2876:
1651:) has been observed in or near marine settings and is strongly controlled by glacial input to the North Atlantic. Periodicities of â2500, â1500, and â1000 years are generally observed in the North Atlantic. At the same time spectral analyses of the continental record, which is remote from oceanic influence, reveal persistent periodicities of 1,000 and 500 years that may correspond to solar activity variations during the Holocene Epoch. A 1,500-year cycle corresponding to the North Atlantic oceanic circulation may have had widespread global distribution in the Late Holocene. From 8,500 BP to 6,700 BP, North Atlantic climate oscillations were highly irregular and erratic because of perturbations from substantial ice discharge into the ocean from the collapsing Laurentide Ice Sheet. The Greenland ice core records indicate that climate changes became more regional and had a larger effect on the mid-to-low latitudes and mid-to-high latitudes after ~5600 B.P.
2755:. This form of lifestyle change allowed humans to develop towns and villages in centralized locations, which gave rise to the world known today. It is believed that the domestication of plants and animals began in the early part of the Holocene in the tropical areas of the planet. Because these areas had warm, moist temperatures, the climate was perfect for effective farming. Culture development and human population change, specifically in South America, has also been linked to spikes in hydroclimate resulting in climate variability in the mid-Holocene (8.2 - 4.2 k cal BP). Climate change on seasonality and available moisture also allowed for favorable agricultural conditions which promoted human development for Maya and Tiwanaku regions. In the
1797:, sedimentological evidence from Swan Lake suggests the period between 8,500 and 6,900 BP was relatively warm, with steppe meadow vegetation being predominant. An increase in Cyperaceae from 6,900 to 2,600 BP indicates cooling and humidification of the Tian Shan climate that was interrupted by a warm period between 5,500 and 4,500 BP. After 2,600 BP, an alpine steppe climate prevailed across the region. Sand dune evolution in the Bayanbulak Basin shows that the region was very dry from the Holocene's beginning until around 6,500 BP, when a wet interval began. In the Tibetan Plateau, the moisture optimum spanned from around 7,500 to 5,500 BP. The Tarim Basin records the onset of significant aridification around 3,000-2,000 BP.
2911:
1698:(MWP), also known as the Mediaeval Climatic Optimum (MCO). It was found that the warming that is taking place in current years is both more frequent and more spatially homogeneous than what was experienced during the MWP. A warming of +1 degree Celsius occurs 5â40 times more frequently in modern years than during the MWP. The major forcing during the MWP was due to greater solar activity, which led to heterogeneity compared to the greenhouse gas forcing of modern years that leads to more homogeneous warming. This was followed by the
1931:(SST) gradient east of New Zealand, across the subtropical front (STF), was around 2 degrees Celsius during the HCO. This temperature gradient is significantly less than modern times, which is around 6 degrees Celsius. A study utilizing five SST proxies from 37°S to 60°S latitude confirmed that the strong temperature gradient was confined to the area immediately south of the STF, and is correlated with reduced westerly winds near New Zealand. Since 7,100 BP, New Zealand experienced 53 cyclones similar in magnitude to
9748:
1628:
1702:(LIA) from the 13th or 14th century to the mid-19th century. The LIA was the coldest interval of time of the past two millennia. Following the Industrial Revolution, warm decadal intervals became more common relative to before as a consequence of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, resulting in progressive global warming. In the late 20th century, anthropogenic forcing superseded solar activity as the dominant driver of climate change, though solar activity has continued to play a role.
2930:
2888:
9737:
2067:
1382:, or 9,700 BCE). The Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (SQS) regards the term 'recent' as an incorrect way of referring to the Holocene, preferring the term 'modern' instead to describe current processes. It also observes that the term 'Flandrian' may be used as a synonym for Holocene, although it is becoming outdated. The International Commission on Stratigraphy, however, considers the Holocene to be an epoch following the
136:
1314:. The oldest age, the Greenlandian, was characterized by a warming following the preceding ice age. The Northgrippian Age is known for vast cooling due to a disruption in ocean circulations that was caused by the melting of glaciers. The most recent age of the Holocene is the present Meghalayan, which began with extreme drought that lasted around 200 years.
2875:
1846:, ÎŽN values suggest the period of peak moisture lasted from 9,200 to 1,800 BP and was attributable to a strong East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM). Late Holocene cooling events in the region were dominantly influenced by solar forcing, with many individual cold snaps linked to solar minima such as the Oort,
1714:, the Middle Holocene saw a drastic increase in the amount of raised bogs, most likely related to sea level rise. Although human activity affected geomorphology and landscape evolution in Northern Germany throughout the Holocene, it only became a dominant influence in the last four centuries. In the
1761:
A stronger East
African Monsoon during the Middle Holocene increased precipitation in East Africa and raised lake levels. Around 800 AD, or 1,150 BP, a marine transgression occurred in southeastern Africa; in the Lake Lungué basin, this sea level highstand occurred from 740 to 910 AD, or from 1,210
1837:
Southwestern China experienced long-term warming during the Early
Holocene up until ~7,000 BP. Northern China experienced an abrupt aridification event approximately 4,000 BP. From around 3,500 to 3,000 BP, northeastern China underwent a prolonged cooling, manifesting itself with the disruption of
1639:
The climate throughout the
Holocene has shown significant variability despite ice core records from Greenland suggesting a more stable climate following the preceding ice age. Marine chemical fluxes during the Holocene were lower than during the Younger Dryas, but were still considerable enough to
2857:, as well as other areas, the vast majority of these extinctions are thought to be undocumented, as the species are undiscovered at the time of their extinction, or no one has yet discovered their extinction. The current rate of extinction of species is estimated at 100 to 1,000 times higher than
1824:
record dry conditions around 11,400 BP that transitioned into a much wetter climate from 11,400 to 11,100 BP due to intensification of the ISM. Over the Early
Holocene, the region was very wet, but during the Middle Holocene from 6,200 to 3,900 BP, aridification occurred, with the subsequent Late
3024:
Walker, Mike; Johnse, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune; Steffensen, JÞrgen-Peder; Popp, Trevor; Gibbard, Phillip; Hoek, Wilm; Lowe, John; Andrews, John; Björck, Svante; Cwynar, Les; Hughen, Konrad; Kershaw, Peter; Kromer, Bernd; Litt, Thomas; Lowe, David; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Newnham, Rewi; Schwande, Jakob
1889:
Eastern North
America underwent abrupt warming and humidification around 10,500 BP and then declined from 9,300 to 9,100 BP. The region has undergone a long term wettening since 5,500 BP occasionally interrupted by intervals of high aridity. A major cool event lasting from 5,500 to 4,700 BP was
1540:
has a working group to determine whether it should be. In May 2019, members of the working group voted in favour of recognizing the
Anthropocene as formal chrono-stratigraphic unit, with stratigraphic signals around the mid-twentieth century CE as its base. The exact criteria have still to be
3129:
Walker, Mike; Johnsen, Sigfus; Rasmussen, Sune
Olander; Popp, Trevor; Steffensen, Jorgen-Peder; Gibrard, Phil; Hoek, Wim; Lowe, John; Andrews, John; Bjo Rck, Svante; Cwynar, Les C.; Hughen, Konrad; Kersahw, Peter; Kromer, Bernd; Litt, Thomas; Lowe, David J.; Nakagawa, Takeshi; Newnham, Rewi;
1809:
experienced tremendous moisture increase most likely related to the strengthening of the Indian Summer
Monsoon (ISM). From 9,200 to 6,900 BP, relative aridity persisted in Ladakh. A second major humid phase occurred in Ladakh from 6,900 to 4,800 BP, after which the region was again arid.
1762:
to 1,040 BP, as evidenced by the lake's connection to the Indian Ocean at this time. This transgression was followed by a period of transition that lasted until 590 BP, when the region experienced significant aridification and began to be extensively used by humans for livestock herding.
1918:
The
Northwest Australian Summer Monsoon was in a strong phase from 8,500 to 6,400 BP, from 5,000 to 4,000 BP (possibly until 3,000 BP), and from 1,300 to 900 BP, with weak phases in between and the current weak phase beginning around 900 BP after the end of the last strong phase.
4724:
Wanner, Heinz; Beer, JĂŒrg; BĂŒtikofer, Jonathan; Crowley, Thomas J.; Cubasch, Ulrich; FlĂŒckiger, Jacqueline; Goosse, Hugues; Grosjean, Martin; Joos, Fortunat; Kaplan, Jed O.; KĂŒttel, Marcel; MĂŒller, Simon A.; Prentice, I. Colin; Solomina, Olga; Stocker, Thomas F. (October 2008).
1828:
Coastal southwestern India experienced a stronger ISM from 9,690 to 7,560 BP, during the HCO. From 3,510 to 2,550 BP, during the Late
Holocene, the ISM became weaker, although this weakening was interrupted by an interval of unusually high ISM strength from 3,400 to 3,200 BP.
3446:
Svendsen, John Inge; Astakhov, Valery I.; Bolshiyanov, Dimitri Yu.; Demidov, Igor; Dowdeswell, Julian A.; Gataullin, Valery; Hjort, Christian; Hubberten, Hans W.; Larsen, Eiliv; Mangerud, Jan; Melles, Martin; Moller, Per; Saarnisto, Matti; Siegert, Martin J. (March 1999).
7233:
Angulo, Rodolfo José; de Souza, Maria Cristina; da Camara Rosa, Maria Luiza Correa; Caron, Felipe; Barboza, Eduardo G.; Costa, Mirella Borba Santos Ferreira; Macedo, Eduardo; Vital, Helenice; Gomes, Moab Praxedes; Garcia, Khalil Bow Ltaif (1 May 2022).
8491:
The research -- published Monday in Nature, Ecology & Evolution journal -- found that 571 plant species have disappeared from the wild worldwide, and that plant extinction is occurring up to 500 times faster than the rate it would without human
1654:
Human activity through land use changes was an important influence on Holocene climatic changes, and is believed to be why the Holocene is an atypical interglacial that has not experienced significant cooling over its course. From the start of the
7117:
Fontes, Neuza AraĂșjo; Moraes, Caio A.; Cohen, Marcelo C L; Alves, Igor Charles C.; França, Marlon Carlos; Pessenda, Luiz C R; Francisquini, Mariah Izar; Bendassolli, JosĂ© Albertino; Macario, Kita; Mayle, Francis (February 2017).
4274:
Kravchinsky, V.A.; Langereis, C.G.; Walker, S.D.; Dlusskiy, K.G.; White, D. (2013). "Discovery of Holocene millennial climate cycles in the Asian continental interior: Has the sun been governing the continental climate?".
1532:, has now begun. This term is used to denote the present time-interval in which many geologically significant conditions and processes have been profoundly altered by human activities. The 'Anthropocene' (a term coined by
3934:
2910:
2015:
record lasting 400 years, is the most prominent climatic event occurring in the Holocene Epoch, and may have marked a resurgence of ice cover. It has been suggested that this event was caused by the final drainage of
5486:
Sha, Lijuan; Ait Brahim, Yassine; Wassenburg, Jasper A.; Yin, Jianjun; Peros, Matthew; Cruz, Francisco W.; Cai, Yanjun; Li, Hanying; Du, Wenjing; Zhang, Haiwei; Edwards, R. Lawrence; Cheng, Hai (16 December 2019).
2048:. Subsequent research, however, suggested that the discharge was probably superimposed upon a longer episode of cooler climate lasting up to 600 years and observed that the extent of the area affected was unclear.
1858:. A notable cooling event in southeastern China occurred 3,200 BP. Strengthening of the winter monsoon occurred around 5,500, 4,000, and 2,500 BP. Monsoonal regions of China became more arid in the Late Holocene.
8248:
Moreover, we have unleashed a mass extinction event, the sixth in roughly 540 million years, wherein many current life forms could be annihilated or at least committed to extinction by the end of this century.
5364:
5086:
4658:
6299:
Menzel, Philip; Gaye, Birgit; Mishra, Praveen K.; Anoop, Ambili; Basavaiah, Nathani; Marwan, Norbert; Plessen, Birgit; Prasad, Sushma; Riedel, Nils; Stebich, Martina; Wiesner, Martin G. (15 September 2014).
8384:
In the past 500 years, humans have triggered a wave of extinction, threat, and local population declines that may be comparable in both rate and magnitude with the five previous mass extinctions of Earth's
4310:
Martin-Puertas, Celia; Hernandez, Armand; Pardo-IgĂșzquiza, Eulogio; Boyall, Laura; Brierley, Chris; Jiang, Zhiyi; Tjallingii, Rik; Blockley, Simon P. E.; RodrĂguez-Tovar, Francisco Javier (23 March 2023).
1991:
went extinct in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. These extinctions can be mostly attributed to people. In America, it coincided with the arrival of the Clovis people; this culture was known for
3717:
Viau, André E.; Gajewski, Konrad; Fines, Philippe; Atkinson, David E.; Sawada, Michael C. (1 May 2002). "Widespread evidence of 1500 yr climate variability in North America during the past 14 000 yr".
1659:
onwards, large-scale anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions caused the Earth to warm. Likewise, climatic changes have induced substantial changes in human civilisation over the course of the Holocene.
1483:. Though the method was once thought to be of little interest, based on C dating of peats that was inconsistent with the claimed chronozones, investigators have found a general correspondence across
4006:
5253:
Zhang, Xu (Yvon); Bajard, Manon; Bouchez, Julien; Sabatier, Pierre; Poulenard, JĂ©rĂŽme; Arnaud, Fabien; Crouzet, Christian; Kuessner, Marie; Dellinger, Mathieu; Gaillardet, JĂ©rĂŽme (2023-12-15).
1996:" which were fashioned on spears for hunting animals. Shrubs, herbs, and mosses had also changed in relative abundance from the Pleistocene to Holocene, identified by permafrost core samples.
1726:, and this soil development was altered by the settlement of human societies. Early anthropogenic activities such as deforestation and agriculture reinforced soil erosion, which peaked in the
4442:
Ruddiman, W. F.; Fuller, D. Q.; Kutzbach, J. E.; Tzedakis, P. C.; Kaplan, J. O.; Ellis, E. C.; Vavrus, S. J.; Roberts, C. N.; Fyfe, R.; He, F.; Lemmen, C.; Woodbridge, J. (15 February 2016).
1686:(HCO) was a period of warming throughout the globe but was not globally synchronous and uniform. Following the HCO, the global climate entered a broad trend of very gradual cooling known as
1670:
began before the Younger Dryas, and the maximum warmth flowed south to north from 11,000 to 7,000 years ago. It appears that this was influenced by the residual glacial ice remaining in the
7562:
Willerslev, Eske; Hansen, Anders J.; Binladen, Jonas; Brand, Tina B.; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Shapiro, Beth; Bunce, Michael; Wiuf, Carsten; Gilichinsky, David A.; Cooper, Alan (2 May 2003).
6895:
Steinman, Byron A.; Pompeani, David P.; Abbott, Mark B.; Ortiz, Joseph D.; Stansell, Nathan D.; Finkenbinder, Matthew S.; Mihindukulasooriya, Lorita N.; Hillman, Aubrey L. (15 June 2016).
3621:
Newnham, R.M.; Vandergoes, M.J.; Hendy, C.H.; Lowe, D.J.; Preusser, F. (February 2007). "A terrestrial palynological record for the last two glacial cycles from southwestern New Zealand".
1838:
Bronze Age civilisations in the region. Eastern and southern China, the monsoonal regions of China, were wetter than present in the Early and Middle Holocene. Lake Huguangyan's TOC, ÎŽC
6831:
Zhang, Hui; Liu, Shengfa; Wu, Kaikai; Cao, Peng; Pan, Hui-Juan; Wang, Hongmin; Cui, Jingjing; Li, Jingrui; Khokiattiwong, Somkiat; Kornkanitnan, Narumol; Shi, Xuefa (20 August 2022).
1499:
were claimed to occur more widely. The periods of the scheme include a few of the final pre-Holocene oscillations of the last glacial period and then classify climates of more recent
8207:
1878:
During the Middle Holocene, western North America was drier than present, with wetter winters and drier summers. After the end of the thermal maximum of the HCO around 4,500 BP, the
7408:
Orpin, A. R.; Carter, L.; Page, M. J.; Cochran, U. A.; Trustrum, N. A.; Gomez, B.; Palmer, A. S.; Mildenhall, D. C.; Rogers, K. M.; Brackley, H. L.; Northcote, L. (15 April 2010).
5427:
Depreux, Bruno; LefÚvre, David; Berger, Jean-François; Segaoui, Fatima; Boudad, Larbi; El Harradji, Abderrahmane; Degeai, Jean-Philippe; Limondin-Lozouet, Nicole (1 March 2021).
2044:
led to sea-level rise which flooded the North American coastal landscape. The basal peat plant was then used to determine the resulting local sea-level rise of 0.20-0.56m in the
7671:
Barber, D.C; Dyke, A.; Hillaire-Marcel, C.; Jennings, A.E.; Andrews, J.T.; Kerwin, M.W.; Bilodeau, G.; McNeely, R.; Southon, J.; Morehead, M.D.; Gagnon, J.-M. (July 22, 1999).
3923:
3132:"Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records"
6198:"Late glacial and Holocene vegetation, Indian monsoon and westerly circulation in the Trans-Himalaya recorded in the lacustrine pollen sequence from Tso Kar, Ladakh, NW India"
4247:
3692:
2763:
period from 5,500 to 5,000 BP, but contributed to a subsequent bust during the Late and Final Chulmun periods, from 5,000 to 4,000 BP and from 4,000 to 3,500 BP respectively.
4895:"A robust spatial reconstruction of April to September temperature in Europe: Comparisons between the medieval period and the recent warming with a focus on extreme values"
7298:
Eroglu, Deniz; McRobie, Fiona H.; Ozken, Ibrahim; Stemler, Thomas; Wyrwoll, Karl-Heinz; Breitenbach, Sebastian F. M.; Marwan, Norbert; Kurths, JĂŒrgen (26 September 2016).
2881:
Combination of temperature indicators ("proxies") for north-western Europe from Greenland icecores and Alpine glacier extensions, with subdivisions from three disciplines
1959:
Animal and plant life have not evolved much during the relatively short Holocene, but there have been major shifts in the richness and abundance of plants and animals. A
1793:, long-term Holocene warming increased meltwater supply during summers, creating large lakes and oases at low altitudes and inducing enhanced moisture recycling. In the
3552:"Geomorphology, stratigraphy, and radiocarbon chronology of LlanquihueDrift in the area of the Southern Lake District, Seno Reloncavi, and Isla Grande de Chiloe, Chile"
5979:
Huang, Xiao-zhong; Chen, Chun-zhu; Jia, Wan-na; An, Cheng-bang; Zhou, Ai-feng; Zhang, Jia-wu; Jin, Ming; Xia, Dun-sheng; Chen, Fa-hu; Grimm, Eric C. (15 August 2015).
