1852:
1816:
1136:
2012:
1980:
1611:
1275:
1171:
857:
1777:
1490:
652:
1715:
1929:
1546:
1011:
3206:
2844:
2391:
2368:
1636:
initially made his own views public. Consolidation of the "antiquity of man" required more work, with stricter methods; and this proved possible over the next two decades. The discoveries of
Boucher de Perthes therefore motivated further researches to try to repeat and confirm the findings at other
1567:
Given that the animals were associated with these strata, establishing the date of the strata could be by geological arguments, based on uniformity of stratigraphy; and so the animals' extinction was dated. An extinction can still strictly only be dated on assumptions, as evidence of absence; for a
1090:
as posing a problem for those holding both to monogenism and a recent date for human origins. In other words, he took migration from an original location to remote islands that are now populated to imply a long time scale. A significant consequence of the recognition of the antiquity of man was the
779:
had become clear in the 19th century, the "antiquity of man" stood for a theory opposed to the "modern origin of man", for which arguments of other kinds were put forward. The choice was logically independent of monogenism versus polygenism; but monogenism with the modern origin implied time scales
1444:
put forward at one point views on what were called "uniformity of kind" and "uniformity of degree" that were incompatible with what was argued later. Lyell's theory, in fact, was of a "steady state" geology, which he deduced from his principles. This went too far in restricting actual geological
1111:
While extinction of species came with the development of geology to be widely accepted in the early 19th century, there was resistance on theological grounds to extinctions after the creation of man. It was argued, in particular in the 1820s and 1830s, that man would not be created into an
585:
with the issue of antiquity. The arguments from science for what was then called the "great antiquity of man" became convincing to most scientists, over the following decade. The separate debate on the antiquity of man had in effect merged into the larger one on evolution, being simply a
898:. It was rejected by many contemporary theologians. This idea of humans before Adam had been current in earlier Christian scholars and those of unorthodox and heretical beliefs; La Peyrère's significance was his synthesis of the dissent. Influentially, he revived the classical idea of
558:, are names given to the series of scientific debates it involved, which with modifications continue in the 21st century. These debates have clarified and given scientific evidence, from a number of disciplines, towards solving the basic question of dating the first
848:
The Flood could explain extinctions of species at that date, on the hypothesis that the Ark had not contained all species of animal. A Flood that was not universal, on the other hand, had implications for the biblical theory of races and Noah's sons. The theory of
879:, and then by the growth of the sciences. One hypothesis was of people not descended from Adam. This hypothesis of polygenism (no unique origin of humans) implied nothing on the antiquity of man, but the issue was implicated in counter-arguments, for monogenism.
1879:
Jules de
Christol (1802–1861) found caves filled with mud and gravel, containing bones of hyaena, rhinoceros and humans. The contemporary deposition of bones was not accepted, by a commission under Cuvier; and pottery was found lower.
1505:
The identification of ice ages was important context for the antiquity of man because it was accepted that certain mammals had died out with the last of the ice ages which were clearly marked in the geological record.
2847:
2371:
565:
Controversy was very active in this area in parts of the 19th century, with some dormant periods also. A key date was the 1859 re-evaluation of archaeological evidence that had been published 12 years earlier by
1595:. In general and qualitative terms, Lyell felt the evidence established the "antiquity of man": that humans were much older than the traditional assumptions had made them. His conclusions were shared by the
1514:(1812) had accepted facts of the extinctions of mammals that were to be relevant to human antiquity. The concept of an ice age was proposed in 1837 by Louis Agassiz, and it opened the way to the study of
616:
for human origins, it is asserted that this species had a definite and single origin in the past. (That assertion leaves aside the point whether the origin meant is of the current species, however. The
764:
were certainly also strongly controverted. Those who found the conclusion unacceptable could be expected to examine the whole train of reasoning for weak points. This can be seen, for example, in the
1320:
It was this combination, "extinct faunal remains" + "human artifacts", that provided the evidence that came to be seen as crucial. A sudden acceleration of research was seen from mid-1858, when the
733:, the question of the antiquity of man became quite natural to ask at around this period. It was by no means a new question, but it was being asked in a new context of knowledge, particularly in
570:. It was then widely accepted, as validating the suggestion that man was much older than had previously been believed, for example than the 6,000 years implied by some traditional chronologies.
612:
are still being discovered, so that definitive answers are not available. The consensus view is that human beings are one species, the only existing species of the genus. With the rejection of
1201:. He published his ideas in 1836. Postulating cultural change, in itself and without explaining a rate of change, did not generate reasons to revise traditional chronology. But the concept of
1112:"imperfect" world as far as design of its collection of species was concerned. This reasoning cut across that which was conclusive for the science of the antiquity of man, a generation later.
956:
sentiment indirectly supported the
Preadamite theories of the middle of the 19th century. The antiquity of man found support in the opposed theories of monogenism of this time that justified
1063:
both argued against
Egyptian views that the world was at least 100,000 years old. This figure was too high to be compatible with biblical chronology. One of La Peyrère's propositions, that
1366:
is what gave science traction on the question of the antiquity of man; and, on the other hand, there were at the time theories that tended to rule out certain types of lack of regularity.
1086:
and their people: were they pre-Adamites, or indeed had there been a second "Adam of the
Antipodes"? In a 19th-century sequel, Alfred Russel Wallace in an 1867 book review pointed to the
608:
in the required answer. It is thought that the genus of man has been around for ten times as long as our species. Currently, fresh examples of (extinct) species of the genus
2394:
2275:
1227:
helped to initiate the 19th century debate, but it started in earnest around 1810. There were then a number of false starts relating to different
European sites.
1386:
that was held to by some scientists; therefore the protean concept "uniformitarianism" was adjusted to accommodate the past changes that could be established.
