Reichstag fire - Knowledge

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tasked to defend West German police officials, who had investigated the initial fire as SS members. In doing so, Tobias disregarded any information from persons who had been targeted by the Nazi regime as biased while accepting the testimony of former SS members as objective, even though their post-war testimony is clearly contradicted by records from 1933. Furthermore, Hett showed that Tobias used his access to secret archives to coerce historians with opposing views by threatening to reveal compromising personal information. Hett argues that the most recent evidence makes clear that the fire could not have been the work of an individual and Hett feels there is far more evidence of Nazi collaboration than there is of a communist plot. Historian

681:. These rights were not reinstated during Nazi reign. The decree was used by the Nazis to ban publications not considered friendly to the Nazi cause. Despite the fact that Marinus van der Lubbe claimed to have acted alone in the Reichstag fire, Hitler, after having obtained his emergency powers, announced that it was the start of a wider communist effort to take over Germany. Nazi Party newspapers then published this fabricated story. This sent the German population into a panic and isolated the communists further among the civilians; additionally, thousands of communists were imprisoned in the days following the fire (including leaders of the 872: 1225: 428: 1034: 868:

seven months in prison, five of them in chains night and day, you would understand it if one perhaps becomes a little strained." During the course of his defence, Dimitrov claimed that the organizers of the fire were senior members of the Nazi Party and frequently verbally clashed with Göring at the trial. The high point of the trial occurred on 4 November 1933, when Göring took the stand and was cross-examined by Dimitrov. The following exchange took place:

691:. Speaking to Rudolph Diels about communists during the Reichstag fire, Hitler said "These sub-humans do not understand how the people stand at our side. In their mouse-holes, out of which they now want to come, of course they hear nothing of the cheering of the masses." With communist electoral participation also suppressed (the communists previously polled 17% of the vote), the Nazis were able to increase their share of the vote in the 5 March 1933 1179:(DW) reported that according to an SA officer's sworn testimony, Van Der Lubbe could not have started the fire because the Reichstag was already on fire when he arrived with Van Der Lubbe, leading credence to the theory that this was a false flag operation Hitler used to seize power. The Enabling Act of 1933 was passed less than one month later and was the cornerstone of Hitler's rise to power. In 2008 Germany posthumously pardoned Van der Lubbe. 1201:. The affidavit by Martin Lennings (1904–1962), a former member of the Nazis' paramilitary SA unit, stated that on the night of the fire, he and his SA group drove Van der Lubbe from an infirmary to the Reichstag, where they noticed "a strange smell of burning and there were clouds of smoke billowing through the rooms". The statement suggests the fire had already started when they arrived and that the SA played a role in the arson. 831: 29: 1023:

Van der Lubbe's 1933 conviction and found him not guilty by reason of insanity. This ruling was overturned. However, in January 2008, he was pardoned under a 1998 law for the crime on the grounds that anyone convicted under Nazi Germany is officially not guilty. The law allows pardons for people convicted of crimes under the Nazis, based on the idea that the laws of Nazi Germany "went against the basic ideas of justice".

1274: 749: 1118:, appearing uncertain how it began, and concerned that a communist coup was about to be launched. Delmer viewed Van der Lubbe as being solely responsible, but that the Nazis sought to make it appear to be a "communist gang" that set the fire. On the other hand, the communists sought to make it appear that Van der Lubbe was working for the Nazis, so each side constructed a 622:, who told Hitler, "This is communist outrage! One of the communist culprits has been arrested." Hitler called the fire a "sign from God" and claimed it was a signal meant to mark the beginning of a communist revolt. The next day, Hitler reported that "this act of incendiarism is the most monstrous act of terrorism carried out by Bolshevism in Germany". The 1164:

accomplices of Van der Lubbe 'could only have been Nazis' is tacit admission that the committee did not actually obtain any positive evidence in regard to the alleged accomplices' identity". Mommsen also had a theory supporting Hofer, which was suppressed for political reasons, an act that he admitted was a serious breach of ethics.

938:, but declared, with the exception of Van der Lubbe, there was insufficient evidence to connect the accused to the fire or the alleged conspiracy. The Bulgarians were acquitted and were expelled to the Soviet Union. Only Van der Lubbe was found guilty and sentenced to death. Torgler was also acquitted and survived the war. 2602: 1167:

In 2014, historian Benjamin Carter Hett lamented that "Today the overwhelming consensus among historians who specialize in Nazi Germany remains that Marinus van der Lubbe burned the Reichstag all by himself". He has argued that Tobias' analysis is fundamentally flawed. Tobias undertook his study when

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delivered the opening speech. Göring was found guilty at the mock trial, which served as a workshop that tested all possible scenarios, and all speeches of the defendants had been prepared. Most of the "judges", such as Hays and Moro-Giafferi, complained that the atmosphere at the "countertrial" was

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The uncovering of Lennings's affidavit led to the speculation that Tobias had ignored it to protect his single perpetrator theory on the arson, and to protect the post-war career of former Nazis. It also led to more sober speculation about whether unknown or forgotten documents might still be hidden

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Göring: I was told by an official. Things which were reported to me on the night of the fire...could not be tested or proven. The report was made to me by a responsible official, and was accepted as a fact, and as it could not be tested immediately it was announced as a fact. When I issued the first

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giving Hitler the right to rule by decree, which required a two-thirds majority. However, several important factors weighed in the Nazis' favour, mainly the continued suppression of the Communist Party and the Nazis' ability to capitalize on national security concerns. Moreover, some deputies of the

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was head of the Berlin fire department at the time of the Reichstag fire on 27 February 1933, personally directing the operations at the incident. On 25 March he was dismissed for presenting evidence that suggested Nazi involvement in the fire. Gempp asserted that there had been a delay in notifying

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Van der Lubbe, it seems clear, was a dupe of the Nazis. He was encouraged to try to set the Reichstag on fire. But the main job was to be done — without his knowledge, of course — by the storm troopers... He had only his shirt for tinder. The main fires, according to the testimony of experts at the

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Georgi Dimitrov began his testimony on the third day of the trial. He gave up his right to a court-appointed lawyer and defended himself successfully. When warned by Judge Bünger to behave himself in court, Dimitrov stated: "Herr President, if you were a man as innocent as myself and you had passed

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While the official start and end points of the trial were in Leipzig, the court proceedings were relocated to the scene of the crime itself. The move to Berlin facilitated efficient witness questioning and examination of evidence directly at the Reichstag building. For the last month (November 23 -

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In 1967, a court in West Berlin allowed the 1933 conviction to stand, but overturned the death sentence and posthumously changed Van der Lubbe's sentence to eight years in prison. In 1980, another court overturned the verdict, but was overruled. In 1981, a West German court posthumously overturned

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The responsibility for the Reichstag fire remains a topic of debate and research, as while Van de Lubbe was found guilty, it is unclear whether he acted alone. While most historians accept that the Reichstag was set ablaze by Van de Lubbe, some view that the fire was a part of a Nazi plot to take