1576:
allowed temporary marine incursions into areas that are now far from the sea. For example, marine fossils from the Holocene epoch have been found in locations such as
1541:
determined, after which the recommendation also has to be approved by the working group's parent bodies (ultimately the International Union of Geological Sciences).
4988:"A 449 year warm season temperature reconstruction in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau and its relation to solar activity: Temperature reconstruction in the Tibet"
1902:
region, causing a landward expansion of mangroves. During the Late Holocene, the mangroves declined as sea level dropped and freshwater supply increased. In the
3799:
SchrĂžder, N.; HĂžjlund Pedersen, L.; Juel Bitsch, R. (2004). "10,000 years of climate change and human impact on the environment in the area surrounding Lejre".
1250:
The Holocene correlates with the last maximum axial tilt of the Earth towards the Sun, and corresponds with the rapid proliferation, growth, and impacts of the
5310:
Koutsodendris, Andreas; Brauer, Achim; Reed, Jane M.; Plessen, Birgit; Friedrich, Oliver; Hennrich, Barbara; Zacharias, Ierotheos; Pross, Jörg (1 March 2017).
8597:
9117:
5642:"Variations in water level for Lake Turkana in the past 8500 years near Mt. Porr, Kenya and the transition from the African Humid Period to Holocene aridity"
5599:"The "African humid period" and the record of marine upwelling from excess 230 Th in Ocean Drilling Program Hole 658C: Th NORMALIZED FLUXES OFF NORTH AFRICA"
3607:
7410:"Holocene sedimentary record from Lake Tutira: A template for upland watershed erosion proximal to the Waipaoa Sedimentary System, northeastern New Zealand"
3551:
3513:
Eyles, Nicholas; McCabe, A. Marshall (1989). "The Late Devensian (<22,000 BP) Irish Sea Basin: The sedimentary record of a collapsed ice sheet margin".
4047:
11144:
6093:"A 14 ka high-resolution ÎŽ18O lake record reveals a paradigm shift for the process-based reconstruction of hydroclimate on the northern Tibetan Plateau"
3289:
3274:
1561:
about 35 m (115 ft) in the early part of the Holocene and another 30 m in the later part of the Holocene. In addition, many areas above about
7120:"The Impacts of the Middle Holocene High Sea-Level Stand and Climatic Changes on Mangroves of the Jucuruçu River, Southern Bahia â Northeastern Brazil"
6508:
Zheng, Yanhong; Yu, Shi-Yong; Fan, Tongyu; Oppenheimer, Clive; Yu, Xuefeng; Liu, Zhao; Xian, Feng; Liu, Zhen; Li, Jianyong; Li, Jiahao (15 July 2021).
1525:, are usually used. However, the time periods referenced by these terms vary with the emergence of those technologies in different parts of the world.
5810:"Refining Late-Holocene environmental changes of the Akko coastal plain and its impacts on the settlement and anchorage patterns of Tel Akko (Israel)"
6789:
6685:
6514:
6306:
6202:
5985:
5758:
5702:
4843:
2731:
of plants and animals allowed humans to develop villages and towns in centralized locations. Archaeological data shows that between 10,000 and 7,000
8032:
Brenner, Mark; Hodell, David A.; Rosenmeier, Michael F.; Curtis, Jason H.; Binford, Michael W.; Abbott, Mark B. (2001-01-01), Markgraf, Vera (ed.),
1769:, Holocene climate was overall very stable and environmental change was of low amplitude. Relatively cool conditions have prevailed since 4,000 BP.
9783:
6631:
Jia, Guodong; Bai, Yang; Yang, Xiaoqiang; Xie, Luhua; Wei, Gangjian; Ouyang, Tingping; Chu, Guoqiang; Liu, Zhonghui; Peng, Ping'an (1 March 2015).
6244:
Singh, Dhruv Sen; Gupta, Anil K.; Sangode, S. J.; Clemens, Steven C.; Prakasam, M.; Srivastava, Priyeshu; Prajapati, Shailendra K. (12 June 2015).
8596:
Pimm, S. L.; Jenkins, C. N.; Abell, R.; Brooks, T. M.; Gittleman, J. L.; Joppa, L. N.; Raven, P. H.; Roberts, C. M.; Sexton, J. O. (30 May 2014).
7367:
Prebble, J. G.; Bostock, H. C.; Cortese, G.; Lorrey, A. M.; Hayward, B. W.; Calvo, E.; Northcote, L. C.; Scott, G. H.; Neil, H. L. (August 2017).
11541:
11282:
10878:
6356:
Shaji, Jithu; Banerji, Upasana S.; Maya, K.; Joshi, Kumar Batuk; Dabhi, Ankur J.; Bharti, Nisha; Bhushan, Ravi; Padmalal, D. (30 December 2022).
6155:
Cai, Yanjun; Chiang, John C.H.; Breitenbach, Sebastian F.M.; Tan, Liangcheng; Cheng, Hai; Edwards, R. Lawrence; An, Zhisheng (15 February 2017).
8505:
4583:
Degroot, Dagomar; Anchukaitis, Kevin J; Tierney, Jessica E; Riede, Felix; Manica, Andrea; Moesswilde, Emma; Gauthier, Nicolas (1 October 2022).
7012:"The Late Holocene Dry Period: multiproxy evidence for an extended drought between 2800 and 1850 cal yr BP across the central Great Basin, USA"
1999:
Throughout the world, ecosystems in cooler climates that were previously regional have been isolated in higher altitude ecological "islands".
1592:
deposits. Holocene marine deposits along low-latitude coastlines are rare because the rise in sea levels during the period exceeds any likely
1584:. Other than higher-latitude temporary marine incursions associated with glacial depression, Holocene fossils are found primarily in lakebed,
7885:
5207:. Environmental response to climate and human impact in central Eur ope during the last 15000 years - a German contribution to PAGES-PEPIII.
1948:
3958:"The Nastapoka drift belt, eastern Hudson Bay: implications of a stillstand of the Quebec-Labrador ice margin in the Tyrrell Sea at 8 ka BP"
3899:
11497:
11006:
6037:"Holocene moisture variations over the arid central Asia revealed by a comprehensive sand-dune record from the central Tian Shan, NW China"
5035:
4992:
3027:"The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Holocene Series/Epoch (Quaternary System/Period) in the NGRIP ice core"
2693:
8232:
7236:"Paleo-sea levels, Late-Holocene evolution, and a new interpretation of the boulders at the Rocas Atoll, southwestern Equatorial Atlantic"
5917:"Reconciling the 'westerlies' and 'monsoon' models: A new hypothesis for the Holocene moisture evolution of the Xinjiang region, NW China"
1951:(ENSO) was significantly weaker during the Middle Holocene, but that the strength of ENSO became moderate to high over the Late Holocene.
8986:
7859:
11329:
10780:
8737:
7650:
3201:
1291:
1730:
at an unprecedented level, marking human forcing as the most powerful factor affecting surface processes. The sedimentary record from
9110:
8774:
5199:"The record of climatic change in the geological archives of shallow marine, coastal, and adjacent lowland areas of Northern Germany"
8142:
4208:
3550:
Denton, G.H.; Lowell, T.V.; Heusser, C.J.; Schluchter, C.; Andersern, B.G.; Heusser, Linda E.; Moreno, P.I.; Marchant, D.R. (1999).
2887:
8796:
7010:
Mensing, Scott A.; Sharpe, Saxon E.; Tunno, Irene; Sada, Don W.; Thomas, Jim M.; Starratt, Scott; Smith, Jeremy (15 October 2013).
5489:"How Far North Did the African Monsoon Fringe Expand During the African Humid Period? Insights From Southwest Moroccan Speleothems"
3895:
3659:
3489:
3235:
3196:
1537:
1367:
1311:
991:
6633:"Biogeochemical evidence of Holocene East Asian summer and winter monsoon variability from a tropical maar lake in southern China"
6253:. Updated Quaternary Climatic Research in parts of the Third Pole Selected papers from the HOPE-2013 conference, Nainital, India.
7418:. From mountain source to ocean sink â the passage of sediment across an active margin, Waipaoa Sedimentary System, New Zealand.
6091:
WĂŒnnemann, Bernd; Yan, Dada; Andersen, Nils; Riedel, Frank; Zhang, Yongzhan; Sun, Qianli; Hoelzmann, Philipp (15 November 2018).
2647:
3265:[On the distribution of mammalian fossils among the different tertiary stages which help to form the ground of France].
2560:
1906:
region, the maximum sea level highstand was around 2.1 metres above present and occurred about 5,800 to 5,000 BP. Sea levels at
3263:"Sur la répartition des mammifÚres fossiles entre les différents étages tertiaires qui concourent à former le sol de la France"
1354:), meaning "new". The concept is that this epoch is "entirely new". The suffix '-cene' is used for all the seven epochs of the
8455:
1647:
recently proposed to be the origin of cycles identified in the North Atlantic region. Climate cyclicity through the Holocene (
8721:
8702:
8053:
5603:
4837:
Gao, Fuyuan; Jia, Jia; Xia, Dunsheng; Lu, Caichen; Lu, Hao; Wang, Youjun; Liu, Hao; Ma, Yapeng; Li, Kaiming (15 March 2019).
3957:
3871:
3776:
3388:
1870:
was exposed above sea level and was very arid. A marine transgression occurred from 7,500 to 6,200 BP amidst global warming.
3303:(One could also call "Holocene" those of the historic era, or the deposit of which is not prior to the presence of man; ⊠)
1746:
in the present, was instead a savanna dotted with large lakes during the Early and Middle Holocene, regionally known as the
1536:
and Eugene Stoermer in 2000) is not a formally defined geological unit. The Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy of the
9776:
9103:
7636:
4121:
Bianchi, G.G.; McCave, I.N. (1999). "Holocene periodicity in North Atlantic climate and deep-ocean flow south of Iceland".
3166:
3826:
2680:
is preferred in place of Mesolithic, as they refer to approximately the same time period. Cultures in this period include
2451:
2363:
1565:
latitude had been depressed by the weight of the Pleistocene glaciers and rose as much as 180 m (590 ft) due to
7738:
7470:
6737:"Branched GDGT-based paleotemperature reconstruction of the last 30,000 years in humid monsoon region of Southeast China"
4520:
1278:
may be considered of global significance for the future evolution of living species, including approximately synchronous
8181:
6035:
Long, Hao; Shen, Ji; Chen, Jianhui; Tsukamoto, Sumiko; Yang, Linhai; Cheng, Hongyi; Frechen, Manfred (15 October 2017).
1734:
indicates that wet winters locally predominated from 210 to 160 BP, followed by dry winter dominance from 160 to 20 BP.
7644:
7369:"Evidence for a Holocene Climatic Optimum in the southwest Pacific: A multiproxy study: Holocene Optimum in SW Pacific"
5312:"Climate variability in SE Europe since 1450 AD based on a varved sediment record from Etoliko Lagoon (Western Greece)"
1890:
coeval with a major humidification before being terminated by a major drought and warming at the end of that interval.
1754:(ITCZ) produced increased monsoon rainfall over North Africa. The lush vegetation of the Sahara brought an increase in
3323:
2537:
2446:
11648:
10907:
9813:
8531:
6785:"High-resolution palynological record of Holocene climatic and oceanographic changes in the northern South China Sea"
4936:
3375:
Gibbard, P. L.; Head, M. J. (2020-01-01), Gradstein, Felix M.; Ogg, James G.; Schmitz, Mark D.; Ogg, Gabi M. (eds.),
1789:
Central Asia experienced glacial-like temperatures until about 8,000 BP, when the Laurentide Ice Sheet collapsed. In
1663:
2929:
11114:
11001:
5869:"Contrasting early Holocene temperature variations between monsoonal East Asia and westerly dominated Central Asia"
3354:
1813:
From 900 to 1,200 AD, during the MWP, the ISM was again strong as evidenced by low ÎŽO values from the Ganga Plain.
1643:
The temporal and spatial extent of climate change during the Holocene is an area of considerable uncertainty, with
1058:
8336:
11526:
10917:
9955:
9769:
8979:
3590:
2802:
5808:
Giaime, Matthieu; Artzy, Michal; Jol, Harry M.; Salmon, Yossi; LĂłpez, Gloria I.; Abu Hamid, Amani (1 May 2022).
3738:
5981:"Vegetation and climate history reconstructed from an alpine lake in central Tienshan Mountains since 8.5ka BP"
4589:
2601:
2354:
1751:
1718:, geochemistry and lithium isotope signatures in lake sediments have suggested gradual soil formation from the
1496:
1068:
8639:
The overarching driver of species extinction is human population growth and increasing per capita consumption.
8530:
De Vos, Jurriaan M.; Joppa, Lucas N.; Gittleman, John L.; Stephens, Patrick R.; Pimm, Stuart L. (2014-08-26).
11139:
10669:
9929:
8767:
7912:"Origin of agriculture and domestication of plants and animals linked to early Holocene climate amelioration"
3409:
Clayton, Lee; Moran, Stephen R. (1982). "Chronology of late wisconsinan glaciation in middle North America".
3286:
3262:
3139:
9997:
8657:"Holocene landscape intervention and plant food production strategies in island and mainland Southeast Asia"
6302:"Linking Holocene drying trends from Lonar Lake in monsoonal central India to North Atlantic cooling events"
4385:
O'Brien, S. R.; Mayewski, P. A.; Meeker, L. D.; Meese, D. A.; Twickler, M. S.; Whitlow, S. I. (1995-12-22).
2546:
11134:
10674:
10147:
6948:"Mid to late Holocene strengthening of the East Greenland Current linked to warm subsurface Atlantic water"
5493:
5255:"Evolution of the alpine Critical Zone since the Last Glacial Period using Li isotopes from lake sediments"
2998:
2235:
1694:. From the 10th-14th century, the climate was similar to that of modern times during a period known as the
9823:
8478:
8206:
Ripple WJ, Wolf C, Newsome TM, Galetti M, Alamgir M, Crist E, Mahmoud MI, Laurance WF (13 November 2017).
4894:
2518:
2513:
10100:
9126:
8033:
6466:
6418:
5429:"Alluvial records of the African Humid Period from the NW African highlands (Moulouya basin, NE Morocco)"
4899:
3376:
3349:
3318:
2640:
2399:
980:
28:
4207:
Debret, M.; Sebag, D.; Crosta, X.; Massei, N.; Petit, J.-R.; Chapron, E.; Bout-Roumazeilles, V. (2009).
3753:
1758:. The AHP ended around 5,500 BP, after which the Sahara began to dry and become the desert it is today.
11643:
11402:
11203:
8972:
8947:
8862:
7183:
7072:
7016:
6952:
6946:
Perner, Kerstin; Moros, Matthias; Lloyd, Jeremy M.; Jansen, Eystein; Stein, RĂŒdiger (1 December 2015).
6901:
6637:
6161:
6097:
6041:
5873:
5646:
5552:
5433:
5316:
5203:
5155:
4787:
4731:
3623:
3515:
3411:
2968:
2858:
2201:
1513:
for the Holocene. If subdivision is necessary, periods of human technological development, such as the
7733:
7515:"Megafauna extinctions in the late-Quaternary are linked to human range expansion, not climate change"
7465:
7409:
7235:
7179:"A critical review of mid- to late-Holocene sea-level fluctuations on the eastern Brazilian coastline"
7178:
7011:
6947:
6832:
6680:
6632:
6576:
6509:
6301:
6245:
6092:
6036:
5980:
5916:
5697:
5641:
5254:
5082:"Geophysical, archaeological, and historical evidence support a solar-output model for climate change"
4782:
4726:
1349:
11208:
11023:
3449:"Maximum extent of the Eurasian ice sheets in the Barents and Kara Sea region during the Weichselian"
1723:
1683:
11658:
11397:
10489:
10034:
8760:
7466:"El Niño evolution during the Holocene revealed by a biomarker rain gauge in the Galåpagos Islands"
7414:
7240:
6837:
6362:
6249:
5814:
4585:"The history of climate and society: a review of the influence of climate change on the human past"
2437:
1781:
receded westward, prompting a shift in human settlement patterns following this marine regression.
1476:
1259:
1224:
10561:
10556:
7875:
2532:
2527:
2344:
11514:
11424:
10596:
10363:
10182:
10115:
9847:
9399:
9394:
6784:
6736:
6461:
6413:
6357:
6197:
6156:
5868:
5311:
5150:
4838:
3887:
3301:, ceux de l'époque historique, ou dont le dépÎt n'est pas antérieur à la présence de l'homme; ⊠"
2409:
1928:
1375:
11653:
11602:
11476:
11082:
10973:
10961:
10657:
10398:
10237:
9874:
9808:
9792:
8335:; Young, Hillary S.; Galetti, Mauro; Ceballos, Gerardo; Isaac, Nick J. B.; Collen, Ben (2014).
7734:"Synchronizing a sea-level jump, final Lake Agassiz drainage, and abrupt cooling 8200years ago"
5698:"Late Holocene sea-level changes and paleoclimate recorded in Lake Lungué, southern Mozambique"
3003:
2633:
2391:
2325:
2147:
2057:
1903:
1879:
1403:
5867:
Zhao, Jiaju; An, Chen-Bang; Huang, Yongsong; Morrill, Carrie; Chen, Fa-Hu (15 December 2017).
11341:
11277:
11151:
10844:
10770:
10544:
10539:
10477:
10416:
10353:
10301:
10294:
9840:
7304:
7124:
6581:
6462:"Holocene non-orbital climatic events in present-day arid areas of northern Africa and China"
5921:
4652:
Zhang, David D.; Brecke, Peter; Lee, Harry F.; He, Yuan-Qing; Zhang, Jane (4 December 2007).
4448:
3863:
3601:
2223:
1960:
1691:
1679:
1656:
1407:
1244:
1025:
10726:
7960:"Widespread population decline in South America correlates with mid-Holocene climate change"
7747:
7630:
7483:
6510:"Prolonged cooling interrupted the Bronze Age cultures in northeastern China 3500 years ago"
5270:
5149:
Harning, David J.; GeirsdĂłttir, Ăslaug; Miller, Gifford H.; Zalzal, Kate (1 December 2016).
4386:
3658:
Mangerud, Jan; Anderson, Svend T.; Berglund, Bjorn E.; Donner, Joakim J. (October 1, 1974).
3191:
2936:
2508:
39:
11607:
11558:
11553:
11536:
11531:
11509:
11299:
11013:
10866:
10758:
10662:
10455:
10140:
9939:
9882:
8799:
8668:
8546:
8351:
8282:
8089:
7973:
7880:
7799:
7743:
7732:
Li, Yong-Xiang; Törnqvist, Torbjörn E.; Nevitt, Johanna M.; Kohl, Barry (15 January 2012).