2566:
875:
There was interest in matters arising from modification of the biblical narrative, therefore, and it was fuelled by the new knowledge of the world in
1515:
1151:
formation was a clearcut mechanism of formation of fossils, and its stratigraphy could be understood. Other sites of importance were associated with
1224:
1591:
in April 1859, and
Charles Lyell with others also in 1859, made field trips to the sites, and returned convinced that humans had coexisted with
1834:
906:, of a three-fold division of historical time into "uncertain" (to a universal flood), "mythical", and "historical" (with certain chronology).
2096:
3216:
938:(1677) against La Peyrère, it has been suggested, in order to defend the propositions of a young human race and universal Flood, and the
2100:(1863). It was a major synthesis that discussed the issue of human antiquity, in parallel with the further issues of the Ice Ages and
2051:, a now obsolete term used for the preceding geological period. The debate on the antiquity of man resonated in the later debate over
685:
from a precursor species, the issue can be refined into two further questions. These are: the analysis and dating of the evolution of
1861:
600:
Modern science has no single answer to the question of how old humanity is. What the question now means indeed depends on choosing
695:. The second question is given an answer in two parts: anatomically modern humans are thought to be about 300,000 years old, with
2311:
2112:
525:
1043:
as a historical process, he also implied a time scale long enough for such a process to have produced the observed differences.
586:
chronological aspect. It has not ended as a discussion, however, since the current science of human antiquity is still in flux.
438:
1287:
622:
595:
2715:
1847:. He found human remains with those of extinct animals, communicated with Georges Cuvier, and was met with incomprehension.
329:
241:
3249:
1484:
1370:
outlined in 1890 the way the antiquity of man had in his time been established as derived from change in prehistory: in
2089:
New
Researches on the Coexistence of Man and of the Great Fossil Mammifers characteristic of the Last Geological Period
1382:. The hypotheses required to establish that these changes were facts of prehistory were themselves in tension with the
939:
415:
324:
753:. This meant, though, that the issue of the antiquity of man was not separable from other debates of the period, on
3063:
1743:
794:
wrote in 1872 of a fixed conviction of the "modern origin" as the only reason for resisting the human creation of
2927:
2232:
1367:
726:
1120:
The late 18th century was a period in which French and German caves were explored, and remains taken for study:
479:
232:
1471:, which in general acted as an explanatory stopgap, rather than in most cases being one supported by science.
1463:
appeared (1830–3). Of
Lubbock's three types of change, the geographical included the theory of migration over
1295:
1194:
2175:
Antiquity of Man as deduced from the
Discovery of a Human Skeleton during Excavations of the Docks at Tilbury
699:
dating back to 40,000 or 50,000 years ago. The first question is still subject to debates on its definition.
424:
3057:
1599:
and other British learned institutions, as well as in France. It was this recognition of the early date of
1530:
were mammals of the ice ages, and had ceased to exist with the ice ages: they inhabited Europe when it was
968:
2043:
When the science was considered reasonably settled as to the existence of "Quaternary Man" (humans of the
396:
391:
3244:
2437:
1896:
1707:
1248:
1160:
518:
277:
3239:
2433:
2033:
1851:
1588:
1198:
825:, after which all humans descended from Noah and his wife, and all animals from those saved in the Ark;
791:
626:
542:
was a major achievement of science in the middle of the 19th century, and the foundation of scientific
79:
1702:
1345:
722:
713:
2932:
Pre-historic times, as illustrated by Ancient Remains, and the Manners and Customs of Modern Savages
1815:
1628:
785:
618:
315:
868:
410:
405:
222:
2399:
2376:
2332:
2274:
Armitage, S. J.; Jasim, S. A.; Marks, A. E.; Parker, A. G.; Usik, V. I.; Uerpmann, H. P. (2011).
2200:
2180:
2121:
The Origin of Human Races and the Antiquity of Man Deduced from the Theory of 'Natural Selection'
1135:
799:
730:
287:
2011:
2604:
2413:
2143:
1522:
in what he had taken to be remains of the biblical Flood. It seemed adequately proved that the
1052:
899:
829:
760:
The first strong scientific arguments for the antiquity of man as very different from accepted
511:
269:
203:
25:
3177:
3043:
3026:
3009:
2975:
2955:
2935:
2742:
2705:
2658:
2261:
1979:
1662:
3221:
3160:
3132:
3082:
2992:
2915:
2898:
2813:
2796:
2779:
2678:
2641:
2621:
2551:
2534:
2517:
2463:
2190:
1459:
1268:
1083:
1056:
1018:
980:
972:
948:
931:
894:
theory of polygenism to Jewish tradition; it was intended to be compatible with the biblical
578:
101:
3112:
2868:
1440:, and became the foundation of modern geology. Its tenets were correspondingly firmly held.
1417:, without evidence of descent (having in mind a characterisation of humans by possession of
1271:
was found unconvincing in its presentation, until it was reconsidered about a decade later.
386:
2670:
2633:
2531:
The World Makers: Scientists of the Restoration and the Search for the Origins of the Earth
2160:
1769:
1414:
1232:
988:
696:
691:
376:
306:
227:
213:
89:
85:
2348:
1027:
of a single human origin. In particular he argued that humans were one species, using the
659:, from the red area, over the last 100,000 years, represented with geographical areas for
8:
2771:
2497:
2227:
1494:
1400:
1399:
that the lack of human artifacts in deeper excavations suggested a recent origin of man.
1100:
1092:
876:
853:, which was as much secular as theological in attitude, could be used in analogous ways.
837:
761:
734:
371:
255:
188:
1665:) claiming stone tool cuts on bones of extinct mammals, made when the bones were fresh.
1610:
1274:
1132:, for example, attracted many visitors. Caves were a theme of the art of the time, also.
887:
3056:
2967:
2690:
2421:
2303:
1917:
1321:
1060:
781:
567:
429:
301:
132:
2457:
1454:
1014:
James Cowles Prichard, English Quaker ethnologist and defender of biblical monogenism.
