2370:. All the counties in China had a county government, a Confucian school, and the standard Chinese family system. Typically the dominant local elite consisted of high status families composed of the gentry owners and managers of land and of other forms of wealth, as well as smaller groups that were subject to elite domination and protection. Much attention was paid to genealogy to prove that high status was inherited from generations back. Substantial land holdings were directly managed by the owning families in the early Ming period, but toward the end of the era marketing and ownership were depersonalized by the increased circulation of silver as money, and estate management gravitated into the hands of hired bailiffs. Together with the departure of the most talented youth into the imperial service, the result was direct contacts between the elite and subject groups were disrupted, and romantic images of country life disappeared from the literature. In villages across China elite families participated in the life of the empire by sending their sons into the very high status imperial civil service. Most of the successful sons had a common education in the county and prefectural schools, had been recruited by competitive examination, and were posted to offices that might be anywhere in the empire, including the imperial capital. At first the recommendation of an elite local sponsor was important; increasing the imperial government relied more on merit exams, and thus entry into the national ruling class became more difficult. Downward social mobility into the peasantry was possible for less successful sons; upward mobility from the peasant class was unheard of.
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herself. From 1901 to 1908, the dynasty announced a series of educational, military, and administrative reforms, many reminiscent of the "one hundreds days" of 1898. In 1905 the examination system itself was abolished and the entire
Confucian tradition of merit entry into the elite collapsed. The abolition of the traditional civil service examination was itself a revolution of immense significance. After many centuries, the scholar's mind began to be liberated from the shackles of classical studies, and social mobility no longer depended chiefly on the writing of stereotyped and flowery prose. New ministries were created in Beijing and revised law codes were drafted. Work began on a national budget—the national government had no idea how much taxes were collected in its name and spent by regional officials. New armies were raised and trained in European (and Japanese) fashion and plans for a national army were laid. The creation of the "new army" reflected rising esteem for the military profession and the emergence of a new national elite that dominated China for much of the 20th century. . More officers and men were now literate, while patriotism and better pay served as an inducement for service.
2496:, 1856–1860, was utterly humiliating for China. The British and French sent ambassadors, escorted by a small army, to Beijing to see the treaty signed. The Emperor, however, did not receive ambassadors in anything like the Western sense; the closest Chinese expression translates as "tribute-bearer". To the Chinese court, Western envoys were just a group of new outsiders who should show appropriate respect for the emperor like any other visitors; of course the kowtow (knocking one's head on the floor) was a required part of the protocol. For that matter, the kowtow was required in dealing with any Chinese official. From the viewpoint of Western powers, treating China's decadent medieval regime with any respect at all was being generous. The envoy of Queen Victoria or another power might give some courtesies, even pretend for form's sake that the Emperor was the equal of their own ruler. However, they considered the notion that they should kowtow utterly ludicrous. In fact, it was official policy that no Briton of any rank should kowtow in any circumstances.
26:
2744:, which had originated in Japan. Motoori Norinaga (1730–1801) freed Shinto from centuries of Buddhist accretions and gave a new emphasis to the myth of imperial divine descent, which later became a political tool for imperialist conquest until it was destroyed in 1945. The third cultural level was the popular art of the low-status artisans, merchants and entertainers, especially in Edo and other cities. It revolved around "ukiyo", the floating world of the city pleasure quarters and theaters that was officially off-limits to samurai. Its actors and courtesans were favorite subjects of the woodblock color prints that reached high levels of technical and artistic achievement in the 18th century. They also appeared in the novels and short stories of popular prose writers of the age like Ihara Saikaku (1642–1693). The theater itself, both in the puppet drama and the newer kabuki, as written by the greatest dramatist,
2726:(military dictatorship) ushered in a long period of isolation from foreign influence in order to secure its power. For 250 years this policy enabled Japan to enjoy stability and a flowering of its indigenous culture. Early modern Japanese society had an elaborate social structure, in which everyone knew their place and level of prestige. At the top were the emperor and the court nobility, invincible in prestige but weak in power. Next came the "bushi" of shōgun, daimyō and layers of feudal lords whose rank was indicated by their closeness to the Tokugawa. They had power. The "daimyō" were about 250 local lords of local "han" with annual outputs of 50,000 or more bushels of rice. The upper strata was much given to elaborate and expensive rituals, including elegant architecture, landscaped gardens, nō drama, patronage of the arts, and the tea ceremony.
2764:. Edo resembled the capital cities of Europe with military, political, and economic functions. The Tokugawa political system rested on both feudal and bureaucratic controls, so that Edo lacked a unitary administration. The typical urban social order was composed of samurai, unskilled workers and servants, artisans, and businessmen. The artisans and businessmen were organized in officially sanctioned guilds; their numbers grew rapidly as Tokyo grew and became a national trading center. Businessmen were excluded from government office, and in response they created their own subculture of entertainment, making Edo a cultural as well as a political and economic center. With the Meiji Restoration, Tokyo's political, economic, and cultural functions simply continued as the new capital of imperial Japan.
2071:
2400:) as a mark of their inferior status. That said, some Han did achieve high rank in the civil service via the Imperial Examination system. Until the 19th century, Han immigration into Manchuria was forbidden. Chinese had an advanced artistic culture and well-developed science and technology. However, its science and technology stood still after 1700 and in the 21st century very little survives outside museums and remote villages, except in for the ever-popular forms of traditional medicine like acupuncture. In the late Qing era (1900 to 1911), the country was beset by large-scale civil wars, major famines, military defeats by Britain and Japan, regional control by powerful warlords and foreign intervention such as the
3276:
2507:), an enormous complex of gardens and buildings outside Beijing. It took 3500 troops to loot it, wreck it and set it alight, and it burned for three days sending up a column of smoke clearly visible in Beijing. Once the Summer Palace was reduced to ruins a sign was raised with an inscription in Chinese stating "This is the reward for perfidy and cruelty". The choice to destroy the palace was quite deliberate; they wanted something quite visible that struck at the upper classes who had ordered the crimes. Like the Forbidden City, no ordinary Chinese citizen had ever been allowed into the Summer Palace, as it was used exclusively by the Imperial family.
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1738:, a fair amount of translations from Sanskrit into Chinese were done by Chinese priests, and Buddhism became one of the major religions of the Chinese along with the other two indigenous religions. In Korea, Buddhism was not seen to conflict with the rites of nature worship; it was allowed to blend in with Shamanism. Thus, the mountains that were believed to be the residence of spirits in pre-Buddhist times became the sites of Buddhist temples. Though Buddhism initially enjoyed wide acceptance, even being supported as the state ideology during the
3199:
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127:'s interactions with other regions of the world. Scholars such as Andrew Abalahin have argued that East Asia and its neighboring region of Southeast Asia form a single ethno-cultural area, sharing common roots and history with each other, while being distinct from other world regions. Historian Charles Holcombe states that East Asia as a unified cultural region can be defined by adherence to Confucianism, influences from Buddhism and a usage of chopsticks. Nomadic Peoples to China's north including Turkic, Manchu and Mongolian tribes were
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2539:, 1851–1864, was led by a charismatic figure claiming to be Christ's younger brother. It was largely a peasant revolt. The Taiping program included land reform and eliminating slavery, concubinage, arranged marriage, opium, footbinding, judicial torture and idolatry. The Qing government, with some Western help, eventually defeated the Taiping rebels, but not before they had ruled much of southern China for over ten years. This was one of the bloodiest wars ever fought; only World War II killed more people.
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claim over territories and minimize internal disputes. There is also the case of individual authors influenced by different concepts of society and development, which lead to conflicting accounts. These, among other factors, led some scholars to stress the need for broader regional and historical frameworks. There have been issues with defining exact parameters for what East Asian history which as an academic study has focused on
65:
1292:
Tang-Silla alliance had to eliminate
Goguryeo's nominal ally Baekje and secure a base of operations in southern Korea for a second front. In 660, the coalition troops of Silla and Tang of China attacked Baekje, resulting in the annexation of Baekje by Silla. Together, Silla and Tang effectively eliminated Baekje when they captured the capital of Sabi, as well as Baekje's last king, Uija, and most of the royal family. However,
2619:
soldiers, and overseas
Chinese became mobilized and demanded change. Government-sponsored education in Japan, available to both civilian and military students, exposed Chinese youths to revolutionary ideas produced by political exiles and inspired by the West. Anti-Manchu revolutionary groups were formed in the Yangtze cities by 1903, and those in Tokyo banded together to form the "Revolutionary Alliance" in 1905, led by
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2692:, "middle people". Joseon Korea installed a centralised administrative system controlled by civil bureaucrats and military officers who were collectively called Yangban. Yangban strove to do well at the royal examinations to obtain high positions in the government. They had to excel in calligraphy, poetry, classical Chinese texts, and Confucian rites. In order to become an official, one had to pass a series of
2711:
2668:, a sort of Joseon constitution. The king had absolute authority, the officials were also expected to persuade the king to the right path if the latter was thought to be mistaken. He was bound by tradition, precedents set by earlier kings, Gyeongguk daejeon, and Confucian teachings. In theory, there were three social classes, but in practice, there were four. The top class were the
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initially anti-Qing, once the revolt began they received some support from the Qing court and regional officials. The Boxers killed a few missionaries and many
Chinese Christians, and eventually besieged the embassies in Beijing. An eight-nation alliance — Germany, France, Italy, Russia, Great Britain, the United States, Austria-Hungary and Japan — sent a force up from
1895:, began to persecute people who expressed their opposition against his religious arguments. He executed many monks, then later even his own wife and two sons, and the public began to turn away from him. His costly rituals and harsh rule caused even more opposition. He also moved the capital in 905, changed the name of his kingdom to Majin in 904 then
904:, and the People's Republic of China into the world economy. Since 1980, the economies and living standards of South Korea and China have increased exponentially. In contemporary times, East Asia is a pivotal world region with a major influence on world events. In 2010, East Asia's population made up approximately 24% of the world's population.
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would have destabilizing consequences, was to create a body of career officials having no autonomous territorial or functional power base. As it turned out, these scholar-officials acquired status in their local communities, family ties, and shared values that connected them to the imperial court. From Tang times until the closing days of the
1308:. Silla thus unified most of the Korean Peninsula in 668. The kingdom's reliance on China's Tang dynasty had its price. Silla had to forcibly resist the imposition of Chinese rule over the entire peninsula. Silla then fought for nearly a decade to expel Chinese forces to finally establish a unified kingdom as far north as modern
2615:
provincial assemblies in 1909, a consultative national assembly in 1910, and both a constitution and a parliament in 1917. The consultative assemblies were to play a pivotal role in the unfolding events, politicizing the provincial gentry and providing them with new leverage with which to protect their interests.
2500:
battles were fought, in each of which
Chinese forces were soundly thrashed by numerically inferior Western forces. Eventually, Beijing was occupied, the treaty signed and embassies established. The British took the luxurious house of a Manchu general prominent in opposing their advance as their embassy.
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was paramount, especially in the areas of ethics and political ideals. Neo-Confucianism became the approved philosophy, and was taught in official schools; Confucian norms regarding personal duty and family honor became deeply implanted in elite thought. Equally pervasive was the
Chinese influence in
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In 1884–1885, China and France fought a war that resulted in China's accepting French control over their former tributary states in what is now
Vietnam. The Qing armies acquitted themselves well in campaigns in Guangxi and Taiwan. However, the French sank much of China's modernized Fuzhou-based naval
1921:
in 927, the last crown prince of Balhae and much of the ruling class sought refuge in Goryeo, where they were warmly welcomed and given land by Taejo. In addition, Taejo included the Balhae crown prince in the Goryeo royal family, unifying the two successor states of
Goguryeo and, according to Korean
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The first use of a metal tube in this context was made around 1280 in the wars between the Song and the
Mongols, where a new term, chong, was invented to describe the new horror...Like paper, it reached the West via the Muslims, in this case the writings of the Andalusian botanist Ibn al-Baytar, who
2902:
After its defeat in World War II, Japan was occupied by the U.S. until 1951, and recovered from the effects of the war to become an economic power, staunch
American ally and a liberal democracy. While Emperor Hirohito was allowed to retain his throne as a symbol of national unity, actual power rests
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The Boxer Rebellion was a humiliating fiasco for China: the Qing rulers proved visibly incompetent and lost prestige irreparably, while the foreign powers gained greater influence in Chinese affairs. The humiliation stimulated a second reform movement—this time sanctioned by the empress dowager Cixi
2661:
was installed as the new dynasty's state ideology. Joseon consolidated its effective rule over the territory of current Korea and saw the height of classical Korean culture, trade, literature, and science and technology. Joseon dynasty was a highly centralized monarchy and neo-Confucian bureaucracy
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The movement for constitutionalism gathered momentum following the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, for Japan's victory signalled the triumph of constitutionalism over absolutism. Under pressure from gentry and student groups, the Qing court in 1908 issued plans for the inauguration of consultative
1560:
were launched southward to annex Northern Vietnam. Eventually, rebels rose against the Qin's brutal reign and fought civil wars for control of China. Ultimately the Han dynasty arose and ruled China for over four centuries in what accounted for a long period in prosperity, with a brief interruption
2618:
Ironically, the measures designed to preserve the Qing dynasty hastened its death, for the nationalistic and modernizing impulses generated or nurtured by the reforms brought a greater awareness of the Qing government's extreme backwardness. Modernizing forces emerged as business, students, women,
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The Japanese growth in the postwar period was often called a "miracle". It was led by manufacturing; starting with textiles and clothing and moving to high-technology, especially automobiles, electronics and computers. The economy experienced a major slowdown starting in the 1990s following three
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The Chinese resented much during this period — notably Christian missionaries, opium, annexation of Chinese land and the extraterritoriality that made foreigners immune to Chinese law. To the West, trade and missionaries were obviously good things, and extraterritoriality was necessary to protect
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selected through civil service examinations was perfected under Tang rule. This competitive procedure was designed to draw the best talents into government. But perhaps an even greater consideration for the Tang rulers, aware that imperial dependence on powerful aristocratic families and warlords
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In 221 BC, the state of Qin succeeded in conquering the other six states, creating the first imperial dynasty of China for the first time. Following the death of the emperor Qin Shi Huang, the Qin dynasty collapsed and control was taken over by the Han dynasty in 206 BC. In 220 AD, the Han empire
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China engaged in various stalling tactics to avoid actually signing the humiliating treaty to which their envoys had already agreed, and the scandalous possibility of an envoy coming before the Emperor and failing to kowtow. The ambassadors' progress to Beijing was impeded at every step. Several
1568:
The Han dynasty played a great role in developing the Silk Road which would transfer wealth and ideas across Eurasia for millennia, and also invented paper. Though the Han enjoyed great military and economic success it was strained by the rise of aristocrats who disobeyed the central government.