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Lennings, who died in 1962, further stated in his account that he and other members of his squad had protested the arrest of Van der Lubbe, "because we were convinced that Van der Lubbe could not possibly have been the arsonist, because according to our observation, the Reichstag had already been

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Attitudes as to whether Van der Lubbe was used as a pawn in a Nazi conspiracy or whether he acted alone have swung back and forth over the years. During the late 1990s into the early 2010s consensus held that Van der Lubbe acted alone. From 2014 to the present the resurfacing of a 1955 affidavit

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p.m. on 27 February 1933, the Reichstag building was reported as on fire, and firefighters were dispatched. Despite their efforts, most of the building was gutted. By 11:30 p.m., the fire was put out. The firefighters and police inspected the ruins and found 20 bundles of flammable material

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had boasted about setting the fire: "On the occasion of a lunch on the Führer's birthday in 1943, the people around the Führer turned the conversation to the Reichstag building and its artistic value. I heard with my own ears how Göring broke into the conversation and shouted: 'The only one who

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organized a conference intended to rebut the claims made by Tobias. At the conference, Hofer claimed to have found evidence that some of the detectives who investigated the fire had been Nazis. Mommsen commented on Hofer's claims by stating: "Professor Hofer's rather helpless statement that the

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burning when we dropped him off there". He claimed he and the other witnesses were detained and forced to sign a paper that denied any knowledge of the incident. Later, nearly all of those with knowledge of the Reichstag fire were executed. Lennings said that he had been warned and escaped to

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Repeatedly during the session glaring movie picture flares illuminated the somber court room. Microphones recorded the words of the participants in the drama and nearly half the large hall was filled with representatives of the world press. The rest of the hall was packed to the rafters with

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had sent many of its officials to manage the flow of information to the foreign press. There were no fewer than eighty foreign correspondents in the courtroom, along with forty German colleagues, in the opening session of the court. The atmosphere of the opening of the trial was described by

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Dimitrov: I would like to ask the Minister of the Interior what steps he took to make sure that Van der Lubbe's route to Hennigsdorf, his stay and his meetings with other people there were investigated by the police to assist them in tracking down Van der Lubbe's accomplices?

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at Goebbels' apartment in Berlin. When Goebbels received an urgent phone call informing him of the fire, he regarded it as a "tall tale" at first and hung up. Only after the second call did he report the news to Hitler. Both left Goebbels' apartment and arrived by car at the

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The mock trial began 21 September 1933. It lasted one week and ended with the conclusion that the defendants were innocent and the true initiators of the fire were to be found amid the leading Nazi Party elite. The countertrial received much media attention, and Sir

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During the election campaign, the Nazis alleged that Germany was on the verge of a communist revolution and that the only way to stop the communists was to put the Nazis securely in power. The message of the campaign was simple: increase the number of Nazi seats.

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trial, had been set with considerable quantities of chemicals and gasoline. It was obvious that one man could not have carried them into the building, nor would it have been possible for him to start so many fires in so many scattered places in so short a time.

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The trial began at 8:45 on the morning of 21 September, with Van der Lubbe testifying. Van der Lubbe's testimony was very hard to follow as he spoke of losing his sight in one eye and wandering around Europe as a drifter and that he had been a member of the

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of the Fourth Criminal Court of the Fourth Penal Chamber of the Supreme Court. The prosecutors were Chief Reich Prosecutor Karl Werner and his assistant Felix Parrisius. The accused were charged with arson and with attempting to overthrow the government.

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report to the press on the morning after the fire the interrogation of Van der Lubbe had not been concluded. In any case I do not see that anyone has any right to complain because it seems proved in this trial that Van der Lubbe had no such card on him.

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and seize power, while the communists alleged that Van der Lubbe was part of the Nazi conspiracy to blame the crime on them. Van der Lubbe, for his part, maintained that he acted alone to protest against the condition of the German working class.

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the fire brigade and that he had been forbidden from making full use of the resources at his disposal. In 1937, Gempp was arrested for abuse of office. Despite his appeal, he was imprisoned. Gempp was strangled and killed in prison on 2 May 1939.

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Göring: I don't care what happens in Russia! I know that the Russians pay with bills, and I should prefer to know that their bills are paid! I care about the Communist Party here in Germany and about Communist crooks who come here to set the

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Göring: As I am not an official myself, but a responsible Minister it was not important that I should trouble myself with such petty, minor matters. It was my task to expose the Party, and the mentality, which was responsible for the crime.

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Dimitrov: Herr Prime Minister Göring stated on February 28 that, when arrested, the "Dutch Communist Van der Lubbe had on his person his passport and a membership card of the Communist Party". From whom was this information taken?

1362:, an exposé of what Münzenberg alleged to be the Nazi conspiracy to burn down the Reichstag and to blame the act on the communists. (As with all of Münzenberg's other books, the real author was one of his aides: in this case, the 503:. After the 5 March elections, the absence of the communists allowed the Nazi Party to expand their plurality in the Reichstag, greatly assisting the Nazi seizure of total power. On 9 March 1933 the Prussian state police arrested 946:

The outcome of this trial caused Hitler to remove treason trials from the regular courts. He decreed that henceforth treason – among many other offenses – would only be tried by a newly established

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Dimitrov: The three officials who arrested and examined Van der Lubbe all agreed that no membership card of the Communist Party was found on him. I should like to know where the report that such a card had been found came from.

2385:"The Arsonist; The Reichstag Fire. By Fritz Tobias. Translated by Arnold J. Pomerans from the German, "Der Reichstagsbrand." Introduction by A. J. P. Taylor. Illustrated. 348 pp. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. (Published 1964)" 1091:, who covered the trial, described Van der Lubbe as "an obvious victim of manic-depressive psychosis" and said that the Nazis would not have chosen "an agent so inept and witless". Citing a letter that was allegedly written by 4589: 2083: 2167: 706:

While the Nazis emerged with a majority, they fell short of their goal, which was to win 50–55% of the vote that year. The Nazis thought that this would make it difficult to achieve their next goal, passage of the

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Van der Lubbe and the four communists were the defendants in a trial that started in September 1933. It ended in the acquittal of the four communists and the conviction of Van der Lubbe, who was then executed.

3479: 2484: 1156:, with a long history of burning down buildings or attempting to burn them down. Tobias established that Van der Lubbe had committed a number of arson attacks on buildings in the days prior to 27 February. 1283:

During the summer of 1933, a mock countertrial was organised in London by a group of lawyers, democrats and other anti-Nazis under the aegis of German communist émigrés. The chairman of the mock trial was

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asked the mock trial organisers to turn over the "evidence" that exonerated his client, Münzenberg refused the request because he lacked any "evidence" to exonerate or to convict anyone of the crime.

