Human history - Knowledge

811: 6509:"Seen this way, the 'origins of farming' start to look less like an economic transition and more like a media revolution, which was also a social revolution, encompassing everything from horticulture to architecture, mathematics to thermodynamics, and from religion to the remodelling of gender roles. And while we can't know exactly who was doing what in this brave new world, it's abundantly clear that women's work and knowledge were central to its creation; that the whole process was a fairly leisurely, even playful one, not forced by any environmental catastrophe or demographic tipping point and unmarked by major violent conflict. What's more, it was all carried out in ways that made radical inequality an extremely unlikely outcome" 3816: 6399:, pp. 325, 336, "More recent improvements in archaeobotanical recovery have indicated that rice domestication was underway durin...the Hemudu cultural phase in the lower Yangtze valley...This points to a start of cultivation in this region of c. 10,000–9,000 years ago; in the middle Yangtze valley it could have begun someone earlier but may represent a parallel process to the lower Yangtze...it has been suggested on the basis of phytolith and starch residue evidence that broomcorn and foxtail millet were already in use in northern China prior to 7000 BCE. Nonetheless, the most abundant macrofossil evidence of broomcorn and foxtail millet is found in association with the early Neolithic sites post-7000 BCE." 2470: 4788: 4436: 3441: 1176: 11778:, pp. 410–11, 420, "This brought the British into potential conflict with Ranjit Singh, a young Sikh leader who had been prominent in repulsing Afghan attacks by Ahmed Shah Abdali's successors and who, since occupying Lahore in 1799, had been pursuing a policy of conquest and alliance that mirrored that of the British...over the next 30 years the Raja of Lahore, comparatively free of British interference, would blossom into the Maharaja of the Panjab, creator of the most formidable non-colonial state in India...Ranjit had by 1830 created a kingdom, nay an 'empire', rated by one visitor 'the most wonderful object in the whole world'." 1953: 2138: 4368: 5039: 1758: 1379: 6276:, p. 316, "Dispersal over an unprecedented swath of the globe...coincided with an Ice Age that...spread ice in the northern hemisphere as far south as the present lower courses of the Missouri and Ohio rivers in North America and deep into what are now the British Isles. Ice covered what is today Scandinavia. Most of the rest of what is now Europe was tundra or taiga. In central Eurasia, tundra reached almost to the present latitudes of the Black Sea. Steppe licked the shores of the Mediterranean. In the New World, tundra and taiga extended to where Virginia is today." 2540: 2610: 4064: 1301: 3994: 4869: 1035: 10470:, p. 14279, "The 'boundary' of the urban complex of Angkor, as it can be loosely defined from the infrastructural network, encloses ~900–1,000 km compared with the ~100–150 km of Tikal, the next largest preindustrial low-density city for which we have an overall survey. Mirador, a Pre-Classic Maya urban complex, and Calakmul, a Classic site near Tikal, may be more extensive, but as yet we do not have comprehensive overall surveys for these sites; it is nonetheless clear that no site in the Maya world approaches Angkor in terms of extent." 1631: 3046: 3733: 12044:, p. 622, "These mass killings represent turning points in the history of the Spanish Atlantic conquest and share important characteristics. Each targeted Amerindian communities. Each was entirely or partially planned and executed by European actors, namely Spanish military entrepreneurs under the leadership of friar Nicolás de Ovando, Hernán Cortés and Pedro de Alvarado respectively. Each event can be described as a 'genocidal massacre' targeting a specific community because of its membership of a larger group" 2792: 1495: 2240: 22841: 4317: 3560: 3361: 3225: 6464:, p. 518, "Arrowroot was the earliest domesticate , dating to 7800 BC at the Cueva de los Vampiros site and 5800 BCE at Aguadulce...Plant domestication began before 8500 BCE in southwest coastal Ecuador. Squash phytoliths were recovered from terminal Pleistocene and early Holocene strata at Vegas sites. Phytoliths recovered from the earliest levels are from wild squash, with domesticated size squash phytoliths directly dated to 9840–8555 BCE." 10704:, p. 109, "From the islanders' testimony and other Polynesian ethnography it is virtually certain that the statues represented high-ranking ancestors, often served as their funerary monument, and kept their memory alive–like the simple upright slabs in front of platforms in the Society Islands, which represented clan ancestors, or the statues dominating the terraces of sanctuaries in the Marquesas, which were famous old chiefs or priests." 1999: 13790:, p. 609, "But the crisis beginning in 2007, with the eddying effects of the subprime lending-induced financial crash, demonstrated how vital the health of the American economy remained for global growth and stability. Events and processes outside the United States continued to affect the internal politics and economics, and vice versa. The United States and the rest of the world were interconnected, and disengagement was impossible." 2917: 22903: 4654: 22920: 22886: 22829: 2354: 5050: 22869: 5199:

of the Western Roman Empire and later the emergence of the Renaissance. Another periodization divides human history into three periods based on the way humans engage with nature to produce goods. The first transition happened with the emergence of agriculture and husbandry to replace hunting and gathering as the main means of food production. The Industrial Revolution constitutes the second transition.

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another approach divides early history based on the type of tools used in the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages. Historians focusing on religion and culture identify the Axial Age as a key turning point that laid the spiritual and philosophical foundations of many of the world's major civilizations. Some historians draw on elements from different approaches to arrive at a more nuanced periodization.

4219:. Spain, Portugal, Britain, and France all made extensive territorial claims, and undertook large-scale settlement, including the importation of large numbers of African slaves. One side-effect of the slave trade was cultural exchange through which various African traditions found their way to the Americas, including cuisine, music, and dance. Portugal claimed 5684:, pp. 8, 10, "What has come to define our lineage – bipedalism – was adopted early on after we parted company with the chimpanzees, presumably in order to facilitate travel on the ground in more open habitats where large forest trees were less common....The australopithecines did not differ from the modern chimpanzees in terms of brain size." 2570:. The barbarian invaders formed their own new kingdoms in the remains of the Western Roman Empire. Although there were substantial changes in society and political structures, most of the new kingdoms incorporated existing Roman institutions. Christianity expanded in Western Europe, and monasteries were founded. In the 7th and 8th centuries, the 11217:, p. 358, "Political and military instability, succession disputes and conflicts with the Türkmen and Uzbeks vitiated these remarkable economic achievements, weakening the Timurids and making them vulnerable to the previously nomadic Uzbeks, who became the dominant force in Central Asia from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth century." 12038:, p. 38, "With these works, a near consensus emerged. By most scholarly definitions and consistent with the UN Convention, these scholars all asserted that genocide against at least some Indigenous peoples had occurred in North America following colonisation, perpetuated first by colonial empires and then by independent nation-states" 5880:, p. 20150164, "We know that burning evidence occurs on numbers of archaeological sites from about 1.5 Ma onwards (there is evidence of actual hearths from around 0.7 to 0.4 Ma); that more elaborate technologies existed from around half a million years ago, and that these came to employ adhesives that require preparation by fire." 9690:, p. 60, "Then, in the 1340s, Mongol armies attacked the Black Sea port of Caffa in the Crimean region, and from that point on the infection spread into the Mediterranean, and then north into Europe, reaching Scandinavia within two years, and east and south into the Muslim societies of the eastern Mediterranean and North Africa." 1979:(221–206 BCE). Qin Shi Huang was an adherent of the Legalist school of thought and he displaced the hereditary aristocracy by creating an efficient system of administration staffed by officials appointed according to merit. The harshness of the Qin dynasty led to rebellions and the dynasty's fall. It was followed by the 6576:, "The date of 12,000 years before present (BP) is usually given as the beginning of what has been called the Agricultural (or Neolithic) Revolution...The tremendous changes wrought during the Neolithic can be seen as a prelude to the emergence of cities and city states and, of course, to a further rise in population." 5853:, "Fourth, and most importantly, the oldest artefact age of approximately 2.12 Ma at Shangchen implies that hominins had left Africa before the date suggested by the earliest evidence from Dmanisi (about 1.85 Ma). This makes it necessary to reconsider the timing of initial dispersal of early hominins in the Old World." 12032:, p. 430, "That said, and ever since the initial Eastern seaboard settler wars against the Tsenacommacahs and Pequots in the 1620s and early 1630s, systematic genocidal massacre was a core component of native destruction throughout three centuries of largely 'Anglo' expansion across continental North America." 4392:; the French took Indochina; and the Dutch cemented their rule over Indonesia. The British also colonized Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa with large numbers of British colonists emigrating to these colonies. Russia colonized large pre-agricultural areas of Siberia. The United States completed its 1983:(202 BCE–220 CE), which combined the Legalist bureaucratic system with Confucian ideals. The Han dynasty was comparable in power and influence to the Roman Empire that lay at the other end of the Silk Road. As economic prosperity fueled their military expansion, the Han conquered parts of Mongolia, Central Asia, 8949:, pp. 5, 11, "In the early seventh century a religious movement appeared on the margins of the great empires, those of the Byzantines and Sasanians, which dominated the western half of the world....The Byzantine and Sasanian empires were engaged in long wars, which lasted with intervals from 540 to 629." 6300:, p. 400, "In any case, by the end of the era of climatic fluctuation, humans occupied almost all the habitats their descendants occupy today, with the exception of relatively remote parts of the Pacific, accessible only by high-seas navigation and unsettled, as far as we know, for many millennia more." 5198:

A traditionally influential periodization in European scholarship distinguishes between the ancient, medieval, and modern periods organized around historical events responsible for major shifts in political, economic, and cultural structures to mark the transitions between the periods: first the fall

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alone killed approximately 75 to 200 million people between 1347 and 1350. It was one of the deadliest pandemics in human history. Starting in Asia, the disease reached the Mediterranean and Western Europe during the late 1340s, and killed tens of millions of Europeans in six years; between a quarter

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Larson, G.; Piperno, D. R.; Allaby, R. G.; Purugganan, M. D.; Andersson, L.; Arroyo-Kalin, M.; Barton, L.; Climer Vigueira, C.; Denham, T.; Dobney, K.; Doust, A. N.; Gepts, P.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Gremillion, K. J.; Lucas, L.; Lukens, L.; Marshall, F. B.; Olsen, K. M.; Pires, J.C.; Richerson, P. J.;

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To provide an accessible overview, historians divide human history into different periods organized around key themes, events, or developments that have shaped human societies over time. The number of periods and their time frames depend on the chosen topics, and the transitions between periods are

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of analyzing textual sources to construct narratives and interpretations of past events plays a central role in the study of human history. The scope of its topic poses the unique challenge of synthesizing a coherent and comprehensive narrative spanning different cultures, regions, and time periods

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Various explanations of the causes of the Neolithic Revolution have been proposed. Some theories identify population growth as the main factor, leading people to seek out new food sources. Others see population growth not as the cause but as the effect of the associated improvements in food supply.

8492:, p. 134, "But the impression that no significant technological advances occurred in ancient civilization is misleading. In fact, between the 8th century BCE and the 5th century CE, the Mediterranean world witnessed a series of innovations that would influence the development of civilization." 4798:

The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as the primary global powers in the aftermath of World War II. Both nations harbored deep suspicions and fears about the global spread of the other's political-economic system — capitalism for the United States and communism for the Soviet Union. This

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The 20th century opened with Europe at an apex of wealth and power. Much of the world was under its direct colonial control or its indirect influence through heavily Europeanized nations like the United States and Japan. As the century unfolded, however, the global system dominated by rival powers

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uses the relations between societies to divide the history of the world into the periods of Middle Eastern dominance before 500 BCE, Eurasian cultural balance until 1500 CE, and Western dominance afterwards. The invention of writing is often used to demark prehistory from the ancient period while

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The study of human history has a long tradition and early precursors were already practiced in the ancient period as attempts to provide comprehensive accounts of the history of the world. Most research before the 20th century focused on histories of individual communities and societies after the

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The millennium from 500 BCE to 500 CE saw a series of empires of unprecedented size develop. Well-trained professional armies, unifying ideologies, and advanced bureaucracies created the possibility for emperors to rule over large domains whose populations could attain numbers upwards of tens of

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in 1789, and lasts until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. It saw the global spread of the Industrial Revolution, the greatest transformation of the world economy since the Neolithic Revolution. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain around 1770 and used new modes of production—the

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from about 31 years in 1900 to over 66 years in 2000. In 1820, 75% of humanity lived on less than one dollar a day, while in 2001 only about 20% did. At the same time, economic inequality increased both within individual countries and between rich and poor countries. The importance of public

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and Japan. Buddhism reached China in about the 1st century CE and spread widely, with 30,000 Buddhist temples in northern China alone by the 7th century CE. Buddhism became the main religion in much of South, Southeast, and East Asia. The Greek philosophical tradition diffused throughout the

10641:, "The first evidence of Indonesian Muslims concerns the northern part of Sumatra. In the graveyard of Lamreh is found the gravestone of Sultan Suleiman bin Abdullah bin al-Basir, who died in AH 608/AD 1211. This is the first evidence of the existence of an Islamic kingdom in Indonesia." 4093:(1600–1868). The Korean Joseon dynasty (1392–1910) ruled throughout this period, repelling invasions from Japan and China in the 16th and 17th centuries. Expanded maritime trade with Europe significantly affected China and Japan during this period, particularly through the Portuguese in 5130:

prehistoric period. This changed in the late 20th century, when attempts to integrate the diverse narratives into a common context reaching back to the emergence of the first humans became a central research topic. This transition to a widened perspective was accompanied by questioning

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and European voyages of discovery to America and along the African coast. The nature of warfare evolved as the size and organization of military forces on land and sea increased, alongside the wider propagation of gunpowder. The early modern period is significant for the start of

11205:, p. 626, "In the region of the Caucasus Mountains, the third area of southward expansion, Russia first took over Christian Georgia (1786), Muslim Azerbaijan (1801), and Christian Armenia (1813) before gobbling up the many small principalities in the heart of the mountains." 1187:

Further suggested factors include climate change, resource scarcity, and ideology. The transition to agriculture created food surpluses that could support people not directly engaged in food production, permitting far denser populations and the creation of the first cities and

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as a major power in Eastern Europe. The countries of Western Europe, while expanding prodigiously through technological advances and colonial conquest, competed with each other economically and militarily in a state of almost constant war. Wars of particular note included the

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McPherron, Shannon P.; Alemseged, Zeresenay; Marean, Curtis W.; Wynn, Jonathan G.; Reed, Denné; Geraads, Denis; Bobe, René; Béarat, Hamdallah A. (2010). "Evidence for Stone-tool-assisted Consumption of Animal Tissues Before 3.39 million Years Ago at Dikika, Ethiopia".

13894:, "he world's phosphorus problem resembles its carbon-dioxide problem, its plastics problem, its groundwater-use problem, its soil-erosion problem, and its nitrogen problem. The path humanity is on may lead to ruin, but, as of yet, no one has found a workable way back." 18697: 4415:

Within Europe, economic and military competition fostered the creation and consolidation of nation-states, and other ethno-cultural communities began to identify themselves as distinctive nations with aspirations for their own cultural and political autonomy. This

2497:. In the 8th century, Islam began to penetrate the region and soon became the sole faith of most of the population, though Buddhism remained strong in the east. From the 9th to 13th centuries, Central Asia was divided among several powerful states, including the 5643:, p. 150, "But it turned out that humans and chimps differed from each other only by about 10 percent as much as the differences between major groups of mammals, which suggested that they had diverged from each other approximately 5 to 7 million years ago." 1354:

These societies developed a number of shared characteristics, including a central government, a complex economy and social structure, and systems for keeping records. These cultures variously invented the wheel, mathematics, bronze-working, sailing boats, the

12961:, pp. 507–508, "Indeed, Japan's China war between 1931 and 1945 exacted the heaviest toll in lives of all colonial wars – between 10 and 30 million Chinese deaths being the best estimates available in the absence of official or authoritative statistics." 1392:

facilitated the administration of cities, the expression of ideas, and the preservation of information. It may have independently developed in at least four ancient civilizations: Mesopotamia (3300 BCE), Egypt (around 3250 BCE), China (1200 BCE), and lowland

12146:, p. 441, "This view overlooks the fact that, in the forty years since Shelikhov had founded the first permanent settlement on Kodiak Island in 1784, only eight additional settlements had been established, none of which was south of 57° north latitude." 11121:, p. 383, "Because such crops flourished where more familiar staples grew less well, American crops effectively increased the area under cultivation and thereby made possible population growth in many parts of Afro-Eurasia from the 16th century onward." 4020:

in 1526 and lasted for two centuries. Starting in the northwest, it brought the entire subcontinent under Muslim rule by the late 17th century, except for the southernmost Indian provinces, which remained independent. To resist the Muslim rulers, the Hindu

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The post-classical period, dated roughly from 500 to 1500 CE, was characterized by the rise and spread of major religions while civilization expanded to new parts of the world and trade between societies intensified. From the 10th to 13th centuries, the

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Stephens, Lucas; Fuller, Dorian; Boivin, Nicole; Rick, Torben; Gauthier, Nicolas; Kay, Andrea; Marwick, Ben; Armstrong, Chelsey Geralda; Barton, C. Michael (2019). "Archaeological Assessment Reveals Earth's Early Transformation Through Land Use".

3318:(1365). Hinduism and Buddhism had been spreading in Southeast Asia since the 1st century CE when, beginning in the 13th century, Islam arrived and made its way to regions such as present-day Indonesia. This period also saw the emergence of the 11874:, p. 74, "When the Portuguese admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque conquered the sultanate of Melaka (Malacca) on August 24, 1511, he brought under Portuguese control a Southeast Asian polity whose reach stretched across the Malay peninsula." 1928:

oversaw the period referred to as ancient India's golden age. The resulting stability helped usher in a flourishing period for Hindu and Buddhist culture in the 4th and 5th centuries, as well as major advances in science and mathematics. In

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Before the advent of Islam in the 7th century, the Middle East was dominated by the Byzantine and Sasanian Empires, which frequently fought each other for control of several disputed regions. This was also a cultural battle, with Byzantine

11233:, "Historians of different kinds will often make some choice between a long Renaissance (say, 1300–1600), a short one (1453–1527), or somewhere in between (the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, as is commonly adopted in music histories)." 8120:, "At any rate Chandragupta seems to have usurped the throne of Magadha in 320 BC...the last ruler of the Maurya dynasty, Brihadratha, was assassinated by his general, Pushyamitra Shunga, during a parade of his troops in the year 185 BC." 3001:

was reunified by the Sui dynasty in 589. Under the succeeding Tang dynasty (618–907), China entered a golden age during which political stability and economic prosperity were accompanied by literary and artistic accomplishment, like the

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Transport was facilitated by waterways, including rivers and seas, which fostered the projection of military power and the exchange of goods, ideas, and inventions. The Bronze Age also saw new land technologies, such as horse-based

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by the 1820s through military campaigns, but expanded elsewhere as their industrial economies gave them an advantage over the rest of the world. Britain gained control of the Indian subcontinent, Burma, Malaya, North Borneo,

1074:, when various temperate regions of today were inhospitable. Nevertheless, by the end of the Ice Age some 12,000 years ago, humans had colonized nearly all ice-free parts of the globe. Human expansion coincided with both the 4360:, the increasing interconnection of world regions in the economic, political, and cultural spheres. Globalization began in the early 19th century and was enabled by improved transportation technologies such as railroads and 2086:. There were also periods of technological decay, such as the Roman Empire's decline and fall and the ensuing early medieval period. Two of the most important innovations were paper (China, 1st and 2nd centuries CE) and the 20361:

Posth C, Renaud G, Mittnik A, Drucker DG, Rougier H, Cupillard C, et al. (2016). "Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe".

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The early modern period is the era following the European Middle Ages until 1789 or 1800. A common break with the medieval period is placed between 1450 and 1500 which includes a number of significant events: the fall of

2765:. Pirates based in North African ports conducted operations that included capturing merchant ships and raiding coastal settlements. Thousands of European captives were sold in North African markets that were part of the 12731:, p. 206, "The half-century preceding the outbreak of World War I stands out as an era of European economic, political, and cultural dominance never achieved before and impossible to sustain at the end of the war." 2943:

much of present-day Pakistan. The Arab military advance was largely halted at that point, but Islam still spread in India, largely due to the influence of Arab merchants along the western coast. The 9th century saw the

11016:, p. 192, "The Italian city-states developed business procedures that have been described as early capitalism, although this was already business as usual in Asian port-cities such as Cambay, Calicut and Zayton." 3649:. It was one of history's most important global events, involving ecology and agriculture. New crops brought from the Americas by 16th-century European seafarers substantially contributed to world population growth. 2048:(700 BCE–1521 CE), and the Maya civilization, which reached its highest state of development during the Mesoamerican classic period (c. 250–900 CE), but continued throughout the post-classic period. The great Maya 10610:, "However that may be, various texts agree that the solemn coronation of Fa Ngum, which marks the founding of the kingdom of Lan Chang, took place in 1353; this date has most probably been transmitted correctly." 9344:, p. 355, "Despite the political infighting and progressively unstable political situation, Shah Rukh in Herat and Ulugh Beg in Samarkand fostered a cultural and artistic renaissance in the Timurid domains." 14328: 21917: 17574:; Röding, Carolin; Bosman, Abel M.; Karakostis, Fotios A.; Grün, Rainer; Stringer, Chris; Karkanas, Panagiotis; Thompson, Nicholas C.; Koutoulidis, Vassilis; Moulopoulos, Lia A.; Gorgoulis, Vassilis G. (2019). 12308:, p. 562, "Manchester's rise as a large, industrial city was a result of what historians call the Industrial Revolution, the most profound transformation in human life since the beginnings of agriculture." 3788:, an effort to understand the natural world through direct observation and experiment. The success of the new scientific techniques inspired attempts to apply them to political and social affairs, known as the 20029: 5084:

systems improved to the point of outperforming humans at many circumscribed tasks. The influence of religion continued to decline in many Western countries while some parts of the Muslim world saw the rise of

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and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rents from lands and manors. Kingdoms became more centralized after the decentralizing effects of the breakup of the

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during this period. They influenced east 'Uvea, Rotuma, Futuna, Samoa, and Niue, as well as specific islands and parts of Micronesia, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia. In Northern Australia, there is evidence that

5011:(1998–2003), the deadliest conflict since World War II. Latin America also faced economic problems and an over-reliance on commodity exports. The Middle East experienced numerous conflicts, including the 4223:, while Spain seized the rest of South America, Mesoamerica, and southern North America. The Spanish mined and exported prodigious amounts of gold and silver, leading to a surge in inflation known as the 2971:, and Cholas. Literature, architecture, sculpture, and painting flourished under the patronage of these kings. Some of the other important states that emerged in South India during this time included the 2480:

Steppe nomads from Central Asia continued to threaten sedentary societies in the post-classical era, but they also faced incursions from the Arabs and Chinese. China expanded into Central Asia during the

9359:, p. 2, "...that certain distinctive features of our Western civilization—the civilization of western Europe and of America—have been shaped chiefly by Judaeo–Christianity, Catholic and Protestant." 5600:

to refer to all these attempts while others understand world history and global history in a more narrow sense as one among several competing approaches to study the development of the world on a global

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education had already begun to increase in the 18th and 19th centuries but it was not until the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st centuries that compulsory and free education was provided to

15605: 1987:, Korea, and northern Vietnam. As with other empires during the classical period, Han China advanced significantly in the areas of government, education, science, and technology. The Han invented the 4927:

These technical innovations had far-reaching effects. The world's population quadrupled to six billion during the 20th century, while world economic output increased by a factor of 20. The rate of

21950: 8622:, "Ancient societies ruled themselves according to a system known as patriarchy, or the rule of the father, in which male heads of households and states claimed nearly absolute power over women." 4230:

In North America, Britain colonized the east coast while France settled the central region. Russia made incursions into the northwest coast of North America, with its first colony in present-day

2090:(India, 2nd century BCE and Central Asia, 1st century CE), both of which diffused widely throughout the world. The Chinese learned to make silk and built massive engineering projects such as the 1433:

to move faster. Trade became increasingly important as urban societies exchanged manufactured goods for raw materials from distant lands, creating vast commercial networks and the beginnings of

11193:, p. 456, "In the Middle East, Central Asia and India, the Ottoman, Safavid and Mughal empires adopted firearms so enthusiastically that they are often referred to as 'gunpowder empires.'" 18516:

Kinzel, Moritz; Clare, Lee (2020). "Monumental – Compared to What? A Perspective from Göbekli Tepe". In Gebauer, Anne Birgitte; Sørensen, Lasse; Teather, Anne; Valera, António Carlos (eds.).

5763:, "The Paleolithic era encompasses the bulk of the human archaeological record. Its onset is defined by the oldest known stone tools, now dated to 3.3 Ma, found at the Lomekwi site in Kenya." 1641:

From 800 to 200 BCE, the Axial Age saw the emergence of transformative philosophical and religious ideas that developed in many different places mostly independently of each other. Chinese

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in 3500 BCE. These civilizations supported the establishment of regional empires and acted as a fertile ground for the advent of transformative philosophical and religious ideas, initially

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to adorn the body. By 50,000 years ago, they buried their dead, used projectile weapons, and engaged in seafaring. One of the most important changes (the date of which is unknown) was the

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and their predecessors (9th–13th centuries) built extensive permanent settlements, including stone structures that remained the largest buildings in North America until the 19th century.

2637:, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and crop yields to increase. The establishment of the 20119: 16548: 10033:, p. 426, "After China was reunified in 589 by the Sui dynasty (581–618) and suddenly became a looming regional superpower, Silla began exploring even more active ties with China." 18664: 682:

while civilization expanded to new parts of the world and trade between societies increased. These developments were accompanied by the rise and decline of major empires, such as the

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The Ottoman Empire quickly came to dominate the Middle East after conquering Constantinople in 1453, which marked the end of the Byzantine Empire. Persia came under the rule of the

11181:, p. 469, "Having determined to build a distinctive Iranian, Shi'a identity for their empire, the Safavids forced the conversion of all Muslims in their territory to Shi'ism." 3582:

by implementing one-sided trade policies designed to benefit the mother country at the expense of its colonies. Starting at the end of the 15th century, the Portuguese established

3754:'s cultural, scientific, and technological achievements, and the economic and social rise of Europe. This period is also celebrated for its artistic and literary attainments. 14983:

Barro, Robert J.; Lee, Jong-Wha (2015). "2. International Comparisons of School Enrollment and Educational Attainment, 1870–2010". In Barro, Robert J.; Yi, Chong-hwa (eds.).

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Axial Age ideas shaped subsequent intellectual and religious history. Confucianism was one of the three schools of thought that came to dominate Chinese thinking, along with

2886:. The Swahili inhabited the East African coast from Kenya to Mozambique and traded extensively with Arabs, who introduced them to Islam. They built many port cities such as 2427:'s comprehensive philosophical system. Islamic civilization expanded both by conquest and based on its merchant economy. Merchants brought goods and their Islamic faith to 22308:

Weber, Gerhard W.; Hershkovitz, Israel; Gunz, Philipp; Neubauer, Simon; Ayalon, Avner; Latimer, Bruce; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Yasur, Gal; Barzilai, Omry; May, Hila (2020).

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Other scholars argue in favor of a northern dispersal of humans through Central Asia into China, or a multiple dispersal model with several different routes of migration.

4865:; and the Internet, which in the 1990s began to gain traction as a form of communication. These inventions revolutionized the movement of people, ideas, and information. 5032: 20324: 14320: 21901: 19249:

Innovations in Neonatal-perinatal Medicine: Innovative Technologies and Therapies that Have Fundamentally Changed the Way We Deliver Care for the Fetus and the Neonate

5778:, p. 341, "However, Homo is almost certainly descended from an australopith ancestor, so at least one or some australopiths belong directly to the human lineage." 3776:

are some of the great works of the age. After the Renaissance came the Reformation, an anti-clerical theological and social movement that resulted in the creation of

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devastated American societies, killing 60–90 million people by 1600 and reducing the population by 90–95%. In some cases, colonial policies included the deliberate

4704: 3030:, the Song dynasty reunified much of China. Pressure from nomadic empires to the north became increasingly urgent. By 1127, northern China had been lost to the 1255:

was first used in the creation of copper tools and ornaments around 6400 BCE. Gold and silver soon followed, primarily for use in ornaments. The first signs of

4699:, which brought unprecedented destruction and ultimately led to Japan's surrender. Estimates of the war's total casualties range from 55 to 80 million. During 3239:, which had originated in the 2nd century CE, went into decline in the 6th century as Chinese trade routes shifted away from its ports. It was replaced by the 22727:

Zhu Z, Dennell R, Huang W, Wu Y, Qiu S, Yang S, et al. (2018). "Hominin Occupation of the Chinese Loess Plateau Since About 2.1 million Years Ago".

2319:, provided limited economic and cultural contact between Asian and European civilizations. During the same period, civilizations in the Americas, such as the 15617: 4216: 18071: 4449:

In response to the encroachment by European powers, several countries undertook programs of industrialization and political reform along Western lines. The

4211:

Several European powers colonized the Americas, largely displacing the native populations and conquering the advanced civilizations of the Aztecs and Inca.

3906:, and two million to the Arab slave trade. The Atlantic trade was the transport of enslaved Africans to the Americas, while the Arab trade consisted of the 12392:, p. 563, "The first countries to industrialize grew rich and powerful, facilitating a second great wave of European imperialism in the 19th century." 9369:, "Western civilization owes far more to Catholic Church than most people—Catholic included—often realize. The Church in fact built Western civilization." 721:

regions worldwide, intensifying cultural and economic exchange. This era saw substantial intellectual, cultural, and technological advances driven by the

19807: 3973:(Age of Princes) during which the Emperor became a figurehead and the country was ruled by warlords, though the royal line later recovered under Emperor 2060:

and used the concept of zero in their mathematics. West of the Maya area, in central Mexico, the city of Teotihuacan prospered due to its control of the

1902: 1856:

shortly after his death, resulting in the founding of many cities and the spread of Greek culture throughout conquered regions, a process referred to as

21934: 2296:, and other commodities were traded. This allowed Africa to join the Southeast Asia trading system, bringing it contact with Asia; this resulted in the 8543:, p. 59, "Toe stirrups were known in India in the second century BCE, and foot stirrups appeared in northern Afghanistan in the first century CE." 2666:

were a series of religious wars waged by Christians to wrest control of the Holy Land from the Muslims and succeeded for long enough to establish some

5463:

They traveled the open ocean in double-hulled canoes up to 37 meters (121 ft) long, each canoe carrying as many as 50 people and their livestock.

4560:, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. It had an estimated death toll ranging from 10 to 22.5 million and resulted in the collapse of four empires – the 2517:. Timur's large empire collapsed soon after his death, but his descendants retained control of a core area in Central Asia and Iran. They oversaw the 1054:

is that the early waves of migration died out and all modern non-Africans are descended from a single group that left Africa 70,000–50,000 years ago.

22353: 20828: 4708: 21629: 18681: 8505: 4428:

and serfdom in the 19th century. Over several decades, beginning in the late 19th century and continuing throughout the 20th, in many countries the

4117:. The Portuguese held this important trading territory (and the valuable associated navigational strait) until overthrown by the Dutch in 1641. The 1104:, which fundamentally changed the human lifestyle. Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of 14707: 13200:, pp. 456–457, "The collapse of the Soviet Union was, as Mikhail Gorbachev understood, a failure to compete economically and technologically." 16228:

Clarkson C, Jacobs Z, Marwick B, Fullagar R, Wallis L, Smith M, et al. (2017). "Human Occupation of Northern Australia by 65,000 Years Ago".

3829:

In addition to changes wrought by incipient capitalism and colonialism, early modern Europeans experienced an increase in the power of the state.

7276:, p. 362, "There is no doubt that, in most of the areas that saw the rise of cities, powerful kingdoms and empires also eventually emerged." 3042:

in 1279. After about a century of Mongol Yuan dynasty rule, the ethnic Chinese reasserted control with the founding of the Ming dynasty in 1368.

2201:

rose and fell, but, in sharp contrast to the Mediterranean-European world, political unity was always eventually restored. After the fall of the

953: 21756: 20019:

O'Connell, J. F.; Allen, J.; Williams, M. A. J.; Williams, A. N.; Turney, C. S. M.; Spooner, N. A.; Kamminga, J.; Brown, G.; Cooper, A. (2018).

17555: 4880:

The second half of the 20th century also saw groundbreaking scientific and technological developments such as the discovery of the structure of

4494:

manufacturing, further increased productivity. Technological innovations also provided new avenues for artistic expression through the media of

2040:

Successful regional empires were also established in the Americas, arising from cultures established as early as 2500 BCE. In Mesoamerica, vast

1238:

agriculturalists was frequent and became a recurring theme in world history. Neolithic societies usually worshiped ancestors, sacred places, or

20111: 18814: 17282: 16510: 5228:

site in Kenya. Some paleontologists propose an earlier date of 3.39 million years ago based on bones found with butchery marks on them in

3397:

was founded in the 10th century CE and expanded between 1250 and 1500. Tongan culture, language, and hegemony spread widely throughout eastern

9813:, p. 245, "By the 14th century, and probably earlier, West Africa was producing and exporting more gold than anywhere else in the world." 4849:

accelerated advances in technologies that, though conceptualized before World War II, had been implemented for that war's exigencies, such as

4212: 3746:

The early modern period in Europe was an era of intense intellectual ferment. The Renaissance – the "rebirth" of classical culture, beginning

3602:

in 1602. Meanwhile, in much of the European sphere, serfdom declined and eventually disappeared while the power of the Catholic Church waned.

2466:, swept through the region but were eventually eclipsed by the Turks and the founding of the Ottoman Empire in modern-day Turkey around 1299. 1552:

In the Americas, the Norte Chico culture emerged in Peru around 3100 BCE. The Norte Chico built public monumental architecture at the city of

21359:

Spoor, Fred; Gunz, Philipp; Neubauer, Simon; Stelzer, Stefanie; Scott, Nadia; Kwekason, Amandus; Dean, M. Christopher (2015). "Reconstructed

18648: 10622:, p. 125, "In the heart of the dry zone, near the juncture of the Irrawaddy with the famed granary of Kyaukse, Ava was founded in 1365." 2411:

flourished. Scholars preserved and synthesized knowledge and skills of ancient Greece and Persia the manufacture of paper from China and the

2232:, which, along with the plagues of the 14th century, put downward pressure on the population of Eurasia. Major inventions of the period were 1479:

that affected many Mediterranean civilizations between 1300 and 1000 BCE. The foundations of many cultural aspects in India were laid in the

15992: 2578:

established an empire covering much of Western Europe; it lasted until the 9th century, when it succumbed to pressure from new invaders—the

2489:

nomads, who were becoming the most dominant ethnic group in the region. Originally the relationship was largely cooperative but in 630, the

1852:

and his son Alexander the Great (356–323 BCE) founded an empire extending from present-day Greece to India. The empire divided into several

21776: 20536: 20295: 16749: 3163:, with Goguryeo emerging as dominant, unifying the entire peninsula by 936. The founding Goryeo dynasty ruled until 1392, succeeded by the 20993: 20665: 16676: 4432:

movement won women the right to vote, and women began to enjoy greater access to education and to professions beyond domestic employment.

