Acheulean - Knowledge

824: 1395: 623: 1648: 1567: 129: 3554: 3808: 239: 25: 231: 2027: 251: 571:, as well. It is therefore important not to see the Acheulean as a neatly defined period or one that happened as part of a clear sequence but as one tool-making technique that flourished especially well in early prehistory. The enormous geographic spread of Acheulean techniques also makes the name unwieldy as it represents numerous regional variations on a similar theme. The term Acheulean does not represent a common 3542: 1466: 1434: 1402: 1498: 1482: 1418: 1514: 1450: 438:. He had found them in prehistoric lake deposits along with the bones of extinct animals and concluded that they were made by people "who had not the use of metals" and that they belonged to a "very ancient period indeed, even beyond the present world". His ideas were, however, ignored by his contemporaries, who subscribed to a pre- 1721:; the parts of the brain connected with fine control and movement are located in the same region that controls speech. The wider variety of tool types compared to earlier industries and their aesthetically as well as functionally pleasing form could indicate a higher intellectual level in Acheulean tool users than in earlier 1782:, which has placed greater emphasis on studying animal bones from archaeological sites, this view has changed. Many of the animals at these kill sites have been found to have been killed by other predator animals, so it is likely that humans of the period supplemented hunting with scavenging from already dead animals. 1763:, are sometimes cited as being some of the earliest examples of an aesthetic sensibility in human history. There are numerous other explanations put forward for the creation of these artefacts; however, evidence of human art did not become commonplace until around 50,000 years ago, after the emergence of modern 562:

Relative dating techniques (based on a presumption that technology progresses over time) suggest that Acheulean tools followed on from earlier, cruder tool-making methods, but there is considerable chronological overlap in early prehistoric stone-working industries, with evidence in some regions that

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From geological dating of sedimentary deposits, it appears that the Acheulean originated in Africa and spread to Asian, Middle Eastern, and European areas sometime between 1.5 million years ago and about 800 thousand years ago. In individual regions, this dating can be considerably refined;

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Stone knapping with limited digital dexterity makes the center of mass the required direction of flake removal. Physics then dictates a circular or oval end pattern, similar to the handaxe, for a leftover core after flake production. This would explain the abundance, wide distribution, proximity to

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A hard hammerstone would first be used to rough out the shape of the tool from the stone by removing large flakes. These large flakes might be re-used to create tools. The tool maker would work around the circumference of the remaining stone core, removing smaller flakes alternately from each face.

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The Mode 2 Acheulean toolmakers also used the Mode 1 flake tool method but supplemented it by using bone, antler, or wood to shape stone tools. This type of hammer, compared to stone, yields more control over the shape of the finished tool. Unlike the earlier Mode 1 industries, it was the core that

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and China, however, cast doubt on the reliability of Movius's distinction. Since then, a different division known as the Roe Line has been suggested. This runs across North Africa to Israel and thence to India, separating two different techniques used by Acheulean toolmakers. North and east of the

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on Acheulean tools suggests there was generally no specialization in the different types created and that they were multi-use implements. Functions included hacking wood from a tree, cutting animal carcasses as well as scraping and cutting hides when necessary. Some tools, however, could have been

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Recently, it has been suggested that the Acheulean tool users adopted the handaxe as a social artifact, meaning that it embodied something beyond its function of a butchery or wood cutting tool. Knowing how to create and use these tools would have been a valuable skill and the more elaborate ones

660:. The resulting flake that broke off would have a natural sharp edge for cutting and could afterwards be sharpened further by striking another smaller flake from the edge if necessary (known as "retouch"). These early toolmakers may also have worked the stone they took the flake from (known as a 1843:

in France. The presence of the shelters is inferred from large rocks at the sites, which may have been used to weigh down the bottoms of tent-like structures or serve as foundations for huts or windbreaks. These stones may have been naturally deposited. In any case, a flimsy wood or animal skin

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Once the roughout shape was created, a further phase of flaking was undertaken to make the tool thinner. The thinning flakes were removed using a softer hammer, such as bone or antler. The softer hammer required more careful preparation of the striking platform and this would be abraded using a

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Clark, J. Desmond; Beyene, Yonas; WoldeGabriel, Giday; Hart, William K.; Renne, Paul R.; Gilbert, Henry; Defleur, Alban; Suwa, Gen; Katoh, Shigehiro; Ludwig, Kenneth R.; Boisserie, Jean-Renaud; Asfaw, Berhane; White, Tim D. (June 2003). "Stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of

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Some smaller tools were made from large flakes that had been struck from stone cores. These flake tools and the distinctive waste flakes produced in Acheulean tool manufacture suggest a more considered technique, one that required the toolmaker to think one or two steps ahead during work that

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Cruz-Uribe, Kathryn; Klein, Richard G; Avery, Graham; Avery, Margaret; Halkett, David; Hart, Timothy; Milo, Richard G; Garth Sampson, C; Volman, Thomas P (1 May 2003). "Excavation of buried Late Acheulean (Mid-Quaternary) land surfaces at Duinefontein 2, Western Cape Province, South Africa".

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One theory goes further and suggests that some special hand-axes were made and displayed by males in search of a mate, using a large, well-made hand-axe to demonstrate that they possessed sufficient strength and skill to pass on to their offspring. Once they had attracted a female at a group

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claim that the site provides evidence of "advanced human behavior" half a million years earlier than has previously been estimated. Their report describes an Acheulean layer at the site in which numerous stone tools, animal bones, and plant remains have been found.

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gathering, it is suggested that they would discard their axes, perhaps explaining why so many are found together. This popular sexual selection hypothesis is controversial due to the assumptions made about sexual selection among extinct organisms.

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suggest that they played a role in their owners' identity and their interactions with others. This would help explain the apparent over-sophistication of some examples which may represent a "historically accrued social significance".

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Acheulean hand-axe from Egypt. Found on a hill top plateau, 1400 feet above sea level, nine miles northwest of the city of Naqada, Egypt. Paleolithic artifact displayed in the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology of

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Scarre, 2005, chapter 3, p118 "However, objects whose artistic meaning is unequivocal become commonplace only after 50,000 years ago, when they are associated with the origins and spread of fully modern humans from

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Mimi Lam, a researcher from the University of British Columbia, has suggested that Acheulean hand-axes became "the first commodity: A marketable good or service that has value and is used as an item for exchange."

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Pappu, Shanti; Gunnell, Yanni; Akhilesh, Kumar; Braucher, Régis; Taieb, Maurice; Demory, François; Thouveny, Nicolas (25 March 2011). "Early Pleistocene Presence of Acheulian Hominins in South India".

1725:. Others argue that there is no correlation between spatial abilities in tool making and linguistic behaviour, and that language is not learned or conceived in the same manner as artefact manufacture. 2323:

Goren-Inbar, N.; Feibel, C. S.; Verosub, K. L.; Melamed, Y.; Kislev, M. E.; Tchernov, E.; Saragusti, I. (2000). "Pleistocene Milestones on the Out-of-Africa Corridor at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel".

698:'s division into Early Acheulean, Middle Acheulean, Late Middle Acheulean and Late Acheulean for material from Britain. These schemes are normally regional and their dating and interpretations vary. 788:

could be exploited. In all cases the toolmakers worked their handaxes close to the source of their raw materials, suggesting that the Acheulean was a set of skills passed between individual groups.

