Knowledge

20240: 21984:: "Throughout much of the twentieth century, state socialism presented an existential challenge to the worst excesses of the free market. The threat posed by Marxist ideologies forced Western governments to expand social safety nets to protect workers from the unpredictable but inevitable booms and busts of the capitalist economy. After the Berlin Wall fell, many celebrated the triumph of the West, cosigning socialist ideas to the dustbin of history. But for all its faults, state socialism provided an important foil for capitalism. It was in response to a global discourse of social and economic rights – a discourse that appealed not only to the progressive populations of Africa, Asia, and Latin America but also to many men and women in Western Europe and North America – that politicians agreed to improve working conditions for wage laborers as well as create social programs for children, the poor, the elderly, the sick, and the disabled, mitigating exploitation and the growth of income inequality. Although there were important antecedents in the 1980s, once state socialism collapsed, capitalism shook off the constraints of market regulation and income redistribution. Without the looming threat of a rival superpower, the last thirty years of global neoliberalism have witnessed a rapid shriveling of social programs that protect citizens from cyclical instability and financial crises and reduce the vast inequality of economic outcomes between those at the top and bottom of the income distribution." 21894:'Marxism–Leninism' was the formal name of the official state ideology adopted by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), its satellite states in Eastern Europe, the Asian communist regimes, and various 'scientific socialist' regimes in the Third World during the Cold War. As such, the term is simultaneously misleading and revealing. It is misleading, since neither Marx nor Lenin ever sanctioned the creation of an eponymous 'ism'; indeed, the term Marxism–Leninism was formulated only in the period of Stalin's rise to power after Lenin's death. It is revealing, because the Stalinist institutionalization of Marxism–Leninism in the 1930s did contain three identifiable, dogmatic principles that became the explicit model for all later Soviet-type regimes: dialectical materialism as the only true proletarian basis for philosophy, the leading role of the communist party as the central principle of Marxist politics, and state-led planned industrialization and agricultural collectivization as the foundation of socialist economics. The global influence of these three doctrinal and institutional innovations makes the term Marxist–Leninist a convenient label for a distinct sort of ideological order – one which, at the height of its power and influence, dominated one-third of the world's population." 21878:, pp. 95–151: "But, the transformation – either into joint-stock companies and trusts, or into State-ownership – does not do away with the capitalistic nature of the productive forces. In the joint-stock companies and trusts, this is obvious. And the modern State, again, is only the organization that bourgeois society takes on in order to support the external conditions of the capitalist mode of production against the encroachments as well of the workers as of individual capitalists. The modern state, no matter what its form, is essentially a capitalist machine – the state of the capitalists, the ideal personification of the total national capital. The more it proceeds to the taking over of productive forces, the more does it actually become the national capitalist, the more citizens does it exploit. The workers remain wage-workers – proletarians. The capitalist relation is not done away with. It is, rather, brought to a head. But, brought to a head, it topples over. State-ownership of the productive forces is not the solution of the conflict, but concealed within it are the technical conditions that form the elements of that solution." 8184:. Some authors posit that there is a Communist death toll, whose death estimates vary widely, depending on the definitions of the deaths that are included in them, ranging from lows of 10–20 million to highs over 100 million. The higher estimates have been criticized by several scholars as ideologically motivated and inflated; they are also criticized for being inaccurate due to incomplete data, inflated by counting any excess death, making an unwarranted link to communism, and the grouping and body-counting itself. Higher estimates account for actions that Communist governments committed against civilians, including executions, human-made famines, and deaths that occurred during, or resulted from, imprisonment, and forced deportations and labor. Higher estimates are criticized for being based on sparse and incomplete data when significant errors are inevitable, and for being skewed to higher possible values. Others have argued that, while certain estimates may not be accurate, "quibbling about numbers is unseemly. What matters is that many, many people were killed by communist regimes." Historian Mark Bradley wrote that while the exact numbers have been in dispute, the 8402:, positive aspects of communist countries included support for social mobility and equality, the elimination of illiteracy, urbanization, more accessible healthcare and housing, regional mobility with public transportation, the elimination of semi-feudal hierarchies, more women entering the labor market, and free access to higher education. Negative aspects of communist countries, on the other hand according to Bozóki included the suppression of freedom, the loss of trust in civil society; a culture of fear and corruption; reduced international travel; dependency on the party and state; Central Europe becoming a satellite of the Soviet Union; the creation of closed societies, leading to xenophobia, racism, prejudice, cynicism and pessimism; women only being emancipated in the workforce; the oppression of national identity; and relativist ethical societal standards. 21972:: "Communist ideas have acquired a new meaning since 1918. They became equivalent to the ideas of Marxism–Leninism, that is, the interpretation of Marxism by Lenin and his successors. Endorsing the final objective, namely, the creation of a community owning means of production and providing each of its participants with consumption 'according to their needs', they put forward the recognition of the class struggle as a dominating principle of a social development. In addition, workers (i.e., the proletariat) were to carry out the mission of reconstruction of the society. Conducting a socialist revolution headed by the avant-garde of the proletariat, that is, the party, was hailed to be a historical necessity. Moreover, the introduction of the proletariat dictatorship was advocated and hostile classes were to be liquidated." 19227:, pp. 35, 79: "While Jerry Hough suggested Stalin's terror claimed tens of thousands of victims, R.J. Rummel puts the death toll of Soviet communist terror between 1917 and 1987 at 61,911,000. In both cases, these figures are based on an ideological preunderstanding and speculative and sweeping calculations. On the other hand, the considerably lower figures in terms of numbers of Gulag prisoners presented by Russian researchers during the glasnost period have been relatively widely accepted. ... It could, quite rightly, be claimed that the opinions that Rummel presents here (they are hardly an example of a serious and empirically-based writing of history) do not deserve to be mentioned in a research review, but they are still perhaps worth bringing up on the basis of the interest in him in the blogosphere." 15195:. The time had come, Lenin argued, for the destruction of the foundations of the bourgeois state, and its replacement with an ultra-democratic 'Dictatorship of the Proletariat' based on the model of democracy followed by the communards of Paris in 1871. Much of the work was theoretical, designed, by means of quotations from Marx and Engels, to win battles within the international Social Democratic movement against Lenin's arch-enemy Kautsky. However, Lenin was not operating only in the realm of theory. He took encouragement from the rise of a whole range of institutions that seemed to embody class-based, direct democracy, and in particular the soviets and the factory committees, which demanded the right to 'supervise' ('kontrolirovat') (although not to take the place of) factory management. 7257: 3277: 2156: 2365: 21906:: "As communist Parties emerged around the world, encouraged both by the success of the Soviet Party in establishing Russia's independence from foreign domination and by clandestine monetary subsidies from the Soviet comrades, they became identifiable by their adherence to a common political ideology known as Marxism–Leninism. Of course from the very beginning Marxism–Leninism existed in many variants. The conditions were themselves an effort to enforce a minimal degree of uniformity on diverse conceptions of communist identity. Adherence to the ideas of 'Marx, Engels, Lenin, and Trotsky' characterized the Trotskyists who soon broke off in a 'Fourth International'." 7238:. According to Engels, state property by itself is private property of capitalist nature, unless the proletariat has control of political power, in which case it forms public property. Whether the proletariat was actually in control of the Marxist–Leninist states is a matter of debate between Marxism–Leninism and other communist tendencies. To these tendencies, Marxism–Leninism is neither Marxism nor Leninism nor the union of both but rather an artificial term created to justify Stalin's ideological distortion, forced into the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Comintern. In the Soviet Union, this struggle against Marxism–Leninism was represented by 3263: 9799:... communism (noun) ... 2. The economic and political system instituted in the Soviet Union after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. Also, the economic and political system of several Soviet allies, such as China and Cuba. (Writers often capitalize Communism when they use the word in this sense.) These Communist economic systems often did not achieve the ideals of communist theory. For example, although many forms of property were owned by the government in the USSR and China, neither the work nor the products were shared in a manner that would be considered equitable by many communist or Marxist theorists. 21934:'Marxism–Leninism–Maoism' became the ideology of the Chinese Communist Party and of the splinter parties that broke off from national communist parties after the Chinese definitively split with the Soviets in 1963. Italian communists continued to be influenced by the ideas of Antonio Gramsci, whose independent conception of the reasons why the working class in industrial countries remained politically quiescent bore far more democratic implications than Lenin's own explanation of worker passivity. Until Stalin's death, the Soviet Party referred to its own ideology as 'Marxism–Leninism–Stalinism'." 7157: 8110:, communism is "commonly confused with the political and economic system that developed in the Soviet Union" after the revolution. Morris also wrote that Soviet-style communism "did not 'work'" due to "an over-centralised, oppressive, bureaucratic and rigid economic and political system." Historian Andrzej Paczkowski summarized communism as "an ideology that seemed clearly the opposite, that was based on the secular desire of humanity to achieve equality and social justice, and that promised a great leap forward into freedom." In contrast, Austrian-American economist 73: 7432: 21863: 9620:, pp. 44–45: "By 1888, the term 'socialism' was in general use among Marxists, who had dropped 'communism', now considered an old fashioned term meaning the same as 'socialism'. ... At the turn of the century, Marxists called themselves socialists. ... The definition of socialism and communism as successive stages was introduced into Marxist theory by Lenin in 1917 ..., the new distinction was helpful to Lenin in defending his party against the traditional Marxist criticism that Russia was too backward for a socialist revolution." 16029:"You know that the institutions, mores, and traditions of various countries must be taken into consideration, and we do not deny that there are countries – such as America, England, and if I were more familiar with your institutions, I would perhaps also add Holland – where the workers can attain their goal by peaceful means. This being the case, we must also recognise the fact that in most countries on the Continent the lever of our revolution must be force; it is force to which we must some day appeal to erect the rule of labour." 3459: 21503:, and did not make a connection between all Communist states or communism as an ideology. Rosefielde wrote that "the conditions for the Red Holocaust were rooted in Stalin's, Kim's, Mao's, Ho's and Pol Pot's siege-mobilized terror-command economic systems, not in Marx's utopian vision or other pragmatic communist transition mechanisms. Terror-command was chosen among other reasons because of legitimate fears about the long-term viability of terror-free command, and the ideological risks of market communism." 2343: 1594: 13326:'Although Stalin was the system's prime architect, the system was managed by thousands of 'Stalins' in a nested dictatorship,' Gregory writes. 'This study pinpoints the reasons for the failure of the system – poor planning, unreliable supplies, the preferential treatment of indigenous enterprises, the lack of knowledge of planners, etc. – but also focuses on the basic principal agent conflict between planners and producers, which created a sixty-year reform stalemate.' 22082:... we do not live in a world directly constructed by Stalin's purges or mass starvation under Pol Pot. Those states are gone. Even Mao's Great Leap Forward was quickly abandoned and rejected by the Chinese Communist Party, though the party is still very much around. We do, however, live in a world built partly by US-backed Cold War violence. ... Washington's anticommunist crusade, with Indonesia as the apex of its murderous violence against civilians, deeply shaped the world we live in now ... . 8154: 25461: 8681: 6024: 2907:. While the war ended in a military stalemate, it gave Mao the opportunity to identify and purge elements in China that seemed supportive of capitalism. At first, there was close cooperation with Stalin, who sent in technical experts to aid the industrialization process along the line of the Soviet model of the 1930s. After Stalin's death in 1953, relations with Moscow soured – Mao thought Stalin's successors had betrayed the Communist ideal. Mao charged that Soviet leader 1079: 8563: 3944: 6940: 2924: 6687: 20502:(Poland), Košice (Slovakia), and Miskolc (Hungary), as were various mechanical engineering and chemical combines and other industrial sites. As a result of communist modernization, living standards in Eastern Europe rose. Planned economies, moreover, meant that wages, salaries, and the prices of consumer goods were fixed. Although the communists were not able to cancel out all regional differences, they succeeded in creating largely egalitarian societies. 7516: 3015: 7749: 25473: 6048: 1090: 2864: 8416:, on the political left, there are "those with some sympathy for socialist ideals and the popular opinion of hundreds of millions of Russian and east European citizens nostalgic for their state socialist pasts.", while on the political right, there are "the committed anti-totalitarians, both east and west, insisting that all experiments with Marxism will always and inevitably end with the gulag." The " 1859:, "Marx used many terms to refer to a post-capitalist society – positive humanism, socialism, Communism, realm of free individuality, free association of producers, etc. He used these terms completely interchangeably. The notion that 'socialism' and 'Communism' are distinct historical stages is alien to his work and only entered the lexicon of Marxism after his death." According to the 3368:, and since then China has managed to bring down the poverty rate from 53% in the Mao era to just 8% in 2001. After losing Soviet subsidies and support, Vietnam and Cuba have attracted more foreign investment to their countries, with their economies becoming more market-oriented. North Korea, the last Communist country that still practices Soviet-style Communism, is both repressive and isolationist. 7935: 6036: 21525:, stated that Communism killed more than Nazism and thus was worse; several scholars have criticized this view. After assessing twenty years of historical research in Eastern European archives, lower estimates by the "revisionist school" of historians have been vindicated, despite the popular press continuing to use higher estimates and containing serious errors. Historians such as 9209:"The far left in America consists principally of people who believe in some form of Marxism-Leninism, i.e., some form of Communism. A small minority of extreme leftists adhere to "pure" Marxism or collectivist anarchism. Most far leftists scorn reforms (except as a short-term tactic), and instead aim for the complete overthrow of the capitalist system including the U.S. government." 14552: 21918:: "The proletariat seizes the public power, and by means of this transforms the socialized means of production, slipping from the hands of the bourgeoisie, into public property. By this act, the proletariat frees the means of production from the character of capital they have thus far borne, and gives their socialized character complete freedom to work itself out." 8004:, the main theorist of anarcho-communism, stated that a revolutionary society should "transform itself immediately into a communist society", that it should go immediately into what Marx had regarded as the "more advanced, completed, phase of communism". In this way, it tries to avoid the reappearance of class divisions and the need for a state to be in control. 21757:, "hether all these cases, from Hungary to Afghanistan, have a single essence and thus deserve to be lumped together – just because they are labeled Marxist or communist – is a question the authors scarcely discuss." In particular, historians Jens Mecklenburg and Wolfgang Wippermann stated that a connection between the events in 8582:) than citizens of other countries. Those who are left-authoritarian in this sense more often tend to be older generations that lived under Communism. In contrast, younger post-Communist generations continue to be anti-democratic but are not as left-wing ideologically, which in the words of Pop-Eleches and Tucker "might help explain the growing popularity of 8306:. Many commentators on the political right point to the mass deaths under Communist states, claiming them as an indictment of communism. Opponents of this view argue that these killings were aberrations caused by specific authoritarian regimes, and not caused by communism itself, and point to mass deaths in wars and famines that they argue were caused by 7493:, or those who upheld Maoism, were not unified around a common understanding of Maoism, instead having their own particular interpretations of the political, philosophical, economical, and military works of Mao. Its adherents claim that as a unified, coherent higher stage of Marxism, it was not consolidated until the 1980s, first being formalized by the 3898:, "the transformation ... into State-ownership does not do away with the capitalistic nature of the productive forces. ... State-ownership of the productive forces is not the solution of the conflict, but concealed within it are the technical conditions that form the elements of that solution." This has led Marxist groups and tendencies critical of the 21417:'s writings; the geographical scope is "the Big Three", and the authors state that killings were carried out as part of an unbalanced modernizing policy of rapid industrialization, asking "what marked the beginning of the unbalanced Russian modernisation process that was to have such terrible consequences?" Notable scholarly exceptions are historian 21393:, have questioned "the very category 'victims of Stalinism'" as "a matter of political judgement" because mass deaths from famines are not a "uniquely Stalinist evil" and were widespread throughout the world in the 19th and 20th centuries. There exists very little literature that compares excess deaths under "the Big Three" of Stalin's Soviet Union, 2511:, socialist parties totaled well over 70% of the vote. The Bolsheviks were clear winners in the urban centres, and took around two-thirds of the votes of soldiers on the Western Front, obtaining 23.3% of the vote; the Socialist Revolutionaries finished first on the strength of support from the country's rural peasantry, who were for the most part 8520: 8291:'s Cambodia on the basis that Stalin influenced Mao, who influenced Pol Pot; in all cases, scholars say killings were carried out as part of a policy of an unbalanced modernization process of rapid industrialization. Daniel Goldhagen argues that 20th century communist regimes "have killed more people than any other regime type." 8669: 1431:. With the exception of North Korea, all of these states have started allowing more economic competition while maintaining one-party rule. The decline of communism in the late 20th century has been attributed to the inherent inefficiencies of communist economies and the general trend of communist governments towards 10008:, p. 5: "Chapter 1 looks at the foundations of the doctrine by examining the contribution made by various traditions of socialism in the period between the early 19th century and the aftermath of the First World War. The two forms that emerged as dominant by the early 1920s were social democracy and communism." 11873:, p. 45: "Among Western journalists the term 'Communist' came to refer exclusively to regimes and movements associated with the Communist International and its offspring: regimes which insisted that they were not communist but socialist, and movements which were barely communist in any sense at all."; 3662:, and so on) become contradictory and inefficient as the productive forces develop, which results in some form of social revolution arising in response to the mounting contradictions. This revolutionary change is the vehicle for fundamental society-wide changes and ultimately leads to the emergence of new 20248:(2011)). Thus, anti-communism not only delegitimises the left, including communists, and depreciates the contribution of the left to the breakdown of fascism in 1945, but also contributes to the rehabilitation of the latter, as we can see in recent cases in Europe and other places. (Quote at pp. 178–179) 21862: 21448: 11474: 9685: 2638: 2117: 21529: 21204: 21174: 20239: 11825: 8991: 7377: 2948:. The movement paralyzed China politically and weakened the country economically, culturally, and intellectually for years. Millions of people were accused, humiliated, stripped of power, and either imprisoned, killed, or most often, sent to work as farm laborers. Mao insisted that those he labelled 23400: 21462: 20501: 19838: 19352: 19121: 16563: 14879: 14041: 9600: 8878: 8128: 2831: 21331: 21275: 20872: 20132: 13370: 8562: 8519: 6857: 6775: 2923: 2863: 1535: 23440: 21797: 14952: 12800: 11440: 8668: 7113: 21957: 8446: 3425: 2818: 21773: 21712: 21356: 11725: 8161: 3797: 3746: 23224: 2928: 14685: 9268: 3649: 2911: 21457: 3714: 3400: 14686: 7014: 2518: 8551: 8267:, alongside colonial, counter-guerrilla, and ethnic mass killing, as a subtype of dispossessive mass killing to distinguish it from coercive mass killing. Genocide scholars do not consider ideology, or regime-type, as an important factor that explains mass killings. Some authors, such as 2968: 2408: 7326: 2317: – a new class of urban factory workers who labored under often-hazardous conditions. Foremost among these critics were Marx and his associate Engels. In 1848, Marx and Engels offered a new definition of communism and popularized the term in their famous pamphlet 23441: 11441: 2403: 3612: 18211: 21737: 14919: 8571:. In addition, 61 percent said that standards of living were now higher than they had been under Communism, while only 31 percent said that they were worse, with the remaining 8 percent saying that they did not know or that standards of living had not changed. 21276: 21284: 7097:. Where Khrushchev pursued an interpretation that differed from Stalin, the anti-revisionists within the international communist movement remained dedicated to Stalin's ideological legacy and criticized the Soviet Union under Khrushchev and his successors as 3617: 19122: 9686: 8420:" concept, has become accepted scholarship, as part of the double genocide theory, in Eastern Europe and among anti-communists in general; it is rejected by some Western European and other scholars, especially when it is used to equate Communism and 9302: 8578:, citizens of post-Communist countries are less supportive of democracy and more supportive of government-provided social welfare. They also found that those who lived under Communist rule were more likely to be left-authoritarian (referencing the 8424:, which is seen by scholars as a long-discredited perspective. The narrative posits that famines and mass deaths by Communist states can be attributed to a single cause and that communism, as "the deadliest ideology in history", or in the words of 3820: 6822: 6767:, "between capitalist and communist society there lies the period of the revolutionary transformation of the one into the other. Corresponding to this is also a political transition period in which the state can be nothing but the revolutionary 2288: 15371:... Ruskin attempted a methodological/scientific critique of political economy. He fixed on ideas of 'natural laws', 'economic man' and the prevailing notion of 'value' to point out gaps and inconsistencies in the system of classical economics. 15078: 7809: 3815: 3409: 8390: 14652: 2771:, the Leninist parties were organized on a hierarchical basis, with active cells of members as the broad base. They were made up only of elite cadres approved by higher members of the party as being reliable and completely subject to 1956: 21733:(politicide), but no comparative analysis or communist link is drawn, other than the events just happened to take place in some Communist states in Eastern Asia. The Harff database is the most frequently used by genocide scholars. 2122:'s early writings; Marx stated that "s Christ is the intermediary unto whom man unburdens all his divinity, all his religious bonds, so the state is the mediator unto which he transfers all his Godlessness, all his human liberty." 14762: 11475: 8465:, Communism is "considered one of the two great totalitarian movements of the 20th century", the other being Nazism, but added that "there is an important difference in how the world has treated these two execrable phenomena.": 6858: 19623: 16564: 15272:'There are no counterparts to Marx's economic concepts in either classical or utility theory.' I take this to mean that Marx breaks with economics, where economics is understood to be a generally applicable social science. 3889: 9649: 3670: 21645: 20614:"If, in 1987–1988, 2 percent of the Russian people lived in poverty (i.e., survived on less than $ 4 a day), by 1993–1995 the number reached 50 percent: in just seven years half the Russian population became destitute. 15301:[Engels was the first to critically engage the new political economy his 'Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy' came out in 1844 and became a starting point for Marx's own critique of political economy.] 11726: 7488: 21769:'s murderous anti-urbanism under the same category. Historian Michael David-Fox criticized the figures as well as the idea to combine loosely connected events under a single category of Communist death toll, blaming 20244:(1997) is of help here as it estimates the number of victims of 'communism' at around 100 million; however, it is critically commented on by researchers on the subject, including historian Enzo Traverso in the book 7327: 21694: 3119: 14372: 12691: 8064: 6970:. There is no definite agreement between historians about whether Stalin actually followed the principles of Marx and Lenin. It also contains aspects which according to some are deviations from Marxism such as 2527: 8484:, and alleged economic underperformance when compared to developed free market systems are cited as examples of Communist states failing to build a successful state while relying entirely on what they view as 2488: 2433: 8428: 15299: 19448: 18179: 16347: 21433: 7847: 3240:. Previously, from August to December 1991, all the individual republics, including Russia itself, had seceded from the union. The week before the union's formal dissolution, eleven republics signed the 16545: 3812:. It is seen as merely one of many types of historically specific ways to distribute resources. They argue that it is a relatively new mode of resource distribution, which emerged along with modernity. 8480: 15688: 3326: 1573: 7363: 8440:, propose a theory of equivalence between class and racial genocide. It is supported by the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation, with 100 million being the most common estimate used from 2118: 1865:, "Exactly how communism differs from socialism has long been a matter of debate, but the distinction rests largely on the communists' adherence to the revolutionary socialism of Karl Marx." 19353: 10435: 2735:, which debated on the path of development to follow. The Left and Workers' oppositions were more critical of the state-capitalist development and the Workers' in particular was critical of 3338:, which abolished the monarchy in 2008 and turned the country into a federal liberal-democratic republic, and have democratically shared power with other communists, Marxist–Leninists, and 1282:, that in this system there are two major social classes, that the relationship between these two classes is exploitative, and that this situation can only ultimately be resolved through a 10289: 14770: 13481: 3257: 14471: 10135: 8374: 2848:, which drove the Americans back to the prewar boundaries, but which escalated tensions. The United States decided to mobilize its economy for a long contest with the Soviets, built the 1411: 21780:. Allegation of a communist or red Holocaust is not popular among scholars in Germany or internationally, and is considered a form of softcore antisemitism and Holocaust trivialization. 2515:, that issue being land reform, obtaining 37.6%, while the Ukrainian Socialist Bloc finished a distant third at 12.7%, and the Mensheviks obtained a disappointing fourth place at 3.0%. 1745: 1686:". Socialism has been described as a philosophy seeking distributive justice, and communism as a subset of socialism that prefers economic equality as its form of distributive justice. 18190: 24547: 23266: 21357: 16684: 7993: 3843: 3802:, faulty historical assumptions, and the normative use of various descriptive narratives. They reject what they describe as mainstream economists' tendency to posit the economy as an 3606: 2415: 147: 9853: 23470: 23037: 22997: 8499: 2940: 7230:. According to Marxism, the dictatorship of the proletariat represents the rule of the majority (democracy) rather than of one party, to the extent that the co-founder of Marxism, 9422: 7215: 10212: 3426: 17698: 8339: 8053:. Although there is no universal agreement on the exact dates when communistic ideas and practices in Christianity began, many Christian communists state that evidence from the 7472: 7118:. Others reject both Stalin and Mao, tracing their ideological roots back to Marx and Lenin. In addition, other groups uphold various less-well-known historical leaders such as 1270: 14558: 3763: 18670: 4215: 4185: 20580: 9779: 8536:, in addition to developing better institutions. The institute also stated that the process of privatization in Russia was "deeply flawed" due to Russia's reforms being "far 6757: 22733: 21311:. In 2009, the constitution was quietly amended so that it removed all Marxist–Leninist references present in the first draft, and also dropped all references to communism. 15634: 15238: 2062:. Plato, in particular, has been considered as a possible communist or socialist theorist, or as the first author to give communism a serious consideration. The 5th-century 22274: 8492: 19839: 8524: 3825:. Into the 21st century, there are multiple critiques of political economy; what they have in common is the critique of what critics of political economy tend to view as 3534: 8644: 7074: 20452: 18554: 2720: 19274: 18124: 3637: 20992: 20783: 17583: 18023: 7026: 6913: 1474:, which remain controversial, polarized, and debated topics in academia, historiography, and politics when discussing communism and the legacy of Communist states. 21823: 18185: 16302: 14539:[Declaration of the Council of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in connection with the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States]. 14156: 11141: 8181: 4005: 1471: 2903: 21948: 21826:. South East Asian communism was deeply divided, as China supported the Khmer Rouge, while the Soviet Union and Vietnam opposed it. The United States supported 18067: 7226: 3413: 20210: 15824: 3537: 19852: 10852:(Spring 1998). "Le Livre noir du communisme: Crimes, terreur, répression (The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, and Repression) by Stéphane Courtois". 