3110:. The emperor remained but did not wield significant influence. Meanwhile, the power of merchants grew. An influential art style known as 1444:

was followed by the unification of the whole valley around 3100 BCE. Around 2600 BCE, the Indus Valley civilization built major cities at

22627: 16091: 14893: 3977:. Other civilizations in Africa advanced during this period. The Oyo Empire experienced its golden age, as did the Kingdom of Benin. The 2936: 22772:Ṭabīb, Rashīd al-Dīn; Faḍlallāh, Rašīd-ad-Dīn; Nishapuri, Zahir al-Din; Nīšāpūrī, Ẓahīr-ad-Dīn (2001). Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (ed.). 21195: 19919: 18732: 17457: 5581:

According to one estimate, about 90% of the global population aged 15–64 was uneducated in 1870. This number had dropped to 10% by 2010.

5494:

The Chinese invented movable type centuries earlier, but it was better suited to the alphabetical writing systems of European languages.

1883:(63 BCE–14 CE), it had established dominion over most of the Mediterranean Sea. The empire continued to grow and reached its peak under 19956:

Northrup, David R. (2015). "From Divergence to Convergence: Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces in History". In Christian, David (ed.).

15038: 912: 568: 21865: 4356:

but caused upheaval as factory owners and workers clashed over wages and working conditions. Along with industrialization came modern

3064:(c. 300–710). Buddhism was introduced, and there was an emphasis on the adoption of elements of Chinese culture and Confucianism. The 18269: 14796:

Armstrong McKay, David I.; et al. (2022). "Exceeding 1.5 °C Global Warming Could Trigger Multiple Climate Tipping Points".

4657: 2662:

between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches led to the prominent cultural differences between Western and Eastern Europe. The

1020: 810: 21126:

History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume I: Empire of the Gazis: The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire 1280–1808

15530: 3849:

produced powerful centralized states, with strong armies and efficient bureaucracies, all under the control of the king. In Russia,

2205:

and the demise of the Three Kingdoms, nomadic tribes from the north began to invade, causing many Chinese people to flee southward.

2025:, centered in present-day Ethiopia, established itself by the 1st century CE as a major trading empire, dominating its neighbors in 1513:

across Central and Southern Africa as early as 3000 BCE. Their expansion and encounters with other groups resulted in the spread of

5031:. Development efforts in Latin America were hindered by political instability, some of which was caused by the United States as it 4424:

occurred between 1828 and 1926, during which democratic institutions were established in 33 countries worldwide. Most of the world

3674: 2278: 2070:

in the ancient world. There were periods of rapid technological progress, such as the Greco-Roman era in the Mediterranean region.

861:, as an adaptation possibly associated with a shift from forest to savanna habitats. Hominins began to use rudimentary stone tools 4352:—to manufacture a wide array of goods faster while using less labor than previously required. Industrialization raised the global 3586:

across Africa, Asia, and Brazil, for commodities like gold and spices while also practicing slavery. In the 17th century, private

3147:

had competed for hegemony. This period ended when Silla conquered Baekje in 660 and Goguryeo in 668, marking the beginning of the

1405:, whose pictorial representations eventually became simplified and more abstract. Other influential early writing systems include 22957: 21106: 15250: 5572:

The Aztec civilization is an exception, having established compulsory formal education for children as early as the 14th century.

4124: 4029:

on the western coast in 1674. The Marathas gradually gained territory from the Mughals over several decades, particularly in the

531: 20739: 17701:

Heldman, Marylin; Haile, Getatchew (1987). "WHO IS WHO IN ETHIOPIA'S PAST, PART III: Founders of Ethiopia's Solomonic Dynasty".

4999:. Postcolonial states in Africa struggled to grow their economies, facing structural barriers such as reliance on the export of 4396:, establishing control over the territory from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast. In the late 19th century, the European powers 444: 22775:

The History of the Seljuq Turks from the Jāmiʻ Al-tawārīkh: An Ilkhanid Adaptation of the Saljūq-nāma of Ẓahīr Al-Dīn Nīshāpūrī

22265:

Villmoare, Brian; Kimbel, William; Seyoum, Chalachew; Campisano, Christopher; DiMaggio, Erin; Rowan, John; et al. (2015).

17735: 17619: 11494:, p. 529, "The French Revolution ended in the rule of Napoleon in 1799, and his attempts to conquer Europe began in 1803." 3923: 3027: 1894: 1047: 1003:, which dramatically improved the human ability to communicate. Signs of early artistic expression can be found in the form of 4580:

saw the systematic destruction, mass murder, and expulsion of those populations in the Ottoman Empire. From 1918 to 1920, the

4568:, Ottoman, and Russian Empires. Its new emphasis on industrial technology had made traditional military tactics obsolete. The 2228:

in the northern hemisphere aided agriculture and led to population growth in parts of Europe and Asia. It was followed by the

2167:

period, while its Roman counterpart became increasingly decentralized and divided about the same time in what is known as the

22783: 22670: 22621: 22586: 22528: 22495: 22474: 22453: 22432: 22223: 22202: 22181: 22139: 22106: 22019: 22000: 21977: 21890: 21843: 21807: 21786: 21742: 21699: 21532: 21508: 21484: 21463: 21442: 21423: 21349: 21318: 21242: 21189: 21156: 21135: 20934: 20913: 20880: 20859: 20769: 20728: 20695: 20651: 20556: 20513: 20492: 20428: 20351: 20312: 20289: 20229: 20208: 20185: 20009: 19988: 19965: 19946: 19913: 19892: 19857: 19836: 19745: 19724: 19703: 19682: 19661: 19628: 19534: 19501: 19464: 19396: 19375: 19356: 19311: 19278: 19257: 19236: 19215: 19192: 19171: 19150: 19098: 19061: 19017: 18982: 18949: 18871: 18852: 18803: 18782: 18726: 18622: 18560: 18527: 18506: 18460: 18436: 18400: 18367: 18335: 18311: 18253: 18229: 18206: 18182: 18158: 18135: 18104: 17970: 17946: 17906: 17783: 17679: 17655: 17446: 17425: 17404: 17371: 17258: 17237: 17216: 17180: 17157: 17136: 17115: 17091: 17070: 17044: 17025: 16978: 16945: 16924: 16852: 16816: 16795: 16774: 16730: 16706: 16633: 16596: 16575: 16534: 16496: 16422: 16398: 16377: 16356: 16337: 16313: 16218: 16187: 16142: 16118: 16085: 16062: 16041: 16019: 15966: 15945: 15926: 15893: 15824: 15803: 15782: 15738: 15706: 15687: 15668: 15594: 15485: 15431: 15410: 15387: 15356: 15300: 15183: 15155: 15134: 15111: 15015: 14961: 14929: 14879: 14856: 14786: 14762: 14741: 14683: 14657: 14628: 14577: 14558: 14539: 14520: 14501: 14482: 14463: 14442: 14406: 14309: 5304:, Greece in 2019 proposed an earlier date of 210,000 years ago. The Apidima Cave study has been challenged by other scholars. 4746: 4380: 3630: 3018:

system, under which administrative positions were open only to those who passed an arduous test on Confucian thought and the

1634: 1210:, receiving agricultural products and providing manufactured goods and varying degrees of political control in return. Early 22789: 22676: 22592: 22534: 22501: 22229: 22112: 21705: 21538: 21324: 21248: 21162: 20940: 20886: 20775: 20701: 20519: 19863: 19751: 19634: 19507: 19470: 19317: 19284: 19104: 19067: 18988: 18955: 18628: 18533: 18466: 18406: 18373: 18110: 17685: 17377: 16822: 16193: 16148: 15899: 15744: 15437: 15362: 15306: 15189: 14967: 14412: 5186:. The interdisciplinary approach is of particular importance to the study of human history before the invention of writing. 3050: 22215:

Sustainable Development Disciplines for Humanity: Breaking Down the 5Ps—People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace, and Partnerships

15081: 2551: 2395:, culminating in the establishment of Muslim rule on three continents (Asia, Africa, and Europe) by 750 CE. The subsequent 1172:

was also domesticated. It is likely that women played a central role in plant domestication throughout these developments.

3953:

In North Africa, the Berbers remained in control of independent states until the 16th century. In the Horn of Africa, the

2745:

Africa around 500-1500 was home to many different civilizations. North Africa saw the rise of polities established by the

1604:. Societies in North America were primarily egalitarian hunter-gatherers, supplementing their diet with the plants of the 915:

and disperse across Eurasia. Perhaps as early as 1.5 million years ago, but certainly by 250,000 years ago, hominins

335: 247: 23286: 22857: 4242:

in 1812. France lost its North American territory to England and Spain after the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). Britain's

3618: 3488:, making it the most extensive pre-Columbian civilization. The Inca were prosperous and advanced, known for an excellent 3148: 5653:, while all members of the lineage leading to modern humans that arose after the split with the LCA are referred to as 1887:(53–117 CE), controlling much of the land from England to Mesopotamia. The two centuries that followed are known as the 1440:

The growth of cities was often followed by the establishment of states and empires. In Egypt, the initial division into

21275: 18691: 4405: 3323: 3073: 2711: 2554:

in shaping the culture, values, and institutions of Western civilization, primarily through Catholicism and later also

2218: 2064:

trade. Its power peaked around 450 CE, when its 125,000–150,000 inhabitants made it one of the world's largest cities.

956:. Genomic research has shown that hybridization between substantially diverged lineages was common in human evolution. 20847:

The Turning Point: Roosevelt, Stalin, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek, 1943: The Moscow, Cairo, and Teheran Conferences

2163:

pressure on the frontiers hastened internal dissolution. The Han dynasty fell into civil war in 220 CE, beginning the

421: 330: 22562: 22160: 21294: 19607: 19424: 18759: 17762: 17307: 17002: 16654: 15560: 14992: 4643: 2726:

were marked by difficulties and calamities. Famine, plague, and war devastated the population of Western Europe. The

2698: 1316: 19797: 19028: 14549:

Ackermann, Marsha E.; Schroeder, Michael J.; Terry, Janice J.; Upshur, Jiu-Hwa Lo; Whitters, Mark F., eds. (2008a).

14530:

Ackermann, Marsha E.; Schroeder, Michael J.; Terry, Janice J.; Upshur, Jiu-Hwa Lo; Whitters, Mark F., eds. (2008d).

14511:

Ackermann, Marsha E.; Schroeder, Michael J.; Terry, Janice J.; Upshur, Jiu-Hwa Lo; Whitters, Mark F., eds. (2008c).

14492:

Ackermann, Marsha E.; Schroeder, Michael J.; Terry, Janice J.; Upshur, Jiu-Hwa Lo; Whitters, Mark F., eds. (2008b).

4749:. Several European countries formed what would evolve into a 27-member-state economic and political community, the 3182:

expanded to comprise all of China and Central Asia, as well as large parts of Russia and the Middle East, to become

2182:

In the 4th century CE, the Roman Empire split into western and eastern regions, with usually separate emperors. The

23022: 22378:

Wheeler, Mary E. (1971). "Empires in Conflict and Cooperation: The "Bostonians" and the Russian-American Company".

22310:"Before the Massive Modern Human Dispersal into Eurasia: A 55,000-year-old Partial Cranium from Manot Cave, Israel" 14568:

Ackermann, Marsha E.; Schroeder, Michael J.; Terry, Janice J.; Upshur, Jiu-Hwa Lo; Whitters, Mark F., eds. (2008).

5028: 4591:

was formed in the hope of averting future international conflicts; and powerful ideologies rose to prominence. The

4499: 3697: 3094:, sometimes considered the world's first novel. From 1185 to 1868, Japan was dominated by powerful regional lords ( 2708: 2186: 2082:

are generally considered to have reached their peak during the Hellenistic period, typified by devices such as the

22029:

Tor, Deborah (2009). "The Islamization of Central Asia in the Sāmānid Era and the Reshaping of the Muslim World".

18844:

The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present

2674:. Italian merchants imported slaves to work in households or in sugar processing. Intellectual life was marked by 2583: 23017: 20465: 18024: 17710: 16864:"A Comprehensive Archaeological Map of the World's Largest Pre-industrial Settlement Complex at Angkor, Cambodia" 4839: 3857:

of Russia, and by annexing the Turkic khanates in the east, transformed Russia into a regional power, eventually

3415: 2702: 2412: 1875:

was founded in the 6th century BCE and began expanding its territory in the 3rd century BCE. The Republic became

916: 22079: 21966:

Tignor, Robert; Adelman, Jeremy; Brown, Peter; Elman, Benjamin; Liu, Xinru; Pittman, Holly; Shaw, Brent (2014).

19767:

Naughton, John (2016). "The Evolution of the Internet: From Military Experiment to General Purpose Technology".

4526:

was subjected to severe strains, and ultimately yielded to a more fluid structure of independent nation states.

3804:

as a continued decline of the influence of religious beliefs and authorities in the public and private spheres.

2458:. The Crusades were ultimately unsuccessful and served more to weaken the Byzantine Empire, especially with the 765:, agriculture, industry, commerce, scientific knowledge, technology, communications, military capabilities, and 23218: 22892: 19410: 19342: 17925: 4716: 4376: 3862: 3060:, the imperial lineage was established during the 3rd century CE, and a centralized state developed during the 2679: 2270: 2071: 1226:

based on nomadic animal herding also developed, mostly in dry areas unsuited for plant cultivation such as the

485: 238: 12188:, p. 482, "The peace agreement forced France to yield Canada to the English and cede Louisiana to Spain." 995:. Humans continued to develop over the succeeding millennia, and by 100,000 years ago, were using jewelry and 23233: 23213: 4983:

and rapid growth, with the economy expanding by 6.6% per year from 1978 to 2003. In the postwar decades, the

4957: 4604: 3886:, starting in 1789, laid the groundwork of liberal democracy by overthrowing monarchy. It led to the rise of 3871: 3830: 3191: 2014: 1701: 734: 22150: 11624: 1437:. Bronze production in Southwest Asia, for example, required the import of tin from as far away as England. 430: 23228: 17277: 15468:. Vol. 2: Genocide in the Indigenous, Early Modern and Imperial Worlds, from c.1535 to World War One. 5415:, which divided society into four hereditary classes: priests, warriors, farmers and traders, and laborers. 4638:. The leading Axis powers were Germany, Japan, and Italy; while the United Kingdom, the United States, the 4479: 4467:

reforms in the Ottoman Empire did little to slow the Ottoman decline. China achieved some success with its

4078: 3545: 2682:

was one of the outstanding artistic achievements of the age. The Middle Ages witnessed the first sustained

2155:

The ancient empires faced common problems associated with maintaining huge armies and supporting a central

1893:, a period of unprecedented peace, prosperity, and political stability in most of Europe. Christianity was 1605: 1203: 119: 21993:

The State of Social Progress of Islamic Societies: Social, Economic, Political, and Ideological Challenges

21212: 3382:

beginning around 1000 CE. Their voyages resulted in the colonization of hundreds of islands including the

1007:

and sculptures made from ivory, stone, and bone, implying a form of spirituality generally interpreted as

402: 397: 22950: 22662: 21619: 21040: 19493: 19448: 18359: 16171: 16128: 15340: 15284: 15175: 14953: 13171: 5810:

lineage originated before 2.3 million years ago, thus marking deep-rooted species diversity in the genus

5434: 4979:(1959–1961) of 30–40 million people. After these policies were rescinded, China entered a period of 4468: 3505: 3117: 2920: 2788:

who claimed descent from the earlier emperors of Aksum and ruled the country well into the 20th century.

2168: 1718: 1276: 1082:. These extinctions were probably caused by climate change, human activity, or a combination of the two. 1075: 964:

populations. Neanderthals and other hominins, such as Denisovans, may have contributed up to 6% of their

524: 283: 20845: 14697: 12935: 5550:

Some historians use a different periodization, saying that it began as early as 1750 or as late as 1800.

4787: 4121:, centered on the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, became the dominant trading power in the region. 3455:

In North America, this period saw the rise of the Mississippian culture in the modern-day United States

22995: 22990: 22807: 22038: 19090: 19053:

Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland

18490: 15469: 14321:"From the Brink of the Apocalypse: Confronting Famine, War, Plague, and Death in the Later Middle Ages" 5476:

can define it as short as about 1500-1700 while some general historians extend its span from 1300-1800.

4487: 4265:. France won back its continental claims from Spain in 1800, but sold them to the United States in the 4254: 4086: 3343: 3331: 2940: 2340: 1793:, the capital of Assyria, was sacked by the Medes in 612 BCE. The Median Empire gave way to successive 820: 85: 22309: 20792: 18749: 8117: 6178: 6136: 5093:

substantially disrupted global trading, caused recessions in the global economy, and spurred cultural

4518:

had been invented in the late 18th century, but it was only at the beginning of the 20th century that

4139:. Into the 19th century, European expansion affected the whole of Southeast Asia, with the British in 2415:

from India. At the same time, they made significant original contributions in various fields, such as

1708:

not to the force of law but to the power and example of tradition. Confucianism would later spread to

792:. To provide an accessible overview, researchers divide human history by a variety of periodizations. 21722: 19444:

Production, Destruction and Connection, 1750-Present, Part 1, Structures, Spaces, and Boundary Making

18822: 18090: 17511: 6123:, p. 22, "Most Paleolithic communities lived by foraging, nomadizing over familiar territories." 5806:, "The latter is morphologically more derived than OH 7 but 500,000 years older, suggesting that the 5760: 5709: 5114: 5106: 4992: 4940: 4862: 4756:

World War II had opened the way for the advance of communism into Eastern and Central Europe, China,

4200: 3907: 3879: 3595: 3532:. European powers also began colonizing large parts of the world through maritime empires: first the 3335: 3219: 3026:(618–842) for control of areas in Inner Asia. However, the Tang dynasty eventually splintered. After 2949: 2814:

in gold, salt, and slaves. West Africa became the world's largest gold exporter by the 14th century.

2694: 2118: 1829: 1336: 766: 18683:

The Nature and Function of Water, Baths, Bathing, and Hygiene from Antiquity Through the Renaissance

17302:. Cambridge Companions to Literature series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 54–68. 17272: 14776: 10592: 2469: 2370: 1452:. Mesopotamian history was characterized by frequent wars between city-states, leading to shifts in 1263:, date to around 4500 BCE, but the alloy did not become widely used until the third millennium BCE. 23053: 22191:

Uhlig, Siegbert; Appleyard, David; Bausi, Alessandro; Hahn, Wolfgang; Kaplan, Steven, eds. (2017).

21817: 20578: 20135:

Osborne, Eric W. (3 July 2020). "The Ulcer of the Mughal Empire: Mughals and Marathas, 1680–1707".

5102: 5007:

of the late 20th century. Moreover, Africa experienced high levels of violence, exemplified by the

5004: 4984: 4458: 4435: 4409: 3911: 3815: 3599: 3039: 2715: 2473: 2274: 2075: 1666: 1476: 1117: 1067: 321: 20196: 16967:

Fagan, Brian M.; Durrani, Nadia (2021). "3. Enter Homo Sapiens (c. 300,000 Years Ago and Later)".

7747: 5649:, p. 8, "Conventionally, taxonomists now refer to the great ape family (including humans) as 5525: 4931:

started to decline towards the end of the 20th century, in part because of increased awareness of

3480:

In South America, the 15th century saw the rise of the Inca. The Inca Empire, with its capital at

2125:, where slaves made up a large proportion of the population and were foundational to the economy. 416: 411: 228: 23328: 20851: 18192: 16029: 15981: 15380:

Traditions & Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past: Volume II From 1500 to the Present

15097: 14772: 5081: 4980: 4842:, partly due to its inability to compete economically with the United States and Western Europe. 4791: 4336: 4301: 4030: 3958: 3435: 3339: 3183: 3132: 2603: 2513:, a Turkic leader in the Mongol military tradition, conquered most of the region and founded the 2454:, a series of religious wars aimed at rolling back Muslim territory and regaining control of the 2436: 2348: 2344: 2122: 2013:

prospered through its interactions with both Egypt and sub-Saharan Africa. It ruled Egypt as the

1328: 1175: 1148:

and several other crops between 8000 and 5000 BCE, while other agricultural centers arose in the

1140:

by 7000 BCE. Pigs were the most important domesticated animal in early China. People in Africa's

1059: 815: 293: 21825: 20957: 20275: 19526:

The Cambridge World History: Volume 4, A World with States, Empires and Networks 1200 BCE-900 CE

18582:

Koch, Paul L.; Barnosky, Anthony D. (2006). "Late Quaternary Extinctions: State of the Debate".

16741: 14647: 14072: 13216: 10564: 9583: 3946:, among others. The Kingdom of Zimbabwe gave way to smaller kingdoms such as Mutapa, Butua, and 3477:

occurred. The Aztec Empire came to dominate much of Mesoamerica in the 14th and 15th centuries.

1713:

Mediterranean world and as far as India, starting in the 4th century BCE after the conquests of

23365: 23266: 23173: 23038: 23005: 22943: 21624: 21413: 18299: 16838: 16665: 16610: 16567:

Science and Technology in World History, Volume 1: The Ancient World and Classical Civilization

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and has not been confirmed by archaeology. Chinese civilization had its origins in the earlier

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In 1511, the Portuguese overthrew the Malacca Sultanate in present-day Malaysia and Indonesian

3583: 3541: 3411: 2807: 2459: 2380: 2258: 2251: 2214: 1593: 1287: 1156:, crops were cultivated by 7000 BCE and cattle were domesticated by 6500 BCE. In the Americas, 1079: 981: 805: 671: 615: 517: 275: 209: 31: 22609: 22443: 22129: 21453: 20505:

Non-Western Educational Traditions: Alternative Approaches to Educational Thought and Practice

20482: 19976: 19880: 19672: 19005: 18770: 18428:

The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000

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Boltz, William G. (1996). "Early Chinese Writing". In Bright, Peter; Daniels, William (eds.).

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on the East African coast. They built large defensive stone structures without mortar such as

2862:. In what is now modern Southern Africa, native Africans created various kingdoms such as the 2645:, the organization of peasants into villages that owed rents and labor service to nobles, and 2586:, and Arabs. During the Carolingian era, churches developed a form of musical notation called 2450:, migrating south from the Turkic homelands. The Seljuks were challenged by Europe during the 2017:

from 712 to 650 BCE, then continued as an agricultural and trading state based in the city of

23223: 23123: 23103: 23098: 23073: 23043: 22966: 22875: 22833: 22171: 21988: 21797: 21474: 21179: 20718: 20341: 19999: 19936: 19903: 19824: 19386: 19203: 19182: 18793: 18714: 18595: 18550: 17936: 17645: 17496: 17436: 17415: 17394: 17248: 17147: 16785: 16644: 16586: 16052: 16009: 15697:

Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman (2011).

15613: 15398: 15122: 14921: 14913: 14723: 14258: 14237: 14120: 14081: 14063: 13840: 13614: 13572: 13563: 13046: 12429: 12291: 12282: 12261: 12171: 12153: 11785: 11758: 11609: 11455:, p. 455, "As a result, the major European nations were nearly always at war somewhere." 11038: 10954: 10768: 10426: 9178: 9091: 9040: 8755: 8737: 7933: 7685: 7157: 7106: 6643: 6283: 6106: 5592: 5412: 4811: 4742: 4549: 4328: 4239: 4235: 4140: 3785: 3549: 3474: 3440: 3080:(794–1185) saw the peak of imperial power, followed by the rise of militarized clans and the 2899: 2320: 2083: 2067: 1992: 1972: 1678: 1441: 1434: 738: 726: 107: 21498: 20903: 20548: 19714: 19599: 19414: 19247: 19161: 18842: 18023:

Hublin JJ, Ben-Ncer A, Bailey SE, Freidline SE, Neubauer S, Skinner MM, et al. (2017).

17793:

Herries AI, Martin JM, Leece AB, Adams JW, Boschian G, Joannes-Boyau R, et al. (2020).

17126: 17013: 16486: 16388: 16367: 15980: 15772: 15145: 14752: 14183: 14054: 14003: 13605: 13501: 13492: 13483: 12714: 12666: 12252: 11345: 6019: 4478:

By the end of the century, the United States became the world's largest economy. During the

392: 23203: 23058: 22736: 22705: 22321: 22278: 21564: 21376: 21066: 20641: 20594: 20371: 20038: 19554: 18895: 18243: 18168: 18039: 17855: 17523: 17472: 16875: 16445: 16237: 15764: 15720: 15654: 15218: 15101: 14357: 14346:"The Shaping of Modern Human Immune Systems by Multiregional Admixture with Archaic Humans" 10638: 8073: 7013: 5323: 5200: 5065: 5003:

rather than manufactured goods. Sub-Saharan Africa was the world region hit hardest by the

4976: 4823: 4728: 4184: 3903: 3867: 3858: 3789: 3727: 3626: 3279: 3160: 3159:, a successor state to Goguryeo, in the north. In 892 CE, this arrangement reverted to the 3015: 2988: 2718:

cooperated with the Mongols but remained independent and in the late 14th century formed a

2659: 2225: 2183: 2137: 2045: 1825: 1821: 1686: 1585: 1561: 1534: 1498: 1406: 1304: 1097: 991: 730: 580: 382: 312: 233: 219: 95: 91: 19: 21500:

The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged

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The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged

21234:

Lost Kingdom: Hawaii's Last Queen, the Sugar Kings, and America's First Imperial Adventure

18862:

Lang, Michael (2015). "Evolution, Rupture, and Periodization". In Christian, David (ed.).

4475:, history's bloodiest civil war, which killed 20–30 million people between 1850 and 1864. 3394: 2053: 1952: 1565: 8: 23281: 23183: 23133: 23083: 20173: 18446: 18349: 18239: 16518: 15879: 15499: 15330: 15326: 15274: 15270: 14344:

Abi-Rached L, Jobin MJ, Kulkarni S, McWhinnie A, Dalva K, Gragert L, et al. (2011).

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Or perhaps earlier; the 2018 discovery of stone tools from 2.1 million years ago in

5143: 5142:

while taking diverse individual perspectives into account. This is also reflected in its

5038: 4819: 4777: 4692: 4511: 4429: 4397: 4246: 4168: 4167:

The Pacific Islands of Oceania were also affected by European contact, starting with the

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Arab domination of the Middle East ended in the mid-11th century with the arrival of the

2202: 2095: 2091: 1913: 1743: 1714: 1682: 1465: 1461: 1149: 1071: 746: 710: 572: 377: 261: 194: 22740: 22709: 22325: 22282: 21827:

Explorations in Early Southeast Asian History: The Origins of Southeast Asian Statecraft

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Radivojevic, M; Rehren, T; Kuzmanovic-Cvetkovic, J; Jovanovic, M; Northover, JP (2013).

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Goldhill, Simon (1997). "The Audience of Athenian Tragedy". In Easterling, P. E. (ed.).

16879: 16720: 16449: 16241: 15550: 15222: 14361: 14299: 13668: 7075: 5068:, which brought both benefits and risks to interlinked economies, as exemplified by the 4772:

this advance, the United States established a global network of alliances. The largest,

4367: 3418:

from Indonesia before the arrival of Europeans. In Aboriginal societies, leadership was

3299: 2399:

oversaw the Islamic Golden Age, an era of learning, science, and invention during which

761:, there has been a great acceleration in the rates of growth of many domains, including 23093: 23088: 22760: 22421: 22395: 22345: 22192: 22058: 22050: 21857: 21849: 21772: 21748: 21691:

The Battle of Salamis: The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece – and Western Civilization

21676: 21606: 21400: 21098: 20985: 20820: 20623: 20582: 20405: 20160: 20095: 20061: 20020: 19578: 19226: 19133: 18918: 18883: 18599: 18063: 18006: 17981: 17714: 17665: 17611: 17547: 17343: 17318: 17206: 17081: 16992: 16898: 16863: 16842: 16540: 16468: 16433: 16327: 16271: 15987: 15867: 15859: 15768: 15724: 15574: 15570: 15522: 15242: 15055: 15026: 14833: 14604: 14378: 14345: 10607: 10097: 9223: 7957: 5637:, p. 1, "Human beings evolved over several million years from primates in Africa." 5473: 5118: 4972: 4968: 4921: 4909: 4592: 4421: 4353: 4266: 4258: 4172: 3887: 3846: 3805: 3780:. The Renaissance also engendered a culture of inquisitiveness which ultimately led to 3759: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3591: 3575: 3355: 3107: 3103: 2992: 2754: 2655: 2599: 2506: 2408: 2400: 2388: 2262: 2175:

dominated a large part of the continent. The development of the stirrup and the use of

1861: 1817: 1747: 1690: 1518: 1389: 1063: 1051: 1039: 1000: 977: 961: 695: 556: 435: 307: 138: 22718: 22693: 22246: 21967: 21054: 21011:"A Tradition of Invention: The Paradox of Glorifying Past Technological Breakthroughs" 20793:"An Assessment of the Late Middle Pleistocene Occipital from Apidima 1 Skull (Greece)" 20219: 18426: 18196: 18126:

Hughes-Warrington, Marnie (2015). "Writing World History". In Christian, David (ed.).

17960: 17484: 15793: 15658: 15206: 14846: 14731: 14432: 13111: 11935: 11886:, p. 257, "As of about 1500, the power in this region, and the main enemy of the 10666: 7822: 7484: 7199: 6259: 4857:, and computers. In the decades after World War II, these advances led to jet travel; 2539: 1315:. Early civilizations arose close to rivers, first in Mesopotamia (3300 BCE) with the 1249:

in Turkey, dated 9500–8000 BCE, is an example of a Neolithic religious or civic site.

1215: 22779: 22752: 22666: 22617: 22582: 22558: 22524: 22491: 22470: 22449: 22428: 22349: 22337: 22296: 22219: 22198: 22177: 22156: 22135: 22102: 22062: 22015: 21996: 21973: 21942: 21909: 21886: 21861: 21839: 21821: 21803: 21782: 21752: 21738: 21695: 21668: 21610: 21598: 21590: 21528: 21504: 21480: 21459: 21438: 21419: 21392: 21345: 21314: 21310:

A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

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McNiven, Ian J. (2017). "22. Australasia and the Pacific". In Benjamin, Craig (ed.).

19497: 19489:

Production, Destruction and Connection, 1750–Present, Part 2, Shared Transformations?

19460: 19420: 19392: 19371: 19352: 19307: 19274: 19253: 19232: 19211: 19204:"The Global Political Economy, Welfare State Reforms, and the Governance of Religion" 19188: 19167: 19146: 19094: 19057: 19013: 18978: 18945: 18923: 18867: 18848: 18799: 18778: 18755: 18722: 18687: 18656: 18644: 18618: 18556: 18523: 18502: 18456: 18432: 18396: 18363: 18345: 18331: 18307: 18286: 18249: 18225: 18202: 18178: 18154: 18131: 18100: 18067: 18055: 18011: 17966: 17942: 17921: 17902: 17883: 17846: 17828: 17779: 17758: 17675: 17651: 17615: 17603: 17595: 17539: 17488: 17442: 17421: 17400: 17367: 17348: 17303: 17254: 17233: 17212: 17176: 17153: 17132: 17111: 17087: 17066: 17040: 17021: 17014: 16998: 16974: 16941: 16920: 16903: 16848: 16812: 16791: 16770: 16726: 16702: 16650: 16629: 16592: 16571: 16544: 16530: 16506: 16492: 16473: 16418: 16394: 16373: 16352: 16333: 16309: 16275: 16263: 16214: 16183: 16138: 16114: 16081: 16058: 16037: 16015: 15962: 15941: 15922: 15889: 15871: 15851: 15820: 15799: 15778: 15734: 15702: 15683: 15664: 15590: 15556: 15481: 15427: 15406: 15383: 15352: 15296: 15246: 15234: 15179: 15151: 15130: 15107: 15060: 15011: 14988: 14957: 14925: 14885: 14875: 14852: 14837: 14825: 14798: 14782: 14758: 14737: 14679: 14653: 14634: 14624: 14616: 14573: 14554: 14535: 14516: 14497: 14478: 14459: 14438: 14402: 14383: 14305: 9169: 8833: 7373: 5803: 5283: 5155: 5138: 5090: 5053: 4928: 4905: 4827: 4738: 4676: 4627: 4588: 4569: 4472: 4450: 4393: 4385: 4340: 4307: 4243: 4231: 4196: 4128: 3883: 3850: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3769: 3689: 3587: 3533: 3383: 3327: 3278:. Its collapse brought about political fragmentation that ended with the rise of the 3260: 3256: 3090: 3035: 2972: 2863: 2785: 2750: 2740: 2705: 2559: 2530: 2396: 2392: 2384: 2366: 2141: 2079: 2041: 1956: 1934: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1766: 1662: 1597: 1471:

Over the following millennia, civilizations developed across the world. By 1600 BCE,

1356: 1016: 960:

evidence suggests that several genes of Neanderthal origin are present among all non-

944: 762: 298: 252: 22764: 21680: 21102: 20099: 20078:

O'Rourke, Kevin H.; Williamson, Jeffrey G. (2002). "When Did Globalization Begin?".

19695:

The Prehistory of Music: Human Evolution, Archaeology, and the Origins of Musicality

18603: 17752: 17727: 17575: 15678:

Brown, Stephen F.; Anatolios, Khaled; Palmer, Martin (2009). O'Brien, Joanne (ed.).

15634: 15586: 15526: 14608: 6163: 5134:

and the Western-focused perspective that had previously dominated academic history.

2315:. Middle Eastern trade routes along the Indian Ocean, and the Silk Road through the 2129:

was also common, with men controlling more political and economic power than women.

