Neolithic Revolution

2337: 2425: 2109: 1273: 1534: 2236: 2180: 2204: 1306: 2521: 1971: 2192: 1771: 1793:, was domesticated in the Near East around 11,000 years ago (c. 9,000 BCE). Barley is a highly resilient crop, able to grow in varied and marginal environments, such as in regions of high altitude and latitude. Archaeobotanical evidence shows that barley had spread throughout Eurasia by 2,000 BCE. To further elucidate the routes by which barley cultivation was spread through Eurasia, genetic analysis was used to determine genetic diversity and population structure in extant barley taxa. Genetic analysis shows that cultivated barley spread through Eurasia via several different routes, which were most likely separated in both time and space. 1297: 3109: 22: 2986:

nomadic herders. The animals' size, temperament, diet, mating patterns, and life span were factors in the desire and success in domesticating animals. Animals that provided milk, such as cows and goats, offered a source of protein that was renewable and therefore quite valuable. The animal's ability as a worker (for example ploughing or towing), as well as a food source, also had to be taken into account. Besides being a direct source of food, certain animals could provide leather, wool, hides, and fertilizer. Some of the earliest domesticated animals included

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Andrey; Hansen, Svend; Belinsky, Andrey B.; Kalmykov, Alexey; Kantorovich, Anatoly R.; Maslov, Vladimir E.; Stockhammer, Philipp W.; Vai, Stefania; Zavattaro, Monica; Riga, Alessandro; Caramelli, David; Skeates, Robin; Beckett, Jessica; Gradoli, Maria Giuseppina; Steuri, Noah; Hafner, Albert; Ramstein, Marianne; Siebke, Inga; Lösch, Sandra; Erdal, Yilmaz Selim; Alikhan, Nabil-Fareed; Zhou, Zhemin; Achtman, Mark; Bos, Kirsten; Reinhold, Sabine; Haak, Wolfgang; Kühnert, Denise; Herbig, Alexander; Krause, Johannes (March 2020).

1817: 3176: 3167:: the former venerated and respected, the latter dominated and conquered. The theory, supplemented by the widely accepted assumption from Parsons that “society is always the object of religious veneration”, argues that with the centralization of government and the dawn of the Anthropocene, roles within society became more restrictive and were rationalized through the conditioning effect of religion; a process that is crystallized in the progression from polytheism to monotheism. 9352: 9364: 2754: 10200: 10190: 1607:), and not simply of those that favoured greater caloric returns through larger seeds. Plants with traits such as small seeds or bitter taste were seen as undesirable. Plants that rapidly shed their seeds on maturity tended not to be gathered at harvest, therefore not stored and not seeded the following season; successive years of harvesting spontaneously selected for strains that retained their edible seeds longer. 9388: 9376: 6867: 6752: 6715: 6065: 5752: 7816:, NJ: Yale UP, (2017), "The world's population in 10 000 BC, according to a careful estimate was roughly 4 million. A full five thousand years later it has risen only to 5 million...One likely explanation for this apparent human progress in subsistance techniques together with a long period of demographic stagnation is that epidemologically this was perhaps the most lethal period in human history". 1611: 1700:, made its way to Europe as weed seeds and was successfully domesticated in Europe, thousands of years after the earliest agriculture. Wild lentils presented a different problem: most of the wild seeds do not germinate in the first year; the first evidence of lentil domestication, breaking dormancy in their first year, appears in the early Neolithic at 3075:. This emigration was mainly on an east–west axis of similar climates, as crops usually have a narrow optimal climatic range outside of which they cannot grow for reasons of light or rain changes. For instance, wheat does not normally grow in tropical climates, just like tropical crops such as bananas do not grow in colder climates. Some authors, like 3003: 3357:, but llama milk was not drunk, nor did llamas live in a closed space with humans, so the risk of contagion was limited. According to bioarchaeological research, the effects of agriculture on dental health in Southeast Asian rice farming societies from 4000 to 1500 BP was not detrimental to the same extent as in other world regions. 2621: 1492:. He suggested the events could have occurred independently during different periods of time, in as yet unexplored locations. He noted that no transition site had been found documenting the shift from what he termed immediate and delayed return social systems. He noted that the full range of domesticated animals ( 3328:

quickly built up immunities to the diseases as within each generation the individuals with better immunities had better chances of survival. In their approximately 10,000 years of shared proximity with animals, such as cows, Eurasians and Africans became more resistant to those diseases compared with

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The traditional view is that agricultural food production supported a denser population, which in turn supported larger sedentary communities, the accumulation of goods and tools, and specialization in diverse forms of new labor. Food surpluses made possible the development of a social elite who were

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The postures of the skeletal remains in graves at Mehrgarh bear strong resemblance to those at Ali Kosh in the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran. Despite their scarcity, the Carbon-14 and archaeological age determinations for early Neolithic sites in Southern Asia exhibit remarkable continuity across

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11,700 years ago, after the end of the last Ice Age. It was humankind's first historically verifiable transition to agriculture. The Neolithic Revolution greatly narrowed the diversity of foods available, resulting in a decrease in the quality of human nutrition compared with that obtained previously

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Key, Felix M.; Posth, Cosimo; Esquivel-Gomez, Luis R.; Hübler, Ron; Spyrou, Maria A.; Neumann, Gunnar U.; Furtwängler, Anja; Sabin, Susanna; Burri, Marta; Wissgott, Antje; Lankapalli, Aditya Kumar; Vågene, Åshild J.; Meyer, Matthias; Nagel, Sarah; Tukhbatova, Rezeda; Khokhlov, Aleksandr; Chizhevsky,

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Archeological investigations on the Deh Luran Plain of Iran have provided a model for the internal dynamics of the culture sequence of prehistoric Khuzistan . Somewhere between 5500 and 5000 B.C. in the Sabz phase of the Deh Luran Plain, irrigation water was apparently diverted from stream channels

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The presence of these animals gave the region a large advantage in cultural and economic development. As the climate in the Middle East changed and became drier, many of the farmers were forced to leave, taking their domesticated animals with them. It was this massive emigration from the Middle East

3137:) and teeth. Average height for Europeans went down from 5'10" (178 cm) for men and 5'6" (168 cm) for women to 5'5" (165 cm) and 5'1" (155 cm) respectively, and it took until the twentieth century for average height for Europeans to return to the pre-Neolithic Revolution levels. 1144:

requirements and lifestyles from agriculturalists. Hunter-gatherers were often highly mobile and migratory, living in temporary shelters and in small tribal groups, and having limited contact with outsiders. Their diet was well-balanced though heavily dependent on what the environment could provide

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A detailed satellite map study of a few archaeological sites in the Baluchistan and Khybar Pakhtunkhwa regions also suggests similarities in early phases of farming with sites in Western Asia. Pottery prepared by sequential slab construction, circular fire pits filled with burnt pebbles, and large

