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1072:) of the parliament below can also be seen from inside the dome, and natural light from above radiates down to the parliament floor. A large sun shield tracks the movement of the sun electronically and blocks direct sunlight which would not only cause large solar gain, but dazzle those below. Construction work was finished in 1999 and the seat of parliament was transferred to the
748:
was modified into a legislative chamber and served as the location of all parliamentary sessions, whilst the
Reichstag building became the setting for political exhibitions. In 1939, the library and archive were moved elsewhere, and the windows bricked up as the building was made into a fortress. By
869:
In 1956, after some debate, the West German government decided that the
Reichstag should not be torn down, but be restored instead under the guidance of Paul Baumgarten. The cupola of the original building, which had also been heavily damaged in the war, was dismantled, and the outside façade made
984:
During the reconstruction, the building was first almost completely gutted, taking out everything except the outer walls, including all changes made by
Baumgarten in the 1960s. Respect for the historic aspects of the building was one of the conditions stipulated to the architects, so traces of
985:
historical events were to be retained in a visible state. Among them were bullet holes and graffiti left by Soviet soldiers after the final battle for Berlin in April–May 1945. However, graffiti considered offensive was removed, in agreement with
Russian diplomats at the time.
602:("To the German People") were placed above the main façade of the building, much to the displeasure of Wilhelm II, who had tried to block the adding of the inscription for its democratic significance. During the revolutionary days of 1918, two days before
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of each kingdom, as well as smaller devices representing various German city-states, flanked the main entrance, celebrating the process of unification. Some of the
Reichstag's decorative sculptures, reliefs, and inscriptions were by sculptor
272:
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its capital, violating this provision. Until 1990, the building was thus used only for occasional representative meetings, and one-off events, such as a free concert given by
British rock band
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in 1995, attracting millions of visitors. The project was financed by the artists through the sale of preparatory drawings and collages, as well as early works of the 1950s and 1960s.
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545:. Wallot adorned the building's façade with crowns and eagles symbolising imperial strength. The building's four corner towers represented the four German kingdoms at unification,
2007:
1750:
992:, not least because of the huge glass dome that was erected on the roof as a gesture to the original 1894 cupola, giving an impressive view over the city, especially at night.
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and many others. The event included huge firework displays. The following day the parliament of the united
Germany assembled as a symbolic act in the Reichstag building.
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had not yet been decided upon. Only after a fierce debate, considered by many as one of the most memorable sessions of parliament, on 20 June 1991, did the
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Reconstruction was completed in 1999, with the
Bundestag convening there officially for the first time on 19 April of that year. The Reichstag is now
589:, took a more jaundiced view of parliamentary democracy than his grandfather. The original building was acclaimed for the construction of an original
100:
1732:
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2101:
1595:
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383:, on 19 April 1999. A landmark of the city is the redesigned walk-in glass dome above the plenary chamber, proposed by artist and architect
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prevented its use as a parliament building by either of the two
Germanies. From 1995 to 1999, the Reichstag was fundamentally redesigned by
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1973:
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625:, when workers tried to protest against a law that would restrict their rights; it was the bloodiest demonstration in German history.
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After the war, the building was modernised and restored in the 1960s and used for exhibitions and special events, as its location in
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of steel and glass, considered an engineering feat at the time. But its mixture of architectural styles drew widespread criticism.
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617:
from one of the balconies of the
Reichstag building on 9 November. The building continued to be the seat of the parliament of the
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2295:
1419:
614:
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4. In 1872, an architectural contest with 103 participating architects was carried out to erect a new building, a contest won by
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agitators. He used it as a pretext to claim that Communists were plotting against the German government, and induced President
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was asked to include a dome solution in his draft reconstruction proposal, which he included in his 10 February 1995 plans.
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The large glass dome at the very top of the Reichstag has a 360° view of the surrounding Berlin cityscape. The main hall (
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The Reichstag covered in scaffolding during its reconstruction, August 1998. The new dome can be seen above the roofline.