2840:, expecting a short war. He was stunned when the Americans entered and defeated the North Koreans, putting them almost on the Soviet border. Stalin supported 23032: 22992: 21429:, which includes any direct and indirect deaths by government, and did not limit himself to Communist states, which were categorized within the framework of 15719: 3645: 3266: 22639: 20016: 19365: 18144: 15678: 15554:[The classical political economy as it was developed by John Stuart Mill, Adam Smith, and David Ricardo, as a kind of 'collective mental lapse' ...] 13884: 1298:, a small minority that derives profit from employing the working class through private ownership of the means of production. According to this analysis, a 22003: 21834:, and research has shown that everything in Cambodia was seen as a legitimate target by the United States, whose verdict of its main leaders at that time ( 17137: 15552: 21449: 21081: 18669:(2011). "Chapter 5: 'Industrial repression' and Operation Condor in Latin America". In Esparza, Marcia; Huttenbach, Henry R.; Feierstein, Daniel (eds.). 16439: 3027: 2086:, and striving to create an egalitarian society. At one time or another, various small communist communities existed, generally under the inspiration of 1302: 15620: 3808: 2823:. Relations with the United States and Britain went from friendly to hostile, as they denounced Stalin's political controls over eastern Europe and his 22500: 1392: 21164:, other than the general consensus of being to the left of a standard political left, and because many of their positions are not extreme, or because 14708: 3128:. By the 1960s and 1970s, many Western communist parties had criticized many of the actions of communist states, distanced from them, and developed a 27839: 23170: 15607: 15406:'To criticize Political Economy' means to confront it with a new problematic and a new object: i.e., to question the very object of Political Economy 12946: 10169: 9977: 6888:, as the political prelude to the establishment of communism. The function of the Leninist vanguard party is to provide the working classes with the 15829: 23108: 20963: 19856: 15393: 10445: 5471: 3738: 21765:'s Cambodia are far from evident and that Pol Pot's study of Marxism in Paris is insufficient for connecting radical Soviet industrialism and the 21580: 17230: 16863: 2988: 22011: 17326: 14568: 13812: 8171: 6739:. There would be little, if any, need for a state, the goal of which was to enforce the alienation of labor; as such, the state would eventually 3735: 2520: 21806:, resulting in the dropping of more than half a million tonnes of bombs in the country during the civil-war period; this was mainly directed to 25993: 25510: 24781: 23341: 22786: 22007: 21458: 17265: 15062: 13447: 12350: 8951:, p. 43: "One widespread distinction was that socialism socialised production only while communism socialised production and consumption." 8476:, their bureaucracy, and the inherent inefficiencies in their economies have been linked to the decline of communism in the late 20th century. 4330: 3891: 3707: 3318: 2747:, the Leninist parties were organized on a hierarchical basis, with active cells of members as the broad base. They were made up only of elite 2430: 1271: 1178:, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need. A communist society would entail the absence of 391: 17106: 2819: 19676: 13831: 7453: 7347: 6673: 3965: 3654:) is the primary agent of change in the structure of society and of human social relations and that social systems and their relations (e.g. 3421: 1201: 20910: 18041: 11275: 24400: 21425:, who have attempted a connection between all Communist states. Rummel's analysis was done within the framework of his proposed concept of 20659: 16832: 11659: 8023: 6668: 3960: 3751: 1965: 21303:, which is portrayed as a development of Marxism–Leninism, the status of North Korea remains disputed. Marxism–Leninism was superseded by 10018: 21366: 14220: 11785: 10940: 10095: 8395: 8129: 7435: 6715: 24329: 20962: 19905: 10958:... most of the 40-60,000,000 lives lost in the Second World War, for which arguably Hitler and not Stalin was principally responsible. 10495:(1999). "Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. Not the Last Word". 2245:'s attitude towards these groups was at best ambivalent and often hostile. Criticism of the idea of private property continued into the 26783: 26424: 21401:'s Cambodia, and that which does exist mainly enumerates the events rather than explain their ideological reasons. One such example is 21373: 21307: 18708: 14168: 11895: 10243: 10192: 7794:, and the idea of a revolutionary party, since council communists believe that a revolution led by a party would necessarily produce a 6776: 4105: 3980: 2508: 19996: 19820: 17712: 15876: 15711: 12915: 12884: 11667: 3430: 24791: 24725: 23727:. Historiographical essay that covers the scholarship of the three major schools: totalitarianism, revisionism, and post-revisionism. 22459: 21718: 21156:, for which there is general consensus among scholars on what it entails and its grouping (e.g. various academic handbooks studies), 20053:"Advocating for the Cause of the 'Victims of Communism' in the European Political Space: Memory Entrepreneurs in Interstitial Fields" 6078: 3355: 3089: 2658: 401: 333: 16648: 2996: 26968: 25237: 24542: 22358: 17387: 16894: 14190: 3067: 851: 142: 18202: 17318: 16928: 13075: 13048: 13017: 7758: 7461: 3771:'s model, is to be the most democratic state where the whole of the public authority is elected and recallable under the basis of 3284: 27576: 26878: 25185: 12053: 11307:(1983). "Quelques dates à propos des termes communiste et communisme" [Some dates on the terms communist and communism]. 8138: 7413: 3376: 3108: 799: 21175: 8495: 8461:, and by extension communism, and the former work in particular was important in the criminalization of communism. According to 6881: 26997: 24786: 8529: 7555: 4904: 4886: 4315: 3358: 1829: 396: 21413:, a review study summarizing what others have stated about it, mentioning some authors who saw the origins of the killings in 17508: 12380: 11033:"Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. Not the Last Word" 10266: 7256: 6789: 26985: 25361: 24305: 24279: 24256: 24230: 24205: 24179: 24156: 24130: 24100: 24074: 24052: 23945: 23919: 23891: 23839: 23808: 23740: 23686: 23658: 23635: 23609: 23583: 23557: 23433: 23324: 23298: 23187: 22946: 22899: 22831: 22775: 22714: 22541: 22153: 22103: 21997: 20894: 20494: 20283: 19441: 19330: 19267: 19114: 19024: 18979: 18934: 18888: 18843: 18801: 18688: 18650: 18479: 18444: 18366: 18003: 17975: 17944: 17894: 17370: 17151: 17012: 16942: 16908: 16877: 16846: 16812: 16780: 16746: 16662: 16631: 16447: 16392: 15961: 15792: 15439: 15220: 15032: 14945: 14339: 13697: 13638: 13363: 13308: 13089: 13058: 13031: 13000: 12956: 12929: 12898: 12859: 12186: 12141: 12106: 11957: 11718: 11689: 11634: 11511: 11425: 11352: 10915: 10714: 10283: 9910: 9868: 9826: 9733: 9678: 9593: 9359: 9328: 9084: 8844: 8167: 7534: 5799: 5726: 4175: 3590: 2739: 2670: 1683: 1463: 981: 18558: 8207:. Among genocide scholars, there is no consensus on a common terminology, and the events have been variously referred to as 5276: 1952: 24771: 23967: 23343: 23235: 22568: 22125: 21018: 18130: 16736: 16390: 11133: 10543:(2000). "The Scale and Nature of Stalinist Repression and Its Demographic Significance: On Comments by Keep and Conquest". 8579: 8525: 2206:, a work about More, whose ideas could be regarded as "the foregleam of Modern Socialism" according to Kautsky. During the 381: 24433: 14218: 7114: 1678:). This distinction can be observed in Marx's communism, where the distribution of products is based on the principle of " 27686: 27596: 24464: 22342: 21112: 18073: 18027: 7881: 6987: 6963: 4717: 4305: 4130: 4060: 4035: 3742: 3289: 3212:, although five of the signatories ratified it much later or did not do it at all. On the previous day, Soviet president 2784: 1833: 1118: 27711: 25838: 21789: 18350: 18327: 9418:"Problems and Perspectives of Contemporary European Radical Left Parties: Chasing a Lost World or Still a World to Win?" 9012: 8899: 7130: 2519: 25986: 25503: 23865: 23393: 23217: 22472: 22399: 22075: 21095: 21061: 20825: 20607: 20573: 20541: 20428: 20396: 18751: 18580: 18424: 18394: 17746: 17452: 16340: 15870: 14994: 14872: 14098: 14067: 14030: 13995: 13924: 13774: 12990: 11909: 10327: 10063: 9902: 8458: 7759: 7562:. Eurocommunists tended to have a larger attachment to liberty and democracy than their Marxist–Leninist counterparts. 3245: 3209: 3201: 2591: 2568: 2399:, which was the first time any avowedly communist party reached that position. The revolution transferred power to the 1938: 20177: 18225: 15752: 15576: 15539: 13525: 3702: 25315: 23990: 23491: 23156: 23084: 23050: 23010: 22799: 22628: 22372: 22269: 21952: 21543: 20160: 19979: 19947: 19761: 19605: 19566: 19521: 19299: 18531: 18302: 18153: 18104: 15926: 15506: 15387: 15356: 14678: 14645: 14393: 14295: 14263: 13743: 13602: 13474: 13176: 12779: 12741: 12619: 12587: 12558: 12257: 12224: 11994: 11605: 11565: 11197: 10206: 10126: 9990: 9955: 9642: 9159: 8363: 8279:, consider the ideology of communism to be a significant causative factor in mass killings. Some connect killings in 4544: 4200: 4150: 3406: 3335: 2985: 1770: 933: 24418: 19879:"Ideology, Memory and Religion in Post-Communist East Central Europe: A Comparative Study Focused on Post-Holocaust" 15977: 14533: 3296:. Communist parties, or their descendant parties, remain politically important in several other countries. With the 27656: 26106: 25336: 24766: 23756: 14534:"Deklaratsiya Soveta Respublik Verkhovnogo Soveta SSSR v svyazi s sozdaniyem Sodruzhestva Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv" 12476: 11978: 9033: 8920: 7775: 6625: 6525: 5857: 5804: 4469: 4115: 3351: 3043: 2580: 2155: 956: 376: 21831: 20353: 3276: 2767: 2715: 26612: 26463: 24776: 24597: 23575: 23509: 23225: 22664: 22088: 21794: 21793:. The goal of Khmer Rouge's leaders goal was to introduce communism in an extremely short period of time through 21382: 21377:'s Soviet Union, without connecting them to communism as a whole. They have vigorously debated, including on the 20735:"Neoliberal Doctrine Meets the Eastern Bloc: Resistance, Appropriation and Purification in Post-Socialist Spaces" 19396: 17788: 17291: 15057: 14910: 13874: 13205: 12467: 7426: 7319: 7109: 7043: 6808: 6768: 6708: 5311: 4861: 4559: 4437: 4140: 4040: 3995: 3756: 3297: 3179: 3047: 2400: 1408: 386: 199: 25109: 12973: 10121: 9541: 9477: 8552: 6815: 721: 27813: 27666: 26552: 25398: 24379: 24002: 23451: 22364: 21798: 20937: 20846: 20460: 17936: 14860: 12286: 12278: 12216: 12019: 10986: 4357: 4255: 4235: 4145: 4070: 3698: 2492: 2477: 2474: 2202:, who popularized Marxist communism in Western Europe more than any other thinker apart from Engels, published 1942: 1679: 1396: 1018: 21810: 18560: 4459: 27914: 27909: 27904: 27853: 27726: 26948: 25979: 25496: 25408: 24537: 23316: 22817: 21585: 21560: 20301: 16502: 14900: 14438: 13802: 12058: 10979:"Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-War Years: A First Approach on the Basis of Archival Evidence" 8695: 8058: 7877: 7323: 7003: 6763: 6480: 6071: 5606: 4509: 4278: 4165: 3784: 3293: 3196:, the Soviet Union was dissolved on 26 December 1991. It was a result of the declaration number 142-Н of the 3109: 3059: 2925: 2500: 2451: 2274: 1902: 1558: 1350: 1028: 137: 22519:(2001). "The Left's Lost Universalism". In Melzer, Arthur M.; Weinberger, Jerry; Zinman, M. Richard (eds.). 22490: 21249: 20090:"A History of Post-Communist Remembrance: From Memory Politics to the Emergence of a Field of Anticommunism" 19051: 14731: 8879: 2875:; for significant numbers of Russians and Georgians, he is regarded as a great statesman and state-builder. 27899: 27751: 27746: 27440: 26478: 26111: 25920: 25519: 25430: 25346: 25288: 25227: 24648: 24557: 24419:"The True Levellers Standard Advanced: Or, The State of Community Opened, and Presented to the Sons of Men" 23905: 22605: 22334: 22188: 22024: 21484: 21464: 18713: 17555:"Yanis Varoufakis thinks we need a radically new way of thinking about the economy, finance and capitalism" 17081: 14698: 14287: 14120: 13879: 12801: 12724: 11589: 11091: 8633: 8392: 8125: 8115: 7367: 7312: 6921:, which sanctioned political commitment to the successful overthrow of capitalism, and then to instituting 6772: 6540: 5281: 5161: 4335: 4250: 4095: 3848: 3582: 3541: – a class of wage laborers employed to produce goods and services – and the 3527: 3449: 3129: 2604: 2540: 2478: 2332: 1792:, which had come to be considered an old-fashioned synonym for the former. It was not until 1917, with the 1303: 1050: 966: 904: 841: 255: 159: 31: 20274:. CERI Series in Comparative Politics and International Studies. Translated by Schoch, Cynthia. New York: 15819: 15599: 13592: 10158: 9940: 3943: 27766: 27761: 27546: 25895: 25366: 25084: 24582: 23800: 22962: 22237: 21749: 21714: 21564: 21521: 21436: 21378: 21251: 20599: 19853:"Holocaust Revisionism, Ultranationalism, and the Nazi/Soviet 'Double Genocide' Debate in Eastern Europe" 19713: 18564: 18420: 18358: 16623: 16539: 16506: 16016: 15127: 14536:Декларация Совета Республик Верховного Совета СССР в связи с созданием Содружества Независимых Государств 11222: 11086: 8970: 8747: 8660:, suggest that the rise and fall of communism had a significant impact on the development and decline of 8442: 8081: 8074: 7900: 7664: 7566:, general secretary of Italy's major Communist party, was widely considered the father of Eurocommunism. 6740: 6570: 6335: 5789: 5591: 5061: 4195: 4120: 4015: 3262: 3055: 3035: 2364: 1971: 1641: 1233: 1214: 986: 696: 184: 24356: 22063: 21389:, and the release of state archives put some of the heat out of the debate. Some historians, among them 20562: 20417: 20385: 16467: 9060: 3124: 27919: 27884: 26431: 26091: 24422: 24240: 24171: 24148: 24122: 24114: 24044: 23831: 23140: 22415: 22095: 21238: 21233:-ruling states and governments, which are considered to be proper nouns as a result. Following scholar 20817: 20593: 20565: 20486: 20420: 20388: 20064: 19597: 19474: 19394: 18835: 17967: 17242: 16804: 15498: 15154: 15116: 14808: 13910: 13766: 13498: 13292: 12646: 12579: 12465: 12427: 12311: 12133: 12063: 11837: 11710: 11626: 10706: 9402: 9297: 9191: 8740: 8600: 8245: 8107: 7915:, who has been described as being "more Leninist than Lenin", and considered himself to be a Leninist. 7798:. Council communists support a workers' democracy, produced through a federation of workers' councils. 7165: 7079: 6925:; and as the revolutionary national government, to realize the socio-economic transition by all means. 6807: 6701: 5561: 5536: 5461: 4824: 4622: 4065: 3623: 3453: 3217: 2140: 1251: 42: 26748: 24364: 22615:. SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice. Vol. 37. Cham: Springer. pp. 111–129. 21686: 17170:(January–March 1971). "Leninism and Maoism: Some Populist Perspectives on Marxism-Leninism in China". 16237: 13248: 13246: 13244: 9224: 8965: 8810: 8612:. Dean argues that, when people think of capitalism, they do not consider what are its worst results ( 8061:, established their own small communist society in the years following Jesus' death and resurrection. 7770:. The core principle of council communism is that the government and the economy should be managed by 6761:, being "one of the first and most important tasks of the militant proletariat". As Marx wrote in his 2832: 2258: 2152: 1861: 1330: 27924: 27879: 26795: 26738: 26323: 25393: 24824: 24756: 24426: 23533: 23457: 22282: 22264: 22190: 22049: 21337: 20275: 19154: 18926: 18880: 18294: 18268: 17804: 17683: 16520: 16484: 16207: 15841: 15073: 15052: 14989: 14973: 14914: 13608: 13203: 12825: 11344: 11283: 9961: 9670: 9566: 9551: 9503: 9487: 9045: 8986: 8932: 8710: 8496: 8099: 8008: 7501: 5701: 4708: 4592: 4310: 4210: 4170: 4100: 4085: 3868: 3093: 2607: 2575: 2270: 1959: 1346: 1210: 1013: 436: 366: 17: 20299: 17822: 15146: 14793: 14195:. Biennial meeting, South African Political Studies Association, 29 June–2 July 1999. Archived from 13286: 13108: 9387: 9282: 9176: 8037: 3116:. Communism was seen as a rival of and a threat to Western capitalism for most of the 20th century. 2555:, were critical of the Bolsheviks from the beginning due to Russia being seen as too backward for a 2446:. 50,000 workers had passed a resolution in favour of Bolshevik demand for transfer of power to the 27889: 27636: 24248: 22172: 22113: 21544: 21476: 20734: 19433: 19367: 19322: 19259: 18971: 18254: 17601: 17114: 16799:(1992). "Trotsky's political economy of capitalism". In Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul (eds.). 16293: 14637: 14596: 13836: 13241: 12550: 11901: 11134:"A Tale of 'Two Totalitarianisms': The Crisis of Capitalism and the Historical Memory of Communism" 11105: 10164:[First stipulation of the 'Seongun Thought' of the North Korean Constitution] (in Korean). 9938: 9860: 9787: 9111: 8547: 7687: 7547: 7304: 7180: 6971: 6605: 6450: 6310: 6064: 5794: 4160: 4080: 4030: 3361: 1610: 23425: 23412: 23098: 19684: 16001: 15632: 15236: 13981: 13389: 11882: 11491: 11417: 11405: 7138:. Hoxha agreed with Mao in this analysis, before later using the expression to also condemn Mao's 4479: 3569:, results in a period of short-term crises as the bourgeoisie struggle to manage the intensifying 3136:. This development was criticized by more orthodox supporters of the Soviet Union as amounting to 2587: 27616: 27536: 26953: 26542: 26453: 25783: 25420: 24735: 24628: 24457: 24404: 24092: 23677: 23650: 23523: 23421: 23076: 22918: 22767: 22706: 22524: 22495: 21316: 21214: 21087: 21049: 20525: 20215: 20152: 19766: 19012: 18258: 18049: 17851: 17238: 16473: 15989: 15121: 14670: 14090: 13735: 13630: 13577: 13466: 13050: 12851: 12358: 11949: 11673: 11597: 11503: 11413: 10627: 10198: 9765: 9546: 9482: 8835: 8725: 8553: 8268: 8223: 7873: 7827: 7624: 7543: 7523: 7450: 7265: 6983: 6918: 6905: 6889: 6799: 6778: 6753: 6610: 6545: 6455: 6430: 6285: 5959: 5939: 4772: 4504: 4387: 4240: 4205: 4025: 4020: 3975: 3872: 3844: 3747: 3631: 3619: 3566: 3270: 3197: 3023: 2945: 2892: 2319: 2250: 2131: 1886: 1737: 1671: 1546: 1322: 1218: 1111: 1040: 343: 232: 27350: 24025: 22640:"Average Life Expectancy in Post-Communist Countries – Progress Varies 25 Years after Communism" 21495:'s Vietnam. Rosefielde's main point is that Communism in general, although he focuses mostly on 19093: 17472: 14864: 12805: 12010: 10028: 7782: 3042:. Marxist–Leninist governments modeled on the Soviet Union took power with Soviet assistance in 26943: 26923: 26773: 26443: 26071: 25940: 25642: 24373: 24268: 23593: 23567: 21319:, which eventually developed after losing its original Marxist–Leninist elements. According to 21201: 17963: 17667: 16615: 16157: 15994: 14192: 14174:[Program of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union] (in Russian). 1961. Archived from 12507: 11376: 11162: 10319: 9725: 9699: 9008: 8895: 8319: 8315: 8264: 7981: 7679: 7580: 7539: 7454: 7216: 7063: 6435: 6425: 6392: 6320: 6275: 6255: 6236: 6176: 6166: 6161: 6141: 5887: 5211: 4617: 4549: 4539: 4527: 3689: 3578: 3483: 2896: 2732: 2711: 2572: 2149: 1667: 26810: 21721:(genocide and politicide), and some events which happened under Communist states, such as the 21670:. Several of them are limited to the geographical locations of "the Big Three", or mainly the 21406: 20938:"End of the USSR: visualising how the former Soviet countries are doing, 20 years on | Russia" 18680: 18465: 17961: 17409:"The Retreat of Social Democracy ... Re-imposition of Work in Britain and the 'Social Europe'" 15951: 15191: 14084: 14016: 12246: 11681: 10084: 8124: 7616:. Libertarian Marxist currents often draw from Marx and Engels' later works, specifically the 7457: 7156: 6735:, enfranchising the entire population and freeing up humans to act without being bound by the 3220:) resigned, declared his office extinct, and handed over its powers, including control of the 1741: 1454:. Public memory of 20th-century Communist states has been described as a battleground between 27894: 27097: 27052: 26863: 26458: 25831: 25577: 25371: 25190: 24678: 24527: 24507: 24143:; Smith, Stephen A., eds. (2017). "World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941". 23911: 23601: 23166: 21722: 21053: 21047: 20811: 19878: 18672: 18642: 18638: 18586: 18572: 18568: 17620: 17528: 17032: 16900: 16199: 16044: 16030: 15782: 15285: 14569:"The End of the Soviet Union; Text of Declaration: 'Mutual Recognition' and 'an Equal Basis'" 13844: 13840: 13760: 13729: 13282: 13253: 12210: 12172: 12123: 11915: 11741: 11557: 11338: 11028: 10734: 10540: 10492: 9601: 8720: 8641: 8196: 8038: 7985: 7888: 7830: 7767: 7719: 7641: 7535: 7531: 6991: 6490: 6470: 6445: 6440: 6420: 6382: 6357: 5031: 4876: 4452: 4260: 4180: 4125: 3703: 3499: 3427: 3331: 3304:, there was a split between those hardline Communists, sometimes referred to in the media as 3071: 2949: 2768: 2760: 2744: 2723: 2653: 2640: 2533: 2512: 2310: 2262: 2001: 1897: 1766: 1447: 1338: 1258:, among others. Communism encompasses a variety of schools of thought, which broadly include 1243: 1202: 991: 804: 284: 127: 107: 26913: 22411:"Convergence or Divergence? Life Expectancy Patterns in Post-communist Countries, 1959–2010" 20993:"Europe's communist regimes began to collapse 30 years ago, but still shape political views" 18634: 18496: 15856: 14625: 14175: 10235: 8077:, generally agree with. Christian communism enjoys some support in Russia. Russian musician 2214: 2172: 27606: 27486: 27255: 27062: 26903: 26830: 26522: 26483: 26468: 26002: 25788: 25594: 25567: 25320: 25310: 25247: 25242: 25139: 25119: 24740: 24730: 24712: 24517: 23241: 23103: 22295: 22026: 21842:) has been harsh, and bombs were gradually dropped on increasingly densely populated areas. 21268: 20263: 17584:"Yanis Varoufakis: We leftists are not necessarily pro public sector – Marx was anti state" 15728: 15321: 15016: 14633: 14255: 13870: 13023: 12921: 11304: 9982: 9020: 8907: 8865: 8700: 8583: 8417: 8371: 8255: 8134: 7996:". Anarcho-communism differs from Marxism in that it rejects its view about the need for a 7869: 7815: 7593: 7379: 7292: 7172: 6934: 6836: 6663: 6465: 6367: 6300: 6231: 6226: 6206: 6112: 5944: 5897: 5892: 5877: 5867: 5834: 5809: 5696: 5671: 5571: 5286: 4856: 4671: 4627: 4432: 4397: 4347: 4289: 4135: 4010: 4000: 3953: 3916: 3646: 3627: 3519: 3418: 3319: 3311: 2556: 2496: 2455: 2426: 2306: 2294: 2246: 2013: 1990: 1898: 1845: 1817: 1366: 1334: 1318: 1299: 1159: 1148: 938: 928: 861: 856: 751: 731: 348: 338: 321: 117: 27077: 24355: 21770: 21516: 21418: 19463: 17408: 17268:[The French Communist Party and Eurocommunism: The greatest missed opportunity?]. 17062: 14880: 12067: 8437: 7378: 7179: 4741: 4245: 2811:, were accused, pleaded guilty of conspiracy against the Soviet Union, and were executed. 2634: 8: 27796: 27676: 27646: 27566: 27092: 27032: 26353: 26273: 25900: 25637: 25582: 25425: 25341: 25270: 25257: 25232: 25205: 25195: 25114: 24999: 24874: 24801: 24761: 24700: 24695: 24690: 24671: 24656: 24552: 24497: 24392: 24323: 24222: 23308: 21799: 21730: 21597: 21386: 21277: 21206: 21189: 20968: 20739: 20533: 20204: 19971: 19152: 18666: 18471: 18402: 18328:"VIII. First Persecution. Death of Stephen. Destruction of the First Church of Jerusalem" 17172: 15862: 15423: 15293: 15099: 14905: 14626: 14476: 14363: 14059: 13987: 13945: 13255: 13164: 12767: 11496: 11040: 10742: 10658: 10545: 10497: 10275: 9555: 9491: 8617: 8508: 8481: 8375: 8343: 8046: 8032: 7989: 7973: 7892: 7771: 7763: 7575: 7410: 7387: 7196: 7139: 7123: 6827: 6658: 6648: 6485: 6460: 6397: 6377: 6347: 6330: 6325: 6315: 6290: 6245: 6221: 6196: 6171: 6156: 6003: 5954: 5656: 5476: 4966: 4607: 4587: 4582: 4474: 4464: 4412: 4402: 4320: 4300: 4155: 4075: 3970: 3728: 3574: 3570: 3550: 3393: 3389: 3189: 3144: 2937: 2930: 2764: 2740: 2499: 2282: 2110: 2009: 2005: 1840: 1762: 1602: 1578: 1455: 1404: 1358: 1255: 1247: 1175: 1045: 961: 886: 874: 846: 819: 809: 726: 611: 486: 414: 371: 306: 301: 296: 277: 262: 154: 97: 26840: 20841: 20205: 18624: 17085: 14196: 13808: 13347: 8548: 7907:, whom they tend to see as being internationalist socialists only in limited instances. 6731:, a new democratic society will arise through the organised actions of an international 5411: 4392: 2532: 2278: 1354: 27929: 27874: 27808: 27803: 27786: 27781: 27250: 26758: 26695: 25955: 25587: 25562: 25552: 25547: 25535: 25445: 25403: 25376: 25281: 25217: 25212: 25200: 24969: 24889: 24633: 24450: 24289: 23982: 23883: 23857: 23775: 23718: 23701: 23696: 23372: 23364: 23112: 23094: 22891: 22874: 22866: 22750: 22689: 22681: 22589: 22437: 22410: 22320: 22312: 22219: 22211: 22062: 21811: 21726: 21671: 21454: 21410: 21161: 21153: 21083: 20863: 20844:(2015). "After the Wall Fell: The Poor Balance Sheet of the Transition to Capitalism". 20764: 20681: 20334: 20326: 20123: 20094: 20033: 19825: 19740: 19738: 19736: 19734: 19494: 19486: 19423: 19405: 19249: 19187: 19179: 19098: 19072: 18961: 18436: 18206: 17878: 17640: 17477: 17444: 17197: 17189: 16979: 16717: 16709: 16409: 16306: 16127: 15932: 15683: 15659: 15445: 15263: 15175: 15048: 14853: 14601: 14573: 14142: 14116:"An exploration of China's mortality decline under Mao: A provincial analysis, 1950–80" 14115: 13962: 13689: 13544: 13527: 13441: 13355: 13321: 13230: 13143: 13135: 12666: 12658: 12488: 12447: 12439: 12331: 12323: 12125: 12031: 11849: 11804: 11764: 11461: 11158: 11057: 11003: 10935: 10867: 10759: 10683: 10675: 10586: 10570: 10522: 10387: 10055: 9451: 9151: 8715: 8399: 8335: 8260: 8185: 7896: 7795: 7581: 7431: 7176: 7102: 6758: 6630: 6560: 6550: 6495: 6270: 6265: 6186: 6151: 6146: 6134: 6016: 5998: 5976: 5902: 5839: 5829: 5784: 5779: 5736: 5441: 5166: 5136: 5001: 4971: 4831: 4657: 4637: 4577: 4325: 4228: 4190: 4050: 3772: 3699: 3594: 3558: 3511: 3315: 3121: 2920: 2792: 2616: 2524: 2388: 2378: 2207: 2182: 2164: 1793: 1714: 1382: 1374: 1279: 1237: 1104: 1065: 1023: 996: 897: 831: 826: 814: 581: 501: 237: 56: 27240: 25104: 23826:, eds. (2017). "Endgames? Late Communism in Global Perspective, 1968 to the Present". 20267: 18916: 18870: 17910: 12635: 7171: 7010: 5491: 2707: 716: 27771: 27716: 27556: 27345: 27007: 26933: 26908: 26710: 26512: 25667: 25557: 25530: 25265: 25222: 25044: 24934: 24924: 24854: 24683: 24572: 24567: 24532: 24502: 24301: 24275: 24252: 24226: 24201: 24175: 24152: 24126: 24096: 24070: 24048: 24021: 24011: 23986: 23963: 23941: 23937: 23915: 23887: 23861: 23849: 23835: 23804: 23779: 23736: 23714: 23682: 23654: 23631: 23605: 23579: 23553: 23487: 23483: 23429: 23389: 23376: 23320: 23313: 23294: 23213: 23183: 23152: 23080: 23046: 23006: 22979: 22957: 22942: 22895: 22854: 22827: 22795: 22771: 22710: 22624: 22547: 22537: 22468: 22442: 22395: 22368: 22324: 22223: 22199: 22149: 22121: 22099: 22071: 22034: 21526: 21468: 21193: 21185: 21157: 21091: 21057: 20890: 20867: 20821: 20768: 20756: 20712: 20686: 20603: 20569: 20537: 20490: 20456: 20424: 20392: 20338: 20318: 20279: 20156: 20127: 20037: 19975: 19943: 19771: 19601: 19572: 19562: 19527: 19517: 19498: 19437: 19380: 19326: 19295: 19263: 19191: 19171: 19110: 19060: 19020: 19016: 18975: 18930: 18884: 18839: 18797: 18747: 18684: 18646: 18576: 18475: 18440: 18362: 18308: 18298: 18100: 17999: 17971: 17940: 17890: 17742: 17703: 17663: 17644: 17448: 17436: 17366: 17350: 17201: 17147: 17008: 16938: 16904: 16873: 16842: 16808: 16776: 16742: 16721: 16701: 16658: 16627: 16443: 16413: 16336: 16269: 16177: 16119: 15957: 15936: 15922: 15866: 15788: 15663: 15651: 15512: 15502: 15449: 15435: 15397: 15362: 15352: 15267: 15255: 15216: 15179: 15163: 15028: 14941: 14868: 14674: 14641: 14481: 14389: 14377: 14335: 14291: 14259: 14147: 14094: 14063: 14026: 13991: 13966: 13920: 13770: 13739: 13693: 13662: 13644: 13634: 13598: 13470: 13423: 13359: 13304: 13234: 13222: 13172: 13147: 13127: 13085: 13054: 13027: 12996: 12952: 12925: 12894: 12865: 12855: 12775: 12737: 12670: 12615: 12583: 12554: 12451: 12335: 12282: 12253: 12220: 12182: 12137: 12102: 11990: 11953: 11905: 11808: 11787: 11714: 11685: 11630: 11601: 11561: 11507: 11465: 11431: 11421: 11348: 11193: 11082: 11032: 10953: 10911: 10897: 10710: 10590: 10578: 10562: 10514: 10379: 10323: 10279: 10202: 10059: 9986: 9951: 9906: 9864: 9822: 9729: 9674: 9638: 9589: 9455: 9443: 9417: 9355: 9324: 9155: 9080: 8869: 8840: 8533: 8469: 8192: 7942: 7929: 7743: 7715: 7711: 7703: 7656: 7563: 7519: 7339: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7094: 7051: 7031: 6999: 6975: 6653: 6580: 6305: 6295: 6241: 6122: 6095: 6040: 5969: 5929: 5907: 5636: 5621: 5601: 5191: 5111: 5036: 4846: 4777: 4751: 4703: 4632: 4612: 4484: 4447: 4427: 4417: 4407: 4380: 4342: 4285: 3838: 3790: 3752: 3724: 3651: 3614: 3598: 3562: 3385: 3323: 3301: 3241: 3213: 3163: 3113: 3101: 2908: 2884: 2736: 2700: 2560: 2548: 2467: 2266: 2234: 2027: 2017: 1849: 1813: 1758: 1598: 1554: 1377: 1342: 1314: 1283: 1163: 1152: 881: 836: 656: 546: 536: 466: 289: 174: 169: 132: 102: 72: 26825: 25054: 25029: 24894: 23792: 22975: 22878: 22754: 22693: 22094:. Vol. 3: Endgames? Late Communism in Global Perspective, 1968 to the Present. 19731: 14506: 11973: 11641: 11154: 10978: 10763: 10687: 5431: 5336: 5271: 5221: 5086: 3847: 3630: 2751: 2123: 666: 641: 506: 27776: 27706: 27476: 27395: 27390: 27315: 27290: 27235: 27225: 27215: 27185: 27165: 27155: 27022: 27017: 26975: 26918: 26715: 26398: 26393: 26368: 26313: 26288: 25863: 25853: 25826: 25795: 25689: 25652: 25477: 25465: 25356: 25164: 25064: 24959: 24904: 24859: 24849: 24834: 24720: 24623: 24592: 24189: 24000: 23765: 23710: 23668: 23479: 23407: 23356: 23275: 23144: 22971: 22938: 22858: 22746: 22742: 22673: 22658: 22616: 22581: 22432: 22424: 22391: 22304: 22260: 22246: 22203: 22020: 21754: 21459: 21324: 21323: 21197: 20855: 20748: 20676: 20668: 20529: 20310: 20113: 20103: 20068: 20025: 19657: 19478: 19376: 19163: 19102: 19064: 18793: 18386: 17882: 17763: 17734: 17632: 17558: 17550: 17514: 17354: 17181: 16971: 16693: 16654: 16534: 16401: 16169: 16111: 16071: 15914: 15815: 15643: 15427: 15325: 15247: 15212: 15167: 15112: 15094:(1969). ""Principles of Communism". No. 4 – "How did the proletariat originate?"". 15091: 14896: 14844: 14758: 14381: 14367: 14327: 14137: 14129: 13954: 13940: 13536: 13511: 13507: 13296: 13264: 13214: 13119: 12650: 12603: 12480: 12431: 12315: 12275: 12178: 12023: 11982: 11841: 11796: 11677: 11527: 11487: 11334: 11316: 11186: 11150: 11049: 10995: 10949: 10859: 10849: 10751: 10667: 10653: 10554: 10506: 10431: 9533: 9469: 9435: 9072: 9004: 8961: 8891: 8705: 8686: 8645: 8625: 8597: 8473: 8323: 8310:, capitalism, and anti-communism as a counterpoint to those killings. According to 8295: 8272: 8259:. These scholars state that most Communist states did not engage in mass killings; 8142: 8111: 8070: 8012: 7977: 7969: 7961: 7857: 7823: 7814: 7802: 7791: 7783: 7731: 7707: 7613: 7481: 7473: 7382:, a Trotskyist rival to the Comintern. In August 1940, Trotsky was assassinated in 7359: 7335: 7300: 7296: 7273: 7231: 7227: 7212: 7192: 7184: 7110: 7098: 7086: 7035: 6816: 6794: 6783: 6748: 6590: 6585: 6535: 6362: 6250: 6211: 6201: 6181: 6052: 6028: 5964: 5949: 5741: 5676: 5576: 5511: 5486: 5436: 5401: 5361: 5196: 5156: 5121: 5011: 4991: 4941: 4936: 4916: 4871: 4841: 4787: 4736: 4731: 4698: 4597: 4554: 4499: 4442: 4045: 3927: 3903: 3895: 3878: 3829:, i.e. claims of the economy as a necessary and transhistorical societal category. 3748: 3642: 3602: 3586: 3507: 3467: 3397: 3285: 3205: 3159: 3137: 3105: 2982: 2808: 2800: 2772: 2752: 2748: 2728: 2600: 2588: 2544: 2443: 2230: 2187: 2135: 2094: 2083: 1953: 1934: 1754: 1732: 1451: 1432: 1386: 1240:, communist parties and movements have been described as radical left or far-left. 1179: 1171: 1094: 1083: 976: 776: 676: 571: 516: 471: 461: 446: 328: 227: 194: 35: 27380: 24216: 23401: 23245: 22251: 22232: 21271: 20859: 20073: 20052: 19968: 16060:"Karl Marx's sociological theory of democracy: Civil society and political rights" 14225: 10194: 9582: 8515: 8354: 7727: 5751: 2281:, all of whom can be considered the progenitors of modern communism, according to 1750: 1697: 1357:, all of whom can be considered the progenitors of modern communism, according to 27833: 27506: 27425: 27385: 27355: 27340: 27305: 27300: 27270: 27245: 27230: 27205: 27190: 27125: 27102: 27087: 27072: 27057: 26928: 26883: 26868: 26858: 26680: 26675: 26532: 26527: 26507: 26495: 25960: 25858: 25617: 24989: 24929: 24919: 24914: 24844: 24613: 24587: 24562: 24522: 24512: 24487: 24360: 23875: 23447: 22823: 22620: 22482: 22454: 22145: 22139: 22089: 21944: 21839: 21753:, which popularized the topic, several scholars have questioned, in the words of 21589: 21430: 21358: 21230: 21148: 21117: 21043: 20752: 20595: 20557: 20517: 20476: 20412: 20380: 20146: 19906:"Latvia's 'Soviet Story'. Transitional Justice and the Politics of Commemoration" 19591: 19427: 19316: 19253: 19010: 18965: 18920: 18874: 18829: 18787: 18526: 18390: 17784: 17167: 16998: 16934: 16766: 16405: 16075: 15978: 15431: 14848: 14597:"Gorbachev, Last Soviet Leader, Resigns; U.S. Recognizes Republics' Independence" 14443: 14323: 14317: 14133: 13806: 13218: 13162: 12817: 12765: 12049: 11129: 10901: 10165: 9898: 9896: 9854: 9812: 9719: 9585: 9439: 9345: 9250: 9097: 8657: 8629: 8604: 8477: 8430: 8409: 8383: 8367: 8001: 7997: 7938: 7819: 7787: 7779: 7723: 7683: 7498: 7406: 7343: 7328: 7188: 7090: 7075: 6995: 6910: 6691: 6515: 6475: 6260: 5981: 5872: 5824: 5819: 5731: 5666: 5646: 5586: 5481: 5456: 5421: 5416: 5406: 5376: 5331: 5321: 5186: 5126: 5081: 5046: 5026: 4986: 4961: 4807: 4726: 4422: 4352: 4090: 3886: 3882: 3809: 3794: 3760: 3663: 3554: 3491: 3458: 3402: 3347: 3063: 2970: 2824: 2759: 2724: 2687: 2662: 2592: 2584: 2576: 2459: 2356: 2298: 2242: 2102: 1977: 1910: 1890: 1486: 1443: 1362: 1275: 1229: 1225: 1195: 601: 541: 531: 526: 456: 217: 189: 164: 122: 112: 87: 24388: 23528: 22910: 21479:; nonetheless, Rosefielde's work mainly focused on "the Big Three" (Stalin era, 20480: 17911:"The Legacy of De Leonism, part III: De Leon's misconceptions on class struggle" 17554: 16924: 16115: 15918: 15495: 15171: 13496: 11986: 11977:. Recent Economic Thought Series. Vol. 37 (hardcover ed.). Dordrecht: 10755: 9814: 8322:, equating mass deaths under Communist states with the Holocaust, is popular in 7442: 5391: 3577:. In periods of deep crisis, the resistance of the oppressed can culminate in a 1309: 1290:, who make up the majority of the population within society and must sell their 27823: 27731: 27721: 27450: 27325: 27310: 27285: 27280: 27275: 27220: 27195: 27150: 27130: 26992: 26963: 26938: 26893: 26873: 26835: 26790: 26670: 26660: 26517: 26348: 26161: 25746: 25726: 25721: 25709: 25305: 25159: 25099: 25069: 24954: 24949: 24869: 24864: 24839: 24492: 24297: 24140: 24110: 24084: 24036: 24032: 23929: 23819: 23465: 23360: 23231: 23132: 23063: 23023: 22862: 22677: 22278: 22057: 22031: 21803: 21790: 21734: 21625: 21441: 21422: 21390: 21149: 20788: 20444: 20108: 20089: 19931: 19465: 19068: 18743: 18704: 18274: 18264: 18120: 18097: 17847: 17818: 16960:"Trotsky and His Interpreters; or, Will the Real Leon Trotsky Please Stand up?" 16828: 16796: 16195: 16059: 15535: 14968: 14359: 14228: 13906: 13343: 12696: 12637: 12538: 11585: 11554: 11549: 11453: 11372: 11181: 10974: 10854: 10730: 10363: 10080: 9818: 9255: 8661: 8621: 8613: 8521: 8516: 8425: 8405: 8379: 8351: 8347: 8331: 8177: 8121: 8082: 7957: 7912: 7842: 7752: 7695: 7633: 7589: 7027: 7020: 6962:. It describes the specific political ideology which Stalin implemented in the 6943: 6897: 6885: 6877: 6728: 6620: 6510: 6280: 5986: 5814: 5716: 5651: 5641: 5631: 5626: 5546: 5526: 5516: 5506: 5496: 5466: 5446: 5386: 5381: 5366: 5351: 5341: 5261: 5231: 5226: 5216: 5141: 5116: 5106: 5101: 5076: 5066: 5041: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4921: 4602: 4534: 4489: 4265: 4110: 3851: 3798: 3685: 3515: 3431: 2992:, and mass executions. Mao has also been praised for transforming China from a 2953: 2868: 2857: 2612: 2564: 2405: 2392: 2348: 2211: 2105: 2087: 2035: 1805: 1727: 1527: 1467: 1459: 1393: 1267: 1191: 1144: 923: 771: 711: 681: 566: 561: 481: 476: 451: 92: 22428: 20936: 20314: 19482: 17886: 17185: 16697: 16173: 14546: 14331: 13958: 13268: 11435: 10671: 10558: 8153: 7082:, which was largely controlled and funded by the Soviet leadership from 1928. 