872:
857:
888:
545:
2431:, p. 313. "Of the 100 million German speakers worldwide, about three quarters (76 million) live in Germany, where they account for 92 percent of the population. Populations of Germans live elsewhere in Central and Western Europe, with the largest communities in Austria (7.6 million), Switzerland (4.2 million), France (1.2 million), Kazakhstan (900,000), Russia (840,000), Poland (700,000), Italy (280,000), and Hungary (250,000). Some 1.6 million U.S. citizens speak German as their first language, the largest number of German speakers overseas."
1186:
65:
1333:
829:
557:
1667:
1560:
sought to build up an identity on historical or ideological lines, distancing themselves both from the Nazi past and each other. After German reunification in 1990, the political discourse was characterized by the idea of a "shared, ethnoculturally defined
Germanness", and the general climate became increasingly xenophobic during the 1990s. Today, discussion on Germanness may stress various aspects, such as commitment to pluralism and the German constitution (
1679:
1655:
1643:
1580:
388:
29:
1094:, an alliance that was ultimately defeated, with none of the empires comprising it surviving the aftermath of the war. Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires were both dissolved and partitioned, resulting in millions of Germans becoming ethnic minorities in other countries. The monarchical rulers of the German states, including the German emperor
439:
91:. During the 19th and much of the 20th century, discussions on German identity were dominated by concepts of a common language, culture, descent, and history. Today, the German language is widely seen as the primary, though not exclusive, criterion of German identity. Estimates on the total number of Germans in the world range from 100 to 150 million, most of whom live in Germany.
2443:, pp. 171–172. "The Germans live in Central Europe, mostly in Germany... The largest populations outside of these countries are found in the United States (5 million), Brazil (3 million), the former Soviet Union (2 million), Argentina (500,000), Canada (450,000), Spain (170,000), Australia (110,000), the United Kingdom (100,000), and South Africa (75,000). "
357:, which means "ethnic" or "relating to the people". This term was used for speakers of West-Germanic languages in Central Europe since at least the 8th century, after which time a distinct German ethnic identity began to emerge among at least some them living within the Holy Roman Empire. However, variants of the same term were also used in the
820:, in order to protect their interests, often through supporting the German kings in their struggles with the nobility. These urban leagues significantly contributed to the development of German commerce and banking. German merchants of Hanseatic cities settled in cities throughout Northern Europe beyond the German lands.
2089:
Within the boundaries of present-day
Germany... Germanic peoples such as the eastern Franks, Frisians, Saxons, Thuringians, Alemanni, and Bavarians—all speaking West Germanic dialects—had merged Germanic and borrowed Roman cultural features. It was among these groups that a German language and ethnic
718:
German society of the Middle Ages, while most of the German population consisted of peasants with few political rights. The church played an important role among
Germans in the Middle Ages, and competed with the nobility for power. Between the 11th and 13th centuries, Germans actively participated in
1317:
It is estimated that there are over 100 million
Germans today, most of whom live in Germany, where they constitute the majority of the population. There are also sizable populations of Germans in Austria, Switzerland, the United States, Brazil, France, Kazakhstan, Russia, Argentina, Canada, Poland,
1816:
Unless otherwise provided by a law, a German within the meaning of this Basic Law is a person who possesses German citizenship or who has been admitted to the territory of the German Reich within the boundaries of 31 December 1937 as a refugee or expellee of German ethnic origin or as the spouse or
735:
east of the Elbe were conquered over generations of often brutal conflict. Under the later control of powerful German dynasties it became an important region within modern
Germany, and home to its modern capital, Berlin. German population also moved eastwards from the 11th century, in what is known
1559:
elements identified
Germanness with "a shared Christian heritage" and "biological essence", to the exclusion of the notable Jewish minority. After the Holocaust and the downfall of Nazism, "any confident sense of Germanness had become suspect, if not impossible". East Germany and West Germany both
1077:
In the years following unification, German society was radically changed by numerous processes, including industrialization, rationalization, secularization and the rise of capitalism. German power increased considerably and numerous overseas colonies were established. During this time, the German
791:
to the imperial throne, and he was able to acquire
Austria for his own family. The Habsburgs would continue to play an important role in European history for centuries afterwards. Under the leadership of the Habsburgs the Holy Roman Empire itself remained weak, and by the late Middle Ages much of
1552:
The German nationalist movement emerged among German intellectuals in the late 18th century. They saw the
Germans as a people united by language and advocated the unification of all Germans into a single nation state, which was partially achieved in 1871. By the late 19th and early 20th century,
519:
associated with later
Germanic peoples began approaching the Rhine areas. The resulting demographic situation was apparently an assimilation of Celts and migrating Germanic peoples, in territories which threatened the Alpine regions and the Romans. Scholars generally agree that it is possible to
470:
river. He specifically noted the potential future threat which could come from the related people east of the river. Under Caesar's successors, the Romans began to conquer and control the entire region between the Rhine and the Elbe which centuries later constituted the largest part of medieval
914:
personally inherited control of the kingdoms of
Hungary and Bohemia, the wealthy low countries (roughly modern Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands), the Kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Sicily, Naples, and Sardinia, and the Dukedom of Milan. Of these, the Bohemian and Hungarian titles remained
2513:, p. 313 "Germans are a Germanic (or Teutonic) people that are indigenous to Central Europe... Germanic tribes have inhabited Central Europe since at least Roman times, but it was not until the early Middle Ages that a distinct German ethnic identity began to emerge."
711:― continued to wield considerable power independently of the king. German kings were elected by members of the noble families, who often sought to have weak kings elected in order to preserve their own independence. This prevented an early unification of the Germans.
1864:, p. 171. "The Germans live in Central Europe, mostly in Germany... Estimates of the total number of Germans in the world range from 100 million to 150 million, depending on how German is defined, but it is probably more appropriate to accept the lower figure."
811:
Trade increased and there was a specialization of the arts and crafts. In the late Middle Ages the German economy grew under the influence of urban centers, which increased in size and wealth and formed powerful leagues, such as the
334:
In some contexts, people of German descent are also called Germans. In historical discussions the term "Germans" is also occasionally used as a way to refer to members of the Germanic peoples during the time of the Roman empire.
1176:
in 1990. Although there were fears that the reunified Germany might resume nationalist politics, the country is today widely regarded as a "stablizing actor in the heart of Europe" and a "promoter of democratic integration".
493:, were fragmented into a large number of peoples who were frequently in conflict with both the Roman Empire and one another. He described them as a diverse group, dominating a much larger area than Germany, stretching to the
552:, also known as the German eastward settlement. The left map shows the situation in roughly 895 AD; the right map shows it about 1400 AD. Germanic peoples (left map) and Germans (right map) are shown in light red.
783:, Bohemia (corresponding roughly to modern Czechia) became a kingdom within the empire, and even managed to take control of Austria, which was German-speaking. However, the late 13th century saw the election of
740:. Over time, Slavic and German-speaking populations assimilated, meaning that many modern Germans have substantial Slavic ancestry. From the 12th century, many Germans settled as merchants and craftsmen in the
608:, who established control of the Romanized and Frankish population of Gaul in the 5th century, and began a process of conquering the peoples east of the Rhine. The regions long continued to be divided into "
1852:, p. 313. "After centuries of political fragmentation, a sense of national unity as Germans began to evolve in the eighteenth century, and the German language became a key marker of national identity."
1352:
The Germans are marked by great regional diversity, which makes identifying a single German culture quite difficult. The arts and sciences have for centuries been an important part of German identity. The
1303:, which is often considered to be a distinct language from both German and Dutch, was the historical language of most of northern Germany, and is still spoken by many Germans, often as a second language.