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1901:
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955:
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The artistic and practical value of his work was the subject of much debate after German reunification. Under the 1971
348:. The 1933 fire became a pivotal event in the entrenchment of the Nazi regime. The building took further damage during
1936:
1858:
1839:
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790:
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877:, Berlin was formally outside the bounds of either East or West Germany, and so the West German parliament, the
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1982:
1928:
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744:, the building was not used for parliamentary sessions for the next 12 years of Nazi rule. Instead, the nearby
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In 1882, another architectural contest was held, with 200 architects participating. This time, the winner—the
336:. The Reich's Federal Council also originally met there. The building was initially used by the Reichstag for
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simpler with the removal of ornaments and statues. Reconstruction started in 1961, and was complete by 1971.
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Rabinbach, Anson (2008). "Staging Antifascism: The Brown Book of the Reichstag Fire and Hitler Terror".
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in 1871. Starting in 1871, and for the next 23 years, the parliament met in the former property of the
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1976:[At the gates of power. The demonstration on January 13, 1920 in front of the Reichstag]
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1751:"Touring the Reichstag: How Germany and Sir Norman Foster Gave the Building Back to the Public"
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885:, was not allowed to assemble formally in West Berlin. This prohibition was obeyed even though
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suspending civil liberties, and pursue a "ruthless confrontation" with the Communists.
621:(1919–1933), which was still called the Reichstag. Up to 42 protesters died during the
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has not been used by German parliaments since World War II. In today's usage, the word
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1943, the building was used as a hospital, and a radio tube manufacturing facility by
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1991:
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1960:
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on 29 August 1981. It was also used for a widely lauded permanent exhibition about
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Photos of the Reichstag from 1989 and Photos of the 1945 Battle for the Reichstag.
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1974:"Vor den Toren der Macht. Die Demonstration am 13. Januar 1920 vor dem Reichstag"
1891:
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1658:"Christo and Jeanne-Claude's Final Project Arrives amid Growing Market Interest"
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1995:
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The Reichstag building in 1970, before reconstruction. Note the missing dome.
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329:
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218:
115:
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2003:
577:, at the east side of the Königsplatz. Before construction was completed by
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in April of that year. The dome is open to visitors by prior registration.
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19:
This article is about the building in Berlin, Germany. For other uses, see
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www.reichstag.de "Registering to visit the dome of the Reichstag Building"
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510:), which was then occupied by the palace of a Polish-Prussian aristocrat,
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2026:
Zenter, Christian; Bedurftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997). "Reichstag fire".
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ceremony on 3 October 1990 was held at the Reichstag building, including
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603:
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364:
325:
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Graffiti left by Soviet soldiers on the walls of the Reichstag, May 1945
429:, which left the building (and ceased to act as a parliament) after the
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The Reichstag as seen from the north-east in 2017, after reconstruction
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717:. Despite the firefighters' efforts, most of the building was gutted.
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135:
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of 1933 prevented further use and the Reichstag moved to the nearby
1261:
The Transparent State: Architecture and Politics in Postwar Germany
845:
758:
725:, was the apparent culprit; however, Hitler attributed the fire to
353:
1560:
1893:
Republic to Reich: The Making of the Nazi Revolution; Ten Essays
681:
The Reichstag building, constitution celebration, 11 August 1932
2144:
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The Reichstag's west facade and illuminated dome at night from
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78:
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2152:
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attack on the Reichstag building, precisely four weeks after
702:
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1200:"Reichstag, New German Parliament | Foster + Partners"
959:
706:
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project executed. The direct model for Wallot's design was
1610:
1240:, Volume 1, New York: The New York Review of Books, 2007,
573:
On 29 June 1884, the foundation stone was finally laid by
371:
for its permanent use as a parliament building in the now
1711:
1510:
1498:
1474:
1873:
Bloody Streets: The Soviet Assault on Berlin, April 1945
761:
to capture, due to its perceived symbolic significance.
352:, and its symbolism made it an important target for the
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Germany. The keys were ceremonially handed over to the
2025:
1438:
1398:
1218:
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conclude with quite a slim majority in favour of both
866:("You people of the world...look upon this city...").