6892:(education and organisation) and revolutionary leadership necessary to depose 5241: 3561:. This class struggle that is commonly expressed as the revolt of a society's 2915: 1631: 27868: 27756: 27586: 27496: 27445: 27415: 27405: 27335: 27330: 27320: 27180: 27170: 27160: 27135: 27002: 26980: 26898: 26805: 26778: 26763: 26705: 26388: 25930: 25890: 25778: 25682: 25604: 25440: 25154: 25134: 25124: 25049: 25004: 24984: 24974: 24899: 24879: 24338: 24062: 24015: 23572: 22601: 22559: 22551: 22534: 22464: 22388: 22293:(2000). "Endgame Identity? Mapping the New Left Roots of Identity Politics". 22207: 22135: 22067: 21835: 21807: 21758: 21709: 21621: 21374: 21362: 20813: 20760: 20358: 20322: 20029: 19963: 19775: 19697: 19661: 19175: 19167: 18783: 18779: 18735: 18312: 17636: 17388:"Trotsky, the Left Opposition and the Rise of Stalinism: Theory and Practice" 17346: 17143: 17004: 16772: 16705: 16181: 16123: 15902: 15655: 15516: 15401: 15259: 14703: 14485: 14279: 13916: 13725: 13670: 13569: 13565: 13300: 13226: 13131: 13110: 12869: 12542: 11941: 11828: 11581: 11535: 11244: 10970: 10623: 10566: 10518: 10383: 9447: 8805: 8665: 8609: 8589: 8541: 8504: 8462: 8387: 8362: 8327: 8280: 8276: 8050: 8020: 8016: 7652: 7629: 7510: 7447: 7374: 7235: 7161: 6951: 6837: 6736: 6732: 6520: 6387: 6340: 6216: 5681: 5551: 5541: 5451: 5326: 5206: 5181: 5176: 5146: 5071: 4976: 4926: 4851: 4836: 4782: 4756: 4514: 4295: 3856: 3822: 3768: 3732: 3711: 3475: 3365: 3306: 3225: 3133: 2978: 2916: 2849: 2788: 2780: 2712: 2708: 2696: 2631: 2023: 1918: 1593: 1574: 1553: 1401: 1206: 1167: 1060: 766: 746: 736: 661: 616: 596: 586: 511: 491: 24168: 22662: 22038: 19576: 19531: 19516:. Ellen Frankel Paul. : Social Philosophy & Policy Center. p. 116. 19106: 17358: 15566: 15366: 15329: 15021: 13648: 11217: 8576: 6117: 2462:. The initial stage of the October Revolution which involved the assault on 2450: 2301:, whose followers organized other settlements in the United States, such as 1852: 1450:, several scholars posit that in practice the model functioned as a form of 27736: 27420: 27410: 27400: 27265: 27260: 27200: 27175: 27145: 27140: 27047: 27042: 26888: 26768: 26502: 26438: 26308: 26298: 26293: 26212: 26202: 26146: 26036: 25677: 25662: 25657: 25351: 25144: 25094: 25089: 25079: 25059: 25014: 25009: 24994: 24884: 24819: 24618: 24577: 23955: 23901: 22983: 22837: 22446: 22409: 22378: 22290: 22163: 21629: 21450: 21445: 21333: 21281: 21272: 21077: 20690: 20182: 20001: 19816: 19648: 19618: 19343: 19037: 18992: 18947: 18901: 18856: 18814: 18450: 18406: 18372: 18335: 18250: 18019: 17981: 17928: 17504: 17139: 17090: 17028: 16762: 15888: 15531: 14736: 14151: 14036: 14001: 13189: 12792: 12687: 12418: 12230: 12154: 11927: 11756: 11358: 11320: 11053: 10921: 10582: 10510: 9923: 9881: 9839: 9746: 9372: 8653: 8637: 8564: 8558: 8489: 8204: 8130: 8066: 7860:. Left communists assert positions which they regard as more authentically 7675: 7672: 7551: 7494: 7477: 7351: 7308: 7284: 7269: 7059: 5924: 5746: 5721: 5686: 5616: 5611: 5596: 5581: 5531: 5521: 5371: 5356: 5346: 5296: 5266: 5251: 5236: 5201: 5021: 4981: 4931: 4881: 4802: 4746: 3899: 3817: 3743: 3715: 3546: 3523: 3487: 3237: 3193: 3167: 3112:, which would follow its own ideological path of development following the 3084: 3051: 3019: 3009: 2929: 2815: 2804: 2691: 2608: 2370: 2352: 2254: 2199: 2039: 1914: 1906: 1894: 1722: 1647: 1378: 1370: 1326: 1291: 1183: 971: 756: 706: 701: 691: 671: 626: 621: 606: 496: 431: 222: 179: 23797: 23280: 23261: 23148: 22845: 22725: 22308: 21245: 21160: 20672: 18334:. Vol. II. The Apostles. New York: Carleton. p. 122 – via 17739: 16214: 14794:"Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream?" 14385: 12692:"Late Marx and the Russian Road: Marx and the 'Peripheries of Capitalism'" 11800: 11469: 9388:"Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream?" 9283:"Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream?" 9177:"Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream?" 9076: 8873: 7089: 7050: 6939: 2342: 2217: 27435: 27430: 27365: 27360: 27210: 27082: 27037: 27027: 26820: 26815: 26753: 26690: 26473: 26448: 26373: 26333: 26303: 26278: 26258: 26237: 26217: 26197: 26187: 26156: 26021: 25885: 25848: 25843: 25773: 25694: 25672: 25622: 25599: 25435: 25169: 25149: 25024: 25019: 24979: 24964: 24909: 24814: 24197: 23823: 23770: 23751: 23627: 23334: 23179: 22516: 22486: 21766: 21691: 21675: 21617: 21552: 21492: 21488: 21341: 20873: 19939: 16498: 16469: 13081: 12733: 12168: 10436:"Socialism Means Abolishing the Distinction Between Bosses and Employees" 9947: 8975: 8413: 8307: 8176: 8078: 7949: 7904: 7865: 7849: 7734:, the latter of whom claims that Marx himself was a libertarian Marxist. 7702:. Moreover, libertarian Marxism has often had a strong influence on both 7647: 7383: 7131: 7119: 7047: 6982:), and was developed after the death of Lenin; its three principles were 6500: 6191: 5761: 5706: 5661: 5556: 5501: 5426: 5256: 5246: 5151: 5131: 5091: 5016: 5006: 4996: 4797: 4494: 4367: 4055: 3990: 3720: 3716: 3695: 3542: 3538: 3479: 3422: 3414: 3229: 3185: 3097: 2993: 2872: 2837: 2833: 2796: 2776: 2657:; others state that Maoist China was always state capitalist, and uphold 2639: 2624: 2529: 2503: 2489: 2439: 2435: 2314: 2290: 2238: 2173: 2159: 2106: 2075: 2051: 2031: 1930: 1778: 1774: 1702: 1436: 1424: 1295: 1287: 1221: 1055: 781: 761: 636: 631: 591: 576: 521: 426: 24548:"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs" 23116: 22360: 22316: 21551: 20654: 20330: 19490: 19409: 19183: 19076: 16768: 16713: 16679: 16503:"The Theory of 'Three Worlds': A Counterrevolutionary Chauvinist Theory" 16310: 11768: 10679: 10391: 10367: 9704:. Vol. Eight. Mittal Publications. p. 4979. GGKEY:96Y16ZBCJ04. 9667: 9219: 7762:. It continues today as a theoretical and activist position within both 6686: 27818: 27626: 27526: 27375: 27295: 27067: 26958: 26800: 26743: 26720: 26685: 26634: 26624: 26592: 26537: 26363: 26343: 26268: 26232: 26136: 26121: 26046: 25971: 25945: 25905: 25875: 25761: 25741: 25632: 25488: 25039: 25034: 24944: 24939: 24395: 24352: 23722: 23368: 22230: 22215: 21819: 21683: 21679: 21540: 21394: 21234: 20118: 19799: 19744: 19006: 18175: 17468: 17441: 16463: 16352: 16252: 15764: 15762: 15117:"Was not the abolition of private property possible at an earlier time? 14766: 14355: 13826: 13139: 12662: 12492: 12443: 12035: 11853: 11663: 11110: 11007: 10871: 10701: 9143: 9139: 9025: 8912: 8605: 8593: 8453: 8311: 8284: 8239: 8217: 8042: 7965: 7887: 7853: 7660: 7648: 7632: 7618: 7605: 7443: 7391: 7251: 7239: 7115: 7055: 6979: 6914: 6893: 6812: 6575: 6505: 6372: 5756: 5566: 5396: 5306: 5301: 5291: 5171: 5096: 5056: 5051: 4891: 4691: 4666: 4362: 3985: 3902: 3852: 3659: 3530: 3343: 3039: 2974: 2961: 2904: 2900: 2888: 2845: 2756: 2665: 2644: 2611: 2422: 2396: 2302: 2127: 2114: 1801: 1675: 1636: 1442: 1397: 651: 646: 556: 551: 24372: 22870: 22685: 22593: 22233:"Anti-Communism and the Hundreds of Millions of Victims of Capitalism" 17875: 17193: 16983: 16959: 16315: 16131: 16099: 13548: 12351:"Communism, virtue and the ideal commonwealth in Thomas More's Utopia" 12327: 11061: 10574: 10526: 10052: 27516: 27455: 27012: 26655: 26582: 26567: 26488: 26408: 26403: 26328: 26263: 26242: 26227: 26207: 26192: 26056: 26016: 25935: 25880: 25870: 25805: 25800: 25756: 25627: 25415: 25129: 25074: 24829: 24638: 24271: 24089: 23672: 23619: 23549: 23352: 23209: 22577: 21593: 21581: 21568: 21556: 21496: 21414: 21210: 21170: 20911:"Confidence in Democracy and Capitalism Wanes in Former Soviet Union" 18676: 18630: 18432: 16869: 16838: 16332: 16145: 15348: 15024: 14937: 14892: 14541: 14022: 13912: 13168: 12948: 12890: 12771: 12611: 11897: 11189: 10907: 9537: 9473: 9431: 9354:] (in French) (paperback ed.). Paris: Larousse. p. 20. 9320: 9029: 8916: 8601: 8303: 8103: 7953: 7908: 7903:, and from various other revolutionary socialist tendencies, such as 7811: 7691: 7637: 7609: 7597: 7550:, Communists of this nature sought to undermine the influence of the 7466: 7288: 7277: 7151: 7105: 6967: 6922: 6744: 6600: 6555: 6415: 6102: 5991: 5934: 5862: 5691: 5316: 4911: 4866: 4676: 3739: 3655: 3503: 3495: 3463: 3075: 2965: 2552: 2463: 2417: 2190: 2119: 2043: 1878: 1812: 1809: 1773:, Marxists denounced 1848 as a betrayal of working-class ideals by a 1623: 1035: 741: 686: 441: 242: 21440:, which have been described by some critical observers as a crudely 16144: 15759: 13346:(2007). "The Rise and Fall of Socialist Planning". In Estrin, Saul; 13123: 12654: 12484: 12435: 12027: 11845: 11340: 10999: 10863: 9628: 9626: 7515: 7219: 3258: 2313: 27791: 27370: 27107: 26700: 26665: 26639: 26619: 26572: 26383: 26338: 26222: 26126: 26116: 26081: 26051: 25925: 25915: 25910: 25766: 25736: 25731: 25716: 25572: 25542: 25386: 25381: 25275: 24666: 23785: 23475: 23042: 23002: 22585: 21815: 21776: 21696: 21613: 21605: 21601: 21426: 21264: 20964:"European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism" 19429: 19255: 18740: 18291: 17413: 16975: 16254: 15910: 15647: 15571: 15251: 14018: 13540: 12319: 12249: 12129: 10656:(May 2009). "Ethnic Issues in the Famine of 1932–1933 in Ukraine". 10440: 9068: 8299: 8229: 8200: 7806: 7699: 7668: 7559: 7485: 7462: 7399: 7395: 7355: 6959: 6850: 6595: 6565: 6530: 6352: 5917: 5912: 5711: 4792: 3804: 3638: 3531: 3502:. It originates from the works of 19th-century German philosophers 3381: 3125: 3005: 2957: 2828: 2716: 2620: 2537: 2483: 2374: 2177: 2098: 1841: 1804: 1698: 1606: 1528: 1389:, within the international socialist movement by the early 1920s. 1263: 1155: 1006: 1001: 891: 272: 23471: 23038: 22998: 21958: 20782: 20522: 20133: 10475: 10473: 10471: 10469: 10467: 10465: 10463: 10343: 10341: 10339: 8567:, and disapproval being the highest among residents of Russia and 8468: 7066: 3723:. These classes are directly antagonistic as the latter possesses 3607: 3014: 2583:, boasted of having called the Bolsheviks, and by extension those 2491: 2487: 2269:, communism emerged as a political doctrine under the auspices of 2225: 1651:, which had previously been used as synonyms. Meanwhile, the term 1345:, communism emerged as a political doctrine under the auspices of 27828: 27741: 26629: 26597: 26587: 26358: 26318: 26151: 26076: 26061: 26041: 25950: 25810: 25751: 25699: 24661: 24432: 23262:"Post-Communist Health Transitions in Central and Eastern Europe" 23172: 22788: 22167: 21827: 21762: 21687: 21633: 21480: 21403: 21398: 20733: 18351:"Conclusion: What If? Calvin and the Spirit of Revolution. Bible" 15532:"John Ruskin: En brittisk 1800-talsaristokrat för vår tid? - OBS" 12992: 10783: 10781: 10779: 10777: 10775: 10773: 10694: 10023: 9623: 8574: 8568: 8512: 8288: 7994: 7992: 7861: 7748: 7585: 7458: 7291:, is a Marxist and Leninist tendency that supports the theory of 7039: 6955: 6873: 4686: 3935: 3443: 3377: 3339: 3327: 3233: 3079: 2648: 2523:, a committee dominated by Lenin, who had previously supported a 2447: 2222: 2218: 2145: 2059: 1749:. This latter branch of socialism produced the communist work of 1742: 1710: 1541: 1428: 1259: 267: 24322: 24039:, eds. (2017). "The Socialist Camp and World Power 1941–1960s". 23131: 21802:(where unparalleled atrocities were executed on both sides) and 20258: 20256: 19821:"How British colonialism killed 100 million Indians in 40 years" 18174: 17779: 17777: 17513:(Lecture), Poetry Center of the New York YM-YWHA, archived from 15976:[The Class Struggles In France Introduction by Frederick Engels 14114: 8330:, and their approaches of history have been incorporated in the 3092: 2791:, many old Bolsheviks who had played prominent roles during the 26577: 26378: 26166: 26141: 26131: 26101: 26086: 25704: 24809: 24437: 23468:(2001). "Maoism". In Baltes, Paul B.; Smelser, Neil J. (eds.). 23033:"Marxism–Leninism: The Ideology of Twentieth-Century Communism" 22993:"Marxism–Leninism: The Ideology of Twentieth-Century Communism" 22958:"Political conditions and life expectancy in Europe, 1900–2008" 21660: 21647: 21500: 20655:"Changing life expectancy in Romania after the transition]" 20272: 18876: 16537:. "A Critique of the Draft Social-Democratic Program of 1891". 15774: 15455: 14250: 11826: 10460: 10407: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10336: 10122:"The Constitution of North Korea: Its Changes and Implications" 8652:, starvation, and violence. Ghodsee, along with the historians 8421: 8340: 8158: 7601: 7538: 7422: 6615: 4681: 3859:, communism is not an inevitability but an economic necessity. 3573: 3510:. As Marxism has developed over time into various branches and 3280: 3221: 3152: 2989: 2941: 2195: 2191: 2079: 2067: 2063: 2047: 2042: 1926: 1922: 1828: 1385:, communism became the dominant political tendency, along with 1310: 421: 25472: 24401:"The True Levellers Standard Advanced, the Diggers' Manifesto" 19762:"100 Years of Communism – and 100 Million Dead" 18967: 18709:"How 'Jakarta' Became the Codeword for US-Backed Mass Killing" 17768: 17225: 17223: 17050: 14227:] (in Albanian). 8 Nëntori. 4 January 1977. Archived from 11532: 10832: 10830: 10770: 10236:"The single most important fact for understanding North Korea" 7078:. The social fascism theory was advocated vociferously by the 6047: 4216: 3401: 3392:, which remain partly influenced by Marxist theories, such as 3204:. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former 3018: 2113:. As summarized by historians Janzen Rod and Max Stanton, the 1089: 26607: 26096: 26031: 24348: 21609: 21370: 21299: 20253: 18255:"IV.II. The Christian Idea of the Messiah. Jesus as a Rebel." 18024:"Anarchism and Communism. Northeastern Anarchist No. 4. 1922" 17774: 17345: 17080: 16100:"Karl Marx on Democracy, Participation, Voting, and Equality" 15858: 15320:. Vol. 1. transcribed by Conttren, V. (2022). New York: 14763:"Fighting Poverty: Findings and Lessons from China's Success" 11594: 10938:(2007). "Russian Terror/ism and Revisionist Historiography". 8649: 8408: 8054: 7934: 7242:, which describes itself as a Marxist and Leninist tendency. 6974:. Marxism–Leninism was the official ideology of 20th-century 3826: 3799: 3148: 2841: 2820: 2055: 1496: 1412: 1187: 1135: 24442: 22762: 21652: 20935: 19292: 18789: 18557:. In Blumenthal, David A.; McCormack, Timothy L. H. (eds.). 17570: 16586: 16584: 15567:"Marx? Which Marx? Marx's work and its history of reception" 10606: 10604: 10602: 10600: 10398: 9721: 9510: 3679: 2391: 1670:, whereas the former aimed to socialize both production and 26602: 26026: 22660: 20206:"Anti-Communism: It's High Time to Diagnose and Counteract" 18760: 18061: 18059: 17699:"Anarchism and Council Communism on the Russian Revolution" 17220: 16329: 14839: 14837: 12302: 10827: 8386:. Critics of communism on the political right point to the 8215:; other terms used to define some of such killings include 4186: 3522: 2853: 2504: 1420: 1416: 22606:"The Comparative Analysis of Mass Atrocities and Genocide" 21213:. By the 20th century, communism has been associated with 19288:'Roter Holocaust'? Kritik des Schwarzbuchs des Kommunismus 19147: 19145: 18355: 17266:"Le PCF et l'eurocommunisme: l'ultime rendez-vous manqué?" 14824: 14822: 14820: 14818: 13627: 12975: 10858:. 110 (Special Edition: Frontiers of Knowledge): 166–169. 9198: 3482: 3384: 3248:, and declared that the Soviet Union had ceased to exist. 3236: 3034: 2871: 2699: 2425:(minority) opposed Lenin's Bolsheviks (majority) plan for 1937:, the idea to group together different countries, such as 26171: 26066: 24365:"Marx on the Russian Mir, and misconceptions by Marxists" 23386: 20991: 20237:– via Central and Eastern European Online Library. 19538: 19009:(1993). "Soviet and Communist Genocides and 'Democide'". 18626: 16596: 16581: 16262: 16088: 14628: 14472:"One of the few places where a communist can still dream" 13783: 13706: 10597: 9613: 9611: 9609: 9486:. Marx/Engels Selected Works. Vol. 1. Translated by 8966:"Section 18: What will be the course of this revolution?" 8799: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8500: 8366: 7710:. Notable theorists of libertarian Marxism have included 3518: 2783:'s attempt to destroy any possible opposition within the 2168: 23749: 23733: 22785: 21824: 21822:, was stopped by Communist Vietnam, and there have been 21563:, one of the successors to the Narodniks, alongside the 20961: 20354:"In Modern Dictatorships, Communism's Legacy Lingers On" 19629: 18914: 18056: 16033: 15313: 14834: 12608: 12054:"Mazdakism (The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian Period)" 11399: 11397: 10159:"Bug gaejeong heonbeob 'seongunsasang' cheos myeong-gi" 9637:(7th ed.). South-Western College Pub. p. 118. 8787: 8785: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8771: 8769: 8182: 8106:'s writings have inspired many movements, including the 8019:, believing that anarchist communism does not require a 7640:, libertarian Marxism is one of the main derivatives of 4006: 3581: 3162: 2595:. Before the Soviet path of development became known as 1909: 1868: 1731:, hence English atheists denoted themselves socialists. 1472: 23544: 23339: 22335:"USSR strayed from communism, say Economics professors" 21656: 21499:, is less genocidal and that is a key distinction from 19593: 19318: 19142: 18831: 18606: 18604: 18203:"MY PERSPECTIVES – Willful Disobedience Vol. 2, No. 12" 17711:(2). Lawrence & Wishart Ltd.: 22–47. Archived from 17473:"The Principle of Self-Emancipation in Marx and Engels" 16559: 14815: 14169:"Programma kommunisticheskoy partii sovetskogo Soyuza" 12512:. Mittal Publications. p. 4979. GGKEY:96Y16ZBCJ04. 12509: 11245:"-ism Definition & Meaning | Britannica Dictionary" 10969: 9856: 8839:. Vol. 4. Chicago: World Book. 2008. p. 890. 8148: 7628:, emphasizing the Marxist belief in the ability of the 7030: 3877: 3862: 3601:, i.e. a classless, stateless, humane society based on 3096: 3062:. A Marxist–Leninist government was also created under 2719:. The Soviet Union was established in 1922. Before the 2305: 23752:"The Long-Term Effects of Communism in Eastern Europe" 19294:] (in German). Hamburg: Konkret Verlag Literatur. 19286: 18395:"III. The Church in Jerusalem. I. Christian Communism" 17363: 17341: 17339: 16276:[Socialism Today: Experience and New Theory]. 15825: 14107: 13762: 12399: 10878: 9660: 9658: 9606: 9462: 9003: 8890: 8133: 6950: 6872: 3694: 2795: 1561: 1523: 1407:, and suppression of opposition and dissent. With the 23934: 23750: 23206: 22911:"Trends in European Life Expectancy: a Salutary View" 22408: 22231: 21340:, as well as a focus on autobiographical features of 21327: 20887: 20629: 19285: 19132: 19130: 18181: 17658: 17656: 17654: 17365:. St. Petersburg, Florida: Red and Black Publishers. 16432: 16272:(1996). "Sotsializm segodnya: opyt i novaya teoriya" 15189:– via Bibliothek der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. 14249: 13983: 13560: 13558: 13352: 11788: 11394: 8766: 7322:, Trotsky claimed that the Soviet Union had become a 3597:. As the productive forces continued to advance, the 3553: 2964:. China's youth responded to Mao's appeal by forming 2237:(especially the Diggers) espoused clear communistic, 1800: 23880: 23854: 23204: 22819: 22613: 22491:"The merits of taking an anti-anti-communism stance" 22004: 19924: 19088: 19086: 18601: 17208: 13019: 12978:. Novosti Press Agency Publishing House. p. 48. 12917: 11653: 11651: 11649: 8676: 7891:, whom they largely view as merely the left-wing of 7331:, the platform of which became known as Trotskyism. 6917: 3755:. In between capitalism and communism, there is the 1905: 22766:(2nd ed.). Lanham; Boulder; New York; London: 22481: 21315:has been described by Michael Seth as a version of 20781: 19997:"The Communist Legacy: Pros and Cons in Retrospect" 19803: 18778: 18555:"Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide" 17610:, pp. 313–314, Pannekoek, Antonie (1873–1960). 17336: 16865: 16569: 16436: 16368: 16291:Platkin, Richard (1981). "Comment on Wallerstein". 15780: 15381: 15379: 13390:"The Restoration of Capitalism in the Soviet Union" 10479: 9999: 9655: 8199:about whether some or all the events constituted a 8116: 7956:and communism which advocates the abolition of the 7307:. It supported another communist revolution in the 2603:, communists made no major distinction between the 1446:led to communism's widespread association with the 1317:. Criticism of the idea of private property in the 23411: 22784: 20713:"The Effects of Communism on Romania's Population" 20148:The Oxford Handbook of European History, 1914–1945 19230: 19224: 19127: 18425:"3. Early Problems. 15. Early Christian Communism" 17651: 16550: 14852: 14171:Программа коммунистической партии советского Союза 13851: 13555: 12527:. 2006 – via Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12381:"The Communisitic Inclinations of Sir Thomas More" 12174:Red Theology: On the Christian Communist Tradition 11495: 10787: 8398:According to Hungarian sociologist and politician 8057:suggests that the first Christians, including the 7588:. Early currents of libertarian Marxism, known as 3906:, a view that is also shared by several scholars. 3173: 3028:states with constitutional references to socialism 2627:would not operate and apply to Marxist socialism. 2326: 1246:have been developed throughout history, including 24165: 22761: 20990: 19883:Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies 19851:Liedy, Amy Shannon; Ruble, Blair (7 March 2011). 19083: 17770:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 104–126. 17607: 17068: 16228: 15679:"Overreliance on the Pseudo-Science of Economics" 14990:"Classical Marxism and the question of reformism" 14054:Pantsov, Alexander V.; Levine, Steven I. (2013). 12115: 11780: 11778: 11646: 11584:(2000). "1848 in European Collective Memory". In 10078: 9978:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 9975:Darity, William A. Jr., ed. (2008). "Communism". 9238:... communism is a more radical leftist ideology. 7911:is a Leninist left-communist current named after 2956:. The two most prominent militants were Marshall 2148:communist ethos that aims for unity reflects the 1877:is widely used as a pejorative term as part of a 1567:("communist author"). In 1793, Restif first used 1550:, which proposed a particular type of communism. 27866: 24166:Pop-Eleches, Grigore; Tucker, Joshua A. (2017). 23109:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 21699:but has been described by scholars as a failure. 21664:Resisting Genocide: The Multiple Forms of Rescue 20516: 20512: 20510: 20262: 20229:). Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań: 178–184 19938:(paper back ed.). New York City, New York: 18922:Resisting Genocide: The Multiple Forms of Rescue 18385: 18113: 15376: 14113: 12161: 11666:; Smith, Tony; Rotta, Tomás; Prew, Paul (eds.). 11176: 11174: 11172: 9148:Libertarian Socialism: Politics in Black and Red 7569: 7386:on Stalin's orders. Trotskyist currents include 6903:Leninist revolutionary leadership is based upon 3778: 3145:communists have been frequently voted into power 2481:to draft a constitution, leaving the soviets in 1605:. This is an example of a hammer and sickle and 23817: 22995:. In Baltes, Paul B.; Smelser, Neil J. (eds.). 22794:. Stockholm, Sweden: Forum for Living History. 22012:Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union 21774:intellectuals. A similar criticism was made by 21547:policy after their failure, Marx's view on the 21113:"One Recipe for a More Equal World: Mass Death" 20784:"25 Years of Reforms in Ex-Communist Countries" 20732: 20652: 19755: 19753: 19458: 19456: 17823:"The Communist Left in the Third International" 16245: 14439:"E. H. Carr – A Personal Memoir" 14373:International Encyclopedia of Political Science 14082: 13813:Harvard Institute for International Development 13491: 13489: 13463:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism 13338: 13336: 13334: 12945:Adams, Katherine H.; Keene, Michael L. (2014). 11763:(69). Center for the National Interest: 63–78. 11124: 11122: 11120: 11021: 10890: 10485: 9762:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Communism 8172:Crimes against humanity under communist regimes 2521:Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union 2074:for challenging the enormous privileges of the 1513:an act, practice, or process of doing something 1369:and its variants came into power, first in the 24425:'s Faculty of Business and Social Sciences at 24363:. Retrieved 18 August 2021. One example being 23928: 23107:. Vol. 25, no. 2. Washington, D.C.: 22644:Peterson Institute for International Economics 22008:Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union 21336:and the memory of the traumatic experience of 20915:Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project 20810:Appel, Hilary; Orenstein, Mitchell A. (2018). 20809: 20138: 19814: 17762:Shipway, Mark (1987). "Council Communism". In 17619: 17086:"A Letter to Trotskyists Throughout the World" 16425: 16423: 14311: 14309: 14307: 14272: 13731:The Changing Face of China: From Mao to Market 13417: 13415: 13413: 13383: 13381: 13379: 13103: 13101: 12092: 12090: 12088: 11820: 11818: 11775: 11211: 11209: 9635:Comparing Economic Systems in the Twenty-First 8804:Ball, Terence; Dagger, Richard, eds. (2019) . 6954:. According to its proponents, it is based on 3192:, which led to the fall of most of the former 2643:state that it was established only during the 1627:. The modern definition and usage of the term 1228:-driven approach through the development of a 25987: 25504: 24458: 23979:Communists on Education and Culture 1848–1948 23418:Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society 23203: 21818:and by others, such as Manus Midlarsky, as a 21229:is capitalized by scholars when referring to 20507: 19151: 17319:"Libertarian Marxism's Relation to Anarchism" 17021: 16650:Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy 16385: 16383: 15712:"Introduction: Critique of Political Economy" 15209:Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy 14161: 14053: 13832:Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China 13275: 12573: 12243: 12208: 11874: 11759:(Fall 2002). "Judging Nazism and Communism". 11498:Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society 11410:Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society 11169: 10798: 10796: 10735:"Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments" 9784:Center for the Study of the Pacific Northwest 9713: 9711: 9632: 9134: 9132: 8944: 8942: 8302:was dictated in otherwise forgotten works of 8118:necessary to guide their planned production. 7636:to mediate or aid its liberation. Along with 7207:(research and development), and nationalized 6709: 6072: 3966:The Condition of the Working Class in England 3364:were started in 1978 under the leadership of 2651:, and then became capitalist states ruled by 2249:of the 18th century through such thinkers as 1777:indifferent to the legitimate demands of the 1689:In 19th century Europe, the use of the terms 1321:of the 18th century through such thinkers as 1112: 26493: 23799:. Translated by Kan, D. (English ed.). 23543: 23244:Political Science Department, archived from 22385: 21255:also adopted such distinction, stating that 20660:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 19750: 19707: 19705: 19596:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge: 19453: 18546: 18502:[Egor Letov: Russian Breakthrough]. 16620:A Documentary History of Communism in Russia 16222:The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought 16014: 15949: 15385: 14963: 14961: 14843: 14732:"The (Re)Birth of the Nepal Communist Party" 14083:Galtung, Marte Kjær; Stenslie, Stig (2014). 13620: 13618: 13486: 13331: 12726:A People's History of the Russian Revolution 12537: 12177:. Studies in Critical Research on Religion. 11117: 10941:Australian Journal of Politics & History 10700: 10313: 9633:Gregory, Paul R.; Stuart, Robert C. (2003). 9204: 8540:rapid" than those of Central Europe and the 7358:autonomy for artistic movements, voluntary 3961:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 3100:, a Stalinist, and the Soviet government of 2703:as a result of the many challenges. Despite 2410: 1682:", in contrast to a socialist principle of " 1666:was that the latter aimed to only socialize 1568: 1562: 1490: 1477: 26429: 24109: 24031: 23695: 23293:. Vol. 4. Scott Fetzer Company. 2008. 23165: 22332: 21814:, which is described by many scholars as a 21297:While it refers to its leading ideology as 19641: 19092: 18137: 16420: 16241:. Vol. 7 (15th ed.). p. 265. 16045:"The Death of the State in Marx and Engels" 16002:"Karl Marx:Critique of the Gotha Programme" 15854: 15386:Louis, Althusser; Balibar, Etienne (1979). 15318:Social Structure and Forms of Consciousness 14437:Deutscher, Tamara (January–February 1983). 14304: 13979: 13594:The Red Book on the Moscow Trial: Documents 13410: 13376: 13098: 12516: 12372: 12085: 11815: 11458:French and German socialism in modern times 11206: 10419: 10368:"The Legacy of Communism in Eastern Europe" 8862:French and German socialism in modern times 7918: 7436:Long Live the Victory of Mao Zedong Thought 3557:produced by the proletariat in the form of 2912:worldwide movement into two hostile camps. 1518: 1500: 1138: 25994: 25980: 25511: 25497: 24465: 24451: 24398: 24188: 23848: 23667: 23383: 23093: 22955: 22723: 22333:Fitzgibbons, Daniel J. (11 October 2002). 22281:. Moscow: Progress Publishers – via 21678:regime, was described by genocide scholar 21369:; they wrote about people who died in the 20637: 20351: 19900: 19898: 19896: 19850: 19212: 18494: 18226:"The Sources of Early Christian Communism" 16996: 16930:The Theory of Revolution in the Young Marx 16896:Leon Trotsky : a revolutionary's life 16892: 16680:"Socialism in One Country: A Reassessment" 16380: 16097: 16042: 15754:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte 15676: 15417: 15144: 14987: 14931: 14891: 14545:(in Russian). Vol. 52. Archived from 14531: 14469: 14315: 14008: 13875:"Who Killed More: Hitler, Stalin, or Mao?" 13446:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 12944: 12574:Dowlah, Alex F.; Elliott, John E. (1997). 12209:Janzen, Rod; Stanton, Max (18 July 2010). 12066:. pp. 991–1024 (1019). Archived from 11866: 11027: 10896: 10884: 10836: 10810: 10793: 10539: 10491: 10415: 9717: 9708: 9701:Illustrated Encyclopaedia of World History 9532: 9468: 9129: 8939: 8803: 7608:. Libertarian Marxism is also critical of 6743:as its conditions of existence disappear. 6716: 6702: 6079: 6065: 4106:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses 3981:The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte 2543:Other communists and Marxists, especially 2509:1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election 1588: 1361:. In the 20th century, several ostensibly 1119: 1105: 24438:Estonia's Victims of Communism 1940–1991. 24139: 23769: 23699:(2007). "Revisionism in Soviet History". 23279: 23130: 22536:(1st ed.). New York: PublicAffairs. 22531: 22460:Why Women Have Better Sex Under Socialism 22436: 22250: 22019: 21943: 21690:, rather than communism, while historian 21511: 21509: 21332:elements are the emphasis on traditional 21293: 21291: 20840: 20680: 20117: 20107: 20072: 19702: 19635: 19561:. New York: Modern Library. p. 147. 19544: 19422: 19315:Malia, Martin (October 1999). 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The leader of the Cuban Revolution, 2659:People's Socialist Republic of Albania 2579:. Some left-wing parties, such as the 2265:in France. During the upheaval of the 2233:stated that several groups during the 1830:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 1735:stated that in 1848, at the time when 1341:in France. During the upheaval of the 25975: 25492: 25362:Mass killings under communist regimes 24446: 24061: 23900: 23791: 23681:(reprint ed.). Signet Classics. 