7686:
7673:"Forcing of the cold event of 8,200 years ago by catastrophic drainage of Laurentide lakes"
7577:
7526:
7479:
7423:
7313:
7249:
7192:
7133:
7081:
7025:
6961:
6910:
6846:
6798:
6750:
6694:
6590:
6523:
6475:
6427:
6371:
6315:
6258:
6211:
6170:
6106:
6050:
5994:
5930:
5915:
Rao, Zhiguo; Wu, Dandan; Shi, Fuxi; Guo, Haichun; Cao, Jiantao; Chen, Fahu (1 April 2019).
5882:
5823:
5767:
5711:
5655:
5612:
5561:
5502:
5442:
5373:
5325:
5266:
5212:
5164:
5095:
5044:
4904:
4852:
4796:
4740:
4667:
4598:
4529:
4457:
4400:
4326:
4284:
4223:
4179:
4132:
4077:
4023:
3972:
3726:
3676:
3632:
3566:
3524:
3465:
3420:
3148:
2978:
2846:
2498:
2428:
2349:
2335:
2211:
2207:
2117:
2037:
1747:
1695:
1566:
1558:
1557:
are less than a kilometre over a span of only 10,000 years. However, ice melt caused world
1475:
samples, using a variety of methods, with a view toward further verifying and refining the
1395:
1337:
10110:
6833:"Evolution of sedimentary environment in the Gulf of Thailand since the last deglaciation"
5696:
Sitoe, Sandra RaĂșl; Risberg, Jan; Norström, Elin; Westerberg, Lars-Ove (1 November 2017).
4931:
3045:
3026:
2735:
rapid domestication of plants and animals took place in tropical and subtropical parts of
2719:
The preceding period of the Late Pleistocene had already brought advancements such as the
1944:
8:
11597:
11262:
11067:
10900:
10433:
10306:
10187:
10162:
9730:
8598:"The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection"
6412:
Sun, Weiwei; Zhang, Enlou; Jiang, Qingfeng; Ning, Dongliang; Luo, Wenlei (October 2023).
3929:
2921:
2898:
2778:
2772:
2685:
2493:
2377:
2310:
1719:
1671:
1667:
1562:
1387:
1220:
1216:
8672:
8550:
8355:
8286:
8093:
7977:
7803:
7690:
7581:
7530:
7427:
7317:
7253:
7196:
7137:
7085:
7029:
6965:
6914:
6850:
6841:. Understanding the Late Quaternary Paleomonsoon and Paleoenvironmental Shifts of Asia.
6802:
6754:
6698:
6594:
6527:
6479:
6431:
6414:"Temperature changes during the last deglaciation and early Holocene in southwest China"
6375:
6319:
6262:
6215:
6174:
6110:
6054:
5998:
5934:
5886:
5827:
5771:
5715:
5659:
5616:
5565:
5506:
5446:
5377:
5329:
5216:
5168:
5099:
5048:
4908:
4856:
4800:
4744:
4671:
4602:
4533:
4461:
4404:
4330:
4288:
4227:
4209:"Evidence from wavelet analysis for a mid-Holocene transition in global climate forcing"
4183:
4136:
4081:
4027:
3976:
3730:
3680:
3636:
3570:
3528:
3469:
3448:
3424:
3255:
The name "Holocene" was proposed in 1850 by the French palaeontologist and entomologist
3227:
3152:
11548:
11451:
11353:
11166:
10348:
10078:
10044:
9028:
8826:
8630:
8578:
8436:
8423:
8398:
8375:
8314:
8162:
8118:
8080:
8075:
8045:
8002:
7964:
7933:
7853:
7823:
7702:
7611:
7344:
7299:
7273:
7159:
6985:
6870:
6681:"Solar and tropical ocean forcing of late-Holocene climate change in coastal East Asia"
6547:
6387:
6130:
5954:
5849:
5579:
5528:
5468:
5404:
5359:
5011:
4961:
4868:
4698:
4653:
4634:
4565:
4516:"Maximum Northern Hemisphere warming rates before and after 1880 during the Common Era"
4493:
4424:
4360:
4239:
4148:
4103:
4039:
3688:
3582:
3481:
3477:
3031:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2751:
nomadic cultures, which did not establish permanent settlements, to a more sustainable
2705:
2551:
2423:
2254:
2004:
1463:
914:
896:
8268:
8143:"The Anthropocene Mass Extinction: An Emerging Curriculum Theme for Science Educators"
6735:
Wang, Mengyuan; Zheng, Zhuo; Man, Meiling; Hu, Jianfang; Gao, Quanzhou (5 July 2017).
6577:"Vegetation response to Holocene climate change in monsoon-influenced region of China"
6487:
6358:"Holocene monsoon and sea-level variability from coastal lowlands of Kerala, SW India"
5753:
5224:
3070:
1882:
underwent strengthening. A massive megadrought occurred from 2,800 to 1,850 BP in the
140:
Map of Earth as it appeared 10 thousand years ago during the beginning of the Holocene
11638:
11590:
11580:
11570:
11519:
11176:
11094:
10388:
10373:
10358:
10338:
10229:
10208:
10019:
9862:
9528:
9492:
9069:
9023:
8922:
8918:
8908:
8904:
8900:
8894:
8884:
8843:
8830:
8717:
8698:
8634:
8622:
8605:
8570:
8562:
8440:
8428:
8379:
8367:
8331:
8306:
8298:
8273:
8123:
8105:
8049:
8007:
7989:
7959:
7925:
7815:
7759:
7672:
7640:
7603:
7595:
7568:
7544:
7495:
7439:
7349:
7331:
7277:
7265:
7208:
7163:
7151:
7099:
7041:
6989:
6977:
6928:
6874:
6862:
6710:
6654:
6606:
6551:
6539:
6391:
6331:
6274:
6196:
Demske, Dieter; Tarasov, Pavel E.; WĂŒnnemann, Bernd; Riedel, Frank (15 August 2009).
6157:"Holocene moisture changes in western China, Central Asia, inferred from stalagmites"
6134:
6122:
6066:
6010:
5958:
5946:
5853:
5841:
5783:
5779:
5727:
5671:
5532:
5520:
5472:
5460:
5409:
5391:
5292:
5228:
5198:
5197:
Gerdes, G; Petzelberger, B. E. M; Scholz-Böttcher, B. M; Streif, H (1 January 2003).
5131:
5126:
5113:
5081:
5062:
5015:
4953:
4872:
4812:
4756:
4703:
4685:
4638:
4626:
4569:
4557:
4485:
4428:
4416:
4391:
4364:
4352:
4317:
4313:"Dampened predictable decadal North Atlantic climate fluctuations due to ice melting"
4312:
4243:
4095:
4014:
3867:
3852:
3772:
3578:
3536:
3432:
3384:
2993:
2973:
2713:
2414:
2368:
2071:
2045:
1972:
1644:
1479:. This is a classification of climatic periods initially defined by plant remains in
1433:
8582:
8318:
8166:
7204:
7094:
7067:
7037:
6973:
6923:
6896:
6650:
6602:
6439:
6246:"Multiproxy record of monsoon variability from the Ganga Plain during 400â1200 A.D."
6182:
6118:
6062:
5942:
5894:
5667:
5583:
5574:
5547:
5455:
5428:
5337:
5176:
4965:
4916:
4808:
4752:
4497:
4296:
4235:
4107:
4043:
4007:"A Pervasive Millennial-Scale Cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial Climates"
3644:
3485:
1851:
11585:
11492:
11235:
11018:
10818:
10738:
10694:
10494:
10316:
10167:
10127:
9622:
9497:
9466:
9263:
9033:
8676:
8614:
8554:
8418:
8410:
8359:
8290:
8224:
8154:
8113:
8097:
8041:
7997:
7981:
7827:
7807:
7790:
7751:
7706:
7694:
7677:
7615:
7585:
7534:
7487:
7431:
7388:
7380:
7339:
7321:
7257:
7200:
7141:
7089:
7033:
6969:
6918:
6854:
6806:
6758:
6741:
6702:
6646:
6598:
6531:
6483:
6435:
6379:
6323:
6266:
6219:
6178:
6114:
6058:
6002:
5938:
5890:
5831:
5775:
5719:
5663:
5620:
5569:
5510:
5450:
5399:
5381:
5360:"West African monsoon dynamics inferred from abrupt fluctuations of Lake Mega-Chad"
5333:
5282:
5274:
5220:
5172:
5121:
5103:
5052:
5001:
4945:
4912:
4860:
4804:
4748:
4693:
4675:
4616:
4606:
4547:
4537:
4475:
4465:
4408:
4342:
4334:
4292:
4231:
4187:
4152:
4140:
4123:
4085:
4031:
3980:
3764:
3734:
3684:
3667:
3640:
3586:
3574:
3532:
3473:
3456:
3428:
3156:
3050:
3040:
2790:
2689:
2579:
2240:
1867:
1711:
1391:
1255:
1144:
24:
11077:
11033:
7564:"Diverse Plant and Animal Genetic Records from Holocene and Pleistocene Sediments"
7177:
Angulo, Rodolfo J.; Lessa, Guilherme C.; Souza, Maria Cristina de (1 March 2006).
6762:
4412:
4035:
3988:
3924:"England is sinking while Scotland rises above sea levels, according to new study"
3754:"Peat bogs as sources of proxy climatic data: Past approaches and future research"
3660:"Quaternary stratigraphy of Norden: a proposal for terminology and classification"
11466:
11436:
11198:
11126:
11104:
11062:
10957:
10927:
10792:
10787:
10438:
10321:
9892:
9722:
9718:
9714:
9591:
9487:
9425:
9320:
9289:
9258:
8690:
8264:
7916:
7539:
7514:
7513:
Lemoine, Rhys Taylor; Buitenwerf, Robert; Svenning, Jens-Christian (2023-12-01).
7435:
7261:
6897:"Oxygen isotope records of Holocene climate variability in the Pacific Northwest"
6858:
6810:
6706:
6535:
6383:
6327:
6270:
6223:
6006:
5836:
5809:
5723:
4864:
3293:
3075:
2920:
approximately 9,000 years ago during the early Holocene and after the end of the
2798:
2748:
2744:
2681:
2596:
2278:
1855:
1766:
1731:
1593:
1573:
1554:
1533:
1506:
1492:
1015:
56:
20:
9747:
3768:
2709:
1710:
Drangajökull, Iceland's northernmost glacier, melted shortly after 9,200 BP. In
1611:
across Northern Europe. An equivalent event in North America was the rebound of
1471:
Geologists working in different regions are studying sea levels, peat bogs, and
11575:
11502:
11324:
11289:
11220:
11109:
10981:
10689:
10274:
10264:
10085:
10066:
9741:
9560:
9430:
9325:
9294:
8953:
8185:
8101:
7985:
7755:
7742:. Sea Level and Ice Sheet Evolution: A PALSEA Special Edition. 315â316: 41â50.
7491:
6783:
Li, Zhen; Pospelova, Vera; Liu, Lejun; Zhou, Rui; Song, Bing (1 October 2017).
6575:
Zhao, Yan; Yu, Zicheng; Chen, Fahu; Zhang, Jiawu; Yang, Bao (1 December 2009).
5365:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
5278:
5087:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4659:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4611:
4584:
4542:
4515:
4338:
3818:
3102:
2988:
2732:
2697:
2677:
2315:
2127:
2025:
1699:
1459:
1379:
9095:
8681:
8656:
8302:
7785:
4168:"Millennial-scale temperature variations in North America during the Holocene"
11632:
11461:
11446:
11392:
11370:
11267:
11255:
11171:
11040:
10922:
10883:
10871:
10859:
10571:
10482:
10411:
10152:
10095:
10073:
9982:
9914:
9909:
9887:
9461:
9451:
9420:
9383:
9315:
9284:
9049:
8839:
8803:
8566:
8332:
8109:
7993:
7929:
7848:
7786:"Centennial-scale climate cooling with a sudden event around 8,200 years ago"
7763:
7599:
7548:
7499:
7443:
7335:
7269:
7212:
7155:
7103:
7045:
6981:
6932:
6866:
6714:
6658:
6610:
6543:
6335:
6278:
6126:
6070:
6014:
5950:
5845:
5787:
5731:
5675:
5524:
5464:
5395:
5296:
5232:
5117:
5066:
4957:
4816:
4760:
4689:
4630:
4561:
4489:
4420:
4356:
3131:
3097:
2842:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2589:
2264:
2155:
2131:
2061:
1743:
1687:
1488:
1399:
1327:
1303:
1295:
1267:
1251:
1083:
1070:
1044:
841:
87:
10002:
8618:
8363:
8294:
8228:
8158:
7590:
7563:
7368:
5640:
Forman, Steven L.; Wright, David K.; Bloszies, Christopher (1 August 2014).
5386:
4680:
4654:"Global climate change, war, and population decline in recent human history"
4309:
4090:
4065:
1627:
1549:
The Holocene is a geologic epoch that follows directly after the Pleistocene
1370:
has defined the Holocene as starting approximately 11,700 years before 2000
11380:
11336:
11317:
11272:
11072:
10996:
10753:
10748:
10704:
10331:
10213:
10177:
10157:
10009:
9987:
9899:
9752:
9683:
9533:
9456:
9064:
9054:
8890:
8822:
8787:
8626:
8574:
8432:
8371:
8310:
8127:
8011:
7819:
7607:
7353:
7300:"Seeâsaw relationship of the Holocene East AsianâAustralian summer monsoon"
5413:
5135:
5108:
4707:
4387:"Complexity of Holocene Climate as Reconstructed from a Greenland Ice Core"
4099:
3859:
3313:
3256:
2286:
2259:
2080:
2041:
2033:
2021:
2017:
1993:
1932:
1847:
1529:
1510:
1427:
1299:
1263:
1236:
832:
32:
11429:
8742:
4066:"Persistent Solar Influence on North Atlantic Climate During the Holocene"
11419:
11409:
11365:
11360:
11312:
11250:
11213:
11186:
11087:
11057:
10932:
10854:
10775:
10763:
10524:
10509:
10499:
10470:
10428:
10343:
10311:
10259:
10192:
10029:
9904:
9761:
9678:
9547:
9523:
9368:
9163:
9079:
9008:
8928:
8874:
8816:
8747:
7384:
5625:
5598:
5515:
5488:
5057:
5030:
5006:
4987:
4552:
4470:
4443:
4192:
4167:
3847:
2983:
2894:
2806:
2801:(with the more recent time sometimes called Anthropocene) as a result of
2701:
2669:
2465:
2460:
2330:
2180:
1988:
1983:
1907:
1883:
1821:
1755:
1727:
1715:
1648:
1616:
1600:
1445:
1383:
1283:
1279:
1228:
1111:
811:
62:
8752:
8506:"Up to half of world's wild tree species could be at risk of extinction"
8456:"Around 40% of the world's plant species are threatened with extinction"
7937:
7911:
7811:
7393:
7326:
7068:"The structure of Holocene climate change in mid-latitude North America"
5358:
Armitage, Simon J.; Bristow, Charlie S.; Drake, Nick A. (14 July 2015).
5287:
4949:
4621:
4480:
4347:
3344:
1674:
until the later date. The first major phase of Holocene climate was the
11563:
11456:
11414:
11230:
11193:
11156:
11052:
10639:
10551:
10378:
10279:
10252:
10172:
9970:
9924:
9835:
9803:
9673:
9633:
9576:
9476:
9373:
9247:
9147:
9044:
8995:
8849:
8558:
8215:
8034:"Chapter 6 - Abrupt Climate Change and Pre-Columbian Cultural Collapse"
7146:
7119:
6460:
Guo, Zhengtang; Petit-Maire, Nicole; Kröpelin, Stefan (November 2000).
5196:
4930:
Wanner, H.; Mercolli, L.; Grosjean, M.; Ritz, S. P. (17 October 2014).
2902:
2854:
2850:
2661:
2481:
2291:
2244:
2219:
2165:
2135:
2106:
2084:
2029:
1817:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1585:
1522:
1514:
1500:
1414:
1371:
1307:
1287:
1232:
850:
801:
107:
72:
19:
This article is about the geological epoch. For the Bon Iver song, see
9736:
8414:
8076:"Bayesian analyses question the role of climate in Chulmun demography"
7464:
Zhang, Zhaohui; Leduc, Guillaume; Sachs, Julian P. (15 October 2014).
11471:
11240:
11225:
10823:
10808:
10733:
10716:
10634:
10519:
10460:
10450:
10445:
10368:
10247:
10135:
10061:
9828:
9818:
9688:
9638:
9612:
9571:
9518:
9363:
9339:
9220:
9210:
9199:
9074:
9059:
8932:
8914:
8880:
8833:
3267:
Académie des Sciences et Lettres de Montpellier. Section des Sciences
3161:
3055:
2917:
2834:
2752:
2584:
2305:
2169:
2109:
1794:
1675:
1518:
1480:
1439:
1421:
1275:
1062:
112:
8964:
8479:"Almost 600 plant species have become extinct in the last 250 years"
3984:
2747:. The development of farming allowed humans to transition away from
2660:
The beginning of the Holocene corresponds with the beginning of the
2066:
1569:
over the late Pleistocene and Holocene, and are still rising today.
11245:
11181:
11028:
10986:
10721:
10629:
10504:
10326:
10289:
10269:
9648:
9643:
9607:
9507:
9440:
9409:
9304:
9273:
9234:
9184:
9134:
5548:"The demographic response to Holocene climate change in the Sahara"
3798:
2673:
2296:
1977:
1968:
1790:
1581:
1472:
1355:
788:
102:
97:
82:
77:
67:
8074:
Kim, Habeom; Lee, Gyoung-Ah; Crema, Enrico R. (10 December 2021).
7698:
5151:"Early Holocene deglaciation of Drangajökull, Vestfirðir, Iceland"
4273:
4144:
3445:
1631:
Vegetation and water bodies in northern and central Africa in the
1342:) is the Greek word for "whole". "Cene" comes from the Greek word
11307:
11099:
11045:
10991:
10813:
10619:
10529:
10383:
10284:
10242:
10105:
10024:
9977:
9965:
9662:
9602:
9352:
9189:
9173:
7670:
7232:
6570:
6568:
4791:. Early Holocene climate oscillations - causes and consequences.
2830:
2794:
2760:
1964:
1910:
were likewise higher than present for much of the Late Holocene.
1662:
During the transition from the last glacial to the Holocene, the
1577:
1528:
According to some scholars, a third epoch of the Quaternary, the
1484:
1240:
1047:
117:
92:
5754:"Late Quaternary paleoenvironments in the southwestern Kalahari"
5597:
Adkins, Jess; deMenocal, Peter; Eshel, Gidon (20 October 2006).