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account, the Reichstag Fire is understood and represented as a conspiratorial operation carried out by Nazi storm troopers in which Van der Lubbe played the role of the patsy. As Shirer writes:

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Göring: I shall tell you what the German people already know. They know that you are behaving in a disgraceful manner! They know that you are a Communist crook who came to Germany to set the

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Dimitrov: Is the Reichsminister aware of the fact that those that possess this alleged criminal mentality today control the destiny of a sixth part of the world – the Soviet Union?

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given by a stormtrooper, who testified that the building was already on fire when Van der Lubbe was delivered there by SA members, supported new scholarship re-examining the subject.

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The countertrial was an enormously successful publicity stunt for the German communists. Münzenberg followed the triumph with another by writing, under his name, the bestselling

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In the days following the incident, major newspapers in the US and London had immediately been sceptical of the good fortune of the Nazis in finding a communist scapegoat.

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newspaper warned its readers that "the government is of the opinion that the situation is such that a danger to the state and nation existed and still exists".

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In his verdict announced on December 23, Judge Bünger was careful to underline his belief that there had in fact been a communist conspiracy to burn down the

3957: 839: 3907: 2568: 1345:. Another masked witness, whom Hays described as "not very reliable", claimed that Van der Lubbe was a drug addict and a homosexual, who was the lover of 3940: 3693: 1099:, Gunther believed that Nazis, who heard Van der Lubbe boast of planning to attack the Reichstag, started a second simultaneous fire they blamed on him. 3735: 5382: 4197: 3789: 2507: 827:

The Leipzig Trial was widely publicized and was broadcast on the radio. It was expected that the court would find the communists guilty on all counts.

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really knows about the Reichstag building is I, for I set fire to it.' And saying this he slapped his thigh". Under cross-examination at the

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Dimitrov: This criminal mentality rules the Soviet Union, the greatest and best country in the world. Is Herr Prime Minister aware of that?

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suspending civil liberties, and pursue a "ruthless confrontation" with the Communists. This made the fire pivotal in the establishment of

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from the burned-out Reichstag building, functioned as the Reichstag's venue for the remaining 12 years of the Third Reich's existence.

720:, and several fragmented middle-class parties. The measure went into force on 24 March, effectively making Hitler dictator of Germany. 3621: 2924:

Mommsen, Hans (1964). "Der Reichstagsbrand und seine politischen Folgen" [The Reichstag fire and its political consequences].

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In 2008, Germany posthumously pardoned Van der Lubbe under a law introduced in 1998 to lift unjust verdicts dating from the Nazi era.

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published a 1955 affidavit, uncovered in some papers of Fritz Tobias, which were found in the archives of the Amtsgericht (court) in

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at the time) on 10 January 1934, three days before his 25th birthday. The Nazis alleged that Van der Lubbe was part of a communist

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Social Democratic Party (the only party that would vote against the Enabling Act) were prevented from taking their seats in the

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According to the German press, the Nazi government wanted to use the trial to get its own message out to the world. Goebbels's

576:. The Enabling Act was a special law that gave the Chancellor the power to pass laws by decree, without the involvement of the 3831: 2453: 2351: 5620: 5492: 5484: 5120: 4541: 4508: 4203: 4167: 3901: 3521: 550: 343: 4104: 5428: 5413: 5198: 4636: 4161: 3717: 2112: 1240: 580:. These special powers would remain in effect for four years, after which time they were eligible to be renewed. Under the 558: 467: 231: 3633: 1152:, later turned into a book, in which he argued that Vаn der Lubbe had acted alone. Tobias showed that Van der Lubbe was a 5944: 5393: 4778: 4745: 4415: 3729: 2669: 1114:, criticised for being a Nazi sympathiser at the time, witnessed that night's events. He reported Hitler arriving at the 5685: 5503: 5418: 4569: 4513: 3928: 3669: 2816: 2732: 2255: 1801: 1753: 1600: 1421: 1212:

Lennings had asked that his account be certified in 1955, in the event the Reichstag fire case ever returned to trial.

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operatives (though the police did not know it then, Dimitrov was head of all Comintern operations in Western Europe).

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fire, and seemed to regard the fire as confirmation that a communist revolution was as imminent as they had claimed.

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that had really set the fire. In fact, the "SA man" was Albert Norden, the editor of the German communist newspaper

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spectators, including representatives of foreign governments, foreign jurists of note and relatives of the accused.

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The trial known as the Leipzig Trial took place and was presided over by judges from the German Supreme Court, the

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were indicted on charges of setting the fire. The case against them was tried at the fourth criminal senate of the

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agitators, used it as a pretext to claim that Communists were plotting against the German government, and induced

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in German archives, and which might be valuable and revealing historical sources, especially on the Nazi regime.

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Tigar, M. E., & Mage, J. (2009). 'The Reichstag fire trial, 1933-2008: The production of law and history',

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In 2007, it has been alleged that the idea that Van der Lubbe was a "half-wit" or "mentally disturbed" was

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p.m., when a Berlin fire station received an alarm call. By the time police and firefighters arrived, the

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on fire, that he had acted alone, and that the incident was merely a stroke of good luck for the Nazis.

5675: 5377: 4812: 3489: 948: 816: 682: 463: 3603: 3424: 605:(firelighters) unburned lying about. At the time the fire was reported, Hitler was having dinner with 5874: 5521: 5173: 4920: 4862: 4624: 3919: 3854: 3699: 3545: 3376: 3300: 742: 678: 2828:"This Story Is about Something Fundamental: Nazi Criminals, History, Memory, and the Reichstag Fire" 1745: 5615: 5221: 4905: 4799: 4704: 4641: 4452: 4341: 4309: 4179: 3963: 3747: 3539: 3322: 3305: 1307: 446:, home of the German parliament in Berlin, on Monday, 27 February 1933, precisely four weeks after 390: 3042: 1038: 5759: 5753: 5453: 5329: 4940: 4935: 4915: 4829: 4498: 4442: 4408: 4297: 3877: 3753: 3401: 3254: 3179: 3066: 1265:

in 1945 and 1946, Halder's affidavit was read to Göring, who denied any involvement in the fire.

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Water and Fire (Water en Vuur) - 1998 documentary about Reichstag fire and Marinus van der Lubbe

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and head of the coalition government on 30 January 1933. As chancellor, Hitler asked President

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full text of the US edition held by the University of Michigan: Alfred A Knopf Inc, NY, 1933.

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and call for a new parliamentary election. The date set for the elections was 5 March 1933.

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had a plurality, not a majority; the communists posted gains. Adolf Hitler was sworn in as

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on fire! In my eyes you are nothing, but a scoundrel, a crook who belongs on the gallows!