2711:
2501:
2489:
2481:
2425:
2295:
1922:
1874:
1839:
Paul Tournal (1805–1872), who became a pharmacist, investigated cave deposits in the
1600:
1527:
1404:
1389:
Zoological uniformity on earth was debated already in the early eighteenth century.
1383:
1357:
1087:
1071:
had provided details of traditional Chinese chronology, from which it was deduced by
1040:
1036:
961:
943:
582:
543:
292:
246:
2307:
2077:
1971:
1654:
1619:
2571:
2429:
2287:
1951:
1807:
1799:
1763:
1638:
1569:
1433:
1395:
1341:
1337:
1279:
1256:
1240:
1228:
1190:
1152:
1129:
930:), and had its defenders, as well as those who felt it made significant omissions.
745:
as a principled method allowed deductions of chronology relative to events tied to
457:
118:
2583:
1170:
840:
was not a given in the medieval and early modern periods, for Christians or Jews.
638:
is now estimated to be about 2.3 to 2.4 million years old, with the appearance of
2417:
2101:
1776:
1754:
1649:(1865–1880). Another major project, which produced quicker findings, was that of
1390:
1313:
on sites where the stratigraphy could be argued to be clear and undisturbed, with
1068:
1023:
927:
895:
856:
828:
genealogies providing in theory a way of dating events in the Old Testament (see
795:
776:
742:
474:
156:
1316:
remains of animals that were (in the consensus of palaeontologists) now extinct.
1147:
Cave remains proved of great importance to the science of the antiquity of man.
1079:
2912:
Men among the Mammoths: Victorian science and the discovery of human prehistory
2739:
Men among the Mammoths: Victorian science and the discovery of human prehistory
2707:
Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 4: History of Indian-White Relations
2575:
2493:
2477:
1825:
1642:
1633:
1592:
1557:
1549:
1523:
1507:
1489:
1260:
1028:
1004:
996:
992:
822:
815:
686:
679:
Once the question is reformulated as dating the transition of the evolution of
193:
3144:
1578:
3233:
3210:
2947:
2618:
Philosophy and Humanism: Renaissance essays in honor of Paul Oskar Kristeller
2003:
1803:
1714:
1650:
1596:
1446:
1441:
1429:
1329:
1325:
1244:
1178:
1175:
1072:
1000:
864:
860:
850:
843:
769:
738:
467:
142:
33:
2291:
1575:
Neither Agassiz nor Buckland adopted the new views on the antiquity of man.
1472:
967:
Already in the 18th century polygenism was applied as a theory of race (see
651:
3189:
2299:
2210:
2170:
2126:
2107:
1938:
1928:
1786:
1646:
1584:
1553:
1539:
1534:, and not afterwards. In fact such extinct mammals were typically found in
1468:
1333:
1164:
1096:
1064:
957:
708:
681:
660:
640:
574:
164:
137:
1545:
1055:
contested claims that pagan traditions were older than that of the Bible.
882:
2044:
1989:
1710:, mammoth teeth; theories about Roman elephants, not accepted by Conyers
1693:
1632:, published in 1859, and was evidently related; but was not one in which
1498:
1464:
1307:
1252:
1021:
argued against polygenism, wishing to support the account drawn from the
953:
559:
343:
338:
208:
58:
2185:
The Ice Age in North America, and its Bearings upon the Antiquity of Man
1010:
644:; meaning that the existence of all types of humans has been within the
2485:
1737:
1363:
1220:
1148:
1125:
903:
891:
802:
writing in 1880 could call the antiquity of man "an established fact".
645:
613:
359:
169:
122:
97:
43:
784:
of humans. The choice was also logically independent of the notion of
1437:
1436:
and theological cosmogony; it established itself as the successor of
1425:
1409:
1375:
1202:
1140:
1032:
915:
462:
183:
47:
1424:
Uniformitarianism held the field against the competitor theories of
1263:
consistently opposed the theory that it was very old. The 1847 book
1259:). At that point, however, its significance was not recognised, and
3209: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
2056:
2048:
1993:
1962:
1840:
1615:
1450:
1182:
923:
174:
71:
3174:
Bones and Ochre: the curious afterlife of the Red Lady of Paviland
3157:
Bones and Ochre: the curious afterlife of the Red Lady of Paviland
2843:
2456:
2390:
2367:
2137:
2071:
780:
on the basis of the geographical spread, physical differences and
2509:
2505:
2155:
The Epoch of the Mammoth and the Apparition of man upon the Earth
2060:
2047:), there remained the issue as to whether man had existed in the
1728:
1519:
1421:); and against the discreteness of species and their extinction.
1379:
1236:
919:
754:
664:
605:
1668:
971:). A variant racist Preadamism was introduced, in particular by
2052:
1908:
1658:
1531:
1418:
1121:
985:
Adam and the Adamite, or the Harmony of Scripture and Ethnology
750:
746:
498:
836:
These points were debated by scholars as well as theologians.
1942:
1887:
1790:
1724:
1371:
601:
2793:
Archaeology and Society: reconstructing the prehistoric past
2195:
Recent Discoveries Bearing on the Antiquity of Man in Europe
1518:
of the Quaternary. William Buckland came to see evidence of
1007:, while the other races descended from Preadamite ancestry.
2675:
Isaac La Peyrère (1596-1676): his life, work, and influence
2638:
Isaac La Peyrère (1596-1676): his life, work, and influence
2055:, which were supposed proof of the existence of man in the
1865:
1579:
Acceptance of human association with extinct animal species
1413:
produced arguments against identification of a species via
1156:
689:, and of the evolution from "archaic" forms of the species
634:
2131:
The Great Ice Age and its Relation to the Antiquity of Man
1563:, measured from ice core samples going back 800,000 years.