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about 2,000 years later, around 10,000–9,000 years ago. The region was the centre of domestication for three cereals (einkorn wheat, emmer wheat and barley), four legumes (lentil, pea, bitter vetch and chickpea), and flax. Domestication was a slow process that unfolded across multiple regions, and

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The relationship of the aforementioned Neolithic characteristics to the onset of agriculture, their sequence of emergence, and their empirical relation to each other at various Neolithic sites remains the subject of academic debate. It is usually understood to vary from place to place, rather than

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When hunter-gathering began to be replaced by sedentary food production it became more efficient to keep animals close at hand. Therefore, it became necessary to bring animals permanently to their settlements, although in many cases there was a distinction between relatively sedentary farmers and

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and then compared to available data from other Neolithic populations in Europe and also to modern populations from South Eastern Europe and the Near East. The obtained results show that substantial human migrations were involved in the Neolithic spread and suggest that the first Neolithic farmers

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200,000 years ago, different prehistoric and historic migration events have taken place in Europe. Considering that the movement of the people implies a consequent movement of their genes, it is possible to estimate the impact of these migrations through the genetic analysis of human populations.

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Throughout the development of sedentary societies, disease spread more rapidly than it had during the time in which hunter-gatherer societies existed. Inadequate sanitary practices and the domestication of animals may explain the rise in deaths and sickness following the Neolithic Revolution, as

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There is strong evidence for causal connections between the Near-Eastern Neolithic and that further east, up to the Indus Valley. There are several lines of evidence that support the idea of connection between the Neolithic in the Near East and in the Indian subcontinent. The prehistoric site of

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The wear traces indicate that tools were used for harvesting near-ripe semi-green wild cereals, shortly before grains are ripe and disperse naturally. The studied tools were not used intensively, and they reflect two harvesting modes: flint knives held by hand and inserts hafted in a handle. The

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Neolithic domesticated crops in Mehrgarh include more than 90% barley and a small amount of wheat. There is good evidence for the local domestication of barley and the zebu cattle at Mehrgarh, but the wheat varieties are suggested to be of Near-Eastern origin, as the modern distribution of wild

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The introduction of agriculture has not necessarily led to unequivocal progress. The nutritional standards of the growing Neolithic populations were inferior to that of hunter-gatherers. Several ethnological and archaeological studies conclude that the transition to cereal-based diets caused a

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argues that whatever plants were cultivated, the independent invention of agriculture always occurred in special natural environments (e.g., South-East Asia). It is supposed that the cultivation of cereals started somewhere in the Near East: in the hills of Israel or Egypt. So Grinin dates the

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The millet and rice-farming cultures also first came into contact with each other at around 9,000 to 7,000 BP, resulting in a corridor between the millet and rice cultivation centres where both rice and millet were cultivated. At around 5,500 to 4,000 BP, there was increasing migration into

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of various plant and animal species – depending on the species locally available, and influenced by local culture. Archaeological research in 2003 suggests that in some regions, such as the Southeast Asian peninsula, the transition from hunter-gatherer to agriculturalist was not linear, but

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Sherratt argued that this phase in agricultural development enabled humans to make use of the energy possibilities of their animals in new ways, and permitted permanent intensive subsistence farming and crop production, and the opening up of heavier soils for farming. It also made possible

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Map of the world showing approximate centres of origin of agriculture and its spread in prehistory: the Fertile Crescent (11,000 BP), the Yangtze and Yellow River basins (9,000 BP) and the Papua New Guinea Highlands (9,000–6,000 BP), Central Mexico (5,000–4,000 BP), Northern South America

1012:, but because food production became more efficient, it released humans to invest their efforts in other activities and was thus "ultimately necessary to the rise of modern civilization by creating the foundation for the later process of industrialization and sustained economic growth". 2661:

cultures and evidence has been found of a neolithic domesticated crop-based economy dating around 7,000 BP. Unlike the Middle East, this evidence appears as a "false dawn" to agriculture, as the sites were later abandoned, and permanent farming then was delayed until 6,500 BP with the

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not otherwise engaged in agriculture, industry or commerce, but dominated their communities by other means and monopolized decision-making. Nonetheless, larger societies made it more feasible for people to adopt diverse decision making and governance models. Jared Diamond (in

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where they were forced into close association with animals, which were then domesticated together with planting of seeds. However, this theory now has little support amongst archaeologists because subsequent climate data suggests that the region was getting wetter rather than

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Despite the significant technological advance and advancements in knowledge, arts and trade, the Neolithic revolution did not lead immediately to a rapid growth of population. Its benefits appear to have been offset by various adverse effects, mostly diseases and warfare.

3147:) identifies the availability of milk and cereal grains as permitting mothers to raise both an older (e.g. 3 or 4 year old) and a younger child concurrently. The result is that a population can increase more rapidly. Diamond, in agreement with feminist scholars such as 3155:. This social reshuffle is traced by historical theorists, like Veronica Strang, through developments in theological depictions. Strang supports her theory through a comparison of aquatic deities before and after the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution, most notably the 6000:

Our earliest evidence for this new technology comes from the lowland steppe of Khuzistan. Once irrigation appeared, the steppe greatly increased its carrying capacity and became, in fact, the dominant growth centre of the Zagros region between 5500 and 4000

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Agricultural and husbandry practices originated 10,000 years ago in a region of the Near East known as the Fertile Crescent. According to the archaeological record this phenomenon, known as “Neolithic”, rapidly expanded from these territories into Europe.

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The Neolithic transition involved increasing sedentism and social complexity, which was usually followed by the gradual adoption of plant and animal domestication. In some cases, however, plant domestication preceded sedentism, particularly in the New

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and 12,000 years before the establishment of sedentary farming communities in the Near East. Furthermore, the new finds accord well with evidence for the earliest ever cereal cultivation at the site and the use of stone-made grinding implements.

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gave peoples living there a highly advantageous geographical location that afforded them a head start in the Neolithic Revolution. Both shared the temperate climate ideal for the first agricultural settings, both were near a number of easily

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Fullagar, Richard; Field, Judith; Denham, Tim; Lentfer, Carol (2006). "Early and mid Holocene tool-use and processing of taro (Colocasia esculenta), yam (Dioscorea sp.) and other plants at Kuk Swamp in the highlands of Papua New Guinea".

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Hillman, G. C; Davies, M. S. (1992). "Domestication rate in wild wheats and barley under primitive cultivation: preliminary results and archaeological implications of field measurements of selection coefficient". In Anderson, PC (ed.).

