw, yielded some of the oldest known Oldowan assemblages, dating to about 2.6 million years ago. Raw material analysis done by Semaw showed that some assemblages in this region are biased towards a certain material (e.g.: 70% of the artifacts at sites EG10 and EG12 were composed of 2453:. Although many of the artifacts found here, dated at 1.8 Ma, were pre-Acheulean, some are of the Oldowan tradition, resembling East African Oldowan finds. Containing cores, choppers, flake, chunks, and hammer stones made predominately of quartz, this site displayed the ability of early toolmakers to work skillfully with fragile stones. 2436:

Because of their location in the Syrian desert, these tools have raised questions about the path of early hominin dispersal. The predominant theory that early hominins traveled along the Mediterranean, through what is now Israel, into Europe has been challenged, as the presence of these Oldowan tools

2408:

in China, 32 stone tools were found, including choppers, scrapers, and 3-edged tools. These tools were dated back to 1.8 Ma. This site also included cultural artifacts, such as animal fossils, burnt bones, and cut antlers. The presence of numerous fish and beaver fossils near the stone tools indicate

3399:

Harmand, Sonia; Lewis, Jason E.; Feibel, Craig S.; Lepre, Christopher J.; Prat, Sandrine; Lenoble, Arnaud; Boës, Xavier; Quinn, Rhonda L.; Brenet, Michel; Arroyo, Adrian; Taylor, Nicholas; Clément, Sophie; Daver, Guillaume; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Leakey, Louise; Mortlock, Richard A.; Wright, James D.;

1228:

The solution to the definition problem is to define the types in terms of complexity. Simply struck tools are Oldowan. Retouched, or reworked tools are Acheulean. Retouching is a second working of the artifact. The manufacturer first creates an Oldowan tool. Then he reworks or retouches the edges by

1197:

Heavy-duty tools could be used as axes for woodworking. Both choppers and large flakes were probably used for this purpose. Once a branch was separated, it could be scraped clean with a scraper, or hollowed with pointed tools. Such uses are attested by characteristic microscopic alterations of edges

1991:

In the Nachukui site in West Turkana, around 500 stone tools were found at a site named Naiyena Engol 2, or NY2. The assemblage at NY2 dates back to 1.8–1.7 Ma, around the peak of the Oldowan period. At the site, freehand flaking was observed to be the most common type of technique for making these

1866:

and provides a record of the hominins that lived there. Lithic assemblages have been classified as Oldowan in members E and F in the lower Omo basin. Although there have been lithic assemblages found in multiple sites in these areas, only the Omo sites 57 and 123 in member F are accepted as hominin

1407:

Hominins probably lived in social groups that had contact with others. This conclusion is supported by the large number of bones at many sites, too large to be the work of one individual, and all of the scatter patterns implying many different individuals. Since modern primates in Africa have fluid

1373:

and to be processed. Over the course of the last 30 years, a variety of competing theories about how foraging occurred have been proposed, each one implying certain kinds of social strategy. The available evidence from the distribution of tools and remains is not enough to decide which theories are

1349:

line or that the ability to produce them was a special characteristic of only our ancestors. Research on tool use by modern wild chimpanzees in West Africa shows there is an operational sequence when chimpanzees use lithic implements to crack nuts. In the course of nut cracking, sometimes they will

952:

can be used to argue in favour of tool-use as an ancestral feature of the hominin family. Tools made from bone, wood, or other organic materials were therefore in all probability used before the Oldowan. Oldowan stone tools are simply the oldest recognisable tools which have been preserved in the

1189:

Utilized pieces are tools that began with one purpose in mind but were utilized opportunistically. Because of their use and variation, opportunities lead to the frequent modification of tools for either labor or forms of signaling has been proposed as a cause for the different shapes of similar

1224:

In the late 20th century, discovery of the discrepancies in date caused a crisis of definition. Because Abbevillian did not necessarily precede Acheulean and both traditions had flakes and bifaces, it became difficult to differentiate the two. It was in this spirit that many artifacts formerly

956:

There is a flourishing of Oldowan tools in eastern Africa, spreading to southern Africa, between 2.4 and 1.7 Ma. At 1.7 Ma., the first Acheulean tools appear even as Oldowan assemblages continue to be produced. Both technologies are occasionally found in the same areas, dating to the same time

2205:

in southern Georgia. The archaeological layer in which the human remains, hundreds of Oldowan stone tools, and numerous animal bones were unearthed is dated approximately 1.83-1.6 Ma. The site yields the earliest unequivocal evidence for presence of early humans outside the African continent.

1220:

is a currently obsolescent name for a tool tradition that is increasingly coming to be called Oldowan. The label Abbevillian prevailed until the Leakey family discovered older (yet similar) artifacts at Olduvai Gorge and promoted the African origin of man. Oldowan soon replaced Abbevillian in

964:

had spread outside of Africa, reaching as far east as Java by 1.8 Ma and in Northern China by 1.66 Ma. In these newly colonised areas, no Acheulean assemblages have been found. In China, only "Mode 1" Oldowan assemblages were produced, while in Indonesia stone tools from this age are unknown.

1225:

considered Abbevillian were labeled Acheulean. In consideration of the difficulty, some preferred to name both phases Acheulean. When the topic of Abbevillian came up, it was simply put down as a phase of Acheulean. Whatever was from Africa was Oldowan, and whatever from Europe, Acheulean.

4358:

Herries, Andy I. R.; Martin, Jesse M.; Leece, A. B.; Adams, Justin W.; Boschian, Giovanni; Joannes-Boyau, Renaud; Edwards, Tara R.; Mallett, Tom; Massey, Jason; Murszewski, Ashleigh; Neubauer, Simon; Pickering, Robyn; Strait, David S.; Armstrong, Brian J.; Baker, Stephanie (2020-04-03).

2706:

Isaac, G. Ll., Harris, J. W. K. & Marshall, F. 1981. "Small is informative: the application of the study of mini-sites and least effort criteria in the interpretation of the Early Pleistocene archaeological record at Koobi Fora, Kenya." in "Inter-nacional de Ciencias Prehistoricas Y

2421:, Oldowan tools have been found at Riwat during a 1980s excavation. Many of the stones found at this site were considered waste products of stone tool production, as they were small flakes chipped off of larger stones. In total, 1,479 tools and flakes were discovered at this site. 1193:

Oldowan tools were probably used for many purposes, which have been discovered from observation of modern apes and hunter-gatherers. Nuts and bones are cracked by hitting them with hammer stones on a stone used as an anvil. Battered and pitted stones testify to this possible use.

1108:. Some of these flakes can be used as tools, provided the aforementioned conditions for the initial stone are met before modification. Below the point of impact on the core is a characteristic bulb with fine fissures on the fracture surface. The flake evidences ripple marks. 1350:

create unintentional flakes. Although the morphology of the chimpanzees' hammer is different from the Oldowan hammer, chimpanzees' ability to use stone tools indicates that the earliest lithic industries were probably not produced by only one kind of hominin species.

2545:

Semaw, Sileshi; Rogers, Michael J.; Simpson, Scott W.; Levin, Naomi E.; Quade, Jay; Dunbar, Nelia; McIntosh, William C.; Cáceres, Isabel; Stinchcomb, Gary E.; Holloway, Ralph L.; Brown, Francis H.; Butler, Robert F.; Stout, Dietrich; Everett, Melanie (4 March 2020).

4035: 1166:

has an edge on one side. It is unifacial if the edge was created by flaking on one face of the core, or bifacial if on two. Discoid tools are roughly circular with a peripheral edge. Polyhedral tools are edged in the shape of a polyhedron. In addition there are

2004:

for his PhD. More recently, Oldowan technology has also been discovered in Kilombe Caldera in an unusual high altitude setting. The stone tools are associated with fossils and have been dated to 1.8 Ma, with Acheulian stone tools occurring in overlying levels.

4132:

Gowlett, John A. J.; Stanistreet, Ian G.; Albert, Rosa M.; Blackbird, Sabena J.; Herries, Andy I. R.; Hoare, Sally; Kogai, Philip; Komboh, Caroline K.; Mark, Darren F.; Muriuki, Rebecca M.; Murphy, Hayley; Rucina, Stephen M.; Stollhofen, Harald (2022-01-01).

2620:

Clark, J.; de Heinzelin, J.; Schick, K.; Hart, W.; White, T.; WoldeGabriel, G.; Walter, R.; Suwa, G.; Asfaw, B.; Vrba, E.; et al. (1994). "African Homo erectus: Old radiometric ages and young Oldowan assemblages in the middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia".

1870:

The tools are never found in direct association with the hominins, but archaeologists believe that they would be the strongest candidates for tool manufacture. There are no hominins in those layers, but the same layers elsewhere in the Omo valley contain

1974:

and others. Currently the artifacts found are classified as Oldowan or KBS Oldowan dated from 1.9–1.7 Ma, Karari (or "advanced Oldowan") dated to 1.6–1.4 Ma, and some early Acheulean at the end of the Karari. Over 200 hominins have been found, including

1353:

Findings from fossil evidence and experimental replication of stone-tool users and manufacturers suggest the presence of physical characteristics of hand morphology for precise stone tool making. The makers of Oldowan tools were mainly right-handed.

1208:

and used for the originally speculative purposes described above. He found that the marks were characteristic of the use and matched marks on prehistoric tools. Studies of the cut marks on bones using an electron microscope produce a similar result.

2920:

Semaw, S.; Rogers, M. J.; Quade, J.; Renne, P. R.; Butler, R. F.; Domínguez-Rodrigo, M.; Stout, D.; Hart, W. S.; Pickering, T.; et al. (2003). "2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia".

3926:

Sahnouni, Mohamed; Parés, Josep M.; Duval, Mathieu; Cáceres, Isabel; Harichane, Zoheir; van der Made, Jan; Pérez-González, Alfredo; Abdessadok, Salah; Kandi, Nadia; Derradji, Abdelkader; Medig, Mohamed; Boulaghraif, Kamel; Semaw, Sileshi (2018).

2218:, in the ground layers, dated to 1.6-1.4 Ma, archaeologists have discovered a human molar tooth, lower palaeolithic assemblages that belong to a core-and-flake non-Acheulian industry and incised bones that may be the earliest example of human 2465:) has shown evidence that the complexity of the stone tool-making process was more complex than researchers previously thought, leading to a new perspective on the capabilities of invention and adaptability of Oldowan hominin populations. 1083:

There are articles that address how some Oldowan tools may have been found as stones with naturally occurring shapes that dictate their ideal use, or formed as such. To form the general shape of an Oldowan tool, a roughly spherical

3991:

Bishop, L. C.; Plummer, T. W.; Ferraro, J. V.; Braun, D.; Ditchfield, P. W.; Hertel, F.; Kingston, J. D.; Hicks, J.; Potts, R. (Mar–Jun 2006). "Recent Research into Oldowan Hominin Activities at Kanjera South, Western Kenya".

3176:

Zhu, R. X.; Potts, R. R.; Xie, F.; Hoffman, K. A.; Shi, C. D.; Pan, Y. X.; Wang, H. Q.; Shi, R. P.; Wang, Y. C.; et al. (2004). "New evidence on the earliest human presence at high northern latitudes in northeast Asia".

2328:

dating from 300 ka. In the Czech Republic tools have been found in ancient lake deposits at Przeletice and a cave site at Stranska Skala, dated no later than 500 ka. In Hungary tools have been found at a spring site at

4416:

Martin, Jesse M.; Leece, A. B.; Neubauer, Simon; Baker, Stephanie E.; Mongle, Carrie S.; Boschian, Giovanni; Schwartz, Gary T.; Smith, Amanda L.; Ledogar, Justin A.; Strait, David S.; Herries, Andy I. R. (January 2021).

3596:

Shea, John J. (2010). "Stone Age Visiting Cards Revisited: A Strategic Perspective on the Lithic Technology of Early Hominin Dispersal". In Fleagle, John G.; Shea, John J.; Grine, Frederick E.; Baden, Andrea L. (eds.).