2848:"Account of Flint Weapons Discovered at Hoxne in Suffolk"
2165:
Early Man in Britain and His Place in the Tertiary Period
1603:
that first established the scientific credibility of the
1193:
was in place from about 1820, in the form given to it by
2273:
1657:. Lartet in 1860 had published results from a cave near
1485:
Timeline of glaciation § Quaternary glacial cycles
1106:
883:
La Peyrère and the completeness of the Biblical account
707:
Discovering the age of the first human is one facet of
1231:
misjudged what he had found in 1823 with the misnamed
1067:
was at least 10,000 years old, gained wider currency;
711:, the study of human origins, and a term dated by the
621:
allows the origin to be otherwise.) The hypothesis of
16:
Scientific discovery in the middle of the 19th century
2758:, p. 242, in Andrew Cunningham and Nicholas Jardine,
1583:
Boucher de Perthes had written up discoveries in the
1310:
that were admitted to be made by Stone Age man, found
1239:
remains with the find. He also was dismissive of the
1003:; and maintained that Adam was the progenitor of the
2333:"'Modern' Behavior Began 40,000 Years Ago In Africa"
2027:
1512:
Recherches sur les ossements fossiles de quadrupèdes
1205:
artifacts became current. Thomsen's book in Danish,
1078:
One of the considerations detected in La Peyrère by
577:
argued that man was an evolved species; and in 1864
3023:
John Phillips and the Business of Victorian Science
2865:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers
2104:
that promised to throw light on the origins of man.
1626:This debate was concurrent with that over the book
1568:particular site, however, the argument can be from
1143:, Switzerland; engraving of the later 18th century.
1075:that Noah's Flood was local rather than universal.
1046:
1746:, but the bones and shells remained unidentified.
1403:was, of course, seen as problematic to establish.
1351:
2972:Divine Machines: Leibniz and the Sciences of Life
2895:The Environment of Early Man in the British Isles
3231:
3145:Christol, Jules de - La France savante XVIIe-XXe
2601:The Identity of Man: as seen by an archaeologist
1328:who had pressed for it, the committee comprised
844:Human origins and the "universal deluge" debated
788:, but that was considered to be a slow process.
2138:Publications of the latter stages of the debate
2072:Publications of the central years of the debate
1637:sites. Significant in this were excavations by
1197:in his work on the collections that became the
1163:was from gravel in a bed of a tributary of the
818:and the descent of humans from a single couple;
2697:
867:window of the earlier 17th century, Church of
2710:. Government Printing Office. pp. 541–.
1669:List of key sites for the 19th century debate
1538:as it was then called (distinctive gravel or
1167:, but remained isolated for about a century.
519:
2837:
2835:
2810:Cognitive Perspectives on Israelite Identity
2756:Caves, Fossils, and the History of the Earth
2570:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2097:Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man
2063:). In this case the sceptical view won out.
1457:), as became clearer not long after Lyell's
987:, London, 1864). They followed the views of
914:The biblical narrative had implications for
589:
3067:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
2548:Adam and Eve in Seventeenth-century Thought
2514:Adam and Eve in Seventeenth-century Thought
1302:The debate moved on only in the context of
757:and foundations of scientific archaeology.
3214:
2703:
2655:The Columbia History of Western Philosophy
2564:Augstein, H. F. "Prichard, James Cowles".
2454:
526:
512:
2832:
2276:"Hints of Earlier Human Exit from Africa"
1115:
2595:
2593:
1609:
1544:
1488:
1273:
1211:Leitfaden zur Nordischen Alterthumskunde
1169:
1134:
1009:
855:
650:
625:is now widely accepted, and states that
2776:German Romanticism and Its Institutions
2567:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2256:James C. Kaufman, Robert J. Sternberg,
1362:On the one hand, lack of uniformity in
1265:Antiquités Celtiques et Antediluviennes
969:Scientific racism#Blumenbach and Buffon
3232:
2863:Richard B. Lee, Richard Heywood Daly,
2082:The Antiquity of Man in Western Europe
1288:Francis Egerton, 1st Earl of Ellesmere
805:
623:recent African origin of modern humans
596:Recent African origin of modern humans
2590:
1556:cycles as represented by atmospheric
1478:
702:
3225:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
3006:Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth
2882:The Establishment of Human Antiquity
2692:The Polynesians and Their Migrations
2563:
2467:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2450:
2448:
2446:
2258:The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity
2113:Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature
1645:, and with a systematic approach at
1107:Creation of man in a world not ready
671:replaced other species of the genus
3096:A History of Archaeological Thought
2991:, Volume 1 (1990 reprint), p. xiv;
2954:, Volume 2 (1991 reprint), p. 270;
2827:A History of Archaeological Thought
1324:set up a "cave committee". Besides
1095:, in particular for all aspects of
977:The Genesis of the Earth and of Man
13:
3215:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
3190:Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography
2372:"Man as the Interpreter of Nature"
2010:
1978:
1927:
1850:
1814:
1775:
1713:
1292:Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed
1207:Ledetraad til Nordisk Oldkyndighed
14:
3261:
2455:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
2443:
2028:Antiquity of man in the New World
2022:
1614:Flint implements found 1861/2 at
1497:in Switzerland, 1774 painting by
1128:was only in its infancy, and the
909:
3204:
3064:Dictionary of National Biography
2842:
2389:
2366:
2148:A Manual of the Antiquity of Man
1047:Incompatible views of chronology
936:Primitive Origination of Mankind
775:For a period, once the scale of
629:had a single origin, in Africa.
3183:
3166:
3149:
3138:
3118:
3101:
3088:
3077:Winfried Henke, Thorolf Hardt,
3071:
3049:
3032:
3015:
2998:
2981:
2961:
2941:
2921:
2904:
2887:
2874:
2857:
2854:, v. 13 (London, 1800): 204–205
2819:
2802:
2785:
2765:
2748:
2731:
2704:Sturtevant, William C. (1978).