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In Africa, there is a distinct difference in the tools made before and after 600,000 years ago with the older group being thicker and less symmetric and the younger being more extensively trimmed.

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where animals would gather to drink, were interpreted as being where Acheulean tool users killed game, butchered their carcasses, and then discarded the tools they had used. Since the advent of

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was prized over the flakes that came from it. Another advance was that the Mode 2 tools were worked symmetrically and on both sides indicating greater care in the production of the final tool.

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of deposits containing volcanic ashes. Acheulean tools in South Asia have also been found to be dated as far as 1.5 million years ago. However, in 2003 examples of the Acheulean from the

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Lepre, Christopher J.; Roche, Hélène; Kent, Dennis V.; Harmand, Sonia; Quinn, Rhonda L.; Brugal, Jean-Philippe; Texier, Pierre-Jean; Lenoble, Arnaud; Feibel, Craig S. (September 2011).

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and it is almost certain that the Acheulean developed from this older industry. These industries are known as the Developed Oldowan and are almost certainly transitional between the

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Providing calendrical dates and ordered chronological sequences in the study of early stone tool manufacture is often accomplished through one or more geological techniques, such as

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In the four divisions of prehistoric stone-working, Acheulean artefacts are classified as Mode 2, meaning they are more advanced than the (usually earlier) Mode 1 tools of the

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Asfaw, Berhane; Beyene, Yonas; Suwa, Gen; Walter, Robert C.; White, Tim D.; WoldeGabriel, Giday; Yemane, Tesfaye (December 1992). "The earliest Acheulean from Konso-Gardula".

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Ashton, Nick; McNabb, John; Irving, Brian; Lewis, Simon; Parfitt, Simon (2 January 2015). "Contemporaneity of Clactonian and Acheulian flint industries at Barnham, Suffolk".

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to about 1.76 million years ago, and in 2023 finds from Ethiopia were reported dating to 1.95 million years ago. The earliest user of Acheulean tools may have been

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Final shaping was then applied to the usable cutting edge of the tool, again using fine removal of flakes. Some Acheulean tools were sharpened instead by the removal of a

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technologies in multiple continental regions and ended over 100,000 years apart – in Africa and the Near East: 175–166 kya, in Europe: 141–130 kya and in Asia: 57–53 kya.

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Roe Line, Acheulean hand-axes were made directly from large stone nodules and cores; while, to the south and west, they were made from flakes struck from these nodules.

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in Europe for example, it was thought that Acheulean methods did not reach the continent until around 500,000 years ago. However, more recent research demonstrated that

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Isaac, Glynn L. (October 1976). "Stages of Cultural Elaboration in the Pleistocene: Possible Archaeological Indicators of the Development of Language Capabilities".

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Only limited artefactual evidence survives of the users of Acheulean tools other than the stone tools themselves. Cave sites were exploited for habitation, but the

3260:...the most conservative conclusion today is that Acheulean people and their contemporaries definitely hunted big animals, though their success rate is not clear 3171:

Tryon, Christian A.; McBrearty, Sally (January 2002). "Tephrostratigraphy and the Acheulian to Middle Stone Age transition in the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya".

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Roche, Hélène; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Delagnes, Anne; Feibel, Craig; Harmand, Sonia; Kibunjia, Mzalendo; Prat, Sandrine; Texier, Pierre-Jean (December 2003).

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in northern France. Again, his theories attributing great antiquity to the finds were spurned by his colleagues, until one of de Perthes' main opponents,

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which is not thought to have been colonized by hominids until later. It is thought that from Africa their use spread north and east to Asia: from

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for the removal of the next. Misjudged blows or flaws in the material used could cause problems, but a skilled toolmaker could overcome them.

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across northern India to show where the traditions seemed to diverge. Later finds of Acheulean tools at Chongokni in South Korea and also in

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Todd, Lawrence; Glantz, Michelle; Kappelman, John (2 January 2015). "Chilga Kernet: an Acheulean landscape on Ethiopia's western plateau".

1647: 450: 381:(also known as "Epi-Acheulean") is included, it may be taken to last until as late as 130,000 years ago. In Europe and Western Asia, early 1627:

Until the 1980s, it was thought that the humans who arrived in East Asia abandoned the hand-axe technology of their ancestors and adopted

4176: 2739:, in K.R. Gibson & T. Ingold (ed.), Tools, language and cognition in human evolution: 230–50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 534:, who first appeared about 1.8 million years ago (not all researchers use this formal name, and instead prefer to call these users 5903: 5354: 2648:

Paddayya, K.; Jhaldiyal, Richa; Petraglia, M.D. (2 January 2015). "Excavation of an Acheulian workshop at Isampur, Karnataka (India)".

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Stout, Dietrich; Apel, Jan; Commander, Julia; Roberts, Mark (January 2014). "Late Acheulean technology and cognition at Boxgrove, UK".

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of northern Israel, have revealed evidence of human habitation in the area from as early as 750,000 years ago. Archaeologists from the

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is generally credited as being the first to suggest a very ancient date for Acheulean hand-axes. In 1797, he sent two examples to the

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remains. It is thought that Acheulean technologies first developed about 2 million years ago, derived from the more primitive

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The geographic distribution of Acheulean tools – and thus the peoples who made them – is often interpreted as being the result of

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industries but lacking the sophistication of the (usually later) Mode 3 Middle Palaeolithic technology, exemplified by the

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in Ullrich, H (ed.), Hominid evolution: lifestyles and survival strategies, pp 396–409, Gelsenkirchen: Edition Archaea.

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industry. Transitional tool forms between the two are called Mousterian of Acheulean Tradition, or MTA types. The long

481: 61: 6222: 5481: 4387: 3650: 3373: 3348: 3323: 1836: 255: 108: 5688: 5575: 4314: 3392:, in After the Australopithecines, Butzer, KW and Issac, G Ll. (eds) 745–808. The Hague:Mouton, qtd in Scarre, 2005 3135:, in The Human Revolution (P Mellars and C Stringer eds) Edinburgh University Press, qtd in Renfrew and Bahn, 1991. 1744: 473:, began finding more tools near Saint Acheul. Following visits to both Abbeville and Saint Acheul by the geologist 2752:, in N. Ashton, F. Healey & P.Pettitt (ed.), Stone Age archaeology: 105–9. Oxford: Oxbow Books. Monograph 102. 1660:

For further details of the known environment and people during the time when Acheulean tools were being made, see

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As the period of Acheulean tool use is so vast, efforts have been made to classify various stages of it such as

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White, Mark J. (18 February 2014). "On the Significance of Acheulean Biface Variability in Southern Britain".

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The symmetry of the hand-axes has been used to suggest that Acheulean tool users possessed the ability to use

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is that the stone was worked symmetrically and on both sides. For the latter reason, handaxes are, along with

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O'Brien, Eileen M. (February 1981). "The Projectile Capabilities of an Acheulian Handaxe From Olorgesailie".