757:
in 1945, it became one of the central targets for the
316:
building was constructed between 1884 and 1894 in the
2030:. Translated by Hackett, Amy. Boston: Da Capo Press.
1377:
1365:
1125:
467:
2517:Prussian National Monument for the Liberation Wars
1353:
863:"Ihr Völker der Welt... schaut auf diese Stadt..."
472:Construction of the building began well after the
328:. It housed both the Reichstag legislature of the
2142:
293:), a historic legislative government building on
2742:
1299:"Germany Fails in Effort To Keep Builder Afloat"
52:, can be seen on the frieze above the entrance.
1925:The Berlin Police Force in the Weimar Republic
1689:"BERLIN 2021 | The Bundestag in the Reichstag"
1588:"Reichstag | History & Facts | Britannica"
2128:
990:the second most visited attraction in Germany
956:government and parliament returning to Berlin
518:. That property was unavailable at the time.
409:. The building was built for the Diet of the
1655:
1073:
949:
906:
878:
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848:emerged, the building was physically within
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597:
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477:
454:
444:
438:
396:
259:
43:
2801:Buildings and structures destroyed by arson
1656:Mun-Delsalle, Y.-Jean (14 September 2021).
1633:. Christo and Jeanne Claude. Archived from
1004:The Reichstag building during the official
663:The Reichstag building on the Königsplatz,
278:
2791:Rebuilt buildings and structures in Berlin
2135:
2121:
2108:Panoramic view of The Reichstag (building)
2102:Reichstag and vicinity at dawn, July 1971.
1832:Der Reichstag: Symbol Deutscher Geschichte
459:(Federal Diet) refers to the institution.
1948:
1456:
1257:
16:Seat of the federal parliament of Germany
1870:
1492:
835:
615:proclaimed the institution of a republic
2296:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe
1971:
1889:
1686:
1622:
1444:
1420:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
1371:
1321:
453:) refers mainly to the building, while
301:. It is also the meeting place of the
190:61,166 m (658,390 sq ft)
2756:Government buildings completed in 1894
2743:
1848:
1829:
1803:
1717:
1616:
1516:
1504:
1480:
1468:
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623:Reichstag Bloodbath of 13 January 1920
581:in 1894, Wilhelm I died (in 1888, the
480:Königliche Porzellan-Manufaktur Berlin
2116:
1922:
1910:from the original on 16 December 2023
1359:
1149:List of tourist attractions in Berlin
860:held a famous speech that ended with
264:
242:
2013:from the original on 15 January 2020
1761:from the original on 16 October 2023
1699:from the original on 16 October 2023
1668:from the original on 16 October 2023
1206:from the original on 30 October 2019
2028:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich
1631:"Wrapped Reichstag Berlin, 1971–95"
944:However, at that time, the role of
822:Ruins of the Reichstag building in
13:
2761:Buildings and structures in Berlin
1748:
1628:
1568:from the original on 18 April 2023
1264:. London: Routledge. p. 181.
1258:Barnstone, Deborah Ascher (2004).
973:by the Bulgarian-American artists
701:On 27 February 1933, there was an
70:Platz der Republik 1, 11011 Berlin
14:
2817:
2077:
2046:Reichstag: A Dome for the Capital
1598:from the original on 16 June 2023
1536:from the original on 27 July 2018
1530:"Barclay James Harvest Biography"
1426:from the original on 31 July 2018
1309:from the original on 9 March 2014
1297:Schmid, John (24 November 1999).
969:Before reconstruction began, the
911:("Questions on German history").
908:Fragen an die deutsche Geschichte
791:Raising a Flag over the Reichstag
468:Imperial and Weimar Republic eras
2680:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
2578:Berlin-Hohenschönhausen Memorial
2408:
2084:Website of the German parliament
1278:from the original on 21 May 2022
1128:
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1083:
1041:
1029:
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997:
914:
815:
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782:
766:
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541:, the main building of the 1876
36:
2806:Government buildings in Germany
2786:Government buildings with domes
2771:Legislative buildings in Europe
2104:From the "Berlin 1969" website.