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and advocated for an Asian-based curriculum. At the present time, East Asian History remains a major field within Asian Studies. Nationalist historians in the region tend to stress the uniqueness of their respective country's tradition, culture, and history because it helps them legitimize their
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Around 1898, these feelings exploded. The Boxers, also known as the "Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists" (义和团 yì hé tuán) led a peasant religious/political movement whose main goal was to drive out evil foreign influences. Some believed their kung fu and prayer could stop bullets. While
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possible. The Tang dynasty teamed up with Silla and formed a strategy to invade Goguryeo. Since Goguryeo had been able to repel earlier Chinese invasions from the North, perhaps Gorguryeo would fall if it were attacked by Silla from the south at the same time. However, in order to do this, the
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is sometimes labeled the "Korean Neolithic", but since intensive agriculture and evidence of European-style 'Neolithic' lifestyle is sparse at best, such terminology is misleading. The Jeulmun was a period of hunting, gathering, and small-scale cultivation of plants from 20,000 BC to 8000 BC
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in North Korea on 9 September 1948. In 1950, after years of mutual hostilities, North Korea invaded South Korea in an attempt to re-unify the peninsula under its communist rule. The united Nations, under the leadership of the United States, back, and China entered to protect North Korea. The
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combinations. A Chinese alchemical text from 492 noted that saltpeter gave off a purple flame when ignited, providing for the first time a practical and reliable means of distinguishing it from other inorganic salts, making it possible to evaluate and compare purification techniques. By most
1320:
Japan was inhabited more than 30,000 years ago, when land bridges connected Japan to Korea and China to the south and Siberia to the north. With rising sea levels, the 4 major islands took form around 20,000 years ago, and the lands connecting today's Japan to the continental Asia completely
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They repeatedly lost against the Western powers. Two Opium Wars (鸦片战争 yāpiàn zhànzhēng), pitted China against Western powers, notably Britain and France. China quickly lost both wars. After each defeat, the victors forced the Chinese government to make major concessions. After the first war
99:
from prehistoric times to the present. Each of its countries has a different national history, but East Asian Studies scholars maintain that the region is also characterized by a distinct pattern of historical development. This is evident in the relationships among traditional East Asian
1240:
invaded and conquered Gojoseon. The Han established four commanderies to administer the former Gojoseon territory. After the fragmentation of the Han Empire during the 3rd century and the subsequent chaotic 4th century, the area was lost from the Chinese was reconquered by the Empire of
2039:. In order to recruit Marshal Dongdu to command the Yuan forces, Han Bing and the Goryeo army began the first expedition to Japan. The Yuan dynasty invaded Japan in two separate invasions, both of which were disrupted by natural typhoons. These two invasions both occupied the town of
1321:
disappeared 15,000 to 10,000 years ago. Thereafter, some migrations continued by way of the Korean peninsula, which would serve as Japan's main avenue for cultural exchange with the continental Asia until the medieval period. The mythology of ancient Japan is contained within the
1547:
Qin Shi Huang ruled the unified China directly with absolute power. In contrast to the decentralized and feudal rule of earlier dynasties the Qin set up a number of 'commanderries' around the country which answered directly to the emperor. Nationwide the political philosophy of
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Despite its origin in military conquest, and the long warlike tradition of the Manchu people who formed its ruling class, by the 19th century the Qing state was militarily extremely weak, poorly trained, lacking modern weapons and plagued by corruption and incompetence.
1360:
can be translated as 'cord marks' and refers to the pattern on the pottery of the time; this style was more ornate than the later Yayoi type, which has been found at more widespread sites (e.g. around Tokyo) and seems to have been developed for more practical purposes.
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after Japan's attack of the United States' Pearl Harbor. Japan's defeat in Asia by the hand of the allies contributed to the creation of a new world order under American and Soviet influence across the world. Afterwards, East Asia was caught in the cross hairs of the
1157:
horse-riding pastoralist kingdoms that had close contact with the agrarian Chinese. As a nomadic confederation composed of various clans the Donghu were prosperous in the 4th century BC, forcing surrounding tribes to pay tribute and constantly harassing the Chinese
1903:, the previous chief minister was raised to the throne. Gung Ye is said to have escaped the palace, but was killed shortly thereafter either by a soldier or by peasants who mistook him for a thief. Wang Geon, who would posthumously be known by his temple name of
2805:
of 1868 ended the Tokugawa period, and put Japan on a course of centralized modern government in the name of the Emperor. During late nineteenth and early twentieth century, Japan became a regional power that was able to defeat the militaries of both China and
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Valley. Civilization expanded to other areas in East Asia gradually. In Korea Gojoseon became the first organized state approximately around 195 BC. Japan emerged as a unitary state with the creation of its first constitution in 604 AD. The introduction of
2392:(which was established after the Ming fell due to a peasant rebellion) around 1644–1683 in wars that killed perhaps 25 million people. The Manchus ruled it as the Qing dynasty until the early 20th century. Notably, Han men were forced to wear the long
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as an academic field in the Western world. The teaching and studying of East Asian history began in the West during the late 19th century. In the United States, Asian Americans around the time of the Vietnam War believed that most history courses were
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They also lost repeatedly against Japan, partly because Britain had helped modernise Japanese forces as a counter to Russian influence in the region. In 1879, Japan annexed the Ryukyu Kingdom, then a Chinese tributary state, and incorporated it as
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Three distinct cultural traditions operated during the Tokugawa era, having little to do with each other. In the villages the peasants had their own rituals and localistic traditions. In the high society of the imperial court, daimyō and samurai,
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Conventional geography's boundary line between a "Southeast Asia" and an "East Asia," following a "civilizational" divide between a "Confucian" sphere and a "Vietnam aside, everything but Confucian" zone, obscures the essential unity of the two
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in ancient times was inhabited by nomadic tribes. The cultures and languages in these areas were fluid and changed frequently. The use of horses to herd and move started during the Iron Age. A large area of Mongolia was under the influence of
2094:. The discovery of gunpowder was probably the product of centuries of alchemical experimentation. Saltpetre was known to the Chinese by the mid-1st century AD and there is strong evidence of the use of saltpetre and sulfur in various largely
1303:
The Silla–Tang forces turned their attention to Goguryeo. Although Goguryeo had repelled the Sui dynasty a century earlier, attacks by the Tang dynasty from the west proved too formidable. The Silla–Tang alliance emerged victorious in the
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that date to about 400,000 years ago. The species was believed to have lived for at least several hundred thousand years in China, and possibly until 200,000 years ago in Indonesia. They may have been the first to use fire and cook food.
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These regions, or the civilizations of China, Japan, and Korea, were under the rule of many dynasties or government systems and their boundaries changed due to inter dynasty wars on a same region or wars between regions. In prehistory,
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In either case, there is linguistic evidence of Chinese origins of the technology: in Damascus, Arabs called the saltpeter used in making gunpowder " Chinese snow," while in Iran it was called "Chinese salt." Whatever the migratory
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Around the turn of the 21st centuries there were talks of a "Confucian Revival" in the academia and the scholarly community. Across the region cultural institutions of religions have remained, even while actual belief has declined.
1631:. After Cao Cao's death in AD 220, his son Cao Pi became emperor of Wei. Liu Bei and Sun Quan declared themselves emperor of Shu and Wu respectively. Many famous personages in Chinese history were born during this period, including
1272:. Although they shared a similar language and culture, these three kingdoms constantly fought with each other for control of the peninsula. Furthermore, Goguryeo had been engaged in constant wars with the Chinese. This included the
1476:
Taoism as a movement originates from the semi mystical figure of Laozi, who allegedly lived during the 6th–5th century BC. His teachings revolved around personal serenity, balance in the universe and the life source of the
1300:. The Tang dynasty also sent 7,000 soldiers and 170 ships. After five naval confrontations that took place in August 663 at Baekgang, considered the lower reaches of Tongjin river, the Silla–Tang forces emerged victorious.
1773:). This became the mainstream notion of Japanese religion. In fact until the Meiji government declared their separation in the mid-19th century, many Japanese people believed that Buddhism and Shinto were one religion.
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prefecture. Despite pleas from a Ryukyuan envoy, China was powerless to send an army. The Chinese sought help from the British, who refused to intervene. In 1895, China lost the Sino-Japanese war and ceded Taiwan, the
2259:) – around 1240 and, soon afterward, of gunpowder; they also learned of fireworks ("Chinese flowers") and rockets ("Chinese arrows"). Persians called saltpeter "Chinese salt" or "salt from Chinese salt marshes" (
1516:
as their relative. The Shangqing movement, however, had developed much earlier, in the 4th century, on the basis of a series of revelations by gods and spirits to a certain Yang Xi in the years between 364 and 370.
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people in AD 386, when they united the northern part of China. During the Northern Wei, Buddhism flourished, and became an important tool for the emperors of the Northern Wei, since they were believed to be living
2276:
the general notion – that the Chinese technology passed through Arabic alchemy and chemistry before the 13th century. Gunpowder arrived in India by the mid-14th century, but could have been introduced by the
2050:
had difficulty compensating its soldiers who had defended the country, which intensified the contradiction between the domestic warrior groups. The ruling system collapsed in the first half of the 14th century.
4244:
The Chinese were certainly acquainted with saltpetre, the essential ingredient of gunpowder. They called it Chinese Snow and employed it early in the Christian era in the manufacture of fireworks and rockets.
4224:
The Chinese were certainly acquainted with saltpetre, the essential ingredient of gunpowder. They called it Chinese Snow and employed it early in the Christian era in the manufacture of fireworks and rockets.
731:
interacted with and influenced the character of early Japan and Korea. At the turn of the first millennium AD, China was the most advanced civilization in East Asia at the time and was responsible for the
4280:
The Chinese were certainly acquainted with saltpetre, the essential ingredient of gunpowder. They called it Chinese snow and used it early in the Christian era in the manufacture of fireworks and rockets.
789:
which persisted for over a century and a half. At the turn of the 16th century European merchants and missionaries traveled to East Asia by sea for the first time. The Portuguese established a colony in
2562:
to rescue the legations. The Qing had to accept foreign troops permanently posted in Beijing and pay a large indemnity as a result. In addition, Shanghai was divided among China and the eight nations.
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of China in the traditional Chinese style. The last remnants of the Song were defeated at sea in 1279. China was unified under the Yuan dynasty. Kublai Khan and his administration shifted to the
825:. However, 1800s saw the rise of European imperialism in the region. Qing China was unable to defend itself from various colonial expeditions from Great Britain, France, and Russia during the
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By 1275, Goryeo had surrendered to the Yuan dynasty as a vassal. Members of the Goryeo royal family were raised to understand Mongol culture, and intermarried with the Yuan imperial family.
3027:
intellectuals of the early twentieth century blamed Confucianism for China's weaknesses. They searched for new doctrines to replace Confucianism, some of these new ideologies include the "
100:
civilizations, which not only involve the sum total of historical patterns but also a specific set of patterns that has affected all or most of traditional East Asia in successive layers.
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dynasties. During the prehistorical period, these three regions had their own style of inter-regional politics, culture and trades, which were relatively less affected by outside world.
1296:
Japan and Baekje had been long-standing and very close allies. In 663, Baekje revival forces and a Japanese naval fleet convened in southern Baekje to confront the Silla forces in the
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The Qing also had internal troubles, notably several Muslim rebellions in the West and the Taiping Rebellion in the South, with millions dead and tens of millions more impoverished.