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The unitary hypothesis: a common neural circuitry for novel manipulations, language, plan-ahead and throwing

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where hundreds of hand-axes, many impractically large and also apparently unused, have been found in close

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in the modern sense, rather it is a basic method for making stone tools that was shared across much of the

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tools instead. An apparent division between Acheulean and non-Acheulean tool industries was identified by

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Areas further north did not see human occupation until much later, due to glaciation. In Athirampakkam at

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The implications of stone tool types for the presenceof language during the Lower and Middle Palaeolithic

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have produced evidence that suggests Acheulean hand-axes might not always have had a functional purpose.

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was discovered in the fifth layer (so-called Acheulean layer) of the cave. Specialists named this type "

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era across Africa and much of West Asia, South Asia, East Asia and Europe, and are typically found with

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Regionally subdivided end times of the Acheulean show that it persisted long after the diffusion of

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Acheulean tool-using groups were contemporary with other, less sophisticated industries such as the

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Biglari, Fereidoun; Shidrang, Sonia (September 2006). "The Lower Paleolithic Occupation of Iran".

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is most often associated with the tools but its use is concentrated in Western Europe; in Africa

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worked tools that could be manufactured from the large flakes themselves or from prepared cores.

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from Africa. Conclusive evidence of mastery over it this early is, however, difficult to find.

1786: 882: 740:, and segmental chopping tools. Materials used were determined by available local stone types; 622: 501: 2877: 5915: 5851: 5725: 5418: 5344: 5118: 5113: 5051: 4990: 4927: 4875: 4868: 4414: 3973: 1729: 1628: 1504: 1327: 1149: 1131: 737: 413: 402: 323: 174: 5300: 1831:

also possibly built shelters such as those identified in connection with Acheulean tools at

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in England is another famous Acheulean site. Up until the 1970s these kill sites, often at

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although there is some debate over whether these items were tools or just discarded cores.

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Cultural evolution in France in its palaeoecological setting during the middle Pleistocene

3297:"HU: Evidence of advanced human life half a million years earlier than previously thought" 8: 6171: 5836: 5641: 5474: 5007: 4880: 4761: 4736: 4278: 4186: 4161: 3968: 3943: 2797:

Kohn, Marek; Mithen, Steven (2 January 2015). "Handaxes: products of sexual selection?".

2460:"Neanderthal and early modern human stone tool culture co-existed for over 100,000 years" 1706: 1581:

Acheulean stone tools have been found across the continent of Africa, save for the dense

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is another site where Acheulean tools were found. In 1968, a lower jaw of a new type of

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necessitated a clear sequence of steps to create perhaps several tools in one sitting.

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of Ethiopia, Acheulean hand-axes are dated to about 1.5 million years ago using

154: 3558: 3091: 1700:) used it extensively. Late Acheulean tools were still used by species derived from 6159: 6066: 5809: 5592: 5392: 5312: 5268: 5068: 4890: 4741: 4701: 4171: 4166: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4050: 4045: 4035: 3851: 3708: 3693: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3645: 3232: 3188: 3114: 3079: 3048: 3028: 2939: 2904: 2806: 2771: 2714: 2657: 2605: 2528: 2497: 2433: 2390: 2373: 2342: 2289: 2248: 2228: 2211: 2187: 2129: 2096: 2076: 2059: 1979: 1870: 1824: 1728:

Lower Palaeolithic finds made in association with Acheulean hand-axes, such as the

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hand-axes (referring to the shapes of the final tool), cleavers, retouched flakes,

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Mode 3 technology emerged towards the end of Acheulean dominance and involved the

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was the only maker of early Acheulean tools, since other hominin species, such as

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Scott, Gary R.; Gibert, Luis (September 2009). "The oldest hand-axes in Europe".

2346: 1602: 1556: 1241: 1137: 443: 263: 3271: 2276:"Variation among early Homo crania from Olduvai Gorge and the Koobi Fora region" 843:), making them much more efficient than the 5-centimetre (2 in) average of 6149: 6076: 5898: 5863: 5794: 5683: 5555: 5263: 4848: 4838: 4659: 4640: 4085: 2502: 2485: 2191: 1779: 1440: 1408: 1296: 1285: 812: 808: 714: 134: 3450:

A Very Remote Period Indeed. Papers on the Palaeolithic presented to Derek Roe

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Lower Palaeolithic Archaeology in Britain: as represented by the Thames Valley

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The Early Slavs: Eastern Europe from the Initial Settlement to the Kievan Rus

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are almost exclusively Acheulean, who used the technique. Later, the related

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and Pakistan, and into India, and beyond. In Europe their users reached the

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Alternative theories include a use for ovate hand-axes as a kind of hunting

733: 5954: 5910: 5891: 5846: 5646: 5570: 5327: 5322: 5278: 4905: 4787: 4751: 4731: 4583: 4561: 4473: 3890: 3703: 3635: 3200: 3192: 3040: 2862: 2834:"The Case Against Sexual Selection as an Explanation of Handaxe Morphology" 2402: 2354: 2240: 2141: 1991: 1890: 1828: 1760: 1756: 1679: 1661: 1566: 1534: 1488: 878: 749: 684: 665: 591: 547: 537: 517: 382: 369: 359: 340: 259: 6003: 2985:

The Palaeolithic industries of Korea: chronology and related new findspots

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calculated that Acheulean tools have an average useful cutting edge of 20

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The scar created by the removal of the preceding flake would provide a

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lived at high altitudes and produced both Oldowan and Acheulean tools"

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source, consistent shape, and lack of actual use, of these artifacts.

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Key, Alastair J. M.; Jarić, Ivan; Roberts, David L. (2 March 2021).

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structure would leave few archaeological traces after so much time.

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were most widely used, for example. Other source materials include

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Mode 4 industries appeared long after the Acheulean was abandoned.

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manufacture characterized by the distinctive oval and pear-shaped "

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showing important sites of the Acheulean industry (clickable map).

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better suited to digging roots or butchering animals than others.

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coarse stone to ensure the hammer did not slide off when struck.

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the Acheulean age started at 1.51 mya and it is also prior than

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Biface (trihedral) Amar Merdeg, Mehran, National Museum of Iran

1575: 1571: 1113: 894: 858: 757: 729: 718: 454: 406: 234:

A cordiform biface as commonly found in the Acheulean (replica)

1605:

and the western Mediterranean regions, modern day France, the

6015: 5735: 5469: 5423: 5285: 5140: 5088: 4664: 4630: 4141: 3778: 3773: 3753: 3338: 1748: 1740: 861:

to be hurled at prey. Puzzlingly, there are also examples of

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described the characteristic hand-axe tools as belonging to

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The shape of handaxes, the structure of the Acheulian world

1845: 1840: 1598: 840: 627: 524:

were described which have been dated through the method of

297: 294: 279: 243: 2647: 2031:"Account of Flint Weapons Discovered at Hoxne in Suffolk." 285: 133:

Map of the distribution of Middle Pleistocene (Acheulean)

5273: 5039: 4997: 3213: 2587: 2162: 1733: 3363: 2627:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 16. 373:. The Acheulean includes at least the early part of the 3159:

Deliberate engravings on bone artefacts of Homo Erectus

3011:

Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia".