22637: 22600: 22558: 22356: 22187: 22112: 21998:Bibliography of works about communism 21719:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 21347: 20630:Gerr, Raskina & Tsyplakova (2017) 20625: 20298: 20175: 19962: 19674: 19647: 19556: 19314: 19236: 19220: 19204: 19136: 19050: 18463: 18325: 17959: 17696: 17581: 17385: 17264:Escalona, Fabien (29 December 2020). 17135: 16738:The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky 16646: 16622:(3rd ed.). 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He allowed for the possibility of 5800:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory 4176:Change the World Without Taking Power 3753:communism as a new mode of production 3591:To each according to his contribution 3310:, who remained committed to orthodox 3074:and expulsion of Yugoslavia from the 2671:1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union 1869:Associated usage and Communist states 1684:to each according to his contribution 1540:came to be primarily associated with 1464:mass killings under communist regimes 982:Mass killings under communist regimes 24265: 24215:Sabirov, Kharis Fatykhovich (1987). 24194:The Red Flag: A History of Communism 24083: 24069:(reprint ed.). 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Marxism–Leninism remained after 7191:, and one-party state, along with 3246:Commonwealth of Independent States 3210:Commonwealth of Independent States 3202:Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union 1995: 1844:, and later in the 1920s those of 1836:, which resulted in the adjective 1581:is credited with the first use of 1462:. Many authors have written about 1162:, whose goal is the creation of a 25: 27941: 25316:Criticism of communist party rule 24315: 23910:. Translated by Davidson, Scott. 22503:from the original on 1 April 2022 22270:Socialism: Utopian and Scientific 21200:but did not necessarily advocate 21111:Taylor, Matt (22 February 2017). 20711:Chavez, Lesly Allyn (June 2014). 20520:; Orenstein, Mitchell A. 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Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: 10480:Ghodsee, Sehon & Dresser 2018 10295:from the original on 25 July 2021 10246:from the original on 6 March 2021 10127:Fordham International Law Journal 8364:criticism of Communist party rule 7836: 7042:because it stood in the way of a 4151:Time, Labor and Social Domination 3634:during most of the 20th century. 3526:, whereby communism is seen as a 3407:commanding heights of the economy 3336:1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly 2198:. Marxist communist theoretician 2082:, criticizing the institution of 1848:. In spite of this common usage, 1771:liberty, equality, and fraternity 1674:(in the form of common access to 934:Criticism of communist party rule 27657:The Open Society and Its Enemies 25471: 25459: 25337:21st-century communist theorists 23757:Journal of Economic Perspectives 23715:10.1111/j.1468-2303.2007.00429.x 23337:(2002). "Review. Reviewed Work: 23267:Economics Research International 23260:Safaei, Jalil (31 August 2011). 22909:Leon, David A. 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During the same period, Mao's 2581:Socialist Party of Great Britain 2363: 2341: 1857:The Oxford Handbook of Karl Marx 1769:, which in the long run ensured 1544:, most specifically embodied in 1088: 1077: 957:21st-century communist theorists 71: 26464:Family as a model for the state 24598:Dictatorship of the proletariat 24389:The Radical Pamphlet Collection 24371:Lindsay, Samuel McCune (1905). 24091:(English, hardcover ed.). 23576:University Press of New England 23474:. Vol. 20 (1st ed.). 23099:"The Storm over The Black Book" 23041:. Vol. 26 (2nd ed.). 23001:. Vol. 20 (1st ed.). 22976:10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.12.022 22847:Journal of Contemporary History 22665:Journal of Contemporary History 22638:Hauck, Owen (2 February 2016). 21991: 21795:collectivization of agriculture 21725:(genocide and politicide), the 21383:dissolution of the Soviet Union 21220: 21178: 21142: 19877:Shafir, Michael (Summer 2016). 19677:"Cienīga atbilde: Soviet Story" 19397:Jewish Political Studies Review 18224:Montero, Roman (30 July 2019). 17608:Johnson, Walker & Gray 2014 17069:Johnson, Walker & Gray 2014 16647:Twiss, Thomas M. (8 May 2014). 15345:John Ruskin's political economy 13397:Revolutionary Democracy Journal 13206:Journal of Political Ideologies 12468:Journal of the History of Ideas 12212:The Hutterites in North America 12003: 11966: 11887: 11860: 11749: 11731: 11698: 11614: 11574: 11542: 11520: 11480: 11446: 11365: 11297: 11237: 11163:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115 11155:10.5406/historypresent.4.2.0115 10963: 10928: 10842: 10723: 10646: 10533: 10424: 10307: 10265:Worden, Robert L., ed. (2008). 10258: 10227: 10184: 10150: 10113: 10072: 10011: 9968: 9930: 9888: 9846: 9804: 9772: 9753: 9691: 9573: 9526: 9409: 9379: 9337: 9308: 9274: 9243: 9212: 9168: 8554:nostalgia for the Communist era 8350:in July 2009. Some scholars in 7320:dictatorship of the proletariat 7262:Man, Controller of the Universe 7044:dictatorship of the proletariat 6882:dictatorship of the proletariat 6809:dictatorship of the proletariat 6769:dictatorship of the proletariat 6669:Latin America and the Caribbean 4560:Theory of historical trajectory 4438:Dictatorship of the proletariat 4141:Hegemony and Socialist Strategy 4041:History and Class Consciousness 3996:Critique of the Gotha Programme 3757:dictatorship of the proletariat 3706:ushered the world into the new 3350:), and others as part of their 3298:dissolution of the Soviet Union 3180:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 3174:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 3160:Cuban communist revolutionaries 2681: 2547:who favored the development of 2401:All-Russian Congress of Soviets 2327:Revolutionary wave of 1917–1923 2309:in 19th-century Europe. As the 1945:, has no adequate explanation. 1933:'s anti-urbanism. According to 1409:dissolution of the Soviet Union 200:Dictatorship of the proletariat 150:to each according to his needs" 27814:Separation of church and state 27712:Collectivism and individualism 27667:The Origins of Totalitarianism 24380:New International Encyclopedia 24343:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 24003:The Journal of Moral Education 23484:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/01173-6 23075:(paperback ed.). Oxford: 22747:10.1080/10370196.2001.11733360 22365:University of California Press 22118:The Rise and Fall of Communism 21259:exists since millennia, while 19225:Karlsson & Schoenhals 2008 19095:The Historiography of Genocide 18497:"Yegor Letov: Russkiy Proryv" 17937:University of California Press 17789:"Socialism and Labor Unionism" 17107:"On the Problem of Trotskyism" 16834:Marxism and Literary Criticism 16508:Imperialism and the Revolution 14861:Johns Hopkins University Press 14042:its use for teaching purposes. 13512:10.1080/00213624.1998.11506129 13074:McMeekin, Sean (30 May 2017). 12395:– via Scholarly Commons. 12279:University of Pittsburgh Press 12217:Johns Hopkins University Press 12020:Johns Hopkins University Press 11596:(hardcover ed.). Oxford: 11556:(hardcover ed.). London: 11502:(revised ed.). New York: 11412:(revised ed.). New York: 11274:Morris, Emily (8 March 2021). 10987:The American Historical Review 10788:Karlsson & Schoenhals 2008 10234:Fisher, Max (6 January 2016). 9423:International Critical Thought 9416:March, Luke (September 2012). 9317:Radical Left Parties in Europe 9104: 9052: 8997: 8954: 8884: 8853: 8826: 8488:. Despite those shortcomings, 8342:, which was proclaimed by the 4358:Socially necessary labour time 4256:Philosophy in the Soviet Union 4146:The Sublime Object of Ideology 4071:A Critique of Soviet Economics 2569:German Revolution of 1918–1919 2493:Left Socialist-Revolutionaries 2475:Russian Provisional Government 2442:, and popular support for the 2130:communist movement during the 1725:similar to the Roman Catholic 1680:to each according to his needs 13: 1: 27854:Category:Political philosophy 27727:Critique of political economy 24538:Critique of political economy 24472: 24349:Libertarian Communist Library 23852:; Six, Clemens, eds. (2020). 23317:Open Court Publishing Company 23035:. In Wright, James D. (ed.). 22611:. In Gleditsch, N. P. (ed.). 22277:. Vol. 3. Translated by 22252:10.1080/10455752.2021.1875603 22141:Classical Sociological Theory 21561:Socialist Revolutionary Party 21463:phenomenon of communism." A 21023:Marx & Philosophy Society 20860:10.1080/05775132.2015.1012402 20449:The Great North Korean Famine 20302:Contemporary European History 20088:Dujisin, Zoltan (July 2020). 20074:10.1080/00905992.2017.1364230 19650:The Review of English Studies 17082:National Committee of the SWP 16626:. pp. 125–129, 158–159. 16543:. Vol. 27. p. 217. 16098:Springborg, Patricia (1984). 14624:Sargent, Lyman Tower (2008). 14532:Alimzhanov, Anuarbek (1991). 13629:. O. V. Khlevni︠u︡k. Oxford: 12732:(hardback ed.). London: 12059:The Cambridge History of Iran 11709:. Santa Barbara, California: 11660:"Marx's Concept of Socialism" 11625:. Santa Barbara, California: 10314:Schwekendiek, Daniel (2011). 9946:(hardback ed.). London: 9718:Billington, James H. (2011). 9061:"Withering Away of the State" 8755: 8447:United States. Works such as 8059:Apostles in the New Testament 7570:Libertarian Marxist communism 7318:Rather than representing the 7245: 7004:agricultural collectivization 6966:and in a global scale in the 6764:Critique of the Gotha Program 6481:Democracy and economic growth 4279:Critique of political economy 3892:capitalist mode of production 3785:Critique of political economy 3779:Critique of political economy 3710:. Before capitalism, certain 3708:capitalist mode of production 3589:of the means of production, " 3352:People's Multiparty Democracy 3294:Socialist Republic of Vietnam 2895:came to power in 1949 as the 2501:Socialist Revolutionary Party 2431:capitalist mode of production 2275:Nicolas Restif de la Bretonne 2221:religious group known as the 1903:Soviet-type economic planning 1885:, and mainly in reference to 1658:An early distinction between 1559:Nicolas Restif de la Bretonne 1351:Nicolas Restif de la Bretonne 138:Critique of political economy 27752:Institutional discrimination 27747:History of political thought 26479:Negative and positive rights 25431:Socialist mode of production 25347:Anti-communist mass killings 25289:Workers of the world, unite! 24558:Proletarian internationalism 24399:Winstanley, Gerrard (1649). 23907:From Communism to Capitalism 23647:Origins of Chinese Communism 23534:Resources in other libraries 22621:10.1007/978-3-319-54463-2_12 22576:(1). Boston, Massachusetts: 21636:(anti-Stalinist Yugoslavia). 21604:(anti-revisionist Albania), 21485:Khmer Rouge rule of Cambodia 21465:Soviet and communist studies 21321:North Korea: A Country Study 21241:wrote: "I use uppercase 'C' 21184:Earlier forms of communism ( 20753:10.1080/09668136.2013.822711 20482:Europe Since 1989: A History 19800:Engel-Di Mauro et al. (2021) 19683:(in Latvian). Archived from 19675:Ijabs, Ivars (23 May 2008). 18714:The New York Review of Books 18176:Dielo Truda (Workers' Cause) 18126:Towards the creative Nothing 18069:What is Anarchist Communism? 17873:Kowalski, Ronald I. (1991). 17582:Lowry, Ben (11 March 2017). 17231:"On Marxism-Leninism-Maoism" 16741:. Verso Books. p. 293. 16406:10.1080/03017605.2011.621248 16076:10.1016/j.soscij.2010.07.002 15787:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 57–59. 15781:Barry Stewart Clark (1998). 15432:10.5040/9781350082700.ch-001 14288:University of Illinois Press 14134:10.1080/00324728.2014.972432 13880:The New York Review of Books 13688:. Basingstoke and New York: 13219:10.1080/13569317.2012.676867 12277:. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: 11092:The New York Review of Books 10268:North Korea: A Country Study 9542:"Bourgeois and Proletarians" 9478:"Bourgeois and Proletarians" 9440:10.1080/21598282.2012.706777 8760: 8503:-backed economic reforms of 8393:anti-communist mass killings 8191:There is no consensus among 8126:anti-communist mass killings 8093: 7880:(March 1919) and during its 7596:and its derivatives such as 7313:proletarian internationalism 7145: 6674:Middle East and North Africa 6541:Peaceful transition of power 4316:Falling profit-rate tendency 4096:The Society of the Spectacle 3849:communist mode of production 3583:socialist mode of production 3450:List of communist ideologies 3244:, formally establishing the 3228:. That evening at 7:32, the 3130:democratic road to socialism 3022:believed at one point to be 2605:socialist mode of production 2479:Russian Constituent Assembly 1304:communist mode of production 1051:Socialist mode of production 967:Anti-communist mass killings 905:Workers of the world, unite! 160:Proletarian internationalism 7: 27762:Justification for the state 27547:Two Treatises of Government 25399:Marx's theory of alienation 24429:. Retrieved 18 August 2021. 24345:. Retrieved 18 August 2021. 23801:University of Chicago Press 23291:The World Book Encyclopedia 22963:Social Science and Medicine 22734:History of Economics Review 22238:Capitalism Nature Socialism 21750:The Black Book of Communism 21715:anticommunist mass killings 21522:The Black Book of Communism 21437:The Black Book of Communism 21379:Holodomor genocide question 21252:The Black Book of Communism 21017:Ehms, Jule (9 March 2014). 20971:'s Global Attitudes Project 20600:University of Chicago Press 19970:(E-book ed.). London: 19714:"Socialism as a hate crime" 18565:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 18467:Encyclopedia of Catholicism 18359:Westminster John Knox Press 18260:Foundations of Christianity 17854:. Marxists Internet Archive 16893:Rubenstein, Joshua (2011). 16624:University of Vermont Press 16540:Marx/Engels Collected Works 16116:10.1177/0090591784012004005 15919:10.4135/9781608712434.n1646 15635:Critical Historical Studies 15420:From Marx to Hegel and Back 15239:Critical Historical Studies 15172:10.1177/0269142002032001564 15147:"Soviet Democracy, 1917–91" 15128:Marx/Engels Collected Works 15053:"What is Orthodox Marxism?" 13667:The Cold War: A New History 11987:10.1007/978-94-011-1380-9_1 11875:Rosser & Barkley (2003) 11404:Williams, Raymond (1985) . 11223:Online Etymology Dictionary 11071:– via Soviet Studies. 11017:– via Soviet Studies. 10756:10.1080/0966813022000017177 9319:(E-book ed.). London: 9063:. In Kurian, George (ed.). 8992:economic habits may remain. 8971:The Principles of Communism 8748:Twentieth Century Communism 8672: 8457:legitimized debates on the 8449:The Black Book of Communism 8443:The Black Book of Communism 8088: 7901:internationalist socialists 7592:, emerged in opposition to 7409:combined with an authentic 7405:The economic platform of a 7354:against far-right parties, 7019:a convenient label for the 6571:Proportional representation 5790:Capitalism Nature Socialism 4306:Concrete and abstract labor 4196:Capital in the Anthropocene 4121:Social Justice and the City 4016:The Accumulation of Capital 3036:industrialized Soviet Union 2999: 2960:of the army and Mao's wife 2952:be removed through violent 2438:, the peasants' demand for 1234:withering away of the state 1019:Marx's theory of alienation 10: 27946: 26432:Bellum omnium contra omnes 24423:Kingston University London 24415:– via Roger Lovejoy. 24172:Princeton University Press 24149:Cambridge University Press 24123:Princeton University Press 24045:Cambridge University Press 23832:Cambridge University Press 23361:10.1162/002219502753364263 23178:(hardback, 2nd ed.). 23141:Cambridge University Press 22863:10.1177/002200940103600110 22700: 22678:10.1177/002200940103600110 22562:(Summer 1996). "Review of 22416:Social Indicators Research 22275:Marx/Engels Selected Works 22096:Cambridge University Press 22001: 21995: 21832:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 21830:, who seized power in the 21188:and some earlier forms of 20818:Cambridge University Press 20566:Princeton University Press 20487:Princeton University Press 20421:Princeton University Press 20389:Princeton University Press 20109:10.1007/s11186-020-09401-5 20065:Cambridge University Press 19936:The Actuality of Communism 19745:Engel-Di Mauro et al. 2021 19598:Cambridge University Press 19475:Cambridge University Press 19069:10.1177/0967828X9700500202 18836:Cambridge University Press 18506:(in Russian). No. 145 18499:Егор Летов: Русский Прорыв 18431:. Grand Rapids, Michigan: 18289:Montero, Roman A. (2017). 18095:Gray, Christopher (1998). 17996:Anarchism for Know-It-Alls 17968:Greenwood Publishing Group 17960:Mayne, Alan James (1999). 17795:. Vol. 1, no. 18 17417:. Vol. 8. Autumn 1999 17037:Bulletin of the Opposition 17033:"The Transitional Program" 16805:Edinburgh University Press 16064:The Social Science Journal 16058:Niemi, William L. (2011). 15499:Cambridge University Press 15343:Henderson, Willie (2000). 15155:European History Quarterly 14901:"Idealism and Materialism" 14809:Friedrich Ebert Foundation 14380:. pp. 310–314 (312). 14319:In Search of Eurocommunism 14015:Bottelier, Pieter (2018). 13767:Princeton University Press 13499:Journal of Economic Issues 13428:(revised ed.). London 13293:Cambridge University Press 12951:. McFarland. p. 109. 12647:Cambridge University Press 12428:Cambridge University Press 12312:Cambridge University Press 12064:Cambridge University Press 12062:. Vol. 3. Cambridge: 12018:(6). Baltimore, Maryland: 11838:Cambridge University Press 10707:Cambridge University Press 10632:The London Review of Books 9403:Friedrich Ebert Foundation 9352:Dictionary of the far left 9298:Friedrich Ebert Foundation 9192:Friedrich Ebert Foundation 8741:American Communist History 8165: 8108:Russian Revolution of 1917 8030: 7927: 7840: 7778:elected at workplaces and 7741: 7573: 7508: 7420: 7324:degenerated workers' state 7249: 7221:Marxism–Leninism–Stalinism 7166:leader of the Soviet Union 7149: 7080:Communist Party of Germany 7046:, in addition to a shared 6932: 6848: 4066:Dialectic of Enlightenment 3914: 3866: 3836: 3782: 3759:; it is the defeat of the 3683: 3624:Marxist schools of thought 3454:Marxist schools of thought 3447: 3441: 3255: 3218:leader of the Soviet Union 3177: 3110:People's Republic of China 3104:, who enacted a period of 3003: 2685: 2330: 2204:Thomas More and His Utopia 2141:The Peasant War in Germany 2138:analyzed in his 1850 work 2109:preached an early form of 2038:. Since the 20th century, 1999: 1988: 1984: 1617:Since the 1840s, the term 1313:, in the aftermath of the 1286:. The two classes are the 1252:Marxist schools of thought 43:Communism (disambiguation) 40: 29: 27849: 27699: 27468: 27116: 26849: 26729: 26648: 26560: 26551: 26417: 26251: 26180: 26009: 25819: 25613: 25526: 25454: 25329: 25298: 25256: 25178: 24800: 24749: 24711: 24647: 24606: 24480: 24427:Marxists Internet Archive 24385:Retrieved 18 August 2021. 24335:Retrieved 18 August 2021. 23731:Forman, James D. (1972). 23529:Resources in your library 23458:Marxists Internet Archive 23031:Morgan, W. John (2015) . 22816:Kaufman, Cynthia (2003). 22429:10.1007/s11205-017-1764-4 22283:Marxists Internet Archive 22191:Journal of Peace Research 22183:– via Chomsky.info. 22050:Marxists Internet Archive 21849: 21338:Korea under Japanese rule 20889:. Duke University Press. 20592:Mattei, Clara E. (2022). 20315:10.1017/S0960777312000070 20276:Columbia University Press 19483:10.1017/S004388710002089X 19404:(3/4). Jerusalem: 73–92. 19155:Journal of Peace Research 18927:Columbia University Press 18881:Columbia University Press 18295:Wipf and Stock Publishers 18269:Marxists Internet Archive 18046:The Nestor Makhno Archive 17887:10.1007/978-1-349-10367-6 17805:Marxists Internet Archive 17684:Marxists Internet Archive 17186:10.1017/S0305741000010407 16521:Marxists Internet Archive 16485:Marxists Internet Archive 16208:Marxists Internet Archive 16174:10.1080/08935690009358994 15842:Marxists Internet Archive 15312:Mészáros, István (2010). 15207:Twiss, Thomas M. (2014). 15074:Marxists Internet Archive 14974:The Columbia Encyclopedia 14915:Marxists Internet Archive 14332:10.1007/978-1-349-16581-0 13959:10.1017/s030574100600107x 13759:Luthi, Lorenz M. (2010). 13684:McDermott, Kevin (2006). 13609:Marxists Internet Archive 13350:; Uvalić, Milica (eds.). 13269:10.1080/09668138508411571 13161:White, Elizabeth (2010). 12826:Marxists Internet Archive 12764:White, Elizabeth (2010). 11894:Nation, R. Craig (1992). 11705:Busky, Donald F. (2000). 11621:Busky, Donald F. (2000). 11590:Strandmann, Hartmut Pogge 11586:Evans, Robert John Weston 11345:University of Texas Press 11284:University College London 10672:10.1080/09668130902753325 10559:10.1080/09668130050143860 10191:Seth, Michael J. (2019). 9962:Marxists Internet Archive 9671:Stanford University Press 9665:Bockman, Johanna (2011). 9567:Marxists Internet Archive 9504:Marxists Internet Archive 9046:Marxists Internet Archive 8987:Marxists Internet Archive 8933:Marxists Internet Archive 8711:List of communist parties 8497:World Health Organization 8263:proposes the category of 8100:University College London 8009:insurrectionary anarchism 7416: 7283:Trotskyism, developed by 7085:Within Marxism–Leninism, 6884:, led by a revolutionary 4211:Literature and Revolution 4171:Late Victorian Holocausts 4101:Pedagogy of the Oppressed 4086:The Wretched of the Earth 3869:Socialization (economics) 3731:, earning profit via the 3371: 2573:proletarian revolutionary 2034:society first emerged in 1808:as a means to defend the 1585:in English, around 1840. 1478:Etymology and terminology 1211:revolutionary spontaneity 27637:The Revolt of the Masses 24583:Workers' self-management 24359:11 December 2005 at the 24294:The Reality of Communism 24249:Harvard University Press 23977:Morgan, W. John (2003). 23960:Maoism: A Global History 23932:; Murphy, Dylan (1999). 23071:Newman, Michael (2005). 22991:Morgan, W. John (2001). 22768:Rowman & Littlefield 22525:Rowman & Littlefield 22265:"Historical Materialism" 22208:10.1177/0022343304040051 21545:socialism in one country 21477:Holocaust trivialization 21421:and political scientist 21192:), shared support for a 20568:. pp. 51, 222–223. 20453:Institute of Peace Press 20178:"The Forgotten Millions" 20030:10.1177/1750698015587151 19434:Cornell University Press 19323:Harvard University Press 19260:Cornell University Press 19168:10.1177/0022343309342944 18972:Cornell University Press 18498: 18464:Flinn, Frank K. (2007). 18399:The Acts of the Apostles 18357:. Louisville, Kentucky: 17877:. Basingstoke, England: 17637:10.1163/1569206043505275 17510:Government In The Future 17136:Weber, Wolfgang (1989). 16273: 15727:(3): 5–7. Archived from 15493:Postone, Moishe (1995). 15297:(in Swedish) (28): 134. 14932:O'Hara, Phillip (2003). 14671:Rowman & Littlefield 14535: 14358:(2011). "Communism". In 14170: 14091:Rowman & Littlefield 13837:Harvard University Press 13625:Gorlizki, Yoram (2004). 13425:Class Struggles in China 13301:10.1017/CBO9780511615856 12995:. Springer. p. 98. 12551:Harvard University Press 12549:. Cambridge and London: 11902:Cornell University Press 11216:Harper, Douglas (2020). 10416:Howard & King (2001) 10199:Rowman & Littlefield 10160: 9861:Harvard University Press 9788:University of Washington 9580:Gasper, Phillip (2005). 9344:Cosseron, Serge (2007). 9205:George & Wilcox 1996 8314:and other historians, a 7919:Other types of communism 7801:In contrast to those of 7774:, which are composed of 7688:World Socialist Movement 7548:Communist Party of Spain 7305:socialism in one country 7181:ideological Soviet model 7058:society had entered the 6972:socialism in one country 6909:(1848), identifying the 6626:Wars between democracies 6606:Territorial peace theory 6451:Democratic confederalism 4161:The Origin of Capitalism 4031:The State and Revolution 3514:, no single, definitive 3462:A monument dedicated to 3362:Chinese economic reforms 3132:, which became known as 2878: 2867:For most Westerners and 2377:and a key figure in the 2333:Revolutions of 1917–1923 1820:. A distinction between 1611:flag of the Soviet Union 1215:workers' self-management 185:Workers' self-management 30:Not to be confused with 27617:The Communist Manifesto 26543:Tyranny of the majority 26454:Consent of the governed 25421:Revolutionary socialism 24629:Socialization (Marxism) 24330:Encyclopædia Britannica 24093:Oxford University Press 23678:The Communist Manifesto 23651:Oxford University Press 23594:Daniels, Robert Vincent 23568:Daniels, Robert Vincent 23422:Oxford University Press 23384:Wilczynski, J. (2008). 23077:Oxford University Press 22933:Link, Theodore (2004). 22919:Oxford University Press 22707:Oxford University Press 22701:Holmes, Leslie (2009). 21949:"Communism and Anarchy" 21317:Korean ultranationalism 21215:revolutionary socialism 21088:Oxford University Press 21019:"The Communist Horizon" 20526:Oxford University Press 20242:Black Book of Communism 20153:Oxford University Press 20102:(January 2021): 65–96. 19767:The Wall Street Journal 19557:Pipes, Richard (2001). 19107:10.1057/9780230297784_3 18782:; Parsons, William S.; 18623:Blakeley, Ruth (2009). 18332:Origins of Christianity 17239:Communist Party of Peru 16801:The Trotsky Reappraisal 16698:10.1023/A:1008651325136 16474:Foreign Languages Press 16361:, pp. 2332, 3355; 16238:Encyclopædia Britannica 16158:"Marxism and democracy" 16156:Wolff, Richard (2000). 15464:, pp. 44, 192–216. 15122:Principles of Communism 15098:. Vol. I. Moscow: 14995:International Socialism 14511:Encyclopædia Britannica 13736:Oxford University Press 13631:Oxford University Press 13578:Oxford University Press 13467:Oxford University Press 12852:Oxford University Press 12846:Holmes, Leslie (2009). 12822:Encyclopedia of Marxism 12723:Faulkner, Neil (2017). 12525:Encyclopædia Britannica 12359:University of Edinburgh 12097:Ermak, Gennady (2019). 11950:Random House Publishing 11674:Oxford University Press 11598:Oxford University Press 11504:Oxford University Press 11414:Oxford University Press 10350:, pp. 9–24, 36–44. 10320:McFarland & Company 9983:Macmillan Reference USA 9766:Oxford University Press 9760:Smith, Stephen (2014). 9547:The Communist Manifesto 9483:The Communist Manifesto 9225:Encyclopædia Britannica 9059:Kurian, George (2011). 9009:Preobrazhensky, Yevgeni 8896:Preobrazhensky, Yevgeni 8860:Ely, Richard T (1883). 8836:World Book Encyclopedia 8811:Encyclopædia Britannica 8726:Sociocultural evolution 8378:political left and the 8334:agenda, among them the 8224:crimes against humanity 8069:, and theologians like 7948:Anarcho-communism is a 7874:Communist International 7818:government by applying 7665:Johnson–Forest Tendency 7625:The Civil War in France 7544:Italian Communist Party 7524:Italian Communist Party 7522:, the secretary of the 7465:, being practical, and 7455:revolutionary movements 7451:Chinese economic reform 7427:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 7268:in Mexico City showing 7266:Palacio de Bellas Artes 6984:dialectical materialism 6919:dialectical materialism 6906:The Communist Manifesto 6890:political consciousness 6800:Principles of Communism 6779:Principles of Communism 6754:The Communist Manifesto 6611:Tyranny of the majority 6546:Political demonstration 6456:Democratic peace theory 6431:Deliberative referendum 4862:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism 4505:Relations of production 4388:Base and superstructure 4241:Dialectical materialism 4206:The Revolution Betrayed 4026:Terrorism and Communism 4021:Philosophical Notebooks 3976:The Communist Manifesto 3873:Socialization (Marxism) 3855:. According to Marxian 3845:falling rates of profit 3632:international relations 3620:dialectical materialism 3567:relations of production 3474:Marxism is a method of 3271:Chinese Communist Party 3224:, to Russian president 3198:Soviet of the Republics 3024:moving toward socialism 2946:Chinese Communist Party 2893:Chinese Communist Party 2852:, and strengthened the 2320:The Communist Manifesto 2259:Étienne-Gabriel Morelly 2251:Gabriel Bonnot de Mably 1893:. The emergence of the 1887:authoritarian socialism 1862:Encyclopædia Britannica 1738:The Communist Manifesto 1709:was believed to be the 1589:Communism and socialism 1547:The Communist Manifesto 1505:(which literally means 1495:, a combination of the 1331:Étienne-Gabriel Morelly 1323:Gabriel Bonnot de Mably 1041:Revolutionary socialism 233:Socialization (Marxism) 26494: 26444:Clash of civilizations 26430: 24333:(11th ed.). 1911. 24270:(hardcover ed.). 24266:Shaw, Yu-ming (2019). 24170:(hardcover ed.). 24121:(hardcover ed.). 23478:. pp. 9191–9193. 23453:Letter to the New Left 23232:Rummel, Rudolph Joseph 23167:Rabinowitch, Alexander 22886:Lansford, Tom (2007). 22357:Geary, Daniel (2009). 22166:(Spring–Summer 1986). 21747:In their criticism of 21515:Some authors, such as 21263:(used in reference to 21202:revolutionary politics 19662:10.1093/res/50.200.557 19590:Mann, Michael (2005). 18828:Mann, Michael (2005). 18527:"Why Communism Failed" 18391:Plumptre, Edward Hayes 18387:Ellicott, Charles John 18326:Renan, Ernest (1869). 18042:"Constructive Section" 17852:"Dialogue with Stalin" 17766:; Crump, John (eds.). 17625:Historical Materialism 17621:van der Linden, Marcel 17241:. 1982. Archived from 17111:Peace, Land, and Bread 16678:Van Ree, Erik (1998). 16327:Erik, Cornell (2002). 16303:Synthesis Publications 15474:Mortensen. "Ekonomi". 13283:Gregory, Paul Roderick 11321:10.3406/mots.1983.1122 11142:History of the Present 11054:10.1080/09668139999056 11029:Wheatcroft, Stephen G. 10973:; Rittersporn, Gábor; 10628:"Starving the Ukraine" 10541:Wheatcroft, Stephen G. 10511:10.1080/09668139999056 10493:Wheatcroft, Stephen G. 10120:Dae-Kyu, Yoon (2003). 9937:Silber, Irwin (1994). 9895:Wald, Alan M. (2012). 9811:Diamond, Sara (1995). 9726:Transaction Publishers 9190:: 126–143 – via 9036:. pp. 73–75, § 21 8923:. pp. 72–73, § 20 8320:double genocide theory 8316:historical revisionist 8265:Communist mass killing 8163: 7986:voluntary associations 7945: 7755: 7694:, as well as parts of 7680:Socialisme ou Barbarie 7540:French Communist Party 7527: 7439: 7280: 7217:death of Joseph Stalin 7168: 7164:, the longest-serving 7064:proletariat revolution 6947: 6860: 6835: 6805: 6436:Democratic backsliding 6426:Criticism of democracy 5805:Historical Materialism 4550:Proletarian revolution 4545:Primitive accumulation 4540:Historical determinism 3690:Historical materialism 3641:and Marxism–Leninism. 3579:proletarian revolution 3545: – the 3484:historical materialism 3471: 3281: 3273: 3267:18th National Congress 3216:(the eighth and final 3031: 2897:Nationalist government 2856:alliance that covered 2761:libertarian communisms 2599:, in reference to the 2473:By November 1917, the 2460:equal rights for women 2411: 2355:and the leader of the 2227:Cromwell and Communism 2169: 2150:Christian universalist 1929:industrialism and the 1873:In the United States, 1832:renamed itself as the 1614: 1569: 1563: 1519: 1501: 1491: 1170:order centered around 1139: 26459:Divine right of kings 25372:Intentional community 24508:Collective leadership 23645:Dirlik, Arif (1989). 23624:The Communist Horizon 23602:Yale University Press 23149:10.1017/9781316137024 22309:10.1353/nlh.2000.0045 21723:1959 Tibetan uprising 21674:, whose culprit, the 21136:Explanatory footnotes 21054:Duke University Press 20673:10.1136/jech.56.6.444 20264:Jaffrelot, Christophe 18553:Aarons, Mark (2007). 18349:Boer, Roland (2009). 18265:Russell & Russell 17741:. Dordrecht: Kluwer. 17674:. No. 27. Bremen 17296:Enciclopedia Treccani 16958:Cox, Michael (1992). 16901:Yale University Press 16047:. Socialist Register. 15953:How to Read Karl Marx 15903:Kurian, George Thomas 15330:10.17605/OSF.IO/65MXD 14977:(6th ed.). 2007. 14386:10.4135/9781412994163 14189:Nossal, Kim Richard. 13803:Perkins, Dwight Heald 13461:Smith, S. A. (2014). 13388:Bland, Bill (1995) . 13047:Bergman, Jay (2019). 13024:John Wiley & Sons 12922:John Wiley & Sons 12379:Papke, David (2016). 12273:Halfin, Igal (2000). 11801:10.1353/kri.2004.0007 11761:The National Interest 11745:(6th ed.). 2007. 11742:Columbia Encyclopedia 11558:Bloomsbury Publishing 11462:Harper & Brothers 11377:"Communism, the Word" 10703:Stalin: A New History 10050:Dunn, Dennis (2016). 9142:(2012). Berry, Dave; 9077:10.4135/9781608712434 8866:Harper & Brothers 8721:Post-scarcity economy 8642:history of capitalism 8338:in June 2008 and the 8197:scholars of Communism 8166:Further information: 8156: 7937: 7831:democratic centralism 7822:on the one hand, and 7768:libertarian socialism 7751: 7720:Cornelius Castoriadis 7642:libertarian socialism 7536:social transformation 7518: 7434: 7259: 7159: 7015:population, has made 6992:democratic centralism 6942: 6855: 6825: 6787: 6491:Electoral competition 6471:Democratic transition 6446:Democratic centralism 6441:Democratic capitalism 6041:Philosophy portal 5835:Science & Society 4453:Democratic centralism 4311:Factors of production 4181:Caliban and the Witch 4126:Women, Race and Class 3885:. Nationalization is 3704:Industrial Revolution 3605:, follows the maxim " 3500:social transformation 3478:analysis that uses a 3461: 3428:democratic centralism 3417:, an elitist form of 3346:), social democrats ( 3332:Nepal Communist Party 3314:, and those, such as 3279: 3265: 3252:Post-Soviet communism 3232:was lowered from the 3184:With the fall of the 3178:Further information: 3094:Albanian–Soviet split 3017: 3004:Further information: 2944:orthodoxy within the 2769:democratic centralism 2763:, dating back to the 2745:democratic centralism 2686:Further information: 2551:as a prerequisite to 2534:anarchism and Marxism 2331:Further information: 2311:Industrial Revolution 2263:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 2158: 2002:Pre-Marxist communism 2000:Further information: 1978:workers and peasants' 1767:democratic revolution 1601:is a common theme of 1596: 1448:Soviet economic model 1381:. As one of the many 1363:Communist governments 1339:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1244:Variants of communism 1203:libertarian socialist 992:Intentional community 108:Collective leadership 27915:Political ideologies 27905:Left-wing ideologies 27607:Democracy in America 26986:political philosophy 26969:political philosophy 26784:political philosophy 26613:political philosophy 26523:Separation of powers 26484:Night-watchman state 26469:Monopoly on violence 26003:Political philosophy 25520:Political ideologies 25478:Socialism portal 25466:Communism portal 25321:Criticism of Marxism 25311:Communist propaganda 24741:Fourth International 24731:Second International 24518:Communist revolution 24221:(English ed.). 