1391:. They have functioned has both competing and complementary belief systems. Confucianism emphasizes social order and filial piety while Taoism emphasizes the universal force of the
2503:
In retaliation for Chinese torture and murder of captives, including envoys taken while under a flag of truce, British and French forces also utterly destroyed the Yuan Ming Yuan (
771:. The Mongol era in East Asia was short-lived due to natural disasters and poor administrative management. In the aftermath of the Yuan dynasty's collapse, new regimes such as the
5221:
Zurndorfer, Harriet. "Oceans of history, seas of change: recent revisionist writing in western languages about China and East Asian maritime history during the period 1500–1630."
3275:
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1655:. The conquest of Wu by the Western Jin dynasty ended the Three Kingdoms period, and China was unified again. However, the Western Jin did not last long. Following the death of
1104:-ware making. The dynasty also spans the period in which the written script evolved into its modern form with the use of an archaic clerical script that emerged during the late
3658:
1876:
Silla slowly began to decline and the power vacuum this created led to several rebellious states rising up and taking on the old historical names of Korea's ancient kingdoms.
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was used as a means of the statecraft and writings promoting rival ideas such as Confucianism were prohibited or controlled. In his reign China created the first continuous
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1979:
in 1206. The Mongols would proceed to conquer the majority of modern East Asia. Meanwhile, China were divided into five competing states. From 1211, Mongol forces invaded
4714:
3112:
1863:
in 1911–1912, scholar officials often functioned often as between the grassroots level and the government. This model of government had an influence on Japan and Korea.
1914:
dynasty was proclaimed, and Taejo went on to defeat the rivaling Silla and Hubaekje to reunite the three kingdoms in 936. Following the destruction of Balhae by the
1711:. In the south, the dynasties were much less stable than the Northern dynasties. The four Southern dynasties were weakened by conflicts between the ruling families.
3239:
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were combined using the theological theory "Ryōbushintō", which says Shinto deities are avatars of various Buddhist entities, including Buddhas and Bodhisattvas (
1888:, declared a new Goguryeo state in the north, known as Later Goguryeo (Hugoguryo). There then followed a protracted power struggle for control of the peninsula.
25:
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contains gunpowder recipes with nitrate levels ranging from 12 to 91 percent, six of which approach the theoretical composition for maximal explosive force.
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islands and the Liaodong peninsula to Japan. In addition, it had to relinquish control of Korea, which had been a tributary state of China for a long time.
3753:"Public Summary Request Of The People's Republic Of China To The Government Of The United States Of America Under Article 9 Of The 1970 Unesco Convention"
2046:
In order to cope with the nationwide mobilization of the powerful Yuan army, Japan's economy and military were placed under severe pressure. The Japanese
2006:. Goryeo was divided between collaborators and resisters to the invaders. However, at the time, the Goryeo Sannotei on the peninsula resisted until 1275.
5245:
4328:
Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 4, Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Apparatus, Theories and Gifts
2246:
to the rest of the world, starting with Europe and the Islamic world. The Arabs acquired knowledge of saltpetre – which they called "Chinese snow" (
2657:) as the capital of the new dynasty. During its 500-year reign, Joseon encouraged the entrenchment of Confucian ideals and doctrines in Korean society.
5870:
1062:. According to the traditional chronology, the Shang ruled from 1766 BC to 1122 BC, but according to the chronology based upon the "current text" of
5875:
2958:
into two zones of occupation. The Soviets administered the northern-half and the Americans administered the southern-half. In 1948, as a result of
1998:
The northern part of China was annexed by Mongol Empire. In 1231, the Mongols began to invade Korea, and quickly captured all the territory of the
1577:. China would remain divided until 581 under the Sui dynasty, during the era of division Buddhism would be introduced to China for the first time.
6019:
4361:
4331:. Vol. 5. Contributors Joseph Needham, Lu Gwei-Djen, Nathan Sivin (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 194.
1430:, Confucianism became the official state ideology of the Han. Nonetheless, from the Han period onwards, most Chinese emperors have used a mix of
3251:
2855:
in 1940–41. In response, the U.S., Britain and the Netherlands cut off oil imports in 1941, which accounted for over 90% of Japan's oil supply.
852:'s attempts to build a modern state, Japanese expansionism pressed onward in the first half of the twentieth century, culminating in the brutal
817:
remained completely independent. At this time limited interactions with European merchants and intellectuals led to the rise of Great Britain's
5910:
5190:. Vol. 6 of East Asian economic and socio-cultural studies: East Asian maritime history (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
5938:
2851:. The U.S. undertook large scale military and economic aid to China and demanded Japanese withdrawal. Instead of withdrawing, Japan invaded
6118:
3571:
2856:
3212:
5384:
3263:
3204:
1457:. In the late Tang, Confucianism developed aspects on the model of Buddhism and Taoism that gradually evolved into what is now known as
2936:
2138:; smoke and flames result, so that their hands and faces have been burnt, and even the whole house where they were working burned down.
4741:
4239:
English artillery, 1326–1716: being the history of artillery in this country prior to the formation of the Royal Regiment of Artillery
3632:
3124:
1501:
in 215, legitimizing Cao Cao's rise to power in return. Laozi received imperial recognition as a divinity in the mid-2nd century BCE.
3653:
3139:
2543:
their citizens from the corrupt Chinese system. To many Chinese, however, these were yet more examples of the West exploiting China.
799:
3076:
2740:
painting, decorative arts and history, economics, and natural science. One exception came in religion, where there was a revival of
2481:) to Western trade. After the second, Britain acquired Kowloon (the peninsula opposite Hong Kong island), and inland cities such as
6141:
5725:
5268:
5239:
3617:
2967:
2331:
is the world's oldest extant movable metal print book. It was published in Heungdeok Temple in 1377, 78 years prior to Gutenberg's
767:
came to rule most of modern China and all of the Korean Peninsula. The Yuan dynasty also attempted and failed to conquer Japan in
1190:
for over three centuries with the Han dynasty before dissolving. Afterwards the Xianbei returned to rule the Steppe north of the
643:
131:
over time, this assimilation often occurred as a result of nomadic conquest of China rather than Chinese conquest of the steppe.
556:
5953:
5890:
3949:, p. 42) acknowledges that "most sources credit the Chinese with the discovery of gunpowder" though he himself disagrees.
1166:). To appease the nomads local Chinese rulers often gave important hostages and arranged marriages. In 208 BC Xiongnu emperor
4981:
4894:
4874:
4838:
4820:
4751:
4724:
4336:
4303:
4267:
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4180:
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Yang, X.; Wan, Z.; Perry, L.; Lu, H.; Wang, Q.; Zhao, C.; Li, J.; Xie, F.; Yu, J.; Cui, T.; Wang, T.; Li, M.; Ge, Q. (2012).
3455:
3403:
3375:
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3198:
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737:
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was a failed 103-day national, cultural, political, and educational reform movement in 1898. It was undertaken by the young
2070:
3471:
Park, Hye Jeong (2014). "East Asian Odyssey towards One Region: The Problem of East Asia as a Historiographical Category".
2872:
1473:. Confucianism would reign supreme as an ideology influencing all of East Asia until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911.
447:
359:
5620:
1557:
1325:('Records of Ancient Matters') which describes the creation myth of Japan and its lineage of Emperors to the Sun Goddess
740:
was likely the largest in the world as well. Japan and Korea had fully coalesced as centralized states in the regimes of
5915:
6054:
3506:
ABALAHIN, ANDREW J. (2011). ""Sino-Pacifica": Conceptualizing Greater Southeast Asia as a Sub-Arena of World History".
3130:
2944:
2296:
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2043:
before being swept into the sea. At the time the Yuan dynasty fleet was the largest fleet in the history of the world.
4157:
died in Damascus in 1248. The Arabic term for saltpetre is 'Chinese snow' while the Persian usage is 'Chinese salt'.28
1224:, who was said to be the offspring of a heavenly prince and a bear-woman. Gojoseon fostered an independent culture in
833:
and attempted to modernize by following the political and economic models of Europe and the Western World. The rising
533:
442:
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5001:
4959:
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4856:
3100:
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1212:
849:
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1880:, a peasant leader and Silla army officer, taking over the old territory of Baekje and declared himself the king of
845:
abdicated in 1912 ending China's imperial history which had persisted for over two millennium from the Qin to Qing.
6131:
5991:
5800:
5650:
5625:
5160:
Park, Hye Jeong "East Asian Odyssey towards One Region: The Problem of East Asia as a Historiographical Category".
5155:
2187:
range from 27 to 50 percent nitrate. Experimenting with different levels of saltpetre content eventually produced
6011:
5377:
1594:
1017:
of China (from c. 2100 to c. 1600 BC) is the first dynasty to be described in ancient historical records such as
4326:
4293:
1573:– though a failure it nonetheless accelerated the empire's downfall. After 208 AD the Han dynasty broke up into
1497:, who claimed that Laozi appeared to him in the year 142. The Tianshi school was officially recognized by ruler
6064:
6001:
5976:
5862:
5615:
4546:
The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic story of China's war on foreigners that shook the world in the summer of 1900
3233:
1894–1895, Imperial Japan defeated Qing China to establish effective control over Korea and also seized Taiwan.
3028:
2035:
Japan was seriously threatened by the Yuan forces from the East Asian mainland. In 1274, Kublai Khan appointed
1565:. The Han dynasty fought constant wars with nomadic Xiongnu for centuries before finally dissolving the tribe.
1058:
1023:
838:
597:
350:
5348:
856:
where over twenty million people died during Japan's invasion of China. Japan's wars in Asia became a part of
6162:
6049:
5986:
5833:
5765:
5740:
5637:
5401:
5289:
5063:
3186:
3040:
2924:
2428:. During the peak of the Qing dynasty, the empire ruled over the entirety of today's Mainland China, Hainan,
1549:
1431:
1423:
4562:
Revolt Against the West: A Comparison of the Boxer Rebellion of 1900–1901 and the Current War against Terror
3046:
In Japan, the presence of a liberal order and consumerism led to a voluntarily decline of religious belief.
542:
6072:
5795:
5585:
5309:
1946:
231:
19:
1834:. These projects depleted the resources and the workforce of the Sui. In AD 618, Sui Yangdi was murdered.
514:
509:
5963:
5760:
5710:
5275:
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3593:
2013:. The invasion carried on for over thirty years, and likely resulted in millions of casualties. In 1271,
1992:
636:
395:
5059:
5055:
4175:. Vol. 1 of Greenwood encyclopedias of modern world wars. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 365.
3287:
2210:
filled with gunpowder formulations capable of bursting through their metal containers. The 14th century
2002:
outside the southernmost tip. The Goryeo royal family retreated to the sea outside the city of Seoul to
1438:
as their ruling doctrine. The disintegration of the Han in the second century CE opened the way for the
6136:
6126:
6034:
6029:
5370:
4557:
2756:
Edo (Tokyo) had been a small settlement for 400 years but began to grow rapidly after 1603 when Shōgun
2437:
2421:
751:
The rise of the nomadic Mongol Empire disrupted East Asia, and under the leadership of leaders such as
197:
5196:
Strands of Modernization: The Circulation of Technology and Business Practices in East Asia, 1850-1920
4369:
2975:, which lasted from 1950 to 1953, ended with a stalemate and has left the two Koreas separated by the
2950:
After the surrender of Japan, at the end of World War II, on 15 August (officially 2 September) 1945,
5905:
5790:
5680:
4886:
Gunpowder: Alchemy, Bombards, & Pyrotechnics: The History of the Explosive that Changed the World
2976:
2801:
of America in 1854, Japan opened its ports and began to intensively modernise and industrialise. The
2242:
In the 13th century contemporary documentation shows gunpowder beginning to spread from China by the
2079:
1652:
882:
809:
in response to European contact. The 17th and 18th centuries saw great economic and cultural growth.
768:
3545:
2236:
5810:
5645:
5282:
3396:
Economic Development and Environmental History in the Anthropocene: Perspectives on Asia and Africa
2848:
2433:
1660:
1643:, which was introduced during the Han dynasty, also became popular in this period. Two years after
1407:
1380:
897:
853:
805:
From the 17th century onward, East Asian nations such as China, Japan, and Korea chose a policy of
433:
5755:
5180:
International Relations and Asia's Northern Tier: Sino-Russia Relations, North Korea, and Mongolia
2748:(1653–1724), relied on the clash between duty and inclination in the context of revenge and love.
523:
340:
5843:
4577:
Wong, Young-Tsu (1992). "Revisionism Reconsidered: Kang Youwei and the Reform Movement of 1898".
3230:
2962:
tensions, the occupation zones became two sovereign states. This led to the establishment of the
2879:
2571:
1570:
1253:
1130:
996:
occurred in Japan from circa 14,000 BC to 300BC, with some characteristics of both Neolithic and
405:
5730:
5032:
2878:
Although it was to be a long and bloody war, Japan began to lose the initiative in 1942. At the
961:
by about 43,000 years ago and some people moved south or east from there. The earliest sites of
6102:
5996:
5848:
5745:
5690:
3023:. The abolition of the examination system in 1905 marked the end of official Confucianism. The
3008:
2860:
2429:
1734:
For a long time Buddhism remained a foreign religion with a few believers in China. During the
1644:
981:
629:
387:
321:
143:
4170:
4139:
2696:
examinations. There were three kinds of gwageo exams – literary, military, and miscellaneous.