2069:. Genetic data suggest that no independent domestication of animals took place in Neolithic Europe, and that all domesticated animals were originally domesticated in Southwest Asia. The only domesticate not from Southwest Asia was 984:, making an increasingly large population possible. These settled communities permitted humans to observe and experiment with plants, learning how they grew and developed. This new knowledge led to the domestication of plants into 1015:

The Neolithic Revolution involved much more than the adoption of a limited set of food-producing techniques. During the next millennia, it transformed the small and mobile groups of hunter-gatherers that had hitherto dominated

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The Feasting model by Brian Hayden suggests that agriculture was driven by ostentatious displays of power, such as giving feasts, to exert dominance. This required assembling large quantities of food, which drove agricultural

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The dispersal of Neolithic culture from the Middle East has recently been associated with the distribution of human genetic markers. In Europe, the spread of the Neolithic culture has been associated with distribution of the

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Halcrow, S. E.; Harris, N. J.; Tayles, N.; Ikehara-Quebral, R.; Pietrusewsky, M. (2013). "From the mouths of babes: Dental caries in infants and children and the intensification of agriculture in mainland Southeast Asia".

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region of southwest Asia at the close of the last glacial period around 12,000 BCE, and developed into a number of regionally distinctive cultures by the eighth millennium BCE. Remains of food-producing societies in the

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beginning of the agricultural revolution within the interval 12,000 to 9,000 BP, though in some cases the first cultivated plants or domesticated animals' bones are even of a more ancient age of 14–15 thousand years ago.

3193:. Animals, it appears, were first domesticated purely as a source of meat. The Secondary Products Revolution occurred when it was recognised that animals also provided a number of other useful products. These included: 2179: 2108: 6997: 1431:

and others, considers agriculture as an evolutionary adaptation of plants and humans. Starting with domestication by protection of wild plants, it resulted specialization of location and then complete domestication.

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With the benefit of hindsight we can now see that many Late Paleolithic peoples in the Old World were poised on the brink of plant cultivation and animal husbandry as an alternative to the hunter-gatherer's way of

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dated to 12,000 BP, with domesticated emmer wheat appearing in 9,800 BP, suggesting there may have been multiple regions in the Fertile Crescent where cereal domestication evolved roughly contemporaneously. The

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infected up to 5,500 year old agro-pastoralists throughout Western Eurasia, providing molecular evidence for the hypothesis that the Neolithization process facilitated the emergence of Salmonella entericia.

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surpluses that needed storage. Most hunter-gatherers could not easily store food for long due to their migratory lifestyle, whereas those with a sedentary dwelling could store their surplus grain. Eventually

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Maya Haïdar Boustani, Flint workshops of the Southern Beqa' valley (Lebanon): preliminary results from Qar'oun* in Neolithic revolution: new perspectives on southwest Asia in light of recent discoveries on

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The term "Neolithic" is not customarily used in describing cultures in the Americas. However, a broad similarity exists between Eastern Hemisphere cultures of the Neolithic and cultures in the Americas.

2136:), demonstrating that the Neolithic spread at an average speed of about 1 km/yr. More recent studies (2005) confirm these results and yield the speed of 0.6–1.3 km/yr (at 95% confidence level). 1743:

11,000 years ago. Some of the plants tried and then abandoned during the Neolithic period in the Ancient Near East, at sites like Gilgal, were later successfully domesticated in other parts of the world.

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The diffusion across Europe, from the Aegean to Britain, took about 2,500 years (8500–6000 BP). The Baltic region was penetrated a bit later, around 5500 BP, and there was also a delay in settling the

1860:, dating to around 19,400 BP, has shown some of the earliest evidence for advanced planning of plants for food consumption and suggests that humans at Ohalo II processed the grain before consumption. 2947:

dates to 6,950 to 6,440 BCE. This was at the altitudinal limits of these crops, and it has been suggested that cultivation in more favourable ranges in the lowlands may have been even earlier.

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and Stuart Davies carried out experiments with varieties of wild wheat to show that the process of domestication would have occurred over a relatively short period of between 20 and 200 years.

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Loy, Thomas H.; Spriggs, Matthew; Wickler, Stephen (1992). "Direct evidence for human use of plants 28,000 years ago: starch residues on stone artefacts from the northern Solomon Islands".

1052:, polished stone tools, and rectangular houses. In many regions, the adoption of agriculture by prehistoric societies caused episodes of rapid population growth, a phenomenon known as the 1712:. The process of domestication allowed the founder crops to adapt and eventually become larger, more easily harvested, more dependable in storage and more useful to the human population. 3121:

reduction in life expectancy and stature, an increase in infant mortality and infectious diseases, the development of chronic, inflammatory or degenerative diseases (such as obesity,

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plant and animal species. In areas where continents aligned north–south such as the Americas and Africa, crops—and later domesticated animals—could not spread across tropical zones.

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Weiss, Ehud; Kislev, Mordechai E.; Simchoni, Orit; Nadel, Dani; Tschauner, Hartmut (2008). "Plant-food preparation area on an Upper Paleolithic brush hut floor at Ohalo II, Israel".

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that are thought to have arrived in Europe from North Africa and the Near East respectively. DNA studies have shown that agriculture was introduced in Europe by the expansion of the

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Hopf, Maria., "Jericho plant remains" in Kathleen M. Kenyon and T. A. Holland (eds.) Excavations at Jericho 5, pp. 576–621, British School of Archaeology at Jerusalem, London, 1983.

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Brami, Maxime N. (1 December 2019). "The Invention of Prehistory and the Rediscovery of Europe: Exploring the Intellectual Roots of Gordon Childe's 'Neolithic Revolution' (1936)".

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were developed that allowed villages to store their seeds longer. So with more food, the population expanded and communities developed specialized workers and more advanced tools.

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Molina, J.; Sikora, M.; Garud, N.; Flowers, J. M.; Rubinstein, S.; Reynolds, A.; Huang, P.; Jackson, S.; Schaal, B. A.; Bustamante, C. D.; Boyko, A. R.; Purugganan, M. D. (2011).

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The process was not as linear as was once thought, but a more complicated effort, which was undertaken by different human populations in different regions in many different ways.

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by around 3,500 BP. They acquired further cultivated food plants like bananas and pepper from them, and in turn introduced Austronesian technologies like wetland cultivation and

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Ancient European Neolithic farmers were genetically closest to modern Near-Eastern/ Anatolian populations. The map shows genetic matrilineal distances between European Neolithic

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van Zeist, W. Bakker-Heeres, J.A.H., Archaeobotanical Studies in the Levant 1. Neolithic Sites in the Damascus Basin: Aswad, Ghoraifé, Ramad., Palaeohistoria, 24, 165–256, 1982.