2684:
2664:
2653:Richard Henry Popkin (editor),
2647:
2627:
2610:
2557:
2540:
2523:
2233:List of first human settlements
2066:
2038:
1685:Findings and contemporary view
1352:Debate on uniformity and change
1286:(1848), English translation by
727:history of evolutionary thought
2471:
2412:Such as the Catholic Hebraist
2406:
2383:
2360:
2342:
2326:
2267:
2250:
1587:in 1847. Joseph Prestwich and
1209:, was translated into German (
1139:Waterfall seen from a cave in
810:The Biblical account included
1:
3079:Handbook of Paleoanthropology
2286:(6016). Science News: 453–6.
2238:
675:, over a long period of time.
554:, or in simpler language the
3109:The Origins of Human Society
2760:Romanticism and the Sciences
2584:UK public library membership
1843:area. He used the neologism
1445:processes, to a predictable
1284:Guide to Northern Archæology
1267:by Boucher de Perthes about
1247:in the later 1820s. In 1829
1215:Guide to Northern Archæology
890:appealed in formulating his
540:discovery of human antiquity
7:
3040:New History of Anthropology
2221:
2205:Origin and Antiquity of Man
1897:Philippe-Charles Schmerling
1742:Handaxes. Published by the
1455:ice ages#Causes of ice ages
1296:Christian JĂĽrgensen Thomsen
1249:Philippe-Charles Schmerling
1195:Christian JĂĽrgensen Thomsen
1159:. The early example of the
821:the story of the universal
10:
3266:
3250:Archaeological discoveries
3081:, Volume 1 (2007), p. 20;
2434:Johannes Andreas Quenstedt
2034:Settlement of the Americas
2031:
1618:in the French Pyrénées by
1482:
1355:
1199:National Museum of Denmark
1035:. By his use of a form of
792:William Benjamin Carpenter
627:anatomically modern humans
593:
3129:Narbonne et le narbonnais
3058:"Pengelly, William"
1235:, and explained away the
1223:'s 1797 discovery of the
714:Oxford English Dictionary
590:Contemporary formulations
1708:Gray's Inn Lane Hand Axe
1629:On the Origin of Species
1475:were easier to justify.
1161:Gray's Inn Lane Hand Axe
942:as descended from Noah.
786:transmutation of species
619:multiregional hypothesis
2808:Dermot Anthony Nestor,
2400:Popular Science Monthly
2377:Popular Science Monthly
2292:10.1126/science.1199113
2201:George Frederick Wright
2181:George Frederick Wright
2119:Alfred Russel Wallace,
1181:from Kesslerloch cave,
1155:of gravel and clay, or
1039:to argue for change of
800:Henry Williamson Haynes
731:history of paleontology
2910:A. Bowdoin Van Riper,
2737:A. Bowdoin Van Riper,
2576:10.1093/ref:odnb/22776
2153:James Cocke Southall,
2144:John Patterson MacLean
2015:
1983:
1932:
1855:
1819:
1780:
1744:Society of Antiquaries
1718:
1623:
1564:
1502:
1299:
1213:, 1837), and English (
1186:
1144:
1116:Archaeological context
1053:Early Christian Church
1015:
900:Marcus Terentius Varro
872:
830:Genealogy of the Bible
676:
3222:Catholic Encyclopedia
2989:Principles of Geology
2952:Principles of Geology
2464:Catholic Encyclopedia
2191:George Grant MacCurdy
2014:
1982:
1931:
1854:
1818:
1779:
1717:
1613:
1607:antiquity of humans.
1548:
1492:
1483:Further information:
1460:Principles of Geology
1277:
1173:
1138:
1082:was concern with the
1057:Theophilus of Antioch
1019:James Cowles Prichard
1013:
973:Reginald Stuart Poole
949:Catholic Encyclopedia
869:Saint-Étienne-du-Mont
859:
741:. The development of
654:
594:Further information:
579:Alfred Russel Wallace
556:age of the human race
114:Age of the human race
2671:Richard Henry Popkin
2634:Richard Henry Popkin
2512:. Philip C. Almond,
2428:, and the Lutherans
2215:The Antiquity of Man
2161:William Boyd Dawkins
1770:Red Lady of Paviland
1233:Red Lady of Paviland
989:Samuel George Morton
979:, London, 1860) and
946:writing in the 1913
697:behavioral modernity
687:Archaic Homo sapiens
3004:Joe D. Burchfield,
2880:Donald K. Grayson,
2772:Theodore Ziolkowski
2754:Nicholas A. Rupke,
2616:Edward P. Mahoney,
2516:(1999), pp. 49–52;
2498:Christopher Marlowe
2458:"Preadamites"
2350:Systematic Theology
2228:Tool use by animals
1772:", mammoth remains
1495:Grindelwald Glacier
1432:, which partook of
1401:Evidence of absence
1124:was in fashion, if
1101:social evolutionism
1093:conjectural history
877:early modern Europe
838:Biblical literalism
806:Theological debates
766:Systematic Theology
762:biblical chronology
735:comparative anatomy
189:Classical antiquity
3245:History of science
3094:Bruce G. Trigger,
2968:Justin E. H. Smith
2914:(1993), pp. 82–3;
2825:Bruce G. Trigger,
2546:Philip C. Almond,
2422:Johannes Hoornbeek
2016:
1984:
1933:
1923:Acheulean handaxes
1918:Boucher de Perthes
1856:
1820:
1781:
1753:Goat's Hole Cave,
1719:
1696:, London, England
1624:
1601:Acheulean handaxes
1565:
1503:
1479:Glacial conditions
1449:, if it ruled out
1322:Geological Society
1300:
1290:, from the Danish
1187:
1145:
1091:greater scope for
1061:Augustine of Hippo
1016:
981:Dominic M'Causland
873:
782:cultural diversity
719:Medical Dictionary
703:Historical debates
692:H. sapiens sapiens
677:
663:(ocher) and early
568:Boucher de Perthes
3240:Paleoanthropology
3172:Marianne Sommer,
3155:Marianne Sommer,
3098:(2000), pp. 88–9.