5943:
5805:
5750:
5495:
4933:
4743:
The International Status of Taiwan in the New World Order: Legal And Political Considerations
1835:
1719:
Buddhism, also one of the major religions in East Asia, was introduced into China during the
1305:
1105:
733:
219:
3118:
Han dynasty's expansion, including its annexation of modern Northern Vietnam and North Korea
504:
6039:
5895:
5858:
5775:
5253:
5206:
The limits of foreign policy; the West, the League, and the Far Eastern crisis of 1931–1933
3688:
3323:
3024:
3020:
2992:
2891:
2745:
2599:
2065:
1827:
1770:
1628:
1273:
783:
as the official state ideology. Japan at this time fell into feudal civil war known as the
494:
331:
207:
203:
18:
This article is about the history of East Asia as a region. For the scholarly journal, see
5188:
The East Asian Mediterranean: Maritime Crossroads of Culture, Commerce and Human Migration
4172:
The age of wars of religion, 1000–1650: an encyclopedia of global warfare and civilization
3094:
Birthplaces of Chinese philosophers including Confucius and Lao Tzu, Warring States period
977:
around 7000 BC to 5000 BC. China's first villages appeared on the landscape at this time.
8:
5685:
5296:
3895:
3338:
2955:
2844:
2413:
1855:
1823:
1819:
1789:
1191:
1187:
1163:
970:
874:
669:
489:
373:
306:
53:
3692:
2912:
decades of unprecedented growth, but Japan still remains a major global economic power.
802:
only being defeated by the combined forces of Korea and China in the late 16th century.
798:. In the last years of the Sengoku period, Japan attempted to create a larger empire by
6044:
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2723:
2516:
2320:
2047:
1811:
1731:
from China in 372, and eventually arrived in Japan around the turn of the 6th century.
1490:
1297:
1084:. However, the actual political and military control of China by the dynasty, surnamed
818:
547:
419:
250:
114:
5154:(2014) new approaches to military and diplomatic history of China, Japan & Russia
5029:
The Far East A History Of Recent And Contemporary International Relations In East Asia
4565:
2223:
and the manufacture of the oldest gun still in existence, a descendant of the earlier
5900:
5695:
5477:
5209:
5138:
5088:
37.3 (2001): 333–351. How countries in region related to China in 19th-20th centuries
5079:
4997:
4977:
4955:
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4910:
4890:
4884:
4870:
4852:
4834:
4816:
4747:
4720:
4606:
4332:
4299:
4263:
4213:
4176:
4145:
3862:
3716:
3583:. The History of Human Evolution. American Museum of Natural History. April 23, 2014.
3515:
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3451:
3399:
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3343:
3000:
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2951:
2916:
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and his reform-minded supporters. Following the issuing of the reformative edicts, a
2575:
2536:
2504:
2393:
2307:
system). Pi Sheng's type was made of baked clay, as described by the Chinese scholar
2146:
2131:
1656:
1237:
1046:
974:
890:
410:
364:
5199:
5093:
A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century
3368:
A history of East Asia: from the origins of civilization to the twenty-first century
2590:
2107:
descriptions of the purification of saltpeter do not appear until the 13th century.
1975:
In the early 13th century Genghis Khan united warring Mongol tribes into the united
664:
Many belief systems or religions which have evolved and spread in East Asia include
44:
of traditional East Asia. From left to right, the arts depicted include the game of
6084:
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5885:
5880:
5785:
5715:
5561:
5551:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5175:
4586:
4533:
4497:
4481:
Personal narrative of occurrences during Lord Elgin's second embassy to China, 1860
3756:
3755:. Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs, U.S. State Department. Archived from
3706:
3696:
3480:
3333:
3328:
3318:
3016:
3012:
3004:
2996:
2988:
2887:
2883:
2868:
2852:
2658:
2493:
2417:
2265:
2009:
In the 1250s, the Mongols invaded the last remaining state in southern China – the
1668:
1590:
1505:
1466:
1458:
1100:. This period of Chinese history produced what many consider the zenith of Chinese
1089:
1081:
913:
780:
575:
236:
49:
1818:, and united China. However, this dynasty was short-lived. Sui Wendi's successor,
5580:
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5507:
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4927:
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2401:
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1904:
1728:
986:
834:
592:
274:
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in South Korea on 15 August 1948, promptly followed by the establishment of the
2943:. Since then, the jurisdiction of the Republic of China has been limited to the
1341:
1283:
As the Kingdom of Silla conquered nearby city-states, they gained access to the
1085:
993:
6095:
5815:
5720:
5590:
5436:
5424:
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4358:
3178:
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Historically, cultures and regions strongly influenced by Confucianism include
2932:
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2003:
1759:
1600:
1586:
1574:
1537:
1462:
1146:
1126:
1121:
785:
311:
4716:
Eastwards / Westwards: Which Direction for Gender Studies in the 21st Century?
2362:
The Ming period is the only era of later imperial history during which all of
1988:
1784:(16th–19th centuries) from Tibet in the last 2000 years. It was mixed in with
1248:
6156:
5948:
5673:
5610:
5541:
5512:
5316:
4781:
Rethinking Confucianism: Past and Present in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam
4508:
3519:
3492:
2882:, a Japanese offensive was turned back, for the first time, at sea. The June
2798:
2010:
1976:
1966:
1915:
1777:
1704:
1663:
began. This war weakened the Jin dynasty, and it soon fell to the kingdom of
1494:
1293:
1229:
1171:
1150:
1052:
1037:
1029:
985:
Archaeologists sometimes refer to this life-style pattern as 'broad-spectrum
878:
700:
681:
585:
260:
151:
3884:
3701:
2354:
1276:, where the Kingdom of Goguryeo managed to repel the invading forces of the
1129:, while the southwestern part of Mongolia was mostly under the influence of
5663:
5595:
5575:
5260:
5084:
Hamashita, Takeshi. "Changing Regions and China: Historical Perspectives."
3720:
3245:
East Asia and Oceania, in 1914. Notice the European colonies in the region.
3146:
2903:
in networks of powerful politicians, bureaucrats, and business executives.
2864:
2646:
2389:
2379:
2363:
2349:
2312:
2260:
2228:
2176:
2154:
2026:
2018:
1970:
1918:
1860:
1843:
1815:
1781:
1735:
1675:
1509:
1470:
1454:
1435:
1370:
1349:
1288:
1195:
1159:
1097:
1070:
1041:
966:
946:
918:
870:
830:
810:
806:
772:
764:
752:
745:
728:
724:
704:
685:
665:
658:
282:
255:
128:
119:
3281:
Closing stages of China's civil war, 1949. Nationalists evacuate to Taiwan
2772:
2457:
1839–1842, the treaty ceded Hong Kong island to Britain, and opened five "
2254:
1493:
movement at the end of the 2nd century CE; the latter had been founded by
5658:
5546:
5490:
5485:
5453:
5448:
5330:
4923:
4906:
A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict
4259:
Clubs to cannon: warfare and weapons before the introduction of gunpowder
2620:
2458:
2367:
2212:
2161:
The earliest surviving recipes for gunpowder can be found in the Chinese
2036:
2014:
1984:
1980:
1807:
1801:
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1708:
1700:
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1439:
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1411:
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1167:
1014:
941:
901:
857:
760:
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689:
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461:
456:
326:
176:
4974:
Science & Civilisation in China, Volume 5 Part 7: The Gunpowder Epic
4564:(Naval Postgraduate School, Defense Technical Information Center, 2004)
3527:
3446:
Morris-Suzuki, Tessa; Low, Morris; Petrov, Leonid; Tsu, Timothy (2013).
2649:
overthrew the Goryeo dynasty and founded a new dynasty, Joseon. As King
1934:
6108:
5705:
5668:
5502:
4598:
3484:
2972:
2920:
2705:
2425:
2224:
2200:
2180:
2040:
1877:
1612:
1553:
1403:
1284:
1134:
997:
933:
886:
826:
814:
795:
477:
287:
240:
215:
161:
1806:
In AD 581, Yang Jian overthrew the Northern Zhou, and established the
1044:
valley. The classic account of the Shang comes from texts such as the
6024:
5605:
5468:
5414:
5393:
5145:
East Asia Beyond the History Wars: Confronting the Ghosts of Violence
3448:
East Asia Beyond the History Wars: Confronting the Ghosts of Violence
2840:
2777:
2637:
2595:
2466:
2204:
2196:
2095:
2022:
1900:
1541:
1415:
1384:
1326:
1309:
1138:
1018:
962:
922:
713:
580:
301:
165:
124:
76:
69:
45:
41:
5341:
Modern China: An International Journal of History and Social Science
4952:
Korea: Tradition and Transformation — A History of the Korean People
4590:
841:
in 1910. After years of civil war and decline, China's last emperor
763:
brought the majority of East Asia under rule of a single state. The
5443:
5345:
3162:
2959:
2685:
2462:
2308:
2300:
2207:
2162:
2150:
1884:("later Baekje"). Meanwhile, an aristocratic Buddhist monk leader,
1881:
1831:
1785:
1739:
1664:
1648:
1640:
1624:
1443:
1269:
1242:
1225:
1217:
1154:
1142:
1117:
862:
709:
292:
189:
92:
64:
1758:
periods, Buddhism in Korea suffered extreme repression during the
6089:
5600:
5556:
5519:
5164:(2014). 12 (12): 889–900. doi:10.1111/hic3.12209. ISSN 1478-0542.
5143:
Morris-Suzuki, Tessa; Low, Morris; Petrov, Leonid; Tsu, Timothy.
2890:
and destroyed its capability for future major offensives. In the
2815:
2689:
2677:
2669:
2559:
2482:
2397:
2324:
2278:
2243:
2235:
text of the 14th century also describes hollow, gunpowder-packed
2192:
2127:
2087:
2075:
1896:
1885:
1839:
1683:
1632:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1498:
1333:
1199:
1183:
1175:
958:
954:
937:
822:
756:
37:
2688:. Between the yangban and the commoners was a fourth class, the
2203:
a new lease on life. By the end of the 12th century, there were
1260:
In 58 BC, the Korean Peninsula was divided into three kingdoms,
699:
Recorded civilization dates to approximately 2000 BC in China's
5458:
3036:
2940:
2819:
2807:
2760:
built a fortified city as the administrative center of the new
2757:
2741:
2693:
2673:
2632:
2521:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2385:
2304:
2220:
2123:
2115:
2100:
1999:
1911:
1892:
1766:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1692:
1478:
1447:
1399:
1374:
1337:
1322:
1261:
1221:
1179:
1101:
776:
741:
716:
were instrumental in building East Asia's culture and economy.
673:
616:
96:
5335:
5107:
East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute
4412:
Ming China, 1368–1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire
4255:
4235:
4205:
4034:
4032:
2110:
The first reference to gunpowder is probably a passage in the
1922:
historians, achieving a "true national unification" of Korea.
829:. Japan meanwhile choose the path of westernization under the
5431:
5419:
5409:
4141:
Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud
3665:
American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
3644:
American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
3257:
The empire of Japan, and its wartime conquests in China, 1939
3082:
Extent of China's Bronze Age, Shang dynasty, 10th century BCE
2811:
2654:
2486:
2328:
2316:
2135:
2104:
1899:
in 911. In 918, Gung Ye was deposed by his own generals, and
1743:
1727:
in the 1st century BC. Buddhism was originally introduced to
1724:
1679:
1513:
1388:
1265:
1186:
were the largest nomadic enemies of the Han dynasty fighting
950:
866:
791:
88:
84:
80:
57:
5362:
4813:
Gunpowder, Explosives and the State: A Technological History
4325:
Needham, Joseph; Yu, Ping-Yu (1980). Needham, Joseph (ed.).
2598:) was perpetrated by powerful conservative opponents led by
1854:
A government system supported by a large class of Confucian
4395:
4262:(reprint ed.). Barnes & Noble Books. p. 216.
4119:
4092:
4044:
4029:
3983:
Buchanan. "Editor's Introduction: Setting the Context", in
2710:
2188:
1651:, Wei's Imperial Chancellor, overthrew Wei and started the
842:
5340:
3420:"A Brief History of East Asian Studies at Yale University"
2142:
2086:
Most sources credit the discovery of gunpowder to Chinese
1461:. This reinvigorated form was adopted as the basis of the
5357:
4783:(Los Angeles: UCLA Asian Pacific Monograph Series, 2002).
4298:(illustrated, reprint ed.). JHU Press. p. 335.
3623:
London: Natural History Museum. Retrieved April 23, 2014.
3445:
2715:
1776:
In Mongolia, Buddhism flourished two times; first in the
1392:
1003:
661:
lived in East Asia from 1.8 million to 40,000 years ago.