8: 5869: 5670: 4721: 4398: 4255: 4250: 3975: 3813: 3551: 3190: 3022: 2117: 1380: 1314:, a lawyer and member of parliament of the Netherlands for the progressive liberal party 674: 652: 581: 562: 489: 470: 266: 1299: 1277: 1268: 5765: 5606: 4997: 4503: 3366: 2966: 2933: 2855: 2847: 2717: 2260: 1692: 1291: 994: 849: 443: 251: 70: 5238: 4945: 291: 5309: 5279: 4867: 4725: 4656: 4388: 3285: 3119: 2970: 2895: 2859: 2812: 2793: 2753: 2728: 2392: 2230: 2062: 1925: 1866: 1841: 1797: 1786: 1749: 1658: 1633: 1596: 1585: 1527: 1417: 1311: 1285: 1245: 1119: 1049: 844: 724: 624: 459: 3173: 2164:"Dokument in Hannover belegt: SA-Mann will beim Reichstagsbrand 1933 geholfen haben" 1257: 1228: 1033: 798: 687: 615: 306: 5780: 5398: 5193: 4930: 4925: 4716: 4699: 4679: 4574: 4324: 3359: 3295: 3186: 2978: 2958: 2839: 2785: 2355: 2218: 1917: 1249: 1232: 1169: 535: 321: 316: 3078: 5770: 5701: 5680: 5468: 5448: 5178: 5077: 4892: 3969: 3889: 3777: 3409: 3354: 3050: 2990: 1411: 1327: 1262: 972: 960: 769: 655:. The Reichstag Fire Decree suspended most civil liberties in Germany, including 606: 507: 417: 78: 4041: 1083:

spread by the Dutch Communist Party, to distance itself from an insurrectionist

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Burning the Reichstag: An Investigation into the Third Reich's Enduring Mystery

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Assassinations and executions: an encyclopedia of political violence, 1865–1986

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concluded that the Nazi leadership was in a state of panic on the night of the

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Evans, R. J. (2014, May 8). The conspiracists. London Review of Books, 36(9).

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criticized Hett's claims giving a negative review of his book on the subject.

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Göring: The police search all common criminals, and report the result to me.

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The day after the fire, at Hitler's request, President Hindenburg signed the

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Hitler hoped to abolish democracy in a quasi-legal fashion, by passing the

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https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v36/n09/richard-j.-evans/the-conspiracists

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public servant and part-time historian, published a series of articles in

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After the Fire Decree was issued, the police — now controlled by Hitler's

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Zenter, Christian; Bedurftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997). "Reichstag fire".

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One week before the trial began, on 14 September 1933, the German artist

834:

Marinus van der Lubbe during the trial in 1933 (with his head bowed down)

830: 777: 526:, head of the Communist Party, had surrendered to police on 28 February. 511: 395: 271: 2937: 2851: 2827: 2293: 2061:. Translated by Hackett, Amy. Boston: Da Capo Press. pp. 999–1000. 1273: 1069:

argued that nearly all historians agreed that Van der Lubbe had set the

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Zenter, Christian; Bedurftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997). "Enabling Law".

1341: 1332: 1295: 1153: 1092: 1080: 648: 585: 554: 496: 3088: 2599:"Reichstagsbrand – der Erklärung von SA-Mann legt NS-Beteiligung nahe" 2056: 1860: 1835: 1627: 1430: 5812: 5652: 5545: 5155: 5007: 3465: 3290: 3219: 3209: 2748:

Zenter, Christian; Bedurftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997). "Brown Book".

2684: 2538:"Newly uncovered testimony casts doubt on Nazi Reichstag fire claims" 2057:

Zenter, Christian; Bedurftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997). "Volk Court".

1288: 741:"Leipzig Trial" redirects here. For the post-World War I trials, see 695:

elections from 33% to 44%. This gave the Nazis and their allies, the

519: 3079:

The Brown Book of the Hitler Terror and the Burning of the Reichstag

1861:

Zenter, Christian; Bedurftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997). "Reichstag".

1719:

Advent of the heart: seasonal sermons and prison writings, 1941–1944

1524:

The Hitler Conspiracies The Third Reich and the Paranoid Imagination

1370:

was followed by another, published in 1934, dealing with the trial.

462:, was the alleged culprit; the Nazis attributed the fire to a group 5261: 3317: 3214: 2100:

biography by Martin Schouten "Rinus van der Lubbe 1909–1934" (1989)

1198: 1182: 819:, which he quit in 1931, but still considered himself a communist. 614:, just as the fire was being put out. They were met at the site by 504: 2993:(August 1960). "Who Burned the Reichstag? The Story of a Legend". 2752:. Translated by Hackett, Amy. Boston: Da Capo Press. p. 116. 1865:. Translated by Hackett, Amy. Boston: Da Capo Press. p. 785. 1840:. Translated by Hackett, Amy. Boston: Da Capo Press. p. 237. 1632:. Translated by Hackett, Amy. Boston: Da Capo Press. p. 786. 797:. This was Germany's highest court. The presiding judge was Judge 28: 4360: 4346: 3594: 3414: 3244: 1042: 785: 748: 584:, the President could rule by decree in times of emergency using 333: 2912:(1972). "The Reichstag Fire and Its Political Consequences". In 2508:"Was die neue Eidesstattliche Erklärung eines SA-Manns bedeutet" 1413:

Republic to Reich: The Making of the Nazi Revolution; Ten Essays

5601: 4525: 1002: 74: 2026:"75 years on, executed Reichstag arsonist finally wins pardon" 5775: 5473: 3162: 439: 205: 127: 1187:

In July 2019, more than 80 years after the event, Germany's

4122: 2625:"Wie konnte die Akte zum Reichstagsbrand vergessen werden?" 1269:"Countertrial" by the German Communist Party in exile, 1933 984: 140: 5925:

Attacks on government buildings and structures in Germany

2371:

Hitler's Table Talk, 1941–1944. His Private Conversations

1587:

A History of The Holocaust: From Ideology to Annihilation

5940:

Battles of the Political violence in Germany (1918–1933)

685:) on the charge that the Party was preparing to stage a 2434: 1891: 1481:"75 Years Ago, Reichstag Fire Sped Hitler's Power Grab" 1017: 3005: 2702: 2690: 1968: 1966: 1436: 1359:

The Brown Book of the Reichstag Fire and Hitler Terror

1131:, Hitler said of the chairman of the Communist Party, 1028: 1788:

Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany

1609: 1219: 484:

The first report of the fire came shortly after 9:00

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Republic to Reich The Making of the Nazi Revolution