1836:, p. 172. "German identity developed through a long historical process that led, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, to the definition of the German nation as both a community of descent (
876:
118:. In subsequent centuries the political power and population of this empire grew considerably. It expanded eastwards, and eventually a substantial number of Germans migrated further eastwards into
66:
945:(1648) ending the war, included a major reduction in the central authority of the Holy Roman Emperor. Among the most powerful German states to emerge in the aftermath was Protestant
2030:
1928:
4239:
4051:
282:
Owing to their long history of political fragmentation, Germans are culturally diverse and often have strong regional identities. Arts and sciences are an integral part of
3591:
1549:
is derived from this word. In subsequent centuries, the German lands were relatively decentralized, leading to the maintenance of a number of strong regional identities.
3405:
3388:
1153:. WWII resulted in widespread destruction and the deaths of tens of millions of soldiers and civilians, while the German state was partitioned. About 12 million Germans
3612:
536:
of southern Scandinavia also shows definite population and material continuities with the Jastorf Culture, but it is unclear whether these indicate ethnic continuity.
963:
After centuries of political fragmentation, a sense of German unity began to emerge in the 18th century. The Holy Roman Empire continued to decline until being
520:
speak of Germanic languages existing as early as 500 BCE. These Germanic languages are believed to have dispersed towards the Rhine from the direction of the
3828:
327:, which was used for Germanic peoples in ancient times. Since the early modern period, it has been the most common name for the Germans in English. The term
3884:
3908:
3872:
3470:
1793:
1157:
from Eastern Europe. Significant damage was also done to the German reputation and identity, which became far less nationalistic than it previously was.
203:
and embarked on a genocidal campaign to unify all Germans under his leadership. His Nazi movement defined Germans in a very specific way which included
3845:
612:", corresponding to the old ethnic designations. By the early 9th century AD, large parts of Europe were united under the rule of the Frankish leader
3930:
3862:
3850:
672:
4068:
1803:
1222: German (or a German dialect) is a legally recognized minority language (squares: geographic distribution too dispersed/small for map scale).
4406:
4249:
4104:
2736:
1154:
256:
1361:
saw a notable flourishing of German culture. Germans of this period who contributed significantly to the arts and sciences include the writers
910:. While the empire itself continued to be largely de-centralized, the Habsburgs own personal power increased outside of the core German lands.
4611:
479:
in 9 AD, which is considered a defining moment in German history. The early Germanic peoples were later famously described in more detail in
80:
331:
may also be applied to any citizens, natives or inhabitants of Germany, regardless of whether they are considered to have German ethnicity.
1241:
3664:
2988:
871:
2076:
1990:
1898:
915:
connected to the imperial throne for centuries, making Austria a powerful multilingual empire in its own right. On the other hand, the
1141:
and the Nazis, who after coming to power democratically in the early 1930s, abolished the Weimar Republic and formed the totalitarian
941:, a conflict that tore apart the Holy Roman Empire and its neighbours, leading to the death of millions of Germans. The terms of the
4897:
4137:
1840:) and shared culture and experience. Today, the German language is the primary though not exclusive criterion of German identity."
5078:
1964:
1337:
255:. In the aftermath of Germany's defeat in the war, the country was occupied and once again partitioned. Millions of Germans were
223:, who were ethnic Germans elsewhere in Europe and globally. However, this Nazi conception expressly excluded German citizens of
1722:
1123:
727:. From the beginnings of the kingdom, its dynasties also participated in a push eastwards into Slavic-speaking regions. At the
1078:
population grew considerably, and many emigrated to other countries (mainly North America), contributing to the growth of the
4371:
3782:
3104:
2766:
679:. The latter was a Roman and Frankish area which contained some of the oldest and most important old German cities including
3110:
3062:
2972:
2942:
2902:
2862:
2813:
2772:
2661:
2613:
1771:
856:
4678:
4020:
3576:
2702:
964:
668:
286:, and the Germans have been represented by many prominent personalities in a significant number of disciplines, including
4525:
4508:
4341:
4025:
3626:
3585:
971:
in 1806. In central Europe, the Napoleonic wars ushered in great social, political and economic changes, and catalyzed a
4416:
4381:
4326:
2655:
2607:
1765:
458:
The first information about the peoples living in what is now Germany was provided by the Roman general and politician
291:
5146:
4865:
4769:
4606:
3995:
3747:
3295:
3153:
3056:
3012:
2024:
1922:
1067:
741:
2068:
865:
2073:
4731:
4331:
2003:
987:. Eventually, shared ancestry, culture and language (though not religion) came to define German nationalism. The
1568:(nation sharing a common culture). The German language remains the primary criterion of modern German identity.
122:. The empire itself was politically divided between many small princedoms, cities and bishoprics. Following the
4714:
4530:
4214:
3990:
2936:
2896:
2856:
2807:
2696:
476:
303:
224:
5008:
4784:
4646:
4550:
4449:
3815:
3695:
3596:
3235:
1003:, to the dismay of many German nationalists, who saw the German Confederation as an inadequate answer to the
911:
5028:
4756:
4626:
4130:
2629:
4823:
4736:
4188:
1452:, particularly beer, compared to other European peoples. Obesity is relatively widespread among Germans.
1099:
880:
744:, where they came to constitute a significant proportion of the population in many urban centers such as
1797:
887:
231:
background. Nazi policies of military aggression and its persecution of those deemed non-Germans in the
4746:
4658:
4636:
4555:
4540:
4356:
4336:
4178:
3772:
3453:
3096:
2688:
1633:
1362:
1262:
1115:
1051:
926:
contributed to the formation of a new understanding of faith and reason. At this time, the German monk
660:
2728:
4998:
4183:
3644:
3252:
2888:
1986:
1960:
1561:
1210:: German is the official language (de jure or de facto) and first language of most of the population.
1129:
What many Germans saw as the "humiliation of Versailles", continuing traditions of authoritarian and
126:
in the 16th century, many of these states found themselves in bitter conflict concerning the rise of
1249:
is the native language of most Germans. It is the key marker of German ethnic identity. German is a
1228: German (or a variety of German) is spoken by a sizeable minority but has no legal recognition.
4975:
4937:
4774:
4545:
2928:
2918:
793:
667:. Also under control of this loosely controlled empire were the previously independent kingdoms of
59:
979:
articulated the concept of a German identity rooted in language, and this notion helped spark the
5111:
4985:
4965:
4942:
4922:
4882:
4845:
4794:
4668:
4631:
4401:
4123:
3896:
3458:
2996:
2378:
Troebst, Stefan (2012). "The Discourse on Forced Migration and European Culture of Remembrance".
2008:
1906:
1757:
1626:
1593:
1414:
1398:
1370:
1250:
976:
896:
287:
20:
1023:
5151:
4912:
4887:
4850:
4709:
4641:
4470:
4361:
4351:
3516:
3351:
3338:
2838:
1621:
1402:
1258:
772:
240:
141:
88:
3082:
2789:
2678:
2633:
2585:
1747:
1374:
691:, all west of the Rhine. Leaders of the stem duchies which constituted this eastern kingdom —
5073:
4892:
4877:
4840:
4046:
3526:
3521:
3501:
3146:
1955:
1611:
1406:
1286:
950:
797:
780:
471:
Germany. These efforts were significantly hampered by the victory of a local alliance led by
191:, Austria-Hungary and the German Empire were partitioned, resulting in many Germans becoming
173:
2063:
1216: German is a co-official language but not the first language of most of the population.