113:
The study of East Asian history is a part of the rise of
4954:(second ed.). Elizabeth, NJ: Hollym International.
4650:
Rana Mitter, "1911: The Unanchored Chinese Revolution."
949:
migrated into inland Asia, likely by following herds of
4669:
4657:
3931:
Mote. "Chinese society under Mongol rule, 1215–1368".
1149:
were inhabited by Mongolic peoples descended from the
3771:
3546:"Key Points across East Asia—by Era 4000 BCE-1000 CE"
1170:, in his first major military campaign, defeated the
5039:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
4867:
Throwing Fire: Projectile Technology Through History
4623:, 6th edn, Oxford University Press 1999) pp 408-418.
2875:
in early 1942, and threatening India and Australia.
2867:. Japan rapidly expanded at sea and land, capturing
5246:
Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History
4681:
2447:
2407:
2338:
1508:, gained official status in China again during the
1364:
1141:tribes. In antiquity, the eastern portions of both
1096:), lasted only until 771 BC, a period known as the
3912:
3900:
3015:, as well as territories settled predominantly by
2863:in December 1941, triggering America's entry into
2767:
5264:published in India and covers China and East Asia
4993:A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present
3567:
3565:
3269:Japanese occupation of China and resistance, 1944
3218:Maximum extent of Qing China's territory at 1820.
2829:
2641:Korean people in a painting from the 18th century
2219:In China, the 13th century saw the beginnings of
2171:of 1044 AD, which contains three: two for use in
2074:A Mongol bomb thrown against a charging Japanese
1925:
1111:
6154:
5876:Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia
4936:; Schultz, Edward J., Harvard University Press,
4779:Benjamin Elman, John Duncan and Herman Ooms ed.
3424:Council on East Asian Studies at Yale University
2565:
1842:, declared himself the emperor, and founded the
1162:(325 BC, during the early years of the reign of
1080:–256 BC lasted longer than any other dynasty in
6020:Association of East Asian Research Universities
4362:"Potassium Nitrate in Arabic and Latin Sources"
4168:
3681:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3361:
3359:
2919:resumed after World War II concluded. In 1949,
2859:led nowhere. Japan attacked U.S. forces at the
2231:that could shoot shrapnel along with fire. The
2118:text tentatively dated to the mid-9th century:
1866:
928:In China specifically, fossils representing 40
5185:
4796:(River Edge: Global Publishing Co. Inc. 1996).
3674:
3562:
3398:. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 272.
2272:). Historian Ahmad Y. al-Hassan argues –
1695:. Soon, the Northern Wei was divided into the
5972:China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting
5378:
5100:Japan and China: from war to peace, 1894–1972
3856:
3192:Wokou Piracy from the 14th to 16th centuries
1336:has been uncovered in Japan, particularly in
921:("upright man") is believed to have lived in
637:
5037:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, and Anne Walthall.
4746:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 117.
3370:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
3356:
3165:and the political situation during his time.
2546:
1485:(Celestial Masters') school (later known as
1450:to dominate intellectual life at that time.
1008:
885:. Soviet and Western competition led to the
5119:Lipman, Jonathan N. and Barbara A. Molony.
4242:. Royal Artillery Institution. p. 42.
4106:
4104:
2897:
2311:(1031–1095). The world's first metal-based
1580:
900:and the rise of globalization have brought
108:
5385:
5371:
5319:: International Journal of Chinese Studies
4739:
4478:
4366:History of Science and Technology in Islam
4291:
4209:Artillery: its origin, heyday, and decline
3995:
3993:
2626:
2373:
2343:
2281:perhaps as early as the mid-13th century.
1849:
1780:(13th–14th centuries), and finally in the
1481:. The first organized form of Taoism, the
1379:Confucianism and Taoism originated in the
644:
630:
5871:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit
5128:Modern East Asia: An Introductory History
5015:, vol. III, New York: Pergamon Press
4324:
3710:
3700:
2054:
1891:Gung Ye began to refer to himself as the
5269:Journal of American-East Asian Relations
5010:
4810:
4768:The Korean War: an international history
4712:
4383:
4110:
4101:
3984:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3946:
3505:
3365:
2894:, the U.S. took back ground from Japan.
2771:
2709:
2636:
2609:
2469:(Canton), and others of less importance
2353:
2299:was invented in China around 1040 AD by
2141:
2069:
1520:
1422:. Following the official abandonment of
1340:, that points to two major periods: the
1247:
63:
24:
5169:East Asia in the World: An Introduction
5121:Modern East Asia: An Integrated History
4996:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
4968:
4439:John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman,
4426:John King Fairbank and Merle Goldman,
4256:Oliver Frederick Gillilan Hogg (1993).
4236:Oliver Frederick Gillilan Hogg (1963).
4206:Oliver Frederick Gillilan Hogg (1970).
4125:
4086:
4074:
4050:
4038:
3990:
3205:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)
3161:Voyages of the famous Chinese explorer
3106:Qin Empire, 210 BCE Chinese unification
2684:, and the lowest class was that of the
2388:(a tribe from Manchuria) conquered the
1383:, arising from the historic figures of
881:. Japan's recovery became known as the
869:initially fell under the sphere of the
79:generally encompasses the histories of
6155:
5891:East Asian Bureau of Economic Research
5223:International Journal of Asian Studies
5013:Chemistry and Technology of Explosives
4864:
4733:
4706:
4137:
4062:
3745:
3393:
2982:
2751:
2404:of 1900. Final collapse came in 1911.
1983:. In 1227 the Mongol Empire conquered
1540:. The series of trade routes known as
1066:, they ruled from 1556 BC to 1046 BC.
1004:Ancient East Asia (4,000 BC- 1,000 AD)
925:from 1.8 million to 40,000 years ago.
5366:
5229:
5198:(University of Toronto Press, 2021)
5194:Sicilia, David B.; Wittner, David G.
4882:
4851:, vol. 7, Taylor & Francis,
4846:
4828:
4389:
4357:
4295:A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder
4023:
4011:
3999:
3971:
3952:
3799:
3793:
3145:Administrative map of the Mongol-led
2968:Democratic People's Republic of Korea
2718:, from a 17th-century screen painting
1714:
1453:A Confucian revival began during the
1153:and numerous other tribes These were
134:
5186:Schottenhammer, Angela, ed. (2008).
4989:
4949:
4849:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4687:
4675:
4663:
4576:
3677:"Early millet use in northern China"
3470:
3441:
3439:
3389:
3387:
2335:printed during the years 1452–1455.
2303:(990–1051) (spelled Bi Sheng in the
2179:and one intended as fuel for poison
2090:in the 9th century searching for an
1929:
60:string instrument. Produced in 1788.
4922:
4902:
4770:(Princeton University Press, 1997).
4719:. Cambridge Scholars. p. 127.
3918:
3906:
3064:Selected maps of East Asian History
2269:
2251:
1603:period consisted of the kingdom of
969:culture around 9500 BC to 9000 BC,
13:
5304:Journal of Northeast Asian Studies
5236:Asian Journal of Political Science
5109:(Columbia University Press, 2010).
5021:
4831:Firearms: A Global History to 1700
3133:from north India towards East Asia
2291:History of typography in East Asia
1635:and the great military strategist
1615:. It began when the ruler of Wei,
1512:(618–907), whose emperors claimed
14:
6174:
5336:Journal of Modern Chinese History
5324:
4811:Buchanan, Brenda J., ed. (2006),
3436:
3384:
3309:East Asia–United States relations
2886:cost Japan four of its six large
2729:
2602:, who became a virtual dictator.
1556:with the use of forced labor and
1406:system that developed during the
1287:, making direct contact with the
1213:Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms
6055:Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute
5467:
5346:Modern China: East Asian History
3930:
3286:
3274:
3262:
3250:
3238:
3223:
3211:
3197:
3185:
3177:Major feudal estates during the
3170:
3154:
3138:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3087:
3075:
3031:" with the establishment of the
2788:
2448:Military defeats in 19th century
2408:Military success in 18th century
2339:Early modern history (1450-1750)
1933:
1569:Public frustration provoked the
1365:Birth of Confucianism and Taoism
1205:
1174:, who split into the new tribes
30:The Four Elegant Accomplishments
5300:, Japanese studies (in English)
4786:
4773:
4760:
4740:Henckaerts, Jean-Marie (1996).
4693:
4644:
4626:
4613:
4570:
4551:
4538:
4522:
4502:
4486:
4472:
4459:
4446:
4433:
4420:
4404:
4401:Needham, Volume 5, Part 1, 201.
4351:
4318:
4285:
4249:
4229:
4199:
4162:
4131:
4098:Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 264.
4080:
4068:
4056:
4017:
4005:
3977:
3939:
3924:
3875:
3850:
3841:
3832:
3823:
3814:
3805:
3736:
3727:
3668:
3647:
3626:
3611:
3450:. Oxon: Routledge. p. 44.
3057:
2768:Western colonialism (1750-1919)
2323:invented the printing press in
1810:. Later, Yang Jian, who became
1595:Northern and Southern dynasties
1465:and the core philosophy of the
1256:, at the end of the 5th century
6002:EAFF E-1 Football Championship
5977:East Asian Football Federation
5076:A concise history of East Asia
4976:, Cambridge University Press,
4869:, Cambridge University Press,
4833:, Cambridge University Press,
4803:
4144:. HarperCollins. p. 304.
3933:The Cambridge History of China
3586:
3538:
3499:
3464:
3412:
3293:Overview map of the Korean War
3029:Three Principles of the People
2834:
2830:Early 20th century (1900-1950)
1926:Mongol Empire and Yuan dynasty
1795:
1544:began during the Han dynasty.
1315:
1220:was established in 2333 BC by
1116:The territories of modern-day
1112:Nomads on the Mongolian Steppe
1059:Records of the Grand Historian
1024:Records of the Grand Historian
719:Chinese dynasties such as the
676:. China was under the rule of
68:Contemporary political map of
1:
6050:Journal of East Asian Studies
5987:East Asian Judo Championships
5834:East Asia Climate Partnership
5392:
5050:Encyclopedia of Asian history
4212:. Archon Books. p. 123.
3349:
2979:(DMZ) up to the present day.
2676:", the commoners were called
2566:Last minute reforms 1898–1908
2527:
2149:, 11th century paper-printed
1703:. These were followed by the
1074:
907:
893:that exist in present times.
821:and the beginning of Japan's
103:
6073:Horses in East Asian warfare
5616:other ethnic groups in China
5310:Social Science Japan Journal
5152:The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949
4909:, Indiana University Press,
4579:The Journal of Asian Studies
3594:"Population of Eastern Asia"
2849:full-scale invasion of China
2847:, and in 1937 it launched a
2699:
2420:from the 1750s to the 1790s
2059:
1867:Medieval history (1000-1450)
1489:school), developed from the
1194:. The titles of Khangan and
20:East Asian History (journal)
7:
5276:Journal of Japanese Studies
4701:. The Cold War in East Asia
4638:The Search for Modern China
3935:. Vol. 6. p. 624.
3302:
2906:
2284:
2261:
2255:
973:around 7500 BC to 6100 BC,
528:
10:
6179:
6127:Needham Research Institute
6035:East Asia Image Collection
6030:East Asian Economic Review
5465:
5331:Chinese Studies in History
5011:Urbanski, Tadeusz (1967),
4865:Crosby, Alfred W. (2002),
4641:(3rd ed. 2012) pp 245-658.
4469:(2nd ed. 2006) pp 187-205.
4456:(2nd ed. 2006) pp 143-162.
4443:(2nd ed. 2006) pp 143-162.
4430:(2nd ed. 2006) pp 163-254.
3366:Holcombe, Charles (2017).
3041:People's Republic of China
2925:People's Republic of China
2737:Chinese cultural influence
2703:
2630:
2569:
2550:
2440:and areas outside today's
2377:
2347:
2319:in 1234, 210 years before
2288:
2122:Some have heated together
2063:
1964:
1799:
1584:
1524:
1395:and spiritual well-being.
1368:
1352:(c. 250 BC – 250 AD, 弥生時代
911:
867:People's Republic of China
688:dynasties followed by the
17:
6117:
6063:
6010:
5962:
5924:
5906:Human rights in East Asia
5857:
5824:
5791:Sino-Xenic pronunciations
5636:
5476:
5400:
5114:The Cold War in East Asia
4990:Seth, Michael J. (2010).
4292:Partington, J.R. (1960).
2977:Korean Demilitarized Zone
2547:Boxer Rebellion 1898–1900
2485:and Hangkou (now part of
2080:Mongol invasions of Japan
1871:
1838:, the former governor of
1232:. In 108 BC, the Chinese
1093:
1009:Ancient Chinese dynasties
883:post-war economic miracle
813:dominated the region but
794:, China and attempted to
5216:East Asia: A New History
5135:East Asia: a new history
5048:Embree, Ainslie T., ed.
4713:Sarmento, Clara (2009).
4621:The Rise of Modern China
4530:The Rise of Modern China
4494:The Rise of Modern China
4169:Cathal J. Nolan (2006).