1796:
1773:
1742:
1723:
1680:
1649:
1580:
1556:"Tangerine Dream - Berlin 1981"
1548:
1522:
1404:
1331:, New York: Basic Books, 2000,
2796:Seats of national legislatures
2487:Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church
1983:Arbeit - Bewegung - Geschichte
1929:University of California Press
1290:
1251:
1230:
1192:
1048:The Reichstag viewed from the
875:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
686:
433:and never returned, using the
421:. The latter would become the
320:on the left bank of the River
297:in Berlin, is the seat of the
1:
2776:Foster and Partners buildings
2766:Tourist attractions in Berlin
2301:Monument to Freedom and Unity
2232:Deutsches Historisches Museum
1871:Hamilton, A. Stephan (2008).
1834:(in German). Berlin: be.bra.
1789:. Retrieved 29 September 2011
1238:Makers of Modern Architecture
1180:
1144:List of legislative buildings
664:
413:, which was succeeded by the
266:[ˈʁaɪçstaːksɡəˌbɔʏdə]
2502:Museum Europäischer Kulturen
1687:Timothy (19 December 2021).
1090:The Reichstag building with
496:. The plan incorporated the
390:
7:
1851:Stalin and German Communism
1399:Zenter & Bedurftig 1997
1121:
852:, but in ruins. During the
831:
606:ended and just hours after
585:). His eventual successor,
340:, but severe damage in the
10:
2822:
2477:Haus der Kulturen der Welt
1972:Weipert, Axel (May 2012).
1853:. Transaction Publishers.
1175:Reichstag (disambiguation)
1061:
1010:flags of all German states
775:Reichstag building on fire
690:
596:In 1916, the iconic words
462:
377:President of the Bundestag
324:to plans by the architect
18:
2693:
2650:
2570:
2417:
2406:
2151:
2064:17 September 2023 at the
1965:10.1215/0094033X-2007-021
1809:Berlin: The Downfall 1945
1785:23 September 2011 at the
1159:Christo and Jeanne-Claude
897:on 30 August 1980 and by
643:
512:
506:
498:
486:
478:
401:, when used to connote a
332:and the Reichstag of the
214:
209:
199:
194:
186:
178:
173:
165:
157:
149:
141:
131:
92:
84:
74:
66:
61:
57:
35:
30:
2462:Freie Universität Berlin
2447:Berlin Zoological Garden
2351:Vorderasiatisches Museum
1923:Liang, Hsi-huey (1970).
1830:Cullen, Michael (2015).
1185:
1098:'s glass dome seen from
697:Reichstag (Nazi Germany)
529:—would actually see his
2143:Visitor attractions in
1471:, p. 380, 390–397.
1057:
195:Design and construction
169:47 m (154 ft)
2522:Schloss Charlottenburg
2507:Natural History Museum
2385:St. Hedwig's Cathedral
1890:Holborn, Hajo (1972).
1416:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1164:National Diet Building
1074:
950:
935:Richard von Weizsäcker
907:
879:
862:
841:
598:
583:Year of Three Emperors
474:unification of Germany
455:
445:
439:
397:
260:
235:
44:
2588:German-Russian Museum
2346:Museum of Islamic Art
1849:Fisher, Ruth (1948).
971:Reichstag was wrapped
895:Barclay James Harvest
839:
735:Reichstag Fire Decree
719:Marinus van der Lubbe
715:Chancellor of Germany
579:Philipp Holzmann A.G.
543:Centennial Exhibition
244:[ˈʁaɪçsˌtaːk]
116:52.51861°N 13.37611°E
2781:Landmarks in Germany
2660:Charlottenhof Palace
2492:Kaufhaus des Westens
2395:Topography of Terror
2331:Oranienburger Straße
2183:Berlin Wall Memorial
2173:Alte Nationalgalerie
2053:27 July 2023 at the
1739:Berlin International
1412:"The Reichstag Fire"
1346:10 June 2016 at the
1006:German reunification
937:, former Chancellor
921:German reunification
608:Wilhelm's abdication
514:Athanasius Raczyński
405:, dates back to the
307:President of Germany
161:1961–1964, 1992–1999
142:Construction started
50:To the German people
2718:Transport in Berlin
2675:Potsdam Roman Baths
2652:Metropolitan region
2640:Soviet War Memorial
2527:Soviet War Memorial
2276:Humboldt University
2070:Haus der Geschichte
1952:New German Critique
1944:- Total pages: 252
1875:. Helion & Co.