4855:
4799:
4683:
4621:
4616:
4586:
4518:
4496:
4444:
4346:
3639:
3333:
2848:
2016:
1914:
1410:
1354:
1173:
1119:
1055:
1039:
1015:
996:
957:
938:
833:
576:
who had lived under heavy Roman influence between the Rhine and Elbe rivers. This included
268:
148:
in 1871, and a substantial additional number of Germans were in the multiethnic kingdom of
75:, or sometimes more broadly any people who are of German descent or native speakers of the
8:
5038:
4932:
4907:
4902:
4779:
4724:
4663:
4569:
4300:
4234:
4015:
3730:
3541:
3506:
2799:
1059:
1047:
1018:, but failed in their aim of forming a united German homeland. The Prussians proposed an
1011:
942:
907:
784:
728:
565:
4396:
3889:
3855:
2595:
Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues
1034:, Prussia expanded its sphere of influence and together with its German allies defeated
620:
in several directions including east of the Rhine, where he consolidated power over the
544:
5104:
5097:
4952:
4917:
4804:
4789:
4719:
4697:
4673:
4601:
4535:
4465:
4376:
4295:
4264:
4173:
4150:
4041:
4010:
4000:
3794:
3757:
3715:
3531:
3475:
3410:
3361:
3328:
3316:
3311:
3283:
3247:
3026:
3018:
2968:
2387:
1671:
1526:
1366:
1327:
992:
980:
923:
837:
704:
696:
629:
532:, which defines the Germanic language family, occurred during this period. The earlier
525:
516:
447:
382:
283:
177:
138:
134:
99:
33:
3676:
2993:
As German as Kafka: Identity and Singularity in German Literature around 1900 and 2000
1950:
509:
5058:
5033:
4980:
4927:
4741:
4513:
4305:
3789:
3725:
3705:
3700:
3649:
3634:
3581:
3553:
3536:
3480:
3420:
3415:
3321:
3100:
3052:
3030:
3008:
2932:
2892:
2852:
2803:
2762:
2692:
2651:
2603:
2020:
1918:
1837:
1761:
1683:
1536:
1378:
1254:
1118:, and sought to be incorporated into the German state, but this was forbidden by the
1031:
1030:
customs union to increase its power among the German states. Under the leadership of
788:
664:
561:
533:
443:
274:
169:
115:
1714:
1026:(1850), recreating the German Confederation. In response, Prussia sought to use the
906:
The Habsburg dynasty managed to maintain their grip upon the imperial throne in the
5120:
5068:
5063:
5053:
5048:
5043:
4870:
4835:
4809:
4481:
4285:
4254:
4209:
4204:
4005:
3985:
3963:
3867:
3777:
3762:
3752:
3735:
3690:
3682:
3654:
3558:
3511:
3496:
3430:
3398:
3371:
3366:
3276:
3139:
3086:
3000:
2589:
2012:
1994:
1910:
1471:
1270:
1185:
1134:
1082:. Competition for colonies between the Great Powers contributed to the outbreak of
972:
900:
813:
692:
656:
640:
573:
512:
429:
425:
421:
396:
307:
165:
157:
111:
1792:
930:
pushed for reforms within the Catholic Church. Luther's efforts culminated in the
572:
German ethnicity began to emerge in medieval times among the descendants of those
5023:
5018:
5013:
4960:
4386:
3823:
3720:
3710:
3671:
3343:
3257:
3240:
3213:
3090:
3048:
3042:
2962:
2922:
2882:
2842:
2793:
2756:
2682:
2641:
2593:
2581:
1751:
1598:
1490:
1430:
1422:
1312:
1282:
1246:
1235:
1190:
1111:
1103:
1079:
1063:
1043:
1022:
of the German states, but this effort was torpedoed by the Austrians through the
1004:
1000:
988:
841:
708:
700:
617:
604:. These peoples had come under the dominance of the western Franks starting with
521:
481:
348:
149:
76:
47:
5125:
5003:
4990:
4653:
4411:
3463:
3448:
3425:
3381:
3347:
3288:
3185:
3078:
1998:
1659:
1647:
1585:
1449:
1434:
1426:
1390:
1382:
1290:
1274:
1091:
1087:
817:
749:
732:
648:
529:
466:
in the 1st century BC. Gaul included parts of what is now Germany, west of the
392:
362:
248:
192:
181:
119:
1553:
German identity came to be defined by a shared descent, culture, and history.
643:(843), eventually resulting in the long-term separation between the states of
5140:
4366:
3918:
3801:
3393:
3376:
3355:
3201:
2958:
2878:
2684:
One Europe, Many Nations: A Historical Dictionary of European National Groups
2059:
1604:
1530:
1514:
1494:
1394:
1345:
1294:
1266:
1071:
927:
916:
776:
753:
601:
459:
358:
244:
228:
218:
208:
145:
127:
1545:
1332:
756:, and established what would eventually become the powerful German state of
343:
279:("culture of remembrance"), has become an integral part of German identity.
4751:
4426:
4421:
4391:
4290:
4244:
3767:
3269:
3038:
3022:
2752:
2637:
1616:
1418:
1358:
1293:, and is the first or second language of most Germans, but notably not the
1165:
1161:
1142:
1138:
1107:
1019:
984:
919:
went to the Spanish crown and continued to evolve separately from Germany.
792:
Lotharingia and Burgundy had come under the control of French dynasts, the
659:, non-Frankish dynasties also ruled the eastern kingdom, and under his son
652:
644:
609:
408:
264:
260:
252:
236:
200:
196:
161:
103:
84:
1497:. Another third does not profess any religion. Christian holidays such as
975:
among the Germans. By the late 18th century, German intellectuals such as
828:
504:
At the time of Caesar's invasion, much of Central Europe was inhabited by
323:
314:
4761:
4475:
4310:
4259:
4097:
3545:
1479:
1441:
1130:
1083:
931:
892:
737:
676:
613:
556:
549:
498:
451:
366:
188:
123:
3004:
2391:
1555:
956:
In the 18th century, German culture was significantly influenced by the
4970:
4591:
3901:
1543:, which means "ethnic" or "relating to the people". The German endonym
1486:
1318:
Italy, Hungary, Australia, South Africa, Chile, Paraguay, and Namibia.
1300:
1278:
1205:
1095:
1027:
779:
stopped expanding eastwards towards Hungary in the 11th century. Under
639:
In the generations after Charlemagne the empire was partitioned at the
633:
3838:
3262:
4581:
4229:
3659:
3192:
2599:
1498:
1475:
1150:
861:
771:
developed as kingdoms with their own non-German speaking elites. The
724:
715:
663:, East Francia, which was mostly German, constituted the core of the
597:
589:
232:
204:
153:
95:
37:
2720:
Germanen aus Sicht der Archäologie: Neue Thesen zu einem alten Thema
995:(1815), and left most of the German states loosely united under the
745:
195:
in newly established countries. In the chaotic years that followed,
4115:
3923:
3913:
2647:
1455:
1169:
968:
801:
720:
625:
605:
593:
581:
472:
433:
319:
212:
387:
4280:
4224:
4146:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3935:
1386:
1035:
1010:
Throughout the 19th century, Prussia continued to grow in power.
953:. Charles V and his Habsburg dynasty defended Roman Catholicism.
946:
849:
845:
768:
764:
757:
684:
494:
486:
370:
353:
339:
107:
72:
28:
19:
This article is about the people of Germany. For other uses, see
3945:
3131:
294:
among countries of the world in the number of total recipients.