4737:

Domínguez-Rodrigo, M.; Pickering, T. R.; Semaw, S.; Rogers, M. J. (2005). "Cutmarked bones from Pliocene archaeological sites at Gona, Afar, Ethiopia: Implications for the function of the world's oldest stone tools".

1992:

tools. A common theme among sites in West Turkana is the high percentage of small flake tools gathered in the assemblages. However, NY2 seems to lack many of these tools, indicating a low productivity rate of flakes.

2468:

Another key find at the Bizat Ruhama site was that of the secondary flakes. The discovery of these secondary flakes have led researchers to believe that this was an intentional response to a raw material constraint.

1846:) indicating a selectivity in the quality of stone used. Recent excavations have yielded tools in association with cut-marked bones, indicating that Oldowan were used in meat-processing or -acquiring activities. 4235:

De Lumley, Henry; Barsky, Deborah; Moncel, Marie Hélène; Carbonell, Eudald; Cauche, Dominique; Celiberti, Vincenzo; Notter, Olivier; Pleurdeau, David; Hong, Mi-Young; Rogers, Michael J.; Semaw, Sileshi (2018).

1299:

line. However, fossil evidence showed evolutionary features for human precision grip capabilities in Australopithecines. This leads to current anthropological thinking in which Oldowan tools were made by late

3804:

Semaw, Sileshi (2000). "The World's Oldest Stone Artefacts from Gona, Ethiopia: Their Implications for Understanding Stone Technology and Patterns of Human Evolution Between 2·6–1·5 Million Years Ago".

1198:

used to scrape wood. Oldowan tools could also have been used for preparing hides. Hides must be cut by slicing, piercing and scraping them clean of residues. Flakes are most suitable for this purpose.

3848:

de la Torre, Ignacio; deBeaune, S.; Davidson, I.; Gowlett, J.; Hovers, E.; Kimura, Y.; Mercader, J.; de la Torre, I. (2004). "Omo Revisited: Evaluating the Technological Skills of Pliocene Hominids".

3007:

Schaik, CP; Ancrenaz, M.; Borgen, G.; Galdikas, B.; Knott, C. D.; Singleton, I.; Suzuki, A.; Utami, S. S.; Merril, M.; et al. (2003). "Orangutan cultures and the evolution of material culture".

1411:

There is also the question of what mix of hunting, gathering and scavenging the tool users employed. Early models focused on the tool users as hunters. The animals butchered by the tools include

4791:(2000). "The World's Oldest Stone Artefacts from Gona, Ethiopia: Their Implications for Understanding Stone Technology and Patterns of Human Evolution Between 2·6–1·5 Million Years Ago". 2472:

According to the micro-morphological studies at the Bizat Ruhama site, the archaeological assemblages represent one or several occupations of the site in a relatively short time frame.

2084:

by at least ten years, his descriptions nonetheless represented the scholarly acceptance of this technology as legitimate. These findings were cited as being from the location of the

1221:

describing African and Asian lithics. The term Abbevillian is still used but is now restricted to Europe. The label, however, continues to lose popularity as a scientific designation.

4315:

was the predator responsible for these remains, using Oldowan tools. The higher percentage of primate bones was interpreted as a kind of cannibalism, feeding the imagination of

2248:) are the extraordinary sites in relation to date and the culture. Geological and geomorphological data, palynological studies and paleomagnetic testing unequivocally point to 1396:

Each group of models implies different grouping and social strategies, from the relative altruism of central base models to the relatively disjointed search models. (See also

2956:

Whiten, A.; Goodall, J.; McGrew, W. C.; Nishida, T.; Reynolds, V.; Sugiyama, Y.; Tutin, C. E. G.; Wrangham, R. W.; Boesch, C.; et al. (1999). "Cultures in Chimpanzees".

1369:

touched off a debate by proposing that human ancestors of this period had a "place of origin" and that they foraged outward from this home base, returning with high-quality

1392:

A third group of theories had relatively loose bands scouring the range, taking care to move carcasses from dangerous death sites and leaving tools more or less at random.

2760:

De Heinzelin, J; Clark, JD; White, T; Hart, W; Renne, P; Woldegabriel, G; Beyene, Y; Vrba, E (1999). "Environment and behavior of 2.5-million-year-old Bouri hominids".

1867:

lithic remains. The assemblages at Omo sites 71 and 84 in member E do not show evidence of hominin modification and are therefore classified as natural assemblages.

2324:

open air site dated to approximately 850 ka, making them the oldest evidence of human habitation in Italy. In Germany tools have been found in river gravels at

4546:

Taymazov A.I. (2011) Main characteristics of the industry at Ainikab I multilayer Early Paleolithic site (based on the data from the 2005–2009 investigations).

4472:

Vekua, A.; Lordkipanidze, D.; Rightmire, G. P.; Agusti, J.; Ferring, R.; Maisuradze, G.; et al. (2002). "A new skull of early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia".

3228: 925:

The oldest known Oldowan tools have been found at Nyayanga on the Homa Peninsula in Kenya and are dated to ~2.9 Ma. The Oldowan tools were associated with

1204:, following in the footsteps of Sergei Semenov, conducted microscopic studies (with a high-powered optical microscope) on the edges of tools manufactured 6619: 3400:

Lokorodi, Sammy; Kirwa, Christopher; Kent, Dennis V.; Roche, Hélène (May 2015). "3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya".

4585:

Dennell, Robin W.; Rendell, Helen M.; Halim, Mohammad; Moth, Eddie (1992). "A 45,000-Year-Old Open-Air Paleolithic Site at Riwat, Northern Pakistan".

1229:

removing very small chips so as to straighten and sharpen the edge. Typically but not necessarily the reworking is accomplished by pressure flaking.

804:. These early tools were simple, usually made by chipping one, or a few, flakes off a stone using another stone. Oldowan tools were used during the 1378:

Glynn Isaac's model became the Central Forage Point, as he responded to critics that accused him of attributing too much "modern" behavior to early

5258: 4828: 4560: 2126:

lived in the cave. C. K. Brain conducted a more detailed study and discovered the cave had been the abode of leopards, who preyed on the hominins.

7016: 6757: 6353: 4788: 4532:. International Conference GEOMORPHIC PROCESSES AND GEOARCHAEOLOGY: From Landscape Archaeology to Archaeotourism. Moscow-Smolensk. Archived from 3133:

Swisher, C. C.; Curtis, G. H.; Jacob, T.; Getty, A. G.; Suprijo, A.; Widiasmoro (1994). "Age of the earliest known hominids in Java, Indonesia".

1785: 1162:

Mary Leakey classified the Oldowan tools as Heavy Duty, Light Duty, Utilized Pieces and Debitage, or waste. Heavy-duty tools are mainly cores. A

2104:

site is a cave filled with layered fossil-bearing limestone deposits. Oldowan is found in Member 1 Lower Bank at 2.2-1.8 Ma in association with

1362:) had thus already evolved, though it is not clear how related to modern lateralization it was, since other animals show handedness as well. 5146: 6972: 6481: 2488:

The Oldowan is classically considered the oldest industry of the Lower Paleolithic. The postulate of an even earlier, possibly pre-human (

5040:

Shea, John J. (2010). "Stone Age Visiting Cards Revisited: A Strategic Perspective on the Lithic Technology of Early Hominin Dispersal".

2230: 5188: 3084:

Panger, M. A.; Brooks, A. S.; Richmond, B. G.; Wood, B. (2002). "Older than the Oldowan? Rethinking the emergence of hominin tool use".

2076:

was the first recognized archaeologist to go on record to assert the existence of Oldowan tools. While his description was for "Chello-

6804: 6255: 5080: 3646: 2114:. The Member I assemblage also includes a shaft of pointed bone polished at the pointed end. Member I contained a high percentage of 1442: 7125: 1435:

A complete catalog of Oldowan sites would be too extensive for listing here. Some of the better-known sites include the following:

2000:

Acheulian stone tools have been known about at Kilombe Main site in the central rift of Kenya since the 1970s with excavations by

1186:(with points for engraving). Some of these functions belong also to heavy-duty tools. For example, there are heavy-duty scrapers. 887:

It is not known for sure which hominin species created and used Oldowan tools. Its emergence is often associated with the species

7286: 7266: 3452: 3712: 2150:

The cave site of Drimolen has yielded 6 stone tools attributed to the Oldowan as well as 65 bone tools, along with specimens of

7281: 5131: 5057: 4892: 3910: 3781: 3614: 1330:

meaning "surprise", a tool-using Australopithecine discovered in 1996 and described as the "missing link" between the genera

772: 7222: 4628:

Le Tensorer, Jean-Marie; Tensorer, Hélène; Martini, Pietro; Falkenstein, Vera; Schmid, Peter; Villalaín, Juan (2015-11-01).

2272:

Oldowan tools have been found at the following sites: Fuente Nueva 3, Barranco del Leon, Sima del Elefante, Atapuerca TD 6.

563: 5251: 5117: 4526:

Chepalyga, A.L.; Amirkhanov, Kh. A.; Trubikhin, V.M.; Sadchikova, T.A.; Pirogov, A.N.; Taimazov, A.I. (20–24 August 2012).

3059: 5105: 4931:

Susman, Randall L. (1991). "Who Made the Oldowan Tools? Fossil Evidence for Tool Behavior in Plio-Pleistocene Hominids".

3676:

Susman, R. L. (July 1991). "Who Made the Oldowan Tools? Fossil Evidence for Tool Behavior in Plio-Pleistocene Hominids".

1370: 4342: 1919:

published a report of Oldowan artefacts in a secure dating context of 1.9 to 2.4 Ma from Ain Boucherit (Ain Hanech) in

582: 5141: 4319:. Brain examined the bones and concluded that the marks resulting from stripping and chewing the bones were made by a 3583: 130: 7276: 6382: 5288: 4782: 2386: 1282: 1065: 229: 211: 189: 149: 52: 1047: 976:, Georgia. Remains of their activities have also been excavated in Spain at sites in the Guadix-Baza basin and near 182: 102: 6589: 6476: 3310: 1295:

While the exact hominid is up for debate, it is believed that some of the first Oldowan makers did fall within the

977: 5170: 917:

appears to inherit Oldowan technology and refines it into the Acheulean industry beginning 1.7 million years ago.

7001: 6392: 5430: 5244: 3236: 729: 5165: 4527: 2368: 1264: 1043: 109: 87: 2548:"Co-occurrence of Acheulian and Oldowan artifacts with Homo erectus cranial fossils from Gona, Afar, Ethiopia" 2235: 1004:. It is not clear whether the tools of such a "Lomekwian industry" bear any relation to the Oldowan industry. 6614: 6144: 5404: 5472: 5126: 3929:"1.9-million- and 2.4-million-year-old artifacts and stone tool–cutmarked bones from Ain Boucherit, Algeria" 3250:

Oms, O.; Pares, J. M.; Martinez-Navarro, B.; Agusti, J.; Toro, I.; Martinez-Fernandez, G.; Turq, A. (2000).

7118: 6609: 6149: 5622: 2867:"Expanded geographic distribution and dietary strategies of the earliest Oldowan hominins and Paranthropus" 1320:

was in origin intended to separate tool-using species from their tool-less predecessors, hence the name of

5298: 4195:

Kimura, Y. (December 1999). "Tool-using strategies by early hominids at bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania".

1389:

use relatively fixed routes of foraging, and leaving tools where it was best to do so on a constant track.

5575: 2494:

Harmand, S.; et al. (2015). "3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya".

1316:

was named "skillful" because it was considered the earliest tool-using human ancestor. Indeed, the genus

812:(early humans) across much of Africa. This technological industry was followed by the more sophisticated 116: 4564: 7261: 6877: 6678: 1809: 1143: 4134: 3480: 3309:

Pares, J. M.; Perez-Gonzalez, A.; Rosas, A.; Benito, A.; Carbonell, E.; Huguet, R.; Huguet, R (2006).