2424: 2092:. In general, colonization shows a "saltatory" pattern, as the Neolithic advanced from one patch of fertile alluvial soil to another, bypassing mountainous areas. Analysis of 2624: 8420:"Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area" 9492: 6769:"Ancient DNA Analysis of 8000 B.C. Near Eastern Farmers Supports an Early Neolithic Pioneer Maritime Colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands" 2948: 740: 6491: 2549:, bringing rice and millet cultivation technology with them. During this period, there is evidence of large settlements and intensive rice cultivation in Taiwan and the 8086: 8656:

Wright, Gary A. (1971). "Origins of Food Production in Southwestern Asia: A Survey of Ideas" Current Anthropology, Vol. 12, No. 4/5 (Oct.–Dec. 1971), pp. 447–477

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of food provided by agriculture made it possible to support larger population groups, agriculturalists lived in more permanent dwellings in more densely populated

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An "Orange slice" sickle blade element with inverse, discontinuous retouch on each side, not denticulated. Found in large quantities at Qaraoun II and often with

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Some of the pioneering attempts failed at first and crops were abandoned, sometimes to be taken up again and successfully domesticated thousands of years later:

939: 3360: 4932: 2478:. It is characterized by typical pre-Austronesian features, including stilt houses, jade carving, and boat technologies. Their diet were also supplemented by 3095:

of central Africa and the domesticated bovines of the fertile-crescent – separated by the dry sahara desert – were not introduced into each other's region.

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Sherratt, A (1981). "Plough and pastoralism: aspects of the secondary products revolution". In Hodder, Ian; Isaac, Glynn Llywelyn; Hammond, Norman (eds.).

7475: 2889:. In the highlands of central Mexico, sedentary village life based on farming did not develop until the "formative period" in the second millennium BCE. 6562: 11597: 5797: 4359:

Agriculture, plant physiology, and human population growth: past, present, and future." Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology 25 (2013): 167-181

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The Middle East served as the source for many animals that could be domesticated, such as sheep, goats and pigs. This area was also the first region to

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dates show clearly that Mesolithic and Neolithic populations lived side by side for as much as a millennium in many parts of Europe, especially in the

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the vast region from the Near East to the Indian Subcontinent, consistent with a systematic eastward spread at a speed of about 0.65 km/yr.

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history, calling it a "revolution" to denote its significance, the degree of change to communities adopting and refining agricultural practices.

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Current evidence suggests that Neolithic material culture was introduced to Europe via western Anatolia. All Neolithic sites in Europe contain

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along with other domesticated species. The new tropical island environments also had new food plants that they exploited. They carried useful

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Mehrgarh in Baluchistan (modern Pakistan) is the earliest Neolithic site in the north-west Indian subcontinent, dated as early as 8500 BCE.

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for human use, from 28,000 years ago, making taro the earliest cultivated crop in the world. It seems to have resulted in the spread of the

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discovered a linear relationship between the age of an Early Neolithic site and its distance from the conventional source in the Near East (

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Zhang, Jianping; Lu, Houyuan; Gu, Wanfa; Wu, Naiqin; Zhou, Kunshu; Hu, Yayi; Xin, Yingjun; Wang, Can; Kashkush, Khalil (17 December 2012).

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Jean-Pierre Bocquet-Appel (29 July 2011). "When the World's Population Took Off: The Springboard of the Neolithic Demographic Transition".

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of the local environment and required more food than could be gathered. Various social and economic factors helped drive the need for food.

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However, higher population and food abundance did not necessarily correlate with improved health. Reliance on a very limited variety of

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Fleisch, Henri., Notes de Préhistoire Libanaise : 1) Ard es Saoude. 2) La Bekaa Nord. 3) Un polissoir en plein air. BSPF, vol. 63.

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have argued that the dietary changes and increased pathogen exposure associated with agriculture profoundly altered human biology and

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The most prominent of several theories (not mutually exclusive) as to factors that caused populations to develop agriculture include:

8469:"Y Haplogroups, Archaeological Cultures and Language Families: a Review of the Multidisciplinary Comparisons using the case of E-M35" 5455: 2658: 1377:. This theory maintains that as the climate got drier due to the Atlantic depressions shifting northward, communities contracted to 9305: 9249: 8078: 7779: 6281:"AFLP analysis of a collection of tetraploid wheats indicates the origin of emmer and hard wheat domestication in southeast Turkey" 6021:. Ecological Studies. Vol. 34 (reprint ed.). Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media (published 2012). p. 13. 4506: 4269: 5545:

Richerson, Peter J.; Boyd, Robert (2001). "Was Agriculture Impossible during the Pleistocene but Mandatory during the Holocene?".

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Mahdi, Waruno (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench, Roger; Spriggs, Matthew (eds.).

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than what could be supported by a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. The agricultural communities' seasonal need to plan and coordinate

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who, in "Agricultural Origins and Dispersals", suggested as early as 1952 that this region was a centre of early agriculture.

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during each colonization voyage, resulting in the rapid introduction of domesticated and semi-domesticated species throughout

9630: 9502: 8618: 8249: 7658: 7550: 7511: 7412: 7376: 7351: 7181: 6835: 6451: 6349: 6227: 6026: 5986: 5872: 5780: 5599: 5529: 5231: 4475: 4442: 4741: 3079:, have postulated that this east–west axis is the main reason why plant and animal domestication spread so quickly from the 1560:, provides the earliest evidence for the use of composite cereal harvesting tools. The Ohalo site is at the junction of the 10229: 1673:

of domesticated plants, he preferred theories of a single, or at most a very small number of domestication events for each

7072: 6874: 6759: 6722: 6072: 352: 264: 10047: 9592: 9418: 9207: 8468: 7102:"Contrasting Patterns in Crop Domestication and Domestication Rates: Recent Archaeobotanical Insights from the Old World" 2235: 1305: 9949: 9237: 7834: 3958: 3436: 3392: 1284:. The birth of agriculture corresponds to the period of quickly rising temperature at the end of the cold spell of the 1181:

to exchange surplus commodities and services brought agriculturalists into contact with outside groups, which promoted

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Thissen, L. "Appendix I, The CANeW 14C databases, Anatolia 10,000–5000 cal. BC." in: F. Gérard and L. Thissen (eds.),

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make a case for the development of agriculture coinciding with an increasingly stable climate at the beginning of the

1301:(5,000–4,000 BP), sub-Saharan Africa (5,000–4,000 BP, exact location unknown), eastern North America (4,000–3,000 BP). 438: 347: 12106: 11360: 10266: 10170: 9452: 9392: 8633: 8596: 8580: 8565: 8550: 8017: 7577: 5807: 5409: 2509:. Both of these regions were heavily populated and had regular trade contacts with each other, as well as with early 911: 2520: 2402:), with early evidence of domestication approximately 8,000 years ago, and widespread cultivation 7,500 years ago. ( 1044:

which allowed the production of surplus food. Other developments that are found very widely during this era are the

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The Neolithic of Central Anatolia. Internal developments and external relations during the 9th–6th millennia cal BC

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sp.), have been identified dating at least to 10,200 calibrated years before present (cal BP). Further evidence of

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has argued that following upon the Neolithic Revolution was a second phase of discovery that he refers to as the

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which started with the migration of the Austronesian-speakers from Taiwan to the Philippines at around 5,000 BP.