2423: 1852:, and would have been a necessity in colonising colder 1609:, western Germany, and southern and central Britain. 541:). However, it is impossible to know for sure whether 2695:

Unattributed citation in Renfrew and Bahn, 1991, p277

2204: 2056: 488:. The industry was renamed as the Acheulean in 1925. 300: 3148:, Rock Art Research 12, 131–132, qtd in Scarre, 2005 377:. Its end is not well defined, depending on whether 291: 2894: 282: 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 16:

Archaeological culture associated with Homo erectus

3447: 2255: 559:from Spain were made more than 900,000 years ago. 3468: 3161:, Rock Art Research 5, 919–7, qtd in Scarre, 2005 709:The primary innovation associated with Acheulean 6204: 3313: 3294: 1953: 2967:"Acheulian stone tools discovered near Chennai" 2929: 2684:Hominid ranging patterns and dietary strategies 2483: 2316: 1736:expression amongst the tool users. The incised 385:adopted Acheulean technology, transitioning to 3170: 2622: 2550:Choppers and the Clactonian, a reinvestigation 1954:Margherita Mussi; et al. (Oct 12, 2023). 1696:(the common ancestor of both Neanderthals and 4351: 3582: 3146:Additional remarks on the Berekhat Ram figure 3105:Wynn, Thomas (June 1995). "Handaxe enigmas". 2581: 2490:Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 1928:[The Acheulean site of Terra Amata]. 1371: 626:An Acheulean handaxe, Haute-Garonne France – 477:, the age of the tools was finally accepted. 3295:Siegel-Itzkovich, Judy (December 22, 2009). 2533:The Lower Palaeolithic Occupation of Britain 2366: 2364: 317: 4177:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 3405: 2831: 2704: 2542: 2370: 567:and then later with the more sophisticated 4365: 4358: 4344: 3589: 3575: 3474:Archaeology, Theories Methods and Practice 3064:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2796: 2623:Barham, Lawrence; Mitchell, Peter (2008). 1378: 1364: 551:, also lived in East Africa at this time. 3516:Human Evolution A Very Short Introduction 3341:Global Palaeoclimate of the Late Cenozoic 3164: 2641: 2501: 2361: 2281:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2273: 353:Acheulean tools were produced during the 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 3000:, in Milliken, S and Cook, J (eds), 2001 1646: 1565: 1465: 822: 621: 612: 249: 237: 229: 3596: 2923: 2888: 2790: 2676: 2568: 2548:Ashton, NM, McNabb, J, and Parfitt, S, 2417: 1949: 1947: 1655: 491: 451:Jacques Boucher de Crèvecœur de Perthes 6205: 3492: 3426: 3382: 3364:Ian Shaw, Robert Jameson, ed. (2008). 3339:V.A. Zubakov, I.I. Borzenkova (1990). 3003: 2990: 2987:in Milliken, S and Cook, J (eds), 2001 2964: 2832:Nowell, April; Chang, Melanie (2009). 2764:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 2742: 2698: 2689: 1433: 1401: 420:, where artifacts were found in 1859. 392: 5529: 5168: 4434: 4339: 3570: 3207: 3125: 3098: 3061: 2977: 2875: 2761: 2755: 2750:Handaxes and palaeolithic individuals 2555: 2518: 2207:"An earlier origin for the Acheulian" 266:dated to 400 thousand years ago. 5530: 3513: 3253: 3151: 3104: 3055: 2261: 1944: 1497: 1481: 784:. Even relatively soft rock such as 652:The Mode 1 industries created rough 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 3518:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3448:Milliken, S; Cook, J, eds. (2001). 3408:The Handbook of British Archaeology 3243: 3144:Goren-Inbar, N and Peltz, S, 1995, 3138: 2033:. Archaeologia 13 (1800): 204–205 . 1417: 656:by hitting a suitable stone with a 13: 3084:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1976.tb25494.x 1926:"Le site acheuléen de Terra Amata" 1924:Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata. 1513: 1449: 1188:Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician 482:Louis Laurent Gabriel de Mortillet 14: 6249: 5482:Megalithic architectural elements 3534: 3217:Journal of Archaeological Science 2878:"Tools May Have Been First Money" 2590:Journal of Archaeological Science 1848:was seemingly being exploited by 728:include pointed, cordate, ovate, 679:, most famously exploited by the 5169: 4315:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary 3806: 3552: 3540: 2876:Welsh, Jennifer (1 March 2012). 2025: 1930:Musée de Préhistoire Terra Amata 1512: 1496: 1480: 1464: 1448: 1432: 1416: 1400: 1393: 275: 127: 23: 6101:Evolutionary origin of religion 3357: 3332: 3307: 3288: 3265: 2958: 2869: 2855: 2825: 2682:Gamble, C and Steele, J, 1999, 2616: 2477: 2452: 2267: 916: 34:needs additional citations for 6238:Paleolithic cultures of Europe 6228:Paleolithic cultures of Africa 3872:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 3867:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 2578:, qtd in Adkins, L and R, 1998 2565:, qtd in Adkins, L and R, 1998 2198: 2156: 2103: 2050: 2036: 2018: 2006: 1917: 1799:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 1732:, have been used to argue for 724:Tool types found in Acheulean 704: 1: 5714:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 5244:British megalith architecture 4254:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 3651:Tigris–Euphrates river system 3557:The dictionary definition of 3497:. London: Thames and Hudson. 3476:. London: Thames and Hudson. 3237:10.1016/S0305-4403(02)00202-9 3157:Mania, D and Mania, U, 1988, 3119:10.1080/00438243.1995.9980290 2274:Rightmire, G. Philip (1993). 1906: 1671:Most notably, however, it is 1087: 1035: 957: 6233:Paleolithic cultures of Asia 5709:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 5249:Nordic megalith architecture 3070:(1 Origins and E): 275–288. 2965:Prasad, R. (24 March 2011). 2347:10.1126/science.289.5481.944 1911: 582:The very earliest Acheulean 457:animal bone from the gravel 389:by about 160,000 years ago. 344:and derived species such as 7: 4320:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary 4202:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 4197:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 3366:A Dictionary of Archaeology 2996:Gamble, C and Marshall, G, 2576:Early Man in West Middlesex 2539:and English Heritage, 1999. 1859: 815:debris at Acheulean sites. 367:technology associated with 10: 6254: 5857:British Isles and Brittany 5778:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 4325:Chicago Hittite Dictionary 3398: 3173:Journal of Human Evolution 2503:10.1057/s41599-021-00735-8 2192:10.1016/j.crpv.2003.06.001 1659: 6059: 5872: 5699: 5546: 5542: 5525: 5411: 5375: 5224: 5181: 5177: 5164: 4971: 4802: 4775: 4700: 4626: 4617: 4522: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4430: 4373: 4292: 4246: 4220: 4124: 4021: 3914: 3822: 3815: 3804: 3686: 3613: 3604: 3406:Adkins, L; and R (1998). 3368:. John Wiley & Sons. 3314:Pavel Dolukhanov (2014). 