712:
568:
developed in different parts of the world at different times. In many places, people learned how to cultivate without outside help; elsewhere, as in western Europe, the skills were imported. A decrease in human height accompanied the rise of agriculture near the start of the
Holocene period (10,000
626:
is by far the most widespread and the most resistant to decay. All locations and generations developed their own shapes, sizes and styles of pottery, including methods and styles of decoration, but there was consistency among stratified deposits and even shards can be classified by time and place.
430:
epoch that is generally believed to have begun c. 9700 BC (c. 11.7 ka) and is the current geological epoch. It is impossible to precisely date events that happened around the time of this millennium, and all dates mentioned here are estimates mostly based on geological analysis, anthropological
677:
Kenyon discovered vessels such as bowls, cups, and plates at
Jericho which were made from stone. She reasonably surmised that others made from wood or vegetable fibres would have long since decayed. Using Evans' system as a benchmark, Kenyon divided the Near East Neolithic into phases called
534:, though at first, the dog was probably the only domesticated animal. This was accompanied by a social revolution in that humans gained from agriculture the impetus to settle. Settlement is the key precursor to civilisation, which cannot be achieved by a nomadic lifestyle.
613:
grown in the Middle East, possibly in this millennium but more likely after 9000 BC. By about 9500 BC, people in south-eastern
Anatolia were harvesting wild grasses and grains. The earliest evidence of sheep herding has been found in northern Iraq, dated before 9000 BC.
1099:
For the
Holocene, dates are relative to the year 2000 (e.g. Greenlandian began 11,700 years before 2000). For the beginning of the Northgrippian a date of 8,236 years before 2000 has been set. The Meghalayan has been set to begin 4,250 years before 2000.
605:, which included the Levant, but it would not be widely practised for another 2,000 years by which time Neolithic culture was becoming well established in many parts of the Near East. Among the earliest cultivated plants were forms of
471:
began. This was a temporary reversal of climatic warming to glacial conditions in the
Northern Hemisphere and coincided with the end of the Upper Palaeolithic. The Younger Dryas ceased c. 9700 BC, marking the cutover from
1196:. This process is believed to have been complete by about the beginning of the 10th millennium. Bass Strait had been a plain populated by indigenous people who are thought to have first arrived around 40,000 years ago.
597:
valley sometime after the middle of the 10th millennium. Besides the fig trees, the people may have begun cultivation of wild plants such as barley and pistachio; and they possibly began herding goats, pigs and cattle.
1434:
1410:
This proposal on behalf of the SQS has been approved by the
International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) and formally ratified by the Executive Committee of the International Union of Geological Sciences
774:
was widely distributed throughout North
America. The people were hunter-gatherers and the culture's duration is believed to have been from c.9050 BC to c.8800 BC. There is evidence of increasing use of
588:
where there is evidence of building between 9600 BC and 8200 BC. Dates for the
Natufian are indeterminate and range broadly from c. 13,050 BC to c. 7550 BC. It is possible that the early cultivation of
2134:
545:, growing to forty million by 5000 BC and 100 million by 1600 BC, which is an average growth rate of 0.027% p.a. from the Neolithic to the Middle Bronze Age. Around 10,000 BC, most people lived in
1533:Özer, Başak Koca; Sağır, Mehmet; Özer, İsmail (March 2011). "Secular changes in the height of the inhabitants of Anatolia (Turkey) from the 10th millennium B.C. to the 20th century A.D.".
2095:
1945:
1247:
Series/Epochs. The
Holocene has been assigned an age of 11,700 calendar years before 2000 CE which means it began c. 9700 BC in the 10th millennium. It is preceded in the
580:
through the 10th millennium and was unusual in that it supported a sedentary or semi-sedentary population even before the introduction of agriculture. An early example is
584:, which may have been the first village in which people were wholly sedentary. The Natufian people are believed to have founded another early settlement on the site of
627:
Pottery is believed to have been discovered independently in various places, beginning with China c. 18,000 BC, and was probably created accidentally by fires lit on
1424:
1754:
1721:
698:. In the 10th millennium, the Natufian culture co-existed with the PPNA which prevailed in the Levantine and upper Mesopotamian areas of the Fertile Crescent.
1103:'Tarantian' is an informal, unofficial name proposed for a stage/age to replace the equally informal, unofficial 'Upper Pleistocene' subseries/subepoch.
654:
in twelve phases from c. 2800 BC to c. 1050 BC and the principle was later extended to mainland Greece (Helladic) and the Aegean islands (Cycladic). Dame
846:
which is dated to this millennium, it was determined that the people created cult structures and had a culture for religious purposes during the early
2325:
2232:
2273:
2173:
541:, c. 10,000 BC, is believed to have been more or less stable. It has been estimated that there were some five million people at the time of the
2103:
1290:
at 10,000 BC (with the year 2024 being rendered as 12024 HE). The Human Era calendar attempts to simplify the calculation of time spans across
2368:
2251:
1171:
639:(c.9400 BC) in Central Mali, providing evidence of an independent invention of pottery in Sub-Saharan Africa in different climatic zones.