3781:. University of Maryland
3508:Journal of World History
2898:U.S. occupation of Japan
2857:Negotiations with the US
2839:In 1931, Japan occupied
2489:) were opened to trade.
2199:, in addition to giving
1661:War of the Eight Princes
1581:Era of disunion in China
1408:Spring and Autumn period
1381:Spring and Autumn period
957:and arrived in southern
854:Second Sino-Japanese War
680:(historicity disputed),
109:Field of study and scope
5992:East Asian martial arts
5939:Archaeological cultures
5204:Thorne, Christopher G.
4950:Nahm, Andrew C (1996).
4829:Chase, Kenneth (2003),
4465:Fairbank and Goldman,
4452:Fairbank and Goldman,
3861:. Dialog. p. 145.
3838:Robinet (1997), p. 184.
3779:"The Ancient Dynasties"
3702:10.1073/pnas.1115430109
3394:Austin, Gareth (2017).
3231:First Sino-Japanese War
3053:
2880:Battle of the Coral Sea
2627:Joseon Korea: 1392–1897
2511:fleet in an afternoon.
2374:Qing dynasty: 1644–1912
2344:Ming dynasty: 1368–1644
2112:Zhenyuan miaodao yaolüe
2099:accounts, the earliest
1850:Spread of civil service
1765:In Japan, Buddhism and
1678:was established by the
1571:Yellow Turban Rebellion
1504:Taoism, in form of the
1344:(c. 7,500–250 BC, 縄文時代
1254:Three Kingdoms of Korea
1036:Following this was the
6119:Science and technology
6103:The Book of Five Rings
5997:East Asian Youth Games
4929:A New History of Korea
4847:Craig, Edward (1998),
4815:, Aldershot: Ashgate,
4654:208 (2011): 1009–1020.
4138:Watson, Peter (2006).
3857:Joanna Rurarz (2009).
3829:Robinet (1997), p. 50.
2861:Battle of Pearl Harbor
2843:("Dongbei") after the
2785:
2719:
2645:In July 1392, General
2642:
2359:
2358:Ming China around 1580
2183:. The formulas in the
2158:
2140:
2083:
2055:Science and technology
1667:. This ushered in the
1257:
982:Jeulmun pottery period
932:individuals, known as
73:
61:
40:depicts the classical
5402:Countries and regions
5358:Sino-Japanese Studies
5174:Rozman, Gilbert, and
5139:online free to borrow
5080:online free to borrow
5043:online free to borrow
4903:Kim, Jinwung (2012),
4517:The Taiping Rebellion
3598:www.worldometers.info
3131:Expansion of Buddhism
2931:, which had governed
2775:
2713:
2640:
2610:Reform and revolution
2594:("The Coup of 1898",
2570:Further information:
2422:extended Qing control
2357:
2237:exploding cannonballs
2227:, a gunpowder-fueled
2145:
2120:
2092:elixir of immortality
2073:
1910:Soon thereafter, the
1521:Qin and Han dynasties
1410:. It later developed
1251:
1131:Indo-European peoples
1106:Warring States period
1040:, which ruled in the
987:hunting-and-gathering
734:Four Great Inventions
232:Age of the human race
67:
36:) by Japanese artist
28:
6163:History of East Asia
6142:Traditional medicine
6040:East Asia Law Review
5896:East Asian Community
5586:Indigenous Taiwanese
5254:Central Asian Survey
4883:Kelly, Jack (2004),
4467:China: A New History
4454:China: A New History
4441:China: A New History
4428:China: A New History
3847:Robinet 1997, p. 115
3600:. Worldometers. 2018
3324:History of Hong Kong
2892:Guadalcanal Campaign
2746:Chikamatsu Monzaemon
2653:, he chose Hanyang (
2600:Empress Dowager Cixi
2582:Hundred Days' Reform
2572:Hundred Days' Reform
2066:History of gunpowder
1828:four disastrous wars
1629:Battle of Red Cliffs
1198:originated from the
877:was solidly tied to
848:In the midst of the
5567:Khalkha in Mongolia
5297:Monumenta Nipponica
5290:Late Imperial China
5225:13.1 (2016): 61–94.
5091:Holcombe, Charles.
5041:(2 vol. 2008–2013)
4678:, pp. 165–167.
4666:, pp. 100–102.
4652:The China Quarterly
4548:(Bloomsbury, 2000).
4532:(1990) pp 387-407.
4496:(1990). pp 221-53
4479:Henry Loch (1869),
4359:al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.
3896:Doosan Encyclopedia
3811:Robinet 1997, p. 54
3759:on 15 December 2007
3693:2012PNAS..109.3726Y
3339:History of Mongolia
2983:Decline of religion
2845:Manchurian Incident
2776:British assault on
2752:Growth of Edo/Tokyo
2414:Ten Great Campaigns
2297:movable type system
1653:Western Jin dynasty
1536:collapsed into the
1426:in China after the
1398:Confucianism is an
971:Pengtoushan culture
891:two separate states
875:American occupation
307:Classical antiquity
6045:East Asian studies
5741:Hip-and-gable roof
5736:Chinese characters
5351:2017-11-08 at the
5230:Scholarly journals
5116:(Routledge, 2017).
5098:Jansen, Marius B.
5074:Fitzgerald, C. P.
4633:Jonathan D. Spence
4519:(Routledge, 2018).
3890:2023-08-10 at the
3820:Robinet 1997, p. 1
3661:2014-04-19 at the
3655:Steppes into Asia.
3640:2014-04-19 at the
3579:2014-04-19 at the
3550:Asia for Educators
3485:10.1111/hic3.12209
2935:until this point,
2795:Treaty of Kanagawa
2786:
2762:Tokugawa Shogunate
2724:Tokugawa shogunate
2720:
2643:
2360:
2321:Johannes Gutenberg
2159:
2084:
2048:Kamakura Shogunate
2025:area and embraced
1945:. You can help by
1715:Spread of Buddhism
1619:, was defeated by
1491:Five Pecks of Rice
1298:Battle of Baekgang
1258:
936:, were found near
819:East India Company
796:Christianize Japan
769:maritime invasions
135:Summary of history
115:East Asian studies
74:
62:
6150:
6149:
5901:Four Asian Tigers
5182:(Springer, 2017).
5133:Murphey, Rhoads.
5126:Miller, David Y.
4983:978-0-521-30358-3
4934:Wagner, Edward W.
4896:978-0-465-03718-6
4876:978-0-521-79158-8
4840:978-0-521-82274-9
4822:978-0-7546-5259-5
4794:Xiandai Ruxue Lun
4753:978-90-411-0929-3
4726:978-1-4438-0868-2
4703:(Routledge, 2017)
4619:Immanuel C. Hsü,
4410:John W. Dardess,
4338:978-0-521-08573-1
4305:978-0-8018-5954-0
4269:978-1-56619-364-1
4219:978-0-208-01040-7
4182:978-0-313-33733-8
4151:978-0-06-093564-1
3945:Bhattacharya (in
3868:978-83-89899-28-6
3687:(10): 3726–3730.
3457:978-0-415-63745-9
3405:978-1-4742-6749-6
3377:978-1-107-11873-7
3344:History of Taiwan
3300:
3299:
3033:Republic of China
2964:Republic of Korea
2952:Korea was divided
2929:Republic of China
2917:Chinese Civil War
2888:aircraft carriers
2803:Meiji Restoration
2665:Gyeongguk daejeon
2576:Late Qing reforms
2537:Taiping Rebellion
2505:Old Summer Palace
2438:Russian Manchuria
2262:namak shūra chīnī
2147:Jiaozi (currency)
1991:extinguished the
1963:
1962:
1645:Wei conquered Shu
1306:Goguryeo–Tang War
1210:According to the
1047:Book of Documents
975:Peiligang culture
850:Republic of China
779:dynasty embraced
654:
653:
606:
605:
598:Political history
223:
211:
181:
177:Pleistocene epoch
6170:
6085:Miyamoto Musashi
5982:East Asian Games
5954:Former countries
5886:East Asia Summit
5716:Chinese knotting
5471:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5364:
5363:
5191:
5176:Sergey Radchenko
5167:Prescott, Anne.
5150:Paine, S. C. M.
5027:Buss, Claude A.
5016:
5007:
4986:
4965:
4946:
4932:, translated by
4919:
4899:
4879:
4861:
4843:
4825:
4797:
4790:
4784:
4777:
4771:
4766:William Stueck,
4764:
4758:
4757:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4710:
4704:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4667:
4661:
4655:
4648:
4642:
4630:
4624:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4574:
4568:
4555:
4549:
4542:
4536:
4526:
4520:
4506:
4500:
4490:
4484:
4483:
4476:
4470:
4463:
4457:
4450:
4444:
4437:
4431:
4424:
4418:
4408:
4402:
4399:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4368:. Archived from
4355:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4289:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4276:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4166:
4160:
4159:
4135:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4108:
4099:
4096:
4090:
4084:
4078:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4054:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4027:
4021:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3988:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3950:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3928:
3922:
3916:
3910:
3904:
3898:
3883:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3714:
3704:
3672:
3666:
3651:
3645:
3634:By Land and Sea.
3630:
3624:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3590:
3584:
3569:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3443:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3391:
3382:
3381:
3363:
3334:History of Korea
3329:History of Japan
3319:History of China
3290:
3278:
3266:
3254:
3242:
3227:
3215:
3201:
3189:
3174:
3158:
3142:
3127:
3115:
3103:
3091:
3079:
3058:
3017:Overseas Chinese
2884:Battle of Midway
2853:French Indochina
2822:), and southern
2659:Neo-Confucianism
2494:Second Opium War
2418:Qianlong Emperor
2315:was invented in
2295:The first known
2271:
2264:
2258:
2253:
2175:to be thrown by
2173:incendiary bombs
1958:
1955:
1937:
1930:
1814:, conquered the
1669:Sixteen Kingdoms
1591:Sixteen Kingdoms
1506:Shangqing School
1467:scholar-official
1459:Neo-Confucianism
1418:elements in the
1274:Goguryeo–Sui War
1095:
1079:
1076:
965:culture include
914:Prehistoric Asia
889:, which created
873:but Japan under
781:Neo-Confucianism
646:
639:
632:
621:
615:
576:Age of Discovery
483:
482:
251:Earliest records
237:Recorded history
213:
201:
173:
171:
160:
139:
138:
6178:
6177:
6173:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6167:
6153:
6152:
6151:
6146:
6113:
6059:
6006:
5958:
5920:
5916:Stock exchanges
5853:
5820:
5632:
5472:
5463:
5396:
5391:
5353:Wayback Machine
5327:
5232:
5162:History Compass
5024:
5022:Further reading
5019:
5004:
4984:
4970:Needham, Joseph
4962:
4944:
4917:
4897:
4889:, Basic Books,
4877:
4859:
4841:
4823:
4806:
4801:
4800:
4791:
4787:
4778:
4774:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4711:
4707:
4698:
4694:
4686:
4682:
4674:
4670:
4662:
4658:
4649:
4645:
4631:
4627:
4618:
4614:
4591:10.2307/2057948
4575:
4571:
4558:Sven Lange (de)
4556:
4552:
4544:Diana Preston,
4543:
4539:
4527:
4523:
4513:Joshua A. Fogel
4507:
4503:
4491:
4487:
4477:
4473:
4464:
4460:
4451:
4447:
4438:
4434:
4425:
4421:
4409:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4388:
4384:
4375:
4373:
4356:
4352:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4323:
4319:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4290:
4286:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4254:
4250:
4234:
4230:
4220:
4204:
4200:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4167:
4163:
4152:
4136:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4113:, Chapter III:
4109:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4085:
4081:
4073:
4069:
4061:
4057:
4049:
4045:
4037:
4030:
4022:
4018:
4010:
4006:
3998:
3991:
3982:
3978:
3970:
3953:
3944:
3940:
3929:
3925:
3917:
3913:
3905:
3901:
3892:Wayback Machine
3881:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3762:
3760:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3673:
3669:
3663:Wayback Machine
3652:
3648:
3642:Wayback Machine
3631:
3627:
3616:
3612:
3603:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3581:Wayback Machine
3570:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3504:
3500:
3479:(12): 889–900.