2674:

A Summary and Discussion of the Archaeological Evidence from Bed I and Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

2061:

system, on the sediments of ancient streams and lakes. This is consistent with what we surmise of the

6683: 6498: 2138:, found in South Africa. This site contains a large number of not only Oldowan tools, but also early 1728: 1142:, where a bone shaft with a polished point was discovered in Member (layer) I, dated 1.8–1.5 Ma. The 765: 495: 407: 5166:

Geoarchaeology of the earliest paleolithic sites (Oldowan) in the north Caucasus and the East Europe

5151: 4529:

Geoarchaeology of the Earliest Paleolithic Sites (Oldowan) in the North Caucasus and the East Europe

4118: 2693: 98: 6872: 5964: 5509: 2364: 1345:

There is presently no evidence to show that Oldowan tools were the sole creation of members of the

1260: 1039: 1028: 873: 176: 83: 38: 6036: 6031: 3601:. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. pp. 47–64. 3252:"Early human occupation of Western Europe: Paleomagnetic dates for two paleolithic sites in Spain" 7111: 6989: 6899: 6071: 5838: 5657: 5590: 5322: 2357: 1397: 1253: 1032: 862: 797: 667: 76: 5158:

293, 464–465 (8 October 1981). The summary and the references are displayed at no charge at the

2304:. These were discovered by Henry de Lumbley alongside human remains (cranium). The tools are of 7077: 6951: 6557: 6448: 6436: 6132: 5873: 5712: 5349: 5283: 5267: 4335:

Early human behaviour in global context the rise and diversity of the Lower Palaeolithic record

1322: 996:

by half a million years, and would fall into the pre-human period, associated with the direct

889: 826:

of Ethiopia dating from 1.5 and 1.26 million years ago have both Oldowan and Acheulean tools).

193: 4083: 4051: 3771: 6816: 6752: 6626: 6319: 6245: 6019: 6014: 5952: 5891: 5828: 5776: 5769: 5315: 5219: 4361:"Contemporaneity of Australopithecus , Paranthropus , and early Homo erectus in South Africa" 4259: 4105: 2281: 2106: 1963: 1814: 1488: 1175: 1163: 881: 877: 722: 544: 526: 6201: 4043: 3902: 3895: 2252:(Eopleistocene), indicating the age of the sites as being within the range of 1.8 – 1.2 Ma. 7082: 7033: 7028: 7011: 7006: 6984: 6774: 6488: 6341: 6233: 6137: 5930: 5615: 5414: 5357: 4911: 4847: 4800: 4672: 4661:"Adaptive Flexibility of Oldowan Hominins: Secondary Use of Flakes at Bizat Ruhama, Israel" 4481: 3940: 3814: 3409: 3357: 3263: 3186: 3142: 3119: 3016: 2965: 2878: 2769: 2726: 2630: 2561: 2503: 2325: 1859: 1552: 1183: 983:

The discovery of stone tools that predate the Oldowan, dated to as early as 3.3 Ma, at the

758: 5585: 5189:"Flaked Stones and Old Bones: Biological and Cultural Evolution at the Dawn of Technology" 2813:"A brief review of the archaeological evidence for Palaeolithic and Neolithic subsistence" 2330: 1632: 8: 7072: 6737: 6542: 6375: 5908: 5781: 5662: 5637: 1385:

A second group of models took modern chimpanzee behavior as a starting point, having the

1097: 642: 520: 4915: 4902:

Toth, Nicholas (1985). "The oldowan reassessed: A close look at early stone artifacts".

4851: 4804: 4676: 4630:"The Oldowan site Aïn al Fil (El Kowm, Syria) and the first humans of the Syrian Desert" 4485: 4238:"The first technical sequences in human evolution from East Gona, Afar region, Ethiopia" 3944: 3818: 3413: 3361: 3267: 3190: 3146: 3020: 2969: 2882: 2773: 2730: 2634: 2565: 2507: 972:

was present in Europe, as shown by the discovery of fossil remains and Oldowan tools in

332: 7162: 7023: 6926: 6828: 6641: 5823: 5553: 5519: 5023: 4998: 4956: 4948: 4816: 4703: 4660: 4610: 4505: 4454: 4398: 4294: 4162: 4017: 4009: 3875: 3830: 3693: 3560: 3527: 3433: 3381: 3311:"Matuyama-age lithic tools from the Sima del Elefante site, Atapuerca (northern Spain)" 3210: 3101: 3040: 2989: 2902: 2793: 2742: 2681: 2654: 2582: 2547: 2527: 2219: 1855: 1420: 1201: 846: 808:

period, 2.9 million years ago up until at least 1.7 million years ago (Ma), by ancient

654: 423: 4859: 2934: 2866: 576: 7271: 7065: 7055: 7045: 6994: 6651: 6569: 5863: 5848: 5833: 5813: 5704: 5683: 5494: 5337: 5211: 5084: 5053: 5028: 4985: 4960: 4923: 4888: 4863: 4778: 4755: 4708: 4690: 4629: 4602: 4497: 4458: 4446: 4438: 4418: 4402: 4390: 4382: 4338: 4212: 4166: 4154: 4070: 4044: 3968: 3906: 3879: 3777: 3749: 3697: 3658: 3650: 3610: 3565: 3547: 3508: 3500: 3425: 3373: 3330: 3291: 3286: 3251: 3202: 3158: 3032: 2981: 2938: 2906: 2894: 2842: 2834: 2785: 2646: 2587: 2519: 2249: 2058: 1168: 1089: 997: 945: 805: 686: 660: 612: 475: 389: 345: 270: 123: 4509: 4277:

Breuil, Abbé Henri (December 1945). "A Preliminary Survey of Work in South Africa".

4100:"Naiyena Engol 2 (West Turkana, Kenya): a case study on variability in the Oldowan". 4021: 3105: 3044: 2746: 2658: 249: 7060: 6967: 6710: 6493: 6293: 6213: 6169: 5969: 5791: 5642: 5602: 5203: 5076: 5045: 5018: 5010: 4977: 4940: 4919: 4880: 4855: 4820: 4808: 4747: 4698: 4680: 4641: 4594: 4489: 4430: 4372: 4286: 4249: 4204: 4146: 4001: 3958: 3948: 3865: 3857: 3834: 3822: 3767: 3739: 3731: 3685: 3642: 3602: 3555: 3539: 3492: 3437: 3417: 3385: 3365: 3322: 3281: 3271: 3214: 3194: 3150: 3093: 3024: 2993: 2973: 2930: 2886: 2824: 2797: 2777: 2734: 2638: 2577: 2569: 2552: 2531: 2511: 2489: 1885:

occurs in the preceding layers. In the last layer at 1.4 million years ago is only

1863: 1302: 1101: 709: 550: 501: 486: 434: 362: 358: 6552: 6508: 2430: 6941: 6911: 6673: 6601: 6579: 6537: 6432: 6402: 6267: 6262: 5913: 5796: 5367: 5176: 5135: 5121: 5109: 4751: 4685: 4645: 4263: 4150: 3735: 3326: 2781: 2178: 2062: 1936:

Kanjera South, part of the Kanjera site complex, and Nyayanga are located on the

1839: 1835: 1760: 929:

teeth and two butchered hippo skeletons. Early Oldowan tools are also known from

636: 532: 5114: 5049: 4968:

Susman, Randall L. (1998). "Hand function and tool behavior in early hominids".

4884: 3606: 2118:

remains compared to other animal remains, which did not fit the hypothesis that

1146:, the "bone-tooth-horn" industry hypothesized by Raymond Dart, is less certain. 7050: 6977: 6799: 6764: 6695: 6584: 6456: 6164: 5749: 5739: 5560: 5541: 5102: 4434: 4419:"Drimolen cranium DNH 155 documents microevolution in an early hominin species" 3633:

Marzke, Mary W. (January 1997). "Precision grips, hand morphology, and tools".

2321: 2293: 2289: 2241: 2197: 2047: 1937: 1831: 1616: 1520: 1359: 930: 691: 680: 4005: 3582:

There is a good online summary of Mary's classification on Effland's site for

600: 7255: 7237: 7224: 6936: 6921: 6867: 6845: 6742: 6730: 6646: 6515: 6397: 6358: 6346: 6334: 6046: 5957: 5886: 5627: 5570: 5548: 5457: 5389: 5384: 5362: 4944: 4694: 4606: 4442: 4386: 4158: 3689: 3654: 3551: 3504: 3060:"Origins of human intelligence: The chain of tool-making and brain evolution" 2838: 2081: 2031: 2023: 1818: 1536: 1504: 1401: 1179: 907: 834: 735: 697: 624: 288: 5477: 4493: 4377: 4360: 3953: 3928: 3369: 3154: 3028: 2890: 2829: 2812: 2642: 2268:(Valladolid, Spain) dated to Oldowan/Abbevillian period (Lower Paleolithic). 1154: 7177: 6855: 6811: 6792: 6747: 6547: 6471: 6228: 6223: 6179: 5806: 5688: 5652: 5632: 5484: 5462: 5374: 5215: 5032: 5014: 4981: 4875:

Binford, Lewis R. (1987). "Searching for Camps and Missing the Evidence?".

4812: 4759: 4712: 4501: 4450: 4394: 4316: 4216: 4208: 4039: 3972: 3826: 3753: 3569: 3543: 3496: 3429: 3377: 3334: 3295: 3276: 3206: 3036: 2985: 2942: 2898: 2846: 2789: 2591: 2573: 2523: 2449:, 80 tools of different assemblages have been discovered at 7 sites in the 2191: 2135: 2073: 2043: 2001: 1967: 1959: 1887: 1873: 1790: 1696: 1312: 1105: 913: 901: 842: 841:, where the first Oldowan stone tools were discovered by the archaeologist 818: 260: 44: 6904: 5088: 4989: 4254: 4237: 3776:(Third ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 258–259. 3662: 3512: 3162: 2650: 1100:

with sharp edges useful for various purposes. The process is often called

7167: 6894: 6884: 6840: 6835: 6787: 6725: 6688: 6661: 6562: 6532: 6407: 6329: 6250: 6238: 5999: 5984: 5974: 5945: 5903: 5818: 5786: 5734: 5667: 5504: 5379: 5236: 5081:

10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199701)102:1<91::aid-ajpa8>3.0.co;2-g

4867: 4838:

Isaac, Glynn (1978). "The Food Sharing Behavior of Protohuman Hominids".

3713:"Chaînes opératoires and resource-exploitation strategies in chimpanzee ( 3647:

10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199701)102:1<91::aid-ajpa8>3.0.co;2-g

2265: 2089: 2077: 2051: 2039: 1971: 1904: 1366: 1217: 1138:

Use of bone tools by hominins also producing Oldowan tools is known from

1093: 1085: 938: 869: 823: 630: 588: 320: 4013: 3963: 3870: 3421: 3198: 2515: 7203: 7038: 6931: 6889: 6705: 6668: 6631: 6527: 6114: 6026: 5853: 5754: 5727: 5647: 5445: 5399: 5310: 5278: 5207: 5067:

Marzke, Mary W. (1997). "Precision grips, hand morphology, and tools".

4952: 4298: 3097: 2371: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2170: 2101: 2085: 1953: 1584: 1456: 1416: 1374:

the most probable. However, three main groups of theories predominate.

1355: 1267: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1139: 801: 794: 748: 606: 570: 443: 401: 5003:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4614: 4525: 3744: 3532:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2181:

site (right, 1.8 mya, replica), to be compared with the more "modern"

7187: 7182: 6946: 6715: 6700: 6298: 6283: 6208: 6191: 6109: 5994: 5935: 5925: 5920: 5843: 5722: 5610: 5536: 5303: 5293: 4736: 4627: 3348:

Ambrose, S. H. (2001). "Paleolithic technology and human evolution".

2738: 2450: 2305: 2285: 2260: 2245: 2215: 2182: 2139: 1744: 1648: 1412: 1116: 949: 813: 674: 618: 594: 455: 383: 308: 298: 4533: 4290: 4184:. London, England: London: Book Club Associates. pp. 11–17, 40. 4135:"New Oldowan localities at high level within Kilombe Caldera, Kenya" 3586:

at Mesa Community College in Arizona, apparently written by Effland.

2717:

Napier, J. (November 1962). "Fossil Hand Bones from Olduvai Gorge".

