594:
details of the differences between the two are not clear. Both are associated with prepared cores typical of the middle Stone Age. The
Lupemban industry is usually associated with more frequent long lance-like or leaf shaped, biface points (finished on both sides). The early versions are both are made with percussion knapping. The name Lupemban is applied to certain biface points made more recently, possibly in the late Pleistocene, in which indirect and direct pressure flaking is observed, but these techniques are not characteristics which separate the early Lupemban and Sangoan.
528:
available since 1980. Some sites have become available that indicate the
Sangoan industry was produced before 250 kya, perhaps substantially earlier. It continues to be considered transitional between the African early Stone Age and middle Stone Age, but the MSA transition is now considered to have begun 500-350 kya.
593:
Confusion exists as to how to define the
Sangoan. Dating is not refined enough to clarify the climate conditions at the time the tools were deposited in the various sites. The Lupemban industry has been found in similar environments and may be more closely associated with forests. The technical
527:
culture in Europe and was dated to about 130 to 10 thousand years (kya). This was misleading because the
Mousterian culture was predominantly made by Neanderthals, not by modern humans as in Africa. Dating was complicated by the lack of stratified deposits even after newer dating methods became
720:
Mesfin, Isis; Leplongeon, Alice; Pleurdeau, David; Borel, Antony (2020-03-15). "Using morphometrics to reappraise old collections: The study case of the Congo Basin Middle Stone Age bifacial industry".
547:
in areas where annual rainfall now is less than 1,016 millimetres (40.0 in) and
Central African areas whose rainfall is above 2000 mm from the beginning of the
539:
where it was first discerned in 1920. Although
Desmond Clark considered the complex to be tied to the tropical forest, the peoples who used Sangoan tools were
624:
586:. Confusion exists within literature as to what to call this early percussion-made bifacial complex, with certain writers stating the term
877:
867:
882:
872:
644:
475:
266:
582:
dating at least as early as the period of the
Sangoan culture. It also went as far north as the forested regions of the
773:"Riddles wrapped inside an enigma. Lupemban MSA technology as a rainforest adaptation: revisiting the lanceolate point"
756:
McBrearty, S. (1991). "Recent research in western Kenya and its implications for the status of the
Sangoan industry.".
285:
704:
432:
825:
852:
The
Kalahari Sands of the Lunda (N.-E. Angola), their earlier redistributions and the Sangoan culture
468:
198:
110:
370:
758:
Cultural
Beginnings: Approaches to Understanding Early Hominid Lifeways in the African Savanna
425:
247:
229:
696:
636:
461:
8:
345:
223:
35:
797:
772:
357:
126:
279:
802:
738:
700:
689:
640:
548:
389:
363:
315:
178:
92:
48:
792:
784:
730:
632:
587:
412:
253:
204:
189:
137:
65:
61:
568:
544:
540:
339:
235:
394:
383:
303:
861:
742:
666:
D.W. Phillipson. African Archaeology. Rev ed. Cambridge University Press 2005
579:
493:
438:
400:
327:
806:
788:
583:
497:
572:
333:
291:
23:
551:
period. The Sangoan industry was distributed broadly from present day
575:
524:
505:
451:
309:
273:
146:
104:
734:
532:
501:
377:
321:
297:
158:
86:
556:
552:
513:
500:
tool manufacturing style which may have developed from the earlier
418:
406:
259:
217:
31:
351:
241:
152:
98:
80:
74:
512:
picks were also used. Sangoan toolkits were used especially for
695:(5th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp.
560:
536:
509:
211:
719:
564:
838:
A review of the Sangoan industrial complex in Africa
688:
859:
543:cultures, also known as the Sangoan, occupied
469:
760:. Vol. 19. Monograph. pp. 159–176.
629:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Anthropology
476:
462:
796:
755:
860:
770:
686:
622:
618:
616:
823:
680:
675:
637:10.1093/acrefore/9780190854584.013.30
504:types. In addition to the Acheulian
16:Paleolithic Tool Manufacturing Style
729:(1). Edinburgh University Library.
613:
13:
771:Taylor, Nicholas (March 7, 2022).
623:Taylor, Nicholas (July 18, 2022).
286:Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician
14:
894:
691:An Encyclopedia of World History
687:Langer, William L., ed. (1972).
878:Archaeology of Southern Africa
868:Paleolithic cultures of Africa
836:Robert Linville Hoover. 1974.
764:
749:
713:
669:
660:
604:
531:It is named after the site of
1:
883:Archaeology of Eastern Africa
873:Archaeology of Central Africa
817:
523:was broadly analogous to the
185:
133:
55:
610:Robert Linville Hoover. 1974
519:As originally proposed, the
7:
10:
899:
824:Hogan, C. Michael (2008).
723:Journal of Lithic Studies
199:Initial Upper Paleolithic
597:
843:D.W. Phillipson. 2005.
590:, or the term Sangoan.
578:have been recovered by
847:, page 81 of 389 pages
789:10.1098/rstb.2020.0484
777:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B
830:The Megalithic Portal
541:hunting and gathering
492:is the name given by
845:African archaeology
559:and from Uganda to
850:J. Janmart. 1953.