492:
1263:
sub-epoch, or
Chibanian Stage/Age, which also awaits ratification and tentatively spans the time from c. 773,000 BC to c. 126,000 BC. The
834:
consists of religious places in which feasts were held in this millennium that were found in the archaeological excavations conducted in
1917:
Watson, Derek J. (2 October 2017). "Bosumpra revisited: 12,500 years on the Kwahu Plateau, Ghana, as viewed from 'On top of the hill'".
1378:
1256:
511:
in July 2018. It has been proposed that the Meghalayan should be terminated c. 1950 and succeeded by a new stage provisionally called "
2272:@NatGeoUK. “Five UNESCO World Heritage Sites to Visit on a 2023 Cruise.” National Geographic, Jeannine Williamson, 9 December 2022,
1094:
508:
2231:
Press, Associated. “Mystery Metal Monolith in Turkish Field Turns out to Be a Government Gimmick.” Press Herald, 9 February 2021,
642:
The first chronological pottery system was the Early, Middle and Late Minoan framework devised in the early 20th century by Sir
1483:
Biraben, Jean-Noël (1979). "Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes" [Essay on the evolution of the number of men].
217:
1953:
2837:
2818:
2799:
2777:
2756:
2737:
2718:
2696:
2677:
2656:
2637:
2616:
2590:
2569:
2548:
2522:
2500:
2060:
2899:
Kislev, M. E.; Hartmann, A.; Bar-Yosef, O. (2006b). "Response to Comment on "Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley"".
2936:
Lev-Yadun, S.; Ne'Eman, G.; Abbo, S.; Flaishman, M. A. (2006). "Comment on "Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley"".
1130:. There are many regional subdivisions for the Upper or Late Pleistocene; usually these represent locally recognized cold (
1713:
2994:
1895:
522:(New Stone) Age which lasted about 6,000 years, depending on location. The gradual transition period is sometimes termed
377:
1744:
1203:
had sheeted much of North America and, as it retreated, its meltwaters created an immense proglacial lake now known as
2667:
1298:). CE dates can be converted by adding 10,000 years; converting BC dates requires subtraction from 10,001 (since the
1164:
496:
1267:
from c. 2,580,000 BC until c. 773,000 is sub-divided into two Stages/Ages which have been officially defined: the
1212:
394:
spanned the years 10,000 BC to 9001 BC (c. 12 ka to c. 11 ka). It marks the beginning of the transition from the
182:
1294:
by designating a more universally relevant epoch date: the start of human settlements (instead of the birth of
1259:(IUGS) and tentatively spans the time from c. 126,000 BC to c. 9700 BC. Preceding the Late Pleistocene is the
862:
period in this millennium, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited settlements in history. At the
2233:
www.pressherald.com/2021/02/09/mystery-metal-monolith-in-Turkish-field-turns-out-to-be-a-government-gimmick/
2321:
1157:
666:
had not yet been invented and, where pottery as such was made, it was still hand-built, often by means of
3156:
2274:
www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/travel/bc/2022/10/five-unesco-world-heritage-sites-to-visit-on-a-2023-cruise
3038:
2169:
1127:
538:
242:
45:
17:
2672:. PCMA Excavation Series 2. Warsaw: Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology, University of Warsaw.
464:
747:
depict human activity; some of the older paintings are thought to date back to around 10,000 BC. In
739:(Large Wild Fauna) period have been dated to between 10,000 BC and 7000 BC. Wall paintings found in
530:(Levant and Near East). The glaciers retreated as the world climate became warmer and that inspired
2854:
Kislev, M. E.; Hartmann, A.; Bar-Yosef, O. (2006a). "Early Domesticated Fig in the Jordan Valley".
2787:
2669:
Tell Qaramel 1999–2007. Protoneolithic and early Pre-Pottery Neolithic settlement in Northern Syria
1345:
2360:
2195:
Magli, Giulio (July 2016). "Sirius and the project of the megalithic enclosures at Gobekli Tepe".
850:
period and that they held feasts in which they offered foods while performing these cultures. The
842:
province which is called the zero point of time. As a result of the investigations carried out in
2987:
2124:
2031:
1220:
683:
679:
370:
1817:"Evidence for food storage and predomestication granaries 11,000 years ago in the Jordan Valley"
1379:"Formal ratification of the subdivision of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period)"
3135:
622:
Prehistoric chronology is almost entirely reliant upon the dating of material objects of which
2767:
2559:
2465:
Setting the beginning of the human era at 10,000 BC would date the birth of Christ at 10,000
336:
2627:
2580:
1248:
920:
910:
783:
554:
306:
38:
2287:
803:
2945:
2908:
2863:
2438:
2399:
1828:
1629:
1200:
930:
542:
531:
499:, which has been correlated with the Younger Dryas. The Greenlandian was succeeded by the "
484:
455:
441:
320:
233:
1255:
sub-epoch, also known as the Tarantian Stage/Age, which awaits formal ratification by the
8:
2649:
Life in Neolithic farming communities: social organization, identity, and differentiation
2600:
1139:
480:
450:
301:
2949:
2912:
2867:
2862:(5778). Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1372–1374.