4839:"Asynchronous Holocene Climate Optimum across mid-latitude Asia"
2009:
11375:
10912:
10890:
10743:
10679:
10624:
10014:
9992:
9960:
9934:
9698:
9581:
9215:
3819:"Middle Ages | Definition, Dates, Characteristics, & Facts"
3023:
2822:
2818:
2740:
2665:
2620:
2113:
2008:, an abrupt cold spell recorded as a negative excursion in the
1806:
1778:
1632:
878:
135:
8397:
Cowie, Robert H.; Bouchet, Philippe; Fontaine, BenoĂźt (2022).
7852:
6565:
5695:
5309:
5148:
4932:"Holocene climate variability and change; a data-based review"
4582:
4441:
4384:
3657:
1168:
11441:
11161:
10895:
10849:
10711:
10566:
10514:
10090:
10056:
8532:"Estimating the normal background rate of species extinction"
8031:
7561:
4783:"Early Holocene climate oscillationsâcauses and consequences"
3549:
2814:
2810:
2756:
1899:
1805:
After 11,800 BP, and especially between 10,800 and 9,200 BP,
1347:
1335:
1271:
8693:; Battarbee, R.W.; Birks, H.J.B.; et al., eds. (2003).
8689:
8529:
8258:
8256:
6195:
1413:
The Holocene can be subdivided into five time intervals, or
11387:
11348:
10828:
10684:
10614:
10534:
10406:
9919:
7366:
6894:
5426:
3739:
10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0455:WEOYCV>2.0.CO;2
2838:
2826:
2736:
1589:
1455:
1219:, beginning approximately 11,700 years ago. It follows the
1207:
1198:
1189:
1177:
1162:
932:
8399:"The Sixth Mass Extinction: fact, fiction or speculation?"
7632:
One Planet, Many People: Atlas of Our Changing Environment
6090:
5485:
5252:
4929:
4723:
4166:
Viau, A.E.; Gajewski, K.; Sawada, M.C.; Fines, P. (2006).
3620:
3128:
2020:, which had been confined by the glaciers, disrupting the
1898:
During the Early Holocene, relative sea level rose in the
1153:
10699:
10465:
10423:
8253:
7512:
7297:
3716:
2759:, climatic changes fostered a population boom during the
2723:, creating more efficient forms of hunting and replacing
8208:"World Scientists' Warning to Humanity: A Second Notice"
8205:
6243:
3124:
3122:
3120:
16:
Current geological epoch, covering the last 11,700 years
8182:"What to expect from the world's sixth mass extinction"
6154:
4206:
4165:
1615:, as it shrank from its larger, immediate post-glacial
8595:
7407:
7116:
7009:
6945:
6459:
5689:
5080:
Perry, Charles A.; Hsu, Kenneth J. (7 November 2000).
3801:
The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies
3228:"Welcome to the Meghalayan Age a new phase in history"
38:"Recent Era" redirects here. For the human sense, see
8748:
History of Earth's Climate 7 â Cenozoic IV â Holocene
7731:
6507:
6355:
6298:
6034:
3117:
1690:, which lasted from the end of the HCO to before the
1171:
1165:
8396:
7066:
Shuman, Bryan N.; Marsicek, Jeremiah (1 June 2016).
5807:
5639:
5596:
5357:
2028:. This disruption was the result of an ice dam over
1204:
1195:
1156:
4727:"Mid- to Late Holocene climate change: an overview"
2704:. There is also evolving archeological evidence of
2694:
the oldest inhabited places still existing on Earth
1607:. The region continues to rise, still causing weak
1186:
1183:
1150:
1147:
152:
7958:Riris, Philip; Arroyo-Kalin, Manuel (9 May 2019).
7784:Rohling, Eelco J.; PĂ€like, Heiko (21 April 2005).
6782:
5866:
4444:"Late Holocene climate: Natural or anthropogenic?"
3922:
3851:
7957:
6790:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
6686:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
6515:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
6411:
6307:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
6203:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
5986:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
5759:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
5703:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
4986:Duan, Jianping; Zhang, Qi-Bin (27 October 2014).
4844:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3606:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
3559:Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography
1310:(4,200 years ago to the present), as proposed by
11630:
8199:
7176:
5546:Manning, Katie; Timpson, Adrian (October 2014).
5029:Benestad, R. E.; Schmidt, G. A. (27 July 2009).
4781:Hoek, Wim Z.; Bos, Johanna A. A. (August 2007).
4651:
3761:Climate change and human impact on the landscape
2040:. Furthermore, studies show that the melting of
1462:", i.e. 1,000 years before 1950 (non-calibrated
1290:evidence of the human impact. In July 2018, the
9125:
8262:
7463:
6574:
5028:
3955:
1777:During the Late Holocene, the coastline of the
1270:in the present. The human impact on modern-era
27:. For the music venue in Portland, Oregon, see
8040:, San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 87â103,
7065:
6734:
5978:
5545:
23:. For the album by German band The Ocean, see
9777:
9111:
8980:
8768:
8716:(3rd ed.). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
8476:
7905:
7903:
7783:
6830:
6630:
4120:
2641:
1678:. At the start of the Preboreal occurred the
1294:split the Holocene Epoch into three distinct
1266:, and overall significant transition towards
8589:
7863:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
5036:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
4993:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
4514:Seip, Knut Lehre; Wang, Hui (3 March 2023).
3956:Lajeuness, Patrick; Allard, Michael (2003).
3439:
3408:
2070:Overview map of the world at the end of the
8073:
5914:
4836:
3614:
3512:
3402:
3374:
3221:
3219:
1825:Holocene being relatively arid as a whole.
1192:
1159:
9791:
9784:
9770:
9118:
9104:
8987:
8973:
8775:
8761:
8654:
7900:
7727:
7725:
7723:
3543:
2648:
2634:
1954:
1292:International Union of Geological Sciences
8782:
8680:
8422:
8269:"The misunderstood sixth mass extinction"
8117:
8001:
7876:"Göbekli Tepe: The World's First Temple?"
7589:
7538:
7392:
7343:
7325:
7145:
7093:
6922:
5835:
5751:
5624:
5573:
5514:
5454:
5403:
5385:
5286:
5125:
5107:
5056:
5005:
4985:
4697:
4679:
4620:
4610:
4551:
4541:
4479:
4469:
4346:
4191:
4089:
3949:
3751:
3506:
3192:"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"
3160:
3054:
3044:
1406:in Europe, the Devensian in Britain, the
1306:(8,200 years ago to 4,200 years ago) and
7847:
5079:
4513:
4004:
3998:
3896:International Commission on Stratigraphy
3892:Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy
3216:
3197:International Commission on Stratigraphy
2065:
1626:
1538:International Commission on Stratigraphy
1410:in Chile and the Otiran in New Zealand.
1368:International Commission on Stratigraphy
1312:International Commission on Stratigraphy
1243:of the Quaternary, and is equivalent to
8738:The Holocene epoch explained by the BBC
8711:
7720:
4780:
4269:
4267:
3763:. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 47â56.
3260:
1302:(11,700 years ago to 8,200 years ago),
11631:
8714:The Holocene: an environmental history
8477:Hollingsworth, Julia (June 11, 2019).
8390:
8325:
8140:
3902:from the original on February 17, 2016
3846:
3698:from the original on February 16, 2020
2916:Paleogeographic reconstruction of the
1750:(AHP). The northward migration of the
1640:imply notable changes in the climate.
943:
10955:
10594:
9860:
9765:
9099:
8994:
8968:
8756:
8503:
8179:
7909:
7873:
7628:
5604:Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
4892:
4719:
4717:
4509:
4507:
3888:"Working Group on the "Anthropocene""
3204:from the original on January 13, 2017
2051:
1927:Ice core measurements imply that the
10956:
8180:Walsh, Alistair (January 11, 2022).
7637:United Nations Environment Programme
6820:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
6772:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
6678:
6449:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
6185:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
5904:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
5347:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
5186:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
4264:
4063:
3920:
3377:"Chapter 30 - The Quaternary Period"
3345:"Origin and meaning of suffix -cene"
3225:
922:
904:
886:
868:
9717:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
8504:Watts, Jonathan (August 31, 2021).
8453:
7888:from the original on March 17, 2009
7739:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
7471:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
5259:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
4521:Theoretical and Applied Climatology
2859:natural background extinction rates
2766:
40:Human history § Modern history
13:
9721:= megaannum (millions years ago);
8648:
4714:
4504:
3965:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
3689:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1974.tb00669.x
3478:10.1111/j.1502-3885.1999.tb00217.x
3189:
1619:phase, to its present boundaries.
1417:, based on climatic fluctuations:
31:. For the scientific journal, see
14:
11670:
10908:Megalithic architectural elements
9725:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
8731:
8661:Journal of Archaeological Science
8655:Hunt, C.O.; Rabett, R.J. (2014).
8337:"Defaunation in the Anthropocene"
8038:Interhemispheric Climate Linkages
5031:"Solar trends and global warming"
4937:Journal of the Geological Society
2845:. With widespread degradation of
2105: complex farming societies (
2074:, color-coded by cultural stage:
1861:
1572:The sea-level rise and temporary
1227:. The Holocene and the preceding
10595:
9746:
9735:
8523:
8497:
8470:
8454:Guy, Jack (September 30, 2020).
8447:
8173:
8134:
8046:10.1016/b978-012472670-3/50009-4
3921:Gray, Louise (October 7, 2009).
3579:10.1111/j.0435-3676.1999.00057.x
3383:, Elsevier, pp. 1217â1255,
3314:"Origin and meaning of Holocene"
2928:
2909:
2886:
2874:
2727:. In the Holocene, however, the
1893:
1873:
1143:
134:
60:
11527:Evolutionary origin of religion
8067:
8025:
7951:
7910:Gupta, Anil K. (10 July 2004).
7874:Curry, Andrew (November 2008).
7867:
7841:
7777:
7664:
7653:from the original on 2020-01-02
7622:
7555:
7506:
7457:
7401:
7360:
7291:
7226:
7205:10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.03.008
7170:
7110:
7095:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.03.009
7059:
7038:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.08.010
7003:
6974:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.10.007
6939:
6924:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.04.012
6888:
6824:
6776:
6728:
6672:
6651:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.01.002
6624:
6603:10.1016/j.earscirev.2009.10.007
6501:
6453:
6440:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2023.104238
6405:
6349:
6292:
6237:
6189:
6183:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.12.014
6148:
6119:10.1016/j.quascirev.2018.09.040
6084:
6063:10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.08.024
6028:
5972:
5943:10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.03.002
5908:
5895:10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.10.036
5860:
5801:
5745:
5668:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.05.005
5633:
5590:
5575:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.07.003
5539:
5479:
5456:10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106807
5420:
5351:
5338:10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.01.010
5303:
5246:
5190:
5177:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.09.030
5142:
5073:
5022:
4979:
4923:
4917:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.07.007
4886:
4830:
4809:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.06.008
4774:
4753:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.06.013
4645:
4576:
4435:
4378:
4303:
4297:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.02.011
4253:from the original on 2018-12-28
4236:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.06.005
4200:
4172:Journal of Geophysical Research
4159:
4114:
4057:
3937:from the original on 2022-01-11
3914:
3880:
3840:
3829:from the original on 2021-06-11
3811:
3792:
3745:
3710:
3651:
3645:10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.05.005
3495:from the original on 2018-02-12
3368:
3357:from the original on 2019-08-08
3326:from the original on 2019-08-08
3277:from the original on 2020-05-22
3238:from the original on 2018-07-18
3172:from the original on 2013-11-04
3046:10.18814/epiiugs/2008/v31i2/016
2781:, otherwise referred to as the
1784:
1742:North Africa, dominated by the
1603:region resulted in a shrinking
1386:and specifically following the
6679:Park, Jungjae (1 March 2017).
4590:Environmental Research Letters
4064:Bond, G.; et al. (2001).
4005:Bond, G.; et al. (1997).
3337:
3306:
3249:
3183:
3090:
3076:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
3063:
3017:
2099: simple farming societies
1922:
1772:
1752:Intertropical Convergence Zone
867:
1:
11140:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
10670:British megalith architecture
9164:Pleistocene (11.7 kaâ2.58 Ma)
8695:Global change in the Holocene
6763:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.05.014
6488:10.1016/S0921-8181(00)00037-0
5225:10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00183-X
4413:10.1126/science.270.5244.1962
4036:10.1126/science.278.5341.1257
3226:Amos, Jonathan (2018-07-18).
3140:Journal of Quaternary Science
3010:
1800:
1664:HuelmoâMascardi Cold Reversal
1491:. The scheme was defined for
11135:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
10675:Nordic megalith architecture
8147:The American Biology Teacher
7540:10.1016/j.ancene.2023.100403
7436:10.1016/j.margeo.2009.10.022
7262:10.1016/j.margeo.2022.106780
6859:10.1016/j.quaint.2021.02.018
6811:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.03.009
6707:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.01.005
6536:10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110461
6384:10.1016/j.quaint.2022.03.005
6328:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.05.044
6271:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.02.040
6224:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.05.008
6007:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.04.027
5837:10.1016/j.margeo.2022.106778
5780:10.1016/0031-0182(89)90114-4
5752:Lancaster, N. (1 May 1989).
5724:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.06.022
5494:Geophysical Research Letters
4865:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.01.012
3537:10.1016/0277-3791(89)90034-6
3433:10.1016/0277-3791(82)90019-1
2999:Late Pleistocene extinctions
2797:during the present Holocene
2696:were first settled, such as
1949:El NiñoâSouthern Oscillation
1913:
1832:
1599:Post-glacial rebound in the
1317:
945:Ages of the Holocene Epoch.
7:
9127:Geological history of Earth
6467:Global and Planetary Change
6419:Global and Planetary Change
4900:Global and Planetary Change
4277:Global and Planetary Change
3769:10.1007/978-94-010-9176-3_5
3350:Online Etymology Dictionary
3319:Online Etymology Dictionary
3297:"On pourrait aussi appeler
3190:Fan, Junxuan; Hou, Xudong.
2946:
1635:(bottom) and Holocene (top)
1553:Continental motions due to
1361:
1282:evidence, or more recently
1235:period. The Holocene is an
1223:, which concluded with the
944:
782:
29:Holocene (Portland, Oregon)
10:
11675:
11283:British Isles and Brittany
11204:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
9400:Mississippian (323â359 Ma)
9395:Pennsylvanian (299â323 Ma)
9159:Holocene (presentâ11.7 ka)
8102:10.1038/s41598-021-03180-4
7986:10.1038/s41598-019-43086-w
7756:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.05.034
7492:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.07.013
7184:Quaternary Science Reviews
7073:Quaternary Science Reviews
7017:Quaternary Science Reviews
6953:Quaternary Science Reviews
6902:Quaternary Science Reviews
6638:Quaternary Science Reviews
6162:Quaternary Science Reviews
6098:Quaternary Science Reviews
6042:Quaternary Science Reviews
5874:Quaternary Science Reviews
5647:Quaternary Science Reviews
5553:Quaternary Science Reviews
5434:Quaternary Science Reviews
5317:Quaternary Science Reviews
5279:10.1016/j.epsl.2023.118463
5204:Quaternary Science Reviews
5156:Quaternary Science Reviews
4893:Guiot, Joël (March 2012).
4788:Quaternary Science Reviews
4732:Quaternary Science Reviews
4543:10.1007/s00704-023-04398-0
4339:10.1038/s41561-023-01145-y
4216:Quaternary Science Reviews
3624:Quaternary Science Reviews
3516:Quaternary Science Reviews
3412:Quaternary Science Reviews
2864:
2809:span numerous families of
2770:
2093: nomadic pastoralists
2055:
1938:
1622:
1544:
1348:
1336:
1256:all of its written history
1239:period within the ongoing
37:
18:
11485:
11298:
11125:
10972:
10968:
10951:
10837:
10801:
10650:
10607:
10603:
10590:
10397:
10228:
10201:
10126:
10052:
10043:
9948:
9873:
9869:
9861:
9856:
9799:
9712:
9697:
9684:Paleoarchean (3.2â3.6 Ga)
9661:
9621:
9590:
9559:
9546:
9534:Terreneuvian (521â539 Ma)
9506:
9475:
9439:
9408:
9382:
9351:
9338:
9303:
9272:
9246:
9233:
9198:
9172:
9146:
9133:
9002:
8943:
8860:
8794:
8682:10.1016/j.jas.2013.12.011
3130:Schwander, Jakob (2009).
3103:Dictionary.com Unabridged
2668:. In regions such as the
1737:
1724:Holocene climatic optimum
1705:
1684:Holocene Climatic Optimum
1260:technological revolutions
1127:
1117:
1108:Upper boundary definition
1107:
1099:
1054:
1040:Lower boundary definition
1039:
1031:
1021:
1011:
1006:
998:
986:
976:
971:
963:
958:
178:−10000 —
158:−10400 —
150:
145:
133:
52:
47:
11649:Quaternary geochronology
9679:Mesoarchean (2.8â3.2 Ga)
9524:Miaolingian (497â509 Ma)
9369:Guadalupian (260â272 Ma)
9221:Paleocene (56.0â66.0 Ma)
9211:Oligocene (23.0â33.9 Ma)
8952:â Relative to year 1950 (
8946:*Relative to year 2000 (
7629:Singh, Ashbindu (2005).
6838:Quaternary International
6363:Quaternary International
6250:Quaternary International
4612:10.1088/1748-9326/ac8faa
3381:Geologic Time Scale 2020
2079: hunter-gatherers (
2032:collapsing sending cold
1477:BlyttâSernander sequence
1225:Holocene glacial retreat
618:−1200 —
598:−1600 —
578:−2000 —
558:−2400 —
538:−2800 —
518:−3200 —
498:−3600 —
478:−4000 —
458:−4400 —
438:−4800 —
418:−5200 —
398:−5600 —
378:−6000 —
358:−6400 —
338:−6800 —
318:−7200 —
298:−7600 —
278:−8000 —
258:−8400 —
238:−8800 —
218:−9200 —
198:−9600 —
155:
11515:Evolutionary musicology
10918:Oldest extant buildings
10845:Archaeological features
10364:Prepared-core technique
9674:Neoarchean (2.5â2.8 Ga)
9639:Orosirian (1.8â2.05 Ga)
9634:Statherian (1.6â1.8 Ga)
9577:Cryogenian (635â720 Ma)
9467:Llandovery (433â444 Ma)
9374:Cisuralian (272â299 Ma)
9185:Pliocene (2.59â5.33 Ma)
8619:10.1126/science.1246752
8364:10.1126/science.1251817
8295:10.1126/science.aau0191
8159:10.1525/abt.2011.73.2.5
7860:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
7748:2012E&PSL.315...41L
7591:10.1126/science.1084114
7484:2014E&PSL.404..420Z
5387:10.1073/pnas.1417655112
5271:2023E&PSL.62418463Z
5000:(20): 11, 578â11, 592.