2346: 1242: 1017: 876:, and built her system based on prescribed use. The system included 857:

designating bifacially worked tools (including Acheulean handaxes),

853:

tools to designate pebble tool industries (including Oldowan), with

65: 7198: 7172: 7152: 6720: 6656: 6503: 6461: 6196: 6104: 5979: 5801: 5764: 5744: 4598: 3861: 2418: 2301: 2297: 2035: 1843: 1680: 1600: 1386: 1379: 1124: 934: 838: 809: 715: 703: 556: 514: 328: 4879:. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. pp. 17–31. 3847: 2977: 2264:

Extremely archaic handaxe from the Quaternary fluvial terraces of

2018: 1920: 990:

This age pre-dates the current estimates for the age of the genus

7147: 7134: 7103: 6782: 6574: 6520: 6466: 6288: 6094: 6004: 5858: 5759: 5580: 5499: 5452: 5440: 5044:. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. pp. 47–64. 4471: 4320: 4131: 2405: 2202: 2175: 2115: 1776: 1664: 1472: 984: 973: 648: 538: 461: 449: 395: 371: 1793:

showing important sites of the Oldowan industry (clickable map).

6850: 6387: 6365: 6218: 6154: 6099: 5489: 5467: 5435: 5409: 3901:(5th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp. 3711:

Carvalho, S.; Cunha, E.; Sousa, C.; Matsuzawa, T. (July 2008).

2462: 2309: 1120: 1112: 868:

Classification of Oldowan tools is still somewhat contentious.

508: 5152:

Microwear polishes on early stone tools from Koobi Fora, Kenya

4234: 3308: 3249: 6916: 6636: 6370: 6324: 6186: 6041: 5989: 5565: 5531: 1712: 1424: 1132: 1128: 3006: 2030:

The Oldowan industry is named after discoveries made in the

845:

in the 1930s. However, some contemporary archaeologists and

6862: 6823: 6303: 6159: 6089: 6009: 5881: 5394: 3710: 2619: 2446: 1900: 1568: 992: 895: 4999:"Insights into early lithic technologies from ethnography" 3528:"Insights into early lithic technologies from ethnography" 2955: 2759: 6174: 5940: 5898: 3990: 3925: 1854:

The second oldest known Oldowan tool site comes from the

4415: 4311:

Many scientists had drawn the erroneous conclusion that

3083: 5179: (archived May 21, 2008), T. Wynn and W.C. McGrew, 4584: 4357: 3773:

The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins

3398: 3132: 2544: 2437:

indicate that an alternate route may have been taken.

4333:

Petraglia, Michael D.; Korisettar, Ravi, eds. (1998).

2919: 1862:

basin. This formation documents the sediments of the

872:

was the first to create a system to classify Oldowan

3086:

Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews

1966:. Sites were initially excavated by Richard Leakey, 4332: 3481:"Hand function and tool behavior in early hominids" 2707:

Protohistoricas", Mexico City. Mexico, pp. 101–119.