2909:10.1017/S0003598X0009089X 2811:10.1017/S0003598X00065078 2776:10.1017/S0079497X00002164 2662:10.1017/S0003598X00060269 2610:10.1016/j.jas.2013.10.001 2438:10.1017/S0003598X00047074 2013:Oxford English Dictionary 1101:Initial Upper Paleolithic 617: 242:Acheulean hand-axes from 219:Acheulo-Yabrudian complex 190: 180: 168: 160: 150: 142: 126: 6223:Industries (archaeology) 2932:Near Eastern Archaeology 1789:site, located along the 1677:(sometimes called early 869:together. Sites such as 146:Africa, Europe, and Asia 6089:Evolutionary musicology 5492:Oldest extant buildings 5419:Archaeological features 4938:Prepared-core technique 3493:Scarre, C, ed. (2005). 3285:, Retrieved 2010-01-05. 2863:"The Acheulean Handaxe" 2294:10.1002/ajpa.1330900102 2134:10.1126/science.1200183 1984:10.1126/science.add9115 586:often contain numerous 328:archaeological industry 322:after the type site of 6051:Unchambered long cairn 5899:Mound Builders culture 5232:Neolithic architecture 4367:Prehistoric technology 4157:Babylonian mathematics 3193:10.1006/jhev.2001.0513 2172:Comptes Rendus Palevol 1652: 1578: 829: 818: 630: 502:potassium-argon dating 471:Marcel Jérôme Rigollot 318: 267: 247: 235: 5726:List of Stone Age art 4928:Microblade technology 4876:Langdale axe industry 4474:Ard / plough 3472:; and P Bahn (1991). 3429:Prehistoric Flintwork 3410:. London: Constable. 1730:Venus of Berekhat Ram 1650: 1569: 826: 625: 613:Acheulean stone tools 486:L'Epoque de St Acheul 409:, the capital of the 401:for the Acheulean is 253: 241: 233: 175:Saint-Acheul (Amiens) 6133:Prehistoric medicine 6128:Prehistoric counting 6111:Prehistoric religion 6106:Paleolithic religion 6084:Behavioral modernity 5441:Causewayed enclosure 5333:Abri de la Madeleine 4457:Neolithic Revolution 4152:Babylonian astronomy 3631:Mesopotamian Marshes 3549:at Wikimedia Commons 3272:Gesher Benot Ya'aqov 2707:Current Anthropology 1693:Homo heidelbergensis 1656:Acheulean tool users 1597:, across modern day 1530:class=notpageimage| 492:Dating the Acheulean 347:Homo heidelbergensis 43:improve this article 6172:Prehistoric warfare 4918:Magdalenian culture 4881:Levallois technique 4812:Earliest toolmaking 4233:Destruction by ISIL 4187:Sumerian literature 4162:Akkadian literature 3598:Ancient Mesopotamia 3229:2003JArSc..30..559C 3185:2002JHumE..42..211T 3076:1976NYASA.280..275I 3033:10.1038/nature01670 3025:2003Natur.423..747C 2944:10.1086/NEA25067668 2602:2014JArSc..41..576S 2395:10.1038/nature08214 2387:2009Natur.461...82S 2339:2000Sci...289..944G 2233:10.1038/nature10372 2225:2011Natur.477...82L 2184:2003CRPal...2..663R 2126:2011Sci...331.1596P 2120:(6024): 1596–1599. 2073:1992Natur.360..732A 1976:2023Sci...382..713M 1787:Bnot Ya'akov Bridge 1785:Excavations at the 1707:Homo sapiens idaltu 677:Levallois technique 607:Middle Palaeolithic 526:magnetostratigraphy 506:magnetostratigraphy 393:History of research 316:), from the French 262:, as postulated by 223:Fauresmith industry 123: 6123:Origin of language 6116:Spiritual drug use 6026:Rectangular dolmen 5928:Dartmoor kistvaens 5741:Carved stone balls 5453:Circular enclosure 5412:Other architecture 5355:Alp pile dwellings 4943:Solutrean industry 4854:Gravettian culture 4504:Secondary products 4269:Mesopotamian myths 3431:. Tempus, Stroud. 3427:Butler, C (2005). 3301:The Jerusalem Post 3277:2009-07-20 at the 3131:Dibble, HL, 1989, 2625:The First Africans 2574:Collins, D, 1978, 2537:Wessex Archaeology 2044:"Joseph Prestwich" 1876:Lower Palaeolithic 1666:Lower Palaeolithic 1653: 1579: 1029:Middle Paleolithic 830: 689:Upper Palaeolithic 631: 514:radiometric dating 498:radiometric dating 375:Middle Paleolithic 355:Lower Palaeolithic 338:" associated with 268: 248: 236: 143:Geographical range 121: 6218:Lower Paleolithic 6200: 6199: 6196: 6195: 6192: 6191: 6145:Prehistoric music 6094:music archaeology 5751:Cup and ring mark 5576:Clothing/textiles 5521: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5160: 5159: 5156: 5155: 4963:Yubetsu technique 4948:Striking platform 4913:Lithic technology 4798: 4797: 4783:Game drive system 4702:Projectile points 4594:Mortar and pestle 4333: 4332: 4284:Ziggurat (Temple) 4259:Sumerian religion 4017: 4016: 3964:Middle Babylonian 3906:Kish civilization 3802: 3801: 3626:Lower Mesopotamia 3621:Upper Mesopotamia 3545:Media related to 3525:978-0-19-280360-3 3504:978-0-500-28531-2 3483:978-0-500-27605-1 3459:978-1-84217-056-4 3452:. Oxford: Oxbow. 3438:978-0-7524-3340-0 3417:978-0-09-478330-0 3388:De Lumley, 1975, 3283:Hebrew University 3107:World Archaeology 3019:(6941): 747–752. 2841:PaleoAnthropology 2748:Gamble, C, 1997, 2634:978-0-521-61265-4 2561:Wymer, JJ, 1968, 2526:Stone Age Britain 2333:(5481): 944–947. 2067:(6406): 732–735. 1970:(6671): 713–718. 1833:Grotte du Lazaret 1770:The kill site at 1595:Arabian Peninsula 1551:factors, such as 1388: 1387: 1081:Upper Paleolithic 951:Lower Paleolithic 851:Use-wear analysis 798:striking platform 228: 227: 155:Lower Paleolithic 119: 118: 111: 93: 6245: 6160:Divje Babe flute 6067:Archaeoastronomy 5810:Petrosomatoglyph 5544: 5543: 5527: 5526: 5376:Water management 5179: 5178: 5166: 5165: 5069:Denticulate tool 4891:Lithic reduction 4624: 4623: 4445: 4444: 4432: 4431: 4360: 4353: 4346: 4337: 4336: 4182:Sumerian cuisine 4172:Warfare in Sumer 4167:Economy of Sumer 3820: 3819: 3810: 3694:Fertile Crescent 3678:Sinjar Mountains 3673:Hamrin Mountains 3668:Zagros Mountains 3646:Taurus Mountains 3611: 3610: 3591: 3584: 3577: 3568: 3567: 3556: 3544: 3529: 3514:Wood, B (2005). 3508: 3487: 3463: 3442: 3421: 3393: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3311: 3305: 3304: 3292: 3286: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3247: 3241: 3240: 3211: 3205: 3204: 3179:(1–2): 211–235. 3168: 3162: 3155: 3149: 3142: 3136: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3007: 3001: 2994: 2988: 2983:Hyeong Woo Lee, 2981: 2975: 2974: 2962: 2956: 2955: 2938:(3–4): 160–168. 2927: 2921: 2920: 2903:(293): 611–612. 2892: 2886: 2885: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2838: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2805:(281): 518–526. 2794: 2788: 2787: 2759: 2753: 2746: 2740: 2730: 2702: 2696: 2693: 2687: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2656:(286): 751–752. 2645: 2639: 2638: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2585: 2579: 2572: 2566: 2559: 2553: 2546: 2540: 2529:English Heritage 2522: 2516: 2515: 2505: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2432:(260): 585–589. 