4061:
4056:
3833:
3740:
2465:
1539:. These peoples came to be referred to by the High German term
1510:
1506:
1502:
1341:
680:
621:
585:
577:
152:. During this time, a large number of Germans emigrated to the
2344:
2342:
2190:
2188:
2186:
4240:
Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples
4219:
3877:
2964:
In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language Archeology and Myth
2329:
2327:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2159:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
1513:
community, which was decimated in the Holocaust. Remembering
805:
688:
505:
467:
400:
524:, which was a Celtic influenced culture that existed in the
4073:
3940:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2339:
2276:
2274:
2183:
1445:
1146:
844:
in yellow, and other member states in grey. Large parts of
463:
438:
404:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2324:
2286:
2219:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2147:
2114:
1470:) is an important part of German culture, particularly in
1054:. In 1871, the Prussian coalition decisively defeated the
983:
movement, which sought to unify the Germans into a single
271:. In modern times, remembrance of the Holocaust, known as
133:
In the 19th century, the Holy Roman Empire dissolved, and
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
999:. The confederation came to be dominated by the Catholic
508:, and it had long been strongly influenced by the celtic
2727:
Timpe, Dieter; Scardigli, Barbara; et al. (2010) .
2446:
2410:
2271:
2090:
identity would gradually develop during the Middle Ages.
2482:
2480:
2354:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2200:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
528:, in the region near the Elbe river. It is likely that
2492:
2398:
2259:
1867:
1794:
Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz
808:
were no longer subject to effective imperial control.
515:. In contrast, since at least the 2nd century BC, the
2545:
2535:
2533:
2531:
1631:
2477:
2422:
2303:
2240:
2135:
2095:
1575:
1535:
A German ethnic identity began to emerge during the
922:
The introduction of printing by the German inventor
365:
in English, which is now a national language of the
361:, for the related dialects of what is still called
2557:
2528:
2516:
2171:
1903:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
2434:
1709:
1707:
1705:
5138:
2729:"Germanen, Germania, Germanische Altertumskunde"
1145:. In his quest to subjugate Europe, six million
1066:. After taking Paris, Prussia and their allies
446:in 972 (red line) and 1035 (red dots) with the
184:also included a substantial German population.
2726:
2165:
1702:
1505:are celebrated by many Germans. The number of
1348:is an essential part of modern German culture.
1014:, German revolutionaries set up the temporary
172:, and they established sizable communities in
4131:
3799:
3147:
1799:Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
1485:A steadily shrinking majority of Germans are
1137:all contributed to the rise of Austrian-born
114:in the 10th century, forming the core of the
4095:
3267:
3199:
3183:
3176:
2787:
2504:
2471:
1242:Geographical distribution of German speakers
1086:, in which the German, Austro-Hungarian and
937:Religious schism was a leading cause of the
272:
216:
4250:Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)
4105:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
1829:
1827:
1825:
852:did not belong to the German Confederation.
83:, implemented in 1949 following the end of
4138:
4124:
3154:
3140:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
1985:
1979:
1306:
259:from Central and Eastern Europe. In 1990,
1062:, annexing the German speaking region of
489:. At this time, the Germanic peoples, or
462:, who gave an account of his conquest of
239:in which the Nazi regime was defeated by
2788:Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2005).
2761:(2009 ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
2643:Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia
2580:
2510:
2428:
2365:
2348:
2213:
2194:
1884:
1855:
1849:
1822:
1517:is an important part of German culture.
1331:
1184:
886:
870:
855:
827:
600:- all of whom spoke related dialects of
555:
543:
437:
386:
98:began with the separation of a distinct
27:
3685:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
3679:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
2957:
2676:
2498:
2404:
2377:
2333:
2297:
2265:
2234:
2129:
2045:
1943:
1338:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
5139:
2717:
2153:
2141:
1931:from the original on 24 September 2021
1478:. An important German festival is the
1102:which led to the establishment of the
4119:
3135:
3077:
3037:
2917:
2877:
2837:
2816:from the original on 28 November 2015
2628:
2486:
2459:
2440:
2416:
2318:
2280:
2253:
2108:
1967:from the original on 30 November 2020
1861:
1833:
1742:
1740:
1725:from the original on 13 November 2020
1608:, ZDF's documentary television series
632:. Charlemagne was crowned emperor by
58:
4145:
2987:
2751:
2664:from the original on 10 January 2017
2616:from the original on 14 October 2017
2563:
2551:
2539:
2522:
2177:
2017:10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001
1915:10.1093/acref/9780192830982.001.0001
1896:
1806:from the original on 7 November 2020
1774:from the original on 4 February 2021
1509:is growing. There is also a notable
800:. Step by step, Italy, Switzerland,
71:) are the natives or inhabitants of
2739:from the original on 17 August 2021
2058:
1448:. Germans consume a high amount of
539:
485:by the 1st century Roman historian
13:
3065:from the original on 5 August 2020
2830:
2775:from the original on 23 April 2023
2705:from the original on 21 March 2015
2079:from the original on 31 March 2019
1737:
415:
164:. Large numbers also emigrated to
14:
5163:
3161:
3127:
2975:from the original on 3 March 2021
2733:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
1715:"German Definition & Meaning"
823:
714:A warrior nobility dominated the
407:rivers, a region which the early
3113:from the original on 27 May 2021
3092:The Barbarians of Ancient Europe
2945:from the original on 27 May 2021
2905:from the original on 27 May 2021
2865:from the original on 27 May 2021
2795:Encyclopedia of European Peoples
2033:from the original on 9 June 2021
1956:Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia
1677:
1665:
1653:
1641:
1578:
1050:, subsequently establishing the
866:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
411:attempted to conquer and control
391:A map depicting the short-lived
4342:German revolutions of 1848–1849
4311:Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)
2573:
2380:The Hungarian Historical Review
2371:
2004:The Oxford Classical Dictionary
748:. During the 13th century, the
4327:Early modern period, 1500–1800
4215:List of early Germanic peoples
2069:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
1890:
1843:
1786:
1440:Popular German dishes include
530:first Germanic consonant shift
477:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
304:List of terms used for Germans
1:
4450:History of Germany since 1990
2074:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
1695:
1493:, while one third adheres to
94:The history of Germans as an
1753:Oxford Dictionary of English
1253:language closely related to
1155:had to flee or were expelled
160:, especially to present-day
7:
3586:Alsatians and Lotharingians
1571:
1520:
1180:
1168:became focal points of the
891:People standing on top the
10:
5168:
4357:North German Confederation
4337:Confederation of the Rhine
3097:Cambridge University Press
2689:Greenwood Publishing Group
2166:Timpe & Scardigli 2010
2064:"Germany: Ancient History"
1987:Drinkwater, John Frederick
1817:descendant of such person.
1524:
1363:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
1325:
1321:
1310:
1239:
1233:
1116:Republic of German-Austria
1070:the formation of a united
1052:North German Confederation
419:
380:
376:
301:
18:
5091:
4951:
4831:
4822:
4705:
4696:
4577:
4568:
4504:
4495:
4458:
4437:
4319:
4273:
4197:
4166:
4157:
4088:
4034:
3956:
3814:
3625:
3605:
3569:
3489:
3441:
3304:
3228:
3221:
3212:
3169:
2889:Columbia University Press
1961:Columbia University Press
1562:constitutional patriotism
1098:, were overthrown in the
5147:Ethnic groups in Germany
4509:Administrative divisions
2472:Waldman & Mason 2005
1690:
949:, under the rule of the
899:in 1989 in front of the
794:House of Valois-Burgundy
628:, thus establishing the
297:
290:where Germany is ranked
87:, defines a German as a
3606:Multinational dimension
2997:Leuven University Press
2839:Craig, Gordon Alexander
2677:Minahan, James (2000).