2442:
2403:
1832:
1633:
146:
3161:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
2980:
2887:
2605:
2204:
1859:
1816:
1652:
1617:
1500:
1299:
1260:
755:
363:
296:
194:
67:
2127:"Establishing a Radiocarbon Sequence for Göbekli Tepe. State of Research and New Data"
446:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3048:
2961:
2924:
2879:
2833:
2814:
2795:
2773:
2752:
2733:
2714:
2692:
2673:
2652:
2633:
2612:
2586:
2565:
2544:
2518:
2496:
2456:
1864:
1846:
1749:
1657:
1550:
1397:
1279:
1272:
1264:
1115:
1030:
826:
in this millennium. This most important discovery shedding light on the beginning of
748:
695:
687:
671:
667:
663:
546:
224:
168:
77:
2944:(5806). Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1683a.
2907:(5806). Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: 1683b.
2891:
751:, a culture of hunter-gatherers replaced a grain grinding culture in 10,000 BC. The
2953:
2916:
2871:
2446:
2407:
2214:
2030:
Editor, A. D. C. “All about Egypt - Africa.com.” www.africa.com, 12 February 2019,
1926:
1854:
1836:
1647:
1637:
1542:
1492:
1393:
1252:
1001:
915:
732:
716:
602:
573:
518:
In the Holocene's first millennium, the Palaeolithic began to be superseded by the
331:
257:
198:
31:
2390:
Gibbard, P.L. (2015). "The Quaternary System/Period and its major sub-divisions".
2056:
1930:
711:
557:. As the WĂĽrm/Wisconsin ended, settlement of northern regions was again possible.
2510:
2490:
1283:
1111:
940:
925:
883:
851:
759:
655:
581:
527:
407:
291:
250:
228:
2125:
Dietrich, Oliver; Köksal-Schmidt, Çigdem; Notroff, Jens; Schmidt, Klaus (2016).
843:
835:
823:
799:
690:(PN), which had varied start-points from c. 6500 BC until the beginnings of the
635:(early tenth-millennium cal. BC) on the Kwahu Plateau in southeastern Ghana and
467:
from 14 ka to 12.9 ka, during which global temperatures rose significantly, the
3033:
3028:
3023:
2536:
2486:
1821:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1622:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
771:
736:
659:
585:
415:
411:
2411:
2218:
1546:
790:, were carved by this time, possibly as early as 12.8 ka or as late as 10 ka.
3150:
3052:
2706:
2361:"Old Man of the Mountain Legacy Fund: Geology of the Old Man of the Mountain"
1850:
1216:
1143:
970:
935:
875:
632:
631:
soil. The main discovery of pottery dated to the 10th millennium has been at
500:
468:
324:
275:
237:
2957:
2920:
2875:
1841:
1642:
439:
The main characteristic of the Holocene has been the worldwide abundance of
2965:
2928:
2883:
1884:"Körtik Tepe, a new Pre-Pottery Neolithic A site in south-eastern Anatolia"
1868:
1661:
1554:
1429:
1295:
1204:
1135:
983:
811:
776:
643:
594:
512:
488:
460:
395:
353:
2460:
1883:
1235:
System/Period represents the last 2.58 million years since the end of the
662:(ancient Jericho) and she discovered that there was no pottery there. The
3015:
1597:
1425:"The Anthropocene epoch: scientists declare dawn of human-influenced age"
1240:
1185:
1123:
996:
887:
859:
565:
473:
204:
162:
2302:
1344:
Cohen, K. M.; Finney, S. C.; Gibbard, P. L.; Fan, J.-X. (January 2020).
3011:
3003:
2532:
1504:
1291:
1232:
1074:
957:
947:
902:
827:
819:
818:, may have been occupied during this millennium. It was found out that
691:
651:
550:
523:
504:
403:
263:
187:
57:
1616:
Grosman, Leore; Munro, Natalie; Belfer-Cohen, Anna (1 December 2008).
2451:
2426:
2131:
NEO-LITHICS 1/13 the Newsletter of Southwest Asian Neolithic Research
1303:
1193:
1119:
1107:
1039:
1017:
1010:
879:
863:
847:
636:
519:
423:
399:
312:
271:
138:
88:
1573:
1496:
601:
Agriculture began to be developed by the various communities of the
2149:
2126:
1618:"A 12,000-year-old Shaman Burial from the Southern Levant (Israel)"
1268:
1244:
1189:
1184:
In the southern hemisphere, rising sea levels had gradually formed
1067:
1046:
952:
831:
807:
752:
740:
427:
286:
153:
2340:
2252:"GASTRONOMIC FINDINGS IN GOBEKLITEPE-ANATOLIA. 10TH MILLENNIUM BC"
2209:
491:" (to c. 6236 BC). The starting point for the Greenlandian is the
2935:
1682:
1236:
1208:
1131:
1060:
744:
720:
647:
623:
341:
858:
is believed to have been the site of human settlement since the
2687:
Milner, Nicky; Conneller, Chantal; Taylor, Barry, eds. (2018).