24067:Communism: A History 23771:10.1257/jep.34.2.172 23420:(revised ed.). 23242:University of Hawaii 23104:The Wilson Quarterly 22339:The Campus Chronicle 22296:New Literary History 21761:'s Soviet Union and 21344:as a guerrilla hero. 21056:. p. xvi–xvii. 20602:. pp. 301–302. 20211:Praktyka Teoretyczna 20155:. pp. 377–378. 20057:Nationalities Papers 19972:Taylor & Francis 19559:Communism: a history 18744:Monthly Review Press 18667:McSherry, J. Patrice 18474:. pp. 173–174. 18148:Nightmares of Reason 17386:Marot, Eric (2006). 17084:(16 November 1953). 17059:, pp. 189, 194. 16657:. pp. 105–106. 16430:Hoppe, Bert (2011). 16294:Contemporary Marxism 16017:"Who was Karl Marx?" 15863:Taylor & Francis 15324:. pp. 317–331. 15322:Monthly Review Press 15193:State and Revolution 14792:March, Luke (2009). 14665:Lamb, Peter (2015). 14634:Wadsworth Publishing 14549:on 20 December 2015. 14364:Berg-Schlosser, Dirk 14086:49 Myths about China 14060:Simon & Schuster 13988:Taylor & Francis 13422:Bland, Bill (1997). 13348:Kołodko, Grzegorz W. 12736:. pp. 34, 177. 12122:Busky, D.F. (2002). 12012:The Classical Weekly 11946:Communism: A History 11600:. pp. 207–235. 10058:. pp. 126–131. 9863:. pp. ix–x, 2. 9386:March, Luke (2009). 9315:March, Luke (2012). 9281:March, Luke (2009). 9175:March, Luke (2009). 9067:. Washington, D.C.: 9021:The ABC of Communism 8908:The ABC of Communism 8701:Criticism of Marxism 8696:Communism by country 8584:right-wing populists 8507:experienced surging 8418:victims of Communism 8372:criticism of Marxism 8135:Non-Aligned Movement 7884:(July–August 1920). 7530:Eurocommunism was a 7438:monument in Shenyang 7380:Fourth International 7364:transitional program 7293:permanent revolution 7173:socioeconomic system 6466:Democratic socialism 6053:Socialism portal 6029:Communism portal 5898:History of communism 5893:Economic determinism 5878:Criticism of Marxism 5868:Creative destruction 4628:Marxism and religion 4348:Scientific socialism 4251:Philosophy of nature 4136:Imagined Communities 4001:Dialectics of Nature 3917:Democracy in Marxism 3910:Democracy in Marxism 3647:Second International 3520:scientific socialism 3498:perspective to view 3419:socialism from above 3320:democratic socialist 2743:. Following Lenin's 2557:socialist revolution 2497:coalition government 2427:socialist revolution 2295:New Harmony, Indiana 2271:François-Noël Babeuf 2247:Age of Enlightenment 2132:German Peasants' War 2014:Scientific socialism 1991:History of communism 1818:socialist revolution 1347:François-Noël Babeuf 1335:Henri de Saint-Simon 1319:Age of Enlightenment 1300:communist revolution 1294:to survive, and the 1095:Socialism portal 1084:Communism portal 939:Criticism of Marxism 929:Communist propaganda 349:Fourth International 339:Second International 118:Communist revolution 41:For other uses, see 27900:Economic ideologies 27797:Right-wing politics 27677:A Theory of Justice 27647:The Road to Serfdom 27567:The Social Contract 26274:Christian democracy 25638:Christian democracy 25426:Socialist economics 25342:Anti anti-communism 25271:Red flag (politics) 24736:Third International 24726:First International 24553:Market abolitionism 24498:Class consciousness 24393:Library of Congress 24290:Zinoviev, Alexandre 24223:Progress Publishers 23697:Fitzpatrick, Sheila 23281:10.1155/2012/137412 23095:Paczkowski, Andrzej 22564:Death by Government 21800:Cambodian Civil War 21731:Cultural Revolution 21650:. Examples include 21598:Ho Chi Minh Thought 21491:'s North Korea and 21407:Klas-Göran Karlsson 21387:Revolutions of 1989 21278:Communist Party USA 21190:religious communism 20997:The Washington Post 20969:Pew Research Center 20740:Europe-Asia Studies 19819:(2 December 2022). 19512:Gray, John (1990). 19424:Valentino, Benjamin 19250:Valentino, Benjamin 18962:Valentino, Benjamin 18769:, pp. 151–153. 18472:Infobase Publishing 18230:Church Life Journal 18076:on 21 December 2010 18022:(13 October 2002). 17715:on 29 November 2020 17668:"The New Blanquism" 17173:The China Quarterly 17117:on 11 February 2022 16438:] (in German). 16278:Журнал Альтернативы 16200:"To the Rural Poor" 16043:Hal Draper (1970). 15734:on 16 November 2021 15720:Crisis and Critique 15501:. pp. 130, 5. 15426:, p. 142,182, 15424:Bloomsbury Academic 15100:Progress Publishers 14906:The German Ideology 14553:Declaration № 142-Н 14477:The Washington Post 14178:on 11 October 2022. 14056:Mao: The Real Story 13946:The China Quarterly 13873:(5 February 2018). 13792:, pp. 316–332. 13715:, pp. 179–193. 13591:Sedov, Lev (1980). 11662:. In Hudis, Peter; 11085:(27 January 2011). 11041:Europe-Asia Studies 10936:Suny, Ronald Grigor 10743:Europe-Asia Studies 10659:Europe-Asia Studies 10626:(22 January 1987). 10546:Europe-Asia Studies 10498:Europe-Asia Studies 10276:Library of Congress 10161:북 개정 헌법 '선군사상' 첫 명기 9764:. Oxford, England: 9556:Progress Publishers 9492:Progress Publishers 9032:. London, England: 8919:. London, England: 8618:economic inequality 8509:economic inequality 8482:North Korean famine 8376:anti-anti-communist 8344:European Parliament 8102:wrote that because 8047:religious communism 8033:Christian communism 8027:Christian communism 7974:means of production 7941:, main theorist of 7764:libertarian Marxism 7576:Libertarian Marxism 7388:orthodox Trotskyism 7236:democratic republic 7197:means of production 7140:Three Worlds Theory 7124:Sino-Albanian split 6840:is to be organized. 6773:peaceful transition 6692:Politics portal 6486:Democracy promotion 6461:Democratic republic 5785:Capital & Class 4465:False consciousness 4413:Commodity fetishism 4403:Class consciousness 4321:Means of production 4156:The Age of Extremes 4076:The Long Revolution 4011:What Is to Be Done? 3971:The German Ideology 3729:means of production 3575:class consciousness 3571:alienation of labor 3551:means of production 3470:(right) in Shanghai 3394:libertarian Marxism 3390:Christian communism 3334:) were part of the 3190:Revolutions of 1989 2938:Cultural Revolution 2931:Cultural Revolution 2814:The devastation of 2765:libertarian Marxist 2741:New Economic Policy 2733:Workers' Opposition 2513:single issue voters 2452:universal education 2283:James H. Billington 2111:Christian communism 2010:Religious communism 2006:Primitive communism 1966:people's democratic 1960:national-democratic 1763:Revolutions of 1848 1603:communist symbolism 1579:John Goodwyn Barmby 1536:social situations. 1456:anti anti-communism 1405:freedom of religion 1359:James H. Billington 1256:religious communism 1248:anarchist communism 1176:means of production 1046:Socialist economics 962:Anti anti-communism 951:Related topics 887:Red flag (politics) 344:Third International 334:First International 155:Market abolitionism 98:Class consciousness 27809:Political violence 27804:Political theology 27787:Left-wing politics 27782:Political spectrum 25553:Political spectrum 25446:Worker cooperative 25404:National communism 25377:Left-wing politics 25282:The Internationale 24634:Economic democracy 24218:What Is Communism? 23983:Palgrave Macmillan 23884:Palgrave Macmillan 23858:Palgrave Macmillan 23850:Gerlach, Christian 23702:History and Theory 23111:. pp. 28–34. 22892:Marshall Cavendish 22566:by R. J. Rummel". 21812:Cambodian genocide 21727:Cambodian genocide 21672:Cambodian genocide 21608:(Czechoslovakia), 21565:Popular Socialists 21455:Andrzej Paczkowski 21411:Michael Schoenhals 21162:political spectrum 21154:far-right politics 20445:Natsios, Andrew S. 20095:Theory and Society 19681:Latvijas Vēstnesis 19101:. pp. 42–70. 19099:Palgrave Macmillan 18504:Sovetskaya Rossiya 18156:on 27 October 2010 17879:Palgrave MacMillan 17664:Pannekoek, Antonie 17517:on 16 January 2013 17478:Socialist Register 17445:Palgrave Macmillan 17437:Screpanti, Ernesto 17351:Pannekoek, Antonie 17325:. pp. 73–80. 17298:(in Italian). 2010 16964:The Russian Review 16872:. pp. 1–206. 16616:Daniels, Robert V. 16270:Butenko, Aleksandr 16162:Rethinking Marxism 15909:. Washington, DC: 15684:The New York Times 15215:. pp. 28–29. 14807:: 127 – via 14605:. 26 December 1991 14602:The New York Times 14577:. 22 December 1991 14574:The New York Times 14507:"Cuban Revolution" 14427:, pp. 627–648 14121:Population Studies 13690:Palgrave Macmillan 13663:Gaddis, John Lewis 13528:The Russian Review 13356:Palgrave Macmillan 13322:Hoover Institution 12893:. pp. 1–288. 12753:– via OAPEN. 12355:Retrospect Journal 11904:. pp. 85–86. 11464:. pp. 29–30. 11305:Grandjonc, Jacques 11249:www.britannica.com 10898:Rosefielde, Steven 10420:Fitzgibbons (2002) 10079:Frenkiel, Émilie; 10056:Palgrave-Macmillan 10031:on 29 January 2009 9985:. pp. 35–36. 9401:: 129 – via 9296:: 126 – via 9152:Palgrave Macmillan 8868:. pp. 35–36. 8814:(revised ed.) 8716:Outline of Marxism 8410:Kristen R. Ghodsee 8336:Prague Declaration 8326:countries and the 8261:Benjamin Valentino 8186:order of magnitude 8164: 8145:in South America. 8098:Emily Morris from 7982:horizontal network 7946: 7897:anarcho-communists 7868:than the views of 7796:party dictatorship 7756: 7582:anti-authoritarian 7528: 7440: 7411:worker's democracy 7350:, the tactic of a 7281: 7177:political ideology 7169: 7128:Social imperialism 7103:social imperialist 6948: 6845:Leninist communism 6759:universal suffrage 6631:Waves of democracy 6591:Right to candidacy 6561:Popular referendum 6551:Political equality 6421:Citizens' assembly 5999:Worker cooperative 5977:Left-wing populism 5903:Left-wing politics 5840:Socialist Register 5830:Rethinking Marxism 4623:Literary criticism 4326:Mode of production 4191:Capitalist Realism 4051:The Black Jacobins 3894:. In the words of 3773:universal suffrage 3700:mode of production 3650:technology in the 3595:production for use 3512:schools of thought 3472: 3282: 3274: 3122:liberal-democratic 3032: 2921:Great Leap Forward 2844:'s entry into the 2793:Russian Revolution 2567:, inspired by the 2525:multi-party system 2389:October Revolution 2379:October Revolution 2307:socialist movement 2208:October Revolution 2170: 1972:socialist-oriented 1794:October Revolution 1757:in Germany. While 1715:Protestant England 1615: 1575:form of government 1383:types of socialism 1375:Russian Revolution 1280:mode of production 1238:political spectrum 1232:, followed by the 1160:socialist movement 1066:Worker cooperative 1024:National communism 997:Left-wing politics 898:The Internationale 238:Economic democracy 27920:Political culture 27885:Anarcho-communism 27862: 27861: 27772:Philosophy of law 27717:Conflict theories 27557:The Spirit of Law 27464: 27463: 26513:Original position 25969: 25968: 25668:Constitutionalism 25531:The Establishment 25486: 25485: 25266:Hammer and sickle 24757:Communist Parties 24573:Stateless society 24568:Social revolution 24533:Communist society 24503:Classless society 24374:"Communism"  24324:"Communism"  24307:978-0-80523-901-0 24281:978-0-36716-385-3 24258:978-0-67404-699-3 24232:978-0-82853-346-1 24207:978-0-80214-512-3 24190:Priestland, David 24181:978-0-69117-558-4 24158:978-1-31613-702-4 24132:978-0-69113-585-4 24102:978-0-19965-762-9 24076:978-0-81296-864-4 24054:978-1-31645-985-0 23947:978-0-75091-485-7 23938:Sutton Publishing 23921:978-1-472-52431-7 23893:978-1-137-37949-8 23841:978-1-31650-159-7 23810:978-0-226-27341-9 23742:978-0-531-02571-0 23688:978-0-451-52710-3 23669:Engels, Friedrich 23660:978-0-19-505454-5 23637:978-1-84467-954-6 23611:978-0-30010-649-7 23585:978-0-87451-678-4 23559:978-1-57958-390-3 23510:Library resources 23448:Wright, C. Wright 23435:978-0-19-520469-8 23408:Williams, Raymond 23326:978-0-87548-449-5 23300:978-0-7166-0108-1 23248:on 27 August 2018 23234:(November 1993), 23189:978-0-7453-9999-7 22948:978-0-8239-4517-7 22901:978-0-7614-2628-8 22855:SAGE Publications 22833:978-0-89608-693-7 22777:978-1-4422-3798-8 22716:978-0-19-955154-5 22543:978-1-58648-769-0 22261:Engels, Friedrich 22200:SAGE Publications 22155:978-0-631-21348-2 22136:Calhoun, Craig J. 22105:978-1-108-50935-0 22021:Bernstein, Eduard 21955:on 28 July 2011. 21808:Communist Vietnam 21771:Stéphane Courtois 21708:Genocide scholar 21527:Timothy D. Snyder 21517:Stéphane Courtois 21469:Steven Rosefielde 21419:Stéphane Courtois 21194:classless society 21186:utopian socialism 21158:far-left politics 20917:. 5 December 2011 20896:978-0-8223-6934-9 20842:Milanović, Branko 20638:Mackenbach (2012) 20496:978-0-691-16737-4 20285:978-0-231-14283-0 19964:Taras, Raymond C. 19912:. 26 October 2009 19815:Sullivan, Dylan; 19443:978-0-801-47273-2 19332:978-0-674-07608-2 19269:978-0-801-47273-2 19116:978-0-230-29778-4 19061:SAGE Publications 19026:978-0-8039-8829-3 19017:SAGE Publications 18981:978-0-8014-6717-2 18936:978-0-231-80046-4 18890:978-0-231-14282-3 18845:978-0-521-53854-1 18803:978-0-415-94430-4 18780:Charny, Israel W. 18690:978-0-415-66457-8 18652:978-0-415-68617-4 18589:on 5 January 2016 18481:978-0-8160-7565-2 18446:978-0-310-25421-8 18368:978-0-664-23393-8 18209:on 16 July 2011. 18188:on 28 July 2011. 18005:978-1-59986-218-7 17977:978-0-275-96151-0 17946:978-0-520-04798-3 17896:978-1-349-10369-0 17764:Rubel, Maximilien 17704:Anarchist Studies 17551:Varoufakis, Yanis 17372:978-0-9791813-6-8 17355:Pankhurst, Sylvia 17153:978-0-929087-30-6 17031:(May–June 1938). 17014:978-0-00-729166-3 16944:978-1-931859-19-6 16910:978-0-300-13724-8 16879:978-1-000-70651-2 16848:978-1-134-94783-6 16814:978-0-7486-0317-6 16782:978-0-929087-48-1 16748:978-1-78168-721-5 16664:978-90-04-26953-8 16633:978-0-87451-616-6 16535:Engels, Friedrich 16449:978-3-486-71173-8 16440:Oldenbourg Verlag 16031:La Liberté Speech 15963:978-0-85345-973-6 15816:Engels, Friedrich 15794:978-0-275-96370-5 15441:978-1-3500-8267-0 15222:978-90-04-26953-8 15164:SAGE Publications 15113:Engels, Friedrich 15102:. pp. 81–97. 15092:Engels, Friedrich 15034:978-0-415-19877-6 14947:978-0-415-24187-8 14897:Engels, Friedrich 14759:Ravallion, Martin 14707:. 17 April 2008. 14632:(14th ed.). 14423:, pp. 3–26; 14378:SAGE Publications 14368:Morlino, Leonardo 14341:978-1-349-16581-0 13699:978-0-333-71122-4 13640:978-0-19-534735-7 13365:978-0-230-54697-4 13310:978-0-511-61585-6 13091:978-0-465-09497-4 13060:978-0-19-884270-5 13033:978-0-631-19525-2 13002:978-1-349-05591-3 12958:978-0-7864-5647-5 12931:978-0-631-19525-2 12900:978-1-135-30787-5 12861:978-0-19-157088-9 12712:– via Gale. 12690:(December 1984). 12604:Marples, David R. 12506:Hammerton, J. A. 12248:. Santa Barbara: 12188:978-90-04-39477-3 12143:978-0-275-97748-1 12108:978-1-7979-5738-8 11981:. pp. 1–36. 11959:978-0-8129-6864-4 11867:Wilczynski (2008) 11720:978-0-275-96886-1 11691:978-0-19-069554-5 11636:978-0-275-96886-1 11528:Engels, Friedrich 11513:978-0-1952-0469-8 11488:Williams, Raymond 11427:978-0-1952-0469-8 11382:. Commoning Times 11354:978-0-292-71564-6 11337:(February 2014). 11335:Hodges, Donald C. 10917:978-0-415-77757-5 10839:, pp. 32–33. 10811:Paczkowski (2001) 10716:978-1-139-44663-1 10654:Marples, David R. 10613:, pp. 24–25. 10432:Wolff, Richard D. 10285:978-0-8444-1188-0 9912:978-1-4696-0867-9 9870:978-0-674-07608-2 9828:978-0-8986-2864-7 9735:978-1-4128-1401-0 9698:Hammerton, J. A. 9680:978-0-8047-7566-3 9595:978-1-931859-25-7 9534:Engels, Friedrich 9494:. pp. 98–137 9470:Engels, Friedrich 9361:978-2-035-82620-6 9330:978-1-136-57897-7 9154:. pp. 1–34. 9086:978-1-933116-44-0 9005:Bukharin, Nikolai 8962:Engels, Friedrich 8892:Bukharin, Nikolai 8846:978-0-7166-0108-1 8534:political freedom 8470:communist society 8438:Stéphane Courtois 8436:Some authors, as 8358:Memory and legacy 8283:'s Soviet Union, 8193:genocide scholars 7990:workers' councils 7943:anarcho-communism 7930:Anarcho-communism 7924:Anarcho-communism 7889:Marxist–Leninists 7772:workers' councils 7744:Council communism 7738:Council communism 7716:Raya Dunayevskaya 7712:Antonie Pannekoek 7708:social anarchists 7657:council communism 7564:Enrico Berlinguer 7520:Enrico Berlinguer 7348:socialist parties 7340:economic planning 7287:in opposition to 7209:natural resources 7205:productive forces 7201:industrialization 7160:1942 portrait of 7095:Nikita Khrushchev 7093:of Soviet leader 7070:forces. The term 7052:Rajani Palme Dutt 7038:was a variant of 7032:Communist parties 7000:industrialization 6976:Communist parties 6865:To the Rural Poor 6726: 6725: 6581:Right to petition 6089: 6088: 5930:Political ecology 5908:Marxian economics 4847:Council communism 4815: 4814: 4742:Neue Marx-Lektüre 4704:Regulation school 4593:Cultural analysis 4485:Lumpenproletariat 4428:Cultural hegemony 4418:Communist society 4408:Classless society 4343:Productive forces 4081:Guerrilla Warfare 3954:Theoretical works 3839:Marxian economics 3833:Marxian economics 3791:political economy 3725:private ownership 3652:productive forces 3615:classical Marxism 3599:communist society 3563:productive forces 3438:Marxist communism 3386:anarcho-communism 3324:social-democratic 3302:Fall of Communism 3242:Alma-Ata Protocol 3214:Mikhail Gorbachev 3164:Fulgencio Batista 3114:Sino-Soviet split 3102:Nikita Khrushchev 3072:Tito–Stalin split 2909:Nikita Khrushchev 2885:Chinese Civil War 2779:of 1936–1938 was 2737:bureaucratization 2701:Russian Civil War 2641:Marxist–Leninists 2561:Council communism 2549:liberal democracy 2373:, founder of the 2351:, founder of the 2267:French Revolution 2235:English Civil War 2018:Utopian socialism 1850:Communist parties 1814:productive forces 1759:liberal democrats 1599:hammer and sickle 1564:auteur communiste 1509:) and the suffix 1485:derives from the 1343:French Revolution 1315:French Revolution 1284:social revolution 1186:, and ultimately 1164:communist society 1129: 1128: 882:Hammer and sickle 367:Communist Parties 175:Stateless society 170:Social revolution 133:Communist society 103:Classless society 16:(Redirected from 27937: 27925:Social anarchism 27910:Marxism–Leninism 27880:1770s neologisms 27777:Political ethics 27767:Machiavellianism 27707:Authoritarianism 27692: 27682: 27672: 27662: 27652: 27642: 27632: 27622: 27612: 27602: 27592: 27582: 27572: 27562: 27552: 27542: 27532: 27522: 27512: 27502: 27492: 27482: 26558: 26557: 26499: 26435: 26425:Balance of power 26399:Social democracy 26394:Social Darwinism 26369:Multiculturalism 26314:Environmentalism 26289:Communitarianism 25996: 25989: 25982: 25973: 25972: 25896:Internationalism 25827:Authoritarianism 25796:Social democracy 25690:Environmentalism 25653:Communitarianism 25513: 25506: 25499: 25490: 25489: 25476: 25475: 25464: 25463: 25462: 25367:Internationalism 25357:Communitarianism 24721:Communist League 24624:Common ownership 24593:World revolution 24543:Free association 24467: 24460: 24453: 24444: 24443: 24416: 24414: 24412: 24403:. Archived from 24384: 24376: 24334: 24326: 24311: 24285: 24262: 24236: 24211: 24185: 24162: 24136: 24106: 24080: 24058: 24019: 23996: 23973: 23969:978-184792-250-2 23951: 23925: 23897: 23871: 23845: 23818:Fürst, Juliane; 23814: 23783: 23773: 23746: 23726: 23692: 23664: 23641: 23615: 23589: 23563: 23548:(1st ed.). 23497: 23466:Wormack, Brantly 23461: 23443: 23415: 23403: 23380: 23330: 23304: 23285: 23283: 23256: 23255: 23253: 23227: 23200: 23198: 23196: 23177: 23162: 23127: 23125: 23123: 23090: 23067: 23061: 23059: 23027: 23021: 23019: 22987: 22952: 22939:Rosen Publishing 22929: 22927: 22925: 22905: 22882: 22841: 22812: 22810: 22808: 22793: 22781: 22758: 22730: 22720: 22697: 22654: 22652: 22650: 22634: 22610: 22597: 22555: 22528: 22527:. pp. 3–26. 22512: 22510: 22508: 22483:Ghodsee, Kristen 22478: 22467:. pp. 3–4. 22455:Ghodsee, Kristen 22450: 22440: 22405: 22392:Prometheus Books 22382: 22353: 22351: 22349: 22328: 22286: 22256: 22254: 22227: 22184: 22182: 22180: 22159: 22131: 22127:978-022407-879-5 22109: 22084: 22053: 22047: 22045: 21985: 21979: 21973: 21967: 21961: 21960: 21951:. Archived from 21945:Kropotkin, Peter 21941: 21935: 21933: 21930:, p. 2332: 21925: 21919: 21913: 21907: 21901: 21895: 21893: 21885: 21879: 21873: 21864: 21860: 21843: 21787: 21781: 21755:Alexander Dallin 21745: 21739: 21706: 21700: 21643: 21637: 21624:(Soviet Union), 21578: 21572: 21537: 21531: 21513: 21504: 21460:Stanley Hoffmann 21354: 21345: 21325:de-Stalinization 21295: 21286: 21269:Marxist–Leninist 21224: 21218: 21198:common ownership 21182: 21176: 21146: 21130: 21129: 21127: 21125: 21108: 21102: 21101: 21074: 21068: 21067: 21044:Ghodsee, Kristen 21040: 21034: 21033: 21031: 21029: 21014: 21008: 21007: 21005: 21003: 20988: 20982: 20981: 20979: 20977: 20959: 20953: 20952: 20950: 20948: 20933: 20927: 20926: 20924: 20922: 20907: 20901: 20900: 20882: 20876: 20875: 20838: 20832: 20831: 20807: 20801: 20800: 20798: 20796: 20779: 20773: 20772: 20747:(7): 1243–1254. 20730: 20724: 20723: 20721: 20719: 20708: 20702: 20701: 20699: 20697: 20684: 20650: 20644: 20623: 20617: 20616: 20589: 20583: 20582: 20558:Scheidel, Walter 20554: 20548: 20547: 20518:Ghodsee, Kristen 20514: 20505: 20504: 20473: 20467: 20466: 20441: 20435: 20434: 20413:Scheidel, Walter 20409: 20403: 20402: 20381:Scheidel, Walter 20377: 20371: 20370: 20368: 20366: 20349: 20343: 20342: 20296: 20290: 20289: 20268:Sémelin, Jacques 20260: 20251: 20250: 20236: 20234: 20219: 20201: 20195: 20194: 20192: 20190: 20173: 20167: 20166: 20142: 20136: 20135: 20121: 20111: 20085: 20079: 20078: 20076: 20048: 20042: 20041: 20013: 20007: 20006: 19992: 19986: 19985: 19960: 19954: 19953: 19928: 19922: 19921: 19919: 19917: 19902: 19891: 19890: 19874: 19868: 19867: 19865: 19863: 19848: 19842: 19841: 19835: 19833: 19812: 19806: 19793: 19787: 19786: 19784: 19782: 19757: 19748: 19742: 19729: 19728: 19726: 19724: 19709: 19700: 19699: 19694: 19692: 19672: 19666: 19665: 19656:(200): 557–559. 19645: 19639: 19633: 19627: 19626: 19616: 19614: 19587: 19581: 19580: 19554: 19548: 19542: 19536: 19535: 19509: 19503: 19502: 19473:(3). Cambridge: 19460: 19451: 19450: 19420: 19414: 19413: 19391: 19385: 19384: 19362: 19356: 19355: 19341: 19339: 19312: 19306: 19305: 19283: 19277: 19276: 19246: 19240: 19234: 19228: 19202: 19196: 19195: 19149: 19140: 19134: 19125: 19124: 19090: 19081: 19080: 19048: 19042: 19041: 19035: 19033: 19003: 18997: 18996: 18990: 18988: 18958: 18952: 18951: 18945: 18943: 18917:Sémelin, Jacques 18912: 18906: 18905: 18899: 18897: 18871:Sémelin, Jacques 18867: 18861: 18860: 18854: 18852: 18825: 18819: 18818: 18812: 18810: 18794:Psychology Press 18776: 18770: 18764: 18758: 18757: 18732: 18726: 18725: 18723: 18721: 18707:(18 May 2020a). 18701: 18695: 18694: 18663: 18657: 18656: 18620: 18614: 18608: 18599: 18598: 18596: 18594: 18585:. Archived from 18550: 18544: 18543: 18541: 18539: 18522: 18516: 18515: 18513: 18511: 18492: 18486: 18485: 18461: 18455: 18454: 18417: 18411: 18410: 18383: 18377: 18376: 18346: 18340: 18339: 18323: 18317: 18316: 18286: 18280: 18279: 18247: 18241: 18240: 18238: 18236: 18221: 18215: 18214: 18205:. Archived from 18199: 18193: 18192: 18184:. Archived from 18172: 18166: 18165: 18163: 18161: 18152:. Archived from 18141: 18135: 18134: 18133:on 28 July 2011. 18129:. Archived from 18117: 18111: 18110: 18092: 18086: 18085: 18083: 18081: 18072:. Archived from 18063: 18054: 18053: 18052:on 21 July 2011. 18048:. Archived from 18038: 18032: 18031: 18030:on 29 June 2011. 18026:. Archived from 18016: 18010: 18009: 17992: 17986: 17985: 17957: 17951: 17950: 17925: 17919: 17918: 17915:Internationalism 17907: 17901: 17900: 17870: 17864: 17863: 17861: 17859: 17844: 17838: 17837: 17835: 17833: 17827:www.marxists.org 17815: 17809: 17808: 17802: 17800: 17785:Pannekoek, Anton 17781: 17772: 17771: 17759: 17753: 17752: 17731: 17725: 17724: 17722: 17720: 17694: 17688: 17687: 17681: 17679: 17660: 17649: 17648: 17617: 17611: 17605: 17599: 17598: 17596: 17594: 17579: 17573: 17572: 17567: 17565: 17547: 17541: 17540: 17538: 17536: 17525: 17519: 17518: 17501: 17495: 17494: 17492: 17490: 17465: 17459: 17458: 17433: 17427: 17426: 17424: 17422: 17405: 17399: 17398: 17396: 17394: 17383: 17377: 17376: 17343: 17334: 17333: 17331: 17314: 17308: 17307: 17305: 17303: 17288: 17282: 17281: 17279: 17277: 17261: 17255: 17254: 17252: 17250: 17227: 17218: 17212: 17206: 17205: 17168:Meisner, Maurice 17164: 17158: 17157: 17133: 17127: 17126: 17124: 17122: 17113:. Archived from 17102: 17096: 17095: 17078: 17072: 17066: 17060: 17054: 17048: 17047: 17045: 17043: 17025: 17019: 17018: 16994: 16988: 16987: 16955: 16949: 16948: 16921: 16915: 16914: 16890: 16884: 16883: 16859: 16853: 16852: 16831:(7 March 2013). 16825: 16819: 16818: 16793: 16787: 16786: 16759: 16753: 16752: 16732: 16726: 16725: 16675: 16669: 16668: 16644: 16638: 16637: 16612: 16606: 16600: 16594: 16588: 16579: 16573: 16567: 16566: 16554: 16548: 16547: 16531: 16525: 16524: 16518: 16516: 16495: 16489: 16488: 16482: 16480: 16460: 16454: 16453: 16427: 16418: 16417: 16387: 16378: 16372: 16366: 16356: 16350: 16349: 16324: 16318: 16317: 16288: 16282: 16281: 16266: 16260: 16259: 16249: 16243: 16242: 16232: 16226: 16225: 16218: 16212: 16211: 16192: 16186: 16185: 16153: 16147: 16142: 16136: 16135: 16104:Political Theory 16095: 16089: 16086: 16080: 16079: 16055: 16049: 16048: 16040: 16034: 16027: 16021: 16020: 16012: 16006: 16005: 15998: 15992: 15987: 15981: 15974: 15968: 15967: 15947: 15941: 15940: 15913:. p. 1776. 15899: 15893: 15892: 15886: 15884: 15852: 15846: 15845: 15839: 15837: 15812: 15806: 15805: 15803: 15801: 15778: 15772: 15766: 15757: 15750: 15744: 15743: 15741: 15739: 15733: 15716: 15707: 15701: 15700: 15698: 15696: 15674: 15668: 15667: 15629: 15623: 15622: 15617: 15615: 15595: 15589: 15588: 15586: 15584: 15562: 15556: 15555: 15549: 15547: 15527: 15521: 15520: 15490: 15484: 15483: 15471: 15465: 15459: 15453: 15452: 15415: 15409: 15408: 15383: 15374: 15373: 15340: 15334: 15333: 15309: 15303: 15302: 15290: 15281: 15275: 15274: 15233: 15227: 15226: 15204: 15198: 15197: 15188: 15186: 15151: 15142: 15136: 15110: 15104: 15103: 15088: 15082: 15081: 15071: 15069: 15045: 15039: 15038: 15013: 15007: 15006: 15004: 15002: 14985: 14979: 14978: 14965: 14956: 14955: 14929: 14923: 14922: 14889: 14883: 14882: 14858: 14849:Resnick, Stephen 14841: 14832: 14826: 14813: 14812: 14798: 14789: 14783: 14782: 14780: 14778: 14769:. Archived from 14755: 14749: 14748: 14746: 14744: 14727: 14721: 14720: 14718: 14716: 14695: 14689: 14688: 14669:(3rd ed.). 14662: 14656: 14655: 14631: 14621: 14615: 14614: 14612: 14610: 14593: 14587: 14586: 14584: 14582: 14565: 14559: 14557: 14550: 14529: 14523: 14522: 14520: 14518: 14503: 14497: 14496: 14494: 14492: 14467: 14461: 14460: 14458: 14456: 14434: 14428: 14406: 14400: 14399: 14352: 14346: 14345: 14313: 14302: 14301: 14276: 14270: 14269: 14247: 14241: 14240: 14238: 14236: 14231:on 22 March 2012 14215: 14209: 14208: 14206: 14204: 14199:on 7 August 2012 14186: 14180: 14179: 14165: 14159: 14158: 14145: 14111: 14105: 14104: 14080: 14074: 14073: 14051: 14045: 14044: 14012: 14006: 14005: 13977: 13971: 13970: 13937: 13931: 13930: 13903: 13897: 13896: 13894: 13892: 13867: 13861: 13855: 13849: 13848: 13823: 13817: 13816: 13799: 13793: 13787: 13781: 13780: 13756: 13750: 13749: 13722: 13716: 13710: 13704: 13703: 13681: 13675: 13674: 13659: 13653: 13652: 13622: 13613: 13612: 13588: 13582: 13581: 13562: 13553: 13552: 13522: 13516: 13515: 13506:(4): 1203–1206. 13493: 13484: 13483: 13458: 13452: 13451: 13445: 13437: 13435: 13433: 13419: 13408: 13407: 13405: 13403: 13394: 13385: 13374: 13373: 13340: 13329: 13328: 13319: 13317: 13279: 13273: 13272: 13250: 13239: 13238: 13200: 13194: 13193: 13187: 13185: 13158: 13152: 13151: 13105: 13096: 13095: 13071: 13065: 13064: 13044: 13038: 13037: 13013: 13007: 13006: 12986: 12980: 12979: 12969: 12963: 12962: 12942: 12936: 12935: 12911: 12905: 12904: 12880: 12874: 12873: 12843: 12837: 12836: 12834: 12832: 12814: 12808: 12807: 12790: 12788: 12761: 12755: 12754: 12752: 12750: 12731: 12720: 12714: 12713: 12711: 12709: 12684: 12678: 12677: 12675:Quote at p. 493. 12645:(4). Cambridge: 12632: 12626: 12625: 12600: 12594: 12593: 12571: 12565: 12564: 12535: 12529: 12528: 12520: 12514: 12513: 12503: 12497: 12496: 12462: 12456: 12455: 12426:(3). Cambridge: 12415: 12409: 12403: 12397: 12396: 12394: 12392: 12376: 12370: 12369: 12367: 12365: 12346: 12340: 12339: 12310:(3). Cambridge: 12299: 12293: 12292: 12270: 12264: 12263: 12241: 12235: 12234: 12206: 12200: 12199: 12197: 12195: 12165: 12159: 12158: 12152: 12150: 12119: 12113: 12112: 12094: 12083: 12082: 12080: 12078: 12072: 12050:Yarshater, Ehsan 12046: 12040: 12039: 12007: 12001: 12000: 11970: 11964: 11963: 11952:. pp. 3–5. 11938: 11932: 11931: 11925: 11923: 11918:on 1 August 2019 11914:. Archived from 11891: 11885: 11864: 11858: 11857: 11822: 11813: 11812: 11782: 11773: 11772: 11753: 11747: 11746: 11735: 11729: 11728: 11713:. pp. 6–8. 11702: 11696: 11695: 11655: 11644: 11643: 11618: 11612: 11611: 11578: 11572: 11571: 11546: 11540: 11539: 11524: 11518: 11517: 11501: 11484: 11478: 11477: 11450: 11444: 11443: 11401: 11392: 11391: 11389: 11387: 11381: 11369: 11363: 11362: 11331: 11325: 11324: 11301: 11295: 11294: 11292: 11290: 11271: 11260: 11259: 11257: 11255: 11241: 11235: 11234: 11232: 11230: 11213: 11204: 11203: 11178: 11167: 11166: 11138: 11130:Ghodsee, Kristen 11126: 11115: 11103: 11101: 11099: 11079: 11073: 11072: 11070: 11068: 11037: 11025: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11014: 10994:(4): 1017–1049. 10983: 10977:(October 1993). 10967: 10961: 10960: 10932: 10926: 10925: 10894: 10888: 10882: 10876: 10875: 10850:Hoffman, Stanley 10846: 10840: 10834: 10825: 10800: 10791: 10785: 10768: 10767: 10739: 10727: 10721: 10720: 10709:. pp. 3–5. 10698: 10692: 10691: 10650: 10644: 10643: 10641: 10639: 10620: 10614: 10608: 10595: 10594: 10553:(6): 1143–1159. 10537: 10531: 10530: 10489: 10483: 10477: 10458: 10457: 10455: 10453: 10448:on 11 March 2018 10444:. Archived from 10434:(27 June 2015). 10428: 10422: 10409: 10396: 10395: 10360: 10351: 10345: 10334: 10333: 10311: 10305: 10304: 10302: 10300: 10294: 10273: 10262: 10256: 10255: 10253: 10251: 10231: 10225: 10224: 10222: 10220: 10188: 10182: 10181: 10179: 10177: 10154: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10143: 10134:(4): 1289–1305. 10117: 10111: 10110: 10108: 10106: 10100: 10092:Laviedesidees.fr 10089: 10083:(15 July 2009). 10076: 10070: 10069: 10047: 10041: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10027:. Archived from 10015: 10009: 10003: 9997: 9996: 9972: 9966: 9965: 9945: 9934: 9928: 9927: 9921: 9919: 9892: 9886: 9885: 9879: 9877: 9850: 9844: 9843: 9837: 9835: 9808: 9802: 9801: 9796: 9794: 9776: 9770: 9769: 9757: 9751: 9750: 9744: 9742: 9715: 9706: 9705: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9662: 9653: 9652: 9630: 9621: 9615: 9604: 9603: 9577: 9571: 9570: 9564: 9562: 9550:. Translated by 9530: 9524: 9514: 9508: 9507: 9501: 9499: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9413: 9407: 9406: 9392: 9383: 9377: 9376: 9370: 9368: 9341: 9335: 9334: 9323:. p. 1724. 9312: 9306: 9305: 9287: 9278: 9272: 9271: 9265: 9263: 9247: 9241: 9240: 9235: 9233: 9216: 9210: 9202: 9196: 9195: 9181: 9172: 9166: 9165: 9136: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9122: 9108: 9102: 9101: 9095: 9093: 9056: 9050: 9049: 9043: 9041: 9024:. Translated by 9017: 9001: 8995: 8994: 8984: 8982: 8974:. Translated by 8958: 8952: 8946: 8937: 8936: 8930: 8928: 8911:. Translated by 8904: 8888: 8882: 8881: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8830: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8801: 8706:Crypto-communism 8689: 8687:Communism portal 8684: 8683: 8682: 8646:authoritarianism 8626:Great Depression 8598:social democrats 8586:in the region." 8549:Branko Milanović 8517:Central European 8486:orthodox Marxism 8474:authoritarianism 8368:Communist states 8324:Eastern European 8296:George G. Watson 8273:Daniel Goldhagen 8209:excess mortality 8143:Operation Condor 8112:Ludwig von Mises 8071:Charles Ellicott 7978:direct democracy 7970:common ownership 7962:private property 7872:espoused by the 7870:Marxism–Leninism 7858:social democrats 7824:vanguard parties 7803:social democracy 7792:state capitalism 7784:central planning 7732:Yanis Varoufakis 7614:social democrats 7594:Marxism–Leninism 7484:tendencies like 7482:anti-revisionist 7480:, while certain 7474:de-Stalinization 7368:internationalism 7360:collectivisation 7301:two-stage theory 7299:rather than the 7297:world revolution 7274:Friedrich Engels 7232:Friedrich Engels 7228:state capitalism 7213:de-Stalinization 7193:public ownership 7185:central planning 7111:orthodox Marxism 7099:state capitalist 7087:anti-revisionism 7036:social democracy 7017:Marxist–Leninist 7008:Marxism–Leninism 6935:Marxism–Leninism 6929:Marxism–Leninism 6868: 6863:Vladimir Lenin, 6833: 6819:, are the same. 6817:communal society 6803: 6795:Friedrich Engels 6784:Friedrich Engels 6749:Friedrich Engels 6718: 6711: 6704: 6690: 6689: 6586:Right to protest 6536:Nomination rules 6091: 6090: 6081: 6074: 6067: 6051: 6050: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6004:Workers' council 5825:Race & Class 4732:Frankfurt School 4699:Neo-Gramscianism 4672:Marxism–Leninism 4654: 4653: 4598:Cultural Studies 4555:World revolution 4500:Private property 4046:Prison Notebooks 3946: 3923: 3922: 3904:state capitalist 3896:Friedrich Engels 3879:social ownership 3749:common ownership 3675:Marxist concepts 3668:orthodox Marxism 3664:economic systems 3643:Orthodox Marxism 3628:Marxism–Leninism 3603:common ownership 3587:social ownership 3528:state of affairs 3508:Friedrich Engels 3486:, to understand 3468:Friedrich Engels 3398:humanist Marxism 3312:Marxism–Leninism 3286:Republic of Cuba 3208:and created the 3206:Soviet republics 3138:social democracy 3106:de-Stalinization 2983:personality cult 2973:", most notably 2809:Nikolai Bukharin 2801:Grigory Zinoviev 2773:party discipline 2753:party discipline 2729:Right Opposition 2677:Communist states 2601:two-stage theory 2589:state capitalism 2585:Communist states 2577:socialist states 2545:social democrats 2414: 2367: 2345: 2279:Sylvain Maréchal 2241:ideals and that 2231:Eduard Bernstein 2188:common ownership 2136:Friedrich Engels 2103:religious orders 2101:communities and 2095:Christian Church 2093:In the medieval 2084:private property 2026:, the idea of a 1954:socialist states 1935:Alexander Dallin 1913:movement led by 1899:Marxism–Leninism 1891:Communist states 1846:Marxism–Leninism 1755:Wilhelm Weitling 1733:Friedrich Engels 1713:way of life. In 1609:design from the 1572: 1566: 1522: 1517:. Semantically, 1504: 1494: 1452:state capitalism 1433:authoritarianism 1387:social democracy 1367:Marxism–Leninism 1355:Sylvain Maréchal 1180:private property 1172:common ownership 1142: 1121: 1114: 1107: 1093: 1092: 1082: 1081: 1080: 987:Internationalism 977:Communitarianism 329:Communist League 228:Common ownership 195:World revolution 143:Free association 75: 52: 51: 36:Communitarianism 21: 27945: 27944: 27940: 27939: 27938: 27936: 27935: 27934: 27890:Anti-capitalism 27865: 27864: 27863: 27858: 27845: 27834:Totalitarianism 27695: 27690: 27680: 27670: 27660: 27650: 27640: 27630: 27620: 27610: 27600: 27590: 27580: 27570: 27560: 27550: 27540: 27530: 27520: 27510: 27507:Treatise on Law 27500: 27490: 27480: 27460: 27118: 27112: 26851: 26845: 26731: 26725: 26644: 26547: 26533:State of nature 26528:Social contract 26508:Ordered liberty 26496:Noblesse oblige 26413: 26247: 26176: 26005: 26000: 25970: 25965: 25961:Totalitarianism 25815: 25618:Accelerationism 25609: 25522: 25517: 25487: 25482: 25470: 25460: 25458: 25450: 25325: 25294: 25252: 25174: 24796: 24745: 24707: 24643: 24614:Planned economy 24602: 24588:World communism 24563:Labour movement 24523:Communist state 24513:Communist party 24488:Anti-capitalism 24476: 24471: 24410: 24408: 24361:Wayback Machine 24321: 24318: 24308: 24282: 24259: 24241:Service, Robert 24233: 24208: 24182: 24159: 24147:. Vol. 1. 