4681:10.1073/pnas.0703073104
4091:10.1126/science.1065680
3854:With Speed and Violence
3823:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
3581:(inactive 2024-09-11).
2787:Anthropocene extinction
2126: state societies (
1961:number of large animals
1955:Ecological developments
1929:sea surface temperature
1596:of non-glacial origin.
1262:, development of major
658:−400 —
638:−800 —
11477:Unchambered long cairn
11325:Mound Builders culture
10658:Neolithic architecture
9793:Prehistoric technology
9644:Rhyacian (2.05â2.3 Ga)
9613:Calymmian (1.4â1.6 Ga)
9572:Ediacaran (539â635 Ma)
9519:Furongian (485â497 Ma)
9364:Lopingian (252â260 Ma)
9190:Miocene (5.33â23.0 Ma)
8712:Roberts, Neil (2014).
5109:10.1073/pnas.230423297
3752:Blackford, J. (1993).
3261:Gervais, Paul (1850).
3004:Ostrich eggshell beads
2969:BlyttâSernander system
2935:Bronze bead necklace,
2140:
2058:Timeline of prehistory
1880:East Greenland Current
1636:
1458:BP" means "kilo-annum
1390:. Local names for the
1298:based on the climate,
1245:Marine Isotope Stage 1
11152:List of Stone Age art
10354:Microblade technology
10302:Langdale axe industry
9900:Ard / plough
9649:Siderian (2.3â2.5 Ga)
9608:Ectasian (1.2â1.4 Ga)
9529:Series 2 (509â521 Ma)
9216:Eocene (33.9â56.0 Ma)
8229:10.1093/biosci/bix125
7305:Nature Communications
6582:Earth-Science Reviews
5922:Earth-Science Reviews
4449:Reviews of Geophysics
2783:sixth mass extinction
2712:, as long ago as the
2708:at locations such as
2236:Age of the human race
2069:
2056:Further information:
1866:Before 7,500 BP, the
1696:Mediaeval Warm Period
1692:Industrial Revolution
1680:Preboreal Oscillation
1657:Industrial Revolution
1630:
1509:have not defined any
1254:worldwide, including
11559:Prehistoric medicine
11554:Prehistoric counting
11537:Prehistoric religion
11532:Paleolithic religion
11510:Behavioral modernity
10867:Causewayed enclosure
10759:Abri de la Madeleine
9883:Neolithic Revolution
9689:Eoarchean (3.6â4 Ga)
9582:Tonian (720 Maâ1 Ga)
9462:Wenlock (427â433 Ma)
9452:Pridoli (419â423 Ma)
8539:Conservation Biology
8141:Wagler, Ron (2011).
7881:Smithsonian Magazine
7385:10.1002/2016PA003065
5626:10.1029/2005PA001200
5516:10.1029/2019GL084879
5058:10.1029/2008JD011639
5007:10.1002/2014JD022422
4471:10.1002/2015RG000503
4193:10.1029/2005JD006031
2979:African humid period
2038:North Atlantic ocean
1748:African Humid Period
1567:post-glacial rebound
1448:(2.5 ka BPâpresent).
1442:(5 kaâ2.5 ka BP) and
1326:was formed from two
947:Axis scale: AD year.
11598:Prehistoric warfare
10344:Magdalenian culture
10307:Levallois technique
10238:Earliest toolmaking
9744: •
9733: •
9731:Geologic time scale
9493:Middle (458â470 Ma)
9457:Ludlow (423â427 Ma)
9426:Middle (383â393 Ma)
9321:Middle (237â247 Ma)
9290:Middle (164â174 Ma)
8954:BP/Before "Present"
8673:2014JArSc..51...22H
8551:2015ConBi..29..452D
8356:2014Sci...345..401D
8287:2018Sci...360.1080C
8281:(6393): 1080â1081.
8263:Ceballos, Gerardo;
8238:on 15 December 2019
8094:2021NatSR..1123797K
7978:2019NatSR...9.6850R
7812:10.1038/nature03421
7804:2005Natur.434..975R
7691:1999Natur.400..344B
7582:2003Sci...300..791W
7531:2023Anthr..4400403L
7428:2010MGeol.270...11O
7327:10.1038/ncomms12929
7318:2016NatCo...712929E
7254:2022MGeol.44706780A
7197:2006QSRv...25..486A
7138:2017Radcb..59..215F
7086:2016QSRv..141...38S
7030:2013QSRv...78..266M
6966:2015QSRv..129..296P
6915:2016QSRv..142...40S
6851:2022QuInt.629...36Z
6803:2017PPP...483...94L
6755:2017ChGeo.463...94W
6699:2017PPP...469...74P
6595:2009ESRv...97..242Z
6528:2021PPP...57410461Z
6480:2000GPC....26...97G
6432:2023GPC...22904238S
6376:2022QuInt.642...48S
6320:2014PPP...410..164M
6263:2015QuInt.371..157S
6216:2009PPP...279..172D
6175:2017QSRv..158...15C
6111:2018QSRv..200...65W
6055:2017QSRv..174...13L
5999:2015PPP...432...36H
5935:2019ESRv..191..263R
5887:2017QSRv..178...14Z
5828:2022MGeol.44706778G
5772:1989PPP....70..367L
5716:2017PPP...485..305S
5660:2014QSRv...97...84F
5617:2006PalOc..21.4203A
5566:2014QSRv..101...28M
5507:2019GeoRL..4614093S
5501:(23): 14093â14102.
5447:2021QSRv..25506807D
5378:2015PNAS..112.8543A
5330:2017QSRv..159...63K
5217:2003QSRv...22..101G
5169:2016QSRv..153..192H
5100:2000PNAS...9712433P
5094:(23): 12433â12438.
5049:2009JGRD..11414101B
4950:10.1144/jgs2013-101
4909:2012GPC....84...14G
4857:2019PPP...518..206G
4801:2007QSRv...26.1901H
4745:2008QSRv...27.1791W
4672:2007PNAS..10419214Z
4666:(49): 19214â19219.
4603:2022ERL....17j3001D
4534:2023ThApC.152..307S
4462:2016RvGeo..54...93R
4405:1995Sci...270.1962O
4399:(5244): 1962â1964.
4331:2023NatGe..16..357M
4289:2013GPC...110..386K
4228:2009QSRv...28.2675D
4184:2006JGRD..111.9102V
4137:1999Natur.397..515B
4082:2001Sci...294.2130B
4076:(5549): 2130â2136.
4028:1997Sci...278.1257B
4022:(5341): 1257â1266.
3977:2003CaJES..40...65L
3930:The Daily Telegraph
3898:. January 4, 2016.
3731:2002Geo....30..455V
3681:1974Borea...3..109M
3637:2007QSRv...26..517N
3571:1999GeAnA..81..167D
3529:1989QSRv....8..307E
3470:1999Borea..28..234S
3425:1982QSRv....1...55C
3153:2009JQS....24....3W
2922:Last Glacial Period
2899:Utah State Route 18
2779:Holocene extinction
2773:Holocene extinction
2753:sedentary lifestyle
2311:Classical antiquity
2024:circulation of the
1720:Last Glacial Period
1672:Northern Hemisphere
1668:Southern Hemisphere
1392:last glacial period
1388:last glacial period
1221:Last Glacial Period
1128:Upper GSSP ratified
1118:Upper boundary GSSP
1100:Lower GSSP ratified
1084:75.1000°N 42.3200°W
1080: /
1055:Lower boundary GSSP
1032:Time span formality
11549:Origin of language
11542:Spiritual drug use
11452:Rectangular dolmen
11354:Dartmoor kistvaens
11167:Carved stone balls
10879:Circular enclosure
10838:Other architecture
10781:Alp pile dwellings
10369:Solutrean industry
10280:Gravettian culture
9930:Secondary products
9742:Geology portal
9603:Stenian (1â1.2 Ga)
9498:Early (470â485 Ma)
9431:Early (393â419 Ma)
9326:Early (247â252 Ma)
9295:Early (174â201 Ma)
9264:Early (100â145 Ma)
9259:Late (66.0â100 Ma)
8852:(4.2 ka â present)
8743:ghK Classification
8697:. London: Arnold.
8559:10.1111/cobi.12380
8403:Biological Reviews
8081:Scientific Reports
7965:Scientific Reports
7147:10.1017/RDC.2017.6
3292:2020-05-22 at the
2964:10th millennium BC
2959:8.2-kiloyear event
2954:4.2-kiloyear event
2937:Muséum de Toulouse
2141:
2052:Human developments
1973:saber-toothed cats
1943:Evidence from the
1637:
1559:sea levels to rise
1231:together form the
1022:Stratigraphic unit
1012:Chronological unit
999:Time scale(s) used
915:4.2 kiloyear event
897:8.2 kiloyear event
11644:Geological epochs
11626:
11625:
11622:
11621:
11618:
11617:
11571:Prehistoric music
11520:music archaeology
11177:Cup and ring mark
11002:Clothing/textiles
10947:
10946:
10943:
10942:
10586:
10585:
10582:
10581:
10389:Yubetsu technique
10374:Striking platform
10339:Lithic technology
10224:
10223:
10209:Game drive system
10128:Projectile points
10020:Mortar and pestle
9759:
9758:
9657:
9656:
9623:Paleoproterozoic
9542:
9541:
9488:Late (444â458 Ma)
9421:Late (359â383 Ma)
9334:
9333:
9316:Late (201â237 Ma)
9285:Late (145â164 Ma)
9229:
9228:
9150:(presentâ2.58 Ma)
9138:(presentâ66.0 Ma)
9093:
9092:
9088:
9087:
9009:Pleistocene Epoch
8996:Quaternary Period
8962:
8961:
8957:
8877:
8819:
8723:978-1-4051-5521-2
8704:978-0-340-76223-3
8613:(6187): 1246752.
8415:10.1111/brv.12816
8350:(6195): 401â406.
8223:(12): 1026â1028.
8055:978-0-12-472670-3
7798:(7036): 975â979.
7685:(6742): 344â348.
7576:(5620): 791â795.
5372:(28): 8543â8548.
4795:(15): 1901â1906.
4739:(19): 1791â1828.
4318:Nature Geoscience
4222:(25): 2675â2688.
4131:(6719): 515â517.
3873:978-0-8070-8576-9
3778:978-0-412-61860-4
3390:978-0-12-824360-2
3079:. Merriam-Webster
2994:Piora Oscillation
2974:Holocene calendar
2849:habitats such as
2847:highly biodiverse
2714:9th millennium BC
2700:(Jericho) in the
2658:
2657:
2610:
2609:
2602:Political history
2227:
2215:
2185:
2181:Pleistocene epoch
2072:2nd millennium BC
2046:Mississippi Delta
1945:GalĂĄpagos Islands
1816:The sediments of
1645:radiative forcing
1215:) is the current
1135:
1134:
1089:75.1000; -42.3200
972:Usage information
953:
952:
939:
938:
921:
920:
903:
902:
885:
884:
778:2000 —
758:1600 —
738:1200 —
11666:
11586:Divje Babe flute
11493:Archaeoastronomy
11236:Petrosomatoglyph
10970:
10969:
10953:
10952:
10802:Water management
10605:
10604:
10592:
10591:
10495:Denticulate tool
10317:Lithic reduction
10050:
10049:
9871:
9870:
9858:
9857:
9786:
9779:
9772:
9763:
9762:
9753:World portal
9751:
9750:
9740:
9739:
9702:
9666:
9626:
9595:
9592:Mesoproterozoic
9564:
9557:
9556:
9552:
9511:
9480:
9444:
9413:
9387:
9356:
9349:
9348:
9344:
9308:
9277:
9251:
9244:
9243:
9239:
9203:
9177:
9151:
9144:
9143:
9139:
9120:
9113:
9106:
9097:
9096:
9005:
9004:
8989:
8982:
8975:
8966:
8965:
8945:
8885:10.3â ka â 9â ka
8873:
8815:Preceded by the
8814:
8777:
8770:
8763:
8754:
8753:
8727:
8708:
8686:
8684:
8642:
8641:
8602:
8593:
8587:
8586:
8536:
8527:
8521:
8520:
8518:
8516:
8501:
8495:
8494:
8488:
8486:
8474:
8468:
8467:
8465:
8463:
8451:
8445:
8444:
8426:
8394:
8388:
8387:
8341:
8329:
8323:
8322:
8265:Ehrlich, Paul R.
8260:
8251:
8250:
8245:
8243:
8237:
8231:. Archived from
8212:
8203:
8197:
8196:
8194:
8192:
8177:
8171:
8170:
8138:
8132:
8131:
8121:
8071:
8065:
8064:
8063:
8062:
8029:
8023:
8022:
8020:
8018:
8005:
7955:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7944:
7907:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7893:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7856:
7845:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7834:
7781:
7775:
7774:
7772:
7770:
7729:
7718:
7717:
7715:
7713:
7668:
7662:
7661:
7659:
7658:
7626:
7620:
7619:
7593:
7559:
7553:
7552:
7542:
7510:
7504:
7503:
7461:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7450:
7405:
7399:
7398:
7396:
7373:Paleoceanography
7364:
7358:
7357:
7347:
7329:
7295:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7174:
7168:
7167:
7149:
7114:
7108:
7107:
7097:
7063:
7057:
7056:
7054:
7052:
7007:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6943:
6937:
6936:
6926:
6892:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6780:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6769:
6742:Chemical Geology
6732:
6726:
6725:
6723:
6721:
6676:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6665:
6628:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6572:
6563:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6505:
6499:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6409:
6403:
6402:
6400:
6398:
6353:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6296:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6285:
6241:
6235:
6234:
6232:
6230:
6210:(3â4): 172â185.
6193:
6187:
6186:
6152:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6023:
6021:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5864:
5858:
5857:
5839:
5805:
5799:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5637:
5631:
5630:
5628:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5577:
5543:
5537:
5536:
5518:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5458:
5424:
5418:
5417:
5407:
5389:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5346:
5344:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5290:
5250:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5194:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5129:
5111:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5060:
5026:
5020:
5019:
5009:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4903:. 84â85: 14â22.
4890:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4879:
4834:
4828:
4827:
4825:
4823:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4721:
4712:
4711:
4701:
4683:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4624:
4614:
4580:
4574:
4573:
4555:
4545:
4528:(1â2): 307â319.
4511:
4502:
4501:
4483:
4473:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4350:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4271:
4262:
4261:
4259:
4258:
4252:
4213:
4204:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4163:
4157:
4156:
4118:
4112:
4111:
4093:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4046:. Archived from
4011:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3987:. Archived from
3962:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3926:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3857:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3758:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3697:
3664:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3631:(3â4): 517â535.
3618:
3612:
3611:
3605:
3597:
3595:
3589:. Archived from
3556:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3494:
3453:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3310:
3304:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3223:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3171:
3164:
3162:10.1002/jqs.1227
3136:
3126:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3084:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3048:
3021:
2932:
2913:
2890:
2878:
2791:extinction event
2789:, is an ongoing
2767:Extinction event
2757:Korean Peninsula
2690:Natufian culture
2650:
2643:
2636:
2625:
2619:
2580:Age of Discovery
2487:
2486:
2255:Earliest records
2241:Recorded history
2217:
2205:
2177:
2175:
2164:
2143:
2142:
2128:Fertile Crescent
2125:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2078:
2012:
1868:Gulf of Thailand
1712:Northern Germany
1563:40 degrees north
1424:(10 kaâ9 ka BP),
1353:
1352:
1341:
1340:
1217:geological epoch
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
928:
923:
910:
905:
892:
887:
874:
869:
853:
844:
835:
826:
824:
806:
804:
793:
791:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
718:800 —
714:
709:
704:
699:
698:400 —
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
153:
138:
129:
59:
45:
44:
25:Holocene (album)
11674:
11673:
11669:
11668:
11667:
11665:
11664:
11663:
11659:Historical eras
11629:
11628:
11627:
11614:
11481:
11467:Stone box grave
11437:Megalithic tomb
11342:Cotswold-Severn
11294:
11199:Guardian stones
11127:Prehistoric art
11121:
10964:
10939:
10928:Timber trackway
10833:
10797:
10793:Wattle and daub
10646:
10625:Standing stones
10599:
10578:
10393:
10220:
10197:
10122:
10039:
9949:Food processing
9944:
9893:New World crops
9865:
9852:
9795:
9790:
9760:
9755:
9745:
9734:
9726:
9708:
9700:
9693:
9664:
9653:
9624:
9617:
9593:
9586:
9562:
9561:Neoproterozoic
9551:(539 Maâ2.5 Ga)
9550:
9549:
9548:Proterozoic Eon
9538:
9509:
9502:
9478:
9471:
9442:
9435:
9411:
9404:
9385:
9378:
9354:
9342:
9341:
9330:
9306:
9299:
9275:
9268:
9249:
9237:
9236:
9225:
9201:
9194:
9175:
9168:
9149:
9137:
9136:
9129:
9124:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9038:
8998:
8993:
8963:
8958:
8951:
8939:
8938:
8863:BlyttâSernander
8856:
8855:
8790:
8781:
8734:
8724:
8705:
8651:
8649:Further reading
8646:
8645:
8600:
8594:
8590:
8534:
8528:
8524:
8514:
8512:
8502:
8498:
8484:
8482:
8475:
8471:
8461:
8459:
8452:
8448:
8395:
8391:
8339:
8330:
8326:
8267:(8 June 2018).
8261:
8254:
8241:
8239:
8235:
8210:
8204:
8200:
8190:
8188:
8178:
8174:
8139:
8135:
8072:
8068:
8060:
8058:
8056:
8030:
8026:
8016:
8014:
7956:
7952:
7942:
7940:
7917:Current Science
7908:
7901:
7891:
7889:
7872:
7868:
7854:"Jericho"
7846:
7842:
7832:
7830:
7782:
7778:
7768:
7766:
7730:
7721:
7711:
7709:
7669:
7665:
7656:
7654:
7647:
7627:
7623:
7560:
7556:
7511:
7507:
7462:
7458:
7448:
7446:
7406:
7402:
7365:
7361:
7296:
7292:
7282:
7280:
7231:
7227:
7217:
7215:
7175:
7171:
7115:
7111:
7064:
7060:
7050:
7048:
7008:
7004:
6994:
6992:
6944:
6940:
6893:
6889:
6879:
6877:
6829:
6825:
6815:
6813:
6781:
6777:
6767:
6765:
6733:
6729:
6719:
6717:
6677:
6673:
6663:
6661:
6629:
6625:
6615:
6613:
6573:
6566:
6556:
6554:
6506:
6502:
6492:
6490:
6474:(1â3): 97â103.