1557: 23306: 23296: 23238: 23208: 23161: 23128: 23118: 23063: 22985: 22744: 22713: 22387: 22329: 22286: 22042: 21831: 21734: 21730: 21658: 21580: 21572: 21404: 21384: 21074: 21022: 20969: 20804: 20618: 20610: 20602: 20544: 20455: 20387: 20379: 20281: 20252: 20144: 20087: 20056: 20046: 19776: 19582: 19562: 19452: 19438: 19129: 19047: 18913: 18903: 18591: 18494: 18278: 18047: 18025:"New Fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the Pan-African Origin of Homo Sapiens" 18001: 17993: 17873: 17863: 17818: 17587: 17571: 17551: 17531: 17480: 17338: 17330: 16893: 16883: 16522: 16463: 16453: 16292: 16253: 16245: 16175: 15843: 15514: 15473: 15344: 15322: 15288: 15266: 15226: 15050: 15042: 14815: 14807: 14596: 14373: 14365: 5353: 5349: 5024: 5008: 4917: 4893: 4780:. In response, in 1955 the Soviet Union and its Eastern European allies formed the 4615: 4224: 4152: 4132: 4094: 4085:, the last Chinese imperial dynasty, which ruled until 1912. Japan experienced its 3962: 3954: 3750:

in the 14th century and extending into the 16th – comprised the rediscovery of the

3662: 3622: 3606: 3553: 3489: 3422:

while the social structure of Polynesian societies was characterized by hereditary

3251:, was the most extensive city in the world before the industrial age and contained 3199: 3128: 3085: 3057: 3019: 2998: 2964: 2924: 2911: 2883: 2859: 2833: 2723: 2634: 2266: 2194: 2022: 1746:

also expanded, most notably the massive trade routes in the Mediterranean Sea, the

1705: 1704:. The Confucian tradition, which would become particularly influential, looked for 1472: 1239: 1223: 857: 714: 683: 647: 463: 124: 22909: 22520:

Competing with the Soviets: Science, Technology, and the State in Cold War America

21853: 21778:"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide 21027: 21010: 20148: 19780: 16323: 16209:

Christian, David (2015a). "Introduction and Overview". In Christian, David (ed.).

15834:

Burley, David V. (1998). "Tongan Archaeology and the Tongan Past, 2850–150 B.P.".

15046: 14587:

Ackermann RR, Mackay A, Arnold ML (2015). "The Hybrid Origin of "Modern" Humans".

3732: 2292:

rose. On the southeast coast of Africa, Arabic ports were established where gold,

1757: 772:

The study of human history relies on insights from academic disciplines including

733:. By the 18th century, the accumulation of knowledge and technology had reached a 23316: 23271: 23168: 22773: 22656: 22576: 22572: 22550: 22518: 22485: 22464: 22416: 22333: 22213: 22096: 21689: 21522: 21308: 21265: 21232: 21146: 21055:"Dating Caral, a Preceramic Site in the Supe Valley on the Central Coast of Peru" 20924: 20870: 20808: 20759: 20685: 20503: 19847: 19735: 19693: 19651: 19618: 19524: 19487: 19442: 19301: 19268: 19084: 19051: 18972: 18939: 18612: 18517: 18450: 18390: 18353: 18172: 18094: 17997: 17773: 17669: 17361: 17101: 16968: 16806: 16412: 16165: 16132: 16073: 15956: 15883: 15760: 15728: 15716: 15421: 15334: 15278: 15169: 14947: 14943: 14909: 14702: 14671: 14667: 14453: 14396: 13901: 13273: 13231: 12630: 12528: 11976: 11961: 11687: 11438: 11230: 10681: 10220: 10190: 10181: 10112: 9556: 9366: 9332:, p. 354, "He maintained jurisdiction principally in Central Asia and Iran." 9282: 8619: 8099: 8046: 7993: 7924: 7538: 7424: 6767: 6709: 6573: 6349: 6010: 5560: 5151: 5069: 4952: 4948: 4932: 4897: 4815: 4810:

With the development of nuclear weapons during World War II and their subsequent

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This transformation was catalyzed by wars of unparalleled scope and devastation.

4454: 4420:

became important to peoples across the world in the 19th and 20th centuries. The

4345: 4311: 4220: 4176: 4118: 3970: 3891: 3751: 3692:

because of their early adoption of firearms. At the end of the 18th century, the

3658: 3419: 2667: 2440: 2297: 2176: 2172: 2010: 2002: 1905:. It became the sole official religion of the empire in 380 CE while the emperor 1865: 1837: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1510: 1506: 1457: 1378: 1272: 1227: 1024: 834: 564: 480: 162: 22840: 21415:

The Statesman's Yearbook 2024: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World

20257: 20240: 19716:

The Economic History of Central, East and South-East Europe: 1800 to the Present

18325: 17105: 15073: 14698:"The Myth of the Liberal Order: From Historical Accident to Conventional Wisdom" 13770: 4063: 3985:

in the late 17th century. The Kingdom of Kongo also thrived during this period.

3637:: the exchange of plants, animals, foods, human populations (including slaves), 3045: 1246: 1180: 23344: 23323: 23188: 23113: 23068: 23048: 22821: 21885:. The Center for Information on Korean Culture, The Academy of Korean Studies. 21036: 20958:"Urgency, Uncertainty, and Innovation: Building Jet Engines in Postwar America" 20661: 17956: 17202: 16626:

Borderlines and Borderlands: Political Oddities at the Edge of the Nation-State

15165: 14727: 14693: 14428: 5424:

The exact dates are disputed and some periodizations use 1450 as the end point.

5110: 5094: 4996: 4995:

colonies of European empires won their formal independence, a process known as

4936: 4901: 4889: 4885: 4750: 4734: 4647: 4577: 4553: 4515: 4483: 4404:

remained independent. Imperial rule in Africa involved many atrocities such as

4262: 4148: 4144: 3978: 3966: 3801: 3693: 3680:

as Persia's official religion, thus giving Persia a separate identity from its

3537: 3516: 3512: 3379: 3315: 3031: 3023: 2968: 2895: 2871: 2867: 2844: 2773: 2758: 2719: 2591: 2567: 2563: 2514: 2498: 2486: 2447: 2432: 2428: 2289: 2229: 2164: 2107: 1946: 1872: 1669:

took hold in Greece during the 5th century BCE, epitomized by thinkers such as

1658: 1542: 1530: 1188: 1164:

appeared in Central America by 7800 BCE. Potatoes were first cultivated in the

1109: 952:. Human evolution was not a simple linear or branched progression but involved 927: 745:

starting around 1800 CE. The growth in productive power further increased

703: 663: 627: 199: 22748: 22046: 21969:

Worlds Together, Worlds Apart, Volume One: Beginnings Through the 15th Century

21663: 21646: 20460: 20437: 20383: 20091: 19163:

Methods for Human History: Studying Social, Cultural, and Biological Evolution

17591: 16296: 15847: 15008:

Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices

14600: 6733: 3187: 2791: 1494: 897:

which evolved by 2.3 million years ago. The most important difference between

23359: 22652: 22341: 21946: 21913: 21672: 21594: 21494: 21304: 21086: 20981: 20973: 20816: 20581:, Green RE, Kircher M, Krause J, Patterson N, Durand EY, et al. (2010). 20156: 20107: 19788: 19456: 19434: 19406: 18660: 17599: 17507: 17054: 16606: 16526: 16408: 16179: 15976: 15855: 15495: 15453: 15348: 15292: 14939: 14889: 14676:

Origins of a Civilization: The Prehistory and Early Archaeology of South Asia

14638: 5370: 5357: 5243: 5012: 4944: 4846: 4761: 4700: 4684: 4622:. In that war, the vast majority of the world's countries, including all the 4565: 4491: 4389: 4357: 4349: 4039:

developed at the end of the 15th century from the spiritual teachings of ten

4013: 4001: 3915: 3797: 3777: 3764: 3740: 3701: 3685: 3670: 3552:. Historians still debate the causes of Europe's rise, which is known as the 3387: 3368: 3271: 3179: 3061: 2818: 2795: 2777: 2762: 2675: 2555: 2502: 2357: 2052:

slowly rose in number and prominence, and Maya culture spread throughout the

1968: 1960: 1942: 1938: 1917: 1898: 1857: 1833: 1613: 1573: 1569: 1514: 1488: 1414: 1340: 1320: 1199: 1004: 754: 742: 691: 473: 148: 22291: 22266: 22131:

American Hegemony after the Great Recession: A Transformation in World Order

22031:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

21989:"The Islamic Golden Age: A Story of the Triumph of the Islamic Civilization" 21725:. In Trevathan, Wenda; Cartmill, Matt; Dufour, Darna; Larsen, Clark (eds.). 21576: 21078: 20051: 18908: 18282: 17868: 17841: 17823: 17794: 16888: 16666:"3.3-Million-Year-Old Stone Tools and Butchery Traces? More Evidence Needed" 16488:

Global Health in the 21st Century: The Globalization of Disease and Wellness

16458: 15336:

The Construction of a Global World, 1400–1800 CE, Part 2, Patterns of Change

15230: 14811: 14646:

Aldenderfer, Mark (2011). "Era 1: Beginnings of Human Society to 4000 BCE".

14369: 4316: 3812:

printing in 1440 helped spread the ideas of the new intellectual movements.

3613:

engaged in substantial cultural, material, and biological exchange with the

1824:, the seminal period of ancient Greece that laid many of the foundations of 1487:. From around 550 BCE, many independent kingdoms and republics known as the 1034: 23301: 22845: 22756: 22300: 21602: 21518: 21396: 21094: 20632: 20583:"Genetic History of an Archaic Hominin Group from Denisova Cave in Siberia" 20401: 20320: 20266: 20070: 19938:

The Soybean Through World History: Lessons for Sustainable Agrofood Systems

19574: 18927: 18838: 18422: 18248:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. 18059: 18015: 17887: 17832: 17607: 17576:"Apidima Cave Fossils Provide Earliest Evidence of Homo Sapiens in Eurasia" 17543: 17492: 17352: 17334: 17268: 17058: 16907: 16716: 16477: 16267: 15238: 15064: 14985:

Education Matters: Global Schooling Gains from the 19th to the 21st Century

14829: 14570:

Encyclopedia of World History 6: The Contemporary World 1950 to the Present

14387: 5830:

from the australopithecines was a brain that was nearly 50 percent larger."

5657:. The older literature used the terms hominoids and hominids respectively." 5373:

existed earlier but they did not constitute fully developed writing system.

5301: 5297: 5179: 5167: 5131: 5077: 4868: 4850: 4672: 4639: 4619: 4608: 4539: 4519: 4441: 4425: 4324: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4102: 4082: 4067: 4044: 3947: 3939: 3919: 3809: 3773: 3666: 3579: 3444: 3295: 3287: 3244: 3240: 3203: 3195: 3175: 3077: 2803: 2683: 2509:. These states were succeeded by the Mongols in the 13th century. In 1370, 2494: 2490: 2416: 2324: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2243: 2148: 2026: 1925: 1906: 1876: 1722: 1642: 1609: 1480: 1449: 1410: 1348: 1312: 1252: 1133: 907: 893: 781: 757:. Over the last quarter-millennium, despite the devastating effects of two 750: 718: 679: 643: 623: 600: 170: 143: 22267:"Paleoanthropology. Early Homo at 2.8 Ma from Ledi-Geraru, Afar, Ethiopia" 21880: 19977:"Refugees in the Mena Region: Historical Overview, Effects and Challenges" 18519:

Monumentalising Life in the Neolithic: Narratives of Change and Continuity

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Buildings and Landmarks of 19th-Century America: American Society Revealed

15477: 14532:

Encyclopedia of World History 4: Age of Revolution and Empire 1750 to 1899

14473:

Ackermann, Marsha E.; et al., eds. (2008e). "Three Kingdoms, Korea".

10326: 3993: 1206:. They developed mutually beneficial relationships with their surrounding 23276: 23243: 23198: 23178: 19594:

The Earth's magnetic field: Its history, origin and planetary perspective

18935: 18482: 17063:

Zapotec Civilization: How Urban Society Evolved in Mexico's Oaxaca Valley

15518: 15461: 15457: 5395: 5345: 5171: 5163: 4835: 4781: 4769: 4757: 4741:

had been formed following World War I. The United Nations championed the

4669: 4635: 4623: 4581: 4545: 4535: 4495: 4417: 4180: 4048: 3974: 3723: 3719: 3681: 3559: 3448: 3375: 3264: 3152: 3065: 3003: 2953: 2932: 2852: 2841: 2802:

In the West African Sahel region, many Islamic empires rose, such as the

2727: 2642: 2534: 2482: 2404: 2328: 2316: 2293: 2285: 2239: 2156: 2144: 2057: 1980: 1976: 1930: 1813: 1661:

began earlier, perhaps around 1000 BCE, but was institutionalized by the

1630: 1601: 1577: 1522: 1468:

emerged by 2000 BCE and is regarded as the first civilization in Europe.

1456:

from one city to another. In the 25th–21st centuries BCE, the empires of

1394: 1153: 1121: 1101: 1058:

proceeded to colonize all the continents and larger islands, arriving in

931: 869: 785: 777: 722: 619: 588: 349: 344: 214: 64: 22054: 21585: 21388: 20606: 19566: 18051: 17878: 17718: 17535: 17175:. Trends in linguistics: Studies and monographs. Vol. 77. Gruyter. 16622:"Russia's Kaliningrad Exclave: Discontinuity as a Threat to Sovereignty" 16249: 15863: 15027:"What Changed During the Axial Age: Cognitive Styles or Reward Systems?" 14820: 4668:

governments of Germany and Japan pursued an ultimately doomed course of

2935:

was divided into a complex and fluid network of smaller kingdoms. Early

2609: 1840:(454–404 BCE), which was defeated by a Spartan-led coalition during the 23156: 22399: 21835: 21799:

The Musical Brain: What Students, Teachers, and Performers Need to Know

21050: 20614: 20392: 18489:. Vol. 1: Genocide in the Ancient, Medieval and Premodern Worlds. 16258: 5383: 5147: 5073: 4665: 4614:

Ongoing national rivalries, exacerbated by the economic turmoil of the

4320: 4278: 4192: 4090: 4040: 3927: 3793: 3736: 3677: 3571: 3529: 3402: 3252: 3228: 2837: 2830: 2826: 2126: 2049: 1889: 1762: 1654: 1538: 1364: 1291: 1211: 1207: 1160:

was cultivated by at least 8500 BCE in South America, and domesticated

1023:

in Germany, dated around 40,000 years old. Paleolithic humans lived as

852: 848: 840: 801: 635: 604: 552: 365: 175: 128: 103: 49: 22926: 20439: 18882:

Rubio De Casas, R.; Sanjur, O.I.; Thomas, M. G.; Fuller, D.Q. (2014).

18795:

Freedoms Delayed: Political Legacies of Islamic Law in the Middle East

18263:

Jungers, William L. (1988). "Lucy's Length: Stature Reconstruction in

17980:

Howe, D. C.; Chauhan, R. S.; Soderberg, A. T.; Buckley, M. R. (2020).

17512:"3.3-million-year-old Stone Tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya" 17323:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

16390:

The Complete History of Aviation: From Ballooning to Supersonic Flight

16011:

Treasury of Folklore: Seas and Rivers: Sirens, Selkies and Ghost Ships

14301:

The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empires, 1415–1980

6737: 5232:, Ethiopia, while others dispute both the Dikika and Lomekwi findings. 3178:

united various Mongol and Turkic tribes under one banner in 1206. The

2373:

created a new contender that quickly surpassed both of these empires.

1050:

took place in multiple waves beginning 194,000–177,000 years ago. The

23311: 22071: 20926:

Learning, Environment and Sustainable Development: A History of Ideas

19141:

Manning, Patrick (2013). "Epistemology". In Bentley, Jerry H. (ed.).

18321: 16988: 15280:

The Construction of a Global World, 1400–1800 CE, Part 1, Foundations

15207:"Evidence of Humans in North America During the Last Glacial Maximum" 14494:

Encyclopedia of World History 2: The Expanding World 600 c.e. to 1449

5524:

Magellan died in 1521. The voyage was completed by Spanish navigator

5360:

is the first dynasty that can be archeologically verified (1750 BCE).

5256: 5000: 4873: 4858: 4831: 4804: 4596: 4507: 4361: 3997: 3638: 3614: 3610: 3406: 3398: 3307: 3283: 3207: 2891: 2848: 2686:

of Northern and Western Europe and lasted until the beginning of the

2638: 2455: 2233: 2160: 1984: 1786: 1782: 1751: 1674: 1625: 1402: 1398: 1382: 1372: 1300: 1235: 1161: 1157: 1091: 1015:. The earliest known musical instruments besides the human voice are 1012: 949: 935: 758: 699: 687: 667: 596: 584: 468: 189: 53: 22391: 19086:

The Reunification of China: Peace Through War Under the Song Dynasty

16434:"Searching for the Emergence of Stone Tool Making in Eastern Africa" 14795: 14551:

Encyclopedia of World History 5: Crisis and Achievement 1900 to 1949

13885: 5485:

Some scholars date the period later, to the 15th and 16th centuries.

5080:

becoming ubiquitous worldwide by the mid-2010s. By the early 2020s,

3224: 911:

evolved by 2 million years ago and was the first hominin species to

603:. The growing complexity of human societies necessitated systems of 21902:"Large, Creative AI Models Will Transform Lives and Labour Markets" 21267:

Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics

16787:

City-state Civism in Ancient Athens: Its Real and Ideal Expressions

15936:

Cajani, Luigi (2013). "Periodization". In Bentley, Jerry H. (ed.).

14751:

Andrea, Alfred J.; Neel, Carolyn (2011). "What Is World History?".

14621:

The Invisible Sex: Uncovering the True Roles of Women in Prehistory

10258:, p. 720, "In Japan the emperor was revered but had no power." 5538: 5175: 5042: 5020: 5016: 4800: 4680: 4463: 3819: 3781: 3755: 3528:, increaslingly centralized bureaucratic states and early forms of 3520: 3423: 3360: 3311: 3136: 2781: 2663: 2598:

to become the largest state in Europe by the 10th century. In 988,

2451: 2424: 2376: 2273:

and the founding of the Ottoman Empire. South Asia had a series of

2247: 2099: 2061: 1880: 1853: 1646: 1484: 1453: 1295: 888: 844: 789: 639: 631: 180: 77: 21935:"Progress on Climate Change Has Been Too Slow. But It's Been Real" 20112:"New Nuclear Power Plants Are Unlikely to Stop the Climate Crisis" 20018: 19620:

What Remains: Coming to Terms with Civil War in 19th Century China

19029:"The northern dispersal of early modern humans in eastern Eurasia" 19027:

Li, Feng; Petraglia, Michael; Roberts, Patrick; Gao, Xing (2020).

15982:"Pandemic's Economic Impact Is Easing, but Aftershocks May Linger" 14513:

Encyclopedia of World History 3: The First Global Age 1450 to 1749

6198: 4695:

millions of Chinese. The war also saw the introduction and use of

3282:

in the 16th century. Other notable kingdoms of the period include

2939:

began in the northwest in 711 CE, when the Arab Umayyad Caliphate

2858:

Central Africa saw the formation of several states, including the

2617:

with the three classes of medieval society: those who prayed (the

2018: 1521:

throughout sub-Saharan Africa, and produced societies such as the

1397:(by 650 BCE). The earliest system of writing was the Mesopotamian 23261: 18552:

Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology

18149:. In Unger, Corinna R.; Borowy, Iris; Pernet, Corinne A. (eds.). 17229:

Money and Medicine: The Evolution of National Health Expenditures

15321: 15265: 12095: 12083: 12014: 11899: 11883: 11799: 11581: 11557: 11533: 11464: 11428: 11269: 11214: 11190: 11178: 11133: 11106: 11094: 11070: 11013: 11001: 10980: 10965: 9907: 9687: 9341: 9329: 5447: 5225: 5183: 5159: 5072:

of the late 2000s and early 2010s. Communications expanded, with

5049: 4913: 4600: 4401: 4114: 4036: 4026: 3564: 3463: 3275: 3112: 3081: 2916: 2887: 2822: 2746: 2626: 2579: 2463: 2462:

in 1204. In the early 13th century, a new wave of invaders, the

2420: 2198: 2190: 2114: 2087: 2033:

trade. It minted its own currency and carved enormous monolithic

2030: 1988: 1790: 1778: 1730: 1650: 1584:

of Mesoamerica developed by about 1200 BCE and are known for the

1526: 1445: 1426: 1422: 1360: 1344: 1219: 1145: 1129: 1008: 939: 773: 655: 651: 608: 22935: 18267:(A.L.288-1) with Implications for Other Small-bodied Hominids". 17938:

The Industrial Revolution: History, Documents, and Key Questions

17319:"The Discovery of Fire by Humans: A Long and Convoluted Process" 14343: 6712:, Monumental – Compared to What? A Perspective from Göbekli Tepe 5967: 824:

skeleton found, was only 1.06 m (3 ft 6 in) tall.

579:

by the end of the Ice Age 12,000 years ago. Soon afterward, the

22771: 20420:

The Birth of Classical Europe: A History from Troy to Augustine

19737:

Gods & Goddesses of the Inca, Maya, and Aztec Civilizations

19674:

Islam, Democracy, and Cosmopolitanism: At Home and in the World

9278: 5511: 5505: 5472:

The time span varies depending on the type of history studied:

5451: 5391: 5387: 5229: 4964: 4854: 4653: 4098: 4052: 3943: 3931: 3902:

Between 1515 and 1800, Africa lost eight million people to the

3704:

replaced the Timurids as the preeminent power in Central Asia.

3378:, descendants of the Lapita peoples, colonized vast reaches of 3303: 3291: 3248: 3164: 3156: 3140: 3099: 3095: 3007: 2671: 2650: 2646: 2622: 2618: 2571: 2493:

began an offensive against the Turks by capturing areas of the

2353: 1921: 1884: 1809: 1697: 1589: 1581: 1368: 1256: 1141: 1137: 1125: 1113: 965: 659: 560: 504: 22264: 20666:"The World Solved Acid Rain. We Can Also Solve Climate Change" 19120:

MacKnight, C. C. (1986). "Macassans and the Aboriginal Past".

18884:"Current Perspectives and the Future of Domestication Studies" 18649:"Phosphorus Saved Our Way of Life—and Now Threatens to End It" 17107:

The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-First Century

15816:

Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference

15795:

Empires in World History: Power and the Politics of Difference

14548: 14529: 14510: 14491: 14472: 12994: 12970: 12782: 12704: 12110: 11485: 11139: 10935: 10303: 8814: 5787: 5272:

Some authors suggest a later date at around 200,000 years ago.

5224:

This date comes from the 2015 discovery of stone tools at the

3072:, as well as the development of Buddhist-inspired artwork and 2963:

Post-classical dynasties in South India included those of the

2780:

that later emerged was famed for its rock cut architecture at

2179:

made the nomads a constant threat to sedentary civilizations.

23291: 22851: 19388:

The Global Condition: Conquerors, Catastrophes, and Community

18880: 18022: 17570: 16417:. Vol. 1: The Origins to 1795. Oxford University Press. 16227: 15696: 14567: 13739: 13398: 13095: 10782:, pp. 236–239, Linguistic Evidence for the Tongan Empire 9495: 6372: 6231: 6159: 6000: 5408: 4712: 4573: 4017: 3982: 3935: 3485: 3481: 3236: 3144: 3121: 3011: 2879: 2587: 2510: 2034: 1998: 1864:

lasted from the death of Alexander in 323 BCE to 31 BCE when

1816:

checked the Achaemenid Persian advance in Europe through the

1774: 1726: 1709: 1670: 1553: 1546: 1242: 1231: 1195: 1169: 1165: 1105: 1028: 996: 675: 592: 591:

of plants and animals, and saw many humans transition from a

576: 548: 22369:

Wengrow, David (2011). "The Invention of Writing in Egypt".

22307: 20313:"Buddhism and Islam in Asia: A Long and Complicated History" 19543: 16588:

World System History: The Social Science of Long-term Change

15958:

The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music: Volume 1

15583:

Understanding the Armenian Genocide: 1915 to the Present Day

15452: 12353:, p. 146, Studying Globalization: Methodological Issues 12035: 6132: 5720: 5296:

These dates come from a 2018 study of an upper jawbone from

5195:

often more fluid than static periodization schemes suggest.

1572:, whose ceramics depict many aspects of daily life, and the 989:

emerged in Africa around 300,000 years ago from the species

21987:

Tiliouine, Habib; Renima, Ahmed; Estes, Richard J. (2016).

20238: 19010:

The International Encyclopedia of Primatology, 3 Volume Set

18218:"Population Growth and New World Population Redistribution" 17979: 16861: 15771:; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman; Northrup, David (2015b). 15727:; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman; Northrup, David (2015a). 15171:

A World with States, Empires, and Networks, 1200 BCE–900 CE

15025:

Baumard, Nicolas; Hyafil, Alexandre; Boyer, Pascal (2015).

13868: 13324: 10467: 4838:

countries. The Cold War ended peacefully in 1991 after the

4773: 4765: 4503: 3854: 3567:. European maritime innovations led to proto-globalization. 3364: 3068:(710–794) was characterized by the appearance of a nascent 2595: 2383:

in the 7th century. He established a new unified polity in

2103: 1430: 1332: 1324: 21822:"The Rise of Đại Việt and the Establishment of Thăng-long" 21363:

Type OH 7 Suggests Deep-rooted Species Diversity in Early

17728:"Art of the Hellenistic Age and the Hellenistic Tradition" 16369:

The Rise of Homo Sapiens: The Evolution of Modern Thinking

10567:, The Rise of Đại Việt and the Establishment of Thăng-long 4737:

was founded in the hope of preventing future wars, as the

4195:(1768–1779) made the first recorded European contact with 3965:

suffered from the 1531 invasion by the neighboring Muslim

3918:

was influenced by trade with the Portuguese and later the

3625:

sent the first exploratory voyages to the Americas, where

3473:

In Mesoamerica, the Teotihuacan civilization fell and the

3462:

CE, marked by the extensive 11th-century urban complex at

2550:

Since at least the 4th century, Christianity has played a

1541:

around 1500 BCE and colonized many uninhabited islands of

1363:

cloth, construction of monumental buildings, and writing.

22778:. Translated by Luther, Kenneth Allin. Psychology Press. 22658:

Early Cities in Comparative Perspective, 4000 BCE–1200 CE

22614:

Big History: Our Incredible Journey, from Big Bang to Now

22212:

Urata, Shūjirō; Kuroda, Kazuo; Tonegawa, Yoshiko (2022).

21727:

The International Encyclopedia of Biological Anthropology

20360: 20221:

The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World

16366:

Coolidge, Frederick Lawrence; Wynn, Thomas Grant (2018).

16332:. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. 16078:

Big History: Our Incredible Journey, from Big Bang to Now

15569: 14455:

Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department

12832: 6204: 5537:

In Brazil, this influence resulted in the development of

4881: 4552:, led by France, Russia, and the United Kingdom, and the 2159:. In Rome and Han China, the state began to decline, and 2110:

to transport water over long distances to urban centers.

1576:, who created animal-shaped designs in the desert called 1260: 957: 21553: 21358: 21342:

Western Civilization: A Brief History, Volume I: To 1715

19303:

Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction

19270:

Pacific Worlds: A History of Seas, Peoples, and Cultures

18222:

Population and Development: Challenges and Opportunities

18174:

The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century

16767:

Democracy: The Unfinished Journey 508 BCE – 1993 CE

6360: 5799: 2776:, the Kingdom of Aksum declined in the 7th century. The 2678:

and the founding of universities, while the building of

2641:

affected the structure of medieval society. It included

2236:, guns, and printing, all of which originated in China. 2098:. The Romans were also accomplished builders, inventing 753:, linking the different civilizations in the process of 674:, from about 500 to 1500 CE, witnessed the rise of 22190: 21411: 21211:

Showalter, Dennis E.; Royde-Smith, John Graham (2024).

20577: 20537:"The Origins and Early Development of Writing in Egypt" 18821:. University of California, Los Angeles. Archived from 18355:

Expanding Webs of Exchange and Conflict, 500 CE–1500 CE

17792: 16663: 16032:(2004). "Introduction". In Chkrabarti, Dilip K. (ed.). 14914:"The Emergence of the Egyptian State (c. 3200–2686 BC)" 12122: 11635: 9774: 9750: 5961: 5839: 5732: 3629:

first arrived in 1492. Global integration continued as

2590:

which became the basis for the modern notation system.

2303:

China experienced the relatively successive Sui, Tang,

1339:

in Pakistan and northwestern India (2500 BCE), and the

1222:, possibly as early as the 10th and 9th millennia BCE. 1070:

21,000 years ago. These migrations occurred during the

21049: 20440:"Tainted Ores and the Rise of Tin Bronzes in Eurasia, 20077: 17644:

Haynes, Jeffrey; Hough, Peter; Pilbeam, Bruce (2023).

17128:

An Introduction to Modern Social and Political Thought

16283:

Clavin, Patricia (2005). "Defining Transnationalism".

12365: 7480: 6011:

3. Enter Homo Sapiens (c. 300,000 Years Ago and Later)

4703:'s rule from 1924 to 1953, the Soviet Union committed 3957:

declined in the 18th century and was succeeded by the

3578:

and some Asian port cities. European states practiced

2369:

competing against Persian Zoroastrian traditions. The

22805: 21729:. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 1–9. 20740:"I Gave ChatGPT an IQ Test. Here's What I Discovered" 19026: 17173:

Language Contact and Change in the Austronesian World

17016:

The Religious Roots of Contemporary European Identity

16917:

Ancient North America: The Archaeology of a Continent

15579:

Comprendre le Génocide des Arméniens—1915 à nos Jours

15403:

A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Europe, 1789 - 1914

14586: 6219: 5946: 5344:

This is the traditional date for the founding of the

5146:

by integrating insights from fields belonging to the

3688:

in India, the Ottomans and Safavids are known as the

2866:(Monomotapa). They flourished through trade with the 2566:, and barbarian invasions, all of which had begun in 1132:

in China domesticated rice around 8000–7000 BCE; the

22371:

Before the Pyramids: Origin of Egyptian Civilization

21986: 21210: 18584:

Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics

18151:

The Routledge Handbook on the History of Development

16844:

East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History

15677: 12797: 9501: 9087: 7059:, pp. 99–103, The Invention of Writing in Egypt 713:, spanning from approximately 1500 to 1800 CE, 22211: 21881:The Association of Korean History Teachers (2005). 20905:

The Secular Contract: The Politics of Enlightenment

16837: 14733:

A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400–1830

14434:

The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean

13595: 11505: 11503: 11253: 11251: 9219: 8993: 8991: 8930: 8928: 8681: 8679: 5326:, when the Sahara was much wetter than it is today. 5300:, Israel. Researchers studying a fossil skull from 4105:policies designed to eliminate foreign influences. 3922:. In West Africa, the Songhai Empire fell after an 2761:. The coastal region was known to Europeans as the 868: million years ago, marking the advent of the 22578:How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization 22420: 22373:. Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. 22009: 21123: 19846:Nichols, Deborah L.; Pool, Christopher A. (2012). 19591: 19590:Merrill, Ronald T.; McElhinny, Michael W. (1983). 19228:Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenic Times 18481: 18344: 17725: 17643: 17110:(Further Updated and Expanded ed.). Picador. 16034:Indus Civilization Sites in India: New Discoveries 15024: 14615: 12728: 12278: 12218: 12206: 12041: 10887: 10875: 10863: 10524: 10416: 10389: 10291: 10267: 10240: 10138: 10126: 10078: 10018: 9810: 9798: 9642: 9540: 9468: 9432: 9317: 9305: 9293: 9192: 9150: 9126: 9114: 9102: 9063: 8982: 8970: 8871: 8844: 8808: 8793: 8709: 8697: 8019: 7770: 7758: 7633: 7609: 6954: 6952: 6834: 6832: 6500: 6433: 6431: 6429: 4227:in the 16th and 17th centuries in Western Europe. 3290:(both coming into prominence in the 7th century), 2855:, who are noted for their intricate architecture. 2132: 22726: 21991:. In Tiliouine, Habib; Estes, Richard J. (eds.). 21824:. In Hall, Kenneth R.; Whitmore, John K. (eds.). 20197:"The Promotion of Trade through Buddhist Sanghas" 19981:The Routledge Handbook on the Middle East Economy 19935:Norberg, Matilda Baraibar; Deutsch, Lisa (2023). 19598:(2nd printing ed.). Academic press. p. 19486:McNeill, J. R.; Pomeranz, Kenneth, eds. (2015b). 19416:The Human Web: A Bird's-eye View of World History 18485:; Lemos, T. M.; Taylor, Tristan S., eds. (2023). 18300:"2. Postcoloniality: Colonialism Roots and Scope" 18125: 17982:"Paradigm Shifts Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic" 17363:The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity 17149:Border Wall Aesthetics: Artworks in Border Spaces 14395:Abinales, Patricio N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2017). 13957: 13208: 13206: 8630: 8628: 8473: 8471: 5850: 4584:caused the deaths of at least 25 million people. 4457:was successful and led to the establishment of a 2044:societies were built, the most notable being the 1681:were held in 776 BCE, marking a period known as " 1311:The Bronze Age saw the development of cities and 891:from Ethiopia, and the earliest named species is 23357: 21455:World History in Documents: A Comparative Reader 19670: 19589: 19485: 19433: 17775:A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower 17754:A History of Japan: From Stone Age to Superpower 16664:Domínguez-Rodrigo, Manuel; Alcalá, Luis (2016). 16110:This Fleeting World: A Short History of Humanity 15777:. Vol. 2 (6th ed.). Cengage Learning. 15733:. Vol. 1 (6th ed.). Cengage Learning. 15603: 15419: 15006:. In Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (eds.). 14778:A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads 13787: 13754: 13715: 13679: 13652: 13640: 13464: 13386: 13363: 13348: 13336: 13296: 13257: 13185: 13146: 13057: 13018: 12982: 12958: 12946: 12919: 12907: 12883: 12871: 12859: 12847: 12767: 12752: 12740: 12689: 12677: 12650: 12635: 12611: 12599: 12542: 12503: 12488: 12467: 12452: 12440: 12377: 12344: 12317: 12067: 12065: 12029: 11916: 11500: 11491: 11248: 9861: 9552: 9480: 9018: 8988: 8925: 8676: 8297: 4818:between the two superpowers, as demonstrated by 4548:was a global conflict from 1914 to 1918 between 1797:states, including the Achaemenid (550–330 BCE), 563:around 300,000 years ago and initially lived as 22173:The History and Uncertain Future of Handwriting 21647:"The Evolutionary History of the Australopiths" 21344:(Cengage Learning ed.). 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They built earthworks such as 616:emergence of early civilizations 23018:History of Western civilization 22630:from the original on 2 May 2024 22411:. University of Oklahoma Press. 22407:Whitecotton, Joseph W. (1977). 21340:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2016). 20690:(6th ed.). Penguin Books. 20311:Pillalamarri, Akhilesh (2017). 20174:"The Mosaic That Is Our Genome" 19385:McNeill, William Hardy (2017). 19370:. University of Chicago Press. 18735:from the original on 3 May 2023 17711:Michigan State University Press 17281:. Vol. LXVI, no. 13. 16585:Denemark, Robert Allen (2000). 16326:(1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). 16094:from the original on 2 May 2024 15103:SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome 14290: 13315:, The Mosaic That Is Our Genome 7065: 7042: 7030: 7018: 7003: 6991: 6964: 6937: 6925: 6913: 6901: 6889: 6844: 6805: 6781: 6754: 6742: 6727: 6715: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6663: 6651: 6615: 6591: 6579: 6563: 6551: 6539: 6527: 6515: 6491: 6467: 6455: 6443: 6414: 6402: 6390: 6378: 6366: 6354: 6339: 6315: 6303: 6291: 6264: 6249: 6237: 6225: 6213: 6183: 6168: 6153: 6141: 6126: 6114: 6087: 6075: 6063: 6051: 6039: 6027: 5991: 5976: 5952: 5940: 5916: 5892: 5868: 5856: 5844: 5833: 5817: 5793: 5781: 5338: 5329: 5316: 5307: 5290: 5275: 5266: 5249: 5235: 4941:low or very low fertility rates 4520:powered aircraft were developed 4259:launched a successful rebellion 4199:. In 1788, Britain founded its 4175:(1519–1522), who landed in the 3988: 3416:traded with Makassan trepangers 2133:Declines, falls, and resurgence 1616:(3600 BCE), both in Louisiana. 971: 23219:Second Agricultural Revolution 22448:. Cambridge University Press. 22445:A Concise History of the World 22427:. Serendia Publications, Inc. 21781:. Princeton University Press. 21735:10.1002/9781118584538.ieba0363 21270:. Cambridge University Press. 21130:. Cambridge University Press. 20199:. In Andrea, Alfred J. (ed.). 19960:. Cambridge University Press. 19677:. Cambridge University Press. 19650:Meyerowitz, Eva L. R. (1975). 19529:. Cambridge University Press. 19391:. Princeton University Press. 19273:. Cambridge University Press. 19184:The Sociology of Globalization 19056:. Cambridge University Press. 18866:. Cambridge University Press. 18847:. Cambridge University Press. 18819:Manas: India and its Neighbors 18798:. Cambridge University Press. 18555:. Cambridge University press. 18130:. Cambridge University Press. 17901:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 17734:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. 17420:. Cambridge University Press. 17211:. Cambridge University Press. 16351:. Princeton University Press. 16213:. Cambridge University Press. 16164:Christian, David, ed. (2015). 15961:. Cambridge University Press. 15819:. Princeton University Press. 14736:. Cambridge University Press. 14458:. W. W. Norton & Company. 12729:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 12366:O'Rourke & Williamson 2002 11890:, was the sultanate of Johor." 10888:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 10876:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 10864:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 10525:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 10417:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 10390:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 10292:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 10268:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 10241:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 10165:, pp. 426, 428–430, 454–5 10139:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 10127:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 10079:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 10019:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 9811:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 9799:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 9643:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 9541:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 9469:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 9433:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 9318:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 9306:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 9294:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 9193:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 9151:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 9127:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 9115:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 9103:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 9064:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 8983:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 8971:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 8872:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 8845:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 8809:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 8794:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 8710:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 8698:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 8020:Hemingway & Hemingway 2007 7771:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 7759:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 7634:Kedar & Wiesner-Hanks 2015 5769: 5741: 5726: 5714: 5699: 5672: 5625: 5613: 5559:Some historians also classify 5218: 4939:. Parts of the world now have 4339:traditionally starts with the 4217:genocide of indigenous peoples 3863:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 3590:were established, such as the 3235:The Southeast Asian polity of 3135:era, in which the kingdoms of 2680:Gothic cathedrals and churches 2106:in construction, and creating 2037:to mark its emperors' graves. 1729:developed from the beliefs of 839:Humans evolved in Africa from 575:and had populated most of the 1: 22719:10.1016/S0262-4079(11)61839-3 22608:Wragg-Sykes, Rebecca (2016). 22575:; Canizares, Antonio (2012). 22487:Theodosius: The Empire at Bay 22466:What is Early Modern History? 22218:. Springer Nature Singapore. 22176:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 21151:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 21028:10.1080/18752160.2022.2095103 20908:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 20441: 20149:10.1080/09592318.2020.1764711 20137:Small Wars & Insurgencies 19979:. In Hakimian, Hassan (ed.). 19781:10.1080/23738871.2016.1157619 19623:. 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Bloomsbury Publishing USA. 14475:Encyclopedia of world history 11416:, pp. 455, 535, 591, 670 9789:, pp. 258, 379, 382, 393 8261:, pp. 119, 121, 126, 130 5590:Some historian use the terms 5207: 4529: 4422:first wave of democratization 4406:those in the Congo Free State 4206: 4089:(1568–1600), followed by the 3872:War of the Spanish Succession 3456: 3274:rose to prominence in modern 3051:1281 Mongol invasion of Japan 2905: 2625:), and those who worked (the 2594:expanded from its capital in 2029:and Kush and controlling the 1830:first theatrical performances 1635:Standing Buddha from Gandhara 1401:, which began as a system of 862: 851:emerged after the split from 795: 698:. This period's invention of 587:brought the first systematic 18:For a navigational list, see 23229:Second Industrial Revolution 22334:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.10.009 22012:America: A Narrative History 21009:Seow, Victor (3 July 2022). 20809:10.1016/j.anthro.2020.102745 19366:McNeill, William H. (2010). 19202:Martikainen, Tuomas (2017). 18977:. Harvard University Press. 18769:Kunertova, Dominika (2024). 18306:. Emerald Group Publishing. 18298:Kazeroony, Hamid H. (2023). 17998:10.1016/j.orgdyn.2020.100804 17639:. Stanford University Press. 17635:Hayas, Caltron J.H. (1953). 17278:The New York Review of Books 17083:The Enigmas of Easter Island 17037:An Insider's Guide to the UN 16970:World Prehistory: The Basics 16784:Dynneson, Thomas L. (2008). 16628:. Rowman & Littlefield. 16387:Curley, Robert, ed. (2011). 15606:"Igbo-Ukwu Bronze Statuette" 14401:. Rowman & Littlefield. 14298:Abernethy, David B. (2000). 13788:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 13755:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015b 13716:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015b 13680:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015b 13653:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 13641:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 13465:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 13387:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015b 13364:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015b 13349:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 13337:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 13297:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015b 13258:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015b 13186:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015b 13147:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015b 13058:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 13019:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 12983:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015b 12959:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 12947:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 12920:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015b 12908:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015b 12884:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 12872:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 12860:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 12848:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 12768:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015b 12753:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 12741:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 12690:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 12680:, pp. 210, 249–250, 254 12678:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015b 12651:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 12636:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 12612:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 12600:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 12543:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015b 12504:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 12489:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 12468:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 12453:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 12441:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 12378:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 12345:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015b 12318:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 12123:Springer Nature Limited 2023 12030:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 11917:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 11902:, pp. 200, 276, 381–382 11492:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015a 9553:Bideleux & Jeffries 1998 9481:McNeill & Pomeranz 2015b 9195:, pp. 365–366, 401, 516 9019:Mirsepassi & Fernée 2014 8298:Merrill & McElhinny 1983 6312:, pp. 321, 406, 440–441 6048:, pp. 319–320, 330, 354 5607: 5437:were written in this period. 4975:(1958–1962), leading to the 4799:mutual distrust sparked the 4480:Second Industrial Revolution 4471:, but was devastated by the 4371:Empires of the world in 1898 4234:in 1784, and the outpost of 4162: 3981:rose to power in modern-day 2751:Marinid Sultanate in Morocco 2171:. From the Eurasian Steppe, 1619: 1606:Eastern Agricultural Complex 1168:of South America, where the 1052:dominant view among scholars 7: 22663:The Cambridge World History 21802:. Oxford University Press. 21721:Stutz, Aaron Jonas (2018). 21418:. Springer Nature Limited. 21231:Siler, Julia Flynn (2012). 20875:. Oxford University Press. 20764:. Oxford University Press. 20723:. Oxford University Press. 20258:10.1016/j.ygeno.2008.10.003 20004:. Oxford University Press. 19975:Nugent, Jeffrey B. (2021). 19958:The Cambridge World History 19852:. Oxford University Press. 19494:The Cambridge World History 19449:The Cambridge World History 19145:. Oxford University Press. 18971:Lewis, Mark Edward (2009). 18864:The Cambridge World History 18611:Kolbert, Elizabeth (2014). 18455:. Oxford University Press. 18395:. Oxford University Press. 18389:Kelly, Christopher (2007). 18360:The Cambridge World History 18216:Ivanov, Serguey F. (2009). 18128:The Cambridge World History 18099:. Oxford University Press. 17674:. Oxford University Press. 17671:Technology: A World History 17232:. Oxford University Press. 17086:. Oxford University Press. 16997:(4th ed.). Routledge. 16991:; Tordoff, William (2002). 16940:. Oxford University Press. 16841:; Walthall; Palais (2006). 16805:Easton, Richard D. (2013). 16769:. Oxford University Press. 16725:. Oxford University Press. 16570:. McFarland & Company. 16511:"The Carolingian Conquests" 16372:. Oxford University Press. 16211:The Cambridge World History 16172:The Cambridge World History 15940:. Oxford University Press. 15888:. Oxford University Press. 15836:Journal of World Prehistory 15555:. Oxford University Press. 15552:The World's Writing Systems 15341:The Cambridge World History 15285:The Cambridge World History 15176:The Cambridge World History 15074:"De-coding the Black Death" 14987:. Oxford University Press. 14954:The Cambridge World History 14870:. In Ritzer, George (ed.). 14866:Babones, Salvatore (2008). 13886:Armstrong McKay et al. 2022 12997:, pp. xxxii, xlii, 359 10917:, § Creating 'Early Modern' 10678:Abinales & Amoroso 2017 9997:, pp. 168, 214–15, 251 9231:, pp. 149–152, 257–264 8114:Kulke & Rothermund 1990 6672:, pp. 161–162, 172–173 5435:One Thousand and One Nights 5433:For example, the folktales 4828:being viewed as impractical 4469:Self-Strengthening Movement 4445:, flew on 17 December 1903. 4127:expanded with the Dutch in 3897: 3894:of the early 19th century. 3707: 3506:Timelines of modern history 3429: 2755:Zayyanid Kingdom in Algeria 2169:Crisis of the Third Century 1781:in tandem with the nomadic 1277:Timeline of ancient history 1076:Quaternary extinction event 1038:Peopling of the world, the 855:in early hominins, such as 849:ability to walk on two legs 10: 23382: 23234:Britain's Imperial Century 22996:Timelines of world history 22991:List of historical periods 22442:Wiesner, Merry E. (2015). 22155:. Frank Cass and Company. 22039:Cambridge University Press 21473:Stearns, Peter N. (2010). 21452:Stearns, Peter N. (2008). 21433:Stearns, Peter N. (2001). 20869:Schoppa, R. Keith (2021). 20274:Phillips, William (2017). 20218:Paine, Lincoln P. (2013). 20201:World History Encyclopedia 20195:Paine, Lincoln P. (2011). 19829:World History Encyclopedia 19091:Cambridge University Press 19004:Lewton, Kristi L. (2017). 18775:Routledge Handbook of NATO 18617:. Henry Holt and Company. 18491:Cambridge University Press 18330:. Atlantic Monthly Press. 18265:Australopithecus Afarensis 17772:Henshall, Kenneth (2012). 17751:Henshall, Kenneth (1999). 17317:Gowlett, J. A. J. (2016). 17226:Getzen, Thomas E. (2022). 16695:Duchesne, Ricardo (2011). 16347:Conrad, Sebastian (2016). 16054:Imperial Russia, 1801-1905 15470:Cambridge University Press 14845:Axworthy, Michael (2008). 14754:World History Encyclopedia 14649:World History Encyclopedia 14060:Norberg & Deutsch 2023 12404:, pp. 532, 676–8, 692 11812:McNeill & McNeill 2003 11467:, pp. 41, 44, 47, 343 10366:McNeill & McNeill 2003 9700:McNeill & McNeill 2003 9607:Bentley & Ziegler 2008 9595:McNeill & McNeill 2003 9363:Woods & Canizares 2012 9037:Chainey & Winsham 2021 8382:Flannery & Marcus 1996 8096:Williams & Friell 2005 7670:McNeill & McNeill 2003 7622:McNeill & McNeill 2003 7511:Graeber & Wengrow 2021 7409:Graeber & Wengrow 2021 7370:Price & Thonemann 2010 7274:Graeber & Wengrow 2021 6866:Allchin & Allchin 1997 6854:Graeber & Wengrow 2021 6507:Graeber & Wengrow 2021 6070:McNeill & McNeill 2003 5144:interdisciplinary approach 4803:, a 45-year stand-off and 4726: 4719:caused by state policies. 4658:Atomic bombing of Nagasaki 4595:of 1917 created the first 4533: 4488:internal combustion engine 4305: 4299: 4276: 4257:. In 1791, African slaves 4255:American Revolutionary War 3969:, and in 1769 entered the 3717: 3711: 3684:neighbors. Along with the 3661:in 1501, succeeded by the 3641:, and culture between the 3592:English East India Company 3576:northern Italian republics 3499: 3433: 3353: 3349: 3259:(mid-13th century CE) and 3217: 2986: 2909: 2738: 2720:personal union with Poland 2528: 2341:History of the Middle East 2338: 2212: 1971:put an end to the chaotic 1623: 1285: 1270: 1108:, in at least 11 separate 1100:marked the development of 1089: 1066:45,000 years ago, and the 975: 832: 821:Australopithecus afarensis 799: 17: 23337: 23252: 23152:Chronological world eras: 23142: 23031: 22973: 22749:10.1038/s41586-018-0299-4 22469:. John Wiley & Sons. 22380:Pacific Historical Review 22047:10.1017/S0041977X09000524 21664:10.1007/s12052-010-0249-6 21527:. John Wiley & Sons. 21476:World History: The Basics 21264:Simmons, Beth A. (2009). 21145:Shelley, Fred M. 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Batsford Books. 15988:The New York Times 14806:(6611): eabn7950. 14284:, § Current Trends 14230:, § Current Trends 14203:, § Current Trends 14029:, pp. 110–111 13996:, § Current Trends 13990:, pp. 111–112 13966:, pp. 217–219 13948:, pp. 435–436 13888:, p. eabn7950 13815:The Economist 2023 13757:, pp. 547–550 13718:, pp. 550–551 13706:, pp. 140–141 13682:, pp. 578–579 13643:, pp. 459–460 13327:, pp. 105–111 13299:, pp. 195–196 13164:, pp. 127–128 12949:, pp. 423–424 12850:, pp. 246–247 12743:, pp. 313–314 12098:, pp. 216–229 11674:, pp. 134–135 11596:, pp. 176–177 11299:, pp. 683–685 11284:, pp. 426–427 11282:Tignor et al. 2014 11097:, pp. 103–134 10930:Wiesner-Hanks 2021 10915:Wiesner-Hanks 2021 10903:Wiesner-Hanks 2021 10818:, pp. 546–547 10515:, pp. 149–150 10491:, pp. 244–245 10443:, pp. 216–217 10294:, pp. 517–518 10237:, pp. 346–347 10207:, pp. 316–317 9949:, pp. 123–125 9934:, pp. 104–105 9922:, pp. 130–131 9645:, pp. 246–248 9543:, pp. 496–497 9531:, pp. 280–281 9423:, pp. 384–385 9308:, pp. 247–248 9269:, pp. 279–299 9246:, pp. 226–227 9207:, pp. 297–298 9129:, pp. 373–374 9117:, pp. 393–394 8985:, pp. 387–389 8961:, pp. 249–250 8637:, pp. 170–172 8531:, pp. 142–143 8429:, pp. 557–558 8345:, pp. 651–652 8153:, pp. 503–505 8141:, pp. 502–505 8126:, pp. 488–489 8033:, pp. 337–338 8010:, pp. 283–284 7984:Tignor et al. 2014 7773:, pp. 467–475 7612:, p. e1046657 7588:, pp. 540–541 7576:, pp. 539–540 7564:, pp. 150–153 7438:, pp. 646–647 7399:, pp. 116–122 7250:Tignor et al. 2014 7127:Tignor et al. 2014 6896:Tignor et al. 2014 6868:, pp. 153–168 6609:, pp. 313–316 6548:, pp. 216–218 6373:Larson et al. 2014 6363:, pp. 897–902 6327:, pp. 215–250 6234:, pp. 306–310 6207:, pp. 827–833 6150:, pp. 456–459 6060:, pp. 344–346 6003:, pp. 289–292 6001:Hublin et al. 2017 5723:, pp. 857–860 5622:, pp. 227–231 5503:They are known as 5201:A further approach 5154:, biological, and 5119:sustainable energy 5115:mitigation efforts 5058: 5047: 4973:Great Leap Forward 4922:physical cosmology 4908:, advancements in 4878: 4796: 4713:forced labor camps 4662: 4628:military alliances 4593:Russian Revolution 4556:, led by Germany, 4447: 4394:westward expansion 4373: 4354:standard of living 4333: 4267:Louisiana Purchase 4173:Ferdinand Magellan 4077:In 1644, the Ming 4075: 4006: 3926:by the Moroccans. 3888:Napoleon Bonaparte 3827: 3806:Johannes Gutenberg 3760:Giovanni Boccaccio 3744: 3635:Columbian exchange 3569: 3453: 3372: 3356:History of Oceania 3298:(both about 750), 3261:Ayutthaya Kingdoms 3233: 3054: 3049:Battle during the 3038:, and the Mongols 2993:History of Siberia 2929: 2800: 2656:Carolingian Empire 2631: 2600:Vladimir the Great 2548: 2478: 2419:'s development of 2389:Rashidun Caliphate 2362: 2269:, followed by the 2263:Islamic Golden Age 2255: 2173:horse-based nomads 2153: 2007: 1965: 1933:, three prominent 1862:Hellenistic period 1818:Greco-Persian Wars 1771: 1706:political morality 1639: 1503: 1387: 1319:, followed by the 1309: 1224:Pastoral societies 1184: 1154:Indus River Valley 1062:65,000 years ago, 1044: 1040:Southern Dispersal 978:Early modern human 826: 688:Islamic Caliphates 23353: 23352: 22785:978-0-7007-1342-4 22735:(7715): 608–612. 22672:978-0-521-19008-4 22623:978-0-241-22590-5 22588:978-1-59698-328-1 22530:978-1-4214-0901-6 22497:978-1-135-78262-7 22476:978-1-5095-4058-7 22455:978-1-107-02837-1 22434:978-1-932476-13-2 22225:978-981-19-4859-6 22204:978-3-643-90892-6 22183:978-1-62040-216-0 22152:Islam in Ethiopia 22141:978-1-137-57539-5 22108:978-1-4051-2359-4 22021:978-0-393-93406-9 22002:978-3-319-24774-8 21979:978-0-393-92208-0 21892:978-89-7105-545-8 21845:978-0-89148-011-2 21809:978-0-19-758417-0 21788:978-1-4008-6558-1 21744:978-1-118-58442-2 21701:978-0-7432-7453-1 21563:(6456): 897–902. 21534:978-1-4443-2351-1 21510:978-0-395-65237-4 21495:Stearns, Peter N. 21486:978-1-136-88817-5 21465:978-0-8147-4101-6 21444:978-0-395-65237-4 21425:978-1-349-96076-7 21351:978-1-305-63347-6 21320:978-81-317-1120-0 21244:978-0-8021-9488-6 21191:978-0-7102-0372-4 21158:978-1-4408-6448-3 21137:978-0-521-29163-7 21065:(5517): 723–726. 21051:Shady Solis, Ruth 20936:978-1-000-20802-3 20915:978-1-4411-8467-2 20882:978-0-19-049735-4 20861:978-0-19-285172-7 20771:978-0-19-979876-6 20730:978-0-19-157916-5 20697:978-1-84614-443-1 20653:978-0-8047-4479-9 20558:978-0-19-993541-3 20515:978-0-8058-4857-1 20494:978-1-56898-767-5 20430:978-0-670-02247-2 20423:. Penguin Books. 20353:978-1-101-52485-5 20291:978-90-04-34661-1 20231:978-1-4000-4409-2 20210:978-1-85109-930-6 20187:978-1-4039-1479-8 20037:(34): 8482–8490. 20011:978-0-19-521921-0 19990:978-1-351-59668-8 19967:978-0-521-76333-2 19948:978-1-000-90347-8 19915:978-0-313-37857-7 19894:978-981-99-5814-6 19859:978-0-19-999634-6 19838:978-1-85109-930-6 19747:978-1-62275-396-3 19726:978-1-317-41411-7 19705:978-0-19-923408-0 19684:978-1-107-05397-7 19663:978-0-608-39035-2 19630:978-0-8047-5425-5 19553:(7308): 857–860. 19536:978-1-108-40771-7 19503:978-0-521-19964-3 19466:978-1-108-40775-5 19439:Pomeranz, Kenneth 19398:978-1-4008-8510-7 19377:978-0-226-56162-2 19358:978-0-19-511616-8 19313:978-0-8018-8360-6 19280:978-0-521-88763-2 19259:978-981-4280-04-4 19238:978-0-300-08493-1 19217:978-1-351-49761-9 19194:978-0-7456-3674-0 19173:978-3-030-53882-8 19152:978-0-19-968606-3 19100:978-1-107-08475-9 19063:978-0-521-80496-7 19019:978-0-470-67337-9 18984:978-0-674-03306-1 18951:978-1-4051-5614-1 18894:(17): 6139–6146. 18873:978-0-521-76333-2 18854:978-0-521-07200-7 18805:978-1-009-32001-6 18784:978-1-040-02626-7 18728:978-1-5063-5473-6 18624:978-0-8050-9979-9 18562:978-0-521-78879-3 18529:978-1-78925-495-2 18508:978-1-108-65598-9 18462:978-0-19-062197-1 18438:978-0-394-54674-2 18402:978-0-19-280391-7 18369:978-0-521-19074-9 18337:978-0-87113-800-2 18313:978-1-80262-953-8 18255:978-0-674-01517-3 18231:978-1-84826-086-3 18208:978-0-521-68297-8 18184:978-0-8061-8604-7 18160:978-1-000-60205-0 18137:978-0-521-76333-2 18106:978-0-19-536808-6 18038:(7657): 289–292. 17972:978-1-56731-216-4 17948:978-1-61069-885-6 17908:978-1-57356-656-8 17854:(6374): 456–459. 17785:978-0-230-36918-4 17681:978-0-19-533821-8 17657:978-1-5297-7459-7 17586:(7766): 500–504. 17572:Harvati, Katerina 17522:(7552): 310–315. 17448:978-1-4081-0434-7 17441:. A&C Black. 17427:978-0-521-63764-0 17406:978-1-4408-3573-5 17373:978-0-374-15735-7 17260:978-1-135-10831-1 17239:978-0-19-757328-0 17218:978-0-521-49781-7 17182:978-3-11-012786-7 17159:978-3-8394-4777-2 17138:978-1-349-16615-2 17117:978-0-312-42507-4 17093:978-0-19-164719-2 17072:978-0-500-05078-1 17055:Flannery, Kent V. 17046:978-0-300-20365-3 17027:978-0-8264-9482-5 17020:. A&C Black. 16980:978-1-000-46679-9 16947:978-0-19-507618-9 16926:978-0-500-28148-2 16854:978-0-618-13384-0 16818:978-1-61234-408-9 16811:. Potomac Books. 16797:978-1-4331-0311-7 16776:978-0-19-827934-1 16732:978-0-19-061678-6 16708:978-90-04-19461-8 16673:PaleoAnthropology 16635:978-0-7425-5635-5 16598:978-0-415-23276-0 16577:978-0-7864-5657-4 16536:978-0-429-06153-0 16498:978-1-317-25899-5 16424:978-0-19-925339-5 16400:978-1-61530-725-8 16379:978-0-19-068091-6 16358:978-0-691-15525-8 16339:978-0-8248-0368-1 16315:978-0-500-28902-0 16236:(7663): 306–310. 16220:978-0-521-76333-2 16189:978-0-521-76333-2 16144:978-0-520-27144-9 16120:978-1-933782-04-1 16087:978-0-241-22590-5 16064:978-1-134-57970-9 16043:978-81-85026-63-3 16021:978-1-84994-705-3 15968:978-0-521-79273-8 15947:978-0-19-968606-3 15928:978-0-313-08315-0 15895:978-0-19-933613-5 15842:(3): 368–9, 375. 15826:978-1-4008-3470-9 15805:978-0-691-12708-8 15784:978-1-285-44570-0 15740:978-1-285-44567-0 15708:978-0-495-91311-5 15689:978-1-60413-106-2 15670:978-1-59558-196-9 15596:979-10-210-0681-2 15487:978-1-108-76548-0 15433:978-0-415-16112-1 15412:978-1-4051-5232-7 15389:978-0-07-333063-1 15358:978-0-521-19246-0 15302:978-0-521-76162-8 15185:978-1-107-01572-2 15157:978-1-119-96619-7 15136:978-1-003-41259-5 15113:978-1-84668-380-0 15106:. Profile Books. 