3473:History Compass
3469:
3465:
3458:
3444:
3437:
3428:
3426:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3406:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3364:
3357:
3352:
3314:History of Asia
3305:
3294:
3291:
3282:
3279:
3270:
3267:
3258:
3255:
3246:
3243:
3234:
3228:
3219:
3216:
3207:
3202:
3193:
3190:
3181:
3175:
3166:
3159:
3150:
3143:
3134:
3128:
3119:
3116:
3107:
3104:
3095:
3092:
3083:
3080:
3067:
3056:
2985:
2923:proclaimed the
2909:
2900:
2837:
2832:
2824:Sakhalin Island
2791:
2782:First Opium War
2770:
2754:
2732:
2708:
2702:
2662:as codified by
2651:Taejo of Joseon
2635:
2629:
2612:
2586:Guangxu Emperor
2578:
2568:
2555:
2553:Boxer Rebellion
2549:
2530:
2450:
2442:Northwest China
2410:
2402:Boxer Rebellion
2382:
2376:
2352:
2346:
2341:
2333:"42-Line Bible"
2293:
2287:
2068:
2062:
2057:
2017:proclaimed the
1973:
1965:Main articles:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1943:needs expansion
1928:
1905:Taejo of Goryeo
1874:
1869:
1852:
1826:, and launched
1822:, expanded the
1804:
1798:
1771:Shinbutsu-shūgō
1717:
1597:
1585:Main articles:
1583:
1533:
1525:Main articles:
1523:
1377:
1369:Main articles:
1367:
1318:
1208:
1114:
1082:Chinese history
1077:
1011:
1006:
916:
910:
896:The end of the
879:Western nations
835:Japanese Empire
650:
619:
613:
608:
607:
602:
562:
561:
552:
538:
519:
500:
499:
480:
470:
469:
468:
452:
438:
429:
415:
401:
400:
390:
380:
379:
378:
369:
355:
336:
317:
316:
297:
277:
267:
266:
265:
246:
227:
226:
212:
200:
192:
169:
158:
137:
111:
106:
23:
12:
11:
5:
6176:
6166:
6165:
6148:
6147:
6145:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6123:
6121:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6111:
6106:
6099:
6096:The Art of War
6092:
6087:
6082:
6075:
6069:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6016:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5968:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5930:
5928:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5867:
5865:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5830:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5816:Chinese zodiac
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5721:Chinese dragon
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5681:Blepharoplasty
5678:
5677:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5653:
5648:
5642:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5517:
5516:
5515:
5505:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5488:
5482:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5466:
5464:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5440:
5439:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5406:
5404:
5398:
5397:
5390:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5367:
5361:
5360:
5355:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5326:
5325:External links
5323:
5322:
5321:
5313:
5306:
5301:
5293:
5286:
5283:Korean Studies
5279:
5272:
5265:
5257:
5250:
5242:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5219:
5214:Walker, Hugh.
5212:
5202:
5192:
5183:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5148:
5141:
5131:
5124:
5117:
5112:Li, Xiaobing.
5110:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5072:
5071:
5070:
5046:
5035:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5008:
5002:
4987:
4982:
4966:
4960:
4947:
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4920:
4915:
4900:
4895:
4880:
4875:
4862:
4857:
4844:
4839:
4826:
4821:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4785:
4772:
4759:
4752:
4732:
4725:
4705:
4692:
4690:, p. 170.
4680:
4668:
4656:
4643:
4625:
4612:
4585:(3): 513–544.
4569:
4550:
4537:
4528:Immanuel Hsu,
4521:
4501:
4492:Immanuel Hsu,
4485:
4471:
4458:
4445:
4432:
4419:
4403:
4394:
4382:
4350:
4337:
4317:
4304:
4284:
4268:
4248:
4228:
4218:
4198:
4181:
4161:
4150:
4130:
4118:
4100:
4091:
4079:
4067:
4055:
4043:
4028:
4016:
4004:
3989:
3976:
3951:
3938:
3923:
3921:, p. 103.
3911:
3909:, p. 120.
3899:
3874:
3867:
3859:Historia Korei
3849:
3840:
3831:
3822:
3813:
3804:
3802:, p. 550.
3792:
3770:
3744:
3742:Lee 2001, 2006
3735:
3726:
3667:
3646:
3625:
3610:
3585:
3561:
3537:
3514:(4): 659–691.
3498:
3463:
3456:
3435:
3411:
3404:
3383:
3376:
3354:
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3351:
3348:
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3321:
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3259:
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3249:
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3237:
3235:
3229:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3210:
3208:
3203:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3184:
3182:
3179:Sengoku period
3176:
3169:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3135:
3129:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3110:
3108:
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3098:
3096:
3093:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
2989:Mainland China
2984:
2981:
2933:mainland China
2908:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2810:. It occupied
2793:Following the
2790:
2787:
2769:
2766:
2753:
2750:
2731:
2730:Three cultures
2728:
2704:Main article:
2701:
2698:
2672:, or "scholar-
2631:Main article:
2628:
2625:
2611:
2608:
2567:
2564:
2551:Main article:
2548:
2545:
2529:
2526:
2492:Defeat in the
2449:
2446:
2409:
2406:
2378:Main article:
2375:
2372:
2348:Main article:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2289:Main article:
2286:
2283:
2185:Wujing zongyao
2168:Wujing zongyao
2064:Main article:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2023:Central Plains
2004:Ganghwa Island
1961:
1960:
1940:
1938:
1927:
1924:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1851:
1848:
1800:Main article:
1797:
1794:
1760:Joseon dynasty
1716:
1713:
1601:Three Kingdoms
1587:Three Kingdoms
1582:
1579:
1575:rival kingdoms
1538:Three Kingdoms
1522:
1519:
1463:imperial exams
1440:soteriological
1366:
1363:
1317:
1314:
1228:and along the
1207:
1204:
1147:Inner Mongolia
1127:Turkic peoples
1122:Inner Mongolia
1113:
1110:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
912:Main article:
909:
906:
800:invading Korea
652:
651:
649:
648:
641:
634:
626:
623:
622:
610:
609:
604:
603:
601:
600:
595:
590:
589:
588:
578:
572:
569:
568:
564:
563:
560:
559:
553:
551:
550:
545:
543:Southeast Asia
539:
537:
536:
531:
526:
520:
518:
517:
512:
507:
501:
498:
497:
492:
486:
481:
476:
475:
472:
471:
467:
466:
465:
464:
453:
451:
450:
445:
443:Southeast Asia
439:
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436:
430:
428:
427:
422:
416:
414:
413:
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402:
399:
398:
392:
391:
386:
385:
382:
381:
377:
376:
370:
368:
367:
362:
360:Southeast Asia
356:
354:
353:
348:
343:
337:
335:
334:
329:
324:
318:
315:
314:
312:Late antiquity
309:
304:
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285:
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136:
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110:
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9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6175:
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6161:
6160:
6158:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6124:
6122:
6120:
6116:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6100:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6070:
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6066:
6062:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
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6041:
6038:
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6028:
6026:
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6018:
6017:
6015:
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6009:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
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5970:
5969:
5967:
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5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
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5942:
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5937:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5927:
5923:
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5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5651:Architecture
5649:
5647:
5646:Age reckoning
5644:
5643:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5478:Ethnic groups
5475:
5470:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5388:
5383:
5381:
5376:
5374:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5320:
5318:
5314:
5312:
5311:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5294:
5292:
5291:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5249:, In Japanese
5248:
5247:
5243:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5201:
5200:online review
5197:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5170:
5166:
5163:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5105:Kang, David.
5104:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5056:vol. 1 online
5054:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5014:
5009:
5005:
5003:9780742567177
4999:
4995:
4994:
4988:
4985:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4961:1-56591-070-2
4957:
4953:
4948:
4945:
4943:9780674615762
4939:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4916:9780253000248
4912:
4908:
4907:
4901:
4898:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4881:
4878:
4872:
4868:
4863:
4860:
4858:9780415073103
4854:
4850:
4845:
4842:
4836:
4832:
4827:
4824:
4818:
4814:
4809:
4808:
4795:
4789:
4782:
4776:
4769:
4763:
4755:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4736:
4728:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4709:
4702:
4699:Xiaobing Li,
4696:
4689:
4684:
4677:
4672:
4665:
4660:
4653:
4647:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4622:
4616:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4584:
4580:
4573:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4547:
4541:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4509:Chin Shunshin
4505:
4499:
4495:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4462:
4455:
4449:
4442:
4436:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4398:
4391:
4386:
4372:on 2008-02-26
4371:
4367:
4363:
4360:
4354:
4340:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4321:
4307:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4288:
4281:
4271:
4265:
4261:
4260:
4252:
4245:
4241:
4240:
4232:
4225:
4221:
4215:
4211:
4210:
4202:
4195:
4184:
4178:
4174:
4173:
4165:
4158:
4153:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4134:
4127:
4122:
4116:
4112:
4111:Urbanski 1967
4107:
4105:
4095:
4088:
4083:
4076:
4071:
4064:
4059:
4052:
4047:
4040:
4035:
4033:
4025:
4020:
4013:
4008:
4001:
3996:
3994:
3986:
3985:Buchanan 2006
3980:
3973:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3948:
3947:Buchanan 2006
3942:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3915:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3886:
3878:
3870:
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3853:
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3826:
3817:
3808:
3801:
3796:
3780:
3774:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3739:
3730:
3722:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3650:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3629:
3622:
3620:
3614:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3534:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3440:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3407:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3388:
3379:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3360:
3355:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3289:
3284:
3277:
3272:
3265:
3260:
3253:
3248:
3241:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3221:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3200:
3195:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3121:
3114:
3109:
3102:
3097:
3090:
3085:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2956:38th parallel
2953:
2948:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2904:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2799:United States
2796:
2789:The Meiji Era
2783:
2779:
2774:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2727:
2725:
2722:In 1603, the
2717:
2712:
2707:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2639:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2607:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2554:
2544:
2540:
2538:
2533:
2525:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2381:
2371:
2369:
2366:was ruled by
2365:
2356:
2351:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2270:نمک شوره چيني
2267:
2263:
2257:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2177:siege engines
2174:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2052:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:Southern Song
2007:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1977:Mongol Empire
1972:
1968:
1967:Mongol Empire
1957:
1948:
1944:
1941:This section
1939:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1778:Mongol Empire
1774:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1705:Northern Zhou
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1528:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1495:Zhang Daoling
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1469:class in the