6458:
6454:
6444:
6442:
6410:
6406:
6396:
6394:
6354:
6350:
6340:
6338:
6297:
6293:
6283:
6281:
6242:
6238:
6228:
6226:
6194:
6190:
6153:
6149:
6139:
6137:
6089:
6085:
6075:
6073:
6033:
6029:
6019:
6017:
5977:
5973:
5963:
5961:
5913:
5909:
5899:
5897:
5865:
5861:
5806:
5802:
5792:
5790:
5750:
5746:
5736:
5734:
5694:
5690:
5680:
5678:
5638:
5634:
5595:
5591:
5544:
5540:
5484:
5480:
5425:
5421:
5356:
5352:
5342:
5340:
5308:
5304:
5251:
5247:
5237:
5235:
5195:
5191:
5181:
5179:
5147:
5143:
5078:
5074:
5027:
5023:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4968:
4928:
4924:
4891:
4887:
4877:
4875:
4835:
4831:
4821:
4819:
4779:
4775:
4765:
4763:
4722:
4715:
4650:
4646:
4581:
4577:
4512:
4505:
4440:
4436:
4383:
4379:
4369:
4367:
4308:
4304:
4272:
4265:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4211:
4205:
4201:
4164:
4160:
4119:
4115:
4062:
4058:
4050:
4009:
4003:
3999:
3991:
3985:10.1139/e02-085
3960:
3954:
3950:
3940:
3938:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3874:
3845:
3841:
3832:
3830:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3797:
3793:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3756:
3750:
3746:
3715:
3711:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3662:
3656:
3652:
3619:
3615:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3554:
3548:
3544:
3511:
3507:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3451:
3444:
3440:
3407:
3403:
3395:
3393:
3391:
3373:
3369:
3360:
3358:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3329:
3327:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3294:Wayback Machine
3280:
3278:
3254:
3250:
3241:
3239:
3224:
3217:
3207:
3205:
3188:
3184:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3134:
3127:
3118:
3109:
3107:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3082:
3080:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3008:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2933:
2924:
2914:
2905:
2891:
2882:
2879:
2867:
2805:. The included
2775:
2769:
2749:hunter-gatherer
2745:Central America
2692:, during which
2664:age in most of
2654:
2623:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2566:
2565:
2556:
2542:
2523:
2504:
2503:
2484:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2456:
2442:
2433:
2419:
2405:
2404:
2394:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2373:
2359:
2340:
2321:
2320:
2301:
2281:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2250:
2231:
2230:
2216:
2204:
2196:
2173:
2162:
2139:
2123:
2121:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2076:
2064:
2054:
2036:water into the
2010:
1957:
1947:shows that the
1941:
1925:
1916:
1896:
1876:
1864:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1803:
1787:
1775:
1767:Kalahari Desert
1740:
1732:Aitoliko Lagoon
1708:
1625:
1594:tectonic uplift
1574:land depression
1555:plate tectonics
1547:
1534:Paul J. Crutzen
1507:Paleontologists
1497:climate changes
1493:Northern Europe
1436:(8 kaâ5 ka BP),
1430:(9 kaâ8 ka BP),
1364:
1320:
1203:
1182:
1176:
1146:
1142:
1122:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1065:
954:
949:
948:
946:
935:
926:
917:
908:
899:
890:
881:
872:
865:
864:
860:
859:
855:
854:
849:
846:
845:
840:
837:
836:
831:
828:
827:
820:
818:
815:
814:
808:
807:
800:
798:
795:
794:
787:
785:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
141:
128:
127:
126:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
54:
53:
43:
36:
21:Holocene (song)
17:
12:
11:
5:
11672:
11662:
11661:
11656:
11651:
11646:
11641:
11624:
11623:
11620:
11619:
11616:
11615:
11613:
11612:
11611:
11610:
11600:
11595:
11594:
11593:
11588:
11583:
11578:
11576:Alligator drum
11568:
11567:
11566:
11556:
11551:
11546:
11545:
11544:
11539:
11534:
11524:
11523:
11522:
11512:
11507:
11506:
11505:
11503:lunar calendar
11500:
11489:
11487:
11486:Other cultural
11483:
11482:
11480:
11479:
11474:
11469:
11464:
11459:
11454:
11449:
11444:
11439:
11434:
11433:
11432:
11427:
11417:
11412:
11407:
11406:
11405:
11400:
11390:
11385:
11384:
11383:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11357:
11356:
11346:
11345:
11344:
11334:
11333:
11332:
11322:
11321:
11320:
11315:
11304:
11302:
11296:
11295:
11293:
11292:
11290:Venus figurine
11287:
11286:
11285:
11280:
11270:
11265:
11260:
11259:
11258:
11253:
11243:
11238:
11233:
11228:
11223:
11221:Megalithic art
11218:
11217:
11216:
11211:
11201:
11196:
11191:
11190:
11189:
11179:
11174:
11172:Cave paintings
11169:
11164:
11159:
11154:
11149:
11148:
11147:
11137:
11131:
11129:
11123:
11122:
11120:
11119:
11118:
11117:
11112:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11091:
11090:
11085:
11080:
11075:
11070:
11065:
11055:
11050:
11049:
11048:
11038:
11037:
11036:
11031:
11021:
11016:
11011:
11010:
11009:
10999:
10994:
10989:
10984:
10978:
10976:
10974:Material goods
10966:
10965:
10949:
10948:
10945:
10944:
10941:
10940:
10938:
10937:
10936:
10935:
10925:
10920:
10915:
10910:
10905:
10904:
10903:
10893:
10888:
10887:
10886:
10876:
10875:
10874:
10864:
10863:
10862:
10852:
10847:
10841:
10839:
10835:
10834:
10832:
10831:
10826:
10821:
10816:
10811:
10805:
10803:
10799:
10798:
10796:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10784:
10783:
10773:
10768:
10767:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10730:
10729:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10708:
10707:
10697:
10692:
10690:Cliff dwelling
10687:
10682:
10677:
10672:
10667:
10666:
10665:
10654:
10652:
10648:
10647:
10645:
10644:
10643:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10622:
10617:
10611:
10609:
10601:
10600:
10588:
10587:
10584:
10583:
10580:
10579:
10577:
10576:
10575:
10574:
10564:
10559:
10554:
10549:
10548:
10547:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10512:
10507:
10502:
10497:
10492:
10487:
10486:
10485:
10475:
10474:
10473:
10468:
10458:
10453:
10448:
10443:
10442:
10441:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10420:
10419:
10409:
10403:
10401:
10395:
10394:
10392:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10335:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10314:
10309:
10304:
10299:
10298:
10297:
10287:
10282:
10277:
10275:Fire hardening
10272:
10267:
10265:Clovis culture
10262:
10257:
10256:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10234:
10232:
10226:
10225:
10222:
10221:
10219:
10218:
10217:
10216:
10205:
10203:
10199:
10198:
10196:
10195:
10190:
10188:Manis Mastodon
10185:
10180:
10175:
10170:
10165:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10145:
10144:
10143:
10132:
10130:
10124:
10123:
10121:
10120:
10119:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10103:
10098:
10088:
10083:
10082:
10081:
10071:
10070:
10069:
10067:throwing stick
10059:
10053:
10047:
10041:
10040:
10038:
10037:
10032:
10027:
10022:
10017:
10012:
10007:
10006:
10005:
10000:
9990:
9985:
9980:
9975:
9974:
9973:
9963:
9958:
9952:
9950:
9946:
9945:
9943:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9896:
9895:
9890:
9879:
9877:
9867:
9866:
9854:
9853:
9851:
9850:
9845:
9844:
9843:
9833:
9832:
9831:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9811:
9800:
9797:
9796:
9789:
9788:
9781:
9774:
9766:
9757:
9756:
9713:
9710:
9709:
9706:
9704:
9695:
9694:
9692:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9670:
9668:
9659:
9658:
9655:
9654:
9652:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9630:
9628:
9619:
9618:
9616:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9599:
9597:
9588:
9587:
9585:
9584:
9579:
9574:
9568:
9566:
9554:
9544:
9543:
9540:
9539:
9537:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9515:
9513:
9504:
9503:
9501:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9484:
9482:
9473:
9472:
9470:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9448:
9446:
9437:
9436:
9434:
9433:
9428:
9423:
9417:
9415:
9406:
9405:
9403:
9402:
9397:
9391:
9389:
9384:Carboniferous
9380:
9379:
9377:
9376:
9371:
9366:
9360:
9358:
9346:
9336:
9335:
9332:
9331:
9329:
9328:
9323:
9318:
9312:
9310:
9301:
9300:
9298:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9281:
9279:
9270:
9269:
9267:
9266:
9261:
9255:
9253:
9241:
9231:
9230:
9227:
9226:
9224:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9207:
9205:
9202:(23.0â66.0 Ma)
9196:
9195:
9193:
9192:
9187:
9181:
9179:
9176:(2.58â23.0 Ma)
9170:
9169:
9167:
9166:
9161:
9155:
9153:
9141:
9131:
9130:
9123:
9122:
9115:
9108:
9100:
9091:
9090:
9086:
9085:
9083:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9041:
9039:
9037:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9020:
9017:
9016:
9014:Holocene Epoch
9011:
9003:
9000:
8999:
8992:
8991:
8984:
8977:
8969:
8960:
8959:
8944:
8941:
8940:
8937:
8936:
8926:
8912:
8898:
8895:9 ka â 7.5â ka
8888:
8878:
8870:
8869:
8867:
8858:
8857:
8854:
8853:
8847:
8837:
8820:
8811:
8810:
8808:
8792:
8791:
8780:
8779:
8772:
8765:
8757:
8751:
8750:
8745:
8740:
8733:
8732:External links
8730:
8729:
8728:
8722:
8709:
8703:
8687:
8650:
8647:
8644:
8643:
8588:
8545:(2): 452â462.
8541:(in Spanish).
8522:
8496:
8469:
8446:
8409:(2): 640â663.
8389:
8333:Dirzo, Rodolfo
8324:
8252:
8198:
8186:Deutsche Welle
8172:
8133:
8066:
8054:
8024:
7950:
7899:
7866:
7851:, ed. (1911).
7849:Chisholm, Hugh
7840:
7776:
7719:
7663:
7646:978-9280725711
7645:
7621:
7554:
7505:
7456:
7415:Marine Geology
7400:
7379:(8): 763â779.
7359:
7290:
7241:Marine Geology
7225:
7191:(5): 486â506.
7169:
7132:(1): 215â230.
7109:
7058:
7002:
6938:
6887:
6823:
6775:
6727:
6671:
6623:
6589:(1): 242â256.
6564:
6500:
6452:
6404:
6348:
6291:
6236:
6188:
6147:
6083:
6027:
5971:
5907:
5859:
5815:Marine Geology
5800:
5766:(4): 367â376.
5744:
5688:
5632:
5589:
5538:
5478:
5419:
5350:
5302:
5245:
5211:(1): 101â124.
5189:
5141:
5072:
5021:
4978:
4944:(2): 254â263.
4922:
4885:
4829:
4773:
4713:
4644:
4597:(10): 103001.
4575:
4503:
4434:
4377:
4325:(4): 357â362.
4302:
4263:
4199:
4178:(D9): D09102.
4158:
4113:
4056:
4053:on 2008-02-27.
3997:
3994:on 2004-03-22.
3948:
3913:
3879:
3872:
3839:
3810:
3791:
3777:
3744:
3725:(5): 455â458.
3709:
3675:(3): 109â128.
3650:
3613:
3596:on 2018-02-12.
3565:(2): 167â229.
3542:
3523:(4): 307â351.
3505:
3464:(1): 234â242.
3438:
3401:
3389:
3367:
3336:
3305:
3248:
3215:
3182:
3116:
3089:
3062:
3039:(2): 264â267.
3015:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2989:Outburst flood
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2934:
2927:
2925:
2915:
2908:
2906:
2892:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2803:human activity
2771:Main article:
2768:
2765:
2761:Middle Chulmun
2725:spear throwers
2706:proto-religion
2698:Tell es-Sultan
2678:Epipaleolithic
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2547:Southeast Asia
2543:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2447:Southeast Asia
2443:
2441:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2364:Southeast Asia
2360:
2358:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:Late antiquity
2313:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2122:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2075:
2053:
2050:
1956:
1953:
1940:
1937:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1904:Santa Catarina
1895:
1892:
1875:
1872:
1863:
1862:Southeast Asia
1860:
1856:Maunder Minima
1843:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1802:
1799:
1786:
1783:
1774:
1771:
1739:
1736:
1707:
1704:
1700:Little Ice Age
1624:
1621:
1546:
1543:
1469:
1468:
1460:Before Present
1450:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1363:
1360:
1319:
1316:
1241:glacial cycles
1133:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1002:ICS Time Scale
1000:
996:
995:
988:
987:Regional usage
984:
983:
978:
977:Celestial body
974:
973:
969:
968:
965:
964:Name formality
961:
960:
956:
955:
951:
950:
941:
940:
937:
936:
931:
929:
919:
918:
913:
911:
901:
900:
895:
893:
883:
882:
877:
875:
866:
862:
861:
857:
856:
848:
847:
839:
838:
830:
829:
817:
816:
810:
809:
797:
796:
784:
783:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
678:0 —
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
148:
147:
143:
142:
139:
131:
130:
123:
122:
121:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
50:
49:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11671:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11654:Interglacials
11652:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11640:
11637:
11636:
11634:
11609:
11606:
11605:
11604:
11601:
11599:
11596:
11592:
11589:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11573:
11572:
11569:
11565:
11562:
11561:
11560:
11557:
11555:
11552:
11550:
11547:
11543:
11540:
11538:
11535:
11533:
11530:
11529:
11528:
11525:
11521:
11518:
11517:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11495:
11494:
11491:
11490:
11488:
11484:
11478:
11475:
11473:
11470:
11468:
11465:
11463:
11462:Simple dolmen
11460:
11458:
11455:
11453:
11450:
11448:
11447:Passage grave
11445:
11443:
11440:
11438:
11435:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11422:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11395:
11394:
11393:Gallery grave
11391:
11389:
11386:
11382:
11379:
11378:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11355:
11352:
11351:
11350:
11347:
11343:
11340:
11339:
11338:
11335:
11331:
11328:
11327:
11326:
11323:
11319:
11316:
11314:
11311:
11310:
11309:
11308:Burial mounds
11306:
11305:
11303:
11301:
11297:
11291:
11288:
11284:
11281:
11279:
11276:
11275:
11274:
11271:
11269:
11268:Statue menhir
11266:
11264:
11261:
11257:
11256:Stone carving
11254:
11252:
11249:
11248:
11247:
11244:
11242:
11239:
11237:
11234:
11232:
11229:
11227:
11224:
11222:
11219:
11215:
11212:
11210:
11207:
11206:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11188:
11185:
11184:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11175:
11173:
11170:
11168:
11165:
11163:
11160:
11158:
11155:
11153:
11150:
11146:
11143:
11142:
11141:
11138:
11136:
11133:
11132:
11130:
11128:
11124:
11116:
11113:
11111:
11108:
11107:
11106:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11095:Sewing needle
11093:
11089:
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11060:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11047:
11044:
11043:
11042:
11039:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11026:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11008:
11005:
11004:
11003:
11000:
10998:
10995:
10993:
10990:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10979:
10977:
10975:
10971:
10967:
10963:
10959:
10954:
10950:
10934:
10931:
10930:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10923:Timber circle
10921:
10919:
10916:
10914:
10911:
10909:
10906:
10902:
10899:
10898:
10897:
10894:
10892:
10889:
10885:
10882:
10881:
10880:
10877:
10873:
10872:Tor enclosure
10870:
10869:
10868:
10865:
10861:
10860:fulacht fiadh
10858:
10857:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10842:
10840:
10836:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10806:
10804:
10800:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10782:
10779:
10778:
10777:
10774:
10772:
10769:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10751:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10728:
10725:
10724:
10723:
10720:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10706:
10703:
10702:
10701:
10698:
10696:
10693:
10691:
10688:
10686:
10683:
10681:
10678:
10676:
10673:
10671:
10668:
10664:
10661:
10660:
10659:
10656:
10655:
10653:
10649:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10627:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10618:
10616:
10613:
10612:
10610:
10606:
10602:
10598:
10593:
10589:
10573:
10570:
10569:
10568:
10565:
10563:
10560:
10558:
10555:
10553:
10550:
10546:
10543:
10542:
10541:
10538:
10536:
10533:
10531:
10528:
10526:
10523:
10521:
10518:
10516:
10513:
10511:
10508:
10506:
10503:
10501:
10498:
10496:
10493:
10491:
10488:
10484:
10481:
10480:
10479:
10476:
10472:
10469:
10467:
10464:
10463:
10462:
10459:
10457:
10454:
10452:
10449:
10447:
10444:
10440:
10437:
10436:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10418:
10415:
10414:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10404:
10402:
10400:
10396:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10323:
10320:
10319:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10308:
10305:
10303:
10300:
10296:
10293:
10292:
10291:
10288:
10286:
10283:
10281:
10278:
10276:
10273:
10271:
10268:
10266:
10263:
10261:
10258:
10254:
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10240:
10239:
10236:
10235:
10233:
10231:
10227:
10215:
10212:
10211:
10210:
10207:
10206:
10204:
10200:
10194:
10191:
10189:
10186:
10184:
10181:
10179:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10169:
10166:
10164:
10161:
10159:
10156:
10154:
10151:
10149:
10146:
10142:
10139:
10138:
10137:
10134:
10133:
10131:
10129:
10125:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10102:
10099:
10097:
10096:spear-thrower
10094:
10093:
10092:
10089:
10087:
10084:
10080:
10077:
10076:
10075:
10074:Bow and arrow
10072:
10068:
10065:
10064:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10054:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10042:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10023:
10021:
10018:
10016:
10013:
10011:
10008:
10004:
10001:
9999:
9996:
9995:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9984:
9983:Grinding slab
9981:
9979:
9976:
9972:
9969:
9968:
9967:
9964:
9962:
9959:
9957:
9954:
9953:
9951:
9947:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9915:Domestication
9913:
9911:
9910:Digging stick
9908:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9894:
9891:
9889:
9888:Founder crops
9886:
9885:
9884:
9881:
9880:
9878:
9876:
9872:
9868:
9864:
9859:
9855:
9849:
9846:
9842:
9839:
9838:
9837:
9834:
9830:
9829:New Stone Age
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9806:
9805:
9802:
9801:
9798:
9794:
9787:
9782:
9780:
9775:
9773:
9768:
9767:
9764:
9754:
9749:
9743:
9738:
9732:
9729:
9724:
9720:
9716:
9711:
9705:
9703:
9696:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9671:
9669:
9667:
9660:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9631:
9629:
9627:
9620:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9600:
9598:
9596:
9589:
9583:
9580:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9569:
9567:
9565:
9563:(539 Maâ1 Ga)
9558:
9555:
9553:
9545:
9535:
9532:
9530:
9527:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9516:
9514:
9512:
9505:
9499:
9496:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9485:
9483:
9481:
9474:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9449:
9447:
9445:
9438:
9432:
9429:
9427:
9424:
9422:
9419:
9418:
9416:
9414:
9407:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9392:
9390:
9388:
9381:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9361:
9359:
9357:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9340:Paleozoic Era
9337:
9327:
9324:
9322:
9319:
9317:
9314:
9313:
9311:
9309:
9302:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9282:
9280:
9278:
9271:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9256:
9254:
9252:
9250:(66.0â145 Ma)
9245:
9242:
9240:
9238:(66.0â252 Ma)
9232:
9222:
9219:
9217:
9214:
9212:
9209:
9208:
9206:
9204:
9197:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9182:
9180:
9178:
9171:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9156:
9154:
9152:
9145:
9142:
9140:
9132:
9128:
9121:
9116:
9114:
9109:
9107:
9102:
9101:
9098:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9050:Northgrippian
9048:
9046:
9043:
9042:
9040:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9021:
9019:
9018:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9006:
9001:
8997:
8990:
8985:
8983:
8978:
8976:
8971:
8970:
8967:
8955:
8949:
8942:
8934:
8930:
8927:
8924:
8920:
8916:
8913:
8910:
8906:
8902:
8899:
8896:
8892:
8889:
8886:
8882:
8879:
8876:
8872:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8864:
8859:
8851:
8848:
8845:
8841:
8840:Northgrippian
8838:
8835:
8832:
8828:
8824:
8821:
8818:
8813:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8805:
8801:
8798:
8793:
8789:
8785:
8778:
8773:
8771:
8766:
8764:
8759:
8758:
8755:
8749:
8746:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8735:
8725:
8719:
8715:
8710:
8706:
8700:
8696:
8692:
8691:Mackay, A. W.