15017:978-1-59884-204-3 14963:978-0-521-19218-7 14931:978-0-19-280458-7 14881:978-0-470-76642-2 14858:978-0-465-00888-9 14788:978-0-631-17961-0 14764:978-1-85109-930-6 14743:978-0-521-88992-6 14685:978-0-670-87713-3 14659:978-1-85109-930-6 14630:978-0-06-157177-0 14579:978-0-8160-6386-4 14572:. Facts on File. 14560:978-0-8160-6386-4 14553:. Facts on File. 14541:978-0-8160-6386-4 14534:. Facts on File. 14522:978-0-8160-6386-4 14515:. Facts on File. 14503:978-0-8160-6386-4 14496:. Facts on File. 14484:978-0-8160-6386-4 14477:. Facts on File. 14465:978-0-393-30412-1 14444:978-0-7139-9934-1 14408:978-1-5381-0395-1 14311:978-0-300-09314-8 12707:, pp. xxxiii 12602:, pp. 390–92 12017:, pp. 39, 66 11636:Uhlig et al. 2017 10731:, pp. 406–07 10719:, pp. 621–22 10468:Evans et al. 2007 10455:, pp. 216–17 9973:, pp. 189–90 9852:, pp. 99–100 9775:Uhlig et al. 2017 9751:Uhlig et al. 2017 9279:Ṭabīb et al. 2001 9256:Pillalamarri 2017 9141:, pp. 292–93 7129:, pp. 49, 52 6205:Posth et al. 2016 6148:Herschkovitz 2018 6133:Weber et al. 2020 5962:Reich et al. 2010 5800:Spoor et al. 2015 5369:Various forms of 5354:Longshan cultures 5284:Homo rhodesiensis 5213:Explanatory notes 5156:physical sciences 5125:Academic research 5091:COVID-19 pandemic 5054:COVID-19 pandemic 5005:HIV/AIDS pandemic 4977:starvation deaths 4929:population growth 4739:League of Nations 4717:widespread famine 4650:" Allied powers. 4644:Republic of China 4589:League of Nations 4473:Taiping Rebellion 4451:Meiji Restoration 4426:abolished slavery 4375:European empires 4341:French Revolution 4308:Age of Revolution 4244:Thirteen Colonies 4097:and the Dutch in 3884:French Revolution 3868:Thirty Years' War 3851:Ivan the Terrible 3770:Leonardo da Vinci 3690:gunpowder empires 3669:in 1751, and the 3395:Tuʻi Tonga Empire 3155:in the south and 3091:The Tale of Genji 2973:Bahmani Sultanate 2937:Muslim incursions 2882:, capital of the 2874:, capital of the 2864:Kingdom of Mutapa 2798:head from Nigeria 2786:Solomonic dynasty 2784:. It fell to the 2741:History of Africa 2560:Early Middle Ages 2531:History of Europe 2397:Abbasid Caliphate 2393:Umayyad Caliphate 2367:Christian culture 1991:, one of China's 1846:Philip of Macedon 1842:Peloponnesian War 1769:, 5th century BCE 1767:Achaemenid Empire 1663:Achaemenid Empire 1566:Chavín de Huantar 1417:(1766–1045 BCE). 1110:centers of origin 917:began to use fire 696:Chinese dynasties 547:is the record of 542: 541: 494: 493: 486:Political history 111: 99: 69: 65:Pleistocene epoch 23373: 23239:American Century 23209:Age of Discovery 23162:Three-age system 23129:History of music 23119:History of drama 23064:History of trade 22986:Recorded history 22960: 22953: 22946: 22937: 22936: 22931: 22923: 22922: 22921: 22914: 22906: 22905: 22904: 22897: 22889: 22888: 22887: 22880: 22872: 22871: 22870: 22860: 22844: 22843: 22832: 22831: 22830: 22820: 22819: 22818: 22811: 22801: 22799: 22797: 22768: 22723: 22721: 22688: 22686: 22684: 22648: 22639: 22637: 22635: 22604: 22602: 22600: 22573:Woods, Thomas E. 22568: 22551:Wolpert, Stanley 22546: 22544: 22542: 22513: 22511: 22509: 22480: 22459: 22438: 22426: 22417:Whitfield, Susan 22412: 22403: 22374: 22365: 22363: 22361: 22304: 22294: 22261: 22259: 22257: 22241: 22239: 22237: 22208: 22187: 22166: 22145: 22124: 22122: 22120: 22091: 22089: 22087: 22066: 22025: 22006: 21983: 21962: 21960: 21958: 21929: 21927: 21925: 21896: 21877: 21875: 21873: 21813: 21792: 21768: 21766: 21764: 21717: 21715: 21713: 21684: 21666: 21641: 21639: 21637: 21614: 21588: 21550: 21548: 21546: 21514: 21490: 21469: 21448: 21429: 21408: 21355: 21336: 21334: 21332: 21300: 21281: 21260: 21258: 21256: 21227: 21225: 21223: 21207: 21205: 21203: 21174: 21172: 21170: 21141: 21129: 21118: 21116: 21114: 21046: 21032: 21030: 21005: 21003: 21001: 20952: 20950: 20948: 20919: 20898: 20896: 20894: 20865: 20840: 20838: 20836: 20787: 20785: 20783: 20754: 20752: 20750: 20734: 20713: 20711: 20709: 20680: 20678: 20676: 20657: 20636: 20626: 20574: 20572: 20570: 20531: 20529: 20527: 20498: 20477: 20475: 20473: 20463: 20443: 20434: 20413: 20395: 20357: 20336: 20334: 20332: 20307: 20305: 20303: 20282:Brill Publishers 20270: 20260: 20235: 20214: 20191: 20168: 20143:(5): 992, 1005. 20131: 20129: 20127: 20103: 20074: 20064: 20054: 20015: 19994: 19971: 19952: 19931: 19929: 19927: 19898: 19875: 19873: 19871: 19842: 19819: 19817: 19815: 19792: 19763: 19761: 19759: 19730: 19709: 19688: 19667: 19646: 19644: 19642: 19613: 19597: 19586: 19540: 19519: 19517: 19515: 19482: 19480: 19478: 19441:, eds. (2015a). 19430: 19411:McNeill, William 19402: 19381: 19362: 19338: 19337:. Penguin Books. 19329: 19327: 19325: 19296: 19294: 19292: 19263: 19242: 19221: 19198: 19177: 19156: 19137: 19116: 19114: 19112: 19079: 19077: 19075: 19043: 19042:(20): 1699–1701. 19036:Science Bulletin 19033: 19023: 19000: 18998: 18996: 18967: 18965: 18963: 18931: 18921: 18911: 18877: 18858: 18839:Landes, David S. 18834: 18832: 18830: 18825:on 30 April 2015 18809: 18788: 18765: 18754:. Dorset Press. 18744: 18742: 18740: 18709: 18707: 18705: 18676: 18674: 18672: 18640: 18638: 18636: 18607: 18578: 18576: 18574: 18545: 18543: 18541: 18512: 18478: 18476: 18474: 18442: 18431:. Random House. 18418: 18416: 18414: 18385: 18383: 18381: 18341: 18327:India: A History 18317: 18294: 18259: 18235: 18212: 18188: 18164: 18141: 18122: 18120: 18118: 18086: 18084: 18082: 18076: 18029: 18019: 18009: 17976: 17952: 17931: 17912: 17891: 17881: 17871: 17836: 17826: 17807:in South Africa" 17797:Australopithecus 17789: 17768: 17747: 17745: 17743: 17722: 17697: 17695: 17693: 17661: 17640: 17631: 17629: 17627: 17567: 17565: 17563: 17503: 17501: 17495:. Archived from 17462: 17452: 17431: 17410: 17389: 17387: 17385: 17356: 17346: 17313: 17294: 17292: 17290: 17264: 17243: 17222: 17198: 17196: 17194: 17163: 17142: 17121: 17102:Friedman, Thomas 17097: 17076: 17050: 17031: 17019: 17008: 16984: 16963: 16961: 16959: 16930: 16911: 16901: 16891: 16858: 16834: 16832: 16830: 16808:GPS Declassified 16801: 16780: 16761: 16759: 16757: 16736: 16712: 16691: 16689: 16687: 16681: 16670: 16660: 16639: 16616: 16602: 16581: 16560: 16558: 16556: 16502: 16481: 16471: 16461: 16428: 16404: 16383: 16362: 16343: 16319: 16300: 16279: 16261: 16224: 16205: 16203: 16201: 16160: 16158: 16156: 16129:Christian, David 16124: 16103: 16101: 16099: 16068: 16047: 16025: 16004: 16002: 16000: 15984: 15972: 15951: 15932: 15911: 15909: 15907: 15875: 15830: 15809: 15788: 15769:Headrick, Daniel 15765:Crossley, Pamela 15761:Bulliet, Richard 15756: 15754: 15752: 15725:Headrick, Daniel 15721:Crossley, Pamela 15717:Bulliet, Richard 15712: 15693: 15674: 15650: 15648: 15646: 15629: 15627: 15625: 15616:. Archived from 15600: 15575:Duclert, Vincent 15571:Bozarslan, Hamit 15566: 15545: 15543: 15541: 15535: 15504: 15491: 15449: 15447: 15445: 15416: 15393: 15374: 15372: 15370: 15333:, eds. (2015b). 15318: 15316: 15314: 15277:, eds. (2015a). 15262: 15260: 15258: 15201: 15199: 15197: 15161: 15140: 15117: 15093: 15091: 15089: 15068: 15058: 15021: 14998: 14979: 14977: 14975: 14944:Goucher, Candace 14935: 14910:Bard, Kathryn A. 14905: 14903: 14901: 14862: 14841: 14823: 14792: 14768: 14747: 14719: 14717: 14715: 14689: 14672:Allchin, Raymond 14668:Allchin, Bridget 14663: 14642: 14612: 14583: 14564: 14545: 14526: 14507: 14488: 14469: 14448: 14424: 14422: 14420: 14391: 14381: 14340: 14338: 14336: 14315: 14285: 14279: 14273: 14249: 14243: 14222: 14216: 14195: 14189: 14162: 14156: 14132: 14126: 14113:, pp. 84–85 14093: 14087: 14069:Aldenderfer 2011 14039: 14033: 14015: 14009: 13976: 13970: 13940: 13934: 13913: 13907: 13880: 13874: 13869:Howe et al. 2020 13858: 13852: 13848:, § Introduction 13837:Martikainen 2017 13831: 13825: 13809: 13803: 13782: 13776: 13764: 13758: 13752: 13746: 13725: 13719: 13713: 13707: 13701: 13695: 13689: 13683: 13677: 13671: 13662: 13656: 13650: 13644: 13638: 13632: 13631:, pp. 55–56 13626: 13620: 13598:, pp. 40–41 13584: 13578: 13545: 13539: 13533: 13527: 13522: 13516: 13474: 13468: 13462: 13456: 13432: 13426: 13420: 13414: 13408: 13402: 13396: 13390: 13384: 13378: 13373: 13367: 13361: 13352: 13346: 13340: 13334: 13328: 13322: 13316: 13306: 13300: 13294: 13288: 13282: 13276: 13267: 13261: 13255: 13246: 13240: 13234: 13225: 13219: 13210: 13201: 13195: 13189: 13183: 13177: 13156: 13150: 13144: 13138: 13132: 13126: 13120: 13114: 13105: 13099: 13093: 13087: 13078: 13072: 13067: 13061: 13055: 13049: 13040: 13034: 13028: 13022: 13016: 13010: 13004: 12998: 12992: 12986: 12980: 12974: 12968: 12962: 12956: 12950: 12944: 12938: 12929: 12923: 12917: 12911: 12905: 12899: 12893: 12887: 12881: 12875: 12869: 12863: 12857: 12851: 12845: 12839: 12821: 12815: 12809: 12803: 12762: 12756: 12750: 12744: 12738: 12732: 12726: 12720: 12699: 12693: 12687: 12681: 12675: 12669: 12660: 12654: 12648: 12642: 12621: 12615: 12609: 12603: 12597: 12591: 12585: 12579: 12573: 12567: 12561: 12555: 12537: 12531: 12522: 12516: 12512:, pp. 41–44 12498: 12492: 12486: 12480: 12462: 12456: 12450: 12444: 12438: 12432: 12423: 12417: 12411: 12405: 12399: 12393: 12387: 12381: 12375: 12369: 12368:, pp. 23–50 12363: 12357: 12339: 12333: 12332:, pp. 584–5 12327: 12321: 12315: 12309: 12303: 12297: 12273: 12267: 12243: 12237: 12228: 12222: 12216: 12210: 12204: 12198: 12180: 12174: 12165: 12159: 12138: 12132: 12105: 12099: 12093: 12087: 12081: 12075: 12069: 12060: 12054: 12048: 12024: 12018: 12012: 12006: 11993:, pp. 37–38 11985: 11979: 11970: 11964: 11955: 11949: 11944: 11938: 11929: 11920: 11914: 11903: 11897: 11891: 11881: 11875: 11869: 11863: 11857: 11851: 11845: 11839: 11833: 11827: 11821: 11815: 11809: 11803: 11797: 11791: 11770: 11764: 11743: 11737: 11731: 11725: 11719: 11713: 11707: 11701: 11696: 11690: 11681: 11675: 11669: 11663: 11657: 11651: 11645: 11639: 11633: 11627: 11621:Trimmingham 1952 11618: 11612: 11603: 11597: 11591: 11585: 11579: 11573: 11567: 11561: 11555: 11549: 11543: 11537: 11531: 11525: 11519: 11513: 11507: 11498: 11474: 11468: 11462: 11456: 11450: 11444: 11423: 11417: 11411: 11405: 11399: 11393: 11366: 11360: 11354: 11348: 11339: 11333: 11315: 11309: 11291: 11285: 11279: 11273: 11267: 11261: 11260:, pp. 365–8 11255: 11246: 11240: 11234: 11224: 11218: 11212: 11206: 11200: 11194: 11188: 11182: 11176: 11170: 11164: 11158: 11152: 11146: 11128: 11122: 11116: 11110: 11104: 11098: 11092: 11086: 11080: 11074: 11068: 11059: 11050: 11044: 11023: 11017: 11011: 11005: 10999: 10993: 10989:, pp. 37–38 10975: 10969: 10963: 10957: 10948: 10942: 10924: 10918: 10912: 10906: 10900: 10891: 10885: 10879: 10873: 10867: 10861: 10855: 10849: 10843: 10837: 10831: 10825: 10819: 10813: 10807: 10801: 10795: 10794:, pp. 69–75 10789: 10783: 10777: 10771: 10762: 10756: 10750: 10744: 10738: 10732: 10726: 10720: 10714: 10708: 10690: 10684: 10675: 10669: 10660: 10654: 10629: 10623: 10617: 10611: 10601: 10595: 10586: 10580: 10574: 10568: 10558: 10552: 10546: 10540: 10534: 10528: 10522: 10516: 10510: 10504: 10498: 10492: 10486: 10480: 10462: 10456: 10450: 10444: 10438: 10432: 10411: 10405: 10399: 10393: 10392:, pp. 534–5 10387: 10381: 10360: 10354: 10348: 10342: 10336: 10330: 10324: 10318: 10313: 10307: 10301: 10295: 10289: 10283: 10277: 10271: 10265: 10259: 10253: 10247: 10229: 10223: 10214: 10208: 10202: 10196: 10172: 10166: 10160: 10154: 10153:, pp. 11–12 10148: 10142: 10136: 10130: 10124: 10115: 10106: 10100: 10091: 10085: 10067: 10061: 10055: 10049: 10040: 10034: 10028: 10022: 10016: 10010: 10004: 9998: 9992: 9986: 9980: 9974: 9968: 9962: 9956: 9950: 9944: 9935: 9929: 9923: 9917: 9911: 9905: 9899: 9893: 9887: 9881: 9875: 9870: 9864: 9859: 9853: 9847: 9841: 9835: 9829: 9820: 9814: 9808: 9802: 9796: 9790: 9784: 9778: 9772: 9766: 9760: 9754: 9748: 9742: 9736: 9730: 9724: 9715: 9709: 9703: 9697: 9691: 9685: 9679: 9663: 9657: 9652: 9646: 9640: 9634: 9628: 9622: 9616: 9610: 9604: 9598: 9592: 9586: 9577: 9571: 9565: 9559: 9550: 9544: 9538: 9532: 9526: 9520: 9514: 9508: 9490: 9484: 9478: 9472: 9466: 9460: 9454: 9448: 9442: 9436: 9430: 9424: 9418: 9412: 9406: 9400: 9351: 9345: 9339: 9333: 9327: 9321: 9315: 9309: 9303: 9297: 9291: 9285: 9276: 9270: 9264: 9258: 9253: 9247: 9241: 9235: 9214: 9208: 9202: 9196: 9190: 9184: 9160: 9154: 9148: 9142: 9136: 9130: 9124: 9118: 9112: 9106: 9100: 9094: 9085: 9079: 9073: 9067: 9061: 9055: 9049: 9043: 9034: 9028: 9007: 9001: 8995: 8986: 8980: 8974: 8968: 8962: 8956: 8950: 8944: 8938: 8932: 8923: 8917: 8911: 8905: 8899: 8893: 8887: 8881: 8875: 8869: 8860: 8854: 8848: 8842: 8836: 8827: 8821: 8803: 8797: 8791: 8782: 8746: 8740: 8731: 8725: 8719: 8713: 8707: 8701: 8695: 8689: 8683: 8674: 8668: 8662: 8656: 8650: 8644: 8638: 8632: 8623: 8613: 8607: 8606:, pp. 79–80 8601: 8595: 8589: 8583: 8562: 8556: 8550: 8544: 8538: 8532: 8526: 8520: 8514: 8508: 8499: 8493: 8487: 8481: 8475: 8466: 8460: 8454: 8448: 8442: 8436: 8430: 8424: 8418: 8412: 8406: 8400: 8394: 8388:Whitecotton 1977 8376: 8370: 8364: 8358: 8352: 8346: 8340: 8334: 8333:, pp. 94–95 8328: 8322: 8316: 8310: 8292: 8286: 8268: 8262: 8256: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8220: 8214: 8208: 8202: 8196: 8190: 8172: 8166: 8160: 8154: 8148: 8142: 8136: 8130: 8108: 8102: 8093: 8087: 8082: 8076: 8067: 8061: 8055: 8049: 8040: 8034: 8028: 8022: 8017: 8011: 8005: 7999: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7951: 7945: 7915: 7909: 7903: 7897: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7816: 7810: 7804: 7798: 7797:, pp. 70–71 7792: 7786: 7780: 7774: 7768: 7762: 7756: 7750: 7741: 7735: 7729: 7723: 7717: 7711: 7705: 7699: 7694: 7688: 7679: 7673: 7672:, pp. 73–74 7667: 7661: 7655: 7649: 7643: 7637: 7631: 7625: 7619: 7613: 7607: 7601: 7595: 7589: 7583: 7577: 7571: 7565: 7559: 7553: 7547: 7541: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7508: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7451: 7445: 7439: 7433: 7427: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7367: 7361: 7360:, pp. 46–47 7355: 7349: 7343: 7337: 7336:, pp. 36–37 7331: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7295: 7289: 7288:, pp. 57–64 7283: 7277: 7271: 7265: 7259: 7253: 7252:, pp. 48–49 7247: 7241: 7220: 7214: 7190: 7184: 7166: 7160: 7151: 7145: 7139: 7133: 7123:, pp. 53–54 7115: 7109: 7100: 7094: 7085: 7079: 7069: 7063: 7046: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7027:, pp. 43–46 7022: 7016: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6989: 6983: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6947: 6941: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6881: 6872: 6862:, pp. 10–13 6860:Chakrabarti 2004 6848: 6842: 6836: 6827: 6809: 6803: 6785: 6779: 6758: 6752: 6751:, pp. 30–31 6746: 6740: 6731: 6725: 6719: 6713: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6619: 6613: 6595: 6589: 6583: 6577: 6567: 6561: 6560:, pp. 34–35 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6495: 6489: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6435: 6424: 6418: 6412: 6406: 6400: 6394: 6388: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6364: 6358: 6352: 6343: 6337: 6319: 6313: 6307: 6301: 6295: 6289: 6268: 6262: 6253: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6229: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6187: 6181: 6172: 6166: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6130: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6099:, pp. 42–43 6091: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6072:, pp. 17–18 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6025: 5995: 5989: 5983:Wragg-Sykes 2016 5980: 5974: 5970:, pp. 89–94 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5934:, pp. 34–38 5928:, pp. 66–71 5920: 5914: 5896: 5890: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5837: 5831: 5821: 5815: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5751:de la Torre 2019 5745: 5739: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5703: 5697: 5676: 5670: 5661:Wragg-Sykes 2016 5629: 5623: 5617: 5602: 5588: 5582: 5579: 5573: 5570: 5564: 5557: 5551: 5548: 5542: 5535: 5529: 5522: 5516: 5501: 5495: 5492: 5486: 5483: 5477: 5474:literary studies 5470: 5464: 5461: 5455: 5444: 5438: 5431: 5425: 5422: 5416: 5405: 5399: 5380: 5374: 5367: 5361: 5342: 5336: 5333: 5327: 5320: 5314: 5311: 5305: 5294: 5288: 5279: 5273: 5270: 5264: 5253: 5247: 5239: 5233: 5222: 5158:, such as other 5025:Syrian Civil War 5021:second Gulf wars 5009:Second Congo War 4969:collectivization 4918:particle physics 4894:Green Revolution 4888:, the worldwide 4616:Great Depression 4562:Austro-Hungarian 4430:women's suffrage 4381:won independence 4225:Price Revolution 4047:established the 3963:Ethiopian Empire 3959:Geledi Sultanate 3955:Ajuran Sultanate 3876:Seven Years' War 3808:'s invention of 3739:, birthplace of 3607:Age of Discovery 3554:Great Divergence 3519:, the spread of 3461: 3458: 3306:(13th century), 3247:' capital city, 3200:Chagatai Khanate 3118:woodblock prints 3086:Murasaki Shikibu 3070:literary culture 3020:Chinese classics 2912:History of India 2884:Kingdom of Butua 2860:Kingdom of Kongo 2834:Kingdom of Benin 2724:Late Middle Ages 2635:High Middle Ages 2271:Mongol invasions 2267:Arab slave trade 2195:Byzantine Empire 2058:a writing system 2023:Kingdom of Aksum 1922:Ashoka the Great 1854:successor states 1828:, including the 1803:Sasanian Empires 1737:Regional empires 1667:New philosophies 1637:, 2nd century CE 1529:by 500 BCE. The 1505:Speakers of the 1473:Mycenaean Greece 1399:cuneiform script 1385:, eastern Turkey 1335:(3100 BCE), the 1327:(3200 BCE), the 1120:had occurred in 1116:cultivation and 1025:hunter-gatherers 903:Australopithecus 881:Australopithecus 867: 864: 858:Australopithecus 763:human population 684:Byzantine Empire 670:. The following 648:Greek philosophy 634:during the late 565:hunter-gatherers 555:to the present. 534: 527: 520: 509: 503: 464:Age of Discovery 371: 370: 139:Earliest records 125:Recorded history 101: 89: 61: 59: 48: 27: 26: 23381: 23380: 23376: 23375: 23374: 23372: 23371: 23370: 23356: 23355: 23354: 23349: 23333: 23329:Post-industrial 23272:Hunter-gatherer 23254: 23248: 23169:Ancient history 23144: 23138: 23027: 23001:Major concepts: 22969: 22964: 22934: 22924: 22919: 22917: 22907: 22902: 22900: 22890: 22885: 22883: 22873: 22868: 22866: 22863: 22859:sister projects 22856:at Knowledge's 22850: 22838: 22828: 22826: 22816: 22814: 22806: 22804: 22795: 22793: 22786: 22704:(2823): 34–38. 22692:Yong E (2011). 22682: 22680: 22673: 22633: 22631: 22624: 22610:"Humans Evolve" 22598: 22596: 22589: 22565: 22540: 22538: 22531: 22507: 22505: 22498: 22477: 22456: 22435: 22392:10.2307/3637703 22359: 22357: 22255: 22253: 22235: 22233: 22226: 22205: 22184: 22163: 22142: 22118: 22116: 22109: 22085: 22083: 22022: 22003: 21980: 21956: 21954: 21923: 21921: 21893: 21871: 21869: 21846: 21810: 21789: 21762: 21760: 21745: 21711: 21709: 21702: 21635: 21633: 21544: 21542: 21535: 21511: 21487: 21466: 21445: 21426: 21375:(7541): 83–86. 21352: 21330: 21328: 21321: 21297: 21278: 21254: 21252: 21245: 21221: 21219: 21201: 21199: 21192: 21168: 21166: 21159: 21138: 21112: 21110: 21037:Serle, Percival 20999: 20997: 20946: 20944: 20937: 20916: 20892: 20890: 20883: 20862: 20834: 20832: 20797:L'Anthropologie 20781: 20779: 20772: 20748: 20746: 20731: 20707: 20705: 20698: 20674: 20672: 20662:Ritchie, Hannah 20654: 20568: 20566: 20559: 20525: 20523: 20516: 20495: 20471: 20469: 20444:6500 years ago" 20431: 20364:Current Biology 20354: 20330: 20328: 20317:thediplomat.com 20301: 20299: 20292: 20232: 20211: 20188: 20178:50 Years of DNA 20125: 20123: 20012: 19991: 19968: 19949: 19925: 19923: 19916: 19895: 19869: 19867: 19860: 19839: 19813: 19811: 19800: 19757: 19755: 19748: 19727: 19706: 19685: 19664: 19640: 19638: 19631: 19610: 19537: 19513: 19511: 19504: 19476: 19474: 19467: 19427: 19399: 19378: 19359: 19348:A World History 19323: 19321: 19314: 19290: 19288: 19281: 19260: 19239: 19218: 19195: 19174: 19153: 19110: 19108: 19101: 19073: 19071: 19064: 19031: 19020: 18994: 18992: 18985: 18961: 18959: 18952: 18874: 18855: 18828: 18826: 18806: 18785: 18762: 18738: 18736: 18729: 18703: 18701: 18694: 18670: 18668: 18634: 18632: 18625: 18572: 18570: 18563: 18539: 18537: 18530: 18509: 18472: 18470: 18463: 18439: 18412: 18410: 18403: 18379: 18377: 18370: 18352:, eds. (2015). 18346:Kedar, Benjamin 18338: 18314: 18256: 18232: 18209: 18185: 18161: 18138: 18116: 18114: 18107: 18080: 18078: 18074: 18027: 17973: 17957:Hourani, Albert 17949: 17928: 17909: 17786: 17765: 17741: 17739: 17691: 17689: 17682: 17658: 17625: 17623: 17561: 17559: 17499: 17460: 17458:"Human Hybrids" 17449: 17428: 17407: 17383: 17381: 17374: 17310: 17288: 17286: 17261: 17240: 17219: 17203:Gernet, Jacques 17192: 17190: 17183: 17160: 17139: 17118: 17094: 17073: 17047: 17028: 17005: 16981: 16957: 16955: 16948: 16927: 16855: 16828: 16826: 16819: 16798: 16777: 16755: 16753: 16733: 16709: 16685: 16683: 16679: 16668: 16657: 16636: 16615:. W. W. Norton. 16599: 16578: 16554: 16552: 16537: 16499: 16425: 16401: 16380: 16359: 16340: 16316: 16221: 16199: 16197: 16190: 16154: 16152: 16145: 16121: 16097: 16095: 16088: 16065: 16044: 16022: 15998: 15996: 15969: 15948: 15929: 15905: 15903: 15896: 15827: 15806: 15785: 15750: 15748: 15741: 15709: 15690: 15671: 15644: 15642: 15635:"Enlightenment" 15623: 15621: 15597: 15563: 15539: 15537: 15533: 15502: 15488: 15464:, eds. (2023). 15443: 15441: 15434: 15413: 15390: 15368: 15366: 15359: 15312: 15310: 15303: 15256: 15254: 15195: 15193: 15186: 15166:Benjamin, Craig 15158: 15137: 15114: 15087: 15085: 15018: 14995: 14973: 14971: 14964: 14946:, eds. (2015). 14932: 14899: 14897: 14882: 14859: 14851:. Basic Books. 14789: 14765: 14744: 14728:Andaya, Leonard 14713: 14711: 14703:Foreign Affairs 14694:Allison, Graham 14686: 14660: 14631: 14617:Adovasio, J. M. 14580: 14561: 14542: 14523: 14504: 14485: 14466: 14445: 14429:Abulafia, David 14418: 14416: 14409: 14356:(6052): 89–94. 14334: 14332: 14312: 14293: 14288: 14280: 14276: 14272: 14250: 14246: 14242: 14223: 14219: 14215: 14196: 14192: 14188: 14168:Christian 2015a 14163: 14159: 14155: 14138:Christian 2015a 14133: 14129: 14125: 14099:Christian 2015a 14094: 14090: 14086: 14040: 14036: 14032: 14021:Christian 2015a 14016: 14012: 14008: 13982:Christian 2015a 13977: 13973: 13969: 13952:Christian 2015a 13941: 13937: 13933: 13914: 13910: 13906: 13881: 13877: 13873: 13859: 13855: 13851: 13832: 13828: 13824: 13810: 13806: 13802: 13783: 13779: 13765: 13761: 13753: 13749: 13745: 13726: 13722: 13714: 13710: 13702: 13698: 13690: 13686: 13678: 13674: 13663: 13659: 13651: 13647: 13639: 13635: 13627: 13623: 13619: 13585: 13581: 13577: 13546: 13542: 13534: 13530: 13523: 13519: 13515: 13475: 13471: 13463: 13459: 13455: 13433: 13429: 13421: 13417: 13409: 13405: 13401:, p. xxxiv 13397: 13393: 13385: 13381: 13374: 13370: 13362: 13355: 13347: 13343: 13335: 13331: 13323: 13319: 13307: 13303: 13295: 13291: 13283: 13279: 13268: 13264: 13256: 13249: 13241: 13237: 13226: 13222: 13211: 13204: 13196: 13192: 13184: 13180: 13176: 13157: 13153: 13145: 13141: 13133: 13129: 13121: 13117: 13106: 13102: 13094: 13090: 13079: 13075: 13068: 13064: 13056: 13052: 13041: 13037: 13029: 13025: 13017: 13013: 13005: 13001: 12993: 12989: 12981: 12977: 12969: 12965: 12957: 12953: 12945: 12941: 12930: 12926: 12918: 12914: 12906: 12902: 12894: 12890: 12882: 12878: 12870: 12866: 12858: 12854: 12846: 12842: 12838: 12822: 12818: 12810: 12806: 12802: 12763: 12759: 12751: 12747: 12739: 12735: 12727: 12723: 12719: 12700: 12696: 12688: 12684: 12676: 12672: 12661: 12657: 12649: 12645: 12641: 12627:Meyer-Fong 2013 12622: 12618: 12610: 12606: 12598: 12594: 12586: 12582: 12574: 12570: 12562: 12558: 12554: 12538: 12534: 12525:Huntington 1991 12523: 12519: 12515: 12499: 12495: 12487: 12483: 12479: 12463: 12459: 12451: 12447: 12439: 12435: 12424: 12420: 12412: 12408: 12400: 12396: 12388: 12384: 12376: 12372: 12364: 12360: 12356: 12340: 12336: 12328: 12324: 12316: 12312: 12304: 12300: 12296: 12274: 12270: 12266: 12244: 12240: 12229: 12225: 12217: 12213: 12205: 12201: 12197: 12181: 12177: 12166: 12162: 12158: 12139: 12135: 12131: 12106: 12102: 12094: 12090: 12082: 12078: 12070: 12063: 12055: 12051: 12047: 12025: 12021: 12013: 12009: 12005: 11986: 11982: 11971: 11967: 11956: 11952: 11945: 11941: 11930: 11923: 11915: 11906: 11898: 11894: 11888:Estado da Índia 11882: 11878: 11870: 11866: 11858: 11854: 11846: 11842: 11834: 11830: 11822: 11818: 11810: 11806: 11798: 11794: 11790: 11771: 11767: 11763: 11744: 11740: 11732: 11728: 11720: 11716: 11708: 11704: 11697: 11693: 11682: 11678: 11670: 11666: 11658: 11654: 11646: 11642: 11634: 11630: 11619: 11615: 11604: 11600: 11592: 11588: 11580: 11576: 11568: 11564: 11556: 11552: 11546:Meyerowitz 1975 11544: 11540: 11532: 11528: 11520: 11516: 11508: 11501: 11497: 11475: 11471: 11463: 11459: 11451: 11447: 11443: 11424: 11420: 11412: 11408: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11367: 11363: 11355: 11351: 11340: 11336: 11332: 11316: 11312: 11308: 11292: 11288: 11280: 11276: 11268: 11264: 11256: 11249: 11241: 11237: 11225: 11221: 11213: 11209: 11201: 11197: 11189: 11185: 11177: 11173: 11165: 11161: 11153: 11149: 11145: 11129: 11125: 11117: 11113: 11105: 11101: 11093: 11089: 11081: 11077: 11069: 11062: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11024: 11020: 11012: 11008: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10976: 10972: 10964: 10960: 10949: 10945: 10941: 10925: 10921: 10913: 10909: 10901: 10894: 10886: 10882: 10874: 10870: 10862: 10858: 10850: 10846: 10838: 10834: 10826: 10822: 10814: 10810: 10802: 10798: 10790: 10786: 10778: 10774: 10763: 10759: 10751: 10747: 10739: 10735: 10727: 10723: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10691: 10687: 10676: 10672: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10630: 10626: 10618: 10614: 10602: 10598: 10587: 10583: 10575: 10571: 10559: 10555: 10547: 10543: 10535: 10531: 10523: 10519: 10511: 10507: 10499: 10495: 10487: 10483: 10479: 10463: 10459: 10451: 10447: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10412: 10408: 10400: 10396: 10388: 10384: 10380: 10361: 10357: 10349: 10345: 10337: 10333: 10325: 10321: 10314: 10310: 10302: 10298: 10290: 10286: 10278: 10274: 10266: 10262: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10230: 10226: 10215: 10211: 10203: 10199: 10195: 10173: 10169: 10161: 10157: 10149: 10145: 10137: 10133: 10125: 10118: 10107: 10103: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10068: 10064: 10056: 10052: 10041: 10037: 10029: 10025: 10017: 10013: 10005: 10001: 9993: 9989: 9981: 9977: 9969: 9965: 9957: 9953: 9945: 9938: 9930: 9926: 9918: 9914: 9906: 9902: 9894: 9890: 9882: 9878: 9871: 9867: 9860: 9856: 9848: 9844: 9836: 9832: 9821: 9817: 9809: 9805: 9797: 9793: 9785: 9781: 9773: 9769: 9765:, pp. 1–11 9761: 9757: 9749: 9745: 9737: 9733: 9725: 9718: 9710: 9706: 9698: 9694: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9664: 9660: 9653: 9649: 9641: 9637: 9629: 9625: 9617: 9613: 9605: 9601: 9593: 9589: 9578: 9574: 9566: 9562: 9551: 9547: 9539: 9535: 9527: 9523: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9491: 9487: 9479: 9475: 9467: 9463: 9455: 9451: 9443: 9439: 9431: 9427: 9419: 9415: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9385:Spielvogel 2016 9352: 9348: 9340: 9336: 9328: 9324: 9316: 9312: 9304: 9300: 9292: 9288: 9277: 9273: 9265: 9261: 9254: 9250: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9215: 9211: 9203: 9199: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9161: 9157: 9149: 9145: 9137: 9133: 9125: 9121: 9113: 9109: 9101: 9097: 9086: 9082: 9074: 9070: 9062: 9058: 9050: 9046: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9008: 9004: 8996: 8989: 8981: 8977: 8969: 8965: 8957: 8953: 8945: 8941: 8933: 8926: 8918: 8914: 8906: 8902: 8894: 8890: 8882: 8878: 8870: 8863: 8855: 8851: 8843: 8839: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8804: 8800: 8792: 8785: 8781: 8747: 8743: 8732: 8728: 8720: 8716: 8708: 8704: 8696: 8692: 8684: 8677: 8669: 8665: 8657: 8653: 8645: 8641: 8633: 8626: 8614: 8610: 8602: 8598: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8563: 8559: 8551: 8547: 8539: 8535: 8527: 8523: 8515: 8511: 8500: 8496: 8488: 8484: 8476: 8469: 8461: 8457: 8449: 8445: 8437: 8433: 8425: 8421: 8413: 8409: 8401: 8397: 8393: 8377: 8373: 8365: 8361: 8353: 8349: 8341: 8337: 8329: 8325: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8269: 8265: 8257: 8253: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8221: 8217: 8209: 8205: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8173: 8169: 8161: 8157: 8149: 8145: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8109: 8105: 8094: 8090: 8083: 8079: 8068: 8064: 8056: 8052: 8041: 8037: 8029: 8025: 8018: 8014: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7979: 7975: 7967: 7963: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7916: 7912: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7880: 7876: 7868: 7864: 7856: 7852: 7844: 7840: 7832: 7828: 7817: 7813: 7805: 7801: 7793: 7789: 7781: 7777: 7769: 7765: 7757: 7753: 7742: 7738: 7730: 7726: 7718: 7714: 7706: 7702: 7695: 7691: 7680: 7676: 7668: 7664: 7656: 7652: 7644: 7640: 7632: 7628: 7620: 7616: 7608: 7604: 7596: 7592: 7584: 7580: 7572: 7568: 7560: 7556: 7548: 7544: 7533: 7529: 7521: 7517: 7509: 7505: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7470: 7466: 7458: 7454: 7446: 7442: 7434: 7430: 7419: 7415: 7407: 7403: 7395: 7391: 7383: 7379: 7368: 7364: 7356: 7352: 7344: 7340: 7332: 7328: 7320: 7316: 7312: 7296: 7292: 7284: 7280: 7272: 7268: 7260: 7256: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7167: 7163: 7152: 7148: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7116: 