2582:
Wadi Hammeh 27, an Early Natufian Settlement at Pella in Jordan
871:
867:
787:
606:
577:
419:
1392:(4). Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS): 213–223.
2629:
Times of Neolithic Transition along the Western Mediterranean
1287:
1106:
In Europe and North America, the Holocene is subdivided into
874:, almost all archaeological data date to this millennium. In
855:
815:
724:
590:
279:
211:
2972:
569:
BC) and was later correlated with urban population density.
2689:
Star Carr, Volume 1: A Persistent Place in a Changing World
2625:
1603:
890:
peoples for about 800 years from c. 9335 BC to c. 8525 BC.
839:
628:
610:
176:
2288:"INTANGIBLE CONCEPTS ON OBJECTS FROM THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD"
1990:
1988:
1774:
1772:
2626:
GarcĂa-Puchol, Oreto; Salazar-GarcĂa, Domingo C. (2017).
1461:
1316:
2898:
2853:
2096:"Oldest North American Rock Art May Be 14,800 Years Old"
1695:
1693:
1691:
1678:
1674:
1615:
2561:
World Prehistory and Archaeology: Pathways Through Time
2292:
International Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences
2032:
www.africa.com/heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-egypt/
2000:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1952:. Berne: Swiss Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from
1769:
1516:
1514:
2666:
Mazurowski, Ryszard F.; Kanjou, Youssef, eds. (2012).
2245:
2243:
2241:
2012:
1796:
1449:
1093:
Subdivision of the Quaternary Period according to the
2686:
2308:
1784:
1745:"The world's first farmers were surprisingly diverse"
1688:
1585:
1343:
426:) periods, which together form the first part of the
2492:
First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies
2075:
1968:
1561:
1511:
507:". All three stages were officially ratified by the
2238:
2037:
549:communities scattered across all continents except
2832:(2nd ed.). New York City: Pearson Education.
2604:
2599:
1714:"First Buildings May Have Been Community Centers"
1579:
3148:
2665:
2155:
1946:"Swiss archaeologist digs up West Africa's past"
686:(PPNB), from c. 8800 BC to c. 6500 BC; and then
445:(humankind). The epoch began in the wake of the
2727:
2611:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans.
2346:
2286:Pamuk, Serkan; Kaya, Yakup (31 December 2022).
1711:
487:of the Holocene beginning c. 9700 BC with the "
2772:. University Park, Pennsylvania: Eisenbrauns.
2732:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
1814:
701:
30:"10,000 BC" redirects here. For the film, see
2988:
2256:Journal of Gastronomy, Hospitality and Travel
1532:
1165:
371:
2543:(Fourth ed.). London: Macmillan Press.
1742:
560:
493:Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point
2603:; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B. (2000).
2249:
1376:
1207:. Sometime after 10,000 BC, the retreating
2995:
2981:
2531:
1778:
1422:
1377:Mike Walker; et al. (December 2018).
1351:. International Commission on Stratigraphy
1257:International Union of Geological Sciences
1172:
1158:
802:, which is home to megalithic structures,
453:, which began 109 ka and ended 14 ka when
378:
364:
2746:
2509:
2450:
2285:
2250:Girgen, Mete Ăśnal; Oktay, Serdar (2022).
2208:
2093:
2018:
1919:Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa
1858:
1840:
1651:
1641:
1467:
1455:
1346:"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"
1322:
682:(PPNA), from c. 10,000 BC to c. 8800 BC;
2792:Shorter Illustrated History of the World
2728:Ojakangas, R. W.; Matsch, C. L. (1982).
2485:
2424:
2418:
2167:
1994:
897:
893:
710:
509:International Commission on Stratigraphy
27:Millennium between 10,000 BC and 9001 BC
2786:
2765:
2578:
2389:
2383:
2352:
2324:. Canberra: National Museum Australia.
2059:. Edinburgh: Encyclopaedia Britannica.
1943:
1802:
1699:
1604:GarcĂa-Puchol & Salazar-GarcĂa 2017
1591:
1520:
1482:
1226:
762:have been dated c. 9660 to c. 9180 BC.
14:
3149:
2827:
2808:
2705:
2557:
2081:
2006:
1979:
1916:
1881:
1815:Kuijt, I.; Finlayson, B. (June 2009).
1808:
1790:
1679:Kislev, Hartmann & Bar-Yosef 2006b
1675:Kislev, Hartmann & Bar-Yosef 2006a
1567:
886:is believed to have been inhabited by
218:Recent African origin of modern humans
2976:
2713:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
2691:. York: White Rose University Press.
2646:
2365:www.oldmanofthemountainlegacyfund.org
2194:
2043:
1724:from the original on 12 November 2015
1478:
1476:
1423:Carrington, Damian (29 August 2016).
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
483:, there are three (tentatively four)
2794:. Abingdon: Helicon Publishing Ltd.
2751:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
878:, which was not then an island, the
2358:
2328:from the original on 19 August 2020
2309:Milner, Conneller & Taylor 2018
1898:from the original on 19 August 2017
1239:and is officially divided into the
735:engravings in what is known as the
658:was the principal archaeologist at
24:
2813:. London: Dorling Kindersley Ltd.