8688:
8683:
8678:
8674:
8670:
8666:
8662:
8658:
8653:
8652:
8640:
8636:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8607:
8599:
8592:
8584:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8552:
8548:
8544:
8540:
8533:
8526:
8511:
8507:
8500:
8493:
8492:intervention.
8480:
8473:
8457:
8450:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8416:
8412:
8408:
8404:
8400:
8393:
8386:
8381:
8377:
8373:
8369:
8365:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8345:
8338:
8334:
8328:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8292:
8288:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8275:
8270:
8266:
8259:
8257:
8249:
8234:
8230:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8217:
8209:
8202:
8187:
8183:
8176:
8168:
8164:
8160:
8156:
8152:
8148:
8144:
8137:
8129:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8111:
8107:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8082:
8077:
8070:
8057:
8051:
8047:
8043:
8039:
8035:
8028:
8013:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7979:
7975:
7971:
7967:
7966:
7961:
7954:
7939:
7935:
7931:
7927:
7923:
7919:
7918:
7913:
7906:
7904:
7887:
7883:
7882:
7877:
7870:
7862:
7861:
7855:
7850:
7844:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7813:
7809:
7805:
7801:
7797:
7793:
7792:
7787:
7780:
7765:
7761:
7757:
7753:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7740:
7735:
7728:
7726:
7724:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7699:10.1038/22504
7696:
7692:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7679:
7674:
7667:
7652:
7648:
7642:
7639:. p. 4.
7638:
7634:
7633:
7625:
7617:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7570:
7565:
7558:
7550:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7509:
7501:
7497:
7493:
7489:
7485:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7472:
7467:
7460:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7433:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7416:
7411:
7404:
7395:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7363:
7355:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7306:
7301:
7294:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7263:
7259:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7242:
7237:
7229:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7185:
7180:
7173:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7131:
7127:
7126:
7121:
7113:
7105:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7074:
7069:
7062:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7018:
7013:
7006:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6954:
6949:
6942:
6934:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6903:
6898:
6891:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6827:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6791:
6786:
6779:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6743:
6738:
6731:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6700:
6696:
6692:
6688:
6687:
6682:
6675:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6627:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6583:
6578:
6571:
6569:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6516:
6511:
6504:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6468:
6463:
6456:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6408:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6364:
6359:
6352:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6308:
6303:
6295:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6251:
6247:
6240:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6204:
6199:
6192:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6163:
6158:
6151:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6087:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6031:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5975:
5960:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5911:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5875:
5870:
5863:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5816:
5811:
5804:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5748:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5692:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5636:
5627:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5605:
5600:
5593:
5585:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5554:
5549:
5542:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5495:
5490:
5482:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5435:
5430:
5423:
5415:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5397:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5354:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5306:
5298:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5249:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5205:
5200:
5193:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5145:
5137:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5076:
5068:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5032:
5025:
5017:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4982:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4926:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4889:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4833:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4777:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4720:
4718:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4648:
4640:
4636:
4632:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4579:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4553:11250/3071271
4549:
4544:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4517:
4510:
4508:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4456:(1): 93â118.
4455:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4438:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4388:
4381:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4314:
4306:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4270:
4268:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4194:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4162:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4145:10.1038/17362
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4117:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4060:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4008:
4001:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3936:
3932:
3931:
3925:
3917:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3875:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3856:
3855:
3849:
3843:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3806:
3802:
3795:
3780:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3702:September 15,
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3661:
3654:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3617:
3609:
3603:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3509:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3458:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3405:
3392:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3276:
3272:
3269:(in French).
3268:
3264:
3259:(1816â1879):
3258:
3252:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3220:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3186:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3106:(Online). n.d
3105:
3104:
3099:
3093:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3025:(June 2008).
3020:
3016:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2938:
2931:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2871:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2843:invertebrates
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2729:domestication
2726:
2722:
2721:bow and arrow
2717:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2615:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2590:Postmodernity
2588:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2519:South America
2517:
2515:
2514:North America
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2392:Postclassical
2388:
2387:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2336:South America
2334:
2332:
2331:North America
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2266:
2265:Proto-writing
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2156:Human history
2154:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2108:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2062:Human history
2059:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:Clovis points
1990:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1894:South America
1891:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1874:North America
1871:
1869:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1782:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1744:Sahara Desert
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1688:Neoglaciation
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1511:faunal stages
1508:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1489:North America
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:North America
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1328:Ancient Greek
1325:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1304:Northgrippian
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:civilizations
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:human species
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1140:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1045:Younger Dryas
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
982:
979:
975:
970:
966:
962:
957:
942:
934:
930:
925:
924:
916:
912:
907:
906:
898:
894:
889:
888:
880:
876:
871:
870:
852:
843:
842:Northgrippian
834:
825:
823:
813:
805:
803:
792:
790:
154:
149:
144:
137:
132:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
58:
55:0.0117 â 0
51:
46:
41:
34:
30:
26:
22:
11403:wedge-shaped
11388:Funeral pyre
11381:Great dolmen
11337:Chamber tomb
11318:Round barrow
11273:Stone circle
11145:Blombos Cave
11073:Grooved ware
10997:Chalcolithic
10901:Thornborough
10819:Flush toilet
10754:Blombos Cave
10749:Rock shelter
10705:Quiggly hole
10597:Architecture
10572:illustration
10214:Buffalo jump
10035:Storage pits
9998:AĆıklı HöyĂŒk
9988:Ground stone
9824:Subdivisions
9727:
9663:Archean Eon
9625:(1.6â2.5 Ga)
9510:(485â539 Ma)
9479:(444â485 Ma)
9443:(419â444 Ma)
9412:(359â419 Ma)
9386:(299â359 Ma)
9355:(252â299 Ma)
9343:(252â539 Ma)
9307:(201â252 Ma)
9276:(145â201 Ma)
9235:Mesozoic Era
9158:
9135:Cenozoic Era
9055:Greenlandian
9013:
8861:
8823:Greenlandian
8795:
8788:Anthropocene
8783:
8713:
8694:
8664:
8660:
8638:
8610:
8604:
8591:
8542:
8538:
8525:
8515:September 1,
8513:. Retrieved
8510:The Guardian
8509:
8499:
8490:
8483:. Retrieved
8472:
8462:September 1,
8460:. Retrieved
8449:
8406:
8402:
8392:
8383:
8347:
8343:
8327:
8278:
8272:
8247:
8240:. Retrieved
8233:the original
8220:
8214:
8201:
8189:. Retrieved
8175:
8153:(2): 78â83.
8150:
8146:
8136:
8088:(1): 23797.
8085:
8079:
8069:
8059:, retrieved
8037:
8027:
8015:. Retrieved
7969:
7963:
7953:
7943:11 September
7941:. Retrieved
7924:(1): 54â59.
7921:
7915:
7890:. Retrieved
7879:
7869:
7858:
7843:
7831:. Retrieved
7795:
7789:
7779:
7767:. Retrieved
7737:
7712:11 September
7710:. Retrieved
7682:
7676:
7666:
7655:. Retrieved
7631:
7624:
7573:
7567:
7557:
7522:
7519:Anthropocene
7518:
7508:
7475:
7469:
7459:
7449:11 September
7447:. Retrieved
7422:(1): 11â29.
7419:
7413:
7403:
7394:10261/155815
7376:
7372:
7362:
7312:(1): 12929.
7309:
7303:
7293:
7283:17 September
7281:. Retrieved
7245:
7239:
7228:
7218:17 September
7216:. Retrieved
7188:
7182:
7172:
7129:
7123:
7112:
7077:
7071:
7061:
7051:10 September
7049:. Retrieved
7021:
7015:
7005:
6995:11 September
6993:. Retrieved
6957:
6951:
6941:
6906:
6900:
6890:
6880:15 September
6878:. Retrieved
6842:
6836:
6826:
6814:. Retrieved
6794:
6788:
6778:
6766:. Retrieved
6746:
6740:
6730:
6720:15 September
6718:. Retrieved
6690:
6684:
6674:
6664:10 September
6662:. Retrieved
6642:
6636:
6626:
6616:10 September
6614:. Retrieved
6586:
6580:
6555:. Retrieved
6519:
6513:
6503:
6493:10 September
6491:. Retrieved
6471:
6465:
6455:
6443:. Retrieved
6423:
6417:
6407:
6397:10 September
6395:. Retrieved
6367:
6361:
6351:
6341:15 September
6339:. Retrieved
6311:
6305:
6294:
6284:10 September
6282:. Retrieved
6254:
6248:
6239:
6229:27 September
6227:. Retrieved
6207:
6201:
6191:
6166:
6160:
6150:
6140:10 September
6138:. Retrieved
6102:
6096:
6086:
6076:10 September
6074:. Retrieved
6046:
6040:
6030:
6020:10 September
6018:. Retrieved
5990:
5984:
5974:
5964:15 September
5962:. Retrieved
5926:
5920:
5910:
5898:. Retrieved
5878:
5872:
5862:
5819:
5813:
5803:
5793:15 September
5791:. Retrieved
5763:
5757:
5747:
5735:. Retrieved
5707:
5701:
5691:
5681:22 September
5679:. Retrieved
5651:
5645:
5635:
5608:
5602:
5592:
5557:
5551:
5541:
5498:
5492:
5481:
5438:
5432:
5422:
5369:
5363:
5353:
5341:. Retrieved
5321:
5315:
5305:
5288:10852/110062
5262:
5258:
5248:
5236:. Retrieved
5208:
5202:
5192:
5180:. Retrieved
5160:
5154:
5144:
5091:
5085:
5075:
5040:
5034:
5024:
4997:
4991:
4981:
4971:27 September
4969:. Retrieved
4941:
4935:
4925:
4898:
4888:
4878:10 September
4876:. Retrieved
4848:
4842:
4832:
4822:27 September
4820:. Retrieved
4792:
4786:
4776:
4766:27 September
4764:. Retrieved
4736:
4730:
4663:
4657:
4647:
4622:10852/100641
4594:
4588:
4578:
4525:
4519:
4481:10026.1/8204
4453:
4447:
4437:
4396:
4390:
4380:
4370:22 September
4368:. Retrieved
4348:10261/349251
4322:
4316:
4305:
4280:
4276:
4255:. Retrieved
4219:
4215:
4202:
4175:
4171:
4161:
4128:
4122:
4116:
4073:
4069:
4059:
4048:the original
4019:
4013:
4000:
3989:the original
3971:(1): 65â76.
3968:
3964:
3951:
3939:. Retrieved
3928:
3916:
3904:. Retrieved
3891:
3882:
3860:Beacon Press
3853:
3848:Pearce, Fred
3842:
3831:. Retrieved
3822:
3813:
3804:
3800:
3794:
3782:. Retrieved
3760:
3747:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3700:. Retrieved
3672:
3666:
3653:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3602:cite journal
3591:the original
3562:
3558:
3545:
3520:
3514:
3508:
3497:. Retrieved
3461:
3455:
3441:
3419:(1): 55â82.
3416:
3410:
3404:
3394:, retrieved
3380:
3370:
3359:. Retrieved
3348:
3339:
3328:. Retrieved
3317:
3308:
3300:
3296:
3287:From p. 413:
3279:. Retrieved
3270:
3266:
3257:Paul Gervais
3251:
3240:. Retrieved
3231:
3206:. Retrieved
3195:
3185:
3174:. Retrieved
3144:
3138:
3108:. Retrieved
3101:
3092:
3081:. Retrieved
3074:
3065:
3036:
3030:
3019:
2821:, including
2786:
2782:
2776:
2718:
2710:Göbekli Tepe
2659:
2624:
2499:Contemporary
2494:Early modern
2260:Protohistory
2212:Contemporary
2206:
2193:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2081:Palaeolithic
2042:Lake Agassiz
2034:lake Agassiz
2022:thermohaline
2018:Lake Agassiz
2005:8.2-ka event
2003:
2001:
1998:
1989:giant sloths
1982:
1976:
1958:
1942:
1933:Cyclone Bola
1926:
1917:
1897:
1888:
1877:
1865:
1836:
1827:
1815:
1812:
1804:
1788:
1785:Central Asia
1776:
1764:
1760:
1741:
1709:
1661:
1653:
1642:
1638:
1598:
1571:
1550:
1548:
1530:Anthropocene
1527:
1505:
1470:
1453:
1412:
1394:include the
1365:
1343:
1331:
1323:
1321:
1300:Greenlandian
1284:hydrospheric
1280:lithospheric
1268:urban living
1249:
1237:interglacial
1138:
1136:
833:Greenlandian
821:
819:
799:
786:
33:The Holocene
11425:unchambered
11420:Long barrow
11410:Grave goods
11366:Court cairn
11361:Clava cairn
11313:Bowl barrow
11251:Rock cupule
11194:Golden hats
11187:Hill figure
11088:Unstan ware
11068:Cord-marked
10933:Sweet Track
10855:Burnt mound
10776:Stilt house
10764:Sibudu Cave
10557:Tally stick
10525:Quern-stone
10510:Hammerstone
10500:Fire plough
10471:Pesse canoe
10429:Bannerstone
10399:Other tools
10312:Lithic core
10260:Aurignacian
10148:Bare Island
10030:Quern-stone
9699:Hadean Eon
9477:Ordovician
9248:Cretaceous
9148:Quaternary
9080:Subatlantic
8929:Subatlantic
8875:Pleistocene
8865:stages/ages
8817:Pleistocene
8485:January 14,
8191:February 5,
7972:(1): 6850.
7478:: 420â434.
7125:Radiocarbon
7024:: 266â282.
6960:: 296â307.
6314:: 164â178.
6257:: 157â163.
5929:: 263â272.
5737:22 November
5710:: 305â315.
5163:: 192â198.
4851:: 206â214.
4283:: 386â396.
3784:20 November
3273:: 399â413.
3147:(1): 3â17.
2984:Older Peron
2897:volcano on
2895:cinder cone
2855:rainforests
2851:coral reefs
2807:extinctions
2702:Middle East
2686:Federmesser
2676:, the term
2670:Middle East
2466:Renaissance
1984:Homotherium
1923:New Zealand
1908:Rocas Atoll
1884:Great Basin
1822:Maharashtra
1773:Middle East
1756:pastoralism
1728:Middle Ages
1716:French Alps
1682:(PBO). The
1649:Bond events
1617:Tyrrell Sea
1609:earthquakes
1601:Scandinavia
1481:peat mosses
1446:Subatlantic
1415:chronozones
1404:Weichselian
1396:Wisconsinan
1384:Pleistocene
1288:atmospheric
1229:Pleistocene
1112:Present day
1087: /
1043:End of the
812:Pleistocene
11633:Categories
11564:trepanning
11457:Ring cairn
11415:Jar burial
11398:transepted
11330:U.S. sites
11231:Petroglyph
11157:Bird stone
11115:wine press
10788:Stone roof
10771:Roundhouse
10663:long house
10640:Stonehenge
10608:Ceremonial
10552:Stone tool
10379:Tool stone
10349:Metallurgy
10253:Mousterian
10230:Toolmaking
10168:Cumberland
10141:Transverse
10111:Schöningen
10003:Qesem cave
9971:Earth oven
9925:Irrigation
9836:Technology
9804:Prehistory
9701:(4â4.6 Ga)
9665:(2.5â4 Ga)
9594:(1â1.6 Ga)
9200:Paleogene
9045:Meghalayan
8935:â present)
8850:Meghalayan
8806:(official)
8303:7673137938
8216:BioScience
8061:2022-04-23
8017:15 October
7833:15 October
7769:15 October
7657:2017-06-28
7525:: 100403.
7248:: 106780.
6797:: 94â124.
6749:: 94â102.
6557:15 October
6522:: 110461.
6426:: 104238.
5822:: 106778.
5654:: 84â101.
5441:: 106807.
5265:: 118463.
5238:27 October
4257:2018-12-16
3862:. p.
3833:2021-06-04
3807:(1): 1â27.
3499:2018-02-11
3396:2022-04-21
3361:2019-08-08
3330:2019-08-08
3281:2018-07-15
3242:2018-07-18
3176:2013-09-03
3110:2018-02-11
3098:"Holocene"
3083:2018-02-11
3071:"Holocene"
3011:References
2835:amphibians
2688:, and the
2682:Hamburgian
2662:Mesolithic
2597:Futurology
2538:South Asia
2438:South Asia
2355:South Asia
2292:Bronze Age
2287:Copper Age
2245:Common Era
2220:10,000 BCE
2166:Prehistory
2107:Bronze Age
2085:Mesolithic
2030:Hudson Bay
1963:including
1818:Lonar Lake
1801:South Asia
1613:Hudson Bay
1605:Baltic Sea
1586:floodplain
1523:Bronze Age
1515:Mesolithic
1501:prehistory
1495:, but the
1408:Llanquihue
1308:Meghalayan
1276:ecosystems
1233:Quaternary
1075:42°19âČ12âłW
1072:75°06âČ00âłN
1061:ice core,
1007:Definition
851:Meghalayan
802:Quaternary
146:Chronology
11608:symbolism
11472:Tor cairn
11430:GrĂžnsalen
11371:Cremation
11263:Sculpture
11241:Pictogram
11226:Petroform
11046:amber use
11014:Cosmetics
10824:Reservoir
10809:Check dam
10739:Pueblitos
10734:Pit-house
10717:Longhouse
10651:Dwellings
10520:Microlith
10451:Bow drill
10446:Bone tool
10439:prismatic
10248:Acheulean
10163:Cresswell
10136:Arrowhead
10062:Boomerang
9978:Granaries
9940:Terracing
9819:Stone Age
9728:See also:
9508:Cambrian
9441:Silurian
9410:Devonian
9305:Triassic
9274:Jurassic
9075:Subboreal
9060:Preboreal
8915:Subboreal
8881:Preboreal
8842:(8.236 â
8667:: 22â33.