2009:Oxford University Press
1907:Oxford University Press
1758:Oxford University Press
1627:Demographics of Germany
1594:Ethnic groups in Europe
1415:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
1399:Karl Friedrich Schinkel
1371:Johann Gottfried Herder
1307:Geographic distribution
1124:Treaty of Saint-Germain
977:Johann Gottfried Herder
399:, situated between the
199:became the dictator of
81:constitution of Germany
4770:Science and technology
4471:History of Brandenburg
4362:Unification of Germany
4352:Frankfurt Constitution
4096:
3800:
3527:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3268:
3200:
3184:
3177:
2718:Steuer, Heiko (2021).
1796:(ed.). "Article 116".
1622:Persecution of Germans
1564:), or the notion of a
1403:Caspar David Friedrich
1349:
1231:
932:Protestant Reformation
903:
884:
868:
853:
569:
553:
455:
412:
273:
217:
156:, particularly to the
144:most Germans into its
51:
40:
4407:Flight and expulsions
3083:"The Ancient Germans"
1997:; Spawforth, Antony;
1760:. 2010. p. 733.
1612:Anti-German sentiment
1537:early medieval period
1525:Further information:
1407:Johann Sebastian Bach
1335:
1240:Further information:
1188:
1160:The German states of
1149:were murdered in the
1106:. The Germans of the
951:House of Hohenzollern
890:
874:
859:
831:
798:House of Valois-Anjou
752:began conquering the
559:
547:
441:
390:
302:Further information:
288:Nobel prize laureates
187:Following the end of
31:
5079:World Heritage Sites
4757:German states by GDP
4347:German Confederation
4026:United Arab Emirates
3334:Transylvanian Saxons
3099:. pp. 211–232.
3049:Blackwell Publishing
2849:New American Library
2802:. pp. 330–335.
2735:. pp. 363–876.
2691:. pp. 287–294.
2650:. pp. 171–177.
2602:. pp. 313–316.
1897:Hoad, T. F. (2003).
1489:. About a third are
1411:Ludwig van Beethoven
1405:, and the composers
1355:Age of Enlightenment
1133:ideologies, and the
1120:Treaty of Versailles
1056:Second French Empire
1040:Second Schleswig War
1024:Punctation of Olmütz
1016:Frankfurt Parliament
997:German Confederation
834:German Confederation
347:is derived from the
318:is derived from the
4715:Automobile industry
4301:Carolingian dynasty
4235:History of the Huns
3613:Central and Eastern
3517:Italy (South Tyrol)
3005:10.2307/j.ctvss3xg0
2969:Thames & Hudson
2961:(1991). "Germans".
2800:Infobase Publishing
2474:, pp. 334–335.
2462:, pp. 176–177.
2419:, pp. 171–172.
2351:, pp. 314–315.
2336:, pp. 291–292.
2300:, pp. 290–291.
2283:, pp. 173–174.
2237:, pp. 289–290.
2197:, pp. 313–314.
2156:, p. 89, 1310.
2132:, pp. 288–289.
1375:Friedrich Hölderlin
1100:November Revolution
1060:Franco-Prussian War
1048:Austro-Prussian War
943:Peace of Westphalia
908:early modern period
864:in a mass grave at
729:Saxon Eastern March
616:, who expanded the
566:Peace of Westphalia
548:Maps depicting the
137:began to grow. The
4785:Telecommunications
4466:History of Prussia
4382:Revolution of 1918
4377:War guilt question
4296:Carolingian Empire
4265:Sack of Rome (410)
4174:History of Germany
3758:Pennsylvania Dutch
2971:. pp. 84–87.
1527:German nationalism
1393:, the philosopher
1367:Friedrich Schiller
1350:
1328:Culture of Germany
1232:
993:Congress of Vienna
981:German nationalist
973:national awakening
924:Johannes Gutenberg
904:
885:
869:
854:
848:and some parts of
832:Boundaries of the
731:in the north, the
723:to "liberate" the
630:Carolingian Empire
570:
554:
526:Pre-Roman Iron Age
517:Germanic languages
456:
448:Kingdom of Germany
413:
383:History of Germany
139:Kingdom of Prussia
135:German nationalism
100:Kingdom of Germany
41:
5134:
5133:
5087:
5086:
4818:
4817:
4732:Chemical Triangle
4692:
4691:
4679:Political parties
4627:Foreign relations
4564:
4563:
4491:
4490:
4402:Allied occupation
4306:Holy Roman Empire
4113:
4112:
4084:
4083:
3621:
3620:
3421:Russian Mennonite
3106:978-0-521-19404-4
3087:Bonfante, Larissa
3044:The Early Germans
2924:A German Identity
2768:978-1-4051-3756-0
2758:The Early Germans
2554:, pp. 33–34.
1995:Hornblower, Simon
1838:Volksgemeinschaft
1379:E. T. A. Hoffmann
1263:Saterland Frisian
1230:
1032:Otto von Bismarck
939:Thirty Years' War
789:House of Habsburg
742:Kingdom of Poland
665:Holy Roman Empire
655:. Beginning with
562:Holy Roman Empire
534:Nordic Bronze Age
497:in the east, and
444:Holy Roman Empire
312:The English term
275:Erinnerungskultur
251:, and the former
193:ethnic minorities
116:Holy Roman Empire
60:[ˈdɔʏtʃə]
38:German Parliament
16:People of Germany
5159:
5114:
5107:
5100:
5064:Prussian virtues
4829:
4828:
4737:Economic history
4703:
4702:
4597:
4575:
4574:
4526:Cities and towns
4502:
4501:
4482:Baden Revolution
4286:Treaty of Verdun
4255:Marcomannic Wars
4210:Migration Period
4205:Germanic peoples
4189:Military history
4164:
4163:
4140:
4133:
4126:
4117:
4116:
4101:
4052:Papua New Guinea
3890:Kapitaï and Koba
3856:Kapitaï and Koba
3805:
3683:Los Lagos Region
3665:British Columbia
3273:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3205:
3189:
3180:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3034:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2723:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2582:Haarmann, Harald
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2386:(3/4): 397–414.
2375:
2369:
2363:
2352:
2346:
2337:
2331:
2322:
2316:
2301:
2295:
2284:
2278:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2238:
2232:
2217:
2211:
2198:
2192:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2112:
2106:
2093:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2056:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1831:
1820:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1711:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1588:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1472:Southern Germany
1397:, the architect
1227:
1221:
1215:
1198:
1194:
1135:Great Depression
901:Brandenburg Gate
814:Hanseatic League
750:Teutonic Knights
657:Henry the Fowler
641:Treaty of Verdun
574:Germanic peoples
540:Medieval history
513:material culture
454:, marked in blue
430:Germanic peoples
426:Limes Germanicus
422:Germania Antiqua
397:Germania Antiqua
308:Names of Germany
278:
222:
215:, and so-called
112:Ottonian dynasty
70:
69:
68:
62:
57:
5167:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5083:
4947:
4898:Life expectancy
4814:
4688:
4659:Law enforcement
4595:
4560:
4487:
4454:
4433:
4417:Divided Germany
4387:Weimar Republic
4315:
4281:Frankish Empire
4269:
4193:
4159:
4153:
4144:
4114:
4109:
4080:
4030:
3952:
3810:
3677:Los Ríos Region
3617:
3601:
3565:
3490:Southern Europe
3485:
3459:North Schleswig
3442:Northern Europe
3437:
3300:
3241:Sudeten Germans
3208:
3165:
3160:
3130:
3125:
3116:
3114:
3107:
3079:Wells, Peter S.
3068:
3066:
3059:
3015:
2978:
2976:
2948:
2946:
2939:
2908:
2906:
2899:
2868:
2866:
2859:
2833:
2831:Further reading
2828:
2819:
2817:
2810:
2778:
2776:
2769:
2742:
2740:
2708:
2706:
2699:
2667:
2665:
2658:
2630:Moser, Johannes
2619:
2617:
2610:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2538:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2493:
2485:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2403:
2399:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2355:
2347:
2340:
2332:
2325:
2317:
2304:
2296:
2287:
2279:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2241:
2233:
2220:
2212:
2201:
2193:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2160:
2152:
2148:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2115:
2107:
2096:
2082:
2080:
2057:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2027:
2011:. p. 613.