1944:fossils and butchered hippo remains from Nyayanga. 90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3894: 3175: 1958:The numerous Koobi Fora sites on the east side of 1111:The materials of the tools were for the most part 3450: 7253: 4050:. Malden, MA: Blackwee Publishing Ltd. pp. 1903:River, within the 100-foot terrace, evidence of 3256:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2038:in east Africa by the Leakey family, primarily 4034: 3229:"Skull Fossil Challenges Out-of-Africa Theory" 2409:the existence of a body of water at the site. 2320:Oldowan tools have been found in Italy at the 1338:. There is also evidence that some species of 1174:Light-duty tools are mainly flakes. There are 7119: 5252: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3453:"New Discovery Of World's Oldest Stone Tools" 766: 4521: 4519: 2753: 2429:An excavated site at El Kowm (Aïn al Fil, ( 1430: 1382:with relatively free-form searches outward. 1046:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 53:Learn how and when to remove these messages 7126: 7112: 5266: 5259: 5245: 4095: 4093: 3979: 2080:" tools, and post-dated Leakey's finds at 893:and its flourishing with early species of 773: 759: 248: 5069:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5022: 4702: 4684: 4516: 4376: 4279:The South African Archaeological Bulletin 4253: 3962: 3952: 3869: 3760: 3743: 3635:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 3559: 3285: 3275: 2828: 2581: 2387:Learn how and when to remove this message 2296:. Oldowan tools have also been found at 1283:Learn how and when to remove this message 1066:Learn how and when to remove this message 230:Learn how and when to remove this message 212:Learn how and when to remove this message 150:Learn how and when to remove this message 2810: 2609:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2538: 2259: 2169: 2017: 1808: 1481: 1153: 280:2.9 million years BP – 1.7 million years 175:This article includes a list of general 5186: 4874: 4658: 4090: 3347: 2864: 2493: 2461:The site at Bizat Ruhama (near kibbutz 7254: 5066: 4996: 4967: 4930: 4276: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4194: 3892: 3886: 3675: 3632: 3525: 3478: 3474: 3472: 3470: 2817:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2716: 2671: 1609: 1513: 1104:. The chip removed by the blow is the 987:site in Kenya, was announced in 2015. 7107: 6430: 6069: 5335: 5240: 4837: 4787: 4179: 3803: 3766: 3628: 3626: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2604: 1817:dating to 1.7 million years BP, from 1529: 1497: 6431: 5039: 4901: 4065:"Oldowan and Acheulean Stone Tools". 3595: 3451:Christopher Joyce (April 15, 2015). 2369:adding citations to reliable sources 2340: 1907:or Oldowan cultures has been found. 1689: 1625: 1265:adding citations to reliable sources 1236: 1044:adding citations to reliable sources 1011: 816:industry (two sites associated with 161: 88:adding citations to reliable sources 59: 18: 4933:Journal of Anthropological Research 4223: 3678:Journal of Anthropological Research 3519: 3467: 3444: 2134:Another site of limestone caves is 944:The use of tools by apes including 920: 13: 7133: 4773:Schick, Kathy D.; Toth, Nicholas, 3623: 3120:"2.9 million-year-old tools found" 2853: 2280:Oldowan tools have been found at: 2110:and a single fossil attributed to 1849: 1577: 1449: 1149: 941:), and are dated to about 2.6 Ma. 583:Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician 181:it lacks sufficient corresponding 14: 7298: 6383:Megalithic architectural elements 5196:Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 5096: 4904:Journal of Archaeological Science 4860:10.1038/scientificamerican0478-90 4793:Journal of Archaeological Science 3994:The African Archaeological Review 3807:Journal of Archaeological Science 3479:Susman, Randall L. (1998-07-01). 2811:Richards, M. P. (December 2002). 2492:) "Lomekwian" industry is due to 2057:The oldest tool sites are in the 1931: 1753: 1737: 1641: 1545: 34:This article has multiple issues. 6070: 5138: (archived February 4, 2007) 3897:An Encyclopedia of World History 3893:Langer, William L., ed. (1972). 2345: 2174:Stone tool (Oldowan style) from 2013: 1825: 1768: 1752: 1736: 1721: 1720: 1704: 1688: 1673: 1672: 1656: 1640: 1624: 1608: 1593: 1592: 1576: 1560: 1544: 1528: 1512: 1496: 1480: 1464: 1448: 1441: 1241: 1158:Oldowan-tradition stone chopper. 1016: 166: 64: 23: 7002:Evolutionary origin of religion 4832:The Scatter between the Patches 4652: 4621: 4578: 4553: 4540: 4465: 4409: 4351: 4326: 4305: 4270: 4188: 4173: 4125: 4058: 4028: 3919: 3841: 3797: 3704: 3669: 3589: 3576: 3392: 3341: 3302: 3243: 3221: 3169: 3126: 3112: 3077: 3051: 3000: 2949: 2913: 2607:World prehistory: a new outline 2356:needs additional citations for 2129: 2068: 1986: 1947: 1769: 1657: 1465: 1252:needs additional citations for 75:needs additional citations for 42:or discuss these issues on the 7287:Archaeology of Southern Africa 7267:Paleolithic cultures of Africa 5147:Stone Age Reference Collection 5115:Oldowan Pebble Tools of Africa 5103:Oldowan Pebble Tools of Europe 4777:, Simon & Schuster, 1993, 4423:Nature Ecology & Evolution 3057: 2804: 2710: 2700: 2665: 2613: 2598: 2482: 1212: 1078: 1: 7282:Archaeology of Eastern Africa 6615:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 6145:British megalith architecture 4659:Zaidner, Yossi (2013-06-20). 2935:10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00093-9 2292:; Soleihac, open-air site in 2095: 1705: 1232: 1182:(with points for boring) and 482: 430: 352: 6610:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 6150:Nordic megalith architecture 5172:An Ape's View of the Oldowan 4924:10.1016/0305-4403(85)90056-1 4752:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.09.004 4686:10.1371/journal.pone.0066851 4646:10.1016/j.anthro.2015.10.009 4587:Journal of Field Archaeology 4563:. 2007-08-07. Archived from 4151:10.1016/j.anthro.2021.102976 3736:10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.02.005 3526:Hayden, Brian (2015-11-19). 3327:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.08.011 2782:10.1126/science.284.5414.625 2315: 2288:, 1–0.5 Ma; Vallonnet cave, 2026:, some 1.8 million years old 1561: 7: 5050:10.1007/978-90-481-9036-2_4 4885:10.1007/978-1-4613-1817-0_2 4775:Making Silent Stones Speak' 3607:10.1007/978-90-481-9036-2_4 3233:news.nationalgeographic.com 2412: 2209: 2008: 1804: 10: 7303: 6758:British Isles and Brittany 6679:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 4970:Journal of Human Evolution 4740:Journal of Human Evolution 4723: 4435:10.1038/s41559-020-01319-6 4197:Journal of Human Evolution 3724:Journal of Human Evolution 3485:Journal of Human Evolution 3315:Journal of Human Evolution 2923:Journal of Human Evolution 2165: 1995: 1951: 1910: 1144:Osteodontokeratic industry 1088:is struck on the edge, or 833:is taken from the site of 7141: 6960: 6773: 6600: 6447: 6443: 6426: 6312: 6276: 6125: 6082: 6078: 6065: 5872: 5703: 5676: 5601: 5527: 5518: 5423: 5348: 5344: 5336: 5331: 5274: 4877:The Pleistocene Old World 4141:. Industries archaïques. 4006:10.1007/s10437-006-9006-1 3067:Anthropological Notebooks 2456: 2275: 2225: 2160: 1799: 496:Initial Upper Paleolithic 304: 294: 284: 276: 266: 256: 247: 7277:Industries (archaeology) 5187:Plummer, Thomas (2004). 4945:10.1086/jar.47.2.3630322 4770:, Time-Life Books, 1972. 3690:10.1086/jar.47.2.3630322 2865:Plummer, Thomas (2023). 2605:Clark, J. G. D. (1969). 2475: 2424: 2399: 2300:in the foothills of the 2255: 1926: 1894: 1431:Sites and archaeologists 1007: 6990:Evolutionary musicology 6393:Oldest extant buildings 6320:Archaeological features 5839:Prepared-core technique 4494:10.1126/science.1072953 4378:10.1126/science.aaw7293 3954:10.1126/science.aau0008 3370:10.1126/science.1059487 3155:10.1126/science.8108729 3029:10.1126/science.1078004 2891:10.1126/science.abo7452 2830:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601646 2643:10.1126/science.8009220 2440: 2336: 2042:, but also her husband 1398:central foraging theory 960:Sometime before 1.8 Ma 953:archaeological record. 849:prefer to use the term 798:archaeological industry 196:more precise citations. 6952:Unchambered long cairn 6800:Mound Builders culture 6133:Neolithic architecture 5268:Prehistoric technology 5015:10.1098/rstb.2014.0356 4997:Hayden, Brian (2015). 4982:10.1006/jhev.1998.0220 4813:10.1006/jasc.1999.0592 4729:Braidwood, Robert J., 4209:10.1006/jhev.1999.0316 4113:Cite journal requires 3827:10.1006/jasc.1999.0592 3544:10.1098/rstb.2014.0356 3497:10.1006/jhev.1998.0220 3277:10.1073/pnas.180319797 2574:10.1126/sciadv.aaw4694 2269: 2189:In 1999 and 2002, two 2186: 2027: 1822: 1342:utilized stone tools. 1323:Australopithecus garhi 1159: 890:Australopithecus garhi 16:Archaeological culture 6627:List of Stone Age art 5829:Microblade technology 5777:Langdale axe industry 5375:Ard / plough 4337:. London: Routledge. 4255:10.15184/aqy.2018.169 2672:Leakey, Mary (1971). 2263: 2201:) were discovered at 2173: 2152:Paranthropus robustus 2107:Paranthropus robustus 2021: 1964:Sibiloi National Park 1812: 1157: 865:tools, and so forth. 847:palaeoanthropologists 7034:Prehistoric medicine 7029:Prehistoric counting 7012:Prehistoric religion 7007:Paleolithic religion 6985:Behavioral modernity 6342:Causewayed enclosure 6234:Abri de la Madeleine 5358:Neolithic Revolution 4180:Leaky, Mary (1979). 3850:Current Anthropology 2365:improve this article 2333:dating from 500 ka. 1786:class=notpageimage| 1261:improve this article 1040:improve this section 84:improve this article 7234: / 7073:Prehistoric warfare 5819:Magdalenian culture 5782:Levallois technique 5713:Earliest toolmaking 5132:Stone Age Hand-axes 4916:1985JArSc..12..101T 4852:1978SciAm.238d..90I 4840:Scientific American 4805:2000JArSc..27.1197S 4766:Edey, Maitland A., 4677:2013PLoSO...866851Z 4548:Russian Archaeology 4486:2002Sci...297...85V 4046:African Archaeology 3945:2018Sci...362.1297S 3939:(6420): 1297–1301. 3819:2000JArSc..27.1197S 3422:10.1038/nature14464 3414:2015Natur.521..310H 3362:2001Sci...291.1748A 3356:(5509): 1748–1753. 3268:2000PNAS...9710666O 3262:(19): 10666–10670. 3199:10.1038/nature02829 3191:2004Natur.431..559Z 3147:1994Sci...263.1118S 3141:(5150): 1118–1121. 3122:. 10 February 2023. 3021:2003Sci...299..102V 2970:1999Natur.399..682W 2883:2023Sci...379..561P 2774:1999Sci...284..625D 2731:1962Natur.196..409N 2676:. pp. 431–460. 2635:1994Sci...264.1907C 2629:(5167): 1907–1909. 2566:2020SciA....6.4694S 2516:10.1038/nature14464 2508:2015Natur.521..310H 1098:conchoidal fracture 1000:ancestors of genus 793:) was a widespread 244: 7238:36.2009°N 5.6544°E 7024:Origin of language 7017:Spiritual drug use 6927:Rectangular dolmen 6829:Dartmoor kistvaens 6642:Carved stone balls 6354:Circular enclosure 6313:Other architecture 6256:Alp pile dwellings 5844:Solutrean industry 5755:Gravettian culture 5405:Secondary products 5208:10.1002/ajpa.20157 5142:Early Palaeolithic 5127:Oldowan Flake Tool 5120:2015-06-24 at the 5108:2015-05-08 at the 4371:(6486): eaaw7293. 4248:(365): 1151–1164. 3584:Anthropology ASB22 3538:(1682): 20140356. 3098:10.1002/evan.10094 2270: 2220:symbolic behaviour 2187: 2028: 1856:Shungura formation 1823: 1365:In the mid-1970s, 1160: 1096:rock to produce a 424:Middle Paleolithic 257:Geographical range 242: 7262:Lower Paleolithic 7217: 7216: 7212: 7211: 7101: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7046:Prehistoric music 6995:music archaeology 6652:Cup and ring mark 6477:Clothing/textiles 6422: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6056: 5864:Yubetsu technique 5849:Striking platform 5814:Lithic technology 5699: 5698: 5684:Game drive system 5603:Projectile points 5495:Mortar and pestle 5183:24:383–398; 1989. 5059:978-90-481-9036-2 4894:978-1-4612-9016-2 4827:Isaac, Glynn and 4799:(12): 1197–1214. 4078:Missing or empty 4040:Stahl, Ann Brower 3912:978-0-395-13592-1 3813:(12): 1197–1214. 3783:978-0-226-02752-4 3770:(22 April 2009). 3768:Klein, Richard G. 3616:978-90-481-9036-2 3408:(7552): 310–315. 3185:(7008): 559–562. 3015:(5603): 102–105. 2964:(6737): 682–685. 2877:(6632): 561–566. 2823:(12): 1270–1278. 2725:(4853): 409–411. 2502:(7552): 310–315. 2490:australopithecine 2397: 2396: 2389: 2250:Early Pleistocene 2059:East African Rift 1915:In November 2018 1832:Gona river system 1293: 1292: 1285: 1090:striking platform 1076: 1075: 1068: 998:australopithecine 806:Lower Paleolithic 783: 782: 476:Upper Paleolithic 346:Lower Paleolithic 314: 313: 271:Lower Paleolithic 240: 239: 232: 222: 221: 214: 160: 159: 152: 134: 57: 7294: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7239: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7230: 7227: 7144: 7143: 7128: 7121: 7114: 7105: 7104: 7061:Divje Babe flute 6968:Archaeoastronomy 6711:Petrosomatoglyph 6445: 6444: 6428: 6427: 6277:Water management 6080: 6079: 6067: 6066: 5970:Denticulate tool 5792:Lithic reduction 5525: 5524: 5346: 5345: 5333: 5332: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5224: 5218:. Archived from 5193: 5092: 5063: 5036: 5026: 4993: 4964: 4927: 4898: 4871: 4824: 4768:The Missing Link 4763: 4733:, many editions. 