1970: 1770: 1735:, where in 2006 archaeologists found caches of seeds of each in quantities too large to be accounted for even by 876: 8200:""The Theoretical Development of the Sociology of Religion: A Chapter in the History of Modern Social Science."" 7444: 7032:"The Checkered Prehistory of Rice Movement Southwards as a Domesticated Cereal – from the Yangzi to the Equator" 12096: 10193: 9902: 9411: 9332: 9327: 9275: 9022: 2956: 502: 255: 2432:, and likely routes of early rice transfer (c. 3,500 to 500 BCE). The approximate coastlines during the early 11592: 11122: 10382: 9567: 9007: 8718: 6538: 4532:

Armelagos, George J. (2014). "Brain Evolution, the Determinates of Food Choice, and the Omnivore's Dilemma".

3429: 3190: 2952: 1512:. Hole concluded that "close attention should be paid in future investigations to the western margins of the 886: 10450: 8060: 3251:. Overgrazing of these areas, particularly by herds of goats, greatly extended the areal extent of deserts. 2923:

and a variety of other crops, dating back to 11,000 BP. Two potentially significant economic species, taro (

447: 11587: 11127: 10600: 9577: 9497: 9027: 9002: 7858:"Elevating optimal human nutrition to a central goal of plant breeding and production of plant-based foods" 3629: 2646: 2260: 1438: 838: 818: 775: 765: 690: 650: 136: 10276: 6438: 3091:, where temperate crops were successfully imported by ships in the last 500 years. Similarly, the African 419: 414: 10553: 9842: 9462: 9012: 8674: 7752: 7445:"The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence" 5891:

Weiss, Ehud; Kislev, Mordechai E.; Hartmann, Anat (2006). "Autonomous Cultivation Before Domestication".

2912: 1709: 1455: 735: 541: 300: 5355:

Kealhofer, Lisa (2003). "Looking into the gap: land use and the tropical forests of southern Thailand".

2633:

On the African continent, three areas have been identified as independently developing agriculture: the

12111: 11855: 11656: 9653: 9572: 9052: 8987: 8814: 4940: 4895: 4839: 2987: 2908: 2298:, Pakistan; the site has evidence of farming (wheat and barley) and herding (cattle, sheep and goats). 2156:– a type of maternally inherited DNA located in the cell cytoplasm – was recovered from the remains of 823: 102: 5616:

Production Revolutions and Periodization of History: A Comparative and Theoretic-mathematical Approach

5440:

Hayden, Brian (1992). "Models of Domestication". In Anne Birgitte Gebauer and T. Douglas Price (ed.).

5400:

Scarre, Christopher (2005). "The World Transformed: From Foragers and Farmers to States and Empires".

3991: 3243:

in semi arid areas, along the margins of deserts, and eventually led to the domestication of both the

11661: 11476: 9994: 9895: 9623: 8789: 5825:"Monophyletic vs. polyphyletic origin of the crops on which agriculture was founded in the Near East" 5065: 4909: 4651: 4330: 4310: 4300: 3197: 3143: 2803: 2185:

Map of the spread of Neolithic farming cultures from the Near-East to Europe, with dates in year BCE.

5261: 3704: 3125:

and cardiovascular diseases) and multiple nutritional deficiencies, including vitamin deficiencies,

2494:

domestication. The second is in the middle Yangtze River, believed to be the homelands of the early

1829: 12116: 11850: 10942: 10487: 10175: 9557: 9552: 9477: 9300: 8886: 8799: 8784: 8739: 8660: 5260:

Denham, Tim P.; Haberle, S. G.; Fullagar, R; Field, J; Therin, M; Porch, N; Winsborough, B (2003).

4920: 2980: 2811: 1821: 1045: 881: 828: 813: 808: 755: 338: 11014: 11009: 2859:: squash as early as 6000 BCE, beans no later than 4000 BCE, and maize beginning about 7000 BCE. 2719:

were also domesticated in the Ethiopian highlands. Crops domesticated in the Sahel region include

1330:

The beginning of this process in different regions has been dated from 10,000 to 8,000 BCE in the

433: 428: 245: 11967: 11877: 11049: 10816: 10635: 10568: 10300: 10083: 10077: 9874: 9723: 9227: 8950: 8945: 8836: 8804: 7966: 6082:"Barley heads east: Genetic analyses reveal routes of spread through diverse Eurasian landscapes" 5936: 3817: 3682: 3624: 3345:

have been completely wiped out by diseases. 90% or more of many populations of the Americas were

2157: 1943:, Jared Diamond argues that the vast continuous east–west stretch of temperate climatic zones of 1825: 1646: 1228:. Other factors that likely affected the health of early agriculturalists and their domesticated 1190: 1126: 707: 634: 310: 8661:"Evidence for food storage and predomestication granaries 11,000 years ago in the Jordan Valley" 7281:"Early Mixed Farming of Millet and Rice 7800 Years Ago in the Middle Yellow River Region, China" 5506: 3083:

to the rest of Eurasia and North Africa, while it did not reach through the north–south axis of

1236:

and disease-bearing pests associated with human waste and contaminated food and water supplies.

12055: 11929: 11535: 11426: 11414: 11110: 10851: 10690: 10327: 10261: 10245: 10057: 9582: 9512: 9295: 9280: 9222: 9217: 8972: 8903: 8896: 8713: 8708: 8639:

Diamond, Jared (2002). "Evolution, Consequences and Future of Plant and Animal Domestication".

8267:"Origin of measles virus: Divergence from rinderpest virus between the 11th and 12th centuries" 7540: 6488:"BBC – History – Ancient History in depth: Overview: From Neolithic to Bronze Age, 8000–800 BC" 5060: 4049: 3736: 3411: 3396: 3126: 2558: 2506: 2475: 2379: 2255:

Neolithic dispersal from the Near East to South Asia suggested by the time of establishment of

2152:

However, whether this diffusion was accompanied or not by human migrations is greatly debated.

2113: 1939: 1586: 853: 843: 803: 785: 680: 586: 579: 534: 292: 226: 48: 7339: 6219: 6213: 5770: 5637: 2517:

speakers to the south, facilitating the spread of rice cultivation throughout southern China.

1649:. He highlighted the importance of wheat, barley and rye, and suggested that domestication of 1296: 11794: 11730: 11604: 11297: 11223: 10997: 10992: 10930: 10869: 10806: 10754: 10747: 10293: 9989: 9527: 9434: 9111: 8891: 8176: 8152: 7197: 7173: 4315: 3466: 3112:

World population (estimated) did not rise for a few millennia after the Neolithic revolution.

3049: 2565: 2295: 2220: 2121: 1807: 1390: 906: 712: 640: 564: 124: 26: 21: 11179: 8573:

The Goddess and the Bull: Catalhoyuk, An Archaeological Journey to the Dawn of Civilization.