7112: 7101: 7097: 7086: 7082: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7047: 7043: 7035: 7031: 7023: 7019: 7008: 7004: 6996: 6992: 6984: 6977: 6969: 6965: 6957: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6918: 6914: 6906: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6882: 6875: 6871: 6849: 6845: 6837: 6830: 6826: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6759: 6755: 6747: 6743: 6732: 6728: 6720: 6716: 6704: 6700: 6692: 6688: 6680: 6676: 6668: 6664: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6596: 6592: 6584: 6580: 6568: 6564: 6556: 6552: 6544: 6540: 6532: 6528: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6472: 6468: 6460: 6456: 6448: 6444: 6436: 6427: 6419: 6415: 6407: 6403: 6395: 6391: 6383: 6379: 6371: 6367: 6359: 6355: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6320: 6316: 6308: 6304: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6269: 6265: 6254: 6250: 6242: 6238: 6230: 6226: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6188: 6184: 6173: 6169: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6131: 6127: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6092: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6044: 6040: 6032: 6028: 6024: 5996: 5992: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5957: 5953: 5949:, pp. 1–11 5945: 5941: 5937: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5873: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5851:Zhu et al. 2018 5849: 5845: 5838: 5834: 5822: 5818: 5798: 5794: 5786: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5746: 5742: 5731: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5630: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5605: 5589: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5571: 5567: 5561:Francoist Spain 5558: 5554: 5549: 5545: 5536: 5532: 5523: 5519: 5502: 5498: 5493: 5489: 5484: 5480: 5471: 5467: 5462: 5458: 5445: 5441: 5432: 5428: 5423: 5419: 5406: 5402: 5381: 5377: 5368: 5364: 5343: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5321: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5295: 5291: 5280: 5276: 5271: 5267: 5254: 5250: 5240: 5236: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5210: 5192: 5127: 5095:paradigm shifts 5089:. In 2020, the 5070:Great Recession 4953:life expectancy 4949:medical science 4933:family planning 4898:plate tectonics 4847:third world war 4731: 4725: 4697:nuclear weapons 4578:Greek genocides 4558:Austria-Hungary 4542: 4534:Main articles: 4532: 4500:sound recording 4459:colonial empire 4346:mass production 4314: 4312:New Imperialism 4304: 4298: 4293: 4277:Main articles: 4275: 4251:Treaty of Paris 4238:in present-day 4209: 4165: 4119:Johor Sultanate 4111: 4079:were supplanted 4061: 4025:was founded by 3991: 3971:Zemene Mesafint 3900: 3892:Napoleonic Wars 3752:classical world 3730: 3716: 3710: 3655: 3538:Spanish Empires 3508: 3500:Main articles: 3498: 3459: 3438: 3432: 3358: 3352: 3243:in 802 CE. The 3222: 3216: 3127:Post-classical 2995: 2987:Main articles: 2985: 2914: 2908: 2743: 2737: 2668:Crusader states 2658:. In 1054, the 2537: 2529:Main articles: 2527: 2351: 2339:Main articles: 2337: 2298:Swahili culture 2290:Songhai Empires 2279:Islamic empires 2275:middle kingdoms 2221: 2213:Main articles: 2211: 2135: 2011:Kingdom of Kush 2009:In Africa, the 2003:Obelisk of Axum 1961:Mauryan Emperor 1912:In South Asia, 1871:In Europe, the 1866:Ptolemaic Egypt 1850:Hellenic League 1838:Athenian Empire 1779:Assyrian Empire 1739: 1685:". In 508 BCE, 1628: 1622: 1612:(4000 BCE) and 1533:emerged in the 1507:Bantu languages 1429:, that allowed 1298: 1286:Main articles: 1284: 1279: 1273:Ancient history 1271:Main articles: 1269: 1267:Ancient history 1240:anthropomorphic 1230:or the African 1228:Eurasian Steppe 1204:political power 1094: 1088: 984: 976:Main articles: 974: 945:H. floresiensis 934:in Europe, the 865: 837: 835:Human evolution 831: 829:Human evolution 808: 800:Main articles: 798: 538: 507: 501: 496: 495: 490: 450: 449: 440: 426: 407: 388: 387: 368: 358: 357: 356: 340: 326: 317: 303: 289: 288: 278: 268: 267: 266: 257: 243: 224: 205: 204: 185: 165: 155: 154: 153: 134: 115: 114: 100: 88: 80: 57: 46: 23: 12: 11: 5: 23379: 23369: 23368: 23351: 23350: 23348: 23347: 23345:Historiography 23341: 23339: 23335: 23334: 23332: 23331: 23326: 23321: 23320: 23319: 23314: 23309: 23304: 23299: 23294: 23289: 23284: 23279: 23274: 23267:Pre-industrial 23264: 23258: 23256: 23250: 23249: 23247: 23246: 23241: 23236: 23231: 23226: 23221: 23216: 23211: 23206: 23201: 23196: 23194:Societal eras: 23191: 23189:Modern history 23186: 23181: 23176: 23171: 23166: 23165: 23164: 23154: 23148: 23146: 23140: 23139: 23137: 23136: 23131: 23126: 23121: 23116: 23114:History of art 23111: 23106: 23101: 23096: 23091: 23086: 23081: 23076: 23071: 23069:History of war 23066: 23061: 23056: 23051: 23049:History of law 23046: 23041: 23035: 23033: 23029: 23028: 23026: 23025: 23020: 23015: 23013:World regions: 23009: 23008: 23003: 22998: 22993: 22988: 22983: 22977: 22975: 22971: 22970: 22963: 22962: 22955: 22948: 22940: 22933: 22932: 22915: 22913:from Wikibooks 22898: 22881: 22852: 22849: 22848: 22836: 22834:Modern history 22824: 22803: 22802: 22784: 22769: 22724: 22689: 22671: 22655:, ed. (2015). 22653:Yoffee, Norman 22649: 22640: 22622: 22605: 22587: 22569: 22563: 22547: 22529: 22514: 22496: 22481: 22475: 22460: 22454: 22439: 22433: 22413: 22404: 22375: 22366: 22305: 22262: 22251:Cato Institute 22242: 22224: 22209: 22203: 22197:. LIT Verlag. 22188: 22182: 22167: 22161: 22146: 22140: 22125: 22107: 22092: 22067: 22026: 22020: 22007: 22001: 21984: 21978: 21963: 21930: 21897: 21891: 21878: 21844: 21814: 21808: 21793: 21787: 21769: 21743: 21718: 21700: 21685: 21642: 21615: 21551: 21533: 21515: 21509: 21491: 21485: 21470: 21464: 21449: 21443: 21430: 21424: 21409: 21356: 21350: 21337: 21319: 21305:Singh, Upinder 21301: 21295: 21282: 21277:978-1139483483 21276: 21261: 21243: 21228: 21208: 21190: 21175: 21157: 21142: 21136: 21119: 21047: 21033: 21021:(3): 349–366. 21006: 20953: 20935: 20920: 20914: 20899: 20881: 20866: 20860: 20841: 20788: 20770: 20755: 20735: 20729: 20714: 20696: 20681: 20658: 20652: 20637: 20575: 20557: 20532: 20514: 20499: 20493: 20478: 20435: 20429: 20414: 20370:(6): 827–833. 20358: 20352: 20337: 20308: 20290: 20271: 20251:(2): 105–111. 20236: 20230: 20215: 20209: 20192: 20186: 20169: 20132: 20108:Oreskes, Naomi 20104: 20075: 20016: 20010: 19995: 19989: 19972: 19966: 19953: 19947: 19932: 19914: 19899: 19893: 19876: 19858: 19843: 19837: 19825:"Introduction" 19820: 19793: 19764: 19746: 19731: 19725: 19710: 19704: 19689: 19683: 19668: 19662: 19647: 19629: 19614: 19608: 19587: 19541: 19535: 19520: 19502: 19483: 19465: 19435:McNeill, J. R. 19431: 19425: 19407:McNeill, J. R. 19403: 19397: 19382: 19376: 19363: 19357: 19339: 19330: 19312: 19297: 19279: 19264: 19258: 19243: 19237: 19222: 19216: 19199: 19193: 19178: 19172: 19157: 19151: 19138: 19117: 19099: 19080: 19062: 19044: 19024: 19018: 19001: 18983: 18968: 18950: 18932: 18878: 18872: 18859: 18853: 18835: 18810: 18804: 18789: 18783: 18766: 18760: 18745: 18727: 18710: 18693:978-9004173576 18692: 18677: 18653:The New Yorker 18641: 18623: 18608: 18590:(1): 215–250. 18579: 18561: 18546: 18528: 18513: 18507: 18479: 18461: 18443: 18437: 18419: 18401: 18386: 18368: 18342: 18336: 18318: 18312: 18295: 18277:(2): 227–231. 18260: 18254: 18242:, ed. (2004). 18236: 18230: 18213: 18207: 18189: 18183: 18165: 18159: 18142: 18136: 18123: 18105: 18091:Huffman, James 18087: 18020: 17977: 17971: 17953: 17947: 17932: 17926: 17913: 17907: 17892: 17837: 17817:(6486): 7293. 17790: 17784: 17769: 17763: 17748: 17723: 17698: 17680: 17662: 17656: 17647:World Politics 17641: 17632: 17568: 17508:Harmand, Sonia 17504: 17453: 17447: 17432: 17426: 17411: 17405: 17390: 17372: 17357: 17314: 17308: 17295: 17265: 17259: 17244: 17238: 17223: 17217: 17199: 17181: 17164: 17158: 17143: 17137: 17122: 17116: 17098: 17092: 17077: 17071: 17051: 17045: 17032: 17026: 17009: 17003: 16985: 16979: 16964: 16946: 16931: 16925: 16912: 16859: 16853: 16835: 16817: 16802: 16796: 16790:. Peter Lang. 16781: 16775: 16762: 16737: 16731: 16713: 16707: 16692: 16661: 16655: 16640: 16634: 16617: 16607:Diamond, Jared 16603: 16597: 16582: 16576: 16561: 16535: 16503: 16497: 16482: 16429: 16423: 16409:Davies, Norman 16405: 16399: 16384: 16378: 16363: 16357: 16344: 16338: 16324:Coedès, George 16320: 16314: 16301: 16291:(4): 421–439. 16280: 16225: 16219: 16206: 16188: 16161: 16143: 16125: 16119: 16104: 16086: 16069: 16063: 16048: 16042: 16026: 16020: 16005: 15977:Casselman, Ben 15973: 15967: 15952: 15946: 15933: 15927: 15912: 15894: 15876: 15831: 15825: 15810: 15804: 15789: 15783: 15757: 15739: 15713: 15707: 15694: 15688: 15675: 15669: 15651: 15630: 15601: 15595: 15567: 15561: 15546: 15492: 15486: 15454:Blackhawk, Ned 15450: 15432: 15417: 15411: 15399:"Introduction" 15394: 15388: 15375: 15357: 15323:Bentley, Jerry 15319: 15301: 15267:Bentley, Jerry 15263: 15202: 15184: 15168:, ed. (2015). 15162: 15156: 15141: 15135: 15118: 15112: 15094: 15069: 15022: 15016: 14999: 14993: 14980: 14962: 14940:Barker, Graeme 14936: 14930: 14906: 14880: 14863: 14857: 14842: 14793: 14787: 14769: 14763: 14748: 14742: 14720: 14690: 14684: 14664: 14658: 14643: 14629: 14613: 14584: 14578: 14565: 14559: 14546: 14540: 14527: 14521: 14508: 14502: 14489: 14483: 14470: 14464: 14449: 14443: 14437:. Allen Lane. 14425: 14407: 14392: 14341: 14316: 14310: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14286: 14274: 14271: 14270: 14264:Christian 2008 14261: 14251: 14244: 14241: 14240: 14231: 14224: 14217: 14214: 14213: 14207:Christian 2008 14204: 14197: 14190: 14187: 14186: 14177: 14171: 14164: 14157: 14154: 14153: 14147: 14141: 14134: 14127: 14124: 14123: 14117:Christian 2008 14114: 14108: 14102: 14101:, pp. 5–6 14095: 14088: 14085: 14084: 14075: 14066: 14057: 14048: 14041: 14034: 14031: 14030: 14024: 14023:, pp. 2–4 14017: 14010: 14007: 14006: 13997: 13991: 13985: 13984:, pp. 1–4 13978: 13971: 13968: 13967: 13961: 13955: 13949: 13942: 13935: 13932: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13915: 13908: 13905: 13904: 13895: 13889: 13882: 13875: 13872: 13871: 13866: 13864:Casselman 2022 13860: 13853: 13850: 13849: 13843: 13833: 13826: 13823: 13822: 13820:Roivainen 2023 13817: 13811: 13804: 13801: 13800: 13791: 13784: 13777: 13759: 13747: 13744: 13743: 13742:, p. xlii 13737: 13727: 13720: 13708: 13696: 13684: 13672: 13665:Abernethy 2000 13657: 13645: 13633: 13621: 13618: 13617: 13608: 13599: 13593: 13586: 13579: 13576: 13575: 13566: 13557: 13547: 13540: 13536:Christian 2011 13528: 13517: 13514: 13513: 13504: 13495: 13486: 13476: 13469: 13457: 13454: 13453: 13444: 13434: 13427: 13423:Christian 2011 13415: 13411:Christian 2011 13403: 13391: 13379: 13368: 13353: 13341: 13329: 13317: 13301: 13289: 13277: 13262: 13247: 13235: 13220: 13202: 13198:Christian 2011 13190: 13178: 13175: 13174: 13168:Stevenson 2020 13165: 13158: 13151: 13139: 13127: 13115: 13100: 13088: 13081:Kunertova 2024 13073: 13062: 13050: 13035: 13023: 13011: 13009:, pp. 1–3 12999: 12987: 12975: 12973:, p. xlii 12963: 12951: 12939: 12932:Sainsbury 1986 12924: 12912: 12900: 12888: 12876: 12864: 12852: 12840: 12837: 12836: 12830: 12823: 12816: 12804: 12801: 12800: 12795: 12786: 12785:, pp. 419 12780: 12771: 12764: 12757: 12745: 12733: 12721: 12718: 12717: 12708: 12701: 12694: 12682: 12670: 12655: 12643: 12640: 12639: 12633: 12623: 12616: 12604: 12592: 12588:Christian 2011 12580: 12568: 12556: 12553: 12552: 12546: 12539: 12532: 12517: 12514: 12513: 12507: 12500: 12493: 12481: 12478: 12477: 12471: 12464: 12457: 12445: 12433: 12418: 12406: 12394: 12382: 12370: 12358: 12355: 12354: 12348: 12341: 12334: 12322: 12310: 12298: 12295: 12294: 12285: 12275: 12268: 12265: 12264: 12255: 12245: 12238: 12223: 12211: 12199: 12196: 12195: 12189: 12182: 12175: 12160: 12157: 12156: 12147: 12140: 12133: 12130: 12129: 12120: 12114: 12107: 12100: 12088: 12076: 12061: 12049: 12046: 12045: 12039: 12033: 12026: 12019: 12007: 12004: 12003: 11994: 11987: 11980: 11965: 11950: 11939: 11921: 11904: 11892: 11876: 11864: 11852: 11840: 11828: 11816: 11804: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11779: 11772: 11765: 11762: 11761: 11752: 11745: 11738: 11726: 11714: 11702: 11691: 11676: 11664: 11652: 11640: 11628: 11613: 11598: 11586: 11574: 11562: 11550: 11538: 11526: 11514: 11499: 11496: 11495: 11489: 11488:, p. xxxi 11483: 11476: 11469: 11457: 11445: 11442: 11441: 11432: 11425: 11418: 11406: 11394: 11391: 11390: 11381: 11375: 11368: 11361: 11349: 11334: 11331: 11330: 11329:, Lead Section 11324: 11317: 11310: 11307: 11306: 11300: 11293: 11286: 11274: 11262: 11247: 11235: 11219: 11207: 11195: 11183: 11171: 11159: 11147: 11144: 11143: 11137: 11130: 11123: 11119:Christian 2011 11111: 11099: 11087: 11075: 11060: 11053:Kazeroony 2023 11045: 11042: 11041: 11032: 11025: 11018: 11006: 10994: 10991: 10990: 10984: 10977: 10970: 10958: 10943: 10940: 10939: 10933: 10926: 10919: 10907: 10892: 10880: 10868: 10856: 10844: 10832: 10820: 10808: 10796: 10792:MacKnight 1986 10784: 10772: 10757: 10745: 10733: 10721: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10699: 10692: 10685: 10670: 10655: 10652: 10651: 10642: 10631: 10624: 10620:Lieberman 2003 10612: 10596: 10581: 10577:Lieberman 2003 10569: 10553: 10549:Lieberman 2003 10541: 10537:Lieberman 2003 10529: 10517: 10513:Lieberman 2003 10505: 10501:Lieberman 2003 10493: 10489:Lieberman 2003 10481: 10478: 10477: 10474:Lieberman 2003 10471: 10464: 10457: 10453:Lieberman 2003 10445: 10441:Lieberman 2003 10433: 10430: 10429: 10420: 10413: 10406: 10394: 10382: 10379: 10378: 10369: 10362: 10355: 10343: 10331: 10319: 10308: 10296: 10284: 10272: 10260: 10248: 10245: 10244: 10238: 10231: 10224: 10209: 10197: 10194: 10193: 10184: 10174: 10167: 10155: 10143: 10131: 10116: 10101: 10094:Whitfield 2004 10086: 10083: 10082: 10076: 10069: 10062: 10050: 10035: 10023: 10011: 9999: 9987: 9975: 9963: 9951: 9936: 9924: 9912: 9900: 9888: 9876: 9865: 9854: 9842: 9830: 9815: 9803: 9791: 9779: 9767: 9755: 9743: 9731: 9716: 9704: 9692: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9671: 9665: 9658: 9647: 9635: 9623: 9611: 9599: 9587: 9572: 9560: 9545: 9533: 9521: 9509: 9506: 9505: 9499: 9492: 9485: 9473: 9461: 9449: 9437: 9425: 9413: 9401: 9398: 9397: 9388: 9382: 9376: 9370: 9360: 9353: 9346: 9334: 9322: 9310: 9298: 9286: 9271: 9259: 9248: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9226: 9216: 9209: 9197: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9172: 9162: 9155: 9143: 9131: 9119: 9107: 9095: 9080: 9068: 9056: 9044: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9016: 9009: 9002: 8987: 8975: 8963: 8951: 8939: 8924: 8912: 8900: 8888: 8876: 8861: 8849: 8837: 8822: 8819: 8818: 8817:, p. xxiv 8812: 8805: 8798: 8783: 8780: 8779: 8770: 8764: 8758: 8748: 8741: 8726: 8714: 8702: 8690: 8675: 8663: 8651: 8639: 8624: 8608: 8596: 8584: 8581: 8580: 8571: 8564: 8557: 8545: 8533: 8521: 8509: 8494: 8482: 8467: 8455: 8443: 8431: 8419: 8407: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8385: 8378: 8371: 8359: 8347: 8335: 8323: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8301: 8294: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8277: 8270: 8263: 8251: 8239: 8236: 8235: 8229: 8222: 8215: 8203: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8181: 8174: 8167: 8155: 8143: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8121: 8110: 8103: 8088: 8077: 8062: 8050: 8035: 8023: 8012: 8000: 7997: 7996: 7987: 7980: 7973: 7961: 7946: 7943: 7942: 7936: 7927: 7917: 7910: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7888: 7881: 7874: 7862: 7850: 7838: 7826: 7811: 7799: 7787: 7775: 7763: 7751: 7736: 7724: 7712: 7700: 7689: 7674: 7662: 7650: 7638: 7626: 7614: 7602: 7590: 7578: 7566: 7554: 7542: 7527: 7515: 7503: 7491: 7488: 7487: 7478: 7471: 7464: 7452: 7440: 7428: 7413: 7401: 7389: 7377: 7362: 7350: 7338: 7326: 7314: 7311: 7310: 7304: 7297: 7290: 7278: 7266: 7254: 7242: 7239: 7238: 7232:Christian 2011 7229: 7222: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7205: 7192: 7185: 7182: 7181: 7175: 7168: 7161: 7146: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7124: 7117: 7110: 7095: 7080: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7054: 7048: 7041: 7029: 7017: 7002: 6990: 6975: 6963: 6948: 6936: 6924: 6912: 6910:, pp. 2–3 6900: 6888: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6863: 6857: 6850: 6843: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6818: 6811: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6794: 6787: 6780: 6777: 6776: 6770: 6760: 6753: 6741: 6726: 6714: 6698: 6686: 6674: 6662: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6637: 6628: 6621: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6604: 6597: 6590: 6578: 6562: 6550: 6538: 6526: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6504: 6497: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6480: 6473: 6466: 6454: 6442: 6425: 6413: 6401: 6389: 6377: 6365: 6353: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6331:Christian 2015 6328: 6321: 6314: 6310:Christian 2015 6302: 6298:Christian 2015 6290: 6287: 6286: 6277: 6274:Christian 2015 6270: 6263: 6248: 6244:Christian 2015 6236: 6224: 6220:Li et al. 2020 6212: 6209: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6193:Christian 2015 6189: 6182: 6167: 6152: 6140: 6125: 6121:Christian 2015 6113: 6110: 6109: 6100: 6093: 6086: 6082:Christian 2015 6074: 6062: 6058:Christian 2015 6050: 6046:Christian 2015 6038: 6034:Christian 2015 6026: 6023: 6022: 6013: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5929: 5922: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5905: 5904:, p. 400n 5902:Christian 2015 5898: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5884:Christian 2015 5881: 5874: 5867: 5855: 5843: 5832: 5816: 5792: 5780: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5754: 5747: 5740: 5725: 5713: 5698: 5695: 5694: 5685: 5678: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5658: 5644: 5641:Christian 2011 5638: 5631: 5624: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5598:global history 5583: 5574: 5565: 5552: 5543: 5530: 5517: 5496: 5487: 5478: 5465: 5456: 5439: 5426: 5417: 5400: 5375: 5362: 5337: 5328: 5315: 5306: 5289: 5274: 5265: 5248: 5234: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5191: 5188: 5126: 5123: 5111:global warming 4997:decolonization 4963:In China, the 4937:contraceptives 4886:DNA sequencing 4820:many incidents 4751:European Union 4735:United Nations 4727:Main article: 4724: 4721: 4691:, while Japan 4554:Central Powers 4531: 4528: 4516:Balloon flight 4484:electric power 4300:Main article: 4297: 4294: 4274: 4271: 4263:Saint-Domingue 4208: 4205: 4164: 4161: 4110: 4109:Southeast Asia 4107: 4060: 4059:Northeast Asia 4057: 4023:Maratha Empire 3990: 3987: 3979:Ashanti Empire 3967:Adal Sultanate 3899: 3896: 3843:Habsburg lands 3802:secularization 3712:Main article: 3709: 3706: 3694:Russian Empire 3654: 3651: 3633:initiated the 3517:Ottoman Empire 3513:Constantinople 3497: 3494: 3434:Main article: 3431: 3428: 3405:, and central 3380:Remote Oceania 3354:Main article: 3351: 3348: 3280:Toungoo Empire 3218:Main article: 3215: 3214:Southeast Asia 3212: 3198:in China, the 3165:Joseon dynasty 3133:Three Kingdoms 3102:) such as the 2984: 2983:Northeast Asia 2981: 2910:Main article: 2907: 2904: 2872:Great Zimbabwe 2845:Kingdom of Nri 2774:Horn of Africa 2749:, such as the 2739:Main article: 2736: 2733: 2568:late antiquity 2564:deurbanization 2552:prominent role 2526: 2523: 2515:Timurid Empire 2437:Southeast Asia 2371:birth of Islam 2336: 2333: 2321:Mississippians 2313:Ming dynasties 2250:– a symbol of 2230:Little Ice Age 2210: 2207: 2165:Three Kingdoms 2134: 2131: 1873:Roman Republic 1868:fell to Rome. 1805:(224–651 CE). 1738: 1735: 1659:Zoroastrianism 1624:Main article: 1621: 1618: 1543:Remote Oceania 1531:Lapita culture 1357:potter's wheel 1283: 1280: 1268: 1265: 1090:Main article: 1087: 1084: 1005:cave paintings 973: 970: 928:archaic humans 833:Main article: 830: 827: 797: 794: 741:and began the 704:printing press 694:, and various 664:Zoroastrianism 628:Ancient period 540: 539: 537: 536: 529: 522: 514: 511: 510: 498: 497: 492: 491: 489: 488: 483: 478: 477: 476: 466: 460: 457: 456: 452: 451: 448: 447: 441: 439: 438: 433: 431:Southeast Asia 427: 425: 424: 419: 414: 408: 406: 405: 400: 395: 389: 386: 385: 380: 374: 369: 364: 363: 360: 359: 355: 354: 353: 352: 341: 339: 338: 333: 331:Southeast Asia 327: 325: 324: 318: 316: 315: 310: 304: 302: 301: 296: 290: 287: 286: 280: 279: 274: 273: 270: 269: 265: 264: 258: 256: 255: 250: 248:Southeast Asia 244: 242: 241: 236: 231: 225: 223: 222: 217: 212: 206: 203: 202: 200:Late antiquity 197: 192: 186: 184: 183: 178: 173: 167: 166: 161: 160: 157: 156: 152: 151: 146: 141: 135: 133: 132: 122: 116: 113: 112: 82: 81: 76: 75: 72: 71: 43: 42: 36: 35: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 23378: 23367: 23366:World history 23364: 23363: 23361: 23346: 23343: 23342: 23340: 23336: 23330: 23327: 23325: 23322: 23318: 23315: 23313: 23310: 23308: 23305: 23303: 23302:Horticultural 23300: 23298: 23295: 23293: 23290: 23288: 23285: 23283: 23280: 23278: 23275: 23273: 23270: 23269: 23268: 23265: 23263: 23260: 23259: 23257: 23251: 23245: 23242: 23240: 23237: 23235: 23232: 23230: 23227: 23225: 23222: 23220: 23217: 23215: 23212: 23210: 23207: 23205: 23202: 23200: 23197: 23195: 23192: 23190: 23187: 23185: 23182: 23180: 23177: 23175: 23172: 23170: 23167: 23163: 23160: 23159: 23158: 23155: 23153: 23150: 23149: 23147: 23141: 23135: 23132: 23130: 23127: 23125: 23122: 23120: 23117: 23115: 23112: 23110: 23107: 23105: 23102: 23100: 23097: 23095: 23092: 23090: 23087: 23085: 23082: 23080: 23077: 23075: 23072: 23070: 23067: 23065: 23062: 23060: 23057: 23055: 23052: 23050: 23047: 23045: 23042: 23040: 23037: 23036: 23034: 23030: 23024: 23021: 23019: 23016: 23014: 23011: 23010: 23007: 23004: 23002: 22999: 22997: 22994: 22992: 22989: 22987: 22984: 22982: 22981:Human history 22979: 22978: 22976: 22972: 22968: 22967:World history 22961: 22956: 22954: 22949: 22947: 22942: 22941: 22938: 22930:from Wikidata 22929: 22928: 22916: 22912: 22911: 22899: 22896:from Wikinews 22895: 22894: 22882: 22878: 22877: 22865: 22864: 22861: 22855: 22854:Human history 22847: 22842: 22837: 22835: 22825: 22823: 22813: 22812: 22809: 22791: 22787: 22781: 22777: 22776: 22770: 22766: 22762: 22758: 22754: 22750: 22746: 22742: 22738: 22734: 22730: 22725: 22720: 22715: 22711: 22707: 22703: 22699: 22698:New Scientist 22695: 22690: 22678: 22674: 22668: 22664: 22660: 22659: 22654: 22650: 22646: 22641: 22629: 22625: 22619: 22615: 22611: 22606: 22594: 22590: 22584: 22580: 22579: 22574: 22570: 22566: 22564:0-19-510030-1 22560: 22556: 22552: 22548: 22536: 22532: 22526: 22523:. JHU Press. 22522: 22521: 22515: 22503: 22499: 22493: 22490:. Routledge. 22489: 22488: 22482: 22478: 22472: 22468: 22467: 22461: 22457: 22451: 22447: 22446: 22440: 22436: 22430: 22425: 22424: 22418: 22414: 22410: 22405: 22401: 22397: 22393: 22389: 22385: 22381: 22376: 22372: 22367: 22355: 22351: 22347: 22343: 22339: 22335: 22331: 22327: 22323: 22319: 22315: 22311: 22306: 22302: 22298: 22293: 22288: 22284: 22280: 22276: 22272: 22268: 22263: 22252: 22248: 22243: 22231: 22227: 22221: 22217: 22216: 22210: 22206: 22200: 22196: 22195: 22189: 22185: 22179: 22175: 22174: 22168: 22164: 22162:0-7146-1731-8 22158: 22154: 22153: 22147: 22143: 22137: 22133: 22132: 22126: 22114: 22110: 22104: 22101:. Blackwell. 22100: 22099: 22093: 22081: 22077: 22073: 22068: 22064: 22060: 22056: 22052: 22048: 22044: 22040: 22036: 22032: 22027: 22023: 22017: 22013: 22008: 22004: 21998: 21994: 21990: 21985: 21981: 21975: 21971: 21970: 21964: 21952: 21948: 21944: 21940: 21939:The Economist 21936: 21931: 21919: 21915: 21911: 21907: 21906:The Economist 21903: 21898: 21894: 21888: 21884: 21879: 21867: 21863: 21859: 21855: 21851: 21847: 21841: 21837: 21833: 21829: 21828: 21823: 21819: 21818:Taylor, Keith 21815: 21811: 21805: 21801: 21800: 21794: 21790: 21784: 21780: 21779: 21774: 21770: 21758: 21754: 21750: 21746: 21740: 21736: 21732: 21728: 21724: 21723:"Paleolithic" 21719: 21707: 21703: 21697: 21693: 21692: 21686: 21682: 21678: 21674: 21670: 21665: 21660: 21656: 21652: 21648: 21643: 21631: 21627: 21626: 21621: 21616: 21612: 21608: 21604: 21600: 21596: 21592: 21587: 21582: 21578: 21574: 21570: 21566: 21562: 21558: 21552: 21540: 21536: 21530: 21526: 21525: 21520: 21519:Stein, Burton 21516: 21512: 21506: 21502: 21501: 21496: 21492: 21488: 21482: 21479:. Routledge. 21478: 21477: 21471: 21467: 21461: 21458:. NYU Press. 21457: 21456: 21450: 21446: 21440: 21436: 21431: 21427: 21421: 21417: 21416: 21410: 21406: 21402: 21398: 21394: 21390: 21386: 21382: 21378: 21374: 21370: 21366: 21362: 21357: 21353: 21347: 21343: 21338: 21326: 21322: 21316: 21312: 21311: 21306: 21302: 21298: 21296:0-375-40728-6 21292: 21288: 21283: 21279: 21273: 21269: 21268: 21262: 21250: 21246: 21240: 21236: 21235: 21229: 21218: 21214: 21209: 21197: 21193: 21187: 21184:. Routledge. 21183: 21182: 21176: 21164: 21160: 21154: 21150: 21149: 21143: 21139: 21133: 21128: 21127: 21120: 21108: 21104: 21100: 21096: 21092: 21088: 21084: 21080: 21076: 21072: 21068: 21064: 21060: 21056: 21052: 21048: 21044: 21043: 21038: 21034: 21029: 21024: 21020: 21016: 21012: 21007: 20995: 20991: 20987: 20983: 20979: 20975: 20971: 20967: 20963: 20959: 20954: 20942: 20938: 20932: 20929:. Routledge. 20928: 20927: 20921: 20917: 20911: 20907: 20906: 20900: 20888: 20884: 20878: 20874: 20873: 20867: 20863: 20857: 20853: 20849: 20848: 20842: 20830: 20826: 20822: 20818: 20814: 20810: 20806: 20803:(1): 102745. 20802: 20798: 20794: 20789: 20777: 20773: 20767: 20763: 20762: 20756: 20745: 20741: 20736: 20732: 20726: 20722: 20721: 20715: 20703: 20699: 20693: 20689: 20688: 20682: 20671: 20667: 20663: 20659: 20655: 20649: 20645: 20644: 20638: 20634: 20630: 20625: 20620: 20616: 20612: 20608: 20604: 20600: 20596: 20592: 20588: 20584: 20580: 20576: 20564: 20560: 20554: 20550: 20546: 20542: 20538: 20533: 20521: 20517: 20511: 20507: 20506: 20500: 20496: 20490: 20486: 20485: 20479: 20467: 20462: 20457: 20453: 20449: 20445: 20436: 20432: 20426: 20422: 20421: 20415: 20411: 20407: 20403: 20399: 20394: 20389: 20385: 20381: 20377: 20373: 20369: 20365: 20359: 20355: 20349: 20345: 20344: 20338: 20326: 20322: 20318: 20314: 20309: 20297: 20293: 20287: 20283: 20279: 20278: 20272: 20268: 20264: 20259: 20254: 20250: 20246: 20242: 20237: 20233: 20227: 20223: 20222: 20216: 20212: 20206: 20202: 20198: 20193: 20189: 20183: 20179: 20175: 20170: 20166: 20162: 20158: 20154: 20150: 20146: 20142: 20138: 20133: 20121: 20117: 20113: 20109: 20105: 20101: 20097: 20093: 20089: 20085: 20081: 20076: 20072: 20068: 20063: 20058: 20053: 20048: 20044: 20040: 20036: 20032: 20031: 20026: 20024: 20017: 20013: 20007: 20003: 20002: 19996: 19992: 19986: 19983:. Routledge. 19982: 19978: 19973: 19969: 19963: 19959: 19954: 19950: 19944: 19940: 19939: 19933: 19921: 19917: 19911: 19908:. Greenwood. 19907: 19906: 19900: 19896: 19890: 19886: 19882: 19877: 19865: 19861: 19855: 19851: 19850: 19844: 19840: 19834: 19830: 19826: 19821: 19809: 19805: 19801: 19794: 19790: 19786: 19782: 19778: 19774: 19770: 19765: 19753: 19749: 19743: 19739: 19738: 19732: 19728: 19722: 19718: 19717: 19711: 19707: 19701: 19697: 19696: 19690: 19686: 19680: 19676: 19675: 19669: 19665: 19659: 19655: 19654: 19648: 19636: 19632: 19626: 19622: 19621: 19615: 19611: 19609:0-12-491242-7 19605: 19601: 19596: 19595: 19588: 19584: 19580: 19576: 19572: 19568: 19564: 19560: 19556: 19552: 19548: 19542: 19538: 19532: 19528: 19527: 19521: 19509: 19505: 19499: 19495: 19491: 19490: 19484: 19472: 19468: 19462: 19458: 19454: 19450: 19446: 19445: 19440: 19436: 19432: 19428: 19426:0-393-05179-X 19422: 19418: 19417: 19412: 19408: 19404: 19400: 19394: 19390: 19389: 19383: 19379: 19373: 19369: 19364: 19360: 19354: 19350: 19349: 19344: 19340: 19336: 19331: 19319: 19315: 19309: 19305: 19304: 19298: 19286: 19282: 19276: 19272: 19271: 19265: 19261: 19255: 19251: 19250: 19244: 19240: 19234: 19230: 19229: 19223: 19219: 19213: 19210:. Routledge. 19209: 19205: 19200: 19196: 19190: 19186: 19185: 19179: 19175: 19169: 19165: 19164: 19158: 19154: 19148: 19144: 19139: 19135: 19131: 19127: 19123: 19118: 19106: 19102: 19096: 19092: 19088: 19087: 19081: 19069: 19065: 19059: 19055: 19054: 19049: 19045: 19041: 19037: 19030: 19025: 19021: 19015: 19011: 19007: 19002: 18990: 18986: 18980: 18976: 18975: 18969: 18957: 18953: 18947: 18943: 18942: 18937: 18933: 18929: 18925: 18920: 18915: 18910: 18905: 18901: 18897: 18893: 18889: 18885: 18879: 18875: 18869: 18865: 18860: 18856: 18850: 18846: 18845: 18840: 18836: 18824: 18820: 18816: 18811: 18807: 18801: 18797: 18796: 18790: 18786: 18780: 18776: 18772: 18767: 18763: 18761:0-88029-577-5 18757: 18753: 18752: 18746: 18734: 18730: 18724: 18720: 18716: 18711: 18699: 18695: 18689: 18685: 18684: 18678: 18666: 18662: 18658: 18654: 18650: 18646: 18642: 18630: 18626: 18620: 18616: 18615: 18609: 18605: 18601: 18597: 18593: 18589: 18585: 18580: 18568: 18564: 18558: 18554: 18553: 18547: 18535: 18531: 18525: 18521: 18520: 18514: 18510: 18504: 18500: 18496: 18492: 18488: 18484: 18480: 18468: 18464: 18458: 18454: 18453: 18448: 18444: 18440: 18434: 18430: 18429: 18424: 18423:Kennedy, Paul 18420: 18408: 18404: 18398: 18394: 18393: 18387: 18375: 18371: 18365: 18361: 18357: 18356: 18351: 18347: 18343: 18339: 18333: 18329: 18328: 18323: 18319: 18315: 18309: 18305: 18301: 18296: 18292: 18288: 18284: 18280: 18276: 18272: 18271: 18266: 18261: 18257: 18251: 18247: 18246: 18241: 18237: 18233: 18227: 18223: 18219: 18214: 18210: 18204: 18200: 18199: 18194: 18190: 18186: 18180: 18176: 18175: 18170: 18166: 18162: 18156: 18153:. Routledge. 