1619:, p. 185, 197.
962:. On 21 June 1994,
826:Berlin, 3 June 1945
731:Paul von Hindenburg
723:"council communist"
612:Philipp Scheidemann
599:Dem deutschen Volke
561:, and the heraldic
318:Tiergarten district
305:, which elects the
112: /
62:General information
45:Dem deutschen Volke
2751:Reichstag building
2467:Gas Lantern Museum
2440:Bundespräsidialamt
2358:Platz der Republik
2215:Checkpoint Charlie
1896:. Pantheon Books.
1866:- Total pages: 687
1735:2 May 2015 at the
1720:, p. 203–205.
1592:www.britannica.com
1519:, p. 158–169.
1507:, p. 139–148.
1483:, p. 121–138.
1327:David Clay Large,
1303:The New York Times
1115:Platz der Republik
842:
777:, 27 February 1933
507:Platz der Republik
437:instead; the term
303:Federal Convention
295:Platz der Republik
121:52.51861; 13.37611
2738:
2737:
2583:East Side Gallery
2542:Tempelhof Airport
2452:Botanical Gardens
2390:Staatsoper Berlin
2281:Kronprinzenpalais
1945:
1882:978-1-906033-12-5
1867:
1822:978-0-14-028696-0
1637:on 27 August 2007
1459:, p. 97–126.
1337:978-0-465-02646-3
1246:978-1-59017-227-8
746:Kroll Opera House
435:Kroll Opera House
407:Holy Roman Empire
346:Kroll Opera House
288:Imperial Assembly
261:Reichstagsgebäude
224:
223:
174:Technical details
2813:
2537:Tauentzienstraße
2412:
2400:Unter den Linden
2259:Hackescher Markt
2210:Brandenburg Gate
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2593:Karl-Marx-Allee
2566:
2532:Spandau Citadel
2435:Bellevue Palace
2430:Aquarium Berlin
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2363:Potsdamer Platz
2341:Pergamon Museum
2242:Friedrichstraße
2147:
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2055:Wayback Machine
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610:was announced,
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2059:Sites of Unity
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1903:978-0394471228
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1449:
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1437:
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1388:
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1064:Reichstag dome
1062:Main article:
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1959:(1): 97–126.
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1813:Penguin Books
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1749:Martin, Guy.
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1373:
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2625:Stasi Museum
2609:Molecule Man
2607:
2557:Viktoriapark
2472:Hauptbahnhof
2374:
2321:Neues Museum
2247:Tränenpalast
2188:Berliner Dom
2178:Altes Museum
2090:
2045:
2027:
2015:. Retrieved
1990:(2): 16–32.