8041:"The Origins of Sex Differences in Human Behavior: Evolved Dispositions Versus Social Roles" 1914:. In the Eastern Fertile Crescent, evidence of cultivation of wild plants has been found in 1871:

dated to 10,800 BP. Soon after came hulled, two-row barley – found domesticated earliest at

1063:, provided the basis for centralized administrations and political structures, hierarchical 409: 12060: 12011: 12006: 11989: 11984: 11962: 11752: 11466: 11319: 11211: 11115: 10908: 10593: 10392: 10203: 10067: 9939: 9832: 9673: 9616: 9597: 9562: 9356: 9192: 8841: 8794: 8330: 7869: 7292: 7230: 7046: 6973: 6895: 6676: 6385: 6253: 6163: 6093: 5703: 5052: 4988: 4663: 4388: 4320: 4305: 4295: 4032: 3407: 2785: 2525: 2456: 1489: 1472:

suggested that the Neolithic Revolution originated over long periods of development in the

1277: 858: 399: 329: 250: 236: 112: 10563: 6297: 6280: 4470:(5 ed.). Malden, Massachusetts: John Wiley & Sons (published 2009). p. 250. 3108: 1591:

Once agriculture started gaining momentum, around 9000 BP, human activity resulted in the

8: 12050: 11715: 11520: 11353: 10886: 10759: 10640: 10615: 10145: 10140: 9668: 9587: 9507: 9380: 8809: 6962:"Prehistoric evolution of the dualistic structure mixed rice and millet farming in China" 6598:"Ancient DNA from European Early Neolithic Farmers Reveals Their Near Eastern Affinities" 3368: 3312: 3295: 3240: 2925: 2829: 2634: 2585: 2499: 2128:

age determinations for early Neolithic sites had become available. In 1973, Ammerman and

2019: 2011: 1984: 1736: 1281: 1158: 1033: 1000: 848: 780: 394: 278: 211: 8334: 8319:"Emergence of human-adapted Salmonella enterica is linked to the Neolithization process" 7959: 7873: 7775: 7296: 7234: 7050: 6977: 6899: 6680: 6389: 6257: 6167: 6097: 5708: 5056: 4992: 4667: 4392: 12101: 12001: 11904: 11806: 11619: 10801: 10531: 10497: 10022: 9737: 9658: 9368: 9290: 9116: 9032: 8444: 8419: 8359: 8318: 8293: 8266: 8219: 8180: 8172: 8133: 8009: 7890: 7857: 7467: 7315: 7280: 7253: 7218: 7126: 7101: 7064: 6989: 6926: 6883: 6803: 6768: 6699: 6664: 6632: 6597: 6554: 6439:

Peltenburg, E.J.; Wasse, Alexander; Council for British Research in the Levant (2004).

6409: 6124: 6081: 5918: 5844: 5736: 5691: 5589: 5570: 5562: 5497: 5382: 5292: 5147: 5086: 5017: 4976: 4867: 4859: 4733: 4624: 4589: 4565: 4412: 3929: 3518: 3023: 2731:

was first domesticated in West Africa. Other crops domesticated in West Africa include

2677: 2359:

The agricultural centre in northern China is believed to be the homelands of the early

2323: 1891: 1876: 1715: 1678: 1592: 1469: 1076: 1072: 1068: 675: 621: 452: 324: 155: 7606: 5692:"Composite Sickles and Cereal Harvesting Methods at 23,000-Years-Old Ohalo II, Israel" 4847: 3748: 2688:, were re-domesticated in Africa possibly as early as 5,000 years ago. Asian yams and 2027: 1930:

has been identified at around fifty sites in Lebanon around the source springs of the

12043: 12033: 12023: 11972: 11629: 11547: 10841: 10826: 10811: 10791: 10682: 10661: 10472: 10315: 10165: 10130: 9727: 9467: 9363: 8960: 8933: 8881: 8851: 8629: 8614: 8592: 8576: 8561: 8546: 8449: 8400: 8364: 8346: 8298: 8245: 8184: 8137: 8125: 8001: 7936: 7895: 7726: 7654: 7610: 7573: 7546: 7507: 7408: 7372: 7347: 7342:. In Golson, Jack; Denham, Tim; Hughes, Philip; Swadling, Pamela; Muke, John (eds.). 7320: 7258: 7177: 7166: 7131: 6993: 6961: 6931: 6913: 6831: 6808: 6790: 6704: 6637: 6619: 6558: 6447: 6401: 6373: 6345: 6302: 6223: 6179: 6129: 6111: 6022: 5982: 5910: 5893: 5868: 5803: 5776: 5741: 5723: 5595: 5574: 5525: 5405: 5386: 5284: 5227: 5151: 5139: 5078: 5022: 5004: 4851: 4799: 4729: 4679: 4629: 4611: 4557: 4549: 4471: 4438: 4404: 4135: 4118: 3947: 3936: 3918: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3886: 3871: 3845: 3830: 3475: 3421: 3372: 3349:

before recorded contact with European explorers or colonists. Some cultures like the

3321: 3156: 3152: 3148: 2837: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2758: 2546: 2483: 2468: 2460: 2368: 2153: 2124:

to Europe was first studied quantitatively in the 1970s, when a sufficient number of

2097: 1811: 1631: 1561: 1541: 1517: 1421: 1323:(1936). Childe introduced it as the first in a series of agricultural revolutions in 1182: 1174: 1166: 899: 750: 595: 315: 269: 8013: 7471: 7068: 6413: 5922: 5615: 5296: 5090: 4871: 4737: 4569: 4416: 3310:. Ancient microbial genomics has shown that progenitors to human-adapted strains of 2451:

There are two possible centres of domestication for rice. The first is in the lower

12038: 11945: 11688: 11471: 11271: 11191: 11147: 10947: 10769: 10620: 10580: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10017: 9954: 9934: 9918: 9713: 9522: 9482: 9197: 9155: 9047: 8938: 8846: 8831: 8439: 8431: 8392: 8354: 8338: 8288: 8278: 8211: 8164: 8117: 8052: 7993: 7926: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7718: 7691: 7602: 7459: 7344:

Ten Thousand Years of Cultivation at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea

7310: 7300: 7248: 7238: 7121: 7113: 7054: 6981: 6921: 6903: 6798: 6780: 6694: 6684: 6627: 6609: 6546: 6393: 6292: 6261: 6171: 6148: 6119: 6101: 5966: 5902: 5865:

Préhistoire de l'agriculture: nouvelles approches expérimentales et ethnographiques

5848: 5836: 5731: 5713: 5649: 5554: 5372: 5364: 5276: 5131: 5070: 5012: 4996: 4843: 4779: 4725: 4671: 4619: 4601: 4541: 4437:. Vol. 1 (concise ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. p. 23. 4396: 4248: 4122: 3866: 3801: 3715: 3668: 3605: 3523: 3080: 2916: 2795: 2685: 2650: 2577: 2554: 2491: 2395: 2249: 2070: 1965: 1816: 1682: 1398: 1394: 1370: 1366: 1331: 1316: 1154: 833: 760: 480: 141: 37: 11530: 11486: 8168: 8153:""Lording It over the Goddess: Water, Gender, and Human-Environmental Relations."" 5981:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers (published 2007). p. 89. 5427:

Rise of Civilization: From Early Hunters to Urban Society in the Ancient Near East

11919: 11889: 11651: 11579: 11557: 11515: 11410: 11380: 11245: 11240: 10891: 10774: 10345: 10052: 10042: 9762: 9472: 9172: 8908: 8121: 7954: 7648: 7501: 7463: 7400: 7305: 6960:

He, Keyang; Lu, Houyuan; Zhang, Jianping; Wang, Can; Huan, Xiujia (7 June 2017).