1999:Eidinow, Esther
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1925:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1868:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1832:
1823:
1809:
1807:
1791:
1787:
1777:
1775:
1768:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1728:
1726:
1719:Merriam-Webster
1713:
1712:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1678:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1654:
1652:
1642:
1640:
1632:
1599:German diaspora
1584:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1533:
1523:
1491:Roman Catholics
1431:Richard Strauss
1423:Johannes Brahms
1330:
1324:
1315:
1313:German diaspora
1309:
1283:Standard German
1257:(in particular
1244:
1238:
1236:German language
1229:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1196:
1191:German language
1183:
1114:proclaimed the
1104:Weimar Republic
1088:Ottoman Empires
1080:German diaspora
1064:Alsace-Lorraine
1042:and soon after
1005:German Question
1001:Austrian Empire
991:ended with the
989:Napoleonic Wars
860:Victims of the
826:
763:Further south,
618:Frankish empire
542:
522:Jastorf culture
436:
418:
416:Ancient history
385:
379:
349:Old High German
310:
300:
150:Austria-Hungary
108:Frankish Empire
77:German language
64:
63:
55:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5165:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5116:
5115:
5108:
5101:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4995:Cultural icons
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4957:
4955:
4949:
4948:
4946:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4826:
4820:
4819:
4816:
4815:
4813:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4775:Stock exchange
4772:
4767:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4717:
4712:
4706:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4589:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4559:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4479:
4473:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4414:
4412:Denazification
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4323:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4184:Historiography
4181:
4176:
4170:
4168:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4143:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4120:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4069:German Samoans
4066:
4065:
4064:
4059:
4049:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3960:
3958:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3894:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3848:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3826:
3820:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3750:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3680:
3669:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3631:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3597:United Kingdom
3594:
3589:
3579:
3573:
3571:
3570:Western Europe
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3464:Potato Germans
3461:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3399:North Caucasus
3396:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3341:
3336:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3314:
3308:
3306:
3305:Eastern Europe
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3265:
3260:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3236:Czech Republic
3232:
3230:
3229:Central Europe
3223:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3197:
3196:
3195:
3186:Reichsdeutsche
3181:
3178:Bundesdeutsche
3173:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3159:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3136:
3129:
3128:External links
3126:
3124:
3123:
3105:
3075:
3057:
3035:
3013:
2985:
2959:Mallory, J. P.
2955:
2937:
2927:(2 ed.).
2915:
2897:
2879:Elias, Norbert
2875:
2857:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2808:
2785:
2767:
2749:
2724:
2715:
2697:
2674:
2657:978-1598843026
2656:
2626:
2609:978-1317464006
2608:
2590:Danver, Steven
2577:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2556:
2544:
2527:
2515:
2503:
2501:, p. 174.
2491:
2489:, p. 176.
2476:
2464:
2445:
2433:
2421:
2409:
2407:, p. 288.
2397:
2370:
2368:, p. 316.
2353:
2338:
2323:
2321:, p. 174.
2302:
2285:
2270:
2268:, p. 290.
2258:
2256:, p. 173.
2239:
2218:
2216:, p. 314.
2199:
2182:
2170:
2168:, p. 636.
2158:
2146:
2134:
2113:
2111:, p. 172.
2094:
2060:Heather, Peter
2044:
2025:
2007:(4 ed.).
1978:
1942:
1923:
1889:
1887:, p. 313.
1866:
1854:
1842:
1821:
1785:
1767:978-0199571123
1766:
1736:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1586:Germany portal
1573:
1570:
1522:
1519:
1435:Richard Wagner
1427:Franz Schubert
1401:, the painter
1391:Brothers Grimm
1383:Heinrich Heine
1344:; remembering
1323:
1320:
1308:
1305:
1291:Central German
1234:Main article:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1195:
1182:
1179:
1092:Central Powers
967:altogether by
825:
824:Modern history
822:
818:Swabian League
773:Austrian March
733:Polabian Slavs
649:Middle Francia
541:
538:
501:in the north.
417:
414:
393:Roman province
378:
375:
299:
296:
284:German culture
249:United Kingdom
182:Russian Empire
120:Eastern Europe
89:German citizen
36:, seat of the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5164:
5153:
5152:German people
5150:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5113:
5109:
5106:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4938:Social issues
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4866:Ethnic groups
4864:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4494:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4445:Reunification
4443:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4367:German Empire
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4318:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4136:
4134:
4129:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4106:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3955:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3919:Dar es Salaam
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3804:
3803:
3802:Colonia Tovar
3798:
3797:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3753:United States
3751:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3604:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3449:Baltic states
3447:
3446:
3444:
3440:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3204:
3203:
3202:Volksdeutsche
3198:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3163:German people
3157:
3152:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3064:
3060:
3058:9781405117142
3054:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3039:Todd, Malcolm
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3014:9789462701786
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2956:
2944:
2940:
2934:
2930:
2929:Phoenix Press
2926:
2925:
2920:
2919:James, Harold
2916:
2904:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2774:
2770:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2753:Todd, Malcolm
2750:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2722:. de Gruyter.
2721:
2716:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2638:Cole, Jeffrey
2635:
2631:
2627:
2615:
2611:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2566:, p. 34.
2565:
2560:
2553:
2548:
2542:, p. 33.
2541:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2525:, p. 32.
2524:
2519:
2512:
2511:Haarmann 2015
2507:
2500:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2442:
2437:
2430:
2429:Haarmann 2015
2425:
2418:
2413:
2406:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2366:Haarmann 2015
2362:
2360:
2358:
2350:
2349:Haarmann 2015
2345:
2343:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2267:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2215:
2214:Haarmann 2015
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2196:
2195:Haarmann 2015
2191:
2189:
2187:
2180:, p. 11.
2179:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2155:
2150:
2144:, p. 32.