4717: 4716: 4706: 4688: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4573: 4572: 4557: 4551: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4523: 4514: 4513: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4413: 4407: 4406: 4380: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4330: 4324: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4257: 4232: 4221: 4220: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4116: 4111: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4088: 4087: 4081: 4076: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4049: 4032: 4026: 4025: 3988: 3977: 3976: 3966: 3956: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3900: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3873: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3747: 3721: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3630: 3621: 3620: 3593: 3587: 3580: 3574: 3573: 3563: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3476: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3289: 3279: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3239:on July 6, 2002. 3235:. Archived from 3225: 3219: 3218: 3173: 3167: 3166: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3116: 3110: 3109: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3064: 3058:Ko, Kwang Hyun. 3055: 3049: 3048: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2953: 2947: 2946: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2862: 2851: 2850: 2832: 2808: 2802: 2801: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2739:10.1038/196409a0 2714: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2691: 2687: 2685: 2677: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2585: 2560:(10): eaaw4694. 2553:Science Advances 2542: 2536: 2535: 2486: 2392: 2385: 2381: 2378: 2372: 2349: 2341: 2282:Lézignan-la-Cèbe 2239: 2063:evolution of man 1977:Australopithecus 1962:are now part of 1864:Plio-Pleistocene 1772: 1771: 1756: 1755: 1740: 1739: 1724: 1723: 1708: 1707: 1692: 1691: 1676: 1675: 1660: 1659: 1644: 1643: 1628: 1627: 1612: 1611: 1596: 1595: 1580: 1579: 1564: 1563: 1548: 1547: 1532: 1531: 1516: 1515: 1500: 1499: 1489:Lézignan-la-Cèbe 1484: 1483: 1468: 1467: 1452: 1451: 1445: 1332:Australopithecus 1303:Australopithecus 1288: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1268: 1245: 1237: 1102:lithic reduction 1092:, of a suitable 1071: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1051: 1020: 1012: 968:By 1.8 Ma early 921:Dates and ranges 775: 768: 761: 502:Fertile Crescent 490: 484: 438: 432: 366: 357: 354: 316: 315: 252: 245: 241: 235: 228: 217: 210: 206: 203: 197: 192:this article by 183:inline citations 170: 169: 162: 155: 148: 144: 141: 135: 133: 92: 68: 60: 49: 27: 26: 19: 7302: 7301: 7297: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7252: 7251: 7243:36.2009; 5.6544 7242: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7192: 7137: 7132: 7102: 7089: 6956: 6942:Stone box grave 6912:Megalithic tomb 6817:Cotswold-Severn 6769: 6674:Guardian stones 6602:Prehistoric art 6596: 6439: 6414: 6403:Timber trackway 6308: 6272: 6268:Wattle and daub 6121: 6100:Standing stones 6074: 6053: 5868: 5695: 5672: 5597: 5514: 5424:Food processing 5419: 5368:New World crops 5340: 5327: 5270: 5265: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5191: 5177:Wayback Machine 5136:Wayback Machine 5122:Wayback Machine 5110:Wayback Machine 5099: 5060: 5042:Out of Africa I 4895: 4731:Prehistoric Men 4726: 4721: 4720: 4657: 4653: 4634:L'Anthropologie 4626: 4622: 4583: 4579: 4570: 4568: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4545: 4541: 4536:on 20 May 2013. 4524: 4517: 4470: 4466: 4414: 4410: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4331: 4327: 4310: 4306: 4291:10.2307/3886662 4275: 4271: 4233: 4224: 4193: 4189: 4178: 4174: 4139:L'Anthropologie 4130: 4126: 4114: 4112: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4098: 4091: 4079: 4077: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4033: 4029: 3989: 3980: 3924: 3920: 3913: 3891: 3887: 3846: 3842: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3765: 3761: 3719: 3717:) nut cracking" 3715:Pan troglodytes 3709: 3705: 3674: 3670: 3631: 3624: 3617: 3599:Out of Africa I 3594: 3590: 3581: 3577: 3524: 3520: 3477: 3468: 3458: 3456: 3449: 3445: 3397: 3393: 3346: 3342: 3307: 3303: 3248: 3244: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3174: 3170: 3131: 3127: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3082: 3078: 3062: 3056: 3052: 3005: 3001: 2954: 2950: 2918: 2914: 2863: 2854: 2809: 2805: 2768:(5414): 625–9. 2758: 2754: 2715: 2711: 2705: 2701: 2689: 2688: 2679: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2618: 2614: 2603: 2599: 2543: 2539: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2459: 2451:Kashafrud Basin 2443: 2427: 2415: 2402: 2393: 2382: 2376: 2373: 2362: 2350: 2339: 2318: 2278: 2258: 2233: 2228: 2212: 2179:paleontological 2168: 2163: 2132: 2098: 2071: 2046:and their son, 2016: 2011: 1998: 1989: 1970:, Jack Harris, 1956: 1950: 1934: 1929: 1913: 1897: 1852: 1850:Omo River basin 1828: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1779: 1773: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1757: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1741: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1725: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1709: 1701: 1700: 1699: 1693: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1677: 1669: 1668: 1667: 1661: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1645: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1629: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1613: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1597: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1581: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1565: 1557: 1556: 1555: 1549: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1533: 1525: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1509: 1508: 1507: 1501: 1493: 1492: 1491: 1485: 1477: 1476: 1475: 1469: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1453: 1433: 1289: 1278: 1272: 1269: 1258: 1246: 1235: 1215: 1202:Lawrence Keeley 1171:hammer stones. 1152: 1150:Shapes and uses 1081: 1072: 1061: 1055: 1052: 1037: 1021: 1010: 923: 822:at Gona in the 779: 742: 741: 597:(41,000-37,000) 577:Châtelperronian 491: 480: 478: 468: 467: 439: 428: 426: 416: 415: 386:(1.76–0.13 Ma) 367: 355: 350: 348: 236: 225: 224: 223: 218: 207: 201: 198: 188:Please help to 187: 171: 167: 156: 145: 139: 136: 93: 91: 81: 69: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7300: 7290: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7215: 7214: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7206: 7201: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7159: 7156: 7155: 7153:Pliocene Epoch 7150: 7142: 7139: 7138: 7135:Neogene Period 7131: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7108: 7099: 7098: 7095: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7087: 7086: 7085: 7075: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7051:Alligator drum 7043: 7042: 7041: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7014: 7009: 6999: 6998: 6997: 6987: 6982: 6981: 6980: 6978:lunar calendar 6975: 6964: 6962: 6961:Other cultural 6958: 6957: 6955: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6902: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6875: 6865: 6860: 6859: 6858: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6821: 6820: 6819: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6797: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6779: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6765:Venus figurine 6762: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6696:Megalithic art 6693: 6692: 6691: 6686: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6665: 6664: 6654: 6649: 6647:Cave paintings 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6612: 6606: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6566: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6530: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6506: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6453: 6451: 6449:Material goods 6441: 6440: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6368: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6351: 6350: 6349: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6327: 6322: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6280: 6278: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6248: 6243: 6242: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6221: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6205: 6204: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6183: 6182: 6172: 6167: 6165:Cliff dwelling 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6141: 6140: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6097: 6092: 6086: 6084: 6076: 6075: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6023: 6022: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5977: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5961: 5960: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5895: 5894: 5884: 5878: 5876: 5870: 5869: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5773: 5772: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5750:Fire hardening 5747: 5742: 5740:Clovis culture 5737: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5709: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5680: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5663:Manis Mastodon 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5607: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5563: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5542:throwing stick 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5481: 5480: 5475: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5438: 5433: 5427: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5354: 5352: 5342: 5341: 5329: 5328: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5308: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5264: 5263: 5256: 5249: 5241: 5235: 5234: 5184: 5168: 5163: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5129: 5124: 5112: 5098: 5097:External links 5095: 5094: 5093: 5064: 5058: 5037: 4994: 4965: 4939:(2): 129–151. 4928: 4910:(2): 101–120. 4899: 4893: 4872: 4835: 4825: 4789:Semaw, Sileshi 4785: 4771: 4764: 4746:(2): 109–121. 4734: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4651: 4640:(5): 581–594. 4620: 4599:10.2307/530366 4577: 4561:"Xihoudu Site" 4552: 4539: 4515: 4480:(5578): 85–9. 4464: 4408: 4350: 4344:978-0203203279 4343: 4325: 4304: 4269: 4222: 4187: 4172: 4124: 4115:|journal= 4089: 4057: 4036:Thomas Plummer 4027: 4000:(1/2): 31–40. 3978: 3918: 3911: 3885: 3862:10.1086/422079 3856:(4): 439–465. 3840: 3796: 3782: 3759: 3730:(1): 148–163. 3703: 3684:(2): 129–151. 3668: 3622: 3615: 3588: 3575: 3518: 3466: 3443: 3391: 3340: 3321:(2): 163–169. 3301: 3242: 3220: 3168: 3125: 3111: 3092:(6): 235–245. 3076: 3050: 2999: 2948: 2929:(2): 169–177. 