127:Middle Paleolithic
646:978-0-19-085458-4
549:Upper Paleolithic
486:
485:
179:Upper Paleolithic
49:Lower Paleolithic
890:
833:
811:
810:
800:
768:
762:
761:
753:
747:
746:
735:10.2218/jls.4329
717:
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673:
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205:Fertile Crescent
193:
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135:
69:
60:
57:
19:
18:
898:
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621:
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569:Kalahari Desert
545:southern Africa
482:
445:
444:
300:(41,000-37,000)
280:Châtelperronian
194:
183:
181:
171:
170:
142:
131:
129:
119:
118:
89:(1.76–0.13 Ma)
70:
58:
53:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
896:
886:
885:
880:
875:
870:
856:
855:
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841:
834:
826:"Makgadikgadi"
819:
816:
813:
812:
763:
748:
712:
705:
679:
668:
659:
645:
612:
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580:archaeologists
521:Sangoan period
494:archaeologists
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483:
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458:
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454:
447:
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410:
404:
398:
392:
387:
384:Iberomaurusian
381:
368:
367:
361:
355:
349:
343:
342:(15.5–13.1 ka)
337:
331:
325:
319:
313:
307:
301:
295:
289:
283:
277:
264:
263:
262:(12.2–10.8 ka)
257:
256:(14.5–11.5 ka)
251:
245:
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227:
221:
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102:
96:
84:
78:
71:
47:
46:
43:
42:
27:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
895:
884:
881:
879:
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871:
869:
866:
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846:
842:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
821:
808:
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790:
786:
782:
778:
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740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
716:
708:
706:0-395-13592-3
702:
698:
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491:
479:
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460:
459:
457:
456:
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449:
448:
440:
439:Afontova Gora
437:
434:
433:Mal'ta–Buret'
431:
430:
429:
427:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
402:
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393:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
375:
374:
372:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
328:Epigravettian
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
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128:
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100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
88:
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82:
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72:
67:
63:
50:
45:
44:
40:
39:
33:
29:
28:
25:
21:
20:
851:
844:
837:
829:
780:
776:
766:
757:
751:
726:
722:
715:
690:
682:
671:
662:
650:. Retrieved
628:
606:
592:
530:
520:
518:
498:Palaeolithic
489:
487:
424:
369:
348:(14–12.8 ka)
282:(44.5–36 ka)
265:
244:(18–12.5 ka)
203:
164:
113:(400–220 ka)
107:(424–400 ka)
101:(500–130 ka)
83:(2.6–1.7 Ma)
37:
576:stone tools
573:prehistoric
508:, bone and
506:stone tools
346:Federmesser
334:Magdalenian
304:Périgordian
292:Aurignacian
230:Aurignacian
224:Baradostian
167:(130–10 ka)
161:(130–70 ka)
155:(145–20 ka)
149:(160–40 ka)
24:Paleolithic
862:Categories
840:, 76 pages
818:References
676:Hogan 2008
525:Mousterian
452:Mesolithic
441:(21–12 ka}
435:(24–15 ka)
409:(15–11 ka)
403:(15—11 ka)
397:(22–14 ka)
386:(25–11 ka)
380:(42–18 ka)
360:(13–12 ka)
358:Ahrensburg
354:(14–10 ka)
336:(17–12 ka)
330:(20–10 ka)
324:(22–17 ka)
318:(29–25 ka)
312:(33–24 ka)
310:Gravettian
306:(35–20 ka)
294:(43–26 ka)
288:(43–32 ka)
276:(48–40 ka)
274:Bohunician
248:Trialetian
238:(20–10 ka)
232:(35–29 ka)
226:(36–18 ka)
220:(46–42 ka)
214:(50–40 ka)
147:Mousterian
105:Clactonian
59: 3.3
743:2055-0472
625:"Sangoan"
567:. In the
533:Sango Bay
502:Acheulian
421:(10–8 ka)
415:(15–5 ka)
390:Mushabian
378:Khormusan
366:(11–8 ka)
364:Swiderian
322:Solutrean
316:Pavlovian
298:Szeletian
250:(16–8 ka)
159:Micoquien
93:Madrasian
87:Acheulean
807:35249391
783:(1849).
588:Lupembum
557:Ethiopia
553:Botswana
514:grubbing
419:Magosian
407:Sebilian
260:Khiamian
254:Natufian
218:Ahmarian
111:Mugharan
95:(1.5 Ma)
77:(3.3 Ma)
32:Pliocene
854:, 64 p.
798:8899621
652:Jan 16,
571:, many
490:Sangoan
426:Siberia
413:Eburran
352:Azilian
340:Hamburg
242:Kebaran
236:Zarzian
165:Sangoan
153:Aterian
136:300–50
99:Soanian
81:Oldowan
75:Lomekwi
36:before
805:
795:
741:
703:
643:
561:Angola
537:Uganda
510:antler
395:Halfan
371:Africa
267:Europe
212:Emiran
188:50–12
182:
130:
64:– 300
52:
598:Notes
584:Congo
565:Gabon
496:to a
401:Qadan
803:PMID
739:ISSN
701:ISBN
654:2024
641:ISBN
563:and
488:The
38:Homo
22:The
793:PMC
785:doi
781:377
731:doi
633:doi
555:to
535:in
864::
828:.
801:.
791:.
779:.
775:.
737:.
725:.
699:.
639:.
631:.
627:.
615:^
516:.
450:↓
428::
373::
269::
207::
190:ka
186:c.
138:ka
134:c.
66:ka
62:Ma
56:c.
30:↑
832:.
809:.
787::
745:.
733::
727:7
709:.
697:9
656:.
635::
477:e
470:t
463:v
192:)
184:(
140:)
132:(
68:)
54:(
41:)
34:(
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