18152: 18148: 18143: 18139: 18133: 18129: 18124: 18112: 18108: 18102: 18098: 18097: 18092: 18088: 18073: 18069: 18065: 18061: 18057: 18053: 18049: 18045: 18041: 18037: 18033: 18026: 18021: 18017: 18013: 18008: 18003: 17999: 17995: 17991: 17987: 17983: 17978: 17974: 17968: 17964: 17963: 17958: 17954: 17950: 17944: 17940: 17939: 17933: 17929: 17923: 17920:. Routledge. 17919: 17914: 17910: 17904: 17900: 17899: 17893: 17889: 17885: 17880: 17875: 17870: 17865: 17861: 17857: 17853: 17849: 17848: 17843: 17838: 17834: 17830: 17825: 17820: 17816: 17812: 17808: 17806: 17802: 17798: 17791: 17787: 17781: 17777: 17776: 17770: 17766: 17764:0-312-21986-5 17760: 17756: 17755: 17749: 17737: 17733: 17729: 17724: 17720: 17716: 17712: 17708: 17704: 17699: 17687: 17683: 17677: 17673: 17672: 17667: 17663: 17659: 17653: 17649: 17648: 17642: 17638: 17633: 17621: 17617: 17613: 17609: 17605: 17601: 17597: 17593: 17589: 17585: 17581: 17577: 17573: 17569: 17557: 17553: 17549: 17545: 17541: 17537: 17533: 17529: 17525: 17521: 17517: 17513: 17509: 17505: 17498: 17494: 17490: 17486: 17482: 17478: 17474: 17470: 17466: 17459: 17454: 17450: 17444: 17440: 17439: 17433: 17429: 17423: 17419: 17418: 17412: 17408: 17402: 17398: 17397: 17391: 17379: 17375: 17369: 17365: 17364: 17358: 17354: 17350: 17345: 17340: 17336: 17332: 17328: 17324: 17320: 17315: 17311: 17309:0-521-42351-1 17305: 17301: 17296: 17284: 17280: 17279: 17274: 17270: 17269:Gleick, James 17266: 17262: 17256: 17253:. Routledge. 17252: 17251: 17245: 17241: 17235: 17231: 17230: 17224: 17220: 17214: 17210: 17209: 17204: 17200: 17188: 17184: 17178: 17174: 17170: 17165: 17161: 17155: 17151: 17150: 17144: 17140: 17134: 17131:. Macmillan. 17130: 17129: 17123: 17119: 17113: 17109: 17108: 17103: 17099: 17095: 17089: 17085: 17084: 17078: 17074: 17068: 17064: 17060: 17059:Marcus, Joyce 17056: 17052: 17048: 17042: 17038: 17033: 17029: 17023: 17018: 17017: 17010: 17006: 17004:0-415-25247-4 17000: 16996: 16995: 16990: 16986: 16982: 16976: 16973:. Routledge. 16972: 16971: 16965: 16953: 16949: 16943: 16939: 16938: 16932: 16928: 16922: 16918: 16913: 16909: 16905: 16900: 16895: 16890: 16885: 16881: 16877: 16874:(36): 14279. 16873: 16869: 16865: 16860: 16856: 16850: 16846: 16845: 16840: 16836: 16824: 16820: 16814: 16810: 16809: 16803: 16799: 16793: 16789: 16788: 16782: 16778: 16772: 16768: 16763: 16751: 16747: 16743: 16738: 16734: 16728: 16724: 16723: 16718: 16717:Dunbar, Robin 16714: 16710: 16704: 16700: 16699: 16693: 16678: 16674: 16667: 16662: 16658: 16656:0-333-98734-9 16652: 16648: 16647: 16641: 16637: 16631: 16627: 16623: 16618: 16614: 16613: 16608: 16604: 16600: 16594: 16590: 16589: 16583: 16579: 16573: 16569: 16568: 16562: 16550: 16546: 16542: 16538: 16532: 16528: 16524: 16520: 16516: 16512: 16508: 16504: 16500: 16494: 16491:. Routledge. 16490: 16489: 16483: 16479: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16451: 16447: 16443: 16439: 16435: 16430: 16426: 16420: 16416: 16415: 16410: 16406: 16402: 16396: 16392: 16391: 16385: 16381: 16375: 16371: 16370: 16364: 16360: 16354: 16350: 16345: 16341: 16335: 16331: 16330: 16325: 16321: 16317: 16311: 16307: 16302: 16298: 16294: 16290: 16286: 16281: 16277: 16273: 16269: 16265: 16260: 16255: 16251: 16247: 16243: 16239: 16235: 16231: 16226: 16222: 16216: 16212: 16207: 16195: 16191: 16185: 16181: 16177: 16173: 16169: 16168: 16162: 16150: 16146: 16140: 16136: 16135: 16130: 16126: 16122: 16116: 16112: 16111: 16105: 16093: 16089: 16083: 16079: 16075: 16070: 16066: 16060: 16057:. Routledge. 16056: 16055: 16049: 16045: 16039: 16035: 16031: 16027: 16023: 16017: 16013: 16012: 16006: 15994: 15990: 15989: 15983: 15978: 15974: 15970: 15964: 15960: 15959: 15953: 15949: 15943: 15939: 15934: 15930: 15924: 15920: 15919: 15913: 15901: 15897: 15891: 15887: 15886: 15881: 15877: 15873: 15869: 15865: 15861: 15857: 15853: 15849: 15845: 15841: 15837: 15832: 15828: 15822: 15818: 15817: 15811: 15807: 15801: 15797: 15796: 15790: 15786: 15780: 15776: 15775: 15770: 15766: 15762: 15758: 15746: 15742: 15736: 15732: 15731: 15726: 15722: 15718: 15714: 15710: 15704: 15700: 15695: 15691: 15685: 15681: 15676: 15672: 15666: 15663:. New Press. 15662: 15661: 15656: 15652: 15640: 15636: 15631: 15619: 15615: 15611: 15607: 15602: 15598: 15592: 15588: 15584: 15580: 15576: 15572: 15568: 15564: 15562:0-19-507993-0 15558: 15554: 15553: 15547: 15532: 15528: 15524: 15520: 15516: 15512: 15508: 15501: 15497: 15493: 15489: 15483: 15479: 15475: 15471: 15467: 15463: 15459: 15455: 15451: 15439: 15435: 15429: 15426:. Routledge. 15425: 15424: 15418: 15414: 15408: 15404: 15400: 15395: 15391: 15385: 15381: 15376: 15364: 15360: 15354: 15350: 15346: 15342: 15338: 15337: 15332: 15328: 15324: 15320: 15308: 15304: 15298: 15294: 15290: 15286: 15282: 15281: 15276: 15272: 15268: 15264: 15252: 15248: 15244: 15240: 15236: 15232: 15228: 15224: 15220: 15216: 15212: 15208: 15203: 15191: 15187: 15181: 15177: 15173: 15172: 15167: 15163: 15159: 15153: 15149: 15148: 15142: 15138: 15132: 15129:. Routledge. 15128: 15124: 15119: 15115: 15109: 15105: 15104: 15099: 15095: 15083: 15079: 15075: 15070: 15066: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15048: 15044: 15040: 15036: 15032: 15028: 15023: 15019: 15013: 15009: 15005: 15000: 14996: 14994:9780199379231 14990: 14986: 14981: 14969: 14965: 14959: 14955: 14951: 14950: 14945: 14941: 14937: 14933: 14927: 14923: 14919: 14915: 14911: 14907: 14895: 14891: 14887: 14883: 14877: 14873: 14869: 14864: 14860: 14854: 14850: 14849: 14843: 14839: 14835: 14831: 14827: 14822: 14817: 14813: 14809: 14805: 14801: 14800: 14794: 14790: 14784: 14780: 14779: 14774: 14773:Anthony, Reid 14770: 14766: 14760: 14756: 14755: 14749: 14745: 14739: 14735: 14734: 14729: 14725: 14721: 14709: 14705: 14704: 14699: 14695: 14691: 14687: 14681: 14677: 14673: 14669: 14665: 14661: 14655: 14651: 14650: 14644: 14640: 14636: 14632: 14626: 14622: 14618: 14614: 14610: 14606: 14602: 14598: 14594: 14590: 14585: 14581: 14575: 14571: 14566: 14562: 14556: 14552: 14547: 14543: 14537: 14533: 14528: 14524: 14518: 14514: 14509: 14505: 14499: 14495: 14490: 14486: 14480: 14476: 14471: 14467: 14461: 14457: 14456: 14450: 14446: 14440: 14436: 14435: 14430: 14426: 14414: 14410: 14404: 14400: 14399: 14393: 14389: 14385: 14380: 14375: 14371: 14367: 14363: 14359: 14355: 14351: 14347: 14342: 14330: 14326: 14322: 14317: 14313: 14307: 14303: 14302: 14296: 14295: 14283: 14278: 14269: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14256: 14253: 14252: 14248: 14239: 14235: 14234:Denemark 2000 14232: 14229: 14226: 14225: 14221: 14212: 14208: 14205: 14202: 14199: 14198: 14194: 14185: 14181: 14178: 14176:, p. 110 14175: 14174:Northrup 2015 14172: 14169: 14166: 14165: 14161: 14151: 14148: 14146:, p. 110 14145: 14144:Northrup 2015 14142: 14139: 14136: 14135: 14131: 14122: 14118: 14115: 14112: 14109: 14107:, p. 110 14106: 14105:Northrup 2015 14103: 14100: 14097: 14096: 14092: 14083: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14052: 14049: 14046: 14043: 14042: 14038: 14028: 14027:Northrup 2015 14025: 14022: 14019: 14018: 14014: 14005: 14001: 13998: 13995: 13992: 13989: 13988:Northrup 2015 13986: 13983: 13980: 13979: 13975: 13965: 13962: 13959: 13956: 13953: 13950: 13947: 13944: 13943: 13939: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13916: 13912: 13903: 13899: 13896: 13893: 13890: 13887: 13884: 13883: 13879: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13861: 13857: 13847: 13844: 13842: 13838: 13835: 13834: 13830: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13812: 13808: 13799: 13795: 13792: 13789: 13786: 13785: 13781: 13775: 13774: 13768: 13767:Friedman 2007 13763: 13756: 13751: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13732: 13729: 13728: 13724: 13717: 13712: 13705: 13700: 13694:, p. 111 13693: 13688: 13681: 13676: 13670: 13666: 13661: 13655:, p. 629 13654: 13649: 13642: 13637: 13630: 13625: 13616: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13603: 13600: 13597: 13594: 13591: 13588: 13587: 13583: 13574: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13552: 13549: 13548: 13544: 13538:, p. 449 13537: 13532: 13526: 13521: 13512: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13481: 13478: 13477: 13473: 13466: 13461: 13452: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13439: 13436: 13435: 13431: 13424: 13419: 13413:, p. 442 13412: 13407: 13400: 13395: 13389:, p. 198 13388: 13383: 13377: 13372: 13366:, p. 200 13365: 13360: 13358: 13350: 13345: 13339:, p. 258 13338: 13333: 13326: 13321: 13314: 13310: 13305: 13298: 13293: 13286: 13285:Naughton 2016 13281: 13275: 13271: 13266: 13260:, p. 195 13259: 13254: 13252: 13244: 13243:Naughton 2016 13239: 13233: 13229: 13224: 13218: 13214: 13213:Scranton 2006 13209: 13207: 13199: 13194: 13188:, p. 342 13187: 13182: 13173: 13169: 13166: 13163: 13160: 13159: 13155: 13148: 13143: 13137:, p. 126 13136: 13131: 13125:, p. 817 13124: 13119: 13113: 13109: 13104: 13097: 13092: 13086: 13082: 13077: 13071: 13066: 13059: 13054: 13048: 13044: 13039: 13032: 13027: 13021:, p. 324 13020: 13015: 13008: 13003: 12996: 12991: 12985:, p. 319 12984: 12979: 12972: 12967: 12960: 12955: 12948: 12943: 12937: 12933: 12928: 12922:, p. 312 12921: 12916: 12909: 12904: 12897: 12892: 12886:, p. 452 12885: 12880: 12874:, p. 450 12873: 12868: 12861: 12856: 12849: 12844: 12835:, p. 187 12834: 12831: 12828: 12825: 12824: 12820: 12813: 12808: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12790: 12787: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12775: 12772: 12770:, p. 308 12769: 12766: 12765: 12761: 12755:, p. 306 12754: 12749: 12742: 12737: 12730: 12725: 12716: 12712: 12709: 12706: 12703: 12702: 12698: 12691: 12686: 12679: 12674: 12668: 12664: 12659: 12652: 12647: 12637: 12634: 12632: 12628: 12625: 12624: 12620: 12613: 12608: 12601: 12596: 12590:, p. 448 12589: 12584: 12577: 12572: 12565: 12560: 12550: 12547: 12545:, p. 112 12544: 12541: 12540: 12536: 12530: 12526: 12521: 12511: 12508: 12506:, p. 312 12505: 12502: 12501: 12497: 12490: 12485: 12475: 12472: 12470:, p. 429 12469: 12466: 12465: 12461: 12455:, p. 532 12454: 12449: 12443:, p. 562 12442: 12437: 12431: 12427: 12422: 12416:, p. 448 12415: 12410: 12403: 12398: 12391: 12386: 12379: 12374: 12367: 12362: 12352: 12349: 12347:, p. 490 12346: 12343: 12342: 12338: 12331: 12326: 12320:, p. 137 12319: 12314: 12307: 12302: 12293: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12280: 12277: 12276: 12272: 12263: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12250: 12247: 12246: 12242: 12236: 12232: 12227: 12221:, p. 352 12220: 12215: 12208: 12203: 12193: 12190: 12187: 12184: 12183: 12179: 12173: 12169: 12164: 12155: 12151: 12148: 12145: 12142: 12141: 12137: 12128: 12124: 12121: 12118: 12115: 12113:, p. xxi 12112: 12109: 12108: 12104: 12097: 12092: 12086:, p. 277 12085: 12080: 12074:, p. 137 12073: 12068: 12066: 12059:, p. 475 12058: 12053: 12043: 12040: 12037: 12034: 12031: 12028: 12027: 12023: 12016: 12011: 12002: 11998: 11995: 11992: 11989: 11988: 11984: 11978: 11974: 11969: 11963: 11959: 11954: 11948: 11943: 11937: 11933: 11928: 11926: 11919:, p. 336 11918: 11913: 11911: 11909: 11901: 11896: 11889: 11885: 11880: 11873: 11868: 11861: 11856: 11849: 11844: 11837: 11832: 11825: 11824:Henshall 1999 11820: 11814:, p. 247 11813: 11808: 11802:, p. 116 11801: 11796: 11787: 11783: 11780: 11777: 11774: 11773: 11769: 11760: 11756: 11753: 11750: 11747: 11746: 11742: 11735: 11730: 11724:, p. 115 11723: 11718: 11712:, p. 529 11711: 11706: 11700: 11695: 11689: 11685: 11680: 11673: 11668: 11662:, p. 277 11661: 11656: 11649: 11644: 11637: 11632: 11626: 11622: 11617: 11611: 11607: 11602: 11595: 11590: 11584:, p. 261 11583: 11578: 11572:, p. 133 11571: 11566: 11560:, p. 260 11559: 11554: 11547: 11542: 11536:, p. 323 11535: 11530: 11524:, p. 537 11523: 11518: 11512:, p. 512 11511: 11506: 11504: 11493: 11490: 11487: 11484: 11481: 11478: 11477: 11473: 11466: 11461: 11454: 11449: 11440: 11436: 11433: 11431:, p. 165 11430: 11427: 11426: 11422: 11415: 11410: 11404:, p. 452 11403: 11398: 11389: 11385: 11382: 11380:, p. 436 11379: 11376: 11373: 11372:Headrick 2009 11370: 11369: 11365: 11358: 11357:Headrick 2009 11353: 11347: 11343: 11342:Schulman 2011 11338: 11328: 11325: 11323:, p. 444 11322: 11319: 11318: 11314: 11305:, p. 436 11304: 11301: 11298: 11295: 11294: 11290: 11283: 11278: 11271: 11266: 11259: 11254: 11252: 11244: 11239: 11232: 11228: 11223: 11216: 11211: 11204: 11199: 11192: 11187: 11180: 11175: 11169:, p. 171 11168: 11167:Axworthy 2008 11163: 11157:, p. 121 11156: 11155:Axworthy 2008 11151: 11141: 11138: 11136:, p. 417 11135: 11132: 11131: 11127: 11120: 11115: 11108: 11103: 11096: 11091: 11084: 11079: 11073:, p. 194 11072: 11067: 11065: 11058: 11054: 11049: 11040: 11036: 11033: 11030: 11027: 11026: 11022: 11015: 11010: 11003: 10998: 10988: 10985: 10983:, p. 455 10982: 10979: 10978: 10974: 10968:, p. 449 10967: 10962: 10956: 10952: 10947: 10937: 10934: 10931: 10928: 10927: 10923: 10916: 10911: 10904: 10899: 10897: 10889: 10884: 10878:, p. 638 10877: 10872: 10866:, p. 622 10865: 10860: 10853: 10848: 10841: 10836: 10830:, p. 437 10829: 10824: 10817: 10816:Benjamin 2015 10812: 10805: 10800: 10793: 10788: 10781: 10780:Geraghty 1994 10776: 10770: 10766: 10761: 10754: 10749: 10743:, p. 622 10742: 10741:Benjamin 2015 10737: 10730: 10725: 10718: 10717:Benjamin 2015 10713: 10703: 10700: 10698:, p. 625 10697: 10696:Benjamin 2015 10694: 10693: 10689: 10683: 10679: 10674: 10668: 10664: 10659: 10650: 10646: 10643: 10640: 10636: 10635:Ricklefs 2001 10633: 10632: 10628: 10621: 10616: 10609: 10605: 10600: 10594: 10590: 10585: 10579:, p. 243 10578: 10573: 10566: 10562: 10557: 10551:, p. 235 10550: 10545: 10539:, p. 350 10538: 10533: 10527:, p. 240 10526: 10521: 10514: 10509: 10502: 10497: 10490: 10485: 10476:, p. 219 10475: 10472: 10469: 10466: 10465: 10461: 10454: 10449: 10442: 10437: 10428: 10424: 10421: 10419:, p. 535 10418: 10415: 10414: 10410: 10404:, p. 153 10403: 10398: 10391: 10386: 10377: 10373: 10370: 10368:, p. 120 10367: 10364: 10363: 10359: 10353:, p. 550 10352: 10347: 10341:, p. 345 10340: 10335: 10329:, p. 113 10328: 10323: 10317: 10312: 10306:, p. 464 10305: 10300: 10293: 10288: 10281: 10276: 10270:, p. 222 10269: 10264: 10257: 10252: 10243:, p. 485 10242: 10239: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10228: 10222: 10218: 10213: 10206: 10201: 10192: 10188: 10187:Henshall 2012 10185: 10183: 10179: 10176: 10175: 10171: 10164: 10163:Benjamin 2015 10159: 10152: 10151:Henshall 1999 10147: 10140: 10135: 10129:, p. 532 10128: 10123: 10121: 10114: 10110: 10105: 10099: 10095: 10090: 10081:, p. 118 10080: 10077: 10075:, p. 453 10074: 10073:Benjamin 2015 10071: 10070: 10066: 10059: 10054: 10048: 10044: 10039: 10032: 10031:Benjamin 2015 10027: 10021:, p. 169 10020: 10015: 10008: 10003: 9996: 9991: 9985:, p. 192 9984: 9979: 9972: 9967: 9960: 9955: 9948: 9943: 9941: 9933: 9928: 9921: 9916: 9910:, p. 258 9909: 9904: 9898:, p. 132 9897: 9892: 9885: 9880: 9874: 9869: 9863: 9858: 9851: 9846: 9840:, p. 102 9839: 9834: 9828: 9824: 9819: 9812: 9807: 9801:, p. 586 9800: 9795: 9788: 9783: 9777:, p. 111 9776: 9771: 9764: 9759: 9753:, p. 108 9752: 9747: 9741:, p. 658 9740: 9739:Benjamin 2015 9735: 9728: 9723: 9721: 9714:, p. 175 9713: 9708: 9702:, p. 120 9701: 9696: 9689: 9684: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9662: 9656: 9651: 9644: 9639: 9633:, p. 335 9632: 9627: 9621:, p. 324 9620: 9615: 9609:, p. 595 9608: 9603: 9597:, p. 146 9596: 9591: 9585: 9581: 9580:Phillips 2017 9576: 9570:, p. 293 9569: 9564: 9558: 9554: 9549: 9542: 9537: 9530: 9525: 9519:, p. 289 9518: 9513: 9503: 9500: 9498:, p. 250 9497: 9494: 9493: 9489: 9483:, p. 205 9482: 9477: 9471:, p. 159 9470: 9465: 9458: 9457:Deanesly 2019 9453: 9446: 9441: 9435:, p. 158 9434: 9429: 9422: 9421:Benjamin 2015 9417: 9410: 9405: 9396: 9392: 9391:Duchesne 2011 9389: 9387:, p. 156 9386: 9383: 9380: 9377: 9375:, p. 204 9374: 9371: 9368: 9364: 9361: 9358: 9355: 9354: 9350: 9343: 9338: 9331: 9326: 9320:, p. 248 9319: 9314: 9307: 9302: 9296:, p. 371 9295: 9290: 9284: 9280: 9275: 9268: 9263: 9257: 9252: 9245: 9240: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9221: 9218: 9217: 9213: 9206: 9201: 9194: 9189: 9180: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9167: 9164: 9163: 9159: 9152: 9147: 9140: 9135: 9128: 9123: 9116: 9111: 9104: 9099: 9093: 9089: 9084: 9078:, p. 149 9077: 9076:Benjamin 2015 9072: 9065: 9060: 9054:, p. 295 9053: 9052:Benjamin 2015 9048: 9042: 9038: 9033: 9024: 9020: 9017: 9015:, p. 295 9014: 9013:Benjamin 2015 9011: 9010: 9006: 9000:, p. 255 8999: 8994: 8992: 8984: 8979: 8973:, p. 385 8972: 8967: 8960: 8955: 8948: 8943: 8937:, p. 397 8936: 8931: 8929: 8922:, p. 205 8921: 8916: 8910:, p. 395 8909: 8904: 8898:, p. 214 8897: 8892: 8885: 8880: 8874:, p. 393 8873: 8868: 8866: 8858: 8853: 8847:, p. 215 8846: 8841: 8835: 8831: 8826: 8816: 8813: 8811:, p. 317 8810: 8807: 8806: 8802: 8796:, p. 334 8795: 8790: 8788: 8778: 8774: 8771: 8769:, p. 348 8768: 8767:Benjamin 2015 8765: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8753: 8750: 8749: 8745: 8739: 8735: 8730: 8724:, p. 165 8723: 8718: 8712:, p. 513 8711: 8706: 8699: 8694: 8687: 8686:Benjamin 2015 8682: 8680: 8672: 8671:Benjamin 2015 8667: 8660: 8659:Benjamin 2015 8655: 8648: 8643: 8636: 8631: 8629: 8621: 8617: 8612: 8605: 8604:Benjamin 2015 8600: 8593: 8592:Benjamin 2015 8588: 8579: 8575: 8572: 8570:, p. 136 8569: 8568:Benjamin 2015 8566: 8565: 8561: 8555:, p. 145 8554: 8553:Benjamin 2015 8549: 8542: 8541:Headrick 2009 8537: 8530: 8529:Benjamin 2015 8525: 8519:, p. 133 8518: 8517:Benjamin 2015 8513: 8507: 8503: 8498: 8491: 8490:Benjamin 2015 8486: 8480:, p. 122 8479: 8478:Benjamin 2015 8474: 8472: 8465:, p. 204 8464: 8459: 8453:, p. 555 8452: 8451:Benjamin 2015 8447: 8441:, p. 208 8440: 8435: 8428: 8427:Benjamin 2015 8423: 8417:, p. 560 8416: 8415:Benjamin 2015 8411: 8404: 8399: 8389: 8386: 8384:, p. 146 8383: 8380: 8379: 8375: 8368: 8363: 8356: 8351: 8344: 8343:Benjamin 2015 8339: 8332: 8327: 8320: 8315: 8306:, p. 351 8305: 8302: 8299: 8296: 8295: 8291: 8282:, p. 138 8281: 8278: 8275: 8272: 8271: 8267: 8260: 8255: 8249:, p. 143 8248: 8243: 8234:, p. 160 8233: 8230: 8228:, p. 417 8227: 8226:Benjamin 2015 8224: 8223: 8219: 8213:, p. 417 8212: 8211:Benjamin 2015 8207: 8201:, p. 415 8200: 8199:Benjamin 2015 8195: 8186:, p. 160 8185: 8182: 8180:, p. 416 8179: 8178:Benjamin 2015 8176: 8175: 8171: 8165:, p. 187 8164: 8159: 8152: 8151:Benjamin 2015 8147: 8140: 8139:Benjamin 2015 8135: 8125: 8124:Benjamin 2015 8122: 8119: 8115: 8112: 8111: 8107: 8101: 8097: 8092: 8086: 8081: 8075: 8071: 8066: 8059: 8054: 8048: 8044: 8039: 8032: 8031:Benjamin 2015 8027: 8021: 8016: 8009: 8008:Benjamin 2015 8004: 7995: 7991: 7990:Burstein 2017 7988: 7986:, p. 203 7985: 7982: 7981: 7977: 7971:, p. 353 7970: 7969:Benjamin 2015 7965: 7959: 7955: 7950: 7940: 7939:Goldhill 1997 7937: 7935: 7931: 7930:Dynneson 2008 7928: 7926: 7922: 7919: 7918: 7914: 7908:, p. 248 7907: 7902: 7893:, p. 248 7892: 7889: 7887:, p. 286 7886: 7885:Benjamin 2015 7883: 7882: 7878: 7872:, p. 279 7871: 7870:Benjamin 2015 7866: 7860:, p. 110 7859: 7854: 7847: 7846:Benjamin 2015 7842: 7835: 7830: 7824: 7820: 7815: 7808: 7803: 7796: 7791: 7784: 7779: 7772: 7767: 7760: 7755: 7749: 7745: 7740: 7734:, p. 314 7733: 7728: 7722:, p. 439 7721: 7720:Benjamin 2015 7716: 7709: 7708:Benjamin 2015 7704: 7698: 7693: 7687: 7683: 7678: 7671: 7666: 7660:, p. 304 7659: 7658:Benjamin 2015 7654: 7648:, p. 115 7647: 7646:Benjamin 2015 7642: 7636:, p. 665 7635: 7630: 7623: 7618: 7611: 7606: 7600:, p. 101 7599: 7598:Benjamin 2015 7594: 7587: 7586:Benjamin 2015 7582: 7575: 7574:Benjamin 2015 7570: 7563: 7558: 7552:, p. 150 7551: 7546: 7540: 7536: 7531: 7525:, p. 565 7524: 7523:Benjamin 2015 7519: 7513:, p. 389 7512: 7507: 7501:, p. 564 7500: 7499:Benjamin 2015 7495: 7486: 7482: 7479: 7477:, p. 562 7476: 7475:Benjamin 2015 7473: 7472: 7468: 7462:, p. 617 7461: 7460:Benjamin 2015 7456: 7450:, p. 648 7449: 7448:Benjamin 2015 7444: 7437: 7436:Benjamin 2015 7432: 7426: 7422: 7417: 7411:, p. 317 7410: 7405: 7398: 7393: 7387:, p. 331 7386: 7385:Benjamin 2015 7381: 7375: 7371: 7366: 7359: 7354: 7347: 7342: 7335: 7330: 7324:, p. 257 7323: 7318: 7308: 7305: 7303:, p. 320 7302: 7299: 7298: 7294: 7287: 7282: 7275: 7270: 7263: 7262:Headrick 2009 7258: 7251: 7246: 7237: 7233: 7230: 7227: 7224: 7223: 7219: 7209: 7208:Benjamin 2015 7206: 7204: 7203: 7197: 7196:Abulafia 2011 7194: 7193: 7189: 7180:, p. 136 7179: 7176: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7165: 7159: 7155: 7154:Robinson 2009 7150: 7143: 7142:Headrick 2009 7138: 7128: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7114: 7108: 7104: 7099: 7093: 7089: 7084: 7077: 7073: 7068: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7052:Regulski 2016 7050: 7049: 7045: 7039:, p. 118 7038: 7033: 7026: 7021: 7015: 7011: 7010:Johnston 2004 7006: 6999: 6994: 6987: 6982: 6980: 6972: 6967: 6960: 6955: 6953: 6945: 6940: 6933: 6932:Headrick 2009 6928: 6921: 6916: 6909: 6904: 6897: 6892: 6885: 6880: 6878: 6867: 6864: 6861: 6858: 6856:, p. 314 6855: 6852: 6851: 6847: 6841:, p. 563 6840: 6839:Benjamin 2015 6835: 6833: 6822: 6819: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6808: 6798: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6788: 6784: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6757: 6750: 6749:Headrick 2009 6745: 6739: 6735: 6730: 6724:, p. 224 6723: 6718: 6711: 6707: 6702: 6695: 6690: 6683: 6678: 6671: 6666: 6659: 6654: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6608: 6605: 6603:, p. 193 6602: 6599: 6598: 6594: 6587: 6582: 6575: 6571: 6566: 6559: 6554: 6547: 6542: 6535: 6530: 6524:, p. 218 6523: 6518: 6508: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6498: 6494: 6485:, p. 202 6484: 6481: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6470: 6463: 6458: 6452:, p. 265 6451: 6446: 6439: 6434: 6432: 6430: 6422: 6417: 6411:, p. 323 6410: 6405: 6398: 6393: 6386: 6381: 6374: 6369: 6362: 6357: 6351: 6347: 6342: 6333:, p. 406 6332: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6318: 6311: 6306: 6299: 6294: 6285: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6257: 6252: 6246:, p. 283 6245: 6240: 6233: 6228: 6221: 6216: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6197: 6195:, p. 283 6194: 6191: 6190: 6186: 6180: 6176: 6171: 6165: 6161: 6156: 6149: 6144: 6138: 6134: 6129: 6122: 6117: 6108: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6090: 6083: 6078: 6071: 6066: 6059: 6054: 6047: 6042: 6036:, p. 319 6035: 6030: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5994: 5988: 5984: 5979: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5948: 5943: 5933: 5930: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5909: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5885: 5882: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5864: 5859: 5852: 5847: 5841: 5836: 5829: 5825: 5820: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5789: 5784: 5777: 5772: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5734: 5729: 5722: 5717: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5666: 5662: 5659: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5621: 5616: 5612: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5593:world history 5587: 5578: 5569: 5562: 5556: 5547: 5540: 5534: 5527: 5521: 5514: 5513: 5509:in China and 5508: 5507: 5500: 5491: 5482: 5475: 5469: 5460: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5436: 5430: 5421: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5372: 5371:proto-writing 5366: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5332: 5325: 5319: 5310: 5303: 5299: 5293: 5286: 5285: 5278: 5269: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5238: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5217: 5205: 5202: 5196: 5190:Periodization 5187: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5133: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5013:Iran-Iraq War 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4945:Public health 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4902:moon landings 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4812:proliferation 4808: 4806: 4802: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4762:North Vietnam 4759: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4701:Joseph Stalin 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4685:the Holocaust 4682: 4678: 4674: 4671: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4541: 4537: 4527: 4523: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4512:environmental 4509: 4506:. Meanwhile, 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4492:assembly-line 4489: 4485: 4481: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4444: 4443: 4437: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4369: 4365: 4363: 4359: 4358:globalization 4355: 4351: 4350:mechanization 4347: 4342: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4273:Modern period 4270: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4033:(1680–1707). 4032: 4028: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4014:Mughal Empire 4011: 4003: 4002:Mughal Empire 3999: 3995: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3916:Swahili Coast 3913: 3909: 3908:trans-Saharan 3905: 3895: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3798:Immanuel Kant 3795: 3791: 3790:Enlightenment 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3766: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3741:Protestantism 3738: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3665:in 1736, the 3664: 3660: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3584:trading posts 3581: 3577: 3573: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3550:Dutch Empires 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3507: 3503: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3478: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3437: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3370: 3369:Easter Island 3366: 3362: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3272:Pagan Kingdom 3268: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3180:Mongol Empire 3177: 3173: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3153:Unified Silla 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3062:Yamato period 3059: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3036:Jin–Song Wars 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2994: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2903: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2778:Zagwe dynasty 2775: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2763:Barbary Coast 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2676:scholasticism 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2639:feudal system 2636: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2556:Protestantism 2553: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2359: 2358:Ajloun Castle 2355: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2185: 2180: 2178: 2177:horse archers 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2150: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2072:Greek science 2069: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2042:pre-Columbian 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1969:Qin Shi Huang 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1918:Maurya Empire 1915: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1899:Constantine I 1896: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1858:Hellenization 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1834:Delian League 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1679:Olympic Games 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1653:, and Jewish 1652: 1648: 1644: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1617: 1615: 1614:Poverty Point 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1515:mixed farming 1512: 1508: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1489:Mahajanapadas 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1462:Neo-Sumerians 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1418: 1416: 1415:Shang dynasty 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1350: 1349:Yellow Rivers 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1313:civilizations 1306: 1302: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1278: 1274: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1200:manufacturing 1197: 1192: 1190: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1093: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1048:out of Africa 1041: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 993: 988: 983: 979: 969: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 946: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 920: 918: 914: 910: 909: 904: 900: 896: 895: 890: 886: 882: 879:evolved from 878: 873: 871: 860: 859: 854: 850: 846: 842: 836: 823: 822: 818:", the first 817: 812: 807: 803: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 770: 768: 764: 760: 756: 755:globalization 752: 748: 744: 743:modern period 740: 736: 735:critical mass 732: 731:Enlightenment 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 707: 705: 701: 697: 693: 692:Mongol Empire 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 622:, Egypt, the 621: 617: 612: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 557:Modern humans 554: 550: 546: 545:Human history 535: 530: 528: 523: 521: 516: 515: 513: 512: 506: 500: 499: 487: 484: 482: 479: 475: 474:Postmodernity 472: 471: 470: 467: 465: 462: 461: 459: 458: 454: 453: 446: 443: 442: 437: 434: 432: 429: 428: 423: 420: 418: 415: 413: 410: 409: 404: 403:South America 401: 399: 398:North America 396: 394: 391: 390: 384: 381: 379: 376: 375: 373: 372: 367: 362: 361: 351: 348: 347: 346: 343: 342: 337: 334: 332: 329: 328: 323: 320: 319: 314: 311: 309: 306: 305: 300: 297: 295: 292: 291: 285: 282: 281: 277: 276:Postclassical 272: 271: 263: 260: 259: 254: 251: 249: 246: 245: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 226: 221: 220:South America 218: 216: 215:North America 213: 211: 208: 207: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 187: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 168: 164: 159: 158: 150: 149:Proto-writing 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 136: 130: 126: 123: 121: 118: 117: 109: 105: 98: 97: 93: 87: 84: 83: 79: 74: 73: 68: 67: 66: 55: 51: 45: 44: 41: 40:Human history 38: 37: 33: 29: 28: 25: 21: 16: 23193: 23151: 23108: 23078: 23012: 23000: 22980: 22925: 22908: 22891: 22879:from Commons 22874: 22853: 22794:. 