2912: 2852: 2803: 2752: 2709: 2699: 2664: 2612: 2597: 2537: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2458: 2455: 2442: 2439: 2426: 2423: 2414: 2411: 2401: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2353: 2351: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2322:Monte Poggiolo 2317: 2314: 2294:Massif Central 2290:French Riviera 2277: 2274: 2257: 2254: 2242:North Caucasus 2240:and Muhkay-2 ( 2227: 2224: 2211: 2208: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2131: 2128: 2097: 2094: 2070: 2067: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1985: 1952:Main article: 1949: 1946: 1938:Homa Peninsula 1933: 1932:Homa Peninsula 1930: 1928: 1925: 1912: 1909: 1896: 1893: 1851: 1848: 1827: 1824: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1784: 1783: 1775: 1774: 1767: 1766: 1759: 1758: 1751: 1750: 1743: 1742: 1735: 1734: 1727: 1726: 1719: 1718: 1711: 1710: 1703: 1702: 1695: 1694: 1687: 1686: 1679: 1678: 1671: 1670: 1663: 1662: 1655: 1654: 1647: 1646: 1639: 1638: 1631: 1630: 1623: 1622: 1617:Monte Poggiolo 1615: 1614: 1607: 1606: 1599: 1598: 1591: 1590: 1583: 1582: 1575: 1574: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1558: 1551: 1550: 1543: 1542: 1535: 1534: 1527: 1526: 1521:Xiaochangliang 1519: 1518: 1511: 1510: 1503: 1502: 1495: 1494: 1487: 1486: 1479: 1478: 1471: 1470: 1463: 1462: 1455: 1454: 1447: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1432: 1429: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1383: 1360:lateralization 1291: 1290: 1249: 1247: 1240: 1234: 1231: 1214: 1211: 1151: 1148: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1024: 1022: 1015: 1009: 1006: 922: 919: 781: 780: 778: 777: 770: 763: 755: 752: 751: 744: 743: 740: 739: 733: 720: 719: 713: 707: 701: 695: 689: 684: 681:Iberomaurusian 678: 665: 664: 658: 652: 646: 640: 639:(15.5–13.1 ka) 634: 628: 622: 616: 610: 604: 598: 592: 586: 580: 574: 561: 560: 559:(12.2–10.8 ka) 554: 553:(14.5–11.5 ka) 548: 542: 536: 530: 524: 518: 512: 499: 498: 492: 474: 473: 470: 469: 466: 465: 459: 453: 447: 440: 422: 421: 418: 417: 414: 413: 412: 411: 405: 399: 393: 381: 375: 368: 344: 343: 340: 339: 324: 323: 312: 311: 306: 302: 301: 296: 292: 291: 286: 282: 281: 278: 274: 273: 268: 264: 263: 258: 254: 253: 238: 237: 220: 219: 174: 172: 165: 158: 157: 72: 70: 63: 58: 32: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7299: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7257: 7250: 7247: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7194: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7160: 7158: 7157: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7148:Miocene Epoch 7146: 7145: 7140: 7136: 7129: 7124: 7122: 7117: 7115: 7110: 7109: 7106: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7044: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7018: 7015: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7004: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6959: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6937:Simple dolmen 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6922:Passage grave 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6869: 6868:Gallery grave 6866: 6864: 6861: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6830: 6827: 6826: 6825: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6813: 6810: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6798: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6783:Burial mounds 6781: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6766: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6743:Statue menhir 6741: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6731:Stone carving 6729: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6570:Sewing needle 6568: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6479: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6429: 6425: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6398:Timber circle 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6352: 6348: 6347:Tor enclosure 6345: 6344: 6343: 6340: 6336: 6335:fulacht fiadh 6333: 6332: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6068: 6064: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5889: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5571:spear-thrower 5569: 5568: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5549:Bow and arrow 5547: 5543: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5458:Grinding slab 5456: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5390:Domestication 5388: 5386: 5385:Digging stick 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5363:Founder crops 5361: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5304:New Stone Age 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5262: 5257: 5255: 5250: 5248: 5243: 5242: 5239: 5225:on 2007-06-29 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5157: 5154:, article in 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5075:(1): 91–110. 5074: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4900: 4896: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4846:(4): 90–108. 4845: 4841: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4784: 4783:0-671-69371-9 4780: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4714: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4671:(6): e66851. 4670: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4581: 4567:on 2007-08-07 4566: 4562: 4556: 4549: 4543: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4522: 4520: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4354: 4346: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4203:(6): 807–31. 4202: 4198: 4191: 4183: 4182:Olduvai Gorge 4176: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4145:(1): 102976. 4144: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4120: 4107: 4096: 4094: 4085: 4072: 4061: 4053: 4048: 4047: 4041: 4037: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3922: 3914: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3898: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3800: 3785: 3779: 3775: 3774: 3769: 3763: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3716: 3707: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3641:(1): 91–110. 3640: 3636: 3629: 3627: 3618: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3592: 3585: 3579: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3454: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3121: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3061: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2978:10.1038/21415 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2713: 2703: 2695: 2683: 2675: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2616: 2608: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2464: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2438: 2434: 2432: 2431:de:Aïn al Fil 2422: 2420: 2410: 2407: 2391: 2388: 2380: 2377:December 2011 2370: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2354:This section 2352: 2348: 2343: 2342: 2334: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2273: 2267: 2262: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2232: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2207: 2204: 2200: 2199: 2194: 2193: 2184: 2180: 2177: 2172: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2141: 2137: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2082:Olduvai Gorge 2079: 2075: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2032:Olduvai Gorge 2025: 2024:Olduvai Gorge 2022:Chopper from 2020: 2014:Olduvai Gorge 2006: 2003: 1993: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1924: 1922: 1918: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1892: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1875: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1840:Afar triangle 1837: 1833: 1830:Sites in the 1826:Afar Triangle 1820: 1819:Melka Kunture 1816: 1811: 1792: 1787: 1778: 1762: 1746: 1730: 1714: 1698: 1682: 1666: 1650: 1634: 1618: 1602: 1586: 1570: 1554: 1538: 1537:Afar Triangle 1522: 1506: 1505:Olduvai Gorge 1490: 1474: 1458: 1444: 1436: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1403: 1402:Lewis Binford 1399: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1371:food to share 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1351: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1319: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1298: 1287: 1284: 1276: 1266: 1262: 1256: 1255: 1250:This section 1248: 1244: 1239: 1238: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1210: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1165: 1156: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1070: 1067: 1059: 1056:December 2019 1049: 1045: 1041: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1025:This section 1023: 1019: 1014: 1013: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 994: 988: 986: 981: 979: 975: 971: 966: 963: 958: 954: 951: 947: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 918: 916: 915: 910: 909: 904: 903: 898: 897: 892: 891: 885: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 864: 863:prepared-core 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 835:Olduvai Gorge 832: 827: 825: 821: 820: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 796: 792: 788: 776: 771: 769: 764: 762: 757: 756: 754: 753: 750: 746: 745: 737: 736:Afontova Gora 734: 731: 730:Mal'ta–Buret' 728: 727: 726: 724: 717: 714: 711: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 688: 685: 682: 679: 676: 673: 672: 671: 669: 662: 659: 656: 653: 650: 647: 644: 641: 638: 635: 632: 629: 626: 625:Epigravettian 623: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 587: 584: 581: 578: 575: 572: 569: 568: 567: 565: 558: 555: 552: 549: 546: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 506: 505: 503: 497: 494: 493: 488: 477: 472: 471: 463: 460: 457: 454: 451: 448: 445: 442: 441: 436: 425: 420: 419: 409: 406: 403: 400: 397: 394: 391: 388: 387: 385: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 369: 364: 360: 347: 342: 341: 337: 336: 330: 326: 325: 322: 318: 317: 310: 307: 303: 300: 297: 293: 290: 289:Olduvai Gorge 287: 283: 279: 275: 272: 269: 265: 262: 259: 255: 251: 246: 234: 231: 216: 213: 205: 202:February 2008 195: 191: 185: 184: 178: 173: 164: 163: 154: 151: 143: 132: 129: 125: 122: 118: 115: 111: 108: 104: 101: – 100: 96: 95:Find sources: 89: 85: 79: 78: 73:This article 71: 67: 62: 61: 56: 54: 47: 46: 41: 40: 35: 30: 21: 20: 7219: 7178:Serravallian 6878:wedge-shaped 6863:Funeral pyre 6856:Great dolmen 6812:Chamber tomb 6793:Round barrow 6748:Stone circle 6620:Blombos Cave 6548:Grooved ware 6472:Chalcolithic 6376:Thornborough 6294:Flush toilet 6229:Blombos Cave 6224:Rock shelter 6180:Quiggly hole 6072:Architecture 6047:illustration 5717: 5689:Buffalo jump 5510:Storage pits 5473:Aşıklı Höyük 5463:Ground stone 5299:Subdivisions 5227:. Retrieved 5220:the original 5199: 5195: 5180: 5171: 5159: 5155: 5072: 5068: 5041: 5006: 5002: 4976:(1): 23–46. 4973: 4969: 4936: 4932: 4907: 4903: 4876: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4796: 4792: 4774: 4767: 4743: 4739: 4730: 4668: 4664: 4654: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4593:(1): 17–33. 4590: 4586: 4580: 4569:. Retrieved 4565:the original 4555: 4547: 4542: 4534:the original 4528: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4429:(1): 38–45. 4426: 4422: 4411: 4368: 4364: 4353: 4334: 4328: 4317:Raymond Dart 4313:Homo habilis 4312: 4307: 4282: 4278: 4272: 4245: 4241: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4181: 4175: 4142: 4138: 4127: 4106:cite journal 4060: 4045: 4030: 3997: 3993: 3964:10072/383164 3936: 3932: 3921: 3896: 3888: 3871:10261/357555 3853: 3849: 3843: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3787:. Retrieved 3772: 3762: 3727: 3723: 3714: 3706: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3638: 3634: 3598: 3591: 3578: 3535: 3531: 3521: 3491:(1): 23–46. 3488: 3484: 3457:. Retrieved 3446: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3318: 3314: 3304: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3237:the original 3232: 3223: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3114: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3070: 3066: 3053: 3012: 3008: 3002: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2874: 2870: 2820: 2816: 2806: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2722: 2718: 2712: 2702: 2673: 2667: 2626: 2622: 2615: 2606: 2600: 2557: 2551: 2540: 2499: 2495: 2484: 2471: 2467: 2460: 2444: 2435: 2428: 2416: 2406:Xihoudu site 2403: 2383: 2374: 2363:Please help 2358:verification 2355: 2331:Vértesszőlős 2319: 2279: 2271: 2229: 2213: 2198:H. georgicus 2196: 2192:Homo erectus 2190: 2188: 2185:style (left) 2156:Homo erectus 2155: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2144: 2142:technology. 2136:Sterkfontein 2133: 2130:Sterkfontein 2123: 2119: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2072: 2069:South Africa 2056: 2029: 2002:John Gowlett 1999: 1990: 1987:West Turkana 1980: 1976: 1968:Meave Leakey 1960:Lake Turkana 1957: 1948:East Turkana 1942:Paranthropus 1941: 1935: 1916: 1914: 1898: 1888:Homo erectus 1886: 1883:Paranthropus 1882: 1878: 1874:Paranthropus 1872: 1869: 1853: 1836:Hadar region 1829: 1791:Afro-Eurasia 1697:Sterkfontein 1633:Vértesszőlős 1434: 1410: 1406: 1395: 1364: 1352: 1346: 1344: 1340:Paranthropus 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1317: 1313:Homo habilis 1311: 1307: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1279: 1273:January 2010 1270: 1259:Please help 1254:verification 1251: 1227: 1223: 1216: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1173: 1161: 1137: 1127:, and later 1110: 1082: 1062: 1053: 1038:Please help 1026: 1001: 991: 989: 982: 969: 967: 962:Homo erectus 961: 959: 955: 943: 927:Paranthropus 926: 924: 914:Homo erectus 912: 906: 900: 894: 888: 886: 867: 861:designating 858: 854: 850: 843:Louis Leakey 830: 828: 819:Homo erectus 817: 790: 786: 784: 721: 666: 645:(14–12.8 ka) 579:(44.5–36 ka) 562: 541:(18–12.5 ka) 500: 410:(400–220 ka) 404:(424–400 ka) 398:(500–130 ka) 380:(2.6–1.7 Ma) 377: 334: 261:Afro-Eurasia 226: 208: 199: 180: 146: 137: 127: 120: 113: 106: 94: 82:Please help 77:verification 74: 50: 43: 37: 36:Please help 33: 7241: / 7168:Burdigalian 6900:unchambered 6895:Long barrow 6885:Grave goods 6841:Court cairn 6836:Clava cairn 6788:Bowl barrow 6726:Rock cupule 6669:Golden hats 6662:Hill figure 6563:Unstan ware 6543:Cord-marked 6408:Sweet Track 6330:Burnt mound 6251:Stilt house 6239:Sibudu Cave 6032:Tally stick 6000:Quern-stone 5985:Hammerstone 5975:Fire plough 5946:Pesse canoe 5904:Bannerstone 5874:Other tools 5787:Lithic core 5735:Aurignacian 5623:Bare Island 5505:Quern-stone 5202:: 118–164. 