2427:"Correspondence – Calendar Reform"
2137:from the original on 13 March 2020
2063:from the original on 2 August 2020
1944:Bradley, Simon (18 January 2007).
1473:
1363:
1328:
431:analysis, and radiometric dating.
25:
3173:
1757:from the original on 30 June 2018
1437:from the original on 11 June 2020
526:(northern and western Europe) or
434:
37:. For the television series, see
2828:VisonĂ , Monica Blackmun (2008).
2607:Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible
2371:from the original on 27 May 2019
2176:from the original on 27 May 2019
1271:(until c. 1,800,000 BC) and the
782:Elsewhere in North America, the
497:North Greenland Ice Core Project
2474:
2314:
2279:
2266:
2225:
2188:
2161:
2118:
2087:
2049:
2024:
1937:
1910:
1875:
1736:
1705:
1668:
1609:
1580:Freedman, Myers & Beck 2000
463:(Old Stone) Age. Following the
2392:Russian Geology and Geophysics
1712:Balter, Michael (2 May 2011).
1526:
1416:
1211:created the rock formation on
784:Petroglyphs at Winnemucca Lake
13:
1:
3002:
1931:10.1080/0067270X.2017.1393925
1743:Gibbons, Ann (14 July 2016).
1535:Economics & Human Biology
786:, in what is today northwest
779:tool technology for hunting.
44:. For more remote dates, see
2579:Edwards, Phillip C. (2012).
2495:. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.
2170:"Intricacies of Hallan Çemi"
2156:Mazurowski & Kanjou 2012
2094:Than, Ker (15 August 2013).
1882:Ozkaya, Vecihi (June 2009).
1398:10.18814/epiiugs/2018/018016
1223:until its collapse in 2003.
73:10th millennium BC
68:11th millennium BC
7:
2847:
2747:Pankhurst, Richard (1998).
2651:. New York City: Springer.
2632:. New York City: Springer.
2347:Ojakangas & Matsch 1982
2276:. Accessed 25 January 2023.
2235:. Accessed 26 January 2023.
2168:Peasnall, Brian L. (2002).
2034:. Accessed 26 January 2023.
765:
702:Other cultural developments
503:" (to c. 2250 BC) and the "
78:9th millennium BC
10:
3178:
2830:A History of Art in Africa
2811:Timelines of World History
1128:Blytt–Sernander time scale
793:
617:
532:an agricultural revolution
243:Origin of the domestic dog
98:100th century BC
46:Timelines of world history
29:
3047:
3010:
2766:Richard, Suzanne (2004).
2425:Emiliani, Cesare (1993).
2412:10.1016/j.rgg.2015.03.015
2219:10.1007/s00004-015-0277-1
1547:10.1016/j.ehb.2010.12.003
1153:
1087:
995:
951:
946:
939:
900:
706:
561:Beginnings of agriculture
465:Late Glacial Interstadial
449:, generally known as the
125:91st century BC
122:92nd century BC
119:93rd century BC
116:94th century BC
113:95th century BC
110:96th century BC
107:97th century BC
104:98th century BC
101:99th century BC
2809:Teeple, John B. (2002).
2769:Near Eastern archaeology
2558:Chazan, Michael (2017).
2479:
2322:"Separation of Tasmania"
1309:
806:, both in south-eastern
586:Jericho (Tell es-Sultan)
2958:10.1126/science.1132636
2921:10.1126/science.1133748
2876:10.1126/science.1125910
2564:. Abingdon: Routledge.
1842:10.1073/pnas.0812764106
1827:(27): 10, 966–10, 970.
1643:10.1073/pnas.0806030105
1221:Old Man of the Mountain
694:towards the end of the
684:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B
680:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A
495:(GSSP) sample from the
1779:Bury & Meiggs 1975
1219:that was known as the
1097:, as of January 2020.
728:
2197:Nexus Network Journal
1683:Lev-Yadun et al. 2006
1249:geological time scale
894:Environmental changes
714:
307:Pre-Pottery Neolithic
205:Homo neanderthalensis
1286:in 1993, places its
1227:Chronological method
1201:Wisconsin glaciation
1090:Notes and references
901:Subdivisions of the
646:for his findings at
543:Last Glacial Maximum
485:stratigraphic stages
456:Homo sapiens sapiens
442:Homo sapiens sapiens
321:Neolithic Revolution
234:Behavioral modernity
2950:2006Sci...314.1683L
2913:2006Sci...314.1683K
2868:2006Sci...312.1372K
2730:Minnesota's Geology
2647:Kuijt, Ian (2000).
2541:A History of Greece
2443:1993Natur.366..716E
2404:2015RuGG...56..686G
2359:Linowes, Jonathan.
2349:, pp. 106–110.
2311:, pp. 225–244.
2158:, pp. 771–781.
2106:on 20 December 2018
2100:National Geographic
1833:2009PNAS..10610966K
1634:2008PNAS..10517665G
1582:, pp. 689–691.