2422: 2081: 2019: 2017: 1963: 1938: 959:, which were presided over by then Judge-President 699:(who won 8% of the vote), a majority of 52% in the 2883: 2716: 2456:(in German). Frankfurter Rundschau. 26 July 2019. 2328:. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 48–49. 1785: 1737: 1691: 1584: 2478: 1916: 966: 5890:Attacks on buildings and structures in the 1930s 5851: 2947:"The Reichstag Fire and the Politics of History" 2182: 2014: 1183:1955 testimony of SA member Hans-Martin Lennings 1175:More recently in 2019, mainstream German outlet 2776:Bahar, Alexander & Kugel, Wilfried (2001). 2747: 2352:"Sefton Delmer's account of the Reichstag fire" 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1767: 1765: 1564: 1552: 1540: 2723:. London: William Collins & Sons. p. 5885:Attacks on buildings and structures in Berlin 3578: 3344: 3104: 2920:. New York: Pantheon Books. pp. 129–222. 2318: 1777: 191: 33:Firefighters struggle to extinguish the fire. 5536: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1810: 1762: 806:December 23) the court returned to Leipzig. 2312: 2294:"Dutch Council Communism and Van der Lubbe" 1456:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 809: 4091: 3111: 3097: 2775: 2505: 2135:"New report casts doubt on Reichstag fire" 788:from September 21 to December 23 in 1933. 198: 184: 27: 16:Arson attack in Berlin on 27 February 1933 3043:Van der Lubbe exonerated by German courts 2084:"JOHN HEARTFIELD Goering the Executioner" 1903: 1829: 1783: 1621: 1582: 756:supposedly entered the Reichstag building 638: 209:Political violence in Germany (1918–1933) 4240: 2714: 2023: 1478: 1272: 1223: 1048:In early historical summations, such as 1032: 985:Execution of Van der Lubbe, January 1934 875:Dimitrov looking down upon Göring on an 870: 829: 747: 4029: 3118: 2944: 2923: 2908: 2866: 2566: 2506:Kellerhoff, Sven Felix (26 July 2019). 2338: 2200: 1689: 1652: 1409: 1306:of Belgium, George Branting of Sweden, 862: 5852: 2989: 2977: 2649: 2416: 2373:. New York: Enigma Books. p. 121. 2368: 2344: 2109: 2008: 1996: 1885: 1677: 1657:. London: Mandarin. pp. 191–192. 1294:, and the chief organiser was the KPD 5742: 5585: 4971: 4558: 4377: 4239: 4090: 4028: 3577: 3488: 3343: 3139: 3092: 2878: 2217: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2158: 2156: 2129: 2127: 2116:(Third Printing ed.). New York: 1924:. New York: Penguin. pp. 67–69. 1823: 1771: 1735: 1521: 1366:communist Otto Katz.) The success of 1349:and a Nazi dupe. When the lawyer for 551:November 1932 German federal election 344:Murder of Paul Anlauf and Franz Lenck 179: 165:Nazi control of government entrenched 2926:Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 2825: 2806: 2654:. New York: Touchstone. p. 193. 2652:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 2631:from the original on 11 January 2021 2605:from the original on 11 January 2021 2601:(in German). Ksta.de. 26 July 2019. 2579:from the original on 11 January 2021 2518:from the original on 11 January 2021 2487:from the original on 11 January 2021 2460:from the original on 11 January 2021 2440: 2428: 2300:from the original on 11 January 2021 2188: 2170:from the original on 11 January 2021 2113:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 2038:from the original on 11 January 2021 1972: 1944: 1897: 1716: 1655:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 1241:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 1122:in which the other was the villain. 1018:Posthumous restitution, 1967 to 2008 1001:(the customary form of execution in 736: 232:Collapse of the Imperial German Army 4746:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 3400: 3039:2001 Review of Bahar and Kugel book 2811:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2750:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich 2059:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich 1863:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich 1838:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich 1792:. Oxford University Press. p. 1694:A Festschrift for Frederick B. Artz 1630:The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich 1159:In March 1973, the Swiss historian 242:Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919) 13: 5504:Springfield, Ohio, cat-eating hoax 2672:from the original on 15 April 2012 2479:Conrad von Meding (26 July 2019). 2206: 2153: 2124: 2024:Connolly, Kate (12 January 2008). 1029:Dispute about Van der Lubbe's role 957:1944 attempt to assassinate Hitler 14: 5956: 5895:Attacks on legislatures in Europe 5146:Western-backed Iranian Revolution 5028:Finger-pinching conspiracy theory 4878:Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry 3023:"The Reichstag Fire, 68 years on" 3015: 2784: 2548:from the original on 28 July 2019 1615: 1570: 1558: 1546: 1460:from the original on 31 July 2018 1220:Göring's alleged commentary, 1943 941: 822: 679:secrecy of the post and telephone 379:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses 5905:Nazi-related conspiracy theories 4605:Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw 4542:Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning 3908:South African Airways Flight 295 975:published a photomontage in the 5189:Petrograd Military Organization 4712:International Jewish conspiracy 4560:Race, religion and/or ethnicity 4222:Denial of the 7 October attacks 4047:California drought manipulation 3061:Newsreel footage about the fire 2983:Encyclopedia of the Third Reich 2951:Histoire sociale/Social history 2741: 2708: 2658: 2643: 2617: 2591: 2560: 2530: 2499: 2472: 2446: 2410: 2377: 2362: 2332: 2286: 2268: 2248: 2194: 2103: 2094: 2075: 2050: 2002: 1990: 1978: 1950: 1879: 1854: 1729: 1710: 1683: 1671: 1646: 1591:. New Jersey: Peason. pp. 1576: 1491:from the original on 5 May 2015 1416:. Pantheon Books. p. 182. 1387:List of attacks on legislatures 1316:Free-thinking Democratic League 1190:Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung 5920:Fires at legislative buildings 5900:Conspiracy theories in Germany 5138:Israel-related animal theories 2826:Hett, Benjamin Carter (2015). 2807:Hett, Benjamin Carter (2014). 2567:Winston, Alex (28 July 2019). 1515: 1503: 1472: 1442: 1403: 1310:and Gaston Bergery of France, 1195:RedaktionsNetzwerk Deutschland 1087:, who had once been a member. 967:Artistic response to the trial 697:German National People's Party 534:power, a view which historian 282:French occupation of Frankfurt 237:German Revolution of 1918–1919 1: 5300:First Catilinarian conspiracy 4342:Ideology in incel communities 2790:The Coming of the Third Reich 2666:"Nuremberg Trial Proceedings" 1479:DW Staff (27 February 2008). 1392: 1318:, Vald Hvidt of Denmark, and 1231:(first row, far left) at the 978:Arbeiter-Illustrierte-Zeitung 262:1920 East Prussian plebiscite 227:German strike of January 1918 5743: 5666:Freeman on the land movement 5556:Maricopa County ballot audit 5514:"Vast right-wing conspiracy" 4972: 3941:Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 3225:Global catastrophe scenarios 3140: 2483:. Deutschlandfunkkultur.de. 2229:. Vol. 36, no. 9. 2203:, pp. 456–458, 731–732. 