8635:206552746
8567:0888-8892
8441:245889833
8380:206555761
8242:4 October
8110:2045-2322
7994:2045-2322
7930:0011-3891
7892:March 14,
7764:0012-821X
7600:0036-8075
7549:2213-3054
7500:0012-821X
7444:0025-3227
7336:2041-1723
7278:247822701
7270:0025-3227
7213:0277-3791
7164:133047191
7156:0033-8222
7104:0277-3791
7080:: 38â51.
7046:0277-3791
6990:129732336
6982:0277-3791
6933:0277-3791
6909:: 40â60.
6875:233897984
6867:1040-6182
6845:: 36â43.
6715:0031-0182
6693:: 74â83.
6659:0277-3791
6645:: 51â61.
6611:0012-8252
6552:236229299
6544:0031-0182
6392:247553867
6370:: 48â62.
6336:0031-0182
6279:1040-6182
6169:: 15â28.
6135:134520306
6127:0277-3791
6105:: 65â84.
6071:0277-3791
6049:: 13â32.
6015:0031-0182
5993:: 36â48.
5959:134712945
5951:0012-8252
5881:: 14â23.
5854:247636727
5846:0025-3227
5788:0031-0182
5732:0031-0182
5676:0277-3791
5560:: 28â35.
5533:213015081
5525:0094-8276
5473:233792780
5465:0277-3791
5396:0027-8424
5324:: 63â76.
5297:0012-821X
5233:0277-3791
5118:0027-8424
5067:0148-0227
5016:128906290
4958:0016-7649
4873:135199089
4817:0277-3791
4761:0277-3791
4690:0027-8424
4639:252130680
4631:1748-9326
4570:257338719
4562:0177-798X
4490:8755-1209
4429:129199142
4421:0036-8075
4365:257735721
4357:1752-0908
4244:117917422
3299:HolocĂšnes
3056:10289/920
2918:North Sea
2893:Holocene
2585:Modernity
2552:West Asia
2533:East Asia
2452:West Asia
2429:East Asia
2369:West Asia
2350:East Asia
2306:Axial Age
2208:Neolithic
2202:Timelines
2170:Stone Age
2110:Old World
1969:mastodons
1914:Australia
1833:East Asia
1795:Tien Shan
1676:Preboreal
1519:Neolithic
1464:C14 dates
1440:Subboreal
1422:Preboreal
1322:The word
1318:Etymology
1063:Greenland
959:Etymology
11639:Holocene
11246:Rock art
11209:painting
11182:Geoglyph
11007:timeline
10987:Beadwork
10727:Mehrgarh
10722:Mudbrick
10630:megalith
10505:Fire-saw
10327:debitage
10322:analysis
10290:Hand axe
10270:Cupstone
9848:Glossary
9809:Timeline
9353:Permian
9174:Neogene
9070:Atlantic
8901:Atlantic
8784:Holocene
8627:24876501
8583:19121609
8575:25159086
8433:35014169
8385:history.
8372:25061202
8319:46984172
8311:29880679
8167:86352610
8128:34893660
8012:31073131
7938:24107979
7886:Archived
7820:15846336
7651:Archived
7608:12702808
7354:27666662
5584:54923700
5414:26124133
5136:11050181
4966:73548216
4708:18048343
4498:46451944
4248:Archived
4108:38179371
4100:11739949
4044:28963043
3941:June 10,
3935:Archived
3906:June 18,
3900:Archived
3850:(2007).
3827:Archived
3693:Archived
3490:Archived
3486:34659675
3355:Archived
3324:Archived
3290:Archived
3275:Archived
3236:Archived
3232:BBC News
3208:June 18,
3202:Archived
3167:Archived
3032:Episodes
2947:See also
2831:reptiles
2674:Anatolia
2571:See also
2415:Americas
2400:Timeline
2297:Iron Age
2194:Holocene
2148:a series
2146:Part of
2026:Atlantic
1978:Smilodon
1965:mammoths
1791:Xinjiang
1582:Michigan
1473:ice-core
1434:Atlantic
1374:(11,650
1362:Overview
1356:Cenozoic
1324:Holocene
1274:and its
1139:Holocene
990:Global (
822:Holocene
789:Cenozoic
48:Holocene
11603:Symbols
11214:pigment
11100:Weaving
11063:Cardium
11058:Pottery
11053:Mirrors
11041:Jewelry
10982:Baskets
10962:culture
10814:Cistern
10620:Pyramid
10562:Weapons
10540:Scraper
10530:Racloir
10490:Cleaver
10478:Chopper
10384:Uniface
10295:Grooves
10285:Hafting
10243:Oldowan
10202:Systems
10153:Cascade
10116:woomera
10106:harpoon
10079:history
10045:Hunting
10025:Pottery
9966:Cooking
9875:Farming
9841:history
9814:Outline
8923:2.5â ka
8844:4.2â ka
8669:Bibcode
8606:Science
8547:Bibcode
8424:9786292
8352:Bibcode
8344:Science
8283:Bibcode
8274:Science
8119:8664936
8090:Bibcode
8003:6509208
7974:Bibcode
7828:4394638
7800:Bibcode
7744:Bibcode
7707:4426918
7687:Bibcode
7616:1222227
7578:Bibcode
7569:Science
7527:Bibcode
7480:Bibcode
7424:Bibcode
7345:5052686
7314:Bibcode
7250:Bibcode
7193:Bibcode
7134:Bibcode
7082:Bibcode
7026:Bibcode
6962:Bibcode
6911:Bibcode
6847:Bibcode
6816:19 July
6799:Bibcode
6768:19 July
6751:Bibcode
6695:Bibcode
6591:Bibcode
6524:Bibcode
6476:Bibcode
6428:Bibcode
6372:Bibcode
6316:Bibcode
6259:Bibcode
6212:Bibcode
6171:Bibcode
6107:Bibcode
6051:Bibcode
5995:Bibcode
5931:Bibcode
5900:19 July
5883:Bibcode
5824:Bibcode
5768:Bibcode
5712:Bibcode
5656:Bibcode
5613:Bibcode
5562:Bibcode
5503:Bibcode
5443:Bibcode
5405:4507243
5374:Bibcode
5343:19 July
5326:Bibcode
5267:Bibcode
5213:Bibcode
5165:Bibcode
5096:Bibcode
5045:Bibcode
5043:(D14).
4905:Bibcode
4853:Bibcode
4797:Bibcode
4741:Bibcode
4699:2148270
4668:Bibcode
4599:Bibcode
4530:Bibcode
4458:Bibcode
4401:Bibcode
4392:Science
4327:Bibcode
4285:Bibcode
4224:Bibcode
4180:Bibcode
4153:4304638
4133:Bibcode
4078:Bibcode
4070:Science
4024:Bibcode
4015:Science
3973:Bibcode
3727:Bibcode
3719:Geology
3677:Bibcode
3633:Bibcode
3587:7626031
3567:Bibcode
3525:Bibcode
3466:Bibcode
3421:Bibcode
3149:Bibcode
2865:Gallery
2823:mammals
2819:animals
2795:species
2528:Oceania
2424:Oceania
2345:Oceania
2279:Ancient
2224:Present
1939:Pacific
1765:In the
1722:to the
1666:in the
1623:Climate
1578:Vermont
1545:Geology
1485:Eurasia
1454:Note: "
1330:words.
1048:stadial
927:←
909:←
891:←
873:←
773:–
768:—
763:–
753:–
748:—
743:–
733:–
728:—
723:–
713:–
708:—
703:–
693:–
688:—
683:–
673:–
668:—
663:–
653:–
648:—
643:–
633:–
628:—
623:–
613:–
608:—
603:–
593:–
588:—
583:–
573:–
568:—
563:–
553:–
548:—
543:–
533:–
528:—
523:–
513:–
508:—
503:–
493:–
488:—
483:–
473:–
468:—
463:–
453:–
448:—
443:–
433:–
428:—
423:–
413:–
408:—
403:–
393:–
388:—
383:–
373:–
368:—
363:–
353:–
348:—
343:–
333:–
328:—
323:–
313:–
308:—
303:–
293:–
288:—
283:–
273:–
268:—
263:–
253:–
248:—
243:–
233:–
228:—
223:–
213:–
208:—
203:–
193:–
188:—
183:–
173:–
168:—
163:–
124:↓
11581:flutes
11376:Dolmen
11300:Burial
11110:winery
11083:Linear
10913:Midden
10891:Cursus
10884:Goseck
10744:Pueblo
10695:Dugout
10680:Burdei
10359:Mining
10183:Lamoka
10178:Folsom
10158:Clovis
10015:Metate
9993:Hearth
9961:Basket
9935:Sickle
9707:
9065:Boreal
9029:Middle
8905:7.5 ka
8891:Boreal
8831:8.236*
8800:stages
8720:
8701:
8633:
8625:
8581:
8573:
8565:
8439:
8431:
8421:
8378:
8370:
8317:
8309:
8301:
8165:
8126:
8116:
8108:
8052:
8010:
8000:
7992:
7936:
7928:
7826:
7818:
7791:Nature
7762:
7705:
7678:Nature
7643:
7614:
7606:
7598:
7547:
7498:
7442:
7352:
7342:
7334:
7276:
7268:
7211:
7162:
7154:
7102:
7044:
6988:
6980:
6931:
6873:
6865:
6713:
6657:
6609:
6550:
6542:
6445:9 June
6390:
6334:
6277:
6133:
6125:
6069:
6013:
5957:
5949:
5852:
5844:
5786:
5730:
5674:
5582:
5531:
5523:
5471:
5463:
5412:
5402:
5394:
5295:
5231:
5182:9 June
5134:
5124:
5116:
5065:
5014:
4964:
4956:
4871:
4815:
4759:
4706:
4696:
4688:
4637:
4629:
4568:
4560:
4496:
4488:
4427:
4419:
4363:
4355:
4242:
4151:
4124:Nature
4106:
4098:
4042:
3870:
3775:
3668:Boreas
3585:
3484:
3457:Boreas
3387:
2817:, and
2815:plants
2743:, and
2741:Africa
2666:Europe
2621:Future
2561:Europe
2509:Africa
2482:Modern
2461:Europe
2410:Africa
2378:Europe
2326:Africa
2124:
2114:Olmecs
2103:
2097:
2091:
2077:
2011:δ
1987:, and
1854:, and
1852:Spörer
1807:Ladakh
1779:Levant
1738:Africa
1706:Europe
1633:Eemian
1588:, and
1521:, and
1428:Boreal
1402:, the
1378:years
1350:ÎșαÎčÎœÏÏ
1344:kainĂłs
1059:NGRIP2
1035:Formal
1026:Series
967:Formal
879:Year 0
863:
858:
11498:sites
11442:Mummy
11162:Cairn
11078:JĆmon
11029:shoes
11024:Hides
10896:Henge
10850:Broch
10712:Jacal
10567:Wheel
10515:Knife
10461:Canoe
10456:Burin
10434:Blade
10332:flake
10193:Plano
10101:baton
10091:Spear
10057:Arrow
10010:Manos
9863:Tools
9024:Early
8931:(2.5
8909:5â ka
8827:11.7*
8631:S2CID
8601:(PDF)
8579:S2CID
8535:(PDF)
8481:. CNN
8458:. CNN
8437:S2CID
8376:S2CID
8340:(PDF)
8315:S2CID
8236:(PDF)
8211:(PDF)
8163:S2CID
7934:JSTOR
7824:S2CID
7703:S2CID
7612:S2CID
7274:S2CID
7160:S2CID
6986:S2CID
6871:S2CID
6548:S2CID
6388:S2CID
6131:S2CID
5955:S2CID
5850:S2CID
5611:(4).
5580:S2CID
5529:S2CID
5469:S2CID
5127:18780
5012:S2CID
4962:S2CID
4869:S2CID
4635:S2CID
4566:S2CID
4494:S2CID
4425:S2CID
4361:S2CID
4251:(PDF)
4240:S2CID
4212:(PDF)
4149:S2CID
4104:S2CID
4051:(PDF)
4040:S2CID
4010:(PDF)
3992:(PDF)
3961:(PDF)
3757:(PDF)
3696:(PDF)
3663:(PDF)
3594:(PDF)
3583:S2CID
3555:(PDF)
3493:(PDF)
3482:S2CID
3452:(PDF)
3170:(PDF)
3135:(PDF)
2901:near
2827:birds
2811:fungi
2799:epoch
2136:China
2132:Egypt
2118:Andes
1975:like
1900:Bahia
1358:Era.
1332:HĂłlos
1272:Earth
1016:Epoch
981:Earth
11591:gudi
11349:Cist
11278:list
11105:Wine
11034:Ătzi
11019:Glue
10992:Beds
10960:and
10958:Arts
10829:Well
10685:Cave
10615:Kiva
10545:side
10535:Rope
10483:tool
10417:bone
10407:Adze
10173:Eden
10086:Nets
9956:Fire
9920:Goad
9905:Celt
9034:Late
8919:5 ka
8804:ages
8718:ISBN
8699:ISBN
8623:PMID
8571:PMID
8563:ISSN
8517:2021
8487:2020
8464:2021
8429:PMID
8368:PMID
8307:PMID
8299:OCLC
8244:2022
8193:2022
8124:PMID
8106:ISSN
8050:ISBN
8019:2023
8008:PMID
7990:ISSN
7945:2023
7926:ISSN
7894:2009
7835:2023
7816:PMID
7771:2023
7760:ISSN
7714:2023
7641:ISBN
7604:PMID
7596:ISSN
7545:ISSN
7496:ISSN
7451:2023
7440:ISSN
7350:PMID
7332:ISSN
7285:2023
7266:ISSN
7220:2023
7209:ISSN
7152:ISSN
7100:ISSN
7053:2023
7042:ISSN
6997:2023
6978:ISSN
6929:ISSN
6882:2023
6863:ISSN
6818:2024
6770:2024
6722:2023
6711:ISSN
6666:2023
6655:ISSN
6618:2023
6607:ISSN
6559:2023
6540:ISSN
6495:2023
6447:2024
6399:2023
6343:2023
6332:ISSN
6286:2023
6275:ISSN
6231:2023
6142:2023
6123:ISSN
6078:2023
6067:ISSN
6022:2023
6011:ISSN
5966:2023
5947:ISSN
5902:2024
5842:ISSN
5795:2023
5784:ISSN
5739:2023
5728:ISSN
5683:2023
5672:ISSN
5521:ISSN
5461:ISSN
5410:PMID
5392:ISSN
5345:2024
5293:ISSN
5240:2023
5229:ISSN
5184:2024
5132:PMID
5114:ISSN
5063:ISSN
4973:2023
4954:ISSN
4880:2023
4824:2023
4813:ISSN
4768:2023
4757:ISSN
4704:PMID
4686:ISSN
4627:ISSN
4558:ISSN
4486:ISSN
4417:ISSN
4372:2023
4353:ISSN
4096:PMID
3943:2014
3908:2017
3868:ISBN
3786:2020
3773:ISBN
3704:2013
3608:link
3385:ISBN
3210:2016
2903:Veyo
2853:and
2841:and
2839:fish
2777:The
2737:Asia
2672:and
2060:and
2002:The
1981:and
1967:and
1848:Wolf
1842:, ÎŽC
1590:cave
1580:and
1487:and
1366:The
1338:áœ
λοÏ
1296:ages
1286:and
1137:The
1103:2008
63:Preê
10700:Hut
10635:row
10466:Oar
10424:Axe
10412:Awl
8948:b2k
8797:ICS
8677:doi
8615:doi
8611:344
8555:doi
8419:PMC
8411:doi
8360:doi
8348:345
8291:doi
8279:360
8225:doi
8155:doi
8114:PMC
8098:doi
8042:doi
7998:PMC
7982:doi
7808:doi
7796:434
7752:doi
7695:doi
7683:400
7586:doi
7574:300
7535:doi
7488:doi
7476:404
7432:doi
7420:270
7389:hdl
7381:doi
7340:PMC
7322:doi
7258:doi
7246:447
7201:doi
7142:doi
7090:doi
7078:141
7034:doi
6970:doi
6958:129
6919:doi
6907:142
6855:doi
6843:629
6807:doi
6795:483
6759:doi
6747:463
6703:doi
6691:469
6647:doi
6643:111
6599:doi
6532:doi
6520:574
6484:doi
6436:doi
6424:229
6380:doi
6368:642
6324:doi
6312:410
6267:doi
6255:371
6220:doi
6208:279
6179:doi
6167:158
6115:doi
6103:200
6059:doi
6047:174
6003:doi
5991:432
5939:doi
5927:191
5891:doi
5879:178
5832:doi
5820:447
5776:doi
5720:doi
5708:485
5664:doi
5621:doi
5570:doi
5558:101
5511:doi
5451:doi
5439:255
5400:PMC
5382:doi
5370:112
5334:doi
5322:159
5283:hdl
5275:doi
5263:624
5221:doi
5173:doi
5161:153
5122:PMC
5104:doi
5053:doi
5041:114
5002:doi
4998:119
4946:doi
4942:172
4913:doi
4861:doi
4849:518
4805:doi
4749:doi
4694:PMC
4676:doi
4664:104
4617:hdl
4607:doi
4548:hdl
4538:doi
4526:152
4476:hdl
4466:doi
4409:doi
4397:270
4343:hdl
4335:doi
4293:doi
4281:110
4232:doi
4188:doi
4176:111
4141:doi
4129:397
4086:doi
4074:294
4032:doi
4020:278
3981:doi
3765:doi
3735:doi
3685:doi
3641:doi
3575:doi
3563:81A
3533:doi
3474:doi
3429:doi
3157:doi
3051:hdl
3041:doi
2793:of
2785:or
2083:or
1844:org
1840:wax
1820:in
1398:in
1376:cal
1202:-,-
1131:N/A
1123:N/A
1121:N/A
992:ICS
933:Y2K
11635::
9723:Ga
9719:Ma
9715:ka
8956:).
8950:).
8933:ka
8921:â
8907:â
8834:ka
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