24133: 24117:, eds. (2010). 24115:Service, Robert 24103: 24077: 24055: 24043:. Vol. 2. 24033:Naimark, Norman 23993: 23970: 23962:. Bodley Head. 23948: 23930:Laybourn, Keith 23922: 23894: 23868: 23842: 23830:. Vol. 3. 23811: 23793:Furet, François 23743: 23689: 23661: 23638: 23612: 23586: 23560: 23540: 23539: 23538: 23518: 23517: 23513: 23506: 23504:Further reading 23501: 23500: 23494: 23436: 23396: 23327: 23301: 23288: 23251: 23249: 23220: 23194: 23192: 23190: 23175: 23159: 23139:. Vol. 1. 23121: 23119: 23087: 23057: 23055: 23053: 23017: 23015: 23013: 22949: 22923: 22921: 22902: 22834: 22824:South End Press 22806: 22804: 22802: 22791: 22778: 22728: 22717: 22648: 22646: 22631: 22608: 22544: 22506: 22504: 22475: 22402: 22390:. Amherst, NY: 22375: 22347: 22345: 22279:Aveling, Edward 22178: 22176: 22156: 22146:Wiley-Blackwell 22128: 22120:. Bodley Head. 22106: 22078: 22070:. p. 240. 22058:Bevins, Vincent 22043: 22041: 22014: 22000: 21994: 21989: 21988: 21980: 21976: 21968: 21964: 21942: 21938: 21931: 21926: 21922: 21914: 21910: 21902: 21898: 21891: 21886: 21882: 21874: 21867: 21861: 21857: 21852: 21847: 21846: 21840:Henry Kissinger 21788: 21784: 21746: 21742: 21707: 21703: 21682:as following a 21668:Final Solutions 21644: 21640: 21612:(North Korea), 21590:Gonzalo Thought 21579: 21575: 21538: 21534: 21514: 21507: 21431:totalitarianism 21359:Robert Conquest 21355: 21348: 21296: 21289: 21231:Communist party 21225: 21221: 21183: 21179: 21147: 21143: 21138: 21133: 21123: 21121: 21109: 21105: 21098: 21075: 21071: 21064: 21041: 21037: 21027: 21025: 21015: 21011: 21001: 20999: 20989: 20985: 20975: 20973: 20960: 20956: 20946: 20944: 20934: 20930: 20920: 20918: 20909: 20908: 20904: 20897: 20883: 20879: 20839: 20835: 20828: 20808: 20804: 20794: 20792: 20780: 20776: 20731: 20727: 20717: 20715: 20709: 20705: 20695: 20693: 20651: 20647: 20624: 20620: 20610: 20590: 20586: 20576: 20555: 20551: 20544: 20515: 20508: 20497: 20489:. p. 132. 20474: 20470: 20463: 20442: 20438: 20431: 20423:. p. 222. 20410: 20406: 20399: 20378: 20374: 20364: 20362: 20350: 20346: 20297: 20293: 20286: 20270:, eds. (2009). 20261: 20254: 20232: 20230: 20213: 20202: 20198: 20188: 20186: 20174: 20170: 20163: 20143: 20139: 20086: 20082: 20049: 20045: 20014: 20010: 19993: 19989: 19982: 19961: 19957: 19950: 19932:Bosteels, Bruno 19929: 19925: 19915: 19913: 19904: 19903: 19894: 19875: 19871: 19861: 19859: 19849: 19845: 19831: 19829: 19813: 19809: 19794: 19790: 19780: 19778: 19758: 19751: 19743: 19732: 19722: 19720: 19710: 19703: 19690: 19688: 19687:on 20 July 2011 19673: 19669: 19646: 19642: 19634: 19630: 19612: 19610: 19608: 19600:. p. 343. 19588: 19584: 19569: 19555: 19551: 19543: 19539: 19524: 19510: 19506: 19461: 19454: 19444: 19421: 19417: 19392: 19388: 19363: 19359: 19337: 19335: 19333: 19325:. p. xiv. 19313: 19309: 19302: 19284: 19280: 19270: 19247: 19243: 19235: 19231: 19213:Paczkowski 2001 19203: 19199: 19150: 19143: 19135: 19128: 19117: 19091: 19084: 19053:South East Asia 19049: 19045: 19031: 19029: 19027: 19004: 19000: 18986: 18984: 18982: 18959: 18955: 18941: 18939: 18937: 18913: 18909: 18895: 18893: 18891: 18868: 18864: 18850: 18848: 18846: 18826: 18822: 18808: 18806: 18804: 18777: 18773: 18765: 18761: 18754: 18733: 18729: 18719: 18717: 18705:Bevins, Vincent 18702: 18698: 18691: 18664: 18660: 18653: 18621: 18617: 18609: 18602: 18592: 18590: 18583: 18551: 18547: 18537: 18535: 18523: 18519: 18509: 18507: 18500: 18493: 18489: 18482: 18462: 18458: 18447: 18421:Guthrie, Donald 18418: 18414: 18384: 18380: 18369: 18361:. p. 120. 18347: 18343: 18324: 18320: 18305: 18287: 18283: 18248: 18244: 18234: 18232: 18222: 18218: 18201: 18200: 18196: 18173: 18169: 18159: 18157: 18143: 18142: 18138: 18121:Novatore, Renzo 18118: 18114: 18107: 18093: 18089: 18079: 18077: 18064: 18057: 18040: 18039: 18035: 18017: 18013: 18006: 17994: 17993: 17989: 17978: 17970:. p. 316. 17958: 17954: 17947: 17939:. p. 134. 17933:Italian Marxism 17926: 17922: 17909: 17908: 17904: 17897: 17871: 17867: 17857: 17855: 17848:Bordiga, Amadeo 17845: 17841: 17831: 17829: 17819:Bordiga, Amadeo 17816: 17812: 17798: 17796: 17782: 17775: 17760: 17756: 17749: 17732: 17728: 17718: 17716: 17695: 17691: 17677: 17675: 17661: 17652: 17618: 17614: 17606: 17602: 17592: 17590: 17588:The News Letter 17580: 17576: 17563: 17561: 17548: 17544: 17534: 17532: 17527: 17526: 17522: 17502: 17498: 17488: 17486: 17466: 17462: 17455: 17434: 17430: 17420: 17418: 17407: 17406: 17402: 17392: 17390: 17384: 17380: 17373: 17347:Gorter, Hermann 17344: 17337: 17329: 17317:Pierce, Wayne. 17315: 17311: 17301: 17299: 17292:"Eurocomunismo" 17290: 17289: 17285: 17275: 17273: 17262: 17258: 17248: 17246: 17245:on 28 July 2020 17229: 17228: 17221: 17213: 17209: 17165: 17161: 17154: 17134: 17130: 17120: 17118: 17103: 17099: 17079: 17075: 17067: 17063: 17055: 17051: 17041: 17039: 17026: 17022: 17015: 17007:. p. 284. 16995: 16991: 16956: 16952: 16945: 16937:. p. 191. 16935:Haymarket Books 16922: 16918: 16911: 16903:. p. 161. 16891: 16887: 16880: 16860: 16856: 16849: 16829:Eagleton, Terry 16826: 16822: 16815: 16807:. p. 227. 16797:Ticktin, Hillel 16794: 16790: 16783: 16775:. p. 218. 16760: 16756: 16749: 16733: 16729: 16676: 16672: 16665: 16645: 16641: 16634: 16613: 16609: 16601: 16597: 16589: 16582: 16574: 16570: 16555: 16551: 16532: 16528: 16514: 16512: 16496: 16492: 16478: 16476: 16461: 16457: 16450: 16428: 16421: 16388: 16381: 16373: 16369: 16357: 16353: 16343: 16335:. p. 169. 16325: 16321: 16289: 16285: 16275: 16267: 16263: 16250: 16246: 16234: 16233: 16229: 16220: 16219: 16215: 16204:Collected Works 16196:Lenin, Vladimir 16193: 16189: 16154: 16150: 16143: 16139: 16096: 16092: 16087: 16083: 16056: 16052: 16041: 16037: 16028: 16024: 16013: 16009: 16000: 15999: 15995: 15988: 15984: 15975: 15971: 15964: 15948: 15944: 15929: 15900: 15896: 15882: 15880: 15873: 15853: 15849: 15835: 15833: 15813: 15809: 15799: 15797: 15795: 15779: 15775: 15767: 15760: 15751: 15747: 15737: 15735: 15731: 15714: 15708: 15704: 15694: 15692: 15675: 15671: 15630: 15626: 15613: 15611: 15596: 15592: 15582: 15580: 15563: 15559: 15545: 15543: 15528: 15524: 15509: 15491: 15487: 15472: 15468: 15460: 15456: 15442: 15416: 15412: 15396:. p. 158. 15389:Reading Capital 15384: 15377: 15359: 15341: 15337: 15310: 15306: 15288: 15282: 15278: 15234: 15230: 15223: 15205: 15201: 15184: 15182: 15149: 15143: 15139: 15111: 15107: 15089: 15085: 15067: 15065: 15046: 15042: 15035: 15014: 15010: 15000: 14998: 14986: 14982: 14967: 14966: 14959: 14948: 14940:. p. 107. 14936:. Vol. 2. 14930: 14926: 14890: 14886: 14875: 14842: 14835: 14831:, p. 2332. 14827: 14816: 14796: 14790: 14786: 14776: 14774: 14773:on 1 March 2018 14756: 14752: 14742: 14740: 14728: 14724: 14714: 14712: 14697: 14696: 14692: 14681: 14673:. p. 415. 14663: 14659: 14648: 14622: 14618: 14608: 14606: 14595: 14594: 14590: 14580: 14578: 14567: 14566: 14562: 14555: 14537: 14530: 14526: 14516: 14514: 14505: 14504: 14500: 14490: 14488: 14468: 14464: 14454: 14452: 14444:New Left Review 14435: 14431: 14407: 14403: 14396: 14376:. Vol. 2. 14360:Badie, Bertrand 14353: 14349: 14342: 14324:Macmillan Press 14314: 14305: 14298: 14277: 14273: 14266: 14258:. p. 769. 14248: 14244: 14234: 14232: 14217: 14216: 14212: 14202: 14200: 14187: 14183: 14172: 14167: 14166: 14162: 14112: 14108: 14101: 14093:. p. 189. 14081: 14077: 14070: 14062:. p. 574. 14052: 14048: 14033: 14025:. p. 131. 14013: 14009: 13998: 13978: 13974: 13938: 13934: 13927: 13919:. p. 351. 13907:Fenby, Jonathan 13904: 13900: 13890: 13888: 13868: 13864: 13856: 13852: 13824: 13820: 13800: 13796: 13788: 13784: 13777: 13757: 13753: 13746: 13723: 13719: 13711: 13707: 13700: 13682: 13678: 13660: 13656: 13641: 13623: 13616: 13605: 13589: 13585: 13563: 13556: 13523: 13519: 13494: 13487: 13477: 13469:. p. 126. 13459: 13455: 13439: 13438: 13431: 13429: 13420: 13411: 13401: 13399: 13392: 13386: 13377: 13366: 13344:Ellman, Michael 13341: 13332: 13315: 13313: 13311: 13280: 13276: 13251: 13242: 13201: 13197: 13183: 13181: 13179: 13159: 13155: 13124:10.2307/2492782 13106: 13099: 13092: 13072: 13068: 13061: 13045: 13041: 13034: 13026:. p. 343. 13014: 13010: 13003: 12987: 12983: 12970: 12966: 12959: 12943: 12939: 12932: 12912: 12908: 12901: 12881: 12877: 12862: 12844: 12840: 12830: 12828: 12816: 12815: 12811: 12786: 12784: 12782: 12762: 12758: 12748: 12746: 12744: 12729: 12721: 12717: 12707: 12705: 12685: 12681: 12655:10.2307/2009334 12633: 12629: 12622: 12601: 12597: 12590: 12572: 12568: 12561: 12539:Hough, Jerry F. 12536: 12532: 12522: 12521: 12517: 12504: 12500: 12485:10.2307/2708927 12463: 12459: 12436:10.2307/3161310 12416: 12412: 12404: 12400: 12390: 12388: 12377: 12373: 12363: 12361: 12347: 12343: 12300: 12296: 12289: 12271: 12267: 12260: 12252:. p. 357. 12242: 12238: 12227: 12207: 12203: 12193: 12191: 12189: 12166: 12162: 12148: 12146: 12144: 12120: 12116: 12109: 12095: 12086: 12076: 12074: 12073:on 11 June 2008 12070: 12047: 12043: 12028:10.2307/4342653 12008: 12004: 11997: 11971: 11967: 11960: 11939: 11935: 11921: 11919: 11912: 11892: 11888: 11879:Williams (1983) 11865: 11861: 11846:10.2307/2697429 11823: 11816: 11783: 11776: 11754: 11750: 11737: 11736: 11732: 11721: 11703: 11699: 11692: 11656: 11647: 11637: 11619: 11615: 11608: 11579: 11575: 11568: 11550:Todorova, Maria 11547: 11543: 11525: 11521: 11514: 11485: 11481: 11454:Ely, Richard T. 11451: 11447: 11428: 11402: 11395: 11385: 11383: 11379: 11373:Nancy, Jean-Luc 11370: 11366: 11355: 11332: 11328: 11302: 11298: 11288: 11286: 11272: 11263: 11253: 11251: 11243: 11242: 11238: 11228: 11226: 11214: 11207: 11200: 11182:Neumayer, Laure 11179: 11170: 11136: 11127: 11118: 11097: 11095: 11083:Snyder, Timothy 11080: 11076: 11066: 11064: 11035: 11026: 11022: 11012: 11010: 11000:10.2307/2166597 10981: 10975:Zemskov, Viktor 10968: 10964: 10933: 10929: 10918: 10910:. p. xvi. 10895: 10891: 10885:Paczkowski 2001 10883: 10879: 10864:10.2307/1149284 10847: 10843: 10837:Paczkowski 2001 10835: 10828: 10801: 10794: 10786: 10771: 10737: 10731:Ellman, Michael 10728: 10724: 10717: 10699: 10695: 10651: 10647: 10637: 10635: 10621: 10617: 10609: 10598: 10538: 10534: 10490: 10486: 10478: 10461: 10451: 10449: 10429: 10425: 10410: 10399: 10364:Djilas, Milovan 10361: 10354: 10346: 10337: 10330: 10312: 10308: 10298: 10296: 10292: 10286: 10278:. p. 206. 10271: 10263: 10259: 10249: 10247: 10232: 10228: 10218: 10216: 10209: 10201:. p. 159. 10189: 10185: 10175: 10173: 10166:Radio Free Asia 10162: 10155: 10151: 10141: 10139: 10118: 10114: 10104: 10102: 10098: 10087: 10081:Shaoguang, Wang 10077: 10073: 10066: 10054:. Basingstoke: 10048: 10044: 10034: 10032: 10017: 10016: 10012: 10004: 10000: 9993: 9973: 9969: 9958: 9943: 9935: 9931: 9917: 9915: 9913: 9905:. p. xix. 9893: 9889: 9875: 9873: 9871: 9851: 9847: 9833: 9831: 9829: 9809: 9805: 9792: 9790: 9778: 9777: 9773: 9758: 9754: 9740: 9738: 9736: 9716: 9709: 9696: 9692: 9681: 9663: 9656: 9645: 9631: 9624: 9616: 9607: 9596: 9586:Haymarket Books 9578: 9574: 9560: 9558: 9531: 9527: 9515: 9511: 9497: 9495: 9467: 9463: 9414: 9410: 9390: 9384: 9380: 9366: 9364: 9362: 9342: 9338: 9331: 9313: 9309: 9285: 9279: 9275: 9261: 9259: 9249: 9248: 9244: 9231: 9229: 9228:. 15 April 2009 9218: 9217: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9199: 9179: 9173: 9169: 9162: 9137: 9130: 9120: 9118: 9110: 9109: 9105: 9098:SAGE Publishing 9091: 9089: 9087: 9057: 9053: 9039: 9037: 9015: 9002: 8998: 8980: 8978: 8959: 8955: 8947: 8940: 8926: 8924: 8902: 8889: 8885: 8858: 8854: 8847: 8832: 8831: 8827: 8817: 8815: 8802: 8767: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8730: 8685: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8662:labor movements 8658:Walter Scheidel 8630:Great Recession 8478:Walter Scheidel 8431:totalitarianism 8384:political right 8360: 8178:mortality rates 8174: 8151: 8096: 8091: 8035: 8029: 8002:Peter Kropotkin 7998:state socialism 7939:Peter Kropotkin 7932: 7926: 7921: 7882:second congress 7845: 7839: 7788:state socialism 7746: 7740: 7724:Maurice Brinton 7578: 7572: 7513: 7507: 7429: 7421:Main articles: 7419: 7407:planned economy 7344:democratization 7329:Left Opposition 7254: 7248: 7189:nationalization 7154: 7148: 7091:Khrushchev Thaw 7076:interwar period 6996:planned economy 6937: 6931: 6911:Communist party 6870: 6862: 6853: 6847: 6842: 6841: 6834: 6831: 6804: 6793: 6722: 6684: 6679: 6678: 6644: 6636: 6635: 6516:Majoritarianism 6476:Democratization 6411: 6403: 6402: 6137: 6127: 6096:Politics series 6085: 6045: 6035: 6033: 6023: 6021: 6009: 6008: 5982:Universal class 5873:Conflict theory 5853: 5845: 5844: 5820:New Left Review 5775: 5767: 5766: 4907: 4897: 4896: 4827: 4817: 4816: 4727:Budapest School 4651: 4650:Common variants 4643: 4642: 4573: 4565: 4564: 4530: 4520: 4519: 4423:Critical theory 4383: 4373: 4372: 4353:Surplus product 4281: 4271: 4270: 4231: 4221: 4220: 4091:Reading Capital 3956: 3920: 3912: 3887:state ownership 3883:nationalization 3875: 3867:Main articles: 3865: 3841: 3835: 3810:transhistorical 3795:social critique 3787: 3781: 3767:, based on the 3761:bourgeois state 3712:working classes 3692: 3684:Main articles: 3682: 3677: 3555:surplus product 3492:social conflict 3456: 3446: 3440: 3403:state ownership 3374: 3348:Nepali Congress 3260: 3254: 3182: 3176: 3064:Josip Broz Tito 3058:, Hungary, and 3026:in orange, and 3012: 3002: 2971:capitalist road 2881: 2836:'s invasion of 2827:. By 1947, the 2825:Berlin Blockade 2725:Left Opposition 2694: 2688:Communist state 2684: 2679: 2663:socialist state 2593:command economy 2421:. The moderate 2385: 2384: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2368: 2360: 2359: 2357:Bolshevik party 2346: 2335: 2329: 2299:Charles Fourier 2297:, in 1825, and 2243:Oliver Cromwell 2020: 1998: 1996:Early communism 1993: 1987: 1950:Communist state 1948:While the term 1911:political party 1871: 1591: 1480: 1468:mortality rates 1444:Communist state 1402:restrictions on 1276:economic system 1230:socialist state 1226:communist party 1125: 1087: 1086: 1078: 1076: 1071: 1070: 952: 944: 943: 919: 911: 910: 877: 867: 866: 795: 787: 786: 417: 407: 406: 362: 354: 353: 324: 314: 313: 258: 248: 247: 218:Planned economy 213: 205: 204: 190:World communism 165:Labour movement 149: 123:Communist state 113:Communist party 88:Anti-capitalism 83: 46: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 27943: 27933: 27932: 27927: 27922: 27917: 27912: 27907: 27902: 27897: 27892: 27887: 27882: 27877: 27860: 27859: 27857: 27856: 27850: 27847: 27846: 27844: 27843: 27836: 27831: 27826: 27824:Social justice 27821: 27816: 27811: 27806: 27801: 27800: 27799: 27794: 27789: 27779: 27774: 27769: 27764: 27759: 27754: 27749: 27744: 27739: 27734: 27732:Egalitarianism 27729: 27724: 27722:Contractualism 27719: 27714: 27709: 27703: 27701: 27697: 27696: 27694: 27693: 27683: 27673: 27663: 27653: 27643: 27633: 27623: 27613: 27603: 27593: 27583: 27573: 27563: 27553: 27543: 27533: 27523: 27513: 27503: 27493: 27483: 27472: 27470: 27466: 27465: 27462: 27461: 27459: 27458: 27453: 27448: 27443: 27438: 27433: 27428: 27423: 27418: 27413: 27408: 27403: 27398: 27393: 27388: 27383: 27378: 27373: 27368: 27363: 27358: 27353: 27348: 27343: 27338: 27333: 27328: 27323: 27318: 27313: 27308: 27303: 27298: 27293: 27288: 27283: 27278: 27273: 27268: 27263: 27258: 27253: 27248: 27243: 27238: 27233: 27228: 27223: 27218: 27213: 27208: 27203: 27198: 27193: 27188: 27183: 27178: 27173: 27168: 27163: 27158: 27153: 27148: 27143: 27138: 27133: 27128: 27122: 27120: 27114: 27113: 27111: 27110: 27105: 27100: 27095: 27090: 27085: 27080: 27075: 27070: 27065: 27060: 27055: 27050: 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26411: 26406: 26401: 26396: 26391: 26386: 26381: 26376: 26371: 26366: 26361: 26356: 26351: 26349:Libertarianism 26346: 26341: 26336: 26331: 26326: 26321: 26316: 26311: 26306: 26301: 26296: 26291: 26286: 26281: 26276: 26271: 26266: 26261: 26255: 26253: 26249: 26248: 26246: 26245: 26240: 26235: 26230: 26225: 26220: 26215: 26210: 26205: 26200: 26195: 26190: 26184: 26182: 26178: 26177: 26175: 26174: 26169: 26164: 26159: 26154: 26149: 26144: 26139: 26134: 26129: 26124: 26119: 26114: 26109: 26104: 26099: 26094: 26089: 26084: 26079: 26074: 26069: 26064: 26059: 26054: 26049: 26044: 26039: 26034: 26029: 26024: 26019: 26013: 26011: 26007: 26006: 25999: 25998: 25991: 25984: 25976: 25967: 25966: 25964: 25963: 25958: 25953: 25948: 25943: 25938: 25933: 25928: 25923: 25918: 25913: 25908: 25903: 25898: 25893: 25888: 25883: 25878: 25873: 25868: 25867: 25866: 25861: 25856: 25846: 25841: 25836: 25835: 25834: 25823: 25821: 25817: 25816: 25814: 25813: 25808: 25803: 25798: 25793: 25792: 25791: 25786: 25776: 25771: 25770: 25769: 25759: 25754: 25749: 25747:Libertarianism 25744: 25739: 25734: 25729: 25724: 25722:Fundamentalism 25719: 25714: 25713: 25712: 25710:Third Position 25707: 25697: 25692: 25687: 25686: 25685: 25675: 25670: 25665: 25660: 25655: 25650: 25645: 25640: 25635: 25630: 25625: 25620: 25614: 25611: 25610: 25608: 25607: 25602: 25597: 25592: 25591: 25590: 25585: 25580: 25575: 25570: 25565: 25560: 25550: 25545: 25540: 25539: 25538: 25527: 25524: 25523: 25516: 25515: 25508: 25501: 25493: 25484: 25483: 25481: 25480: 25468: 25455: 25452: 25451: 25449: 25448: 25443: 25438: 25433: 25428: 25423: 25418: 25413: 25412: 25411: 25401: 25396: 25391: 25390: 25389: 25384: 25374: 25369: 25364: 25359: 25354: 25349: 25344: 25339: 25333: 25331: 25330:Related topics 25327: 25326: 25324: 25323: 25318: 25313: 25308: 25306:Anti-communism 25302: 25300: 25296: 25295: 25293: 25292: 25285: 25278: 25273: 25268: 25262: 25260: 25254: 25253: 25251: 25250: 25245: 25240: 25235: 25230: 25225: 25220: 25215: 25210: 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24580: 24575: 24570: 24565: 24560: 24555: 24550: 24545: 24540: 24535: 24530: 24525: 24520: 24515: 24510: 24505: 24500: 24495: 24493:Class conflict 24490: 24484: 24482: 24478: 24477: 24470: 24469: 24462: 24455: 24447: 24441: 24440: 24435: 24430: 24407:on 9 July 2011 24396: 24386: 24368: 24346: 24336: 24317: 24316:External links 24314: 24313: 24312: 24306: 24298:Schocken Books 24286: 24280: 24263: 24257: 24237: 24231: 24212: 24206: 24186: 24180: 24163: 24157: 24137: 24131: 24107: 24101: 24081: 24075: 24063:Pipes, Richard 24059: 24053: 24029: 23997: 23991: 23974: 23968: 23952: 23946: 23926: 23920: 23898: 23892: 23872: 23867:978-3030549657 23866: 23846: 23840: 23815: 23809: 23789: 23764:(2): 172–191. 23747: 23741: 23728: 23693: 23687: 23665: 23659: 23642: 23636: 23616: 23610: 23590: 23584: 23564: 23558: 23537: 23536: 23531: 23526: 23520: 23519: 23508: 23507: 23505: 23502: 23499: 23498: 23492: 23462: 23444: 23434: 23404: 23395:978-0202362281 23394: 23381: 23331: 23325: 23305: 23299: 23286: 23257: 23228: 23219:978-0262182348 23218: 23212:. p. 14. 23201: 23188: 23163: 23157: 23128: 23091: 23085: 23068: 23064:Science Direct 23051: 23028: 23024:Science Direct 23011: 22988: 22953: 22947: 22930: 22906: 22900: 22883: 22842: 22832: 22813: 22800: 22782: 22776: 22759: 22741:(1): 110–126. 22721: 22715: 22698: 22672:(1): 191–201. 22655: 22635: 22629: 22602:Harff, Barbara 22598: 22586:10.2307/206491 22560:Harff, Barbara 22556: 22542: 22529: 22523:. Lanham, MD: 22513: 22479: 22474:978-1568588902 22473: 22451: 22423:(1): 309–332. 22406: 22401:978-1573920582 22400: 22383: 22373: 22354: 22330: 22303:(4): 627–648. 22287: 22257: 22228: 22185: 22173:Our Generation 22160: 22154: 22132: 22126: 22110: 22104: 22085: 22077:978-1541742406 22076: 22054: 22016: 22015: 21996:Main article: 21993: 21990: 21987: 21986: 21982:Ghodsee (2018) 21974: 21962: 21936: 21920: 21908: 21896: 21880: 21865: 21854: 21853: 21851: 21848: 21845: 21844: 21804:Operation Menu 21791:heavy industry 21782: 21740: 21735:Rudolph Rummel 21717:, such as the 21701: 21638: 21626:Prachanda Path 21573: 21532: 21505: 21442:anti-communist 21423:Rudolph Rummel 21397:'s China, and 21391:Michael Ellman 21346: 21287: 21237:, sociologist 21219: 21177: 21150:political left 21140: 21139: 21137: 21134: 21132: 21131: 21103: 21097:978-0197519646 21096: 21090:. p. 12. 21069: 21063:978-0822358350 21062: 21035: 21009: 20983: 20954: 20928: 20902: 20895: 20877: 20854:(2): 135–138. 20833: 20827:978-1108435055 20826: 20820:. p. 36. 20802: 20789:Cato Institute 20774: 20725: 20703: 20667:(6): 444–449. 20645: 20618: 20609:978-0226818399 20608: 20584: 20575:978-0691165028 20574: 20549: 20543:978-0197549247 20542: 20528:. p. 78. 20506: 20495: 20468: 20461: 20436: 20430:978-0691165028 20429: 20404: 20398:978-0691165028 20397: 20372: 20344: 20309:(2): 133–143. 20291: 20284: 20278:. p. 37. 20252: 20196: 20168: 20161: 20137: 20080: 20043: 20024:(2): 156–172. 20018:Memory Studies 20008: 19987: 19980: 19955: 19948: 19923: 19892: 19869: 19843: 19807: 19796:Bevins (2020b) 19788: 19749: 19730: 19701: 19667: 19640: 19636:Goldhagen 2009 19628: 19606: 19582: 19567: 19549: 19547:, p. 206. 19545:Goldhagen 2009 19537: 19522: 19504: 19466:World Politics 19452: 19442: 19436:. p. 66. 19415: 19386: 19375:(1): 167–181. 19368:Constellations 19357: 19331: 19307: 19300: 19278: 19268: 19262:. p. 91. 19241: 19229: 19197: 19141: 19126: 19115: 19082: 19043: 19025: 18998: 18980: 18953: 18935: 18907: 18889: 18862: 18844: 18820: 18802: 18784:Totten, Samuel 18771: 18759: 18753:978-1583679067 18752: 18746:. p. 87. 18736:Prashad, Vijay 18727: 18696: 18689: 18658: 18651: 18615: 18600: 18582:978-9004156913 18581: 18545: 18517: 18487: 18480: 18456: 18445: 18412: 18378: 18367: 18341: 18318: 18303: 18281: 18275:class conflict 18242: 18216: 18194: 18167: 18136: 18112: 18105: 18087: 18066:Price, Wayne. 18055: 18033: 18011: 18004: 17987: 17976: 17952: 17945: 17920: 17902: 17895: 17865: 17839: 17810: 17793:The New Review 17773: 17754: 17748:978-0792302742 17747: 17726: 17689: 17650: 17612: 17600: 17574: 17542: 17520: 17496: 17460: 17454:978-0230018969 17453: 17428: 17400: 17378: 17371: 17335: 17309: 17283: 17256: 17219: 17207: 17159: 17152: 17146:. p. ix. 17128: 17097: 17073: 17061: 17057:Patenaude 2017 17049: 17020: 17013: 16989: 16976:10.2307/131248 16950: 16943: 16916: 16909: 16885: 16878: 16854: 16847: 16841:. p. 20. 16820: 16813: 16788: 16781: 16754: 16747: 16727: 16670: 16663: 16639: 16632: 16607: 16605:, p. 193. 16603:Patenaude 2017 16595: 16593:, p. 199. 16591:Patenaude 2017 16580: 16568: 16561:. p. 16. 16549: 16526: 16490: 16455: 16448: 16419: 16400:(4): 563–582. 16379: 16367: 16351: 16342:978-0700716975 16341: 16319: 16283: 16261: 16244: 16227: 16213: 16187: 16168:(1): 112–122. 16148: 16137: 16110:(4): 537–556. 16090: 16081: 16050: 16035: 16022: 16007: 15993: 15982: 15969: 15962: 15942: 15927: 15894: 15872:978-0415255837 15871: 15847: 15807: 15793: 15773: 15758: 15745: 15702: 15669: 15648:10.1086/708005 15624: 15590: 15557: 15536:Sveriges Radio 15534:(in Swedish). 15522: 15507: 15485: 15478:(in Swedish). 15466: 15454: 15440: 15410: 15394:Verso Editions 15375: 15357: 15335: 15304: 15276: 15252:10.1086/708005 15228: 15221: 15199: 15137: 15105: 15083: 15049:Lukács, György 15040: 15033: 15008: 14980: 14957: 14946: 14924: 14884: 14874:978-0801834806 14873: 14845:Wolff, Richard 14833: 14814: 14784: 14750: 14722: 14690: 14679: 14657: 14646: 14616: 14588: 14560: 14524: 14498: 14462: 14429: 14417:Kaufman (2003) 14401: 14394: 14347: 14340: 14303: 14296: 14280:Georgakas, Dan 14271: 14264: 14242: 14210: 14181: 14160: 14106: 14100:978-1442236226 14099: 14075: 14069:978-1451654486 14068: 14046: 14032:978-1351393812 14031: 14007: 13997:978-0415339230 13996: 13990:. p. 96. 13972: 13941:Schram, Stuart 13932: 13926:978-0061661167 13925: 13898: 13862: 13850: 13827:Vogel, Ezra F. 13818: 13794: 13782: 13776:978-1400837625 13775: 13751: 13744: 13738:. p. 40. 13726:Gittings, John 13717: 13705: 13698: 13676: 13654: 13639: 13614: 13603: 13583: 13570:Foot, M. R. D. 13566:Davies, Norman 13554: 13541:10.2307/130963 13535:(4): 515–529. 13517: 13485: 13475: 13453: 13409: 13375: 13364: 13358:. p. 22. 13330: 13309: 13274: 13256:Soviet Studies 13240: 13213:(2): 202–227. 13195: 13177: 13153: 13118:(2): 314–319. 13097: 13090: 13066: 13059: 13039: 13032: 13008: 13001: 12981: 12964: 12957: 12937: 12930: 12924:. p. 21. 12906: 12899: 12875: 12860: 12854:. p. 18. 12850:. Oxford, UK: 12838: 12809: 12780: 12756: 12742: 12715: 12697:Monthly Review 12679: 12638:World Politics 12627: 12620: 12614:. p. 38. 12595: 12588: 12582:. p. 18. 12566: 12559: 12553:. p. 81. 12543:Fainsod, Merle 12530: 12515: 12498: 12457: 12420:Church History 12410: 12406:Bernstein 1895 12398: 12371: 12341: 12320:10.2307/459753 12294: 12287: 12281:. p. 46. 12265: 12258: 12236: 12225: 12219:. p. 17. 12201: 12187: 12181:. p. 12. 12160: 12142: 12136:. p. 33. 12114: 12107: 12084: 12041: 12002: 11995: 11965: 11958: 11942:Pipes, Richard 11933: 11911:978-0801480072 11910: 11886: 11877:, p. 14; 11869:, p. 21; 11859: 11814: 11774: 11748: 11730: 11719: 11697: 11690: 11645: 11635: 11613: 11606: 11582:Gildea, Robert 11573: 11566: 11541: 11538:. p. 202. 11519: 11512: 11479: 11445: 11426: 11393: 11364: 11353: 11326: 11315:(1): 143–148. 11296: 11280:Culture Online 11261: 11236: 11205: 11198: 11168: 11149:(2): 115–142. 11116: 11074: 11048:(2): 340–342. 11031:(March 1999). 11020: 10971:Getty, J. Arch 10962: 10927: 10916: 10889: 10877: 10855:Foreign Policy 10841: 10826: 10807:Hiroaki (2001) 10792: 10769: 10722: 10715: 10693: 10666:(3): 505–518. 10645: 10624:Getty, J. Arch 10615: 10596: 10532: 10505:(2): 315–345. 10484: 10459: 10423: 10412:Chomsky (1986) 10397: 10352: 10335: 10329:978-0786463442 10328: 10322:. p. 31. 10306: 10284: 10257: 10226: 10207: 10183: 10149: 10112: 10071: 10065:978-3319325668 10064: 10042: 10010: 9998: 9991: 9967: 9956: 9929: 9911: 9887: 9869: 9845: 9827: 9819:Guilford Press 9803: 9780:"IV. Glossary" 9771: 9752: 9734: 9728:. p. 71. 9707: 9690: 9679: 9673:. p. 20. 9654: 9643: 9622: 9605: 9594: 9588:. p. 23. 9572: 9525: 9509: 9461: 9408: 9378: 9360: 9336: 9329: 9307: 9273: 9256:Dictionary.com 9251:"Radical left" 9242: 9211: 9197: 9167: 9160: 9128: 9103: 9085: 9051: 8996: 8953: 8938: 8883: 8852: 8845: 8825: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8751: 8744: 8736: 8735: 8734: 8729: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8692: 8691: 8690: 8674: 8671: 8666:welfare states 8640:) because the 8622:hyperinflation 8614:climate change 8526:GDP per capita 8522:Cato Institute 8426:Jonathan Rauch 8406:Memory studies 8380:anti-communism 8359: 8356: 8352:Western Europe 8348:OSCE in Europe 8332:European Union 8298:, allege that 8287:'s China, and 8150: 8147: 8137:, such as the 8122:Anti-communism 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8083:Kingdom of God 8075:Donald Guthrie 8031:Main article: 8028: 8025: 7928:Main article: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7913:Amadeo Bordiga 7878:first congress 7843:Left communism 7841:Main article: 7838: 7837:Left communism 7835: 7833:on the other. 7820:social reforms 7753:Rosa Luxemburg 7742:Main article: 7739: 7736: 7696:Freudo-Marxism 7590:left communism 7574:Main article: 7571: 7568: 7509:Main article: 7506: 7503: 7418: 7415: 7366:and socialist 7342:, mass soviet 7250:Main article: 7247: 7244: 7199:, accelerated 7150:Main article: 7147: 7144: 7072:social fascist 7054:, stated that 7028:Social fascism 7021:Communist bloc 6944:Vladimir Lenin 6933:Main article: 6930: 6927: 6898:Russian Empire 6886:vanguard party 6878:Vladimir Lenin 6876:revolutionary 6854: 6849:Main article: 6846: 6843: 6832:Robert Meister 6829: 6791: 6729:Marxist theory 6724: 6723: 6721: 6720: 6713: 6706: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6681: 6680: 6677: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6645: 6642: 6641: 6638: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6621:War referendum 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6511:Libertarianism 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6412: 6410:Related topics 6409: 6408: 6405: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6313: 6311:Representative 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6138: 6133: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6043: 6031: 6019: 6011: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5987:Vulgar Marxism 5984: 5979: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5921: 5920: 5915: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5854: 5852:Related topics 5851: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5815:Monthly Review 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5795:Constellations 5792: 5787: 5782: 5776: 5773: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 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4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4384: 4379: 4378: 4375: 4374: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4333: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4282: 4277: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4266:Marxist ethics 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4232: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4111:Ways of Seeing 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3957: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3939: 3938: 3932: 3931: 3921: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3864: 3861: 3837:Main article: 3834: 3831: 3783:Main article: 3780: 3777: 3686:Class conflict 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3549:that owns the 3516:Marxist theory 3490:relations and 3442:Main article: 3439: 3436: 3432:Vladimir Lenin 3373: 3370: 3307:neo-Stalinists 3253: 3250: 3175: 3172: 3048:Czechoslovakia 3001: 2998: 2954:class struggle 2926:Dwight Perkins 2899:headed by the 2880: 2877: 2869:anti-communist 2858:Western Europe 2709:strike actions 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2613:exchange-value 2565:left communism 2412:arche générale 2406:Russian Empire 2393:Vladimir Lenin 2369: 2362: 2361: 2349:Vladimir Lenin 2347: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2328: 2325: 2293:, who founded 2212:Vladimir Lenin 2176:. In his 1516 2124:Thomas Müntzer 2088:religious text 2036:ancient Greece 1997: 1994: 1989:Main article: 1986: 1983: 1870: 1867: 1806:Vladimir Lenin 1761:looked to the 1753:in France and 1728:communion rite 1701:. In European 1633:associationism 1590: 1587: 1555:Victor d'Hupay 1479: 1476: 1460:anti-communism 1394:one-party rule 1184:social classes 1145:sociopolitical 1127: 1126: 1124: 1123: 1116: 1109: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1073: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1004: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 953: 950: 949: 946: 945: 942: 941: 936: 931: 926: 924:Anti-communism 920: 918:Criticism 917: 916: 913: 912: 909: 908: 901: 894: 889: 884: 878: 873: 872: 869: 868: 865: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 823: 822: 812: 807: 802: 796: 793: 792: 789: 788: 785: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 704: 699: 694: 689: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 418: 413: 412: 409: 408: 405: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 363: 360: 359: 356: 355: 352: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 325: 320: 319: 316: 315: 312: 311: 310: 309: 299: 294: 293: 292: 282: 281: 280: 275: 265: 259: 254: 253: 250: 249: 246: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 214: 211: 210: 207: 206: 203: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 93:Class conflict 90: 84: 81: 80: 77: 76: 68: 67: 61: 60: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 27942: 27931: 27928: 27926: 27923: 27921: 27918: 27916: 27913: 27911: 27908: 27906: 27903: 27901: 27898: 27896: 27893: 27891: 27888: 27886: 27883: 27881: 27878: 27876: 27873: 27872: 27870: 27855: 27852: 27851: 27848: 27842: 27841: 27837: 27835: 27832: 27830: 27827: 27825: 27822: 27820: 27817: 27815: 27812: 27810: 27807: 27805: 27802: 27798: 27795: 27793: 27790: 27788: 27785: 27784: 27783: 27780: 27778: 27775: 27773: 27770: 27768: 27765: 27763: 27760: 27758: 27757:Jurisprudence 27755: 27753: 27750: 27748: 27745: 27743: 27740: 27738: 27735: 27733: 27730: 27728: 27725: 27723: 27720: 