2143:
2138:
2131:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2110:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2091:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2032:
2028:
2026:9780191735257
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1930:
1926:
1924:9780192830982
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1886:
1885:Haarmann 2015
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1850:Haarmann 2015
1846:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1701:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1605:Die Deutschen
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1531:Pan-Germanism
1528:
1518:
1516:
1515:the Holocaust
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:Protestantism
1492:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1395:Immanuel Kant
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1347:
1346:the Holocaust
1343:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1319:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1295:Volga Germans
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:Luxembourgish
1264:
1260:
1259:North Frisian
1256:
1252:
1251:West Germanic
1248:
1243:
1237:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1192:
1187:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:Dual Monarchy
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1072:German Empire
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
959:
958:Enlightenment
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
933:
929:
928:Martin Luther
925:
920:
918:
917:low countries
913:
909:
902:
898:
894:
889:
882:
878:
873:
867:
863:
858:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
830:
821:
819:
815:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
786:
782:
778:
777:Middle Danube
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
754:Old Prussians
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
717:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:West Germanic
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
567:
563:
558:
551:
546:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
518:
514:
511:
507:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
483:
478:
474:
469:
465:
461:
460:Julius Caesar
453:
449:
445:
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
384:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:Low Countries
356:
355:
350:
346:
345:
341:
336:
332:
330:
326:
325:
321:
317:
316:
309:
305:
295:
293:
289:
285:
280:
277:
276:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:United States
243:, led by the
242:
241:allied powers
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
220:
219:Volksdeutsche
214:
210:
209:Luxembourgers
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:United States
155:
151:
147:
146:German Empire
143:
140:
136:
131:
129:
128:Protestantism
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
92:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
67:
61:
53:
49:
45:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
5112:Bibliography
4986:Coat of arms
4966:Architecture
4943:Trade unions
4923:Prostitution
4883:Homelessness
4860:
4846:Demographics
4795:Trade unions
4762:
4752:German model
4725:Central bank
4669:Conservatism
4632:Human rights
4617:Court system
4612:Constitution
4592:
4438:Contemporary
4427:West Germany
4422:East Germany
4397:World War II
4392:Nazi Germany
4332:18th-century
4291:East Francia
4245:Cimbrian War
3897:South Africa
3270:Walddeutsche
3162:
3115:. Retrieved
3091:
3067:. Retrieved
3043:
2992:
2977:. Retrieved
2963:
2947:. Retrieved
2923:
2907:. Retrieved
2883:
2867:. Retrieved
2843:
2818:. Retrieved
2794:
2777:. Retrieved
2757:
2741:. Retrieved
2732:
2719:
2707:. Retrieved
2683:
2666:. Retrieved
2642:
2618:. Retrieved
2594:
2574:Bibliography
2559:
2547:
2518:
2506:
2499:Minahan 2000
2494:
2467:
2436:
2424:
2412:
2405:Minahan 2000
2400:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2334:Minahan 2000
2298:Minahan 2000
2266:Minahan 2000
2261:
2235:Minahan 2000
2173:
2161:
2149:
2137:
2130:Minahan 2000
2088:
2081:. Retrieved
2067:
2035:. Retrieved
2002:
1981:
1969:. Retrieved
1954:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1902:
1892:
1857:
1845:
1815:
1808:. Retrieved
1798:
1788:
1776:. Retrieved
1752:
1727:. Retrieved
1718:
1617:Germanophile
1603:
1566:Kulturnation
1565:
1554:
1551:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1484:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1439:
1419:Joseph Haydn
1359:Romantic era
1351:
1316:
1299:
1285:is based on
1245:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1166:East Germany
1162:West Germany
1159:
1139:Adolf Hitler
1128:
1110:side of the
1076:
1020:Erfurt Union
1009:
985:nation state
962:
955:
936:
921:
905:
810:
762:
713:
653:East Francia
645:West Francia
638:
610:Stem duchies
571:
503:
490:
480:
457:
450:, including
409:Roman Empire
352:
342:
337:
333:
328:
322:
313:
311:
281:
265:East Germany
261:West Germany
253:Soviet Union
237:World War II
201:Nazi Germany
197:Adolf Hitler
186:
162:Pennsylvania
142:incorporated
132:
104:eastern part
96:ethnic group
93:
85:World War II
43:
42:
25:
4913:Pornography
4888:Immigration
4851:Drug policy
4763:Mittelstand
4710:Agriculture
4674:Nationalism
4647:Transgender
4531:Earthquakes
4478:, 1583-1588
4476:Cologne War
4372:World War I
4274:Middle Ages
4260:Gothic Wars
4098:Ostsiedlung
4047:New Zealand
4021:Philippines
3863:Ivory Coast
3748:Puerto Rico
3701:El Salvador
3592:Netherlands
3546:Gottscheers
3346:(including
3296:Switzerland
3117:23 December
3069:23 December
3023:j.ctvss3xg0
2979:23 December
2949:23 December
2909:23 December
2884:The Germans
2869:23 December
2844:The Germans
2820:22 December
2154:Steuer 2021
2142:Steuer 2021
2083:21 November
2037:22 December
1935:22 December
1778:22 December
1729:25 November
1672:Switzerland
1480:Oktoberfest
1442:brown bread
1287:High German
1193:in Europe:
1172:, but were
1143:Third Reich
1131:antisemitic
1090:formed the
1084:World War I
893:Berlin Wall
738:Ostsiedlung
677:Lotharingia
614:Charlemagne
550:Ostsiedlung
499:Scandinavia
452:Lotharingia
367:Netherlands
338:The German
189:World War I
174:New Zealand
124:Reformation
5141:Categories
5074:Television
5059:Philosophy
5034:Literature
4893:Irreligion
4878:Healthcare
4841:Corruption
4607:Chancellor
4596:(military)
4593:Bundeswehr
4011:Kyrgyzstan
4001:Kazakhstan
3902:Afrikaners
3696:Costa Rica
3660:Hutterites
3522:Yugoslavia
3502:Azerbaijan
3411:Bessarabia
3170:Historical
2989:Rock, Lena
2938:1842122045
2898:0231105630
2858:0452006228
2809:1438129181
2698:0313309841
2668:25 October
2487:Moser 2011
2460:Moser 2011
2441:Moser 2011
2417:Moser 2011
2319:Moser 2011
2281:Moser 2011
2254:Moser 2011
2109:Moser 2011
1971:5 December
1862:Moser 2011
1834:Moser 2011
1696:References
1684:Luxembourg
1487:Christians
1326:See also:
1311:See also:
1301:Low German
1279:Low German
1206:Sprachraum
1096:Wilhelm II
1068:proclaimed
1028:Zollverein
781:Ottokar II
634:Pope Leo I
564:after the
420:See also:
381:See also:
211:, eastern
110:under the
56:pronounced
5029:Libraries
5009:Festivals
4856:Education
4800:Transport
4765:companies
4684:President
4622:Elections
4587:Bundesrat
4582:Bundestag
4551:Mountains
4519:Districts
4497:Geography
4230:Visigoths
4167:Overviews
4042:Australia
3795:Venezuela
3778:Palatines
3726:Nicaragua
3706:Guatemala
3635:Argentina
3416:Black Sea
3362:Satu Mare
3322:Black Sea
3193:Palatines
3041:(2004a).
3031:241563332
2790:"Germans"
2679:"Germans"
2634:"Germans"
2600:Routledge
2586:"Germans"
2564:Rock 2019
2552:Rock 2019
2540:Rock 2019
2523:Rock 2019
2178:Todd 1999
1991:"Germans"
1951:"Germans"
1499:Christmas
1476:Rhineland
1468:Fastnacht
1458:(German:
1281:. Modern
1174:reunified
1151:Holocaust
965:dissolved
912:Charles V
862:Holocaust
840:in blue,
725:Holy Land
705:Thuringia
697:Franconia
636:in 800.
598:Baiuvarii
590:Thuringii
269:reunified
233:Holocaust
205:Austrians
178:Australia
154:New World
102:from the
34:Reichstag
5121:Category
5039:Internet
5024:Language
5014:Folklore
4933:Religion
4908:Pensions
4903:Naturism
4780:Taxation
4664:Lobbying
4637:Intersex
4570:Politics
4179:Timeline
4158:General
4151:articles
4089:See also
4016:Pakistan
3924:Zanzibar
3914:Bagamoyo
3909:Tanzania
3829:Cameroon
3763:Nebraska
3731:Paraguay
3691:Colombia
3627:Americas
3559:Bosporus
3542:Slovenia
3507:Bulgaria
3367:Bukovina
3352:Highland
3339:Landlers
3284:Slovakia
3214:Diaspora
3111:Archived
3081:(2011).
3063:Archived
2991:(2019).
2973:Archived
2943:Archived
2921:(2000).
2903:Archived
2881:(1996).
2863:Archived
2841:(1983).
2814:Archived
2779:22 April
2773:Archived
2755:(1999).
2743:22 April
2737:Archived
2709:11 March
2703:Archived
2662:Archived
2648:ABC-CLIO
2632:(2011).
2614:Archived
2584:(2015).
2392:42568610
2077:Archived
2031:Archived
2001:(eds.).
1989:(2012).