2421: 2415: 2414: 2368: 2359: 2358: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2252: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2169: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2081:10.1038/360732a0 2054: 2048: 2047: 2040: 2034: 2029: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 2003: 1951: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1921: 1871:Lithic reduction 1825:hunter-gatherers 1793:in the southern 1747:in Germany, and 1633:Hallam L. Movius 1516: 1515: 1500: 1499: 1484: 1483: 1473:Richat Structure 1468: 1467: 1452: 1451: 1436: 1435: 1420: 1419: 1404: 1403: 1397: 1380: 1373: 1366: 1107:Fertile Crescent 1095: 1089: 1043: 1037: 971: 962: 959: 921: 920: 475:Joseph Prestwich 321: 307: 306: 303: 302: 299: 296: 293: 290: 287: 284: 281: 131: 124: 120: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6242: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6188: 6055: 6041:Stone box grave 6011:Megalithic tomb 5916:Cotswold-Severn 5868: 5773:Guardian stones 5701:Prehistoric art 5695: 5538: 5513: 5502:Timber trackway 5407: 5371: 5367:Wattle and daub 5220: 5199:Standing stones 5173: 5152: 4967: 4794: 4771: 4696: 4613: 4523:Food processing 4518: 4467:New World crops 4439: 4426: 4369: 4364: 4334: 4329: 4288: 4242: 4216: 4125:Culture/society 4120: 4013: 4009:Muslim conquest 3979:Fall of Babylon 3910: 3811: 3798: 3682: 3600: 3595: 3537: 3532: 3526: 3505: 3484: 3460: 3439: 3418: 3401: 3396: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3337: 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5288: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5271: 5266: 5264:Cliff dwelling 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5240: 5239: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5196: 5191: 5185: 5183: 5175: 5174: 5162: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5049: 5048: 5047: 5042: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4983: 4977: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4849:Fire hardening 4846: 4841: 4839:Clovis culture 4836: 4831: 4830: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4808: 4806: 4800: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4790: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4770: 4769: 4764: 4762:Manis Mastodon 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4706: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4662: 4657: 4656: 4655: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4641:throwing stick 4633: 4627: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4580: 4579: 4574: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4548: 4547: 4537: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4470: 4469: 4464: 4453: 4451: 4441: 4440: 4428: 4427: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4363: 4362: 4355: 4348: 4340: 4331: 4330: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4305:Assyriologists 4302: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4212:List of rulers 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4128: 4126: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4101:Proto-Armenian 4098: 4093: 4088: 4086:Middle Persian 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4027: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3974:Neo-Babylonian 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3954:Old Babylonian 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3924:Early Dynastic 3920: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3883: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3834: 3828: 3826: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3690: 3688: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3664: 3663: 3658: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3617: 3615: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3594: 3593: 3586: 3579: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3550: 3536: 3535:External links 3533: 3531: 3530: 3524: 3510: 3509: 3503: 3495:The Human Past 3489: 3488: 3482: 3465: 3464: 3458: 3444: 3443: 3437: 3423: 3422: 3416: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3394: 3381: 3374: 3356: 3349: 3331: 3324: 3306: 3287: 3264: 3252: 3242: 3223:(5): 559–575. 3206: 3163: 3150: 3137: 3124: 3097: 3054: 3002: 2989: 2976: 2957: 2922: 2887: 2868: 2854: 2824: 2789: 2754: 2741: 2719:10.1086/202607 2697: 2688: 2675: 2640: 2633: 2615: 2580: 2567: 2554: 2541: 2517: 2476: 2451: 2416: 2360: 2315: 2266: 2254: 2197: 2178:(8): 663–673. 2155: 2102: 2049: 2035: 2017: 2015:2nd Ed. (1989) 2005: 1943: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1861: 1858: 1780:zooarchaeology 1657: 1654: 1593:, through the 1528: 1527: 1519: 1518: 1511: 1510: 1503: 1502: 1495: 1494: 1487: 1486: 1479: 1478: 1471: 1470: 1463: 1462: 1455: 1454: 1447: 1446: 1441:Yuanmou County 1439: 1438: 1431: 1430: 1423: 1422: 1415: 1414: 1409:Xiaochangliang 1407: 1406: 1399: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1383: 1382: 1375: 1368: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1338: 1325: 1324: 1318: 1312: 1306: 1300: 1294: 1289: 1286:Iberomaurusian 1283: 1270: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1251: 1245: 1244:(15.5–13.1 ka) 1239: 1233: 1227: 1221: 1215: 1209: 1203: 1197: 1191: 1185: 1179: 1166: 1165: 1164:(12.2–10.8 ka) 1159: 1158:(14.5–11.5 ka) 1153: 1147: 1141: 1135: 1129: 1123: 1117: 1104: 1103: 1097: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1064: 1058: 1052: 1045: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1010: 1004: 998: 986: 980: 973: 949: 948: 945: 944: 929: 928: 918: 915: 820: 817: 813:flint-knapping 809:tranchet flake 706: 703: 619: 616: 614: 611: 493: 490: 459:river terraces 405:, a suburb of 394: 391: 226: 225: 192: 188: 187: 182: 178: 177: 172: 166: 165: 162: 158: 157: 152: 148: 147: 144: 140: 139: 132: 117: 116: 99:September 2024 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6250: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6036:Simple dolmen 6034: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6021:Passage grave 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5967:Gallery grave 5965: 5963: 5960: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5924: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5883: 5882:Burial mounds 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5871: 5865: 5862: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5842:Statue menhir 5840: 5838: 5835: 5831: 5830:Stone carving 5828: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5762: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5669:Sewing needle 5667: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5497:Timber circle 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5473: 5472: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5454: 5451: 5447: 5446:Tor enclosure 5444: 5443: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5434:fulacht fiadh 5432: 5431: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5302: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5163: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4989: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4784: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4711: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4670:spear-thrower 