6908: 6878: 6785: 6763: 6726: 6689: 6614: 6471: 6440: 6339: 6106: 6076: 6014: 5974: 5971:"Origins and ecological effects of early domestication in Iran and the Near East" 5970: 5718: 5623: 5221: 4916: 4710: 4675: 4545: 4463: 4335: 4161: 4140: 4075: 4025: 3835: 3761: 3342: 3186: 3151:, points out that agriculture brought about deep social divisions and encouraged 3122: 2930: 2825: 2747: 2736: 2597: 2353: 2341: 2327: 2089: 1927: 1924: 1853: 1615: 1572:

finds shed new light on cereal harvesting techniques some 8,000 years before the

1434: 1346: 1178: 1146: 1137: 973: 695: 685: 645: 497: 179: 4340: 3696: 3175: 2116:

populations (5,500–4,900 calibrated BP) and modern Western Eurasian populations.

12028: 11955: 11777: 11742: 11673: 11562: 11434: 11142: 10727: 10717: 10538: 10519: 9999: 9827: 9790: 9128: 8606: 8056: 7809: 7340:"Phase 4: Major Disposal Channels, Slot-Like Ditches and Grid-Patterned Fields" 7031: 6871: 6756: 6719: 6175: 6069: 5756: 5135: 4325: 4252: 4179: 4099: 3952: 3806: 3380: 3248: 3224: 3045: 2852: 2681: 2663: 2550: 2472: 2464: 2407: 2387: 2372: 2170: 2129: 1999: 1903: 1841: 1686: 1627: 1565: 1553: 1477: 1265: 1200:

can adversely affect health even while making it possible to feed more people.

1170: 1113: 1032:

based in built-up villages and towns. These societies radically modified their

216: 8483: 8342: 7722: 7695: 7059: 6550: 6473:

Inventory of Stone-Age Sites in Lebanon: North, South and East-Central Lebanon

6265: 5840: 3700: 2444:

basin. Rice was domesticated in this region, together with the development of

1252:

in the local environment while grain storage attracted additional insects and

12085: 11914: 11899: 11845: 11823: 11720: 11708: 11624: 11493: 11375: 11336: 11324: 11312: 11024: 10935: 10864: 10605: 10548: 10526: 10435: 10367: 10362: 10340: 10107: 9857: 9837: 9322: 9187: 9145: 9091: 8913: 8734: 8626:

The Food Crisis in Prehistory: Overpopulation and the Origins of Agriculture.

8350: 8129: 8074: 7730: 7614: 7536: 6985: 6917: 6794: 6623: 6115: 5727: 5143: 5040: 5008: 4855: 4683: 4615: 4606: 4553: 4004: 3268: 3264: 3180: 3076: 3019: 2968: 2868: 2799: 2716: 2510: 2452: 2441: 2364: 1953: 1701: 1662: 1642: 1462: 1450: 1417: 1413: 1354: 1285: 1244:

may have increased crop yields but also would have promoted proliferation of

1150: 1041: 1017: 992: 961: 490: 165: 56: 10455: 7243: 6397: 5906: 5280: 5074: 5043:; Bellwood, P. (2003). "Farmers and Their Languages: The First Expansions". 4400: 2356:

can be separated into two broad regions, Northern China and Southern China.

11833: 11789: 11770: 11725: 11525: 11449: 11206: 11201: 11157: 10784: 10666: 10630: 10610: 10462: 10440: 10352: 10094: 9242: 9101: 9076: 8918: 8876: 8821: 8779: 8453: 8404: 8368: 8302: 8283: 8005: 7940: 7899: 7650:

The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory: Why Did Foragers Become Farmers?

7566:

Fage, J. D.; Clark, John Desmond; Oliver, Roland Anthony (29 August 1975).

7324: 7262: 7135: 6935: 6812: 6708: 6641: 6405: 6374:"Emergence of Agriculture in the Foothills of the Zagros Mountains of Iran" 6306: 6279:

Ozkan, H.; Brandolini, A.; Schäfer-Pregl, R.; Salamini, F. (October 2002).

6183: 6133: 5914: 5745: 5654: 5288: 5223:

The Agricultural Revolution in Prehistory: Why did Foragers become Farmers?

5082: 5026: 4784: 4767: 4633: 4561: 4408: 4290: 4257: 4224: 4210: 4204: 4093: 4081: 3923: 3860: 3855: 3721: 3376: 3260: 3130: 3088: 3030: 2833: 2732: 2724: 2649:

is thought to have developed from the original Neolithic Revolution in the

2529: 2503: 2383: 2360: 2291: 1948: 1931: 1915: 1909: 1899: 1880: 1731:, wild barley and wild oats were cultivated at the early Neolithic site of 1705: 1619: 1545: 1428: 1386: 1186: 1096: 1088: 969: 606: 187: 160: 11882: 7981: 7219:"Molecular evidence for a single evolutionary origin of domesticated rice" 6828:

The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE–200 CE

5824: 5368: 4890: 3294:

diseases jumped from the animal to the human population. Some examples of

2871:. In what is now the eastern United States, Native Americans domesticated 1974:

Spread of farming from Southwest Asia to Europe, between 9600 and 3800 BCE

11872: 11862: 11818: 11813: 11765: 11703: 11666: 11639: 11540: 11510: 11385: 11307: 11228: 11216: 10977: 10962: 10952: 10923: 10881: 10796: 10764: 10712: 10645: 10482: 10357: 10214: 10112: 9926: 9806: 9747: 9639: 9232: 9167: 9150: 9123: 9096: 9081: 9057: 8928: 8769: 8697: 7117: 4459: 3941: 3741: 3540: 3350: 3276: 3212: 3072: 3053: 3011: 2856: 2642: 2609: 2589: 2445: 2093: 1720: 1342:. Everywhere, this transition is associated with a change from a largely 1324: 1221: 1205: 1197: 1141: 1104: 977: 655: 366: 361: 231: 81: 9403: 8558:

Prehistoric Figurines: Representation and Corporeality in the Neolithic.

4863: 4826: 12016: 11909: 11867: 11683: 11646: 11609: 11505: 11092: 11004: 10831: 10732: 10705: 10625: 10423: 10377: 10288: 10256: 10122: 10032: 9964: 9847: 9811: 9768: 9532: 8923: 8871: 8866: 8749: 8396: 8223: 8199: 5690:

Nadel, Dani; Weiss, Ehud; Groman-Yaroslavski, Iris (23 November 2016).