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1442:doctrines of
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:philosophical
1401:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:Taedong River
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1206:Ancient Korea
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:State of Zhao
1156:
1152:
1151:Donghu people
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1064:Bamboo Annals
1061:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1053:Bamboo Annals
1049:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1038:Shang dynasty
1034:
1032:
1031:
1030:Bamboo Annals
1026:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1001:
999:
995:
990:
988:
983:
980:In Korea the
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
915:
905:
903:
899:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
840:
839:annexed Korea
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:Dutch studies
820:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
788:
787:
786:Sengoku Jidai
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
730:
726:
722:
717:
715:
711:
706:
702:
701:Shang dynasty
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
647:
642:
640:
635:
633:
628:
627:
625:
624:
618:
612:
611:
599:
596:
594:
591:
587:
586:Postmodernity
584:
583:
582:
579:
577:
574:
573:
571:
570:
566:
565:
558:
555:
554:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
516:
515:South America
513:
511:
510:North America
508:
506:
503:
502:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
485:
484:
479:
474:
473:
463:
460:
459:
458:
455:
454:
449:
446:
444:
441:
440:
435:
432:
431:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
397:
394:
393:
389:
388:Postclassical
384:
383:
375:
372:
371:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
333:
332:South America
330:
328:
327:North America
325:
323:
320:
319:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
276:
271:
270:
262:
261:Proto-writing
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
248:
242:
238:
235:
233:
230:
229:
221:
217:
210:
209:
205:
199:
196:
195:
191:
186:
185:
180:
179:
178:
167:
163:
157:
156:
153:
152:Human history
150:
149:
145:
141:
140:
132:
130:
126:
121:
116:
101:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
71:
66:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
34:kin ki sho ga
31:
27:
21:
16:
6101:
6094:
6079:Bansenshūkai
6077:
5925:
5844:Rainy season
5621:unrecognized
5315:
5308:
5303:
5295:
5288:
5281:
5274:
5267:
5261:China Report
5259:
5252:
5244:
5235:
5222:
5215:
5205:
5195:
5187:
5179:
5168:
5161:
5151:
5144:
5134:
5127:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5099:
5092:
5086:China Report
5085:
5075:
5068:vol 4 online
5064:vol 3 online
5060:vol 2 online
5049:
5038:
5028:
5012:
4992:
4973:
4951:
4928:
4924:Lee, Ki-baik
4905:
4885:
4866:
4848:
4830:
4812:
4793:
4792:Yu Yingshi,
4788:
4780:
4775:
4767:
4762:
4742:
4735:
4715:
4708:
4700:
4695:
4683:
4671:
4659:
4651:
4646:
4636:
4628:
4620:
4615:
4582:
4578:
4572:
4561:
4553:
4545:
4540:
4529:
4524:
4516:
4504:
4493:
4488:
4480:
4474:
4466:
4461:
4453:
4448:
4440:
4435:
4427:
4422:
4411:
4406:
4397:
4385:
4374:. Retrieved
4370:the original
4365:
4353:
4342:. Retrieved
4327:
4320:
4309:. Retrieved
4294:
4287:
4279:
4273:. Retrieved
4258:
4251:
4243:
4238:
4231:
4223:
4208:
4201:
4192:
4186:. Retrieved
4171:
4164:
4155:
4140:
4133:
4126:Needham 1986
4121:
4114:
4094:
4087:Needham 1986
4082:
4075:Needham 1986
4070:
4058:
4051:Needham 1986
4046:
4039:Needham 1986
4019:
4007:
3979:
3941:
3932:
3926:
3914:
3902:
3877:
3858:
3852:
3843:
3834:
3825:
3816:
3807:
3795:
3783:. Retrieved
3773:
3761:. Retrieved
3757:the original
3747:
3738:
3729:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3654:
3649:
3633:
3628:
3619:Homo erectus
3618:
3613:
3602:. Retrieved
3597:
3588:
3572:
3553:. Retrieved
3549:
3540:
3531:
3511:
3507:
3501:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3447:
3427:. Retrieved
3423:
3414:
3395:
3367:
3147:Yuan dynasty
3048:
3045:
2986:
2949:
2914:
2910:
2901:
2877:
2865:World War II
2838:
2792:
2755:
2733:
2721:
2681:
2663:
2647:Yi Seong-gye
2644:
2617:
2613:
2604:
2589:
2581:
2579:
2556:
2541:
2534:
2531:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2461:" including
2459:treaty ports
2455:
2451:
2411:
2390:Shun dynasty
2383:
2380:Qing dynasty
2364:China proper
2361:
2350:Ming dynasty
2313:movable type
2294:
2273:
2256:thalj al-ṣīn
2241:
2232:
2229:flamethrower
2218:
2211:
2184:
2166:
2160:
2155:Song dynasty
2121:
2111:
2109:
2085:
2045:
2034:
2031:
2027:Confucianism
2019:Yuan dynasty
2008:
1997:
1974:
1971:Yuan dynasty
1951:
1947:adding to it
1942:
1919:Liao dynasty
1909:
1890:
1875:
1861:Qing dynasty
1853:
1844:Tang dynasty
1830:against the
1816:Chen dynasty
1805:
1782:Qing dynasty
1775:
1764:
1736:Tang dynasty
1733:
1718:
1689:incarnations
1682:clan of the
1676:Northern Wei
1673:
1598:
1567:
1546:
1534:
1510:Tang dynasty
1503:
1475:
1471:Song dynasty
1455:Tang dynasty
1452:
1436:Confucianism
1416:cosmological
1412:metaphysical
1397:
1378:
1371:Confucianism
1357:
1353:
1345:
1331:
1319:
1302:
1289:Tang dynasty
1282:
1259:
1211:
1209:
1133:such as the
1115:
1098:Western Zhou
1071:Zhou dynasty
1068:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1042:Yellow River
1035:
1028:
1022:
1012:
994:Jōmon period
991:
979:
967:Nanzhuangtou
947:Homo sapiens
930:Homo erectus
929:
927:
919:Homo erectus
917:
895:
847:
831:Meiji period
807:isolationism
804:
784:
773:Ming dynasty
765:Yuan dynasty
753:Genghis Khan
750:
718:
705:Yellow River
698:
666:Confucianism
663:
659:Homo Erectus
655:
620:
495:Contemporary
490:Early modern
424:
345:
256:Protohistory
208:Contemporary
202:
175:
174:
170:
112:
75:
33:
29:
15:
5934:Archaeology
5826:Environment
5691:Calligraphy
5535:in Sakhalin
5491:Han Chinese
5454:South Korea
5449:North Korea
5033:online free
4804:Works cited
4566:online free
4115:Blackpowder
4063:Crosby 2002
3882:(in Korean)
3035:, and then
3025:New culture
3013:South Korea
3009:North Korea
2945:Taiwan Area
2873:Philippines
2835:Pacific War
2780:during the
2621:Sun Yat-sen
2591:coup d'état
2233:Huolongjing
2213:Huolongjing
2201:fire arrows
2181:smoke bombs
2078:during the
2015:Kublai Khan
1993:Jin dynasty
1989:Ogedei Khan
1987:. In 1234,
1985:Western Xia
1981:North China
1824:Grand Canal
1808:Sui dynasty
1802:Sui dynasty
1796:Sui dynasty
1721:Han dynasty
1709:Northern Qi
1701:Western Wei
1697:Eastern Wei
1647:in AD 263,
1637:Zhuge Liang
1563:Xin dynasty
1531:Han dynasty
1527:Qin dynasty
1428:Qin dynasty
1420:Han dynasty
1354:Yayoi Jidai
1346:Jōmon Jidai
1316:Early Japan
1278:Sui dynasty
1245:in 313 AD.
1234:Han dynasty
1168:Modu Chanyu
1078: 1046
1015:Xia dynasty
942:Zhoukoudian
902:South Korea
871:Soviet camp
761:Kublai Khan
462:Renaissance
120:Eurocentric
54:Calligraphy
6109:Yi Sun-sin
5944:Bronze Age
5881:Capitalism
5806:Typography
5801:Television
5771:Philosophy
5756:Mādhyamaka
5751:Literature
5706:Sinosphere
5626:historical
5317:T'oung Pao
4390:Chase 2003
4376:2007-07-24
4344:2014-11-21
4311:2014-11-21
4275:2011-11-28
4188:2011-11-28
4024:Kelly 2004
4012:Kelly 2004
4000:Kelly 2004
3972:Chase 2003
3800:Craig 1998
3785:12 January
3763:12 January
3604:2018-08-16
3573:Peking Man
3555:2023-05-19
3429:2018-08-15
3350:References
3039:under the
3019:, such as
2973:Korean War
2921:Mao Zedong
2784:, May 1841
2706:Edo period
2528:Rebellions
2426:Inner Asia
2368:ethnic Han
2225:fire-lance
2197:land mines
2088:alchemists
2041:Kitakyushu
1878:Gyeon Hwon
1820:Sui Yangdi
1786:Tengeriism
1554:Great Wall
1348:) and the
1285:Yellow Sea
1238:Emperor Wu
1192:Great Wall
1135:Tocharians
998:Mesolithic
934:Peking Man
908:Prehistory
887:Korean War
827:Opium Wars
811:Qing China
736:. China's
703:along the
593:Futurology
534:South Asia
434:South Asia
351:South Asia
288:Bronze Age
283:Copper Age
241:Common Era
216:10,000 BCE
162:Prehistory
104:Background
6025:CrossAsia
6012:Education
5766:Mythology
5746:Languages
5726:Festivals
5674:Taiwanese
5581:Ryukyuans
5496:subgroups
5415:Hong Kong
5394:East Asia
4688:Seth 2010
4676:Seth 2010
4664:Nahm 1996
4607:154815023
3520:1045-6007
3493:1478-0542
3149:of China.
3021:Singapore
2993:Hong Kong
2937:retreated
2869:Singapore
2841:Manchuria
2797:with the
2700:Edo Japan
2596:Wuxu Coup
2467:Guangzhou
2252:ثلج الصين
2205:cast iron
2165:treatise
2153:from the
2132:saltpeter
2060:Gunpowder
1901:Wang Geon
1812:Sui Wendi
1790:Shamanism
1558:Invasions
1542:Silk Road
1385:Confucius
1327:Amaterasu
1310:Pyongyang
1155:Tengriist
1019:Sima Qian
1000:culture.
963:neolithic
923:East Asia
837:forcibly
815:Edo Japan
714:Silk Road
581:Modernity
548:West Asia
529:East Asia
448:West Asia
425:East Asia
365:West Asia
346:East Asia
302:Axial Age
204:Neolithic
198:Timelines
166:Stone Age
129:sinicized
125:East Asia
77:East Asia
70:East Asia
42:Four arts
6157:Category
6132:Printing
6065:Military
5949:Iron Age
5863:Politics
5811:Yogācāra
5796:Surnames
5776:Religion
5686:Buddhism
5664:Japanese
5591:Tibetans
5562:in China
5552:Mongolic
5530:in Japan
5525:in China
5508:Japanese
5444:Mongolia
5425:Mainland
5349:Archived
4972:(1986),
4926:(1984),
4414:(2011).
4089::293–294
4065::100–103
4041::345–346
3919:Lee 1984
3907:Kim 2012
3888:Archived
3733:Lee 2001
3721:22355109
3659:Archived
3638:Archived
3577:Archived
3533:regions.
3528:41508014
3303:See also
3163:Zheng He
2960:Cold War
2927:and the
2907:Cold War
2871:and the
2714:View of
2686:cheonmin
2463:Shanghai
2434:Mongolia
2309:Shen Kuo
2301:Pi Sheng
2285:Printing
2221:rocketry
2208:grenades
2193:grenades
2163:military
2096:medicine
1954:May 2008
1882:Hubaekje
1856:literati
1832:Goguryeo
1740:Goguryeo
1665:Han-Zhao
1657:Sima Yan
1649:Sima Yan
1641:Buddhism
1625:Sun Quan
1550:Legalism
1444:Buddhism
1432:Legalism
1424:Legalism
1332:Ancient
1270:Goguryeo
1243:Goguryeo
1226:Liaoning
1218:Gojoseon
1143:Mongolia
1139:Scythian
1118:Mongolia
898:Cold War
863:Cold War
712:and the
710:Buddhism
670:Buddhism
567:See also
411:Americas
396:Timeline
293:Iron Age
190:Holocene
144:a series
142:Part of
93:Mongolia
56:and the
50:Painting
6090:Sun Tzu
5926:History
5859:Economy
5839:Monsoon
5781:Scripts
5731:Gardens
5701:Cuisine
5659:Chinese
5638:Culture
5601:Uyghurs
5557:Mongols
5520:Koreans
5240:webpage
5208:(1972)
5178:, eds.
5156:excerpt
5137:(2001)
5130:(2007).
5102:(1975).
5078:(1966)
5052:(1988)
5031:(1955)
4599:2057948
4416:excerpt
3712:3309722
3689:Bibcode
2954:at the
2816:Formosa
2690:chungin
2682:yangmin
2678:sangmin
2670:yangban
2560:Tianjin
2517:Okinawa
2483:Nanjing
2416:of the
2398:pigtail
2386:Manchus
2325:Germany
2279:Mongols
2266:Persian
2244:Mongols
2128:realgar
2082:, 1281.
2076:samurai
1897:Taebong
1886:Gung Ye
1840:Taiyuan
1836:Li Yuan
1684:Xianbei
1633:Hua Tuo
1627:at the
1621:Liu Bei
1617:Cao Cao
1561:by the
1499:Cao Cao
1487:Zhengyi
1483:Tianshi
1400:ethical
1334:pottery
1200:Xianbei
1184:Xiongnu
1176:Xianbei
1090:Chinese
959:Siberia
955:mammoth
938:Beijing
757:Subutai
524:Oceania
420:Oceania
341:Oceania
275:Ancient
220:Present
38:Utamaro
6137:Swords
5964:Sports
5696:Cinema
5669:Korean
5611:Zhuang
5542:Manchu
5513:Yamato
5459:Taiwan
5437:Ryukyu
5218:(2012)
5210:online
5171:(2015)
5147:(2013)
5123:(2011)
5095:(2010)
5000:
4980:
4958:
4940:
4913:
4893:
4873:
4855:
4837:
4819:
4750:
4723:
4605:
4597:
4534:online
4498:online
4335:
4302:
4266:
4216:
4179:
4148:
4002::23–25
3974::31–32
3865:
3719:
3709:
3526:
3518:
3491:
3454:
3402:
3374:
3037:Maoism
3011:, and
3001:Taiwan
2941:Taiwan
2820:Taiwan
2808:Russia
2778:Canton
2758:Ieyasu
2742:Shinto
2694:gwageo
2674:gentry
2633:Joseon
2522:Penghu
2479:Ningbo
2477:, and
2475:Fuzhou
2471:Xiamen
2430:Taiwan
2305:Pinyin
2274:contra
2248:Arabic
2195:, and
2124:sulfur
2116:Taoism
2101:Arabic
2000:Goryeo
1916:Khitan
1912:Goryeo
1893:Buddha
1872:Goryeo
1767:Shinto
1756:Goryeo
1754:, and
1752:Balhae
1748:Baekje
1693:Buddha
1659:, the
1611:, and
1593:, and
1448:Taoism
1375:Taoism
1338:Kyushu
1323:Kojiki
1294:Yamato
1262:Baekje
1236:under
1222:Dangun
1182:. The
1180:Wuhuan
1172:Donghu
1164:Wuling
1102:bronze
1092::
865:. The
777:Joseon
759:, and
742:Goryeo
674:Taoism
672:, and
617:Future
557:Europe
505:Africa
478:Modern
457:Europe
406:Africa
374:Europe
322:Africa
97:Taiwan
95:, and
5911:Ports
5849:Flora
5761:Music
5711:Dance
5596:Tujia
5576:Qiang
5432:Japan
5420:Macau
5410:China
5045:703pp
4603:S2CID
4595:JSTOR
4194:route
3885:Taejo
3524:JSTOR
3005:Japan
2997:Macau
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2655:Seoul
2487:Wuhan
2424:into
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2329:Jikji
2317:Korea
2189:bombs
2151:money
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1729:Korea
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1723:from
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1514:Laozi
1389:Laozi
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1342:Jōmon
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951:bison
792:Macau
746:Heian
682:Shang
89:Korea
85:Japan
81:China
58:Guqin
5861:and
5786:Seal
5655:Art
5547:Miao
5486:Ainu
5238:See
4998:ISBN
4978:ISBN
4956:ISBN
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4871:ISBN
4853:ISBN
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3787:2008
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3717:PMID
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3054:Maps
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2580:The
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2396:(or
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725:Tang
692:and
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