4829:Harris, JWK 2690:|work= 2266:Duero river 2234: [ 2124:P. robustus 2090:Vereeniging 2078:Abbevillean 2074:Abbé Breuil 2052:Abbevillian 2040:Mary Leakey 1972:Glynn Isaac 1367:Glynn Isaac 1218:Abbevillian 1213:Abbevillian 1086:hammerstone 1079:Manufacture 946:chimpanzees 939:Awash River 908:H. ergaster 874:assemblages 870:Mary Leakey 824:Afar Region 800:(style) in 643:Federmesser 631:Magdalenian 601:Périgordian 589:Aurignacian 527:Aurignacian 521:Baradostian 464:(130–10 ka) 458:(130–70 ka) 452:(145–20 ka) 446:(160–40 ka) 321:Paleolithic 305:Followed by 295:Preceded by 285:Major sites 194:introducing 7256:Categories 7226:36°12′03″N 7204:Piacenzian 7163:Aquitanian 7039:trepanning 6932:Ring cairn 6890:Jar burial 6873:transepted 6805:U.S. sites 6706:Petroglyph 6632:Bird stone 6590:wine press 6263:Stone roof 6246:Roundhouse 6138:long house 6115:Stonehenge 6083:Ceremonial 6027:Stone tool 5854:Tool stone 5824:Metallurgy 5728:Mousterian 5705:Toolmaking 5643:Cumberland 5616:Transverse 5586:Schöningen 5478:Qesem cave 5446:Earth oven 5400:Irrigation 5311:Technology 5279:Prehistory 5229:2007-01-27 4571:2019-11-09 4550:, #1, 1-9. 4285:(1): 5–7. 4264:2125149854 4080:|url= 3745:10316/3758 3073:(1): 5–22. 2284:, 1.5 Ma; 2120:H. habilis 2102:Swartkrans 2096:Swartkrans 2086:Vaal River 1954:Koobi Fora 1899:Along the 1877:and early 1821:, Ethiopia 1585:Swartkrans 1457:Koobi Fora 1423:, pig and 1417:hartebeest 1356:Handedness 1306:and early 1233:Tool users 1169:spheroidal 1140:Swartkrans 950:orangutans 937:(near the 902:H. habilis 802:prehistory 795:stone tool 749:Mesolithic 738:(21–12 ka} 732:(24–15 ka) 706:(15–11 ka) 700:(15—11 ka) 694:(22–14 ka) 683:(25–11 ka) 677:(42–18 ka) 657:(13–12 ka) 655:Ahrensburg 651:(14–10 ka) 633:(17–12 ka) 627:(20–10 ka) 621:(22–17 ka) 615:(29–25 ka) 609:(33–24 ka) 607:Gravettian 603:(35–20 ka) 591:(43–26 ka) 585:(43–32 ka) 573:(48–40 ka) 571:Bohunician 545:Trialetian 535:(20–10 ka) 529:(35–29 ka) 523:(36–18 ka) 517:(46–42 ka) 511:(50–40 ka) 444:Mousterian 402:Clactonian 356: 3.3 177:references 140:March 2010 110:newspapers 39:improve it 7229:5°39′16″E 7188:Messinian 7183:Tortonian 7083:symbolism 6947:Tor cairn 6905:Grønsalen 6846:Cremation 6738:Sculpture 6716:Pictogram 6701:Petroform 6521:amber use 6489:Cosmetics 6299:Reservoir 6284:Check dam 6214:Pueblitos 6209:Pit-house 6192:Longhouse 6126:Dwellings 5995:Microlith 5926:Bow drill 5921:Bone tool 5914:prismatic 5723:Acheulean 5638:Cresswell 5611:Arrowhead 5537:Boomerang 5453:Granaries 5415:Terracing 5294:Stone Age 4961:159678644 4695:1932-6203 4607:0093-4690 4459:241117283 4443:2397-334X 4403:214763272 4387:0036-8075 4242:Antiquity 4167:245483449 4159:0003-5521 3880:224798730 3698:159678644 3655:0002-9483 3552:0962-8436 3505:0047-2484 3459:April 18, 2907:256697931 2839:1476-5640 2692:ignored ( 2682:cite book 2316:Elsewhere 2306:limestone 2286:Abbeville 2246:Daghestan 2231:Ainikab-1 2216:Kozarnika 2183:Acheulean 2140:Acheulean 1881:fossils. 1860:Omo River 1761:He County 1745:Kashafrud 1649:Kozarnika 1553:Omo River 1421:springbok 1413:waterbuck 1117:quartzite 1027:does not 978:Atapuerca 829:The term 814:Acheulean 718:(10–8 ka) 712:(15–5 ka) 687:Mushabian 675:Khormusan 663:(11–8 ka) 661:Swiderian 619:Solutrean 613:Pavlovian 595:Szeletian 547:(16–8 ka) 456:Micoquien 390:Madrasian 384:Acheulean 309:Acheulean 299:Lomekwi 3 99:"Oldowan" 45:talk page 7272:Pliocene 7199:Zanclean 7173:Langhian 6721:Rock art 6684:painting 6657:Geoglyph 6482:timeline 6462:Beadwork 6202:Mehrgarh 6197:Mudbrick 6105:megalith 5980:Fire-saw 5802:debitage 5797:analysis 5765:Hand axe 5745:Cupstone 5323:Glossary 5284:Timeline 5216:15605391 5118:Archived 5106:Archived 5033:26483534 5009:(1682). 4760:15701526 4713:23840539 4665:PLOS ONE 4510:32726786 4502:12098694 4451:33168991 4395:32241925 4260:ProQuest 4217:10600321 4071:cite web 4038:(2005). 4022:13007032 4014:25470615 3973:30498166 3754:18359504 3570:26483534 3430:25993961 3378:11249821 3335:16249015 3296:10973485 3207:15457258 3106:67784955 3045:25139547 3037:12511649 2986:10385119 2943:14529651 2899:36758076 2847:12494313 2790:10213682 2747:41163323 2659:43698095 2592:32181331 2524:25993961 2419:Pakistan 2413:Pakistan 2302:Pyrenees 2298:Tautavel 2210:Bulgaria 2195:skulls ( 2146:Drimolen 2036:Tanzania 2009:Tanzania 1905:Chellean 1844:trachyte 1815:choppers 1813:Oldowan 1805:Ethiopia 1729:Ubeidiya 1681:Homa Bay 1601:Dagestan 1387:hominids 1380:hominins 1176:scrapers 1125:obsidian 935:Ethiopia 911:. Early 899:such as 882:scrapers 878:choppers 839:Tanzania 810:Hominins 716:Magosian 704:Sebilian 557:Khiamian 551:Natufian 515:Ahmarian 408:Mugharan 392:(1.5 Ma) 374:(3.3 Ma) 329:Pliocene 7078:Symbols 6689:pigment 6575:Weaving 6538:Cardium 6533:Pottery 6528:Mirrors 6516:Jewelry 6457:Baskets 6437:culture 6289:Cistern 6095:Pyramid 6037:Weapons 6015:Scraper 6005:Racloir 5965:Cleaver 5953:Chopper 5859:Uniface 5770:Grooves 5760:Hafting 5718:Oldowan 5677:Systems 5628:Cascade 5591:woomera 5581:harpoon 5554:history 5520:Hunting 5500:Pottery 5441:Cooking 5350:Farming 5316:history 5289:Outline 5175:at the 5134:at the 5089:9034041 5024:4614719 4990:9680465 4953:3630322 4912:Bibcode 4848:Bibcode 4821:1490212 4801:Bibcode 4724:Sources 4704:3689005 4673:Bibcode 4482:Bibcode 4474:Science 4365:Science 4321:leopard 4299:3886662 4042:(ed.). 3941:Bibcode 3933:Science 3835:1490212 3815:Bibcode 3663:9034041 3561:4614719 3513:9680465 3438:1207285 3410:Bibcode 3386:6170692 3358:Bibcode 3350:Science 3264:Bibcode 3215:4394427 3187:Bibcode 3163:8108729 3143:Bibcode 3135:Science 3017:Bibcode 3009:Science 2994:4385871 2966:Bibcode 2879:Bibcode 2871:Science 2798:6620385 2770:Bibcode 2762:Science 2727:Bibcode 2651:8009220 2631:Bibcode 2623:Science 2583:7056306 2562:Bibcode 2532:1207285 2504:Bibcode 2404:At the 2326:Kärlich 2203:Dmanisi 2176:Dmanisi 2166:Georgia 2116:primate 2048:Richard 1996:Kilombe 1917:Science 1911:Algeria 1858:of the 1838:of the 1834:in the 1789:Map of 1777:Xihoudu 1665:Socotra 1473:Dmanisi 1206:de novo 1190:tools. 1164:chopper 1048:removed 1033:sources 985:Lomekwi 974:Dmanisi 831:Oldowan 787:Oldowan 723:Siberia 710:Eburran 649:Azilian 637:Hamburg 539:Kebaran 533:Zarzian 462:Sangoan 450:Aterian 433:300–50 396:Soanian 378:Oldowan 372:Lomekwi 333:before 243:Oldowan 190:improve 124:scholar 7056:flutes 6851:Dolmen 6775:Burial 6585:winery 6558:Linear 6388:Midden 6366:Cursus 6359:Goseck 6219:Pueblo 6170:Dugout 6155:Burdei 5834:Mining 5658:Lamoka 5653:Folsom 5633:Clovis 5490:Metate 5468:Hearth 5436:Basket 5410:Sickle 5214: 5160:Nature 5156:Nature 5087: 5056: 5031: 5021: 4988: 4959: 4951: 4891: 4868:418504 4866: 4819: 4781: 4758: 4711: 4701: 4693: 4615:530366 4613: 4605: 4508: 4500: 4457: 4449: 4441: 4401: 4393: 4385: 4341: 4297: 4262: 4215: 4165: 4157: 4020: 4012: 3971: 3909: 3878: 3833: 3789:20 May 3780: 3752: 3696: 3661: 3653: 3613: 3568: 3558: 3550: 3511: 3503: 3436: 3428: 3402:Nature 3384: 3376: 3333: 3294: 3284: 3213: 3205: 3179:Nature 3161: 3104: 3043: 3035: 2992: 2984: 2958:Nature 2941: 2905: 2897: 2845: 2837: 2796: 2788: 2745: 2719:Nature 2657: 2649: 2590: 2580: 2530: 2522: 2496:Nature 2463:Ruhama 2457:Israel 2310:quartz 2276:France 2226:Russia 2161:Europe 1800:Africa 1184:burins 1121:basalt 1113:quartz 859:Mode 3 855:Mode 2 851:Mode 1 791:Mode I 692:Halfan 668:Africa 564:Europe 509:Emiran 485:50–12 479: 427: 361:– 300 349: 267:Period 179:, but 126: 119: 112: 105: 97: 6973:sites 6917:Mummy 6637:Cairn 6553:Jōmon 6504:shoes 6499:Hides 6371:Henge 6325:Broch 6187:Jacal 6042:Wheel 5990:Knife 5936:Canoe 5931:Burin 5909:Blade 5807:flake 5668:Plano 5576:baton 5566:Spear 5532:Arrow 5485:Manos 5338:Tools 5223:(PDF) 5192:(PDF) 5162:site. 4957:S2CID 4949:JSTOR 4817:S2CID 4611:JSTOR 4506:S2CID 4455:S2CID 4399:S2CID 4295:JSTOR 4163:S2CID 4018:S2CID 4010:JSTOR 3876:S2CID 3831:S2CID 3720:(PDF) 3694:S2CID 3455:. NPR 3434:S2CID 3382:S2CID 3287:27082 3211:S2CID 3102:S2CID 3063:(PDF) 3041:S2CID 2990:S2CID 2903:S2CID 2794:S2CID 2743:S2CID 2655:S2CID 2528:S2CID 2476:Notes 2425:Syria 2400:China 2256:Spain 2238:] 2088:, at 2044:Louis 1927:Kenya 1921:Setif 1895:Egypt 1713:Riwat 1425:zebra 1328:garhi 1133:chert 1129:flint 1123:, or 1106:flake 1008:Tools 698:Qadan 277:Dates 131:JSTOR 117:books 7066:gudi 6824:Cist 6753:list 6580:Wine 6509:Ötzi 6494:Glue 6467:Beds 6435:and 6433:Arts 6304:Well 6160:Cave 6090:Kiva 6020:side 6010:Rope 5958:tool 5892:bone 5882:Adze 5648:Eden 5561:Nets 5431:Fire 5395:Goad 5380:Celt 5212:PMID 5085:PMID 5054:ISBN 5029:PMID 4986:PMID 4889:ISBN 4864:PMID 4834:1975 4779:ISBN 4756:PMID 4709:PMID 4691:ISSN 4603:ISSN 4498:PMID 4447:PMID 4439:ISSN 4391:PMID 4383:ISSN 4339:ISBN 4213:PMID 4155:ISSN 4119:help 4084:help 4054:–92. 3969:PMID 3907:ISBN 3791:2014 3778:ISBN 3750:PMID 3659:PMID 3651:ISSN 3611:ISBN 3566:PMID 3548:ISSN 3509:PMID 3501:ISSN 3461:2015 3426:PMID 3374:PMID 3331:PMID 3292:PMID 3203:PMID 3159:PMID 3033:PMID 2982:PMID 2939:PMID 2895:PMID 2843:PMID 2835:ISSN 2786:PMID 2694:help 2647:PMID 2588:PMID 2520:PMID 2447:Iran 2441:Iran 2337:Asia 2308:and 2154:and 2112:Homo 2100:The 1981:Homo 1979:and 1901:Nile 1879:Homo 1569:Nile 1400:and 1347:Homo 1336:Homo 1334:and 1318:Homo 1308:Homo 1297:Homo 1180:awls 1131:and 1094:core 1031:any 1029:cite 1002:Homo 993:Homo 970:Homo 948:and 931:Gona 905:and 896:Homo 789:(or 785:The 335:Homo 319:The 103:news 6175:Hut 6110:row 5941:Oar 5899:Axe 5887:Awl 5204:doi 5181:Man 5077:doi 5073:102 5046:doi 5019:PMC 5011:doi 5007:370 4978:doi 4941:doi 4920:doi 4881:doi 4856:doi 4844:238 4809:doi 4748:doi 4699:PMC 4681:doi 4642:doi 4638:119 4595:doi 4490:doi 4478:297 4431:doi 4373:doi 4369:368 4287:doi 4250:doi 4205:doi 4147:doi 4143:126 4002:doi 3959:hdl 3949:doi 3937:362 3866:hdl 3858:doi 3823:doi 3740:hdl 3732:doi 3686:doi 3643:doi 3639:102 3603:doi 3556:PMC 3540:doi 3536:370 3493:doi 3418:doi 3406:521 3366:doi 3354:291 3323:doi 3282:PMC 3272:doi 3195:doi 3183:431 3151:doi 3139:263 3094:doi 3025:doi 3013:299 2974:doi 2962:399 2931:doi 2887:doi 2875:379 2825:doi 2778:doi 2766:284 2735:doi 2723:196 2639:doi 2627:264 2578:PMC 2570:doi 2512:doi 2500:521 2445:In 2417:In 2367:by 2214:At 2122:or 2034:of 1404:.) 1358:" ( 1263:by 1042:by 933:in 837:in 86:by 7258:: 5210:. 5200:47 5198:. 5194:. 5083:. 5071:. 5052:. 5027:. 5017:. 5005:. 5001:. 4984:. 4974:35 4972:. 4955:. 4947:. 4937:47 4935:. 4918:. 4908:12 4906:. 4887:. 4862:. 4854:. 4842:. 4815:. 4807:. 4797:27 4795:. 4754:. 4744:48 4742:. 4707:. 4697:. 4689:. 4679:. 4667:. 4663:. 4636:. 4632:. 4609:. 4601:. 4591:19 4589:. 4518:^ 4504:. 4496:. 4488:. 4476:. 4453:. 4445:. 4437:. 4425:. 4421:. 4397:. 4389:. 4381:. 4367:. 4363:. 4293:. 4281:. 4258:. 4246:92 4244:. 4240:. 4225:^ 4211:. 4201:37 4199:. 4161:. 4153:. 4137:. 4110:: 4108:}} 4104:{{ 4092:^ 4075:: 4073:}} 4069:{{ 4052:55 4016:. 4008:. 3998:23 3996:. 3981:^ 3967:. 3957:. 3947:. 3935:. 3931:. 3905:. 3874:. 3864:. 3854:45 3852:. 3829:. 3821:. 3811:27 3809:. 3748:. 3738:. 3728:55 3726:. 3722:. 3692:. 3682:47 3680:. 3657:. 3649:. 3637:. 3625:^ 3609:. 3564:. 3554:. 3546:. 3534:. 3530:. 3507:. 3499:. 3489:35 3487:. 3483:. 3469:^ 3432:. 3424:. 3416:. 3404:. 3380:. 3372:. 3364:. 3352:. 3329:. 3319:50 3317:. 3313:. 3290:. 3280:. 3270:. 3260:97 3258:. 3254:. 3231:. 3209:. 3201:. 3193:. 3181:. 3157:. 3149:. 3137:. 3100:. 3090:11 3088:. 3071:22 3069:. 3065:. 3039:. 3031:. 3023:. 3011:. 2988:. 2980:. 2972:. 2960:. 2937:. 2927:45 2925:. 2901:. 2893:. 2885:. 2873:. 2869:. 2855:^ 2841:. 2833:. 2821:56 2819:. 2815:. 2792:. 2784:. 2776:. 2764:. 2741:. 2733:. 2721:. 2686:: 2684:}} 2680:{{ 2653:. 2645:. 2637:. 2625:. 2586:. 2576:. 2568:. 2556:. 2550:. 2526:. 2518:. 2510:. 2498:. 2312:. 2244:, 2236:ru 2222:. 2065:. 2054:. 1983:. 1923:. 1891:. 1419:, 1415:, 1326:, 1310:. 1178:, 1119:, 1115:, 880:, 747:↓ 725:: 670:: 566:: 504:: 487:ka 483:c. 435:ka 431:c. 363:ka 359:Ma 353:c. 327:↑ 48:. 7127:e 7120:t 7113:v 5260:e 5253:t 5246:v 5232:. 5206:: 5091:. 5079:: 5062:. 5048:: 5035:. 5013:: 4992:. 4980:: 4963:. 4943:: 4926:. 4922:: 4914:: 4897:. 4883:: 4870:. 4858:: 4850:: 4823:. 4811:: 4803:: 4762:. 4750:: 4715:. 4683:: 4675:: 4669:8 4648:. 4644:: 4617:. 4597:: 4574:. 4512:. 4492:: 4484:: 4461:. 4433:: 4427:5 4405:. 4375:: 4347:. 4323:. 4301:. 4289:: 4283:1 4266:. 4252:: 4219:. 4207:: 4169:. 4149:: 4121:) 4117:( 4086:) 4082:( 4024:. 4004:: 3975:. 3961:: 3951:: 3943:: 3915:. 3903:9 3882:. 3868:: 3860:: 3837:. 3825:: 3817:: 3793:. 3756:. 3742:: 3734:: 3700:. 3688:: 3665:. 3645:: 3619:. 3605:: 3572:. 3542:: 3515:. 3495:: 3463:. 3440:. 3420:: 3412:: 3388:. 3368:: 3360:: 3337:. 3325:: 3298:. 3274:: 3266:: 3217:. 3197:: 3189:: 3165:. 3153:: 3145:: 3108:. 3096:: 3047:. 3027:: 3019:: 2996:. 2976:: 2968:: 2945:. 2933:: 2909:. 2889:: 2881:: 2849:. 2827:: 2800:. 2780:: 2772:: 2749:. 2737:: 2729:: 2696:) 2661:. 2641:: 2633:: 2594:. 2572:: 2564:: 2558:6 2534:. 2514:: 2506:: 2390:) 2384:( 2379:) 2375:( 2361:. 1354:" 1286:) 1280:( 1275:) 1271:( 1257:. 1069:) 1063:( 1058:) 1054:( 1050:. 1036:. 774:e 767:t 760:v 489:) 481:( 437:) 429:( 365:) 351:( 338:) 331:( 233:) 227:( 215:) 209:( 204:) 200:( 186:. 153:) 147:( 142:) 138:( 128:· 121:· 114:· 107:· 80:. 55:) 51:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index