3042:(2009), p. 263;
3038:Henrika Kuklick,
2717:978-0-16-004583-7
2582:(Subscription or
2490:Gabriel de Foigny
2482:Jacob Palaeologus
2426:Gisbertus Voetius
2416:, the Calvinists
2314:on 3 October 2012
2020:
2019:
1875:Jules de Christol
1528:woolly rhinoceros
1473:Sea level changes
1405:Gottfried Leibniz
1384:uniformitarianism
1358:uniformitarianism
1255:fossil skull (at
1153:alluvial deposits
1088:Pacific Islanders
1041:human skin colour
1037:natural selection
962:scientific racism
944:Anthony John Maas
814:the story of the
583:natural selection
544:paleoanthropology
536:
535:
488:
487:
480:Political history
105:
93:
63:
59:Pleistocene epoch
3257:
3226:
3208:
3207:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3176:(2007), p. 202;
3170:
3164:
3153:
3147:
3142:
3136:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3105:
3099:
3092:
3086:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3060:
3053:
3047:
3036:
3030:
3019:
3013:
3008:(1990), p. 191;
3002:
2996:
2985:
2979:
2974:(2011), p. 257;
2965:
2959:
2945:
2939:
2934:(1890), p. 420;
2925:
2919:
2908:
2902:
2891:
2885:
2878:
2872:
2861:
2855:
2846:
2839:
2830:
2823:
2817:
2806:
2800:
2789:
2783:
2769:
2763:
2752:
2746:
2741:(1993), p. 174;
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2701:
2695:
2688:
2682:
2668:
2662:
2657:(2005), p. 413;
2651:
2645:
2631:
2625:
2614:
2608:
2605:Internet Archive
2597:
2588:
2587:
2579:
2561:
2555:
2544:
2538:
2527:
2521:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2441:
2430:Abraham Calovius
2410:
2404:
2395:"The Fossil Man"
2393:
2387:
2381:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2354:Antiquity of Man
2346:
2340:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2310:. Archived from
2271:
2265:
2260:(2010), p. 280;
2254:
2002:Édouard Lartet,
1952:William Pengelly
1808:William Pengelly
1800:Thomas Northmore
1764:William Buckland
1673:
1672:
1639:William Pengelly
1570:local extinction
1434:Romantic science
1342:Joseph Prestwich
1338:William Pengelly
1280:flint implements
1229:William Buckland
1191:three-age system
1130:St. Beatus Caves
960:by discrediting
940:Native Americans
888:Isaac La Peyrère
796:flint implements
717:to 1839 and the
548:antiquity of man
528:
521:
514:
503:
497:
458:Age of Discovery
365:
364:
133:Earliest records
119:Recorded history
95:
83:
55:
53:
42:
21:
20:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3230:
3229:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3188:
3184:
3171:
3167:
3159:(2007), p. 88;
3154:
3150:
3143:
3139:
3131:(2003), p. 62;
3124:
3123:
3119:
3107:Peter Bogucki,
3106:
3102:
3093:
3089:
3076:
3072:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3037:
3033:
3020:
3016:
3003:
2999:
2987:Charles Lyell,
2986:
2982:
2966:
2962:
2946:
2942:
2926:
2922:
2909:
2905:
2897:(1975), p. 68;
2893:John G. Evans,
2892:
2888:
2879:
2875:
2862:
2858:
2840:
2833:
2829:(2000), pp. 78.
2824:
2820:
2812:(2010), p. 48;
2807:
2803:
2795:(1967), p. 32;
2791:Grahame Clark,
2790:
2786:
2778:(1992), p. 23;
2770:
2766:
2753:
2749:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2702:
2698:
2689:
2685:
2677:(1987), p. 30;
2669:
2665:
2652:
2648:
2640:(1987), p. 85;
2632:
2628:
2620:(1976), p. 51;
2615:
2611:
2603:(1983), p. 48;
2599:Grahame Clark,
2598:
2591:
2581:
2562:
2558:
2550:(1999), p. 58;
2545:
2541:
2533:(2009), p. 29;
2529:William Poole,
2528:
2524:
2492:, and possibly
2476:
2472:
2453:
2444:
2438:David Hollazius
2418:Samuel Maresius
2411:
2407:
2388:
2384:
2365:
2361:
2347:
2343:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2315:
2272:
2268:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2224:
2140:
2102:human evolution
2094:Charles Lyell,
2074:
2069:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2025:
1845:anté-historique
1755:Gower Peninsula
1671:
1593:extinct mammals
1581:
1561:
1516:glacial history
1487:
1481:
1391:George Berkeley
1360:
1354:
1118:
1109:
1069:Martino Martini
1049:
1024:Book of Genesis
952:commented that
928:Semitic peoples
918:(division into
912:
902:, preserved in
896:creation of man
885:
846:
808:
777:geological time
743:relative dating
705:
598:
592:
552:human antiquity
532:
501:
495:
490:
489:
484:
444:
443:
434:
420:
401:
382:
381:
362:
352:
351:
350:
334:
320:
311:
297:
283:
282:
272:
262:
261:
260:
251:
237:
218:
199:
198:
179:
159:
149:
148:
147:
128:
109:
108:
94:
82:
74:
51:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3263:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3228:
3227:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3182:
3165:
3148:
3137:
3127:Eric Dellong,
3117:
3111:(1999), p. 3;
3100:
3087:
3070:
3048:
3031:
3021:Jack Morrell,
3014:
2997:
2980:
2960:
2940:
2920:
2903:
2886:
2873:
2867:(1999), p. 7;
2856:
2831:
2818:
2801:
2784:
2764:
2747:
2730:
2716:
2696:
2683:
2663:
2646:
2626:
2609:
2589:
2556:
2539:
2522:
2494:Thomas Harriot
2478:Giordano Bruno
2470:
2442:
2405:
2382:
2359:
2352:, vol. 2 § 3.