1142:ends with the cold
1140:last glacial period
650:. This covered the
481:geologic time scale
302:Trihedral Neolithic
3157:10th millennium BC
1300:Gregorian calendar
1261:Middle Pleistocene
804:Hallan Çemi Tepesi
729:
392:10th millennium BC
297:Shepherd Neolithic
195:Middle Paleolithic
3144:
3143:
2839:978-01-36128-72-4
2820:978-07-51337-42-6
2801:978-01-95115-04-8
2779:978-15-75060-83-5
2758:978-06-31184-68-3
2739:978-08-16609-53-6
2720:978-07-53813-92-8
2698:978-19-12482-04-7
2679:978-83-90379-63-0
2658:978-03-06461-22-4
2639:978-33-19529-39-4
2618:978-08-02824-00-4
2592:978-90-04236-09-7
2585:. Leiden: Brill.
2571:978-13-51802-89-5
2550:978-03-33154-92-2
2524:978-18-49901-15-4
2515:The Ascent of Man
2502:978-06-31205-66-1
2009:, pp. 22–24.
1470:, pp. 60–61.
1325:, pp. 59–60.
1280:Holocene calendar
1265:Early Pleistocene
1182:
1181:
1077:
1070:
1063:
822:first emerged in
749:Prehistoric Egypt
731:In North Africa,
688:Pottery Neolithic
576:prevailed in the
388:
387:
337:Pottery Neolithic
225:Upper Paleolithic
169:Lower Paleolithic
132:
131:
92:
61:
16:(Redirected from
3169:
3136:16th and earlier
2997:
2990:
2983:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2932:
2895:
2843:
2824:
2805:
2783:
2762:
2743:
2724:
2702:
2683:
2662:
2643:
2622:
2610:
2596:
2575:
2554:
2528:
2511:Bronowski, Jacob
2506:
2468:
2467:
2454:
2452:10.1038/366716b0
2422:
2416:
2415:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2283:
2277:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2247:
2236:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2102:. Archived from
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2057:"Clovis complex"
2053:
2047:
2041:
2035:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1983:
1977:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1862:
1844:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1740:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1686:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1645:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1509:
1508:
1480:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1383:
1374:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1350:
1341:
1326:
1320:
1292:the BC-CE divide
1253:Late Pleistocene
1174:
1167:
1160:
1073:
1066:
1059:
898:
814:, in north-west
733:Saharan rock art
717:Saharan rock art
603:Fertile Crescent
574:Natufian culture
539:world population
402:via the interim
380:
373:
366:
332:Khiamian culture
199:Middle Stone Age
172:Early Stone Age
134:
133:
87:
56:
53:
52:
21:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3043:
3006:
3001:
2850:
2840:
2821:
2802:
2780:
2759:
2740:
2721:
2699:
2680:
2659:
2640:
2619:
2601:Freedman, D. N.
2593:
2572:
2551:
2537:Meiggs, Russell
2525:
2517:. London: BBC.
2503:
2487:Bellwood, Peter
2482:
2477:
2472:
2471:
2423:
2419:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2284:
2280:
2271:
2267:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2226:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2172:. Penn Museum.
2166:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2138:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2042:
2038:
2029:
2025:
2017:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1986:
1978:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1956:on 6 March 2012
1942:
1938:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1880:
1876:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1797:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1770:
1760:
1758:
1741:
1737:
1727:
1725:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1689:
1673:
1669:
1628:(46): 17665–9.
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1512:
1497:10.2307/1531855
1481:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1421:
1417:
1402:
1400:
1381:
1375:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1284:Cesare Emiliani
1229:
1215:in present-day
1213:Cannon Mountain
1178:
1149:
1148:
1138:) periods. The
1091:
934:
924:
914:
896:
884:North Yorkshire
852:Sassi di Matera
796:
768:
760:Sinai Peninsula
709:
704:
656:Kathleen Kenyon
620:
563:
547:hunter-gatherer
528:Epipalaeolithic
447:WĂĽrm glaciation
437:
408:Northern Europe
384:
323:
292:Heavy Neolithic
253:
251:Epipalaeolithic
241:
229:Later Stone Age
227:
197:
183:Control of fire
171:
128:
82:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3175:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3057:
3055:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2999:
2992:
2985:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2933:
2896:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2838:
2825:
2819:
2806:
2800:
2788:Roberts, J. M.
2784:
2778:
2763:
2757:
2749:The Ethiopians
2744:
2738:
2725:
2719:
2707:Mithen, Steven
2703:
2697:
2684:
2678:
2663:
2657:
2644:
2638:
2623:
2617:
2597:
2591:
2576:
2570:
2555:
2549:
2529:
2523:
2507:
2501:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2417:
2398:(4): 686–688.
2382:
2351:
2339:
2313:
2301:
2278:
2265:
2237:
2224:
2203:(2): 337–346.
2187:
2160:
2148:
2117:
2086:
2074:
2048:
2036:
2023:
2019:Pankhurst 1998
2011:
1999:
1997:, p. 384.
1984:
1967:
1936:
1925:(4): 437–517.
1909:
1874:
1807:
1805:, p. 244.