1653:Schirer, William L. (1991). 1256:stated in an affidavit that 1095:before his death during the 620:Interior Minister of Prussia 538:labels a conspiracy theory. 369:1932 Berlin transport strike 7: 5830:Science by press conference 5803:Online youth radicalization 5722:Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme 5409:CIA assistance to bin Laden 5052:(outside the United States) 4216:Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 4162:Mozambican presidential jet 3902:United Air Lines Flight 553 3433:Interdimensional hypothesis 3129:List of conspiracy theories 3063:British Movietone News Ltd. 2668:. 18 March 1946. Volume 9. 1373: 247:Occupation of the Rhineland 10: 5961: 5945:Unsolved crimes in Germany 5114:Middle East / North Africa 4514:oral polio AIDS hypothesis 4378: 2703:Tobias, The Reichstag Fire 2691:Tobias, The Reichstag Fire 1784:Gellately, Robert (2001). 1690:Pinkney, David H. (1964). 1522:Evans, Richard J. (2020). 1437:Tobias, The Reichstag Fire 1302:. The other "judges" were 929: 817:Communist Party of Holland 740: 683:Communist Party of Germany 544: 42: 5749: 5738: 5694: 5651: 5592: 5586: 5581: 5355: 5254: 5207: 5166: 5113: 5048: 4982: 4978: 4967: 4891: 4843: 4797: 4655: 4565: 4554: 4384: 4373: 4246: 4235: 4100: 4086: 4037: 4024: 3985: 3950: 3847: 3588: 3584: 3579:Deaths and disappearances 3573: 3444:Estimate of the Situation 3350: 3345:Astronomy and outer space 3339: 3263: 3150: 3146: 3135: 3126: 3069:at London Review of Books 2922:Originally published as: 2890:. Belknap Press. p. 2872:Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris 2844:10.1017/S0008938915000345 2780:(in German) (q ed.). 1736:Lentz, Harris M. (1988). 1125:In private, according to 752:The window through which 743:Leipzig War Crimes Trials 671:right of free association 354:1932 Prussian coup d'état 217: 162:Civil liberties suspended 146: 133: 123: 84: 66: 48: 38: 26: 5643:Shakespearean authorship 5621:Shadow government claims 5424:Election denial movement 5320:Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet 3772:Diana, Princess of Wales 3323:Psychological projection 3306:Mass psychogenic illness 3027:World Socialist Web Site 2985:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2832:Central European History 2650:Shirer, William (1959). 2627:. Haz.de. 27 July 2019. 2166:. Haz.de. 26 July 2019. 2110:Shirer, William (1960). 2082:Index of Illustrations. 1922:The Third Reich in Power 1583:Botwinick, Rita (2004). 1308:Vincent de Moro-Giafferi 810:The opening of the trial 5760:Conspiracy Encyclopedia 5754:Argument from ignorance 5454:Philadelphia Experiment 5073:Avro Arrow cancellation 4898:Denial of mass killings 4580:COVID-19 and xenophobia 4064:Free energy suppression 3255:Urban legends and myths 3180:power behind the throne 3075:sciambookclub.com, 2014 3049:13 October 2009 at the 2715:Costello, John (1988). 595: 5935:1930s crimes in Berlin 5860:1933 crimes in Germany 5798:Historical negationism 5227:Operation Sledgehammer 4993:Cow vigilante violence 4685:during the Black Death 3872:Great Kantō earthquake 3742:GEC-Marconi scientists 3688:Martin Luther King Jr. 3451:Lake Michigan Triangle 3420:Black Knight satellite 3281:Communal reinforcement 3195:Political conspiracies 3006:Tobias, Fritz (1964). 2369:Hitler, Adolf (2008). 2227:London Review of Books 1744:. McFarland. pp. 1454:Holocaust Encyclopedia 1410:Holborn, Hajo (1972). 1322:of the United States. 1280: 1235: 1059: 1045: 999:beheaded by guillotine 927: 880: 860: 835: 757: 639:Political consequences 421: 359:Potempa murder of 1932 297:Occupation of the Ruhr 159:Van der Lubbe executed 54:; 91 years ago 5910:False flag operations 5865:1930s fires in Europe 5526:Stab-in-the-back myth 5330:Clockwork Orange plot 4858:Bihar human sacrifice 4789:Stab-in-the-back myth 4612:German POWs post-WWII 4494:Germ theory denialism 4489:Electronic harassment 4210:Smolensk air disaster 4174:Oklahoma City bombing 4052:Climate change denial 3848:Accidents / disasters 3784:Nepalese royal family 3271:Attitude polarization 3045:, brushtail.com 2009 2963:10.1353/his.2017.0009 2945:Nathans, Eli (2017). 2874:. London: Allen Lane. 2792:. New York: Penguin. 2544:. AFP. 27 July 2019. 1717:Delp, Alfred (2006). 1700:Duke University Press 1276: 1227: 1110:The British reporter 1054: 1036: 993:was found guilty and 882: 874: 855: 833: 762:Marinus van der Lubbe 754:Marinus van der Lubbe 751: 727:, sitting across the 663:freedom of expression 645:Reichstag Fire Decree 501:the 5 March elections 475:Reichstag Fire Decree 456:Marinus van der Lubbe 452:Chancellor of Germany 154:Reichstag Fire Decree 138:Marinus van der Lubbe 108:52.51861°N 13.37611°E 52:27 February 1933 5915:February 1933 events 5597:Dead Internet theory 5098:Daktari Ranch affair 4883:Trojan Horse scandal 4261:anti-gender movement 4241:Gender and sexuality 4198:Madrid train bombing 4144:Lufthansa Flight 615 3832:Sushant Singh Rajput 3372:Apollo Moon landings 3276:Cognitive dissonance 2118:Simon & Schuster 1450:"The Reichstag Fire" 1320:Arthur Garfield Hays 1286:British Labour Party 1097:Night of Long Knives 863:Dimitrov's testimony 667:freedom of the press 349:Altona Bloody Sunday 5671:Redemption movement 5439:Georgia Guidestones 4722:Cultural Bolshevism 4361:Soy and masculinity 4031:Energy, environment 3935:EgyptAir Flight 990 3676:Lal Bahadur Shastri 3646:Subhas Chandra Bose 3120:Conspiracy theories 3073:Review of Hett book 3010:. New York: Putnam. 2886:The Nazi Conscience 2705:, pp. 122–126. 2542:The Times of Israel 2443:, pp. 199–214. 2419:, pp. 287–288. 2358:on 5 December 2006. 2223:"The Conspiracists" 1999:, pp. 288–289. 1900:, pp. 140–141. 1680:, pp. 286–287. 1618:, pp. 321–327. 1381:A Lesson in History 1128:Hitler's Table Talk 840:Propaganda Ministry 782:Reich Supreme Court 653:Weimar Constitution 582:Weimar Constitution 563:Paul von Hindenburg 490:Chamber of Deputies 471:Paul von Hindenburg 267:Reichstag Bloodbath 104: / 23: 5930:Reichstag building 5880:Arson in the 1930s 5766:Conspiracy fiction 5676:Sovereign citizens 5429:FBI secret society 5414:Clinton body count 5234:Gezi Park protests 5199:Ukraine bioweapons 4998:Greater Bangladesh 4740:Judeo-Masonic plot 4537:Water fluoridation 4504:HIV/AIDS denialism 4251:Alpha / beta males 4150:Widerøe Flight 933 3628:Władysław Sikorski 3367:Ancient astronauts 3008:The Reichstag Fire 2778:Der Reichstagbrand 2573:The Jerusalem Post 2389:The New York Times 2280:The New York Times 2261:The New York Times 2256:"Caesar or Nerves" 1985:The New York Times 1281: 1248:wrote that at the 1236: 1065:In 1998 historian 1046: 995:sentenced to death 881: 850:The New York Times 836: 758: 647:into law by using 444:Reichstag building 252:Silesian Uprisings 113:52.51861; 13.37611 71:Reichstag building 21: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5734: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5712:Birds Aren't Real 5577: 5576: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5399:Black helicopters 5310:Mano Negra affair 5280:Itavia Flight 870 5217:2016 coup attempt 5121:In the Arab world 5053: 4963: 4962: 4959: 4958: 4951:Serbs during WWII 4868:Great Replacement 4726:Jewish Bolshevism 4642:War against Islam 4621:Product labeling 4590:French Revolution 4550: 4549: 4389:5G misinformation 4369: 4368: 4231: 4230: 4186:advance knowledge 4168:Pan Am Flight 103 4082: 4081: 4020: 4019: 4016: 4015: 3964:Yemenite children 3694:Robert F. 