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Retrieved 14325:hamilton.edu 14324: 14300: 14291:Bibliography 14277: 14255:McNeill 2017 14247: 14220: 14193: 14160: 14130: 14091: 14051:Manning 2020 14045:Manning 2013 14037: 14013: 13974: 13960:, p. 41 13938: 13929:Ritchie 2024 13919:Oreskes 2022 13911: 13898:Kolbert 2014 13892:Kolbert 2023 13878: 13856: 13829: 13807: 13780: 13772: 13762: 13750: 13723: 13711: 13704:Schoppa 2021 13699: 13692:Schoppa 2021 13687: 13675: 13660: 13648: 13636: 13624: 13602:Shelley 2022 13582: 13543: 13531: 13525:Vásquez 2001 13520: 13480:Schoppa 2021 13472: 13460: 13430: 13418: 13406: 13394: 13382: 13371: 13351:, p. 91 13344: 13332: 13320: 13304: 13292: 13287:, p. 14 13280: 13265: 13238: 13223: 13193: 13181: 13162:Allison 2018 13154: 13142: 13135:Allison 2018 13130: 13118: 13108:Kennedy 1987 13103: 13098:, p. xl 13091: 13076: 13070:Acheson 1969 13065: 13053: 13038: 13033:, p. 41 13031:Simmons 2009 13026: 13014: 13002: 12990: 12978: 12966: 12954: 12942: 12927: 12915: 12903: 12896:Schoppa 2021 12891: 12879: 12867: 12855: 12843: 12819: 12814:, p. 25 12812:Schoppa 2021 12807: 12760: 12748: 12736: 12724: 12697: 12692:, p. 80 12685: 12673: 12658: 12646: 12619: 12607: 12595: 12583: 12578:, p. 95 12576:Schoppa 2021 12571: 12566:, p. 35 12564:Schoppa 2021 12559: 12551:, p. 42 12549:Stearns 2010 12535: 12520: 12510:Stearns 2010 12496: 12484: 12474:Schoppa 2021 12460: 12448: 12436: 12421: 12409: 12397: 12385: 12373: 12361: 12351:Babones 2008 12337: 12325: 12313: 12301: 12271: 12241: 12231:Stearns 2008 12226: 12214: 12202: 12192:Wiesner 2015 12178: 12168:Chapman 2002 12163: 12150:Gilbert 2013 12144:Wheeler 1971 12136: 12117:Wiesner 2015 12103: 12091: 12079: 12072:Stearns 2010 12052: 12022: 12010: 11991:Stearns 2010 11983: 11973:Matsuda 2012 11968: 11953: 11942: 11895: 11887: 11879: 11867: 11855: 11843: 11831: 11819: 11807: 11795: 11768: 11751:, p. 17 11741: 11734:Osborne 2020 11729: 11722:Wolpert 1997 11717: 11705: 11694: 11679: 11667: 11655: 11643: 11631: 11616: 11601: 11589: 11577: 11565: 11553: 11541: 11529: 11517: 11482:, p. 41 11480:Stearns 2010 11472: 11460: 11448: 11421: 11409: 11397: 11374:, p. 85 11364: 11359:, p. 85 11352: 11337: 11327:Bristow 2023 11313: 11289: 11277: 11265: 11238: 11222: 11210: 11198: 11186: 11174: 11162: 11150: 11142:, p. xv 11126: 11114: 11109:, p. 38 11102: 11090: 11078: 11048: 11021: 11009: 11004:, p. 16 10997: 10987:Stearns 2010 10973: 10961: 10951:Martell 2010 10946: 10932:, p. 12 10922: 10910: 10905:, p. 12 10883: 10871: 10859: 10847: 10842:, p. 35 10835: 10823: 10811: 10804:McNiven 2017 10799: 10787: 10775: 10760: 10748: 10736: 10724: 10712: 10688: 10673: 10658: 10645:Baumann 2010 10627: 10615: 10599: 10589:Anthony 2015 10584: 10572: 10556: 10544: 10532: 10520: 10508: 10503:, p. 91 10496: 10484: 10460: 10448: 10436: 10423:O'Brien 2002 10409: 10397: 10385: 10358: 10346: 10334: 10322: 10311: 10299: 10287: 10282:, p. 67 10280:Huffman 2010 10275: 10263: 10251: 10227: 10217:Huffman 2010 10212: 10200: 10170: 10158: 10146: 10134: 10104: 10089: 10065: 10053: 10038: 10026: 10014: 10002: 9990: 9978: 9966: 9961:, p. 50 9959:Diamond 1997 9954: 9927: 9915: 9903: 9891: 9886:, p. 82 9879: 9868: 9857: 9845: 9833: 9818: 9806: 9794: 9782: 9770: 9758: 9746: 9734: 9707: 9695: 9683: 9661: 9650: 9638: 9626: 9614: 9602: 9590: 9575: 9563: 9548: 9536: 9524: 9512: 9504:, p. 66 9488: 9476: 9464: 9452: 9440: 9428: 9416: 9404: 9381:, p. 83 9373:McNeill 2010 9349: 9337: 9325: 9313: 9301: 9289: 9274: 9262: 9251: 9239: 9212: 9200: 9188: 9158: 9146: 9134: 9122: 9110: 9098: 9083: 9071: 9066:, p. 26 9059: 9047: 9032: 9005: 8978: 8966: 8954: 8947:Hourani 1991 8942: 8915: 8903: 8891: 8879: 8852: 8840: 8825: 8801: 8773:Wiesner 2015 8761:Stearns 2001 8752:Stearns 2010 8744: 8734:Stearns 2010 8729: 8717: 8705: 8693: 8688:, p. 14 8666: 8661:, p. 10 8654: 8642: 8611: 8599: 8594:, p. 80 8587: 8560: 8548: 8536: 8524: 8512: 8497: 8485: 8458: 8446: 8434: 8422: 8410: 8405:, p. 91 8398: 8374: 8362: 8357:, p. 41 8350: 8338: 8326: 8321:, p. 92 8314: 8290: 8266: 8254: 8242: 8218: 8206: 8194: 8170: 8158: 8146: 8134: 8106: 8091: 8085:McEvedy 1961 8080: 8065: 8053: 8038: 8026: 8015: 8003: 7976: 7964: 7949: 7941:, p. 54 7921:Strauss 2005 7913: 7901: 7877: 7865: 7853: 7841: 7829: 7819:Burbank 2010 7814: 7809:, p. 63 7802: 7790: 7785:, p. 63 7778: 7766: 7754: 7739: 7727: 7715: 7703: 7692: 7677: 7665: 7653: 7641: 7629: 7624:, p. 67 7617: 7605: 7593: 7581: 7569: 7557: 7545: 7530: 7518: 7506: 7494: 7467: 7455: 7443: 7431: 7416: 7404: 7392: 7380: 7365: 7358:McNeill 1999 7353: 7348:, p. 56 7341: 7334:McNeill 1999 7329: 7317: 7309:, p. 46 7293: 7281: 7269: 7264:, p. 31 7257: 7245: 7228:, p. 35 7218: 7210:, p. 89 7201: 7188: 7174:, p. 80 7164: 7149: 7144:, p. 33 7137: 7113: 7098: 7083: 7067: 7057:Wengrow 2011 7044: 7032: 7020: 7005: 7000:, p. 18 6998:McNeill 1999 6993: 6988:, p. 16 6986:McNeill 1999 6973:, p. 91 6966: 6961:, p. 35 6946:, p. 59 6939: 6934:, p. 32 6927: 6922:, p. 23 6915: 6903: 6898:, p. 71 6891: 6846: 6823:, p. 70 6817:, p. 63 6807: 6799:, p. 53 6793:, p. 21 6783: 6775:, p. 46 6756: 6744: 6729: 6717: 6701: 6696:, p. 19 6689: 6684:, p. 99 6677: 6665: 6660:, p. 13 6658:McNeill 1999 6653: 6640:Ganivet 2019 6627:, p. 13 6625:McNeill 1999 6617: 6593: 6581: 6565: 6553: 6541: 6536:, p. 95 6529: 6517: 6493: 6479:, p. 85 6469: 6457: 6445: 6440:, p. 21 6423:, p. 59 6416: 6404: 6392: 6387:, p. 11 6385:McNeill 1999 6380: 6368: 6356: 6341: 6317: 6305: 6293: 6280:Pollack 2010 6266: 6256:Bennett 2021 6251: 6239: 6227: 6215: 6185: 6170: 6155: 6143: 6128: 6116: 6089: 6077: 6065: 6053: 6041: 6029: 5993: 5978: 5954: 5942: 5918: 5910:, p. 11 5894: 5886:, p. 11 5878:Gowlett 2016 5870: 5865:, p. 10 5858: 5846: 5835: 5828:Homo habilis 5827: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5795: 5783: 5771: 5743: 5728: 5716: 5706:Harmand 2015 5701: 5674: 5654: 5650: 5627: 5620:Jungers 1988 5615: 5597: 5591: 5586: 5577: 5568: 5555: 5546: 5533: 5520: 5510: 5504: 5499: 5490: 5481: 5468: 5459: 5442: 5429: 5420: 5413:caste system 5403: 5396:clay tablets 5378: 5365: 5340: 5331: 5318: 5309: 5302:Apidima Cave 5298:Misliya Cave 5292: 5282: 5277: 5268: 5260: 5251: 5242: 5237: 5220: 5197: 5193: 5180:paleontology 5168:anthropology 5136: 5132:Eurocentrism 5128: 5078:social media 5059: 4962: 4926: 4879: 4851:jet aircraft 4844: 4809: 4797: 4755: 4732: 4677:orchestrated 4673:expansionism 4666:militaristic 4663: 4640:Soviet Union 4624:great powers 4620:World War II 4613: 4586: 4543: 4540:World War II 4524: 4477: 4462: 4461:, while the 4448: 4442:Wright Flyer 4440: 4414: 4374: 4334: 4327:powered the 4325:steam engine 4291:21st century 4287:20th century 4283:19th century 4229: 4210: 4166: 4149:North Borneo 4123: 4112: 4103:isolationist 4076: 4068:Ming dynasty 4045:Ranjit Singh 4035: 4007: 3952: 3901: 3833:monarchs in 3828: 3810:movable type 3774:Michelangelo 3763: 3745: 3656: 3604: 3580:mercantilism 3570: 3509: 3479: 3472: 3454: 3445:Machu Picchu 3392: 3373: 3322:, including 3320:Malay states 3314:(1353), and 3296:Hariphunchai 3269: 3241:Khmer Empire 3234: 3204:Golden Horde 3196:Yuan Dynasty 3176:Genghis Khan 3169: 3126: 3111: 3089: 3078:Heian period 3074:architecture 3055: 2996: 2962: 2930: 2857: 2836:centered in 2816: 2801: 2796:Benin Bronze 2771: 2744: 2697:in 1236 and 2692: 2684:urbanization 2660:Great Schism 2632: 2549: 2495:Ordos Desert 2491:Tang dynasty 2479: 2448:Seljuk Turks 2445: 2417:Al-Khwarizmi 2375: 2363: 2327:, Maya, and 2311:, and early 2302: 2283: 2256: 2244:Hagia Sophia 2222: 2181: 2154: 2149:Chichen Itza 2112: 2066: 2039: 2027:South Arabia 2008: 1966: 1926:Gupta Empire 1916:founded the 1911: 1888: 1870: 1807: 1772: 1740: 1723:Christianity 1695: 1677:. The first 1643:Confucianism 1640: 1610:Watson Brake 1551: 1549:by 700 BCE. 1504: 1481:Vedic period 1470: 1450:Mohenjo-daro 1439: 1419: 1411:Indus script 1388: 1365:Polytheistic 1353: 1351:(2200 BCE). 1310: 1253:Metalworking 1251: 1247:Göbekli Tepe 1214:appeared at 1212:proto-cities 1208:countrysides 1193: 1185: 1181:Göbekli Tepe 1179:A pillar at 1095: 1055: 1045: 1021:Swabian Jura 990: 987:Homo sapiens 986: 985: 972:Early humans 943: 932:Neanderthals 930:such as the 923: 921: 913:leave Africa 906: 902: 899:Homo habilis 898: 894:Homo habilis 892: 884: 880: 876: 874: 856: 838: 819: 782:anthropology 771: 751:colonization 708: 680:Christianity 644:Confucianism 638:, and later 624:Indus Valley 613: 573:Last Ice Age 544: 543: 508: 383:Contemporary 378:Early modern 144:Protohistory 96:Contemporary 90: 63: 62: 58: 39: 24: 15: 23282:Circumpolar 23244:Digital Age 23199:Renaissance 23179:Middle Ages 22041:: 279–299. 21924:13 December 21872:31 December 21113:13 November 20615:10230/25596 20393:2440/114930 20346:. Penguin. 20126:18 November 19814:24 November 19775:(1): 5–28. 18671:18 November 18635:18 November 18540:9 September 18413:16 November 18380:18 November 17898:World War I 17742:18 November 17384:15 November 16756:24 November 16746:ABC Science 16686:14 December 16259:2440/107043 16155:16 December 15540:24 November 15444:10 February 15098:Beard, Mary 15088:24 November 14974:3 September 14900:13 December 14595:(1): 1–11. 14282:Cajani 2013 14257:, pp. 14236:, pp. 14228:Cajani 2013 14209:, pp. 14201:Cajani 2013 14180:Gamble 1981 14170:, p. 7 14150:Cajani 2013 14140:, p. 7 14119:, pp. 14080:, pp. 14053:, pp. 14002:, pp. 13994:Cajani 2013 13964:Conrad 2016 13954:, p. 3 13946:Clavin 2005 13839:, pp. 13769:, pp. 13731:Nugent 2021 13613:, pp. 13569:Kte'pi 2013 13560:Murphy 2014 13551:Reagan 2005 13507:Getzen 2022 13449:, pp. 13440:, pp. 13438:Ivanov 2009 13376:Gleick 2019 13270:Easton 2013 13245:, p. 7 13170:, pp. 13045:, pp. 13007:Fasulo 2015 12776:, pp. 12774:Heyman 1997 12711:Curley 2011 12663:Landes 1969 12527:, pp. 12476:, p. 2 12426:Greene 2017 12288:Berger 2008 12260:, pp. 11999:, pp. 11934:, pp. 11872:Yoffee 2015 11782:Grewal 1998 11623:, pp. 11437:, pp. 11435:Davies 2005 11384:Chrisp 2016 11344:, pp. 11037:, pp. 10953:, pp. 10828:Yoffee 2015 10753:Burley 1998 10665:, pp. 10604:Coedès 1968 10561:Taylor 1976 10219:, pp. 10189:, pp. 10180:, pp. 10178:Totman 2002 10111:, pp. 10060:, p. 1 10045:, pp. 9932:Iliffe 2007 9884:Iliffe 2007 9825:, pp. 9669:Dunham 2008 9655:Aberth 2001 9582:, pp. 9281:, pp. 9090:, pp. 8574:Deming 2014 8355:Iliffe 2007 8300:, p. 1 8280:Gernet 1996 8259:Gernet 1996 8116:, pp. 8045:, pp. 7992:, pp. 7956:, pp. 7954:Martin 2000 7923:, pp. 7710:, p. 9 7483:, pp. 7423:, pp. 7322:Yoffee 2015 7301:Yoffee 2015 7198:, pp. 7178:Yoffee 2015 7103:Trubek 2016 7037:Yoffee 2015 7012:, pp. 6886:, p. 2 6736:, pp. 6708:, pp. 6607:Yoffee 2015 6586:Yoffee 2015 6258:, pp. 6162:, pp. 6135:, pp. 6097:Morley 2013 5926:Hammer 2013 5908:Dunbar 2016 5863:Dunbar 2016 5802:, pp. 5776:Strait 2010 5759:, pp. 5735:, pp. 5708:, pp. 5688:Lewton 2017 5682:Dunbar 2016 5663:, pp. 5647:Dunbar 2016 5346:Xia dynasty 5244:H. ergaster 5172:linguistics 5164:archaeology 5139:methodology 5074:smartphones 5066:integration 5001:commodities 4836:Third World 4826:. Such war 4816:nuclear war 4782:Warsaw Pact 4758:North Korea 4709:mass purges 4670:imperialist 4582:Spanish flu 4546:World War I 4536:World War I 4496:photography 4418:nationalism 4189:New Zealand 4181:Abel Tasman 4137:Philippines 4049:Sikh Empire 4043:. In 1799, 3975:Tewodros II 3758:'s poetry, 3724:Reformation 3720:Renaissance 3675:established 3540:, then the 3490:road system 3449:Inca Empire 3376:Polynesians 3332:Philippines 3188:Möngke Khan 3066:Nara period 2933:North India 2728:Black Death 2643:manorialism 2633:During the 2592:Kievan Rus' 2535:Middle Ages 2483:Sui dynasty 2317:Gobi Desert 2157:bureaucracy 2145:observatory 2096:Grand Canal 2080:mathematics 2050:city-states 1981:Han dynasty 1977:Qin dynasty 1931:South India 1814:city states 1787:Babylonians 1602:Teotihuacan 1578:Nazca lines 1523:Nok culture 1519:ironworking 1403:pictographs 1395:Mesoamerica 1373:sacrificial 1331:in coastal 1144:cultivated 1122:Mesopotamia 1114:Cereal crop 1102:agriculture 1017:bone flutes 870:Paleolithic 853:chimpanzees 786:linguistics 778:archaeology 723:Renaissance 709:During the 702:and of the 666:during the 620:Mesopotamia 571:during the 559:evolved in 350:Renaissance 23324:Industrial 23157:Prehistory 23143:Historical 22599:8 December 22386:(4): 441. 22076:tota.world 21957:2 December 21657:(3): 341. 21331:25 October 20968:(2): 131. 20893:2 December 20021:"When Did 19514:26 January 19477:26 January 19419:. Norton. 19324:11 October 19187:. Polity. 18704:5 February 18573:10 January 18322:Keay, John 18117:2 December 17927:041590207X 16989:Fage, John 16200:26 January 15587:Tallandier 15369:26 January 15313:26 January 15196:28 October 15004:"Hinduism" 14678:. Viking. 14419:17 January 14266:, p. 14182:, p. 14071:, p. 14062:, p. 13900:, p. 13796:, p. 13794:Tozzo 2017 13733:, p. 13667:, p. 13604:, p. 13571:, p. 13562:, p. 13553:, p. 13509:, p. 13500:, p. 13491:, p. 13482:, p. 13447:Huhle 2022 13311:, p. 13309:Pääbo 2003 13272:, p. 13230:, p. 13228:Wolfe 2013 13215:, p. 13110:, p. 13083:, p. 13043:Dinan 2004 12934:, p. 12791:, p. 12713:, p. 12665:, p. 12629:, p. 12428:, p. 12290:, p. 12281:, p. 12251:, p. 12249:Morys 2020 12233:, p. 12170:, p. 12152:, p. 12125:, p. 11975:, p. 11960:, p. 11958:Siler 2012 11947:Serle 1949 11932:Paine 2013 11784:, p. 11757:, p. 11755:Haigh 2009 11749:Singh 2000 11686:, p. 11684:Stein 2010 11608:, p. 11606:Njoku 2013 11386:, p. 11229:, p. 10840:Fagan 2005 10767:, p. 10680:, p. 10647:, p. 10637:, p. 10606:, p. 10591:, p. 10563:, p. 10425:, p. 10374:, p. 10109:Lorge 2015 10096:, p. 10058:Lewis 2009 9823:Blier 2012 9555:, p. 9409:Brown 2007 9393:, p. 9365:, p. 9357:Hayas 1953 9222:, p. 9177:, p. 9175:Kuran 2023 9168:, p. 9039:, p. 9021:, p. 8832:, p. 8775:, p. 8754:, p. 8736:, p. 8618:, p. 8576:, p. 8504:, p. 8367:Fagan 2005 8098:, p. 8072:, p. 8070:Beard 2015 8043:Kelly 2007 7932:, p. 7821:, p. 7746:, p. 7744:Paine 2011 7684:, p. 7682:Short 1987 7562:Brown 2007 7550:Brown 2007 7537:, p. 7421:Singh 2008 7372:, p. 7234:, p. 7156:, p. 7090:, p. 7074:, p. 7072:Boltz 1996 6766:, p. 6642:, p. 6633:, p. 6572:, p. 6570:Lewin 2009 6348:, p. 6346:Lewin 2009 6282:, p. 6177:, p. 6105:, p. 6103:Svard 2023 6018:, p. 5985:, p. 5808:H. habilis 5757:Stutz 2018 5690:, p. 5261:H. erectus 5208:References 5148:humanities 5023:, and the 4832:proxy wars 4646:were the " 4642:, and the 4550:the Allies 4530:World wars 4362:steamships 4321:James Watt 4306:See also: 4279:Modern era 4240:California 4193:James Cook 4091:Edo period 3989:South Asia 3878:, and the 3794:John Locke 3737:Wittenberg 3718:See also: 3696:began its 3678:Shia Islam 3598:– and the 3572:Capitalist 3534:Portuguese 3530:capitalism 3460: 950 3414:regularly 3403:Micronesia 3386:, Hawaii, 3253:Angkor Wat 3229:Angkor Wat 3122:courtesans 2906:South Asia 2900:Madagascar 2851:, and the 2838:Benin City 2827:Oyo Empire 2757:, and the 2574:under the 2409:literature 2401:philosophy 2281:in India. 2127:Patriarchy 2076:technology 2005:, Ethiopia 1967:In China, 1907:Theodosius 1890:Pax Romana 1763:Persepolis 1750:, and the 1655:monotheism 1539:New Guinea 1525:in modern 1371:performed 1343:along the 1325:Nile River 1323:along the 1292:Bronze Age 1216:Çatalhöyük 1056:H. sapiens 936:Denisovans 908:H. erectus 875:The genus 866: 3.3 841:great apes 802:Prehistory 796:Prehistory 759:world wars 729:, and the 636:Bronze Age 605:accounting 595:life to a 553:prehistory 481:Futurology 422:South Asia 322:South Asia 239:South Asia 176:Bronze Age 171:Copper Age 129:Common Era 104:10,000 BCE 50:Prehistory 23287:Subarctic 23255:societies 22974:Overviews 22910:Textbooks 22796:25 August 22683:9 October 22360:17 August 22350:210628420 22342:1040-6182 22320:: 29–39. 22063:153554938 21947:0013-0613 21914:0013-0613 21862:237194486 21753:240083827 21673:1936-6434 21611:201674203 21595:0036-8075 21289:. Knopf. 21287:The Sikhs 21169:31 August 21087:0036-8075 20990:143813033 20982:1744-9359 20835:17 August 20825:216223477 20817:0003-5521 20782:1 October 20708:25 August 20448:Antiquity 20410:140098861 20165:221060782 20157:0959-2318 19789:2373-8871 19345:(1999) . 19128:: 69–75. 18962:24 August 18938:(2009) . 18686:. Brill. 18661:0028-792X 18522:. Oxbow. 18473:12 August 18224:. EOLSS. 18068:256771372 17616:195873640 17600:1476-4687 16701:. Brill. 16675:: 46–53. 16545:198789183 16276:205257212 16131:(2011) . 15906:1 October 15872:160340278 15856:1573-7802 15751:25 August 15610:valpo.edu 15247:237616125 14890:232611725 14838:252161375 14639:191804695 14111:Lang 2015 14078:Neel 2011 13846:Hiro 1989 13771:137–138, 13047:xiii, 8–9 12827:Suny 2015 11776:Keay 2000 11625:87, 89–90 11035:Horn 2016 10372:Butt 2005 10043:Ning 2023 10007:Keay 2000 9995:Keay 2000 9983:Keay 2000 9166:Shaw 1976 8830:Shaw 1976 8616:Kent 2020 8304:Seow 2022 7697:Dunn 1994 7286:Bard 2000 6908:Ropp 2010 6884:Ropp 2010 6815:Bard 2000 6738:1030–1045 6631:Rael 2009 6260:1528–1531 5932:Yong 2011 5608:Citations 5515:in Japan. 5281:The term 5257:Shangchen 4874:Apollo 17 4805:arms race 4597:communist 4386:Hong Kong 4344:factory, 4269:of 1803. 4236:Fort Ross 4185:Australia 4153:Indochina 4129:Indonesia 4070:section, 3998:Taj Mahal 3859:replacing 3765:Decameron 3615:New World 3611:Old World 3424:chiefdoms 3407:Polynesia 3399:Melanesia 3384:Marquesas 3330:. In the 3308:Majapahit 3284:Srivijaya 3257:Sukhothai 3210:in Iran. 3208:Ilkhanate 2965:Chalukyas 2950:Pratihara 2941:conquered 2892:Mogadishu 2849:Igbo-Ukwu 2716:Lithuania 2647:vassalage 2627:peasantry 2456:Holy Land 2234:gunpowder 2199:dynasties 2161:barbarian 2108:aqueducts 1985:Manchuria 1935:Dravidian 1895:legalized 1877:an empire 1783:Scythians 1752:Silk Road 1675:Aristotle 1645:, Indian 1626:Axial Age 1620:Axial Age 1511:expanding 1236:sedentary 1162:arrowroot 1092:Neolithic 1060:Australia 1019:from the 1013:shamanism 950:Indonesia 719:colonized 700:gunpowder 668:Axial Age 597:sedentary 589:husbandry 585:West Asia 549:humankind 469:Modernity 436:West Asia 417:East Asia 336:West Asia 313:East Asia 253:West Asia 234:East Asia 190:Axial Age 92:Neolithic 86:Timelines 54:Stone Age 23360:Category 23297:Pastoral 23253:Types of 22790:Archived 22765:49670311 22757:29995848 22677:Archived 22628:Archived 22593:Archived 22553:(1997). 22535:Archived 22502:Archived 22419:(2004). 22354:Archived 22301:25739410 22230:Archived 22113:Archived 22080:Archived 22078:. TOTA. 22055:40379005 21951:Archived 21918:Archived 21866:Archived 21820:(1976). 21775:(2015). 21763:4 August 21757:Archived 21706:Archived 21681:31979188 21630:Archived 21603:31467217 21539:Archived 21521:(2010). 21397:25739632 21325:Archived 21307:(2008). 21249:Archived 21222:9 August 21196:Archived 21163:Archived 21107:Archived 21103:10172918 21095:11326098 20994:Archived 20941:Archived 20887:Archived 20829:Archived 20776:Archived 20702:Archived 20664:(2024). 20633:21179161 20569:19 April 20563:Archived 20520:Archived 20466:Archived 20402:26853362 20325:Archived 20296:Archived 20267:18992322 20245:Genomics 20120:Archived 20110:(2022). 20100:15767303 20071:30082377 19920:Archived 19864:Archived 19808:Archived 19752:Archived 19635:Archived 19575:20703305 19508:Archived 19471:Archived 19413:(2003). 19318:Archived 19285:Archived 19105:Archived 19068:Archived 19050:(2003). 18989:Archived 18956:Archived 18928:24757054 18841:(1969). 18829:12 April 18733:Archived 18721:. Sage. 18698:Archived 18665:Archived 18647:(2023). 18629:Archived 18604:16590668 18567:Archived 18534:Archived 18467:Archived 18449:(2020). 18425:(1987). 18407:Archived 18374:Archived 18324:(2000). 18195:(2007). 18171:(1991). 18111:Archived 18093:(2010). 18072:Archived 18060:28593953 18016:33191959 17959:(1991). 17888:29371468 17833:32241925 17736:Archived 17719:43661131 17713:: 1–11. 17686:Archived 17668:(2009). 17650:. Sage. 17620:Archived 17608:31292546 17556:Archived 17544:25993961 17493:23627222 17378:Archived 17353:27216521 17283:Archived 17271:(2019). 17205:(1996). 17187:Archived 17104:(2007). 17061:(1996). 16958:19 April 16952:Archived 16908:17717084 16823:Archived 16750:Archived 16719:(2016). 16677:Archived 16609:(1997). 16549:Archived 16509:(2019). 16478:31164417 16411:(2005). 16306:The Maya 16268:28726833 16194:Archived 16149:Archived 16092:Archived 15993:Archived 15979:(2022). 15900:Archived 15882:(2017). 15864:25801130 15745:Archived 15657:(2007). 15531:Archived 15527:18837520 15498:(2012). 15438:Archived 15363:Archived 15307:Archived 15251:Archived 15239:34554787 15190:Archived 15100:(2015). 15082:Archived 15065:27066164 14968:Archived 14912:(2000). 14894:Archived 14830:36074831 14775:(2015). 14730:(2015). 14708:Archived 14696:(2018). 14674:(1997). 14609:14329491 14431:(2011). 14413:Archived 14388:21868630 14329:Archived 11699:Lal 2001 11439:313, 386 10667:100, 109 9674:BBC 2001 9267:Tor 2009 9244:Xue 1992 9229:Xue 1992 8403:Coe 2011 5655:hominins 5651:hominids 5539:Capoeira 5528:in 1522. 5390:to draw 5350:Yangshao 5263:fossils. 5176:genetics 5150:and the 5101:grew as 5099:Concerns 5043:Shanghai 4993:Oceanian 4855:rocketry 4801:Cold War 4693:murdered 4681:genocide 4648:Big Four 4634:and the 4574:Assyrian 4570:Armenian 4464:tanzimat 4408:and the 4379:, which 4207:Americas 4177:Marianas 4157:Thailand 4099:Nagasaki 3924:invasion 3831:Absolute 3820:Florence 3784:and the 3782:humanism 3756:Petrarch 3748:in Italy 3698:conquest 3659:Safavids 3619:Portugal 3521:printing 3430:Americas 3388:Rapa Nui 3312:Lan Xang 3310:(1293), 3300:Đại Việt 3186:. After 3172:Mongolia 3137:Goguryeo 3104:Ashikaga 3032:Jurchens 2975:and the 2969:Hoysalas 2821:city of 2782:Lalibela 2703:invading 2664:Crusades 2602:adopted 2546:, France 2452:Crusades 2425:Avicenna 2391:and the 2377:Muhammad 2360:, Jordan 2248:Istanbul 2151:, Mexico 2100:concrete 2094:and the 2062:obsidian 1963:in India 1881:Augustus 1799:Parthian 1785:and the 1702:Legalism 1647:Buddhism 1485:Hinduism 1460:and the 1454:hegemony 1427:chariots 1409:and the 1296:Iron Age 1078:and the 1068:Americas 1042:scenario 889:LD 350-1 845:hominins 790:genetics 640:Buddhism 632:Hinduism 455:See also 299:Americas 284:Timeline 181:Iron Age 78:Holocene 32:a series 30:Part of 23338:Related 23317:Complex 23292:Nomadic 23277:Montane 23262:Society 23032:Topical 22822:History 22808:Portals 22737:Bibcode 22706:Bibcode 22508:30 July 22400:3637703 22322:Bibcode 22279:Bibcode 22271:Science 22119:22 July 21712:30 July 21636:24 July 21565:Bibcode 21557:Science 21545:21 July 21405:4470282 21377:Bibcode 21202:30 July 21067:Bibcode 21059:Science 20624:4306417 20595:Bibcode 20579:Reich D 20372:Bibcode 20062:6112744 20039:Bibcode 19926:13 July 19796:Naver. 19583:4356816 19555:Bibcode 19111:22 June 19074:24 June 18919:4035915 18896:Bibcode 18291:3137822 18081:27 July 18040:Bibcode 18007:7648497 17856:Bibcode 17847:Science 17811:Science 17626:10 July 17562:27 July 17552:1207285 17524:Bibcode 17473:Bibcode 17344:4874402 16899:1964867 16876:Bibcode 16469:6575166 16446:Bibcode 16238:Bibcode 15219:Bibcode 15211:Science 15056:4802742 14799:Science 14379:3677943 14358:Bibcode 14350:Science 14211:102–103 13451:141–142 13442:249–250 12778:114–115 12001:163–164 11936:402–403 10047:203–204 9584:665–698 7958:106–107 7485:723–726 7425:260–264 6164:500–504 5710:310–315 5665:183–184 5448:Taebong 5392:symbols 5226:Lomekwi 5184:geology 4985:African 4914:physics 4770:contain 4609:Germany 4601:fascist 4402:Liberia 4163:Oceania 4155:. Only 4115:Sumatra 4081:by the 4051:in the 4037:Sikhism 4027:Shivaji 4008:In the 4004:, India 3928:Bonoman 3847:Prussia 3686:Mughals 3663:Afshars 3643:Eastern 3623:Castile 3565:carrack 3546:English 3515:to the 3464:Cahokia 3350:Oceania 3328:Malacca 3302:(968), 3276:Myanmar 3151:, with 3113:ukiyo-e 3100:shoguns 3096:daimyos 3088:penned 3082:samurai 3034:in the 2927:, India 2888:Mombasa 2868:Swahili 2772:In the 2747:Berbers 2712:Hungary 2670:in the 2651:knights 2623:knights 2584:Magyars 2580:Vikings 2499:Samanid 2464:Mongols 2421:algebra 2191:Odoacer 2115:slavery 2088:stirrup 2054:Yucatán 2031:Red Sea 1989:compass 1947:Pandyas 1795:Iranian 1791:Nineveh 1731:Judaism 1721:. Both 1719:Macedon 1651:Jainism 1527:Nigeria 1446:Harappa 1423:cavalry 1390:Writing 1375:rites. 1345:Yangtze 1307:, Egypt 1243:deities 1220:Jericho 1146:sorghum 1029:nomadic 1009:animism 940:Siberia 774:history 656:Judaism 652:Jainism 609:writing 593:nomadic 567:. They 412:Oceania 308:Oceania 229:Oceania 163:Ancient 108:Present 23312:Feudal 22782: 22763: 22755: 22729:Nature 22669: 22620: 22585: 22561: 22527: 22494: 22473: 22452: 22431: 22398: 22348: 22340: 22299: 22256:23 May 22222: 22201: 22180: 22159: 22138: 22105: 22070:TOTA. 22061: 22053: 22018: 21999: 21976: 21945: 21912: 21889: 21860: 21852: 21842: 21806: 21785: 21751: 21741: 21698: 21679: 21671: 21609: 21601: 21593: 21531: 21507: 21483: 21462: 21441: 21422: 21403: 21395: 21369:Nature 21348: 21317: 21293: 21274: 21255:3 July 21241: 21188: 21155: 21134: 21101: 21093: 21085: 20988: 20980: 20933: 20912: 20879: 20858: 20823: 20815: 20768: 20749:23 May 20727: 20694: 20675:23 May 20650: 20631: 20621: 20587:Nature 20555: 20526:17 May 20512: 20491: 20427: 20408: 20400: 20350: 20288: 20265: 20228: 20207: 20184: 20163: 20155: 20098: 20069: 20059: 20008: 19987: 19964: 19945: 19912: 19891: 19870:5 June 19856: 19835: 19787: 19744: 19723: 19702: 19681: 19660: 19627: 19606: 19581: 19573: 19547:Nature 19533: 19500: 19463: 19423: 19395: 19374: 19355: 19310: 19291:5 July 19277: 19256: 19235: 19214: 19191: 19170: 19149: 19097: 19060: 19016: 18981: 18948: 18926: 18916: 18870: 18851: 18802: 18781: 18758: 18725: 18690: 18659: 18621: 18602: 18559: 18526: 18505: 18459: 18435: 18399: 18366: 18334: 18310: 18289: 18252: 18228: 18205: 18181: 18157: 18134: 18103: 18066: 18058: 18032:Nature 18014: 18004: 17969: 17945: 17924: 17905: 17886: 17831: 17782: 17761: 17717: 17678: 17654: 17614: 17606: 17598: 17580:Nature 17550: 17542: 17516:Nature 17491: 17445: 17424: 17403: 17370: 17351: 17341: 17306: 17289:1 July 17257: 17236: 17215: 17193:6 June 17179: 17156: 17135: 17114: 17090: 17069: 17043: 17024: 17001: 16977: 16944: 16923: 16906: 16896: 16851: 16815: 16794: 16773: 16729: 16705: 16653: 16632: 16595: 16574: 16543: 16533: 16495: 16476: 16466: 16421: 16397: 16376: 16355: 16336: 16312: 16274: 16266: 16230:Nature 16217: 16186: 16141: 16117: 16084: 16061: 16040: 16018: 15999:11 May 15965: 15944: 15925: 15892: 15870: 15862: 15854: 15823: 15802: 15781: 15737: 15705: 15686: 15667: 15645:7 June 15593: 15559: 15525: 15484: 15430: 15409: 15386: 15355: 15299: 15245: 15237: 15182: 15154: 15133: 15110: 15063: 15053: 15014: 14991: 14960: 14928: 14888: 14878: 14855: 14836: 14828: 14785: 14761: 14740: 14714:3 July 14682: 14656: 14637: 14627: 14607: 14576: 14557: 14538: 14519: 14500: 14481: 14462: 14441: 14405: 14386: 14376: 14308: 13773:passim 10221:29, 35 9092:37, 41 8118:61, 71 7202:passim 7200:xvii, 7014:13, 19 6179:102745 5601:scale. 5512:sakoku 5506:haijin 5452:Goryeo 5388:stylus 5230:Dikika 5182:, and 5152:social 5056:, 2020 5015:, the 4991:, and 4965:Maoist 4900:, the 4892:, the 4876:(1972) 4794:, 1989 4764:, and 4715:, and 4660:, 1945 4632:Allies 4630:: the 4576:, and 4566:German 4502:, and 4490:, and 4486:, the 4388:, and 4348:, and 4289:, and 4232:Alaska 4221:Brazil 4197:Hawaii 4147:, and 4145:Malaya 4053:Punjab 4012:, the 3961:. The 3944:Adansi 3942:, and 3932:Akwamu 3920:Omanis 3914:. The 3898:Africa 3882:. The 3874:, the 3870:, the 3845:, and 3841:, the 3839:Russia 3835:France 3726:, and 3708:Europe 3702:Uzbeks 3671:Qajars 3548:, and 3542:French 3466:. The 3451:, Peru 3344:Butuan 3342:, and 3324:Brunei 3304:Lan Na 3292:Champa 3249:Angkor 3245:Khmers 3194:: the 3157:Balhae 3143:, and 3141:Baekje 3076:. The 3008:Li Bai 3004:poetry 2956:, and 2894:, and 2878:, and 2840:, the 2829:, the 2819:Yoruba 2753:, the 2735:Africa 2722:. The 2706:Poland 2672:Levant 2619:clergy 2572:Franks 2525:Europe 2505:, and 2503:Seljuk 2487:Turkic 2441:Africa 2439:, and 2407:, and 2385:Arabia 2347:, and 2325:Aztecs 2294:spices 2261:, the 2119:Athens 2104:arches 2078:, and 2035:stelae 1945:, and 1943:Cholas 1939:Cheras 1885:Trajan 1860:. The 1810:Greece 1698:Taoism 1691:Athens 1590:basalt 1582:Olmecs 1580:. 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