27718: 27715: 27713: 27710: 27708: 27705: 27704: 27702: 27698: 27689: 27688: 27684: 27679: 27678: 27674: 27669: 27668: 27664: 27659: 27658: 27654: 27649: 27648: 27644: 27639: 27638: 27634: 27629: 27628: 27624: 27619: 27618: 27614: 27609: 27608: 27604: 27599: 27598: 27594: 27589: 27588: 27587:Rights of Man 27584: 27579: 27578: 27574: 27569: 27568: 27564: 27559: 27558: 27554: 27549: 27548: 27544: 27539: 27538: 27534: 27529: 27528: 27524: 27519: 27518: 27514: 27509: 27508: 27504: 27499: 27498: 27497:De re publica 27494: 27489: 27488: 27484: 27479: 27478: 27474: 27473: 27471: 27467: 27457: 27454: 27452: 27449: 27447: 27444: 27442: 27439: 27437: 27434: 27432: 27429: 27427: 27424: 27422: 27419: 27417: 27414: 27412: 27409: 27407: 27404: 27402: 27399: 27397: 27394: 27392: 27389: 27387: 27384: 27382: 27379: 27377: 27374: 27372: 27369: 27367: 27364: 27362: 27359: 27357: 27354: 27352: 27349: 27347: 27344: 27342: 27339: 27337: 27334: 27332: 27329: 27327: 27324: 27322: 27319: 27317: 27314: 27312: 27309: 27307: 27304: 27302: 27299: 27297: 27294: 27292: 27289: 27287: 27284: 27282: 27279: 27277: 27274: 27272: 27269: 27267: 27264: 27262: 27259: 27257: 27254: 27252: 27249: 27247: 27244: 27242: 27239: 27237: 27234: 27232: 27229: 27227: 27224: 27222: 27219: 27217: 27214: 27212: 27209: 27207: 27204: 27202: 27199: 27197: 27194: 27192: 27189: 27187: 27184: 27182: 27179: 27177: 27174: 27172: 27169: 27167: 27164: 27162: 27159: 27157: 27154: 27152: 27149: 27147: 27144: 27142: 27139: 27137: 27134: 27132: 27129: 27127: 27124: 27123: 27121: 27117:20th and 21st 27115: 27109: 27106: 27104: 27101: 27099: 27096: 27094: 27091: 27089: 27086: 27084: 27081: 27079: 27076: 27074: 27071: 27069: 27066: 27064: 27061: 27059: 27056: 27054: 27051: 27049: 27046: 27044: 27041: 27039: 27036: 27034: 27031: 27029: 27026: 27024: 27021: 27019: 27016: 27014: 27011: 27009: 27006: 27004: 27001: 26999: 26996: 26994: 26991: 26987: 26984: 26983: 26982: 26979: 26977: 26974: 26970: 26967: 26966: 26965: 26962: 26960: 26957: 26955: 26952: 26950: 26947: 26945: 26942: 26940: 26937: 26935: 26932: 26930: 26927: 26925: 26922: 26920: 26917: 26915: 26912: 26910: 26907: 26905: 26902: 26900: 26897: 26895: 26892: 26890: 26887: 26885: 26882: 26880: 26877: 26875: 26872: 26870: 26867: 26865: 26862: 26860: 26857: 26856: 26854: 26850:18th and 19th 26848: 26842: 26839: 26837: 26834: 26832: 26829: 26827: 26824: 26822: 26819: 26817: 26814: 26812: 26809: 26807: 26804: 26802: 26799: 26797: 26794: 26792: 26789: 26785: 26782: 26781: 26780: 26777: 26775: 26772: 26770: 26767: 26765: 26762: 26760: 26757: 26755: 26752: 26750: 26747: 26745: 26742: 26740: 26737: 26736: 26734: 26728: 26722: 26719: 26717: 26714: 26712: 26709: 26707: 26706:Nizam al-Mulk 26704: 26702: 26699: 26697: 26694: 26692: 26689: 26687: 26684: 26682: 26679: 26677: 26674: 26672: 26669: 26667: 26664: 26662: 26659: 26657: 26654: 26653: 26651: 26647: 26641: 26638: 26636: 26633: 26631: 26628: 26626: 26623: 26621: 26618: 26614: 26611: 26610: 26609: 26606: 26604: 26601: 26599: 26596: 26594: 26591: 26589: 26586: 26584: 26581: 26579: 26576: 26574: 26571: 26569: 26566: 26565: 26563: 26559: 26556: 26554: 26550: 26544: 26541: 26539: 26536: 26534: 26531: 26529: 26526: 26524: 26521: 26519: 26516: 26514: 26511: 26509: 26506: 26504: 26501: 26498: 26497: 26492: 26490: 26487: 26485: 26482: 26480: 26477: 26475: 26472: 26470: 26467: 26465: 26462: 26460: 26457: 26455: 26452: 26450: 26447: 26445: 26442: 26440: 26437: 26434: 26433: 26428: 26426: 26423: 26422: 26420: 26416: 26410: 26407: 26405: 26402: 26400: 26397: 26395: 26392: 26390: 26389:Republicanism 26387: 26385: 26382: 26380: 26377: 26375: 26372: 26370: 26367: 26365: 26362: 26360: 26357: 26355: 26352: 26350: 26347: 26345: 26342: 26340: 26337: 26335: 26332: 26330: 26327: 26325: 26322: 26320: 26317: 26315: 26312: 26310: 26307: 26305: 26302: 26300: 26297: 26295: 26292: 26290: 26287: 26285: 26282: 26280: 26277: 26275: 26272: 26270: 26267: 26265: 26262: 26260: 26257: 26256: 26254: 26250: 26244: 26241: 26239: 26236: 26234: 26231: 26229: 26226: 26224: 26221: 26219: 26216: 26214: 26211: 26209: 26206: 26204: 26201: 26199: 26196: 26194: 26191: 26189: 26186: 26185: 26183: 26179: 26173: 26170: 26168: 26165: 26163: 26160: 26158: 26155: 26153: 26150: 26148: 26145: 26143: 26140: 26138: 26135: 26133: 26130: 26128: 26125: 26123: 26120: 26118: 26115: 26113: 26110: 26108: 26105: 26103: 26100: 26098: 26095: 26093: 26090: 26088: 26085: 26083: 26080: 26078: 26075: 26073: 26070: 26068: 26065: 26063: 26060: 26058: 26055: 26053: 26050: 26048: 26045: 26043: 26040: 26038: 26035: 26033: 26030: 26028: 26025: 26023: 26020: 26018: 26015: 26014: 26012: 26008: 26004: 25997: 25992: 25990: 25985: 25983: 25978: 25977: 25974: 25962: 25959: 25957: 25954: 25952: 25949: 25947: 25944: 25942: 25939: 25937: 25934: 25932: 25931:Progressivism 25929: 25927: 25924: 25922: 25919: 25917: 25914: 25912: 25909: 25907: 25904: 25902: 25899: 25897: 25894: 25892: 25891:Individualism 25889: 25887: 25884: 25882: 25879: 25877: 25874: 25872: 25869: 25865: 25862: 25860: 25857: 25855: 25852: 25851: 25850: 25847: 25845: 25842: 25840: 25837: 25833: 25830: 25829: 25828: 25825: 25824: 25822: 25818: 25812: 25809: 25807: 25804: 25802: 25799: 25797: 25794: 25790: 25787: 25785: 25782: 25781: 25780: 25779:Republicanism 25777: 25775: 25772: 25768: 25765: 25764: 25763: 25760: 25758: 25755: 25753: 25750: 25748: 25745: 25743: 25740: 25738: 25735: 25733: 25730: 25728: 25725: 25723: 25720: 25718: 25715: 25711: 25708: 25706: 25703: 25702: 25701: 25698: 25696: 25693: 25691: 25688: 25684: 25683:Social credit 25681: 25680: 25679: 25676: 25674: 25671: 25669: 25666: 25664: 25661: 25659: 25656: 25654: 25651: 25649: 25646: 25644: 25641: 25639: 25636: 25634: 25631: 25629: 25626: 25624: 25621: 25619: 25616: 25615: 25612: 25606: 25605:Revolutionary 25603: 25601: 25598: 25596: 25593: 25589: 25586: 25584: 25581: 25579: 25576: 25574: 25571: 25569: 25566: 25564: 25561: 25559: 25556: 25555: 25554: 25551: 25549: 25546: 25544: 25541: 25537: 25534: 25533: 25532: 25529: 25528: 25525: 25521: 25514: 25509: 25507: 25502: 25500: 25495: 25494: 25491: 25479: 25474: 25469: 25467: 25457: 25456: 25453: 25447: 25444: 25442: 25441:War communism 25439: 25437: 25434: 25432: 25429: 25427: 25424: 25422: 25419: 25417: 25414: 25410: 25407: 25406: 25405: 25402: 25400: 25397: 25395: 25392: 25388: 25385: 25383: 25380: 25379: 25378: 25375: 25373: 25370: 25368: 25365: 25363: 25360: 25358: 25355: 25353: 25350: 25348: 25345: 25343: 25340: 25338: 25335: 25334: 25332: 25328: 25322: 25319: 25317: 25314: 25312: 25309: 25307: 25304: 25303: 25301: 25297: 25290: 25286: 25283: 25279: 25277: 25274: 25272: 25269: 25267: 25264: 25263: 25261: 25259: 25255: 25249: 25246: 25244: 25241: 25239: 25236: 25234: 25231: 25229: 25226: 25224: 25221: 25219: 25216: 25214: 25211: 25207: 25204: 25203: 25202: 25199: 25197: 25194: 25192: 25189: 25187: 25184: 25183: 25181: 25177: 25171: 25168: 25166: 25165:Moufawad-Paul 25163: 25161: 25158: 25156: 25153: 25151: 25148: 25146: 25143: 25141: 25138: 25136: 25133: 25131: 25128: 25126: 25123: 25121: 25118: 25116: 25113: 25111: 25108: 25106: 25103: 25101: 25098: 25096: 25093: 25091: 25088: 25086: 25083: 25081: 25078: 25076: 25073: 25071: 25068: 25066: 25063: 25061: 25058: 25056: 25053: 25051: 25048: 25046: 25043: 25041: 25038: 25036: 25033: 25031: 25028: 25026: 25023: 25021: 25018: 25016: 25013: 25011: 25008: 25006: 25003: 25001: 24998: 24996: 24993: 24991: 24988: 24986: 24983: 24981: 24978: 24976: 24973: 24971: 24968: 24966: 24963: 24961: 24958: 24956: 24953: 24951: 24948: 24946: 24943: 24941: 24938: 24936: 24933: 24931: 24928: 24926: 24923: 24921: 24918: 24916: 24913: 24911: 24908: 24906: 24903: 24901: 24898: 24896: 24893: 24891: 24888: 24886: 24883: 24881: 24878: 24876: 24873: 24871: 24868: 24866: 24863: 24861: 24858: 24856: 24853: 24851: 24848: 24846: 24843: 24841: 24838: 24836: 24833: 24831: 24828: 24826: 24823: 24821: 24818: 24816: 24813: 24811: 24808: 24807: 24805: 24803: 24799: 24793: 24790: 24788: 24785: 24783: 24780: 24778: 24775: 24773: 24770: 24768: 24765: 24763: 24760: 24758: 24755: 24754: 24752: 24750:Organisations 24748: 24742: 24739: 24737: 24734: 24732: 24729: 24727: 24724: 24722: 24719: 24718: 24716: 24714: 24710: 24702: 24699: 24698: 24697: 24694: 24692: 24689: 24685: 24682: 24681: 24680: 24677: 24673: 24670: 24668: 24665: 24664: 24663: 24660: 24658: 24655: 24654: 24652: 24650: 24646: 24640: 24637: 24635: 24632: 24630: 24627: 24625: 24622: 24620: 24617: 24615: 24612: 24611: 24609: 24605: 24599: 24596: 24594: 24591: 24589: 24586: 24584: 24581: 24579: 24576: 24574: 24571: 24569: 24566: 24564: 24561: 24559: 24556: 24554: 24551: 24549: 24546: 24544: 24541: 24539: 24536: 24534: 24531: 24529: 24526: 24524: 24521: 24519: 24516: 24514: 24511: 24509: 24506: 24504: 24501: 24499: 24496: 24494: 24491: 24489: 24486: 24485: 24483: 24479: 24475: 24468: 24463: 24461: 24456: 24454: 24449: 24448: 24445: 24439: 24436: 24434: 24431: 24428: 24424: 24420: 24406: 24402: 24397: 24394: 24390: 24387: 24382: 24381: 24375: 24369: 24366: 24362: 24358: 24354: 24350: 24347: 24344: 24340: 24337: 24332: 24331: 24325: 24320: 24319: 24309: 24303: 24299: 24295: 24291: 24287: 24283: 24277: 24273: 24269: 24264: 24260: 24254: 24250: 24246: 24242: 24238: 24234: 24228: 24224: 24220: 24219: 24213: 24209: 24203: 24199: 24195: 24191: 24187: 24183: 24177: 24173: 24169: 24164: 24160: 24154: 24150: 24146: 24142: 24138: 24134: 24128: 24124: 24120: 24116: 24112: 24108: 24104: 24098: 24094: 24090: 24086: 24082: 24078: 24072: 24068: 24064: 24060: 24056: 24050: 24046: 24042: 24038: 24034: 24030: 24027: 24023: 24017: 24013: 24009: 24005: 24004: 23998: 23994: 23992:0-333-48586-6 23988: 23984: 23980: 23975: 23971: 23965: 23961: 23957: 23956:Lovell, Julia 23953: 23949: 23943: 23939: 23935: 23931: 23927: 23923: 23917: 23913: 23909: 23908: 23903: 23902:Henry, Michel 23899: 23895: 23889: 23885: 23881: 23877: 23876:Gregor, A. J. 23873: 23869: 23863: 23859: 23855: 23851: 23847: 23843: 23837: 23833: 23829: 23825: 23821: 23816: 23812: 23806: 23802: 23798: 23794: 23790: 23787: 23781: 23777: 23772: 23767: 23763: 23759: 23758: 23753: 23748: 23744: 23738: 23734: 23729: 23724: 23720: 23716: 23712: 23708: 23704: 23703: 23698: 23694: 23690: 23684: 23680: 23679: 23674: 23670: 23666: 23662: 23656: 23652: 23648: 23643: 23639: 23633: 23629: 23625: 23621: 23617: 23613: 23607: 23603: 23599: 23595: 23591: 23587: 23581: 23577: 23573: 23569: 23565: 23561: 23555: 23551: 23547: 23542: 23541: 23535: 23532: 23530: 23527: 23525: 23522: 23521: 23516: 23511: 23495: 23493:9780080430768 23489: 23485: 23481: 23477: 23473: 23472: 23467: 23463: 23459: 23455: 23454: 23449: 23445: 23442: 23437: 23431: 23427: 23423: 23419: 23414: 23409: 23405: 23402: 23397: 23391: 23387: 23382: 23378: 23374: 23370: 23366: 23362: 23358: 23354: 23350: 23346: 23345: 23340: 23336: 23332: 23328: 23322: 23318: 23314: 23310: 23309:Steele, David 23306: 23302: 23296: 23292: 23287: 23282: 23277: 23273: 23269: 23268: 23263: 23258: 23247: 23243: 23239: 23238: 23233: 23229: 23226: 23221: 23215: 23211: 23207: 23202: 23191: 23185: 23181: 23174: 23173: 23168: 23164: 23160: 23158:9781316137024 23154: 23150: 23146: 23142: 23138: 23134: 23129: 23118: 23114: 23110: 23106: 23105: 23100: 23096: 23092: 23088: 23086:9780192804310 23082: 23078: 23074: 23069: 23065: 23054: 23052:9780080970875 23048: 23044: 23040: 23039: 23034: 23029: 23025: 23014: 23012:9780080430768 23008: 23004: 23000: 22999: 22994: 22989: 22985: 22981: 22977: 22973: 22969: 22965: 22964: 22959: 22954: 22950: 22944: 22940: 22936: 22931: 22920: 22916: 22912: 22907: 22903: 22897: 22893: 22889: 22884: 22880: 22876: 22872: 22868: 22864: 22860: 22856: 22852: 22848: 22843: 22839: 22835: 22829: 22825: 22821: 22820: 22814: 22803: 22801:9789197748728 22797: 22790: 22789: 22783: 22779: 22773: 22769: 22765: 22760: 22756: 22752: 22748: 22744: 22740: 22736: 22735: 22727: 22722: 22718: 22712: 22708: 22704: 22699: 22695: 22691: 22687: 22683: 22679: 22675: 22671: 22667: 22666: 22661: 22656: 22645: 22641: 22636: 22632: 22630:9783319544632 22626: 22622: 22618: 22614: 22607: 22603: 22599: 22595: 22591: 22587: 22583: 22579: 22575: 22571: 22570: 22565: 22561: 22557: 22553: 22549: 22545: 22539: 22535: 22530: 22526: 22522: 22518: 22514: 22502: 22498: 22497: 22492: 22488: 22484: 22480: 22476: 22470: 22466: 22465:Vintage Books 22462: 22461: 22456: 22452: 22448: 22444: 22439: 22434: 22430: 22426: 22422: 22418: 22417: 22412: 22407: 22403: 22397: 22393: 22389: 22384: 22380: 22376: 22374:9780520943445 22370: 22366: 22362: 22361: 22355: 22344: 22340: 22336: 22331: 22326: 22322: 22318: 22314: 22310: 22306: 22302: 22298: 22297: 22292: 22291:Farred, Grant 22288: 22284: 22280: 22276: 22272: 22271: 22266: 22262: 22258: 22253: 22248: 22244: 22240: 22239: 22234: 22229: 22225: 22221: 22217: 22213: 22209: 22205: 22201: 22197: 22193: 22192: 22186: 22175: 22174: 22169: 22165: 22164:Chomsky, Noam 22161: 22157: 22151: 22147: 22143: 22142: 22137: 22133: 22129: 22123: 22119: 22115: 22114:Brown, Archie 22111: 22107: 22101: 22097: 22093: 22092: 22086: 22083: 22079: 22073: 22069: 22068:PublicAffairs 22065: 22064: 22059: 22055: 22051: 22040: 22036: 22032: 22028: 22027: 22022: 22018: 22017: 22013: 22009: 22005: 21999: 21983: 21978: 21971: 21970:Morgan (2015) 21966: 21959: 21954: 21950: 21946: 21940: 21929: 21928:Morgan (2001) 21924: 21917: 21916:Engels (1970) 21912: 21905: 21904:Morgan (2001) 21900: 21889: 21888:Morgan (2015) 21884: 21877: 21876:Engels (1970) 21872: 21870: 21859: 21855: 21841: 21837: 21836:Richard Nixon 21833: 21829: 21825: 21821: 21817: 21813: 21809: 21805: 21801: 21796: 21792: 21786: 21779: 21778: 21772: 21768: 21764: 21760: 21759:Joseph Stalin 21756: 21752: 21751: 21744: 21736: 21732: 21728: 21724: 21720: 21716: 21711: 21710:Barbara Harff 21705: 21698: 21693: 21689: 21685: 21681: 21677: 21673: 21669: 21665: 21661: 21657: 21653: 21649: 21642: 21635: 21631: 21627: 21623: 21622:Khrushchevism 21619: 21615: 21611: 21607: 21603: 21599: 21595: 21591: 21587: 21583: 21577: 21570: 21566: 21562: 21558: 21555:, but by the 21554: 21550: 21546: 21542: 21536: 21528: 21524: 21523: 21518: 21512: 21510: 21502: 21498: 21494: 21490: 21486: 21482: 21478: 21474: 21473:Red Holocaust 21470: 21466: 21461: 21456: 21452: 21451:mass killings 21447: 21443: 21439: 21438: 21432: 21428: 21424: 21420: 21416: 21412: 21408: 21404: 21400: 21396: 21392: 21388: 21384: 21380: 21376: 21375:Joseph Stalin 21372: 21368: 21364: 21363:J. Arch Getty 21360: 21353: 21351: 21343: 21339: 21335: 21330: 21326: 21322: 21318: 21314: 21310: 21306: 21302: 21301: 21294: 21292: 21283: 21279: 21274: 21270: 21266: 21262: 21258: 21254: 21253: 21248: 21244: 21240: 21236: 21232: 21228: 21223: 21216: 21212: 21208: 21203: 21199: 21195: 21191: 21187: 21181: 21173: 21172: 21167: 21163: 21159: 21155: 21151: 21145: 21141: 21120: 21119: 21114: 21107: 21099: 21093: 21089: 21085: 21084: 21079: 21078:Gerstle, Gary 21073: 21065: 21059: 21055: 21051: 21050: 21045: 21039: 21024: 21020: 21013: 20998: 20994: 20987: 20972: 20970: 20965: 20958: 20943: 20939: 20932: 20916: 20912: 20906: 20898: 20892: 20888: 20881: 20874: 20869: 20865: 20861: 20857: 20853: 20849: 20848: 20843: 20837: 20829: 20823: 20819: 20815: 20814: 20806: 20791: 20790: 20785: 20778: 20770: 20766: 20762: 20758: 20754: 20750: 20746: 20742: 20741: 20736: 20729: 20714: 20707: 20692: 20688: 20683: 20678: 20674: 20670: 20666: 20662: 20661: 20656: 20649: 20643: 20639: 20635: 20634:Safaei (2011) 20631: 20627: 20622: 20615: 20611: 20605: 20601: 20597: 20596: 20588: 20581: 20577: 20571: 20567: 20563: 20559: 20553: 20545: 20539: 20535: 20531: 20527: 20523: 20519: 20513: 20511: 20503: 20498: 20492: 20488: 20484: 20483: 20478: 20477:Ther, Philipp 20472: 20464: 20458: 20454: 20450: 20446: 20440: 20432: 20426: 20422: 20418: 20414: 20408: 20400: 20394: 20390: 20386: 20382: 20376: 20361: 20360: 20359:Freedom House 20355: 20348: 20340: 20336: 20332: 20328: 20324: 20320: 20316: 20312: 20308: 20304: 20303: 20295: 20287: 20281: 20277: 20273: 20269: 20265: 20259: 20257: 20249: 20247: 20243: 20228: 20224: 20220: 20217: 20212: 20207: 20200: 20185: 20184: 20179: 20172: 20164: 20162:9780191017759 20158: 20154: 20150: 20149: 20141: 20134: 20129: 20125: 20120: 20115: 20110: 20105: 20101: 20097: 20096: 20091: 20084: 20075: 20070: 20066: 20062: 20058: 20054: 20047: 20039: 20035: 20031: 20027: 20023: 20019: 20012: 20004: 20003: 19998: 19991: 19983: 19981:9781317454786 19977: 19973: 19969: 19965: 19959: 19951: 19949:9781781687673 19945: 19941: 19937: 19933: 19927: 19911: 19907: 19901: 19899: 19897: 19889:(44): 52–110. 19888: 19884: 19880: 19873: 19858: 19857:Wilson Center 19854: 19847: 19840: 19828: 19827: 19822: 19818: 19817:Hickel, Jason 19811: 19805: 19801: 19797: 19792: 19777: 19773: 19769: 19768: 19763: 19756: 19754: 19746: 19741: 19739: 19737: 19735: 19719: 19718:New Criterion 19715: 19708: 19706: 19698: 19686: 19682: 19678: 19671: 19663: 19659: 19655: 19651: 19644: 19638:, p. 54. 19637: 19632: 19625: 19620: 19609: 19607:9780521538541 19603: 19599: 19595: 19594: 19586: 19578: 19574: 19570: 19568:0-679-64050-9 19564: 19560: 19553: 19546: 19541: 19533: 19529: 19525: 19523:0-88738-351-3 19519: 19515: 19508: 19500: 19496: 19492: 19488: 19484: 19480: 19476: 19472: 19468: 19467: 19459: 19457: 19449: 19445: 19439: 19435: 19431: 19430: 19425: 19419: 19411: 19407: 19403: 19399: 19398: 19390: 19382: 19378: 19374: 19370: 19369: 19361: 19354: 19351: 19345: 19334: 19328: 19324: 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18607: 18605: 18588: 18584: 18578: 18574: 18570: 18566: 18562: 18561: 18556: 18549: 18534: 18533: 18528: 18521: 18505: 18501: 18491: 18483: 18477: 18473: 18469: 18468: 18460: 18452: 18448: 18442: 18438: 18434: 18430: 18426: 18422: 18416: 18408: 18404: 18400: 18396: 18392: 18388: 18382: 18374: 18370: 18364: 18360: 18356: 18352: 18345: 18337: 18333: 18329: 18322: 18314: 18310: 18306: 18304:9781532607912 18300: 18297:. p. 5. 18296: 18292: 18285: 18278: 18277:in Antiquity. 18276: 18270: 18266: 18262: 18261: 18256: 18252: 18251:Kautsky, Karl 18246: 18231: 18227: 18220: 18213: 18208: 18204: 18198: 18191: 18187: 18183: 18182: 18177: 18171: 18155: 18151: 18150: 18147: 18140: 18132: 18128: 18127: 18122: 18116: 18108: 18106:9780946061150 18102: 18098: 18091: 18075: 18071: 18070: 18062: 18060: 18051: 18047: 18043: 18037: 18029: 18025: 18021: 18020:Fabbri, Luigi 18015: 18007: 18001: 17997: 17991: 17983: 17979: 17973: 17969: 17965: 17964: 17956: 17948: 17942: 17938: 17934: 17930: 17929:Piccone, Paul 17924: 17916: 17912: 17906: 17898: 17892: 17888: 17884: 17881:. p. 2. 17880: 17876: 17869: 17853: 17849: 17843: 17828: 17824: 17820: 17814: 17806: 17794: 17790: 17787:(July 1913). 17786: 17780: 17778: 17769: 17765: 17758: 17750: 17744: 17740: 17736: 17730: 17714: 17710: 17706: 17705: 17700: 17693: 17685: 17673: 17672:Der Kommunist 17669: 17665: 17659: 17657: 17655: 17646: 17642: 17638: 17634: 17630: 17626: 17622: 17616: 17609: 17604: 17589: 17585: 17578: 17571: 17560: 17556: 17552: 17546: 17530: 17524: 17516: 17512: 17511: 17506: 17505:Chomsky, Noam 17500: 17484: 17480: 17479: 17474: 17470: 17464: 17456: 17450: 17446: 17442: 17438: 17432: 17416: 17415: 17410: 17404: 17389: 17382: 17374: 17368: 17364: 17360: 17356: 17352: 17348: 17342: 17340: 17328: 17324: 17320: 17313: 17297: 17293: 17287: 17271: 17267: 17260: 17244: 17240: 17236: 17232: 17226: 17224: 17216: 17211: 17203: 17199: 17195: 17191: 17187: 17183: 17179: 17175: 17174: 17169: 17163: 17155: 17149: 17145: 17144:Mehring Books 17141: 17140: 17132: 17116: 17112: 17108: 17101: 17093: 17092: 17087: 17083: 17077: 17070: 17065: 17058: 17053: 17038: 17034: 17030: 17029:Trotsky, Leon 17024: 17016: 17010: 17006: 17005:HarperCollins 17002: 17001: 16993: 16985: 16981: 16977: 16973: 16970:(1): 84–102. 16969: 16965: 16961: 16954: 16946: 16940: 16936: 16932: 16931: 16926: 16925:Löwy, Michael 16920: 16912: 16906: 16902: 16899:. New Haven: 16898: 16897: 16889: 16881: 16875: 16871: 16867: 16866: 16858: 16850: 16844: 16840: 16836: 16835: 16830: 16824: 16816: 16810: 16806: 16802: 16798: 16792: 16784: 16778: 16774: 16773:Mehring Books 16770: 16769: 16764: 16763:Trotsky, Leon 16758: 16750: 16744: 16740: 16739: 16731: 16723: 16719: 16715: 16711: 16707: 16703: 16699: 16695: 16692:(2): 77–117. 16691: 16687: 16686: 16681: 16674: 16666: 16660: 16656: 16652: 16651: 16643: 16635: 16629: 16625: 16621: 16617: 16611: 16604: 16599: 16592: 16587: 16585: 16577: 16572: 16565: 16560: 16557:Todd, Allan. 16553: 16546: 16542: 16541: 16536: 16530: 16522: 16510: 16509: 16504: 16500: 16494: 16486: 16475: 16471: 16470: 16465: 16459: 16451: 16445: 16441: 16437: 16433: 16426: 16424: 16415: 16411: 16407: 16403: 16399: 16395: 16394: 16386: 16384: 16376: 16371: 16364: 16360: 16355: 16348: 16344: 16338: 16334: 16330: 16323: 16316: 16312: 16308: 16304: 16300: 16296: 16295: 16287: 16279: 16271: 16265: 16257: 16256: 16248: 16240: 16239: 16231: 16223: 16217: 16209: 16205: 16201: 16197: 16191: 16183: 16179: 16175: 16171: 16167: 16163: 16159: 16152: 16146: 16141: 16133: 16129: 16125: 16121: 16117: 16113: 16109: 16105: 16101: 16094: 16085: 16077: 16073: 16069: 16065: 16061: 16054: 16046: 16039: 16032: 16026: 16018: 16011: 16003: 15997: 15991: 15986: 15979: 15973: 15965: 15959: 15956:. NYU Press. 15955: 15954: 15946: 15938: 15934: 15930: 15928:9781933116440 15924: 15920: 15916: 15912: 15908: 15904: 15898: 15890: 15878: 15874: 15868: 15865:. p. 2. 15864: 15860: 15859: 15851: 15843: 15831: 15827: 15826: 15821: 15817: 15811: 15796: 15790: 15786: 15785: 15777: 15770: 15765: 15763: 15755: 15749: 15730: 15726: 15722: 15721: 15713: 15706: 15690: 15686: 15685: 15680: 15673: 15665: 15661: 15657: 15653: 15649: 15645: 15641: 15637: 15636: 15628: 15621: 15609: 15605: 15601: 15594: 15578: 15574: 15573: 15568: 15561: 15553: 15541: 15537: 15533: 15526: 15518: 15514: 15510: 15508:0-521-56540-5 15504: 15500: 15496: 15489: 15481: 15477: 15470: 15463: 15458: 15451: 15447: 15443: 15437: 15433: 15429: 15425: 15421: 15414: 15407: 15403: 15399: 15395: 15391: 15390: 15382: 15380: 15372: 15368: 15364: 15360: 15358:0-203-15946-2 15354: 15350: 15346: 15339: 15331: 15327: 15323: 15319: 15315: 15308: 15300: 15296: 15295: 15287: 15286:"Engelsismen" 15280: 15273: 15269: 15265: 15261: 15257: 15253: 15249: 15245: 15241: 15240: 15232: 15224: 15218: 15214: 15210: 15203: 15196: 15194: 15181: 15177: 15173: 15169: 15165: 15161: 15157: 15156: 15148: 15141: 15134: 15130: 15129: 15124: 15123: 15118: 15114: 15109: 15101: 15097: 15093: 15087: 15080: 15075: 15064: 15060: 15059: 15054: 15050: 15044: 15036: 15030: 15026: 15022: 15018: 15012: 14997: 14996: 14991: 14984: 14976: 14975: 14970: 14964: 14962: 14954: 14949: 14943: 14939: 14935: 14928: 14921: 14916: 14912: 14908: 14907: 14902: 14898: 14894: 14888: 14881: 14876: 14870: 14866: 14862: 14857: 14856: 14850: 14846: 14840: 14838: 14830: 14825: 14823: 14821: 14819: 14810: 14806: 14802: 14795: 14788: 14772: 14768: 14764: 14760: 14754: 14739: 14738: 14733: 14726: 14710: 14706: 14705: 14704:The Economist 14700: 14694: 14687: 14682: 14680:9781442258266 14676: 14672: 14668: 14661: 14654: 14649: 14647:9780495569398 14643: 14639: 14635: 14630: 14629: 14620: 14604: 14603: 14598: 14592: 14576: 14575: 14570: 14564: 14554: 14548: 14544: 14543: 14538: 14528: 14513:. 15 May 2023 14512: 14508: 14502: 14487: 14483: 14479: 14478: 14473: 14466: 14450: 14446: 14445: 14440: 14433: 14426: 14425:Farred (2000) 14422: 14421:Gitlin (2001) 14418: 14415:, p. 1; 14414: 14410: 14409:Wright (1960) 14405: 14397: 14395:9781412959636 14391: 14387: 14383: 14379: 14375: 14374: 14369: 14365: 14361: 14357: 14351: 14343: 14337: 14333: 14329: 14325: 14321: 14320: 14312: 14310: 14308: 14299: 14297:9780252062506 14293: 14289: 14285: 14281: 14275: 14267: 14265:9780550100948 14261: 14257: 14254:. Edinburgh: 14253: 14246: 14230: 14226: 14222: 14221: 14214: 14198: 14194: 14193: 14185: 14177: 14173: 14164: 14157: 14153: 14149: 14144: 14139: 14135: 14131: 14127: 14123: 14122: 14117: 14110: 14102: 14096: 14092: 14088: 14087: 14079: 14071: 14065: 14061: 14057: 14050: 14043: 14038: 14034: 14028: 14024: 14020: 14019: 14011: 14003: 13999: 13993: 13989: 13985: 13984: 13976: 13968: 13964: 13960: 13956: 13952: 13948: 13947: 13942: 13936: 13928: 13922: 13918: 13917:Penguin Group 13914: 13913: 13908: 13902: 13886: 13882: 13881: 13876: 13872: 13866: 13859: 13854: 13846: 13842: 13838: 13834: 13833: 13828: 13822: 13815:. p. 12. 13814: 13810: 13809: 13804: 13798: 13791: 13786: 13778: 13772: 13768: 13764: 13763: 13755: 13747: 13745:9780191622373 13741: 13737: 13733: 13732: 13727: 13721: 13714: 13709: 13701: 13695: 13692:. p. 1. 13691: 13687: 13680: 13672: 13671:Penguin Books 13668: 13664: 13658: 13650: 13646: 13642: 13636: 13632: 13628: 13621: 13619: 13610: 13606: 13604:0-86151-015-1 13600: 13596: 13595: 13587: 13579: 13575: 13571: 13567: 13561: 13559: 13550: 13546: 13542: 13538: 13534: 13530: 13529: 13521: 13513: 13509: 13505: 13501: 13500: 13492: 13490: 13482: 13478: 13476:9780191667527 13472: 13468: 13464: 13457: 13449: 13443: 13427: 13426: 13418: 13416: 13414: 13398: 13391: 13384: 13382: 13380: 13372: 13367: 13361: 13357: 13353: 13349: 13345: 13339: 13337: 13335: 13327: 13323: 13312: 13306: 13302: 13298: 13294: 13291:. Cambridge: 13290: 13289: 13284: 13278: 13270: 13266: 13263:(1): 118–30. 13262: 13258: 13257: 13249: 13247: 13245: 13236: 13232: 13228: 13224: 13220: 13216: 13212: 13208: 13207: 13199: 13191: 13180: 13178:9780415435840 13174: 13170: 13166: 13165: 13157: 13149: 13145: 13141: 13137: 13133: 13129: 13125: 13121: 13117: 13113: 13112: 13111:Slavic Review 13104: 13102: 13093: 13087: 13083: 13079: 13078: 13070: 13062: 13056: 13052: 13051: 13043: 13035: 13029: 13025: 13021: 13020: 13012: 13004: 12998: 12994: 12993: 12985: 12977: 12976: 12968: 12960: 12954: 12950: 12949: 12941: 12933: 12927: 12923: 12919: 12918: 12910: 12902: 12896: 12892: 12888: 12887: 12879: 12871: 12867: 12863: 12857: 12853: 12849: 12842: 12827: 12823: 12819: 12813: 12806: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12783: 12781:9780415435840 12777: 12773: 12769: 12768: 12760: 12745: 12743:9780745399041 12739: 12735: 12728: 12727: 12719: 12703: 12699: 12698: 12693: 12689: 12688:Edelman, Marc 12683: 12676: 12672: 12668: 12664: 12660: 12656: 12652: 12648: 12644: 12640: 12639: 12631: 12623: 12621:9781408228227 12617: 12613: 12609: 12605: 12599: 12591: 12589:9780275956295 12585: 12581: 12577: 12570: 12562: 12560:9780674410305 12556: 12552: 12548: 12544: 12540: 12534: 12526: 12523:"Communism". 12519: 12511: 12510: 12502: 12494: 12490: 12486: 12482: 12478: 12474: 12470: 12469: 12461: 12453: 12449: 12445: 12441: 12437: 12433: 12429: 12425: 12421: 12414: 12407: 12402: 12386: 12382: 12375: 12360: 12357:. Edinburgh: 12356: 12352: 12345: 12337: 12333: 12329: 12325: 12321: 12317: 12313: 12309: 12305: 12298: 12290: 12284: 12280: 12276: 12269: 12261: 12259:9781610698047 12255: 12251: 12247: 12240: 12232: 12228: 12226:9780801899256 12222: 12218: 12214: 12213: 12205: 12190: 12184: 12180: 12176: 12175: 12170: 12164: 12156: 12145: 12139: 12135: 12131: 12127: 12126: 12118: 12110: 12104: 12100: 12093: 12091: 12089: 12069: 12065: 12061: 12060: 12055: 12051: 12045: 12037: 12033: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12006: 11998: 11996:9780792394334 11992: 11988: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11969: 11961: 11955: 11951: 11947: 11943: 11937: 11929: 11917: 11913: 11907: 11903: 11899: 11898: 11890: 11884: 11880: 11876: 11872: 11871:Steele (1992) 11868: 11863: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11843: 11839: 11835: 11831: 11830: 11829:Slavic Review 11821: 11819: 11810: 11806: 11802: 11798: 11795:(1): 81–105. 11794: 11790: 11789: 11781: 11779: 11770: 11766: 11762: 11758: 11757:Malia, Martin 11752: 11744: 11743: 11738:"Communism". 11734: 11727: 11722: 11716: 11712: 11708: 11701: 11693: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11675: 11671: 11670: 11665: 11661: 11654: 11652: 11650: 11642: 11638: 11632: 11629:. p. 9. 11628: 11624: 11617: 11609: 11607:9780198208402 11603: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11583: 11577: 11569: 11567:9781350150331 11563: 11559: 11555: 11551: 11545: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11523: 11515: 11509: 11505: 11500: 11499: 11493: 11489: 11483: 11476: 11471: 11467: 11463: 11459: 11455: 11449: 11442: 11437: 11433: 11429: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11411: 11407: 11400: 11398: 11378: 11374: 11368: 11360: 11356: 11350: 11347:. p. 7. 11346: 11342: 11341: 11336: 11330: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11311:(in French). 11310: 11306: 11300: 11285: 11281: 11277: 11270: 11268: 11266: 11250: 11246: 11240: 11225: 11224: 11219: 11212: 11210: 11201: 11199:9781351141741 11195: 11191: 11187: 11183: 11177: 11175: 11173: 11164: 11160: 11156: 11152: 11148: 11144: 11143: 11135: 11131: 11125: 11123: 11121: 11113: 11112: 11107: 11094: 11093: 11088: 11084: 11078: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11042: 11034: 11030: 11024: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10988: 10980: 10976: 10972: 10966: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10947: 10943: 10942: 10937: 10931: 10923: 10919: 10913: 10909: 10905: 10904: 10903:Red Holocaust 10899: 10893: 10886: 10881: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10856: 10851: 10845: 10838: 10833: 10831: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10815:Weiner (2002) 10812: 10808: 10804: 10799: 10797: 10789: 10784: 10782: 10780: 10778: 10776: 10774: 10765: 10761: 10757: 10753: 10749: 10745: 10744: 10736: 10732: 10726: 10718: 10712: 10708: 10705:. Cambridge: 10704: 10697: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10660: 10655: 10649: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10619: 10612: 10611:Lansford 2007 10607: 10605: 10603: 10601: 10592: 10588: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10552: 10548: 10547: 10542: 10536: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10499: 10494: 10488: 10481: 10476: 10474: 10472: 10470: 10468: 10466: 10464: 10447: 10443: 10442: 10437: 10433: 10427: 10421: 10417: 10413: 10408: 10406: 10404: 10402: 10393: 10389: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10373: 10369: 10365: 10359: 10357: 10349: 10348:Lansford 2007 10344: 10342: 10340: 10331: 10325: 10321: 10318:. Jefferson: 10317: 10310: 10291: 10287: 10281: 10277: 10270: 10269: 10261: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10230: 10214: 10210: 10208:9781538129050 10204: 10200: 10196: 10195: 10187: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10153: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10128: 10123: 10116: 10097: 10093: 10086: 10082: 10075: 10067: 10061: 10057: 10053: 10046: 10030: 10026: 10025: 10020: 10014: 10007: 10002: 9994: 9992:9780028661179 9988: 9984: 9980: 9979: 9971: 9963: 9959: 9957:9780745307169 9953: 9949: 9942: 9941: 9933: 9925: 9914: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9899: 9891: 9883: 9872: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9857: 9849: 9841: 9830: 9824: 9821:. p. 8. 9820: 9816: 9815: 9807: 9800: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9775: 9767: 9763: 9756: 9748: 9737: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9722: 9714: 9712: 9703: 9702: 9694: 9687: 9682: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9661: 9659: 9651: 9646: 9644:0-618-26181-8 9640: 9636: 9629: 9627: 9619: 9618:Steele (1992) 9614: 9612: 9610: 9602: 9597: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9576: 9568: 9557: 9553: 9552:Moore, Samuel 9549: 9548: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9529: 9522: 9518: 9513: 9505: 9493: 9489: 9488:Moore, Samuel 9485: 9484: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9465: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9430:(3). London: 9429: 9425: 9424: 9419: 9412: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9389: 9382: 9374: 9363: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9348: 9340: 9332: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9311: 9304: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9284: 9277: 9270: 9258: 9257: 9252: 9246: 9239: 9227: 9226: 9221: 9215: 9206: 9201: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9178: 9171: 9163: 9161:9781137284754 9157: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9135: 9133: 9117: 9113: 9107: 9099: 9088: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9055: 9047: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9023: 9022: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9000: 8993: 8988: 8977: 8973: 8972: 8967: 8963: 8957: 8950: 8949:Steele (1992) 8945: 8943: 8934: 8922: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8909: 8901: 8897: 8893: 8887: 8880: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8856: 8848: 8842: 8838: 8837: 8833:"Communism". 