1965:Archived
1963:. 2013.
1929:Archived
1899:"German"
1804:Archived
1772:Archived
1748:"German"
1723:Archived
1572:See also
1556:Völkisch
1546:Deutsche
1521:Identity
1474:and the
1464:Fasching
1460:Karneval
1456:Carnival
1389:and the
1357:and the
1181:Language
1170:Cold War
1108:Austrian
969:Napoleon
897:its fall
877:expelled
875:Germans
836:in red,
816:and the
802:Lorraine
785:Rudolf I
721:Crusades
673:Burgundy
626:Frisians
606:Clovis I
594:Alemanni
582:Frisians
482:Germania
473:Arminius
434:Germania
344:Deutsche
320:ethnonym
257:expelled
213:Belgians
52:Deutsche
5098:Outline
5004:Fashion
4991:Cuisine
4953:Culture
4918:Poverty
4861:Germans
4824:Society
4805:Welfare
4790:Tourism
4747:Exports
4720:Banking
4698:Economy
4602:Cabinet
4541:Islands
4536:Geology
4459:Regions
4225:Teutons
4198:Ancient
4160:History
4147:Germany
4035:Oceania
3979:Tianjin
3974:Qingdao
3969:Beijing
3936:Baguida
3885:Senegal
3873:Nigeria
3868:Namibia
3839:Yaoundé
3790:Uruguay
3783:by city
3716:Jamaica
3645:Bolivia
3577:Belgium
3532:Croatia
3512:Georgia
3497:Armenia
3476:Finland
3454:Denmark
3431:Galicia
3406:Ukraine
3372:Dobruja
3329:Romania
3317:Moldova
3312:Belarus
3277:Galicia
3263:Olęders
3258:Vistula
3248:Hungary
3089:(ed.).
2640:(ed.).
2620:22 June
2592:(ed.).
1660:Austria
1648:Germany
1634:Portals
1541:diutisc
1507:Muslims
1450:alcohol
1387:Novalis
1322:Culture
1271:English
1255:Frisian
1058:in the
1046:in the
1044:Austria
1038:in the
1036:Denmark
1012:In 1848
947:Prussia
895:during
883:in 1948
850:Prussia
846:Austria
842:Austria
838:Prussia
787:of the
775:on the
769:Hungary
765:Bohemia
758:Prussia
736:as the
693:Bavaria
685:Cologne
510:La Tène
495:Vistula
491:Germani
487:Tacitus
475:at the
377:History
371:Belgium
354:diutisc
340:endonym
329:Germans
324:Germani
315:Germans
235:led to
106:of the
73:Germany
44:Germans
5126:Portal
4981:Cinema
4961:Anthem
4928:Racism
4742:Energy
4556:Rivers
4514:States
4484:, 1848
4320:Modern
4149:
4062:Rabaul
4057:Kokopo
3991:Israel
3851:Guinea
3834:Douala
3824:Angola
3816:Africa
3741:Pozuzo
3721:Mexico
3655:Canada
3650:Brazil
3640:Belize
3582:France
3554:Turkey
3537:Serbia
3481:Sweden
3471:Norway
3426:Crimea
3389:Russia
3382:Zipser
3356:Walser
3354:, and
3344:Danube
3289:Zipser
3253:Poland
3222:Europe
3103:
3055:
3029:
3021:
3011:
2935:
2895:
2855:
2806:
2765:
2695:
2654:
2606:
2390:
2023:
1921:
1810:3 June
1764:
1511:Jewish
1503:Easter
1342:Berlin
1277:, and
1247:German
1226:
1220:
1214:
1201:German
1199:
1197:
881:Poland
804:, and
746:Gdańsk
716:feudal
709:Saxony
707:, and
701:Swabia
681:Aachen
675:, and
661:Otto I
622:Saxons
586:Saxons
578:Franks
568:, 1648
432:, and
247:, the
225:Jewish
180:. The
170:Brazil
166:Canada
79:. The
48:German
21:German
5105:Index
5069:Sport
5054:Names
5049:Music
5044:Media
4999:Dance
4871:Women
4836:Crime
4810:Women
4546:Lakes
4220:Goths
4006:Korea
3996:Japan
3986:India
3964:China
3878:Lagos
3846:Ghana
3773:Omaha
3768:Texas
3711:Haiti
3672:Chile
3394:Volga
3377:Regat
3348:Banat
3085:. In
3027:S2CID
3019:JSTOR
2636:. In
2588:. In
2388:JSTOR
1993:. In
1691:Notes
1466:, or
1275:Dutch
879:from
806:Savoy
719:five
689:Trier
669:Italy
506:Celts
468:Rhine
401:Rhine
363:Dutch
351:term
298:Names
292:third
267:were
5019:Flag
4976:Arts
4642:LGBT
4074:Apia
3957:Asia
3946:Lomé
3941:Sebe
3931:Togo
3736:Peru
3119:2020
3101:ISBN
3071:2020
3053:ISBN
3009:ISBN
2981:2020
2951:2020
2933:ISBN
2911:2020
2893:ISBN
2871:2020
2853:ISBN
2822:2020
2804:ISBN
2781:2023
2763:ISBN
2745:2023
2711:2016
2693:ISBN
2670:2015
2652:ISBN
2622:2018
2604:ISBN
2085:2020
2039:2020
2021:ISBN
1973:2020
1937:2020
1919:ISBN
1812:2021
1780:2020
1762:ISBN
1731:2020
1529:and
1501:and
1446:stew
1444:and
1433:and
1289:and
1261:and
1189:The
1164:and
1147:Jews
1122:and
796:and
767:and
687:and
651:and
624:and
596:and
560:The
464:Gaul
442:The
405:Elbe
403:and
369:and
306:and
263:and
229:Roma
176:and
168:and
32:The
4971:Art
4654:Law
3001:doi
2013:doi
1911:doi
1340:in
1265:),
395:of
227:or
130:.
5143::
3350:,
3109:.
3095:.
3061:.
3051:.
3047:.
3025:.
3017:.
3007:.
2999:.
2995:.
2967:.
2941:.
2931:.
2901:.
2891:.
2887:.
2861:.
2851:.
2847:.
2812:.
2798:.
2792:.
2771:.
2731:.
2701:.
2687:.
2681:.
2660:.
2646:.
2612:.
2598:.
2530:^
2479:^
2448:^
2382:.
2356:^
2341:^
2326:^
2305:^
2288:^
2273:^
2242:^
2221:^
2202:^
2185:^
2116:^
2097:^
2087:.
2072:.
2066:.
2062:.
2047:^
2029:.
2019:.
1959:.
1953:.
1927:.
1917:.
1909:.
1905:.
1901:.
1869:^
1824:^
1814:.
1802:.
1770:.
1756:.
1750:.
1739:^
1721:.
1717:.
1704:^
1482:.
1462:,
1437:.
1429:,
1425:,
1421:,
1417:,
1413:,
1409:,
1385:,
1381:,
1377:,
1373:,
1369:,
1365:,
1336:A
1297:.
1273:,
1269:,
1126:.
1074:.
1007:.
960:.
934:.
760:.
703:,
699:,
695:,
683:,
671:,
647:,
592:,
588:,
584:,
580:,
428:,
424:,
373:.
207:,
54:,
50::
4139:e
4132:t
4125:v
3588:)
3584:(
3548:)
3544:(
3358:)
3155:e
3148:t
3141:v
3121:.
3073:.
3033:.
3003::
2983:.
2953:.
2913:.
2873:.
2824:.
2783:.
2747:.
2713:.
2672:.
2624:.
2394:.
2384:1
2041:.
2015::
1975:.
1939:.
1913::
1782:.
1733:.
1636::
46:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