4668: 4667: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4648:Bow and arrow 4646: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4557:Grinding slab 4555: 4553: 4550: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4489:Domestication 4487: 4485: 4484:Digging stick 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4462:Founder crops 4460: 4459: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4403:New Stone Age 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4372: 4368: 4361: 4356: 4354: 4349: 4347: 4342: 4341: 4338: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4210: 4208: 4205: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3809: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3641:Syrian Desert 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3592: 3587: 3585: 3580: 3578: 3573: 3572: 3569: 3563:at Wiktionary 3562: 3561: 3555: 3551: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3490: 3485: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3424: 3419: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3403: 3391: 3385: 3377: 3375:9780470751961 3371: 3367: 3360: 3352: 3350:9780080868530 3346: 3342: 3335: 3327: 3325:9781317892229 3321: 3318:. Routledge. 3317: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3273: 3268: 3261: 3256: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3160: 3154: 3147: 3141: 3134: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3006: 2999: 2993: 2986: 2980: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2872: 2864: 2858: 2842: 2835: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2758: 2751: 2745: 2738: 2734: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2701: 2692: 2685: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2636: 2630: 2626: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2584: 2577: 2571: 2564: 2558: 2551: 2545: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2524:Barton, RNE, 2521: 2513: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2480: 2465: 2461: 2455: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2375: 2367: 2365: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2277: 2270: 2264:, p. 87. 2263: 2258: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2208: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2166: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2106: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2053: 2045: 2039: 2032: 2028: 2024:Frere, John. 2021: 2014: 2009: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1950: 1948: 1931: 1927: 1920: 1916: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1881:Ndutu cranium 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1850:Homo ergaster 1847: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1818:Azykhantropus 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1791:Dead Sea rift 1788: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1755:in Kenya and 1754: 1750: 1746: 1745:Bilzingsleben 1742: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1708: 1704:, including 1703: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1681: 1676: 1675: 1674:Homo ergaster 1667: 1663: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1607:Low Countries 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1562: 1561:Sahara Desert 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1536: 1531: 1522: 1506: 1490: 1474: 1458: 1442: 1426: 1410: 1396: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1362: 1361: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1342: 1341:Afontova Gora 1339: 1336: 1335:Mal'ta–Buret' 1333: 1332: 1331: 1329: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1276: 1274: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1230:Epigravettian 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1170: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1108: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1082: 1077: 1076: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1041: 1030: 1025: 1024: 1014: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 992: 990: 987: 984: 981: 978: 975: 974: 969: 965: 952: 947: 946: 942: 941: 935: 931: 930: 927: 923: 922: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 896: 892: 891:Kalambo Falls 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 871:Melka Kunturé 868: 864: 860: 855: 852: 848: 846: 842: 838: 834: 833:Loren Eiseley 825: 816: 814: 810: 805: 801: 799: 793: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 722: 720: 716: 712: 702: 699: 697: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 673: 669: 667: 666:chopper cores 663: 659: 655: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 629: 624: 610: 608: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 580: 578: 574: 570: 566: 560: 558: 552: 550: 549: 544: 543:Homo ergaster 540: 539: 533: 532: 531:Homo ergaster 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 489: 487: 483: 478: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 447: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 428:Royal Academy 425: 421: 419: 415: 412: 408: 404: 400: 390: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 371: 366: 362: 361: 356: 351: 349: 348: 343: 342: 337: 333: 329: 325: 320: 315: 311: 305: 272: 265: 261: 257: 252: 245: 240: 232: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 193: 189: 186: 183: 179: 176: 173: 171: 167: 164:1.95–0.13 Mya 163: 159: 156: 153: 149: 145: 141: 136: 130: 125: 113: 110: 102: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: – 59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 5977:wedge-shaped 5962:Funeral pyre 5955:Great dolmen 5911:Chamber tomb 5892:Round barrow 5847:Stone circle 5719:Blombos Cave 5647:Grooved ware 5571:Chalcolithic 5475:Thornborough 5393:Flush toilet 5328:Blombos Cave 5323:Rock shelter 5279:Quiggly hole 5171:Architecture 5146:illustration 4821: 4788:Buffalo jump 4609:Storage pits 4572:Aşıklı Höyük 4562:Ground stone 4398:Subdivisions 4207:Royal titles 4132:Architecture 3969:Neo-Assyrian 3831: 3816:(Pre)history 3636:Persian Gulf 3559: 3515: 3494: 3473: 3449: 3428: 3407: 3389: 3384: 3365: 3359: 3343:. 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Retrieved 1929: 1919: 1891:Palaeolithic 1849: 1829:Palaeolithic 1822: 1804: 1784: 1769: 1765:Homo sapiens 1764: 1761:South Africa 1757:Duinefontein 1727: 1716: 1712:Neanderthals 1705: 1701: 1698:Homo sapiens 1697: 1691: 1680:Homo erectus 1678: 1672: 1670: 1662:Palaeolithic 1626: 1624:and Europe. 