1795:
1793:, p. 197.
1783:
1768:
1735:
1704:
1687:
1667:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1541:(2): 211–219.
1525:
1510:
1472:
1468:Bronowski 1973
1460:
1456:Bronowski 1973
1448:
1415:
1362:
1327:
1323:Bronowski 1973
1314:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1228:
1225:
1192:from mainland
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1162:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1126:stages of the
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1007:
1004:
999:
993:
992:
989:
986:
980:
979:
976:
973:
967:
966:
963:
960:
955:
950:
944:
943:
938:
928:
918:
907:
906:
895:
892:
795:
792:
772:Clovis culture
767:
764:
708:
705:
703:
700:
696:4th millennium
664:potter's wheel
660:Tell es-Sultan
619:
616:
562:
559:
436:
435:Holocene epoch
433:
416:Epipaleolithic
412:Western Europe
386:
385:
383:
382:
375:
368:
360:
357:
356:
349:
348:
347:
346:
345:
344:
334:
329:
328:
327:
310:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
283:
282:
276:Bow and Arrows
261:
260:
248:
247:
246:
245:
222:
221:
220:
215:
208:
192:
191:
190:
185:
180:
158:
157:
142:
141:
130:
129:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
95:
93:
84:
83:
81:
80:
75:
70:
64:
62:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3174:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3152:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3039:4th and later
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2993:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2841:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2711:After The Ice
2708:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2562:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2437:(6457): 716.
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2343:
2327:
2323:
2317:
2310:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2269:
2262:(1): 223–237.
2261:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2234:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2175:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2121:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2084:, p. 15.
2083:
2078:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2046:, p. 33.
2045:
2040:
2033:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2008:
2003:
1996:
1995:Bellwood 2004
1991:
1989:
1982:, p. 60.
1981:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1799:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1773:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1708:
1702:, p. 23.
1701:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1606:, p. 16.
1605:
1600:
1594:, p. 21.
1593:
1588:
1581:
1576:
1570:, p. 29.
1569:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1523:, p. 22.
1522:
1517:
1515:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1487:(in French).
1486:
1479:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1458:, p. 60.
1457:
1452:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1282:, devised by
1281:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1217:New Hampshire
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1188:, separating
1187:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1144:Younger Dryas
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
977:
974:
972:
971:Northgrippian
969:
968:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
949:
945:
942:
937:
932:
929:
927:
922:
919:
917:
912:
909:
908:
904:
899:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
876:Great Britain
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
798:The sites at
791:
789:
785:
780:
778:
773:
763:
761:
757:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
726:
723:from Anakom,
722:
718:
713:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
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2373:. Retrieved
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2196:
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2163:
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2139:. Retrieved
2130:
2120:
2108:. Retrieved
2104:the original
2099:
2089:
2077:
2065:. Retrieved
2051:
2039:
2026:
2021:, p. 5.
2014:
2002:
1958:. Retrieved
1954:the original
1949:
1939:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1891:
1887:
1877:
1824:
1820:
1810:
1803:Richard 2004
1798:
1786:
1781:, p. 6.
1759:. Retrieved
1748:
1738:
1726:. Retrieved
1717:
1707:
1700:Roberts 1993
1670:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1599:
1592:Edwards 2012
1587:
1575:
1563:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1521:Roberts 1993
1491:(1): 13–25.
1488:
1484:
1463:
1451:
1439:. Retrieved
1430:The Guardian
1428:
1418:
1409:
1401:. Retrieved
1389:
1385:
1353:. Retrieved
1318:
1296:Jesus Christ
1277:
1231:The ongoing
1230:
1205:Lake Agassiz
1198:
1183:
1136:interglacial
1134:) and warm (
1105:
1102:
1098:
984:Greenlandian
854:in southern
844:Göbekli Tepe
836:Göbekli Tepe
824:Göbekli Tepe
812:Tell Qaramel
800:Göbekli Tepe
797:
781:
777:Clovis point
769:
730:
676:
644:Arthur Evans
641:
621:
600:
595:Jordan River
582:'Ain Mallaha
571:
564:
536:
517:
513:Anthropocene
489:Greenlandian
478:
461:Palaeolithic
454:
451:Last Ice Age
440:
438:
396:Palaeolithic
391:
389:
354:Chalcolithic
311:
262:
249:
212:Homo sapiens
210:
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175:
161:
148:
72:
50:
39:
32:
2533:Bury, J. B.
2298:(3): 79–94.
2110:20 December
2082:Teeple 2002
2007:VisonĂ 2008
1980:Mithen 2003
1791:Chazan 2017
1761:20 December
1728:20 December
1568:Mithen 2003
1403:11 November
1355:23 February
1241:Pleistocene
1186:Bass Strait
1124:Subatlantic
997:Pleistocene
888:Maglemosian
860:Paleolithic
715:Example of
566:Agriculture
474:Pleistocene
459:was in the
188:Stone tools
163:Paleolithic
42:(TV series)
3151:Categories
2044:Kuijt 2000
1902:18 October
1485:Population
1233:Quaternary
1146:substage.