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Tolischus 737:Legal proceedings 725:Kroll Opera House 625:Vossische Zeitung 518:, who were known 460:council communist 409: 408: 174: 173: 5952: 5875:Arson in Germany 5781:pseudoskepticism 5740: 5739: 5649: 5648: 5583: 5582: 5534: 5533: 5419:Cultural Marxism 5051: 4980: 4979: 4969: 4968: 4769:Killing of Jesus 4717:Committee of 300 4700:Holocaust denial 4653: 4652: 4637:Tartarian Empire 4607: 4598: 4575:CERN ritual hoax 4570:Bhagwa Love Trap 4556: 4555: 4509:origins theories 4394:Anti-vaccination 4375: 4374: 4325:Transvestigation 4237: 4236: 4088: 4087: 4026: 4025: 3986:Body double hoax 3820:Alejandro Castro 3718:Pope John Paul I 3700:Salvador Allende 3634:Benito Mussolini 3586: 3585: 3575: 3574: 3528:Southern England 3486: 3485: 3429:Extraterrestrial 3398: 3397: 3360:Nibiru cataclysm 3341: 3340: 3296:Locus of control 3250:Secret societies 3148: 3147: 3137: 3136: 3113: 3106: 3099: 3090: 3089: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3011: 3002: 2991:Taylor, A. J. 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Evans 487: 450:was sworn in as 437: 436: 435: 434: 432: 322:Beer Hall Putsch 317:Hamburg Uprising 212: 210: 200: 193: 186: 177: 176: 119: 118: 116: 115: 114: 109: 105: 102: 101: 100: 97: 62: 60: 55: 44: 39:Native name 31: 24: 20: 5960: 5959: 5955: 5954: 5953: 5951: 5950: 5949: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5839: 5771:Conspirituality 5745: 5726: 5690: 5681:Strawman theory 5647: 5588: 5565: 5532: 5493:Saddam–al-Qaeda 5469:Project Azorian 5449:Montauk Project 5351: 5335:Elm Guest House 5296:Roman Republic 5250: 5239:Sèvres syndrome 5203: 5162: 5109: 5078:Leuchter report 5050: 5044: 4974: 4955: 4896: 4893:Genocide denial 4887: 4839: 4793: 4779:New World Order 4651: 4603: 4592: 4561: 4546: 4416:in chiropractic 4380: 4365: 4332:Finger pinching 4320:litter box hoax 4286:HIV/AIDS stigma 4242: 4227: 4204:London bombings 4096: 4078: 4033: 4032: 4012: 3981: 3946: 3890:Lost Cosmonauts 3843: 3826:Jeffrey Epstein 3802:Osama bin Laden 3778:Alois Estermann 3664:John F. Kennedy 3610:Louis Le Prince 3593: 3580: 3557: 3484: 3410:Alien abduction 3396: 3355:2012 phenomenon 3346: 3327: 3259: 3142: 3131: 3122: 3117: 3051:Wayback Machine 3032: 3030: 3021: 3018: 2902: 2819: 2800: 2767: 2760: 2746: 2742: 2735: 2713: 2709: 2701: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2648: 2644: 2634: 2632: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2608: 2606: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2582: 2580: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2439: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2367: 2363: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2333: 2317: 2313: 2303: 2301: 2292: 2291: 2287: 2274: 2273: 2269: 2264:. 2 March 1933. 2254: 2253: 2249: 2239: 2237: 2216: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2162: 2161: 2154: 2144: 2142: 2133: 2132: 2125: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2080: 2076: 2069: 2055: 2051: 2041: 2039: 2022: 2015: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1964: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1932: 1915: 1904: 1896: 1892: 1884: 1880: 1873: 1859: 1855: 1848: 1834: 1830: 1822: 1811: 1804: 1782: 1778: 1770: 1763: 1756: 1734: 1730: 1715: 1711: 1688: 1684: 1676: 1672: 1665: 1651: 1647: 1640: 1626: 1622: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1581: 1577: 1569: 1565: 1557: 1553: 1545: 1541: 1534: 1520: 1516: 1508: 1504: 1494: 1492: 1477: 1473: 1463: 1461: 1448: 1447: 1443: 1435: 1431: 1424: 1408: 1404: 1395: 1376: 1328:Stafford Cripps 1271: 1263:Nuremberg trial 1222: 1185: 1031: 1020: 987: 973:John Heartfield 969: 961:Roland Freisler 944: 932: 865: 825: 812: 770:Georgi Dimitrov 746: 739: 675:public assembly 641: 607:Joseph Goebbels 601: 600:Shortly after 9 598: 547: 508:Georgi Dimitrov 485: 430: 427: 426: 425: 422:Reichstagsbrand 410: 405: 292:Klaipėda Revolt 213: 208: 206: 204: 170: 112: 110: 106: 103: 98: 95: 93: 91: 90: 58: 56: 53: 43:Reichstagsbrand 34: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5958: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5825:Radicalization 5822: 5821: 5820: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5793:Fringe science 5790: 5788:Falsifiability 5785: 5784: 5783: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5756: 5750: 5747: 5746: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5698: 5696: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5688: 5686:Tax protesters 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5657: 5655: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5618: 5616:New chronology 5609: 5604: 5599: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5561:Stop the Steal 5558: 5553: 5548: 5542: 5540: 5531: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5495: 5490: 5489: 5488: 5481: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5390: 5389: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5361: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5324: 5323: 5322: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5304: 5303: 5302: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5274: 5273: 5272: 5264: 5258: 5256: 5255:Other European 5252: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5230: 5229: 5224: 5213: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5184:Golden billion 5181: 5176: 5174:Alaska payment 5170: 5168: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5158: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5140: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5128: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5075: 5067: 5066: 5065: 5056: 5054: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4986: 4984: 4976: 4975: 4965: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4902: 4900: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4804: 4802: 4800:Anti-Christian 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4742: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4719: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4705:Trivialization 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4661: 4659: 4650: 4649: 4647:White genocide 4644: 4639: 4634: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4619: 4617:Priory of Sion 4614: 4609: 4601: 4600: 4599: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4424: 4423: 4421:misinformation 4418: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4406: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4371: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4303:Lavender scare 4295: 4294: 4293: 4283: 4281:gay Nazis myth 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4233: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4225: 4219: 4213: 4207: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4177: 4171: 4165: 4159: 4156:KAL Flight 007 4153: 4147: 