1611: 1580: 1576:Saint Acheul 1542: 1535:Afro-Eurasia 1505:Saint-Acheul 1489:Sterkfontein 1326: 1271: 1250:(14–12.8 ka) 1184:(44.5–36 ka) 1167: 1146:(18–12.5 ka) 1105: 1015:(400–220 ka) 1009:(424–400 ka) 1003:(500–130 ka) 988: 985:(2.6–1.7 Ma) 939: 917:Distribution 911: 907: 903: 899: 879:Olorgesailie 856: 849: 831: 806: 802: 794: 790: 750:igneous rock 723: 708: 700: 693: 674: 670: 664:) to create 651: 632: 604: 581: 561: 553: 548:Homo habilis 546: 542: 538:Homo erectus 535: 529: 518:West Turkana 495: 485: 479: 448: 422: 403:Saint-Acheul 396: 383:Neanderthals 370:Homo habilis 368: 360:Homo erectus 358: 352: 345: 341:Homo erectus 339: 324:Saint-Acheul 313: 309: 270: 269: 260:Nice, France 105: 96: 86: 79: 72: 65: 53: 41:Please help 36:verification 33: 5999:unchambered 5994:Long barrow 5984:Grave goods 5940:Court cairn 5935:Clava cairn 5887:Bowl barrow 5825:Rock cupule 5768:Golden hats 5761:Hill figure 5662:Unstan ware 5642:Cord-marked 5507:Sweet Track 5429:Burnt mound 5350:Stilt house 5338:Sibudu Cave 5131:Tally stick 5099:Quern-stone 5084:Hammerstone 5074:Fire plough 5045:Pesse canoe 5003:Bannerstone 4973:Other tools 4886:Lithic core 4834:Aurignacian 4722:Bare Island 4604:Quern-stone 4310:Hittitology 4300:Assyriology 4221:Archaeology 4091:Old Persian 3901:Jemdet Nasr 2882:LiveScience 2596:: 576–590. 2496:(1): 1–12. 2288:(1): 1–33. 1932:(in French) 1901:Stone tools 1837:Terra Amata 1808:located in 1795:Hula Valley 1751:finds from 1685:assemblages 1637:Movius Line 1622:North India 1587:River Congo 1585:around the 1425:Zhoukoudian 1248:Federmesser 1236:Magdalenian 1206:Périgordian 1194:Aurignacian 1132:Aurignacian 1126:Baradostian 1069:(130–10 ka) 1063:(130–70 ka) 1057:(145–20 ka) 1051:(160–40 ka) 926:Paleolithic 867:association 837:centimetres 746:sedimentary 726:assemblages 705:Manufacture 658:hammerstone 654:flake tools 643:Abbevillian 584:assemblages 508:. From the 191:Followed by 181:Preceded by 58:"Acheulean" 6207:Categories 6138:trepanning 6031:Ring cairn 5989:Jar burial 5972:transepted 5904:U.S. sites 5805:Petroglyph 5731:Bird stone 5689:wine press 5362:Stone roof 5345:Roundhouse 5237:long house 5214:Stonehenge 5182:Ceremonial 5126:Stone tool 4953:Tool stone 4923:Metallurgy 4827:Mousterian 4804:Toolmaking 4742:Cumberland 4715:Transverse 4685:Schöningen 4577:Qesem cave 4545:Earth oven 4499:Irrigation 4410:Technology 4378:Prehistory 4274:Divination 3984:Achaemenid 3949:Isin-Larsa 3842:Trialetian 3837:Mousterian 3824:Prehistory 3470:Renfrew, C 1907:References 1810:Azerbaijan 1806:Azykh cave 1776:waterholes 1710:and early 1702:H. erectus 1618:Tamil Nadu 1583:rainforest 1570:Acheulean 1553:glaciation 1549:ecological 1521:Bose Basin 1457:Koobi Fora 1354:Mesolithic 1343:(21–12 ka} 1337:(24–15 ka) 1311:(15–11 ka) 1305:(15—11 ka) 1299:(22–14 ka) 1288:(25–11 ka) 1282:(42–18 ka) 1262:(13–12 ka) 1260:Ahrensburg 1256:(14–10 ka) 1238:(17–12 ka) 1232:(20–10 ka) 1226:(22–17 ka) 1220:(29–25 ka) 1214:(33–24 ka) 1212:Gravettian 1208:(35–20 ka) 1196:(43–26 ka) 1190:(43–32 ka) 1178:(48–40 ka) 1176:Bohunician 1150:Trialetian 1140:(20–10 ka) 1134:(35–29 ka) 1128:(36–18 ka) 1122:(46–42 ka) 1116:(50–40 ka) 1049:Mousterian 1007:Clactonian 961: 3.3 881:in Kenya, 762:chalcedony 734:bout-coupé 719:bifacially 696:John Wymer 681:Mousterian 649:industry. 647:Mousterian 635:Clactonian 596:core forms 569:Mousterian 565:Clactonian 520:region of 455:fossilised 424:John Frere 414:department 387:Mousterian 332:stone tool 199:Clactonian 195:Mousterian 69:newspapers 6213:Acheulean 6182:symbolism 6046:Tor cairn 6004:Grønsalen 5945:Cremation 5837:Sculpture 5815:Pictogram 5800:Petroform 5620:amber use 5588:Cosmetics 5398:Reservoir 5383:Check dam 5313:Pueblitos 5308:Pit-house 5291:Longhouse 5225:Dwellings 5094:Microlith 5025:Bow drill 5020:Bone tool 5013:prismatic 4822:Acheulean 4737:Cresswell 4710:Arrowhead 4636:Boomerang 4552:Granaries 4514:Terracing 4393:Stone Age 4147:Cuneiform 4023:Languages 3832:Acheulean 3719:Babylonia 3656:Euphrates 3606:Geography 3560:Acheulean 3547:Acheulean 2971:The Hindu 2952:166438498 2917:162604558 2897:Antiquity 2819:162903453 2799:Antiquity 2784:129110686 2770:: 15–44. 2733:Calvin, W 2731:See also 2727:144098416 2670:162905484 2650:Antiquity 2512:2662-9992 2446:162146330 2426:Antiquity 2411:205217591 2302:1096-8644 2262:Wood 2005 2150:206531024 2000:263971011 1912:Citations 1896:Stone Age 1753:Kapthurin 1723:hominines 1683:), whose 1323:(10–8 ka) 1317:(15–5 ka) 1292:Mushabian 1280:Khormusan 1268:(11–8 ka) 1266:Swiderian 1224:Solutrean 1218:Pavlovian 1200:Szeletian 1152:(16–8 ka) 1061:Micoquien 995:Madrasian 989:Acheulean 786:limestone 774:sandstone 766:quartzite 711:hand-axes 577:Old World 557:hand-axes 480:In 1872, 467:Abbeville 440:Darwinian 399:type site 336:hand axes 319:acheuléen 310:Acheulian 271:Acheulean 203:Micoquien 170:Type site 122:Acheulean 5820:Rock art 5783:painting 5756:Geoglyph 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1689:species 1629:chopper 1614:Chennai 1559:of the 1533:Map of 1328:Siberia 1315:Eburran 1254:Azilian 1242:Hamburg 1144:Kebaran 1138:Zarzian 1067:Sangoan 1055:Aterian 1038:300–50 1001:Soanian 983:Oldowan 977:Lomekwi 938:before 883:Isimila 847:tools. 845:Oldowan 687:of the 639:Oldowan 600:Oldowan 590:-style 588:Oldowan 573:culture 461:of the 449:Later, 436:Suffolk 418:Picardy 379:Sangoan 365:Oldowan 314:Mode II 308:; also 215:Sangoan 211:Soanian 207:Aterian 185:Oldowan 135:cleaver 83:scholar 6155:flutes 5950:Dolmen 5874:Burial 5684:winery 5657:Linear 5487:Midden 5465:Cursus 5458:Goseck 5318:Pueblo 5269:Dugout 5254:Burdei 4933:Mining 4757:Lamoka 4752:Folsom 4732:Clovis 4589:Metate 4567:Hearth 4535:Basket 4509:Sickle 4106:Sutean 4081:Median 4076:Luwian 4056:Gutian 3944:Ur III 3857:Nemrik 3794:Cities 3789:Urartu 3739:Hamazi 3734:Gutium 3709:Armani 3661:Tigris 3614:Modern 3522: 3501: 3480: 3456: 3435: 3414: 3372: 3347: 3322: 3199: 3090: 3047: 3039: 3013:Nature 2950: 2915: 2847:20 May 2817: 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1574:from 1303:Qadan 863:sites 782:shale 778:chert 742:flint 522:Kenya 465:near 463:Somme 432:Hoxne 411:Somme 161:Dates 137:finds 90:JSTOR 76:books 6165:gudi 5923:Cist 5852:list 5679:Wine 5608:Ötzi 5593:Glue 5566:Beds 5534:and 5532:Arts 5403:Well 5259:Cave 5189:Kiva 5119:side 5109:Rope 5057:tool 4991:bone 4981:Adze 4747:Eden 4660:Nets 4530:Fire 4494:Goad 4479:Celt 4238:Tell 3896:Uruk 3729:Elam 3520:ISBN 3499:ISBN 3478:ISBN 3454:ISBN 3433:ISBN 3412:ISBN 3370:ISBN 3345:ISBN 3320:ISBN 3197:PMID 3037:PMID 2849:2023 2629:ISBN 2508:ISSN 2471:2021 2399:PMID 2351:PMID 2306:PMID 2298:ISSN 2237:PMID 2138:PMID 2085:PMID 1988:PMID 1938:2022 1846:Fire 1841:Nice 1835:and 1664:and 1599:Iran 1547:and 940:Homo 924:The 756:and 748:and 662:core 628:MHNT 594:and 397:The 312:and 244:Kent 62:news 5274:Hut 5209:row 5040:Oar 4998:Axe 4986:Awl 4137:Art 3233:doi 3189:doi 3115:doi 3080:doi 3068:280 3029:doi 3017:423 2940:doi 2905:doi 2807:doi 2772:doi 2715:doi 2658:doi 2606:doi 2498:doi 2434:doi 2391:doi 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