5618:". Social Evolution & History. Volume 6, Number 2. September 2007. 5566: 5402:

The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies

5377: 4345: 4216: 4167: 4037: 3963: 3775: 3691: 3057: 2601: 2581: 2495: 2376: 2306:

varieties of wheat is limited to Northern Levant and Southern Turkey.

1861: 1756: 1748: 1552:, a 23,000-years-old fisher-hunter-gatherers' camp on the shore of the 1509: 1485: 1409: 1241: 1237: 1213: 1118: 1037: 1036:

by means of specialized food-crop cultivation, with activities such as

660: 611: 382: 192: 145: 120: 66: 7997: 5000: 2557:. Bellwood (2011) proposes that this may have been the impetus of the 1978:

Archaeologists trace the emergence of food-producing societies in the

999:

and animals happened in separate locations worldwide, starting in the

11924: 11693: 11678: 11276: 11261: 11186: 11169: 11087: 10972: 10913: 10903: 10898: 10821: 10700: 10588: 10514: 10281: 10271: 10009: 9751: 9703: 9678: 9663: 9133: 8861: 7931: 7914: 6218:(1. paperback ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press. p. 5325: 5250:, Proc. Int. CANeW Round Table, Istanbul 23–24 November 2001, (2002) 3779: 3550: 3452: 3338: 3299: 3244: 3164: 3064: 3015: 2991: 2964: 2944: 2935: 2904: 2880: 2872: 2593: 2576:. They also came into contact with the early agricultural centres of 2256: 2241:

Early Neolithic sites in the Near East and South Asia 10,000–3,800 BP

2161: 2125: 2037:, and contain the plants and animals domesticated in Southwest Asia: 1846: 1752: 1513: 1339: 1335: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1021: 981: 965: 670: 591: 485: 206: 70: 8215: 7407:. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. pp. 239–248. 7371:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144–179. 6278: 5558: 5262:"Origins of Agriculture at Kuk Swamp in the Highlands of New Guinea" 2440:

The agricultural centres in southern China are clustered around the

2310:

granaries are common to both Mehrgarh and many Mesopotamian sites.

1393:

in 1948, suggests that agriculture began in the hilly flanks of the

11698: 11634: 11481: 11439: 11174: 11082: 10957: 10779: 10742: 10722: 10102: 10027: 9984: 9974: 9944: 9887: 9699: 8826: 8435: 6149:"The complex origins of domesticated crops in the Fertile Crescent" 4230: 3979: 3969: 3788: 3783: 3633: 3513: 3303: 3282: 3041: 2876: 2860: 2753: 2740: 2728: 2667: 2654: 2433: 2429: 2287: 2275: 2023: 2003: 1857: 1732: 1697: 1658: 1573: 1549: 1446: 1420:

posit an increasingly sedentary population that expanded up to the

1289: 1249: 1162: 1092: 1064: 1009: 1004: 616: 197: 94: 25:

Map of Southwest Asia showing the main archaeological sites of the

16:

Transition in human history from hunter-gatherer to settled peoples

8381: 6661:

Original text published under Creative Commons license CC BY 4.0:

5937:"Tamed 11,400 Years Ago, Figs Were Likely First Domesticated Crop" 5867:. Monographie du CRA 6. Paris: Editions du CNRS. p. 124–132. 4658:. Impact of rapid environmental changes on humans and ecosystems. 1906:

noted that the settlers of Aswad did not domesticate on site, but

1820:

The Neolithic is characterized by fixed human settlements and the

11760: 11552: 11498: 11444: 11266: 11072: 10982: 10836: 10737: 10695: 10558: 10477: 10430: 10418: 10037: 9979: 9182: 9138: 9106: 6882:

Shukurov, Anvar; Sarson, Graeme R.; Gangal, Kavita (7 May 2014).

6870:

Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

6755:

Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

6718:

Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

6068:

Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

5755:

Material was copied from this source, which is available under a

4977:"Mapping Post-Glacial expansions: The Peopling of Southwest Asia" 4234: 4150: 4112: 4060: 3839: 3765: 3754: 3687: 3664: 3527: 3330: 3325: 3307: 3272: 3228: 3134: 3061: 3034: 2807: 2720: 2673: 2670:

culture and the arrival of crops and animals from the Near East.

2605: 2573: 2514: 2403: 2279: 2133: 2038: 2034: 2015: 2007: 1995: 1944: 1872: 1761: 1623: 1600: 1350: 1343: 1253: 1049: 1029: 665: 2695:

The most famous crop domesticated in the Ethiopian highlands is

2340:

Spatial distribution of rice, millet and mixed farming sites in

1747:

Once early farmers perfected their agricultural techniques like

1610: 11828: 11365: 11343: 11196: 11132: 11077: 10467: 10445: 10413: 10387: 9160: 9086: 8754: 8744: 4975:

Zalloua, Pierre A.; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth (6 January 2017).

4711:"From Foraging To Farming: Explaining The Neolithic Revolution" 4433:

Pollard, Elizabeth; Rosenberg, Clifford; Tigor, Robert (2015).

4197: 4154: 4065: 3895: 3891: 3810: 3533: 3508: 3494: 3334: 3287: 3202: 3084: 2940: 2864: 2704: 2696: 2542: 2487: 2264: 2166: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2066: 2050: 2046: 1979: 1884: 1852:

Finds of large quantities of seeds and a grinding stone at the

1833: 1790: 1784: 1774:

Genetic analysis on the spread of barley from 9,000 to 2,000 BP

1666: 1635: 1604: 1557: 1501: 1473: 1276:

Evolution of temperatures in the Post-Glacial period after the

1245: 1209: 521: 9608: 8666: 8509:"When the First Farmers Arrived in Europe, Inequality Evolved" 7346:. terra australis. Vol. 46. ANU Press. pp. 239–268. 6372:

Riehl, Simone; Zeidi, Mohsen; Conard, Nicholas (5 July 2013).

6147:

Brown, T. A.; Jones, M. K.; Powell, W.; Allaby, R. G. (2009).

6015:"Ancient Agricultural Systems in Dry Regions of the Old World" 3259:

Compared to foragers, Neolithic farmers' diets were higher in

2997: 1309:

Associations of wild cereals and other wild grasses in Israel.

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Consortium, the Genographic; Cooper, Alan (9 November 2010).

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2920: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2689: 2608:, bringing Southeast Asian food plants, including rice, to 2058: 1919: 1704:(in modern Syria), and lentils quickly spread south to the 1670: 1650: 1537:

Composite sickles for cereal harvesting at 23,000-Years-Old

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Agriculture spread to Central and Southern Africa in the

2653:. Many grinding stones are found with the early Egyptian 2406:

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Against the Grain: a Deep History of the Earliest States

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The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals

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Map of the world in 2000 BCE, just after the end of the

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Pattern of the Past: Studies in honour of David Clarke

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