1987:
1981:
1956:
1950:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1892:
1872:
1850:
1831:
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1797:Bibliography
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1754:
1744:
1725:
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1693:Trip By Trip
1692:
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1661:
1651:
1639:. Retrieved
1635:the original
1624:
1612:
1600:. Retrieved
1591:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1559:
1550:
1538:. Retrieved
1524:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1464:
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1445:Holborn 1972
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1415:
1406:
1379:
1372:Weipert 2012
1367:
1355:
1328:
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1302:
1292:
1280:. Retrieved
1260:
1253:
1237:
1232:
1220:
1208:. Retrieved
1194:
1067:
987:
983:
968:
943:
939:Willy Brandt
918:
887:East Germany
872:
868:
858:Ernst Reuter
843:
798:, 2 May 1945
789:
739:
711:Adolf Hitler
700:
595:
572:
568:Otto Lessing
563:coat of arms
535:Philadelphia
520:
471:
427:Nazi Germany
394:
362:
350:World War II
338:Nazi Germany
311:
256:
227:
225:
215:Architect(s)
200:Architect(s)
75:Town or city
49:
25:
2713:Spree River
2698:Berlin Wall
2615:Müggelberge
2368:Sony Center
2286:Kulturforum
2271:Hotel Adlon
2237:Fernsehturm
2205:Bode Museum
2166:Weltzeituhr
1718:Cullen 2015
1617:Cullen 2015
1517:Cullen 2015
1505:Cullen 2015
1481:Cullen 2015
1469:Beevor 2003
1384:Fisher 1948
1225:Cullen 2015
928:Helmut Kohl
891:East Berlin
850:West Berlin
687:Nazi period
668: 1900
639:Königsplatz
604:World War I
559:Württemberg
531:Neo-Baroque
527:Paul Wallot
500:Königsplatz
365:West Berlin
356:during the
326:Paul Wallot
204:Paul Wallot
179:Floor count
145:9 June 1884
119: /
94:Coordinates
2745:Categories
2665:New Palace
2603:Uber Arena
2547:Tiergarten
2291:Lustgarten
2227:DDR Museum
2037:0306807939
2017:15 January
1360:Liang 1970
1210:29 October
1181:References
925:Chancellor
721:, a Dutch
587:Wilhelm II
525:architect
449:(Imperial
240:pronounced
187:Floor area
107:13°22′34″E
104:52°31′07″N
48:, meaning
2708:Landmarks
2685:Sanssouci
2375:Reichstag
2091:Reichstag
1996:1610-093X
1765:8 October
1730:Reichstag
1703:8 October
1672:8 October
1602:8 October
1075:Bundestag
951:Bundestag
932:President
881:Bundestag
844:When the
727:Communist
644:Raczyński
641:with the
575:Wilhelm I
523:Frankfurt
504:(today's
456:Bundestag
446:Reichstag
440:Reichstag
431:1933 fire
423:Reichstag
415:Reichstag
398:Reichstag
395:The term
391:Etymology
373:reunified
236:Reichstag
228:Reichstag
158:Renovated
150:Completed
136:Bundestag
31:Reichstag
21:Reichstag
2089:Wrapped
2072:), 2022.
2062:Archived
2051:Archived
2008:Archived
2004:49930935
1914:27 April
1908:Archived
1807:(2003).
1783:Archived
1759:Archived
1733:Archived
1697:Archived
1666:Archived
1596:Archived
1572:18 April
1566:Archived
1534:Archived
1430:27 April
1424:Archived
1344:Archived
1313:31 March
1307:Archived
1276:Archived
1248:, p. 226
1204:Archived
1166:of Japan
1122:See also
846:Cold War
832:Cold War
759:Red Army
354:Red Army
2703:Culture
2562:Wannsee
1641:25 June
1561:YouTube
1282:4 March
1094:'s and
975:Christo
905:called
709:leader
551:Bavaria
547:Prussia
463:History
417:of the
282:
88:Germany
85:Country
67:Address
2728:S-Bahn
2723:U-Bahn
2220:museum
2145:Berlin
2034:
2002:
1994:
1935:
1900:
1879:
1857:
1838:
1819:
1755:Forbes
1335:
1329:Berlin
1268:
1244:
946:Berlin
591:cupola
555:Saxony
232:German
166:Height
79:Berlin
2153:Mitte
2011:(PDF)
1978:(PDF)
1662:Artsy
1540:2 May
1341:p. 59
1186:Notes
958:from
794:, by
703:arson
484:, at
322:Spree
2057:In:
2032:ISBN
2019:2020
2000:OCLC
1992:ISSN
1933:ISBN
1916:2023
1898:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1855:ISBN
1836:ISBN
1817:ISBN
1767:2023
1705:2023
1674:2023
1643:2009
1604:2023
1574:2023
1542:2020
1432:2023
1333:ISBN
1315:2013
1284:2021
1266:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1212:2019
1058:Dome
960:Bonn
773:The
707:Nazi
695:and
637:The
557:and
451:Diet
403:diet
312:The
279:lit.
226:The
153:1894
1961:doi
751:AEG
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425:of
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