2341:
2325:
2266:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2208:
2198:
2188:
2178:
2168:
2158:
2151:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2117:
2105:
2092:
2085:
2078:Édouard Lartet
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2040:
2037:
2032:Main article:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2023:Further issues
2021:
2018:
2017:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1986:
1985:
1976:
1974:
1972:Édouard Lartet
1969:
1966:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1935:
1934:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1907:Saint-Acheul,
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1869:
1858:
1857:
1848:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1826:Bize-Minervois
1822:
1821:
1812:
1810:
1797:
1794:
1783:
1782:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1721:
1720:
1711:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1682:Investigators
1680:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1655:Édouard Lartet
1643:Brixham Cavern
1634:Charles Darwin
1620:Édouard Lartet
1580:
1577:
1559:
1524:woolly mammoth
1508:Georges Cuvier
1480:
1477:
1356:Main article:
1353:
1350:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1261:Rudolf Virchow
1185:, Switzerland.
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1048:
1045:
1029:interfertility
1005:Caucasian race
997:George Gliddon
993:Josiah C. Nott
911:
910:Debate on race
908:
884:
881:
845:
842:
834:
833:
826:
823:biblical Flood
819:
816:Garden of Eden
807:
804:
704:
701:
655:The spread of
591:
588:
534:
533:
531:
530:
523:
516:
508:
505:
504:
492:
491:
486:
485:
483:
482:
477:
472:
471:
470:
460:
454:
451:
450:
446:
445:
442:
441:
435:
433:
432:
427:
425:Southeast Asia
421:
419:
418:
413:
408:
402:
400:
399:
394:
389:
383:
380:
379:
374:
368:
363:
358:
357:
354:
353:
349:
348:
347:
346:
335:
333:
332:
327:
325:Southeast Asia
321:
319:
318:
312:
310:
309:
304:
298:
296:
295:
290:
284:
281:
280:
274:
273:
268:
267:
264:
263:
259:
258:
252:
250:
249:
244:
242:Southeast Asia
238:
236:
235:
230:
225:
219:
217:
216:
211:
206:
200:
197:
196:
194:Late antiquity
191:
186:
180:
178:
177:
172:
167:
161:
160:
155:
154:
151:
150:
146:
145:
140:
135:
129:
127:
126:
116:
110:
107:
106:
76:
75:
70:
69:
66:
65:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3262:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3211:public domain
3203:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3191:
3186:
3179:
3175:
3169:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3146:
3141:
3134:
3130:
3121:
3114:
3110:
3104:
3097:
3091:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2948:Charles Lyell
2944:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2924:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2900:
2896:
2890:
2884:(1983), p. 3.
2883:
2877:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:Frere, John,
2838:
2836:
2828:
2822:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2768:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2560:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:Richard Simon
2409:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2338:
2337:Science Daily
2334:
2329:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2035:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2004:Henry Christy
2001:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
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1860:
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1804:John MacEnery
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1651:Henry Christy
1648:
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1640:
1635:
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1598:
1597:Royal Society
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1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1447:closed system
1443:
1442:Charles Lyell
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:catastrophism
1427:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1387:
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1369:
1365:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1346:Andrew Ramsay
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:Charles Lyell
1327:
1326:Hugh Falconer
1323:
1315:
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1289:
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1281:
1278:Page showing
1276:
1272:
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1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:discovered a
1250:
1246:
1245:John MacEnery
1242:
1241:Kent's Cavern
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:Hoxne handaxe
1222:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1179:spear thrower
1177:
1176:pierced baton
1174:Palaeolithic
1172:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1137:
1133:
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1127:
1123:
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1098:
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1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1073:Isaac Vossius
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:criterion of
1030:
1026:
1025:
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1012:
1008:
1006:
1002:
1001:Louis Agassiz
998:
994:
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986:
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889:
880:
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870:
866:
865:stained glass
862:
858:
854:
852:
851:catastrophism
841:
839:
831:
827:
824:
820:
817:
813:
812:
811:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
787:
783:
778:
773:
771:
770:Charles Hodge
767:
763:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
739:palaeontology
736:
732:
728:
724:
723:Robert Hooper
720:
716:
715:
710:
700:
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510:
509:
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494:
493:
481:
478:
476:
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469:
468:Postmodernity
466:
465:
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461:
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455:
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448:
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437:
436:
431:
428:
426:
423:
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417:
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409:
407:
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403:
398:
397:South America
395:
393:
392:North America
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308:
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270:Postclassical
266:
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254:
253:
248:
245:
243:
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234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
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214:South America
212:
210:
209:North America
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201:
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187:
185:
182:
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176:
173:
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158:
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144:
143:Proto-writing
141:
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68:
67:
62:
61:
60:
49:
45:
39:
38:
35:
34:Human history
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
3220:
3185:
3178:Google Books
3173:
3168:
3161:Google Books
3156:
3151:
3140:
3133:Google Books
3128:
3120:
3113:Google Books
3108:
3103:
3095:
3090:
3083:Google Books
3078:
3073:
3062:
3051:
3044:Google Books
3039:
3034:
3027:Google Books
3022:
3017:
3010:Google Books
3005:
3000:
2993:Google Books
2988:
2983:
2976:Google Books
2971:
2963:
2956:Google Books
2951:
2943:
2936:Google Books
2931:
2928:John Lubbock
2923:
2916:Google Books
2911:
2906:
2899:Google Books
2894:
2889:
2881:
2876:
2869:Google Books
2864:
2859:
2852:Archaeologia
2851:
2826:
2821:
2814:Google Books
2809:
2804:
2797:Google Books
2792:
2787:
2780:Google Books
2775:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2743:Google Books
2738:
2733:
2721:. Retrieved
2706:
2699:
2691:
2686:
2679:Google Books
2674:
2666:
2659:Google Books
2654:
2649:
2642:Google Books
2637:
2629:
2622:Google Books
2617:
2612:
2600:
2565:
2559:
2552:Google Books
2547:
2542:
2535:Google Books
2530:
2525:
2518:Google Books
2513:
2500:; with some
2473:
2462:
2408:
2398:
2385:
2375:
2362:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2312:the original
2283:
2279:
2269:
2262:Google Books
2257:
2252:
2214:
2211:Arthur Keith
2204:
2194:
2184:
2174:
2171:Richard Owen
2164:
2154:
2147:
2130:
2127:James Geikie
2120:
2111:
2108:T. H. Huxley
2095:
2088:
2081:
2067:Publications
2059:(during the
2042:
2039:Tertiary Man
1939:Brixham Cave
1844:
1835:Paul Tournal
1787:Kents Cavern
1703:John Conyers
1647:Kents Cavern
1627:
1625:
1604:
1585:Somme valley
1582:
1574:
1566:
1554:interglacial
1540:boulder clay
1535:
1511:
1504:
1469:biogeography
1465:land bridges
1458:
1423:
1408:
1394:
1388:
1368:John Lubbock
1361:
1334:Richard Owen
1319:
1301:
1291:
1283:
1269:Saint-Acheul
1264:
1243:findings of
1219:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1188:
1165:River Thames
1146:
1119:
1110:
1097:diffusionism
1080:Otto Zöckler
1077:
1050:
1022:
1017:
984:
976:
966:
958:abolitionism
947:
935:
932:Matthew Hale
913:
886:
874:
847:
835:
809:
790:
774:
765:
759:
725:. Given the
718:
712:
709:anthropogeny
706:
690:
680:
678:
672:
668:
661:Neanderthals
657:Homo sapiens
656:
639:
633:
631:
609:
599:
575:T. H. Huxley
572:
564:
555:
551:
547:
539:
537:
502:
377:Contemporary
372:Early modern
138:Protohistory
113:
90:Contemporary
84:
57:
56:
52:
18:
3217:Preadamites
3125:(in French)
2339:, July 1998
2045:Pleistocene
1694:Kingsbridge
1499:Caspar Wolf
1308:stone tools
1253:Neanderthal
954:pro-slavery
871:, in Paris.
560:human being
344:Renaissance
3234:Categories
3025:, p. 361;
2586:required.)
2486:Paracelsus
2239:References
1945:, England
1890:, Belgium
1793:, England
1738:John Frere
1731:, England
1589:John Evans
1415:morphology
1393:argued in
1364:prehistory
1294:(1836) of
1221:John Frere
1149:Stalagmite
1126:speleology
934:wrote his
904:Censorinus
892:Preadamite
861:Noah's Ark
772:(1871–3).
729:, and the
682:H. sapiens
669:H. sapiens
667:(yellow).
646:Quaternary
641:H. habilis
632:The genus
614:polygenism
475:Futurology
416:South Asia
316:South Asia
233:South Asia
170:Bronze Age
165:Copper Age
123:Common Era
98:10,000 BCE
44:Prehistory
2502:Familists
2244:Citations
1996:, France
1965:, France
1911:, France
1868:, France
1828:, France
1438:Plutonism
1426:Neptunism
1410:Protogaea
1396:Alciphron
1376:geography
1217:, 1848).
1203:Stone Age
1141:Solothurn
1084:Antipodes
1033:hybridity
916:ethnology
581:combined
463:Modernity
430:West Asia
411:East Asia
330:West Asia
307:East Asia
247:West Asia
228:East Asia
184:Axial Age
86:Neolithic
80:Timelines
48:Stone Age
2308:20296624
2300:21273486
2222:See also
2057:Pliocene
2049:Tertiary
1994:Dordogne
1992:valley,
1963:Aurignac
1841:Narbonne
1757:, Wales
1679:Date(s)
1616:Aurignac
1536:diluvium
1520:glaciers
1451:ice ages
1306:further
1183:Thayngen
924:Japhetic
665:hominids
573:In 1863
449:See also
293:Americas
278:Timeline
175:Iron Age
72:Holocene
26:a series
24:Part of
3213::
3199:Sources
2762:(2009).
2723:1 March
2510:Diggers
2506:Ranters
2280:Science
2133:(1874).
2061:Neogene
2053:eoliths
1862:Pondres
1729:Suffolk
1550:Glacial
1407:in his
1380:climate
1237:mammoth
920:Hamitic
755:geology
747:fossils
606:species
406:Oceania
302:Oceania
223:Oceania
157:Ancient
102:Present
2850:., in
2714:
2580:
2436:, and
2424:, and
2306:
2298:
2217:(1915)
2207:(1912)
2197:(1910)
2187:(1889)
2177:(1884)
2167:(1880)
2157:(1878)
2150:(1877)
2123:(1864)
2116:(1863)
2091:(1861)
2084:(1860)
1990:Vézère
1909:Amiens
1688:Image
1663:Ariège
1659:Massat
1532:tundra
1419:reason
1344:, and
1122:caving
999:, and
751:strata
546:. The
499:Future
439:Europe
387:Africa
360:Modern
339:Europe
288:Africa
256:Europe
204:Africa
2318:1 May
2304:S2CID
1999:1863
1968:1860
1948:1858
1943:Devon
1914:1847
1893:1829
1888:Engis
1871:1828
1831:1827
1796:1824
1791:Devon
1760:1823
1734:1797
1725:Hoxne
1699:1671
1676:Site
1453:(see
1372:fauna
1282:from
1257:Engis
1065:China
602:genus
2725:2013
2712:ISBN
2508:and
2496:and
2320:2011
2296:PMID
2087:——,
1866:Gard
1653:and
1605:deep
1552:and
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1493:The
1428:and
1378:and
1189:The
1157:peat
1099:and
1059:and
1051:The
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863:, a
749:and
737:and
673:Homo
635:Homo
610:Homo
538:The
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