1075:Piacenzian
958:Meghalayan
948:Quaternary
903:Quaternary
828:gastronomy
820:gastronomy
756:tel mounds
719:depicting
692:Bronze Age
652:Bronze Age
551:Antarctica
524:Mesolithic
505:Meghalayan
404:Mesolithic
272:Microliths
264:Mesolithic
18:10,000 BCE
3162:Millennia
3004:Millennia
2539:(1975) .
2210:1307.8397
1950:SwissInfo
1888:Antiquity
1851:0027-8424
1304:year zero
1273:Calabrian
1194:Australia
1120:Subboreal
1108:Preboreal
1031:Calabrian
1018:Chibanian
880:Star Carr
866:Mound in
864:Hasankeyf
848:Neolithic
810:, and at
672:pit fired
637:Ounjougou
555:Zealandia
520:Neolithic
424:Near East
400:Neolithic
313:Neolithic
139:Stone Age
89:Centuries
58:Millennia
40:10,000 BC
33:10,000 BC
2966:17170278
2929:17170278
2892:42150441
2884:16741119
2848:Journals
2790:(1993).
2709:(2003).
2513:(1973).
2489:(2004).
2369:Archived
2326:Archived
2174:Archived
2135:Archived
2061:Archived
1896:Archived
1869:19549877
1755:Archived
1722:Archived
1662:18981412
1555:21316315
1435:Archived
1386:Episodes
1302:lacks a
1269:Gelasian
1245:Holocene
1209:glaciers
1190:Tasmania
1116:Atlantic
1068:Pliocene
1047:Gelasian
953:Holocene
882:site in
832:Anatolia
808:Anatolia
766:Americas
753:Abu Madi
741:Ethiopia
721:giraffes
428:Holocene
287:Tahunian
258:Natufian
154:Pliocene
2946:Bibcode
2938:Science
2909:Bibcode
2901:Science
2864:Bibcode
2856:Science
2461:8264791
2439:Bibcode
2400:Bibcode
2332:22 July
2067:22 July
1960:22 July
1894:(320).
1860:2700141
1829:Bibcode
1750:Science
1718:Science
1653:2584673
1630:Bibcode
1505:1531855
1251:by the
1237:Neogene
1132:glacial
1083:3.60Ma
1080:2.58Ma
1061:Neogene
1054:2.58Ma
1051:1.80Ma
1006:11,700
1002:'Upper'
991:11,700
905:Period
794:Eurasia
758:in the
745:Eritrea
737:Bubalus
668:coiling
648:Knossos
624:pottery
618:Pottery
479:In the
398:to the
342:Pottery
147:before
2964:
2927:
2890:
2882:
2836:
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2776:
2755:
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2615:
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2568:
2547:
2521:
2499:
2459:
2431:Nature
2375:27 May
2180:27 May
2141:31 May
1867:
1857:
1849:
1660:
1650:
1553:
1503:
1441:1 June
1411:(IUGS)
1122:, and
1112:Boreal
1035:774ka
1025:774ka
1022:129ka
988:8,200
978:8,200
975:4,200
965:4,200
921:Series
916:Period
911:System
872:Europe
868:Turkey
788:Nevada
707:Africa
670:, and
607:millet
578:Levant
420:Levant
414:) and
280:Canoes
238:Atlatl
35:(film)
2888:S2CID
2480:Books
2205:arXiv
1501:JSTOR
1382:(PDF)
1349:(PDF)
1310:Notes
1288:epoch
931:Stage
926:Epoch
856:Italy
816:Syria
725:Niger
3131:15th
3126:14th
3121:13th
3116:12th
3111:11th
3106:10th
2962:PMID
2925:PMID
2880:PMID
2834:ISBN
2815:ISBN
2796:ISBN
2774:ISBN
2753:ISBN
2734:ISBN
2715:ISBN
2693:ISBN
2674:ISBN
2653:ISBN
2634:ISBN
2613:ISBN
2587:ISBN
2566:ISBN
2545:ISBN
2519:ISBN
2497:ISBN
2457:PMID
2377:2019
2334:2020
2182:2019
2143:2019
2112:2018
2069:2020
1962:2020
1904:2020
1865:PMID
1847:ISSN
1763:2018
1730:2018
1658:PMID
1551:PMID
1443:2019
1405:2019
1357:2020
1278:The
1243:and
1199:The
1038:1.80
840:Urfa
770:The
743:and
629:clay
611:rice
609:and
591:figs
572:The
553:and
537:The
422:and
410:and
390:The
177:Homo
149:Homo
137:The
3101:9th
3096:8th
3091:7th
3086:6th
3081:5th
3076:4th
3071:3rd
3066:2nd
3061:1st
3049:BCE
3034:3rd
3029:2nd
3024:1st
2954:doi
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2917:doi
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2872:doi
2860:312
2447:doi
2435:366
2408:doi
2215:doi
1927:doi
1855:PMC
1837:doi
1825:106
1648:PMC
1638:doi
1626:105
1543:doi
1493:doi
1394:doi
1306:).
1095:ICS
1009:129
941:Age
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