4141: 4132: 4126: 4123:Reichstag fire 4120: 4111: 4101: 4098: 4097: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4060: 4059: 4057:false theories 4049: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4022: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4003:Vladimir Putin 4000: 3995: 3993:Paul McCartney 3989: 3987: 3983: 3982: 3980: 3979: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3929:TWA Flight 800 3926: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3896:JAT Flight 367 3893: 3887: 3881: 3878:Lynmouth Flood 3875: 3869: 3860: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3796:Benazir Bhutto 3793: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3751: 3745: 3739: 3733: 3727: 3721: 3715: 3712:Renny Ottolina 3709: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3673: 3667: 3661: 3658:Marilyn Monroe 3655: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3616:Lord Kitchener 3613: 3607: 3604:Zachary Taylor 3600: 3598: 3582: 3581: 3571: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3563: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3494: 3492: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3476: 3475: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3440: 3435: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3406: 3404: 3395: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3363: 3362: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3337: 3336: 3333: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3314: 3313: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3230:Hidden message 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3177: 3174:éminence grise 3170: 3160: 3154: 3152: 3144: 3143: 3133: 3132: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3116: 3115: 3108: 3101: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3053: 3040: 3017: 3016:External links 3014: 3013: 3012: 3003: 2987: 2975: 2942: 2932:(4): 351–413. 2906: 2900: 2880:Koonz, Claudia 2876: 2864: 2838:(2): 199–224. 2823: 2818:978-0199322329 2817: 2804: 2798: 2782: 2766: 2765: 2758: 2740: 2734:978-0002175364 2733: 2707: 2695: 2693:, p. 120. 2683: 2657: 2642: 2616: 2590: 2559: 2529: 2498: 2471: 2445: 2433: 2431:, p. 315. 2421: 2409: 2376: 2361: 2343: 2341:, p. 144. 2339:Mommsen (1972) 2331: 2311: 2285: 2267: 2247: 2221:(7 May 2014). 2205: 2201:Kershaw (1998) 2193: 2181: 2152: 2141:. 27 July 2019 2139:Deutsche Welle 2123: 2120:. p. 193. 2102: 2093: 2074: 2067: 2049: 2013: 2011:, p. 289. 2001: 1989: 1977: 1975:, p. 140. 1962: 1958:Monthly Review 1949: 1947:, p. 142. 1937: 1930: 1902: 1890: 1888:, p. 288. 1878: 1871: 1853: 1846: 1828: 1809: 1803:978-0191604522 1802: 1776: 1761: 1755:978-0899503127 1754: 1728: 1725:. p. 177. 1723:Ignatius Press 1709: 1682: 1670: 1663: 1645: 1638: 1620: 1608: 1602:978-0131773196 1601: 1575: 1573:, p. 321. 1563: 1561:, p. 307. 1551: 1549:, p. 299. 1539: 1532: 1514: 1502: 1485:Deutsche Welle 1471: 1441: 1429: 1423:978-0394471228 1422: 1401: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1375: 1372: 1368:The Brown Book 1304:Piet Vermeylen 1270: 1267: 1258:Hermann Göring 1221: 1218: 1207:Czechoslovakia 1184: 1181: 1177:Deutsche Welle 1030: 1027: 1019: 1016: 989:At his trial, 986: 983: 968: 965: 949:People's Court 943: 942:Other outcomes 940: 931: 928: 864: 861: 824: 823:Media coverage 821: 811: 808: 799:Wilhelm Bünger 760:In July 1933, 738: 735: 640: 637: 616:Hermann Göring 597: 594: 546: 543: 442:attack on the 414:Reichstag fire 407: 406: 404: 403: 398: 393: 387: 386: 382: 381: 376: 374:Reichstag fire 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 346: 341: 339:Stennes revolt 336: 330: 329: 325: 324: 319: 314: 312:German October 309: 307:Küstrin Putsch 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 223: 222: 218: 215: 214: 203: 202: 195: 188: 180: 172: 171: 169: 168: 167: 166: 163: 160: 150: 148: 144: 143: 135: 131: 130: 125: 121: 120: 88: 82: 81: 68: 64: 63: 50: 46: 45: 40: 36: 35: 32: 22:Reichstag fire 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5957: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5741: 5737: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5693: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5661:Admiralty law 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5602:NESARA/GESARA 5600: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5591: 5584: 5580: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5538:2020 election 5535: 5527: 5523: 5522:POW/MIA issue 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5509:Trump–Ukraine 5507: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5394:Biden–Ukraine 5392: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5364:Barack Obama 5363: 5362: 5360: 5358: 5357:United States 5354: 5346: 5345:Voting pencil 5343: 5341: 5340:Harold Wilson 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5285: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5088:Casa Matusita 5086: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5047: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4970: 4966: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4926:The Holocaust 4924: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4853:Counter-jihad 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4836: 4835:Giuseppe Siri 4833: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4809: 4808:Anti-Catholic 4806: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4796: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4680:Doctors' plot 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4596: 4591: 4588: 4587: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4557: 4553: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4477:United States 4474: 4470: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4386: 4383: 4376: 4372: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4356:Satanic panic 4354: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4299: 4296: 4292: 4291:United States 4289: 4288: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4245: 4238: 4234: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4036: 4027: 4023: 4009: 4008:Melania Trump 4006: 4004: 4001: 3999: 3998:Avril Lavigne 3996: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3970:Elvis Presley 3968: 3965: 3962: 3959: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3894: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3790:Yasser Arafat 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3766:Yitzhak Rabin 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3591: 3590:Assassination 3587: 3583: 3576: 3572: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3546:Alien autopsy 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3480:Project Serpo 3478: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3445: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3349: 3342: 3338: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3240:Pseudoscience 3238: 3236: 3235:Pseudohistory 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3205:Crisis actors 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3159: 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