8829: 8813: 8812: 8807: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8784: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8774: 8772: 8770: 8765: 8750: 8749: 8745: 8743: 8742: 8738: 8737: 8732: 8731: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8693: 8688: 8677: 8670: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8634:robber barons 8631: 8627: 8623: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8610:neoliberalism 8607: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8590:Conservatives 8587: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8572: 8570: 8566: 8561: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8543: 8542:Baltic states 8539: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8505:Boris Yeltsin 8502: 8498: 8493: 8491: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8466: 8464: 8463:Freedom House 8460: 8456: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8432: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8403: 8401: 8400:András Bozóki 8396: 8394: 8389: 8388:excess deaths 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8355: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8329: 8328:Baltic states 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8292: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8281:Joseph Stalin 8278: 8277:Richard Pipes 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8257: 8252: 8248: 8247: 8242: 8241: 8236: 8232: 8231: 8226: 8225: 8220: 8219: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8189: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8173: 8169: 8160: 8157:The greatest 8155: 8146: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8086: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8051:social system 8049:as the ideal 8048: 8044: 8040: 8034: 8024: 8022: 8021:communitarian 8018: 8017:individualism 8014: 8010: 8005: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7944: 7940: 7936: 7931: 7916: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7885: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7852:to an end by 7851: 7844: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7828:participative 7825: 7821: 7817: 7816:institutional 7813: 7808: 7804: 7799: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7781: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7754: 7750: 7745: 7735: 7733: 7729: 7728:Daniel Guérin 7725: 7721: 7717: 7713: 7709: 7705: 7701: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7677: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7653:communization 7650: 7645: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7630:working class 7627: 7626: 7621: 7620: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7604:, as well as 7603: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7577: 7567: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7512: 7511:Eurocommunism 7505:Eurocommunism 7502: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7470: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7449: 7448:Deng Xiaoping 7445: 7437: 7433: 7428: 7424: 7414: 7412: 7408: 7403: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7376: 7375:intellectuals 7371: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7336:decentralised 7332: 7330: 7325: 7321: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7303:and Stalin's 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7243: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7224: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7167: 7163: 7162:Joseph Stalin 7158: 7153: 7143: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7083: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7024: 7022: 7018: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6952:Joseph Stalin 6945: 6941: 6936: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6901: 6900:(1721–1917). 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6869: 6866: 6859: 6852: 6839: 6838:surplus labor 6828: 6824: 6820: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6790: 6785: 6781: 6780: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6765: 6760: 6756: 6755: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6737:labour market 6734: 6733:working class 6730: 6719: 6714: 6712: 6707: 6705: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6696: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6682: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6640: 6639: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6596:Right to vote 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6521:Majority rule 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6388:Supermajority 6386: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6286:Participatory 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6217:Hybrid regime 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6136: 6131: 6130: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6100: 6097: 6093: 6092: 6082: 6077: 6075: 6070: 6068: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6042: 6032: 6030: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5960:Revolutionary 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5940:Authoritarian 5938: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5771: 5770: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5742:Moufawad-Paul 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4906: 4901: 4900: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4852:Eurocommunism 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4837:Austromarxism 4835: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4826: 4821: 4820: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4783:Communization 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4758: 4757:Praxis School 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4656: 4655: 4647: 4646: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4532: 4529: 4524: 4523: 4516: 4515:Working class 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4377: 4376: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4296:Crisis theory 4294: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4280: 4275: 4274: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3955: 3950: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3918: 3907: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3857:crisis theory 3854: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3823:pseudoscience 3819: 3813: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3793:is a form of 3792: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3769:Paris Commune 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3736: 3734: 3733:surplus value 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3672: 3669: 3666:. As a term, 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3524:intellectuals 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3476:socioeconomic 3469: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3366:Deng Xiaoping 3363: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3278: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3226:Boris Yeltsin 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3181: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3134:Eurocommunism 3131: 3127: 3123: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3078:in 1948, and 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2990:prison labour 2986: 2984: 2980: 2979:Deng Xiaoping 2976: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2933:(1966–1976). 2932: 2927: 2922: 2919:launched the 2918: 2917:Deng Xiaoping 2913: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2876: 2874: 2873:mass murderer 2870: 2865: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2850:hydrogen bomb 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2789:Moscow trials 2786: 2782: 2781:Joseph Stalin 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2713:authoritarian 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2697:War communism 2693: 2689: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2633: 2632:Joseph Stalin 2628: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2571:and the wide 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2471: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2387:In 1917, the 2380: 2376: 2372: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2344: 2334: 2324: 2322: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2175: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2142: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2076:noble classes 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2024:Richard Pipes 2022:According to 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1992: 1982: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1961: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1919:umbrella term 1916: 1915:intellectuals 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1866: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1855:According to 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1751:Étienne Cabet 1748: 1744: 1740: 1739: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1625: 1620: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1548: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1499:-rooted word 1498: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1219:authoritarian 1217:, and a more 1216: 1212: 1208: 1207:communization 1204: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1168:socioeconomic 1165: 1161: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1149:philosophical 1146: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1122: 1117: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1091: 1085: 1075: 1074: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1061:War communism 1059: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 998: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 954: 948: 947: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 927: 925: 922: 921: 915: 914: 906: 902: 899: 895: 893: 890: 888: 885: 883: 880: 879: 876: 871: 870: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 821: 818: 817: 816: 813: 811: 808: 806: 803: 801: 798: 797: 791: 790: 783: 780: 778: 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25578:Centre-right 25352:Anti-fascism 25238:Soviet Union 24619:Gift economy 24578:Wage slavery 24473: 24409:. Retrieved 24405:the original 24378: 24342: 24328: 24293: 24267: 24244: 24217: 24193: 24167: 24144: 24141:Pons, Silvio 24118: 24111:Pons, Silvio 24088: 24085:Pons, Silvio 24066: 24040: 24037:Pons, Silvio 24007: 24001: 23978: 23959: 23933: 23906: 23879: 23853: 23827: 23824:Selden, Mark 23820:Pons, Silvio 23796: 23761: 23755: 23732: 23709:(4): 77–91. 23706: 23700: 23676: 23646: 23623: 23597: 23571: 23545: 23524:Online books 23514: 23469: 23456:– via 23452: 23439: 23417: 23399: 23385: 23348: 23342: 23338: 23335:Weiner, Amir 23312: 23290: 23271: 23265: 23252:15 September 23250:, retrieved 23246:the original 23236: 23223: 23205: 23193:. Retrieved 23171: 23136: 23133:Pons, Silvio 23120:. Retrieved 23102: 23072: 23062:– via 23056:. Retrieved 23036: 23022:– via 23016:. Retrieved 22996: 22967: 22961: 22934: 22922:. Retrieved 22914: 22887: 22850: 22846: 22838:Google Books 22836:– via 22818: 22805:. Retrieved 22787: 22763: 22738: 22732: 22702: 22669: 22663: 22659: 22647:. Retrieved 22643: 22612: 22573: 22567: 22563: 22533: 22520: 22517:Gitlin, Todd 22505:. Retrieved 22494: 22487:Sehon, Scott 22458: 22420: 22414: 22387: 22379:Google Books 22377:– via 22359: 22348:22 September 22346:. Retrieved 22338: 22329:</ref> 22300: 22294: 22268: 22242: 22236: 22195: 22189: 22177:. Retrieved 22171: 22140: 22117: 22090: 22081: 22061: 22048:– via 22042:. Retrieved 22030: 22025: 21992:Bibliography 21977: 21965: 21956: 21953:the original 21939: 21923: 21911: 21899: 21883: 21858: 21785: 21775: 21748: 21743: 21704: 21667: 21663: 21659: 21655: 21651: 21641: 21632:(Peru), and 21630:Shining Path 21620:(Cambodia), 21576: 21553:determinists 21548: 21535: 21520: 21472: 21453:; historian 21435: 21402: 21334:Confucianism 21328: 21320: 21312: 21308: 21304: 21298: 21282:Irwin Silber 21273:Alan M. Wald 21260: 21256: 21250: 21246: 21242: 21239:Sara Diamond 21226: 21222: 21180: 21169: 21165: 21144: 21122:. Retrieved 21116: 21106: 21082: 21072: 21048: 21038: 21026:. Retrieved 21022: 21012: 21000:. Retrieved 20996: 20986: 20974:. Retrieved 20967: 20957: 20945:. Retrieved 20942:The Guardian 20941: 20931: 20919:. Retrieved 20914: 20905: 20886: 20880: 20871: 20851: 20845: 20836: 20812: 20805: 20793:. Retrieved 20787: 20777: 20744: 20738: 20728: 20716:. Retrieved 20706: 20694:. Retrieved 20664: 20658: 20648: 20626:Hauck (2016) 20621: 20613: 20594: 20587: 20579: 20561: 20552: 20524:. New York: 20521: 20500: 20481: 20471: 20448: 20439: 20416: 20407: 20384: 20375: 20363:. Retrieved 20357: 20347: 20306: 20300: 20294: 20271: 20245: 20241: 20238: 20231:. Retrieved 20226: 20222: 20209: 20199: 20187:. Retrieved 20183:The Atlantic 20181: 20171: 20147: 20140: 20131: 20099: 20093: 20083: 20067:: 992–1012. 20060: 20056: 20046: 20021: 20017: 20011: 20002:ResearchGate 20000: 19990: 19967: 19958: 19935: 19926: 19914:. Retrieved 19909: 19886: 19882: 19872: 19860:. Retrieved 19846: 19837: 19830:. Retrieved 19824: 19810: 19791: 19779:. Retrieved 19765: 19721:. 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Retrieved 18587:the original 18559: 18548: 18536:. Retrieved 18530: 18520: 18508:. Retrieved 18503: 18490: 18466: 18459: 18451:Google Books 18449:– via 18429:The Apostles 18428: 18415: 18407:Google Books 18405:– via 18398: 18381: 18373:Google Books 18371:– via 18354: 18344: 18336:Google Books 18331: 18321: 18290: 18284: 18272: 18267:– via 18259: 18245: 18233:. Retrieved 18229: 18219: 18210: 18207:the original 18197: 18189: 18186:the original 18180: 18170: 18158:. Retrieved 18154:the original 18149: 18145: 18139: 18131:the original 18125: 18115: 18096: 18090: 18078:. Retrieved 18074:the original 18068: 18050:the original 18045: 18036: 18028:the original 18014: 17995: 17990: 17982:Google Books 17980:– via 17962: 17955: 17932: 17923: 17917:. 2000–2001. 17914: 17905: 17874: 17868: 17856:. Retrieved 17842: 17832:23 September 17830:. Retrieved 17826: 17813: 17803:– via 17797:. Retrieved 17792: 17767: 17757: 17738: 17735:Gerber, John 17729: 17717:. Retrieved 17713:the original 17708: 17702: 17692: 17682:– via 17676:. Retrieved 17671: 17631:(4): 27–50. 17628: 17624: 17615: 17603: 17591:. Retrieved 17587: 17577: 17569: 17562:. Retrieved 17545: 17533:. Retrieved 17531:. libcom.org 17523: 17515:the original 17509: 17499: 17487:. Retrieved 17482: 17476: 17463: 17440: 17431: 17419:. Retrieved 17412: 17403: 17391:. Retrieved 17381: 17362: 17322: 17312: 17302:22 September 17300:. Retrieved 17295: 17286: 17274:. Retrieved 17269: 17259: 17247:. Retrieved 17243:the original 17234: 17215:Wormack 2001 17210: 17180:(45): 2–36. 17177: 17171: 17162: 17138: 17131: 17119:. Retrieved 17115:the original 17110: 17100: 17091:The Militant 17089: 17076: 17064: 17052: 17040:. Retrieved 17036: 17023: 16999: 16992: 16967: 16963: 16953: 16929: 16919: 16895: 16888: 16864: 16857: 16833: 16823: 16800: 16791: 16767: 16757: 16737: 16730: 16689: 16683: 16673: 16649: 16642: 16619: 16610: 16598: 16571: 16562: 16558: 16552: 16544: 16538: 16529: 16519:– via 16513:. Retrieved 16507: 16499:Hoxha, Enver 16493: 16483:– via 16477:. Retrieved 16468: 16458: 16435: 16431: 16397: 16391: 16370: 16354: 16346: 16328: 16322: 16314: 16298: 16292: 16286: 16277: 16264: 16253: 16247: 16236: 16235:"Leninism". 16230: 16221: 16216: 16203: 16190: 16165: 16161: 16151: 16140: 16107: 16103: 16093: 16084: 16067: 16063: 16053: 16038: 16025: 16010: 15996: 15985: 15972: 15952: 15945: 15906: 15897: 15889:Google Books 15887:– via 15881:. Retrieved 15857: 15850: 15840:– via 15834:. Retrieved 15823: 15810: 15798:. Retrieved 15783: 15776: 15771:, p. 23 15769:Calhoun 2002 15753: 15748: 15736:. Retrieved 15729:the original 15724: 15718: 15705: 15693:. Retrieved 15682: 15672: 15642:(1): 19–27. 15639: 15633: 15627: 15619: 15614:20 September 15612:. Retrieved 15603: 15593: 15583:16 September 15581:. Retrieved 15570: 15560: 15551: 15546:24 September 15544:. Retrieved 15525: 15494: 15488: 15479: 15475: 15469: 15462:Postone 1995 15457: 15419: 15413: 15405: 15388: 15370: 15344: 15338: 15317: 15307: 15298: 15292: 15279: 15271: 15246:(1): 19–27. 15243: 15237: 15231: 15208: 15202: 15192: 15190: 15183:. Retrieved 15159: 15153: 15140: 15132: 15126: 15120: 15115:. (1969). " 15108: 15095: 15086: 15077: 15072:– via 15068:22 September 15066:. Retrieved 15063:Merlin Press 15056: 15043: 15020: 15011: 14999:. Retrieved 14993: 14983: 14972: 14951: 14933: 14927: 14918: 14913:– via 14904: 14887: 14878: 14854: 14804: 14800: 14787: 14775:. Retrieved 14771:the original 14753: 14741:. Retrieved 14737:The Diplomat 14735: 14725: 14713:. Retrieved 14702: 14693: 14684: 14666: 14660: 14651: 14627: 14619: 14607:. Retrieved 14600: 14591: 14579:. Retrieved 14572: 14563: 14556:(in Russian) 14547:the original 14540: 14527: 14515:. Retrieved 14510: 14501: 14489:. Retrieved 14475: 14465: 14453:. Retrieved 14451:(137): 78–86 14448: 14442: 14432: 14413:Geary (2009) 14404: 14371: 14350: 14318: 14283: 14274: 14251: 14245: 14233:. Retrieved 14229:the original 14224: 14219: 14213: 14201:. Retrieved 14197:the original 14191: 14184: 14176:the original 14163: 14155: 14128:(1): 39–56. 14125: 14119: 14109: 14085: 14078: 14055: 14049: 14040: 14037:Google Books 14035:– via 14017: 14010: 14002:Google Books 14000:– via 13982: 13975: 13953:(189): 205. 13950: 13944: 13935: 13911: 13901: 13889:. Retrieved 13878: 13871:Johnson, Ian 13865: 13853: 13830: 13821: 13807: 13797: 13785: 13761: 13754: 13730: 13720: 13708: 13685: 13679: 13666: 13657: 13626: 13607:– via 13593: 13586: 13573: 13532: 13526: 13520: 13503: 13497: 13480: 13462: 13456: 13430:. Retrieved 13424: 13400:. Retrieved 13396: 13369: 13351: 13325: 13320:– via 13314:. Retrieved 13287: 13277: 13260: 13254: 13210: 13204: 13198: 13190:Google Books 13188:– via 13182:. 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Retrieved 8809: 8746: 8739: 8654:Gary Gerstle 8638:unemployment 8588: 8575: 8573: 8565:East Germany 8559:The Guardian 8557: 8546: 8537: 8494: 8490:Philipp Ther 8485: 8467: 8452: 8448: 8441: 8435: 8404: 8397: 8361: 8318:view of the 8293: 8254: 8251:mass killing 8250: 8244: 8238: 8234: 8228: 8222: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8205:mass killing 8190: 8175: 8131:Western Bloc 8120: 8097: 8067:Ernest Renan 8063: 8039:Jesus Christ 8036: 8006: 7968:in favor of 7947: 7886: 7846: 7800: 7757: 7676:Situationism 7673:Luxemburgism 7646: 7623: 7617: 7579: 7552:Soviet Union 7529: 7499:people's war 7495:Shining Path 7490: 7478:Soviet Union 7471: 7441: 7404: 7372: 7352:united front 7333: 7317: 7309:Soviet Union 7285:Leon Trotsky 7282: 7270:Leon Trotsky 7264:, fresco at 7261: 7225: 7220: 7170: 7135: 7127: 7106: 7084: 7071: 7067: 7060:Third Period 7025: 7016: 7011: 7007: 6949: 6904: 6902: 6871: 6864: 6861: 6856: 6826: 6821: 6806: 6798: 6788: 6777: 6762: 6752: 6393:Totalitarian 6276:Non-partisan 6256:Majoritarian 6237:Jeffersonian 6177:Deliberative 6167:Cosmopolitan 6162:Conservative 6142:Anticipatory 6094:Part of the 5925:Municipalism 5882: 5737:Bhattacharya 4882:Situationist 4857:Instrumental 4510:State theory 4475:Immiseration 4470:Human nature 4460:Exploitation 4290:accumulation 3900:Soviet model 3876: 3842: 3818:metaphysical 3814: 3803: 3789:Critique of 3788: 3765:dictatorship 3764: 3744:ruling class 3737: 3693: 3667: 3636: 3611: 3565:against its 3547:ruling class 3536: 3488:social class 3473: 3412: 3375: 3360: 3305: 3283: 3238:Russian flag 3194:Eastern Bloc 3183: 3168:Fidel Castro 3157: 3143:Since 1957, 3142: 3118: 3085:deviationist 3083: 3082:was branded 3052:East Germany 3033: 3020:Soviet Union 3010:Eastern Bloc 2987: 2950:revisionists 2935: 2914: 2882: 2866: 2862: 2816:World War II 2813: 2805:Alexei Rykov 2704: 2695: 2692:Soviet Union 2682:Soviet Union 2666: 2661:as the only 2654:revisionists 2652: 2635: 2629: 2609:law of value 2596: 2542: 2517: 2482: 2472: 2416: 2386: 2371:Leon Trotsky 2353:Soviet Union 2318: 2287: 2255:Jean Meslier 2226: 2216: 2203: 2200:Karl Kautsky 2181: 2171: 2163: 2139: 2126:led a large 2092: 2071: 2066:movement in 2040:ancient Rome 2021: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1949: 1947: 1907:Martin Malia 1895:Soviet Union 1882: 1881:, much like 1874: 1872: 1860: 1856: 1854: 1837: 1825: 1821: 1797: 1789: 1788:in place of 1785: 1783: 1746: 1736: 1726: 1723:phonetically 1718: 1706: 1694: 1690: 1688: 1663: 1659: 1657: 1652: 1648:co-operative 1646: 1640: 1632: 1628: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1582: 1552: 1545: 1537: 1532: 1524: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1482: 1481: 1441: 1391: 1379:World War II 1371:Soviet Union 1327:Jean Meslier 1308: 1242: 1205:approach of 1200: 1196:nation state 1131: 1130: 972:Anti-fascism 852:Soviet Union 223:Gift economy 180:Wage slavery 64: 49: 47: 27611:(1835–1840) 27491:(c. 350 BC) 27481:(c. 375 BC) 27098:Tocqueville 27063:Saint-Simon 27028:Montesquieu 26879:Bolingbroke 26811:Machiavelli 26691:Ibn Khaldun 26656:Alpharabius 26649:Middle Ages 26474:Natural law 26449:Common good 26374:Nationalism 26334:Imperialism 26304:Corporatism 26279:Colonialism 26259:Agrarianism 26238:Technocracy 26218:Meritocracy 26198:Bureaucracy 26188:Aristocracy 25941:Regionalism 25886:Imperialism 25849:Culturalism 25844:Colonialism 25774:Nationalism 25695:Familialism 25673:Corporatism 25643:Communalism 25623:Agrarianism 25600:Reactionary 25568:Centre-left 25436:Trade union 25394:LGBT rights 25228:Philippines 24679:Pre-Marxist 24672:Libertarian 24339:"Communism" 24198:Grove Press 23786:PDF version 23628:Verso Books 23413:"Socialism" 23355:: 450–452. 23180:Pluto Press 22970:: 134–146. 22857:: 191–201. 22807:17 November 22580:: 117–119. 22245:(1): 1–17. 21767:Khmer Rouge 21692:Ben Kiernan 21676:Khmer Rouge 21618:Khmer Rouge 21616:(Hungary), 21600:(Vietnam), 21588:(Romania), 21493:Ho Chi Minh 21489:Kim Il Sung 21467:example is 21446:antisemitic 21342:Kim Il Sung 21285:communism." 20921:24 November 20642:Leon (2013) 20233:26 December 20214: [ 20189:20 December 20119:1765/128856 19940:Verso Books 19862:14 November 19832:14 December 19477:: 476–501. 19217:Weiner 2002 19162:(1): 3–13. 19063:: 101–153. 19007:Fein, Helen 18633:. pp.  18567:. pp.  18146:Bob Black. 17469:Draper, Hal 17359:Rühle, Otto 17323:The Utopian 17272:(in French) 17235:MLM Library 17121:11 February 16576:Morgan 2001 16472:. Beijing: 16464:Mao, Zedong 16375:Morgan 2015 16363:Morgan 2015 16359:Morgan 2001 15883:26 December 15836:26 December 15166:: 111–130. 15001:19 December 14969:"Communism" 14953:capitalism. 14829:Morgan 2001 14743:29 November 14356:Lazar, Marc 14203:28 February 13839:. pp.  13432:16 February 13402:16 February 13082:Basic Books 12818:"Narodniks" 12734:Pluto Press 12649:: 487–508. 12479:: 263–280. 12430:: 207–218. 12314:: 549–564. 11922:19 December 11840:: 882–883. 11664:Vidal, Matt 11492:"Socialism" 11406:"Socialism" 11218:"Communist" 10948:(1): 5–19. 10750:(7): 1172. 10019:"Communism" 10006:Newman 2005 9948:Pluto Press 9521:Morgan 2015 9517:Newman 2005 9434:: 314–339. 9367:19 November 9144:Kinna, Ruth 9140:Kinna, Ruth 9026:Paul, Cedar 8913:Paul, Cedar 8806:"Communism" 8664:and social 8556:. In 2011, 8414:Scott Sehon 8308:colonialism 8213:mass deaths 8085:on Earth." 8079:Yegor Letov 8045:to support 7950:libertarian 7905:De Leonists 7866:proletarian 7850:World War I 7790:, labelled 7584:aspects of 7558:during the 7532:revisionist 7384:Mexico City 7132:imperialist 7120:Enver Hoxha 7062:in which a 7048:corporatist 6978:(including 6741:wither away 6501:Kleroterion 6383:Substantive 6358:Semi-direct 5888:Communalism 5287:Wallerstein 4877:Revisionist 4608:Film theory 4588:Criminology 4583:Archaeology 4495:Proletariat 4480:Imperialism 4393:Bourgeoisie 4368:Wage labour 4261:Reification 4056:On Practice 3721:bourgeoisie 3717:proletariat 3696:materialist 3543:bourgeoisie 3539:proletariat 3496:dialectical 3480:materialist 3466:(left) and 3423:libertarian 3415:vanguardism 3230:Soviet flag 3186:Warsaw Pact 3098:Enver Hoxha 2994:semi-colony 2838:South Korea 2834:North Korea 2797:Lev Kamenev 2777:Great Purge 2530:vanguardism 2440:land reform 2436:World War I 2429:before the 2315:proletariat 2291:Robert Owen 2239:agrarianist 2210:in Russia, 2174:Thomas More 2160:Thomas More 2107:Waldensians 2072:communistic 2052:Demosthenes 2032:egalitarian 1939:Afghanistan 1931:Khmer Rouge 1925:as radical 1779:proletariat 1775:bourgeoisie 1703:Christendom 1676:final goods 1672:consumption 1437:bureaucracy 1425:North Korea 1296:bourgeoisie 1292:labor power 1288:proletariat 1268:libertarian 1222:vanguardist 1158:within the 1056:Trade union 1014:LGBT rights 842:Philippines 285:Pre-Marxist 278:Libertarian 32:Communalism 27869:Categories 27819:Separatism 27627:On Liberty 27527:The Prince 27256:Huntington 26759:Campanella 26686:al-Ghazali 26635:Thucydides 26593:Lactantius 26538:Statolatry 26364:Monarchism 26344:Liberalism 26269:Capitalism 26252:Ideologies 26233:Plutocracy 26181:Government 26137:Revolution 26122:Propaganda 26072:Legitimacy 26047:Government 25956:Syncretism 25946:Separatism 25906:Militarism 25876:Federalism 25762:Monarchism 25742:Liberalism 25633:Capitalism 25583:Right-wing 25045:Berlinguer 24935:Khrushchev 24353:Libcom.org 23912:Bloomsbury 23673:Marx, Karl 23620:Dean, Jodi 23424:. p.  22202:: 85–102. 22144:. Oxford: 22002:See also: 21820:politicide 21684:xenophobic 21680:Helen Fein 21541:Bolsheviks 21539:While the 21483:, and the 21395:Mao Zedong 21381:, but the 21367:Stalin era 21235:Joel Kovel 21205:politics, 21086:. Oxford: 21028:29 October 20947:21 January 20462:1929223331 19826:Al Jazeera 19781:22 October 19723:22 October 19432:. Ithaca: 19258:. Ithaca: 19237:Dulić 2004 19221:Dulić 2004 19205:Harff 1996 19137:Harff 2017 19097:. London: 18679:. p.  18435:. p.  18401:. London: 18293:. Eugene: 18160:1 November 18080:19 January 17443:. London: 17276:9 February 17249:20 January 17042:5 November 15738:13 January 15695:13 January 15347:. London: 15017:Rees, John 14920:existence. 14909:. p.  14893:Marx, Karl 14863:. p.  14767:World Bank 14715:18 October 14636:. p.  13858:Brown 2009 13790:Brown 2009 13713:Brown 2009 13354:. London: 12288:0822957043 11881:, p.  11436:1035920683 11416:. p.  11111:Bloodlands 10906:. London: 10452:29 January 10105:13 January 9554:. Moscow: 9538:Marx, Karl 9490:. Moscow: 9474:Marx, Karl 9303:abandoned. 9150:. London: 9116:Britannica 9030:Paul, Eden 8917:Paul, Eden 8756:References 8606:capitalism 8454:Bloodlands 8312:Dovid Katz 8285:Mao Zedong 8256:repression 8240:politicide 8218:classicide 8180:, such as 8043:Christians 7966:capitalism 7952:theory of 7876:after its 7854:Bolsheviks 7780:recallable 7698:, and the 7684:Solidarity 7661:De Leonism 7649:autonomism 7619:Grundrisse 7606:Trotskyism 7467:dialectics 7444:Mao Zedong 7392:third camp 7260:Detail of 7252:Trotskyism 7246:Trotskyism 7240:Trotskyism 7183:, such as 7116:Trotskyism 7056:capitalist 6980:Trotskyist 6915:Bolsheviks 6894:capitalism 6813:anarchists 6751:stated in 6664:Historical 6576:Referendum 6531:Ochlocracy 6506:Liberalism 6496:Initiative 6373:Sociocracy 6301:Procedural 6271:Multiparty 6232:Jacksonian 6227:Industrial 6207:Grassroots 6192:Electronic 5945:Democratic 5810:Mediations 5422:Przeworski 5362:Poulantzas 5212:Sivanandan 5167:Bettelheim 5067:Horkheimer 5062:Mariátegui 5037:Pashukanis 4962:Liebknecht 4892:Wertkritik 4832:Analytical 4692:Trotskyism 4667:Autonomist 4658:Structural 4638:Philosophy 4578:Aesthetics 4363:Value-form 4331:Capitalist 4236:Alienation 4229:Philosophy 3986:Grundrisse 3853:revolution 3660:capitalism 3448:See also: 3344:CPN Maoist 3292:, and the 3256:See also: 3188:after the 3068:Yugoslavia 3040:superpower 2975:Liu Shaoqi 2962:Jiang Qing 2905:Korean War 2901:Kuomintang 2889:Mao Zedong 2883:After the 2846:Korean War 2757:Trotskyism 2731:, and the 2645:Stalin era 2625:wage labor 2468:casualties 2456:healthcare 2423:Mensheviks 2397:Bolsheviks 2303:Brook Farm 2128:Anabaptist 2115:Hutterites 1802:capitalism 1747:communists 1668:production 1637:Fourierism 1570:communisme 1492:communisme 1470:, such as 1398:mass media 1365:espousing 1272:capitalism 657:Berlinguer 547:Khrushchev 27930:Socialism 27875:Communism 27537:Leviathan 27517:Monarchia 27511:(c. 1274) 27346:Oakeshott 27291:Mansfield 27286:Luxemburg 27271:Kropotkin 27166:Bernstein 27119:centuries 27033:Nietzsche 26976:Jefferson 26904:Condorcet 26852:centuries 26831:Pufendorf 26696:Marsilius 26583:Confucius 26568:Aristotle 26561:Antiquity 26489:Noble lie 26409:Third Way 26404:Socialism 26329:Feudalism 26284:Communism 26264:Anarchism 26243:Theocracy 26228:Oligarchy 26208:Democracy 26193:Autocracy 26107:Pluralism 26092:Obedience 26057:Hierarchy 26017:Authority 25936:Reformism 25921:Pluralism 25881:Globalism 25871:Extremism 25806:Third Way 25801:Socialism 25784:Classical 25757:Masculism 25648:Communism 25628:Anarchism 25588:Far-right 25563:Left-wing 25416:Red Scare 25299:Criticism 25179:By region 25160:Hatherley 24990:Althusser 24925:Togliatti 24875:Kollontai 24870:Luxemburg 24855:Pannekoek 24850:Malatesta 24845:Kropotkin 24701:Christian 24696:Religious 24691:Primitive 24657:Anarchist 24639:Use value 24607:Economics 24474:Communism 24417:See also 24411:18 August 24292:(1984) . 24272:Routledge 24026:0305-7240 24016:1465-3877 23904:(2014) . 23780:219053421 23735:. Watts. 23675:(1998) . 23550:Routledge 23515:Communism 23377:142217169 23353:MIT Press 23289:"Ci–Cz". 23210:MIT Press 23195:15 August 23122:31 August 23058:25 August 23018:25 August 22888:Communism 22649:4 January 22578:MIT Press 22552:316035698 22507:12 August 22325:144650061 22263:(1970) . 22224:145120734 22060:(2020b). 21697:genocides 21628:(Nepal), 21594:Guevarism 21582:Castroism 21569:Trudoviks 21557:Narodniks 21497:Stalinism 21415:Karl Marx 21280:activist 21261:Communism 21257:communism 21247:communism 21243:Communism 21227:Communism 21211:reformism 21171:hard left 21152:. Unlike 21002:20 August 20868:153398717 20847:Challenge 20769:153995367 20761:0966-8136 20718:4 January 20696:4 January 20339:143701601 20323:0960-7773 20128:225580086 20038:142458412 19966:(2015) . 19776:0099-9660 19613:28 August 19499:144879341 19338:12 August 19192:145155872 19176:0022-3433 19032:13 August 18987:13 August 18942:13 August 18896:13 August 18851:13 August 18809:13 August 18720:15 August 18677:Routledge 18631:Routledge 18538:13 August 18510:15 August 18433:Zondervan 18423:(1992) . 18313:994706026 18253:(1953) . 18212:struggle. 17645:143169141 17535:1 October 17421:31 August 17393:31 August 17270:Mediapart 17202:154407265 16870:Routledge 16839:Routledge 16722:146375012 16706:0925-9392 16414:146848013 16333:Routledge 16182:0893-5696 16124:0090-5917 16070:: 39–51. 15937:221178956 15664:219746578 15656:2326-4462 15604:MR Online 15517:910250140 15450:213805975 15402:216233458 15349:Routledge 15268:219746578 15260:2326-4462 15185:19 August 15180:144067197 15051:(1967) . 15025:Routledge 14938:Routledge 14777:10 August 14542:Vedomosti 14491:10 August 14486:0190-8286 14455:13 August 14023:Routledge 13967:154814055 13442:cite book 13316:12 August 13235:145419232 13227:1356-9317 13184:18 August 13169:Routledge 13148:156132823 13132:0037-6779 12891:Routledge 12870:500808890 12831:18 August 12798:Narodniki 12787:18 August 12772:Routledge 12749:18 August 12671:155515389 12612:Routledge 12545:(1979) . 12452:161700029 12391:18 August 12385:Utopia500 12364:18 August 12336:163924226 12022:: 83–89. 11809:159716738 11530:(2002) . 11490:(1985) . 11289:13 August 11229:15 August 11190:Routledge 11104:See also 11098:17 August 11067:17 August 11013:17 August 10908:Routledge 10638:13 August 10591:205667754 10567:0966-8136 10519:0966-8136 10384:1046-1868 10176:10 August 10142:10 August 9918:13 August 9876:23 August 9834:23 August 9793:13 August 9741:18 August 9540:(1969) . 9476:(1969) . 9456:154948426 9448:2159-8312 9432:Routledge 9321:Routledge 9092:3 January 9040:18 August 9011:(1922) . 8981:18 August 8964:(2005) . 8927:18 August 8898:(1922) . 8761:Citations 8602:Jodi Dean 8304:Karl Marx 8269:John Gray 8246:holocaust 8188:is not. 8104:Karl Marx 8094:Reception 7954:anarchism 7909:Bordigism 7812:reformist 7776:delegates 7704:post-left 7692:workerism 7638:anarchism 7610:reformist 7598:Stalinism 7289:Stalinism 7278:Karl Marx 7152:Stalinism 7146:Stalinism 7107:Stalinism 6968:Comintern 6923:socialism 6745:Karl Marx 6601:Sortition 6556:Polyarchy 6416:Anarchism 6398:Workplace 6378:Sovereign 6368:Socialist 6348:Sectarian 6326:Christian 6316:Religious 6291:Pluralist 6246:Illiberal 6222:Inclusive 6197:Empowered 6172:Defensive 6157:Consensus 6103:Democracy 5992:Economism 5955:Reformist 5935:Socialism 5883:Communism 5863:Anarchism 5717:Coulthard 5642:McDonnell 5602:Screpanti 5512:Rowbotham 5377:Harnecker 5187:Althusser 5127:Deutscher 4967:Kollontai 4957:Luxemburg 4937:Plekhanov 4867:Nkrumaism 4778:Classical 4752:Political 4677:Guevarism 4633:Sociology 4613:Geography 4433:Democracy 4381:Sociology 4336:Socialist 4301:Commodity 3881:, versus 3740:feudalism 3656:feudalism 3585:based on 3504:Karl Marx 3464:Karl Marx 3158:In 1959, 3151:state of 3076:Cominform 3030:in yellow 2966:Red Guard 2787:. In the 2721:broad ban 2705:communism 2669:with the 2667:socialism 2636:socialist 2597:socialism 2553:socialism 2507:. In the 2495:formed a 2464:Petrograd 2418:Obshchina 2120:Karl Marx 2044:Aristotle 2028:classless 1883:socialism 1879:Red Scare 1875:communism 1838:Communist 1826:socialist 1822:communist 1810:Bolshevik 1798:socialism 1790:communism 1786:socialism 1719:communism 1707:communism 1695:socialism 1691:communism 1664:socialism 1660:communism 1653:communism 1642:mutualism 1629:socialism 1624:socialism 1619:communism 1583:communism 1538:Communism 1533:Communism 1483:Communism 1373:with the 1132:Communism 1036:Red Scare 794:By region 772:Hatherley 602:Althusser 537:Togliatti 487:Kollontai 482:Luxemburg 467:Pannekoek 462:Malatesta 457:Kropotkin 307:Christian 302:Religious 297:Primitive 263:Anarchist 243:Use value 212:Economics 65:Communism 18:Communist 27792:Centrism 27487:Politics 27477:Republic 27446:Voegelin 27426:Spengler 27411:Shariati 27386:Rothbard 27341:Nussbaum 27241:Habermas 27216:Fukuyama 27206:Foucault 27131:Ambedkar 27108:Voltaire 27078:de Staël 27053:Rousseau 26934:Franklin 26909:Constant 26869:Beccaria 26701:Muhammad 26681:Gelasius 26666:Averroes 26640:Xenophon 26620:Polybius 26573:Chanakya 26418:Concepts 26384:Populism 26354:Localism 26339:Islamism 26324:Feminism 26223:Monarchy 26127:Property 26117:Progress 26082:Monopoly 26052:Hegemony 25926:Populism 25916:Pacifism 25911:Nihilism 25901:Localism 25820:See also 25767:Royalism 25737:Islamism 25732:Hindutva 25717:Feminism 25573:Centrism 25558:Far-left 25548:Moderate 25543:Hardline 25387:New Left 25382:Old Left 25276:Red star 25191:Colombia 25110:Gordillo 25085:Holloway 25030:Guattari 25000:Pasolini 24985:Hobsbawm 24970:Beauvoir 24930:Benjamin 24905:Bukharin 24895:Thälmann 24667:Leninist 24649:Variants 24481:Concepts 24357:Archived 24243:(2010). 24192:(2009). 24087:(2014). 24065:(2003). 24028:(print). 23958:(2019). 23878:(2014). 23795:(2000). 23622:(2012). 23596:(2007). 23570:(1994). 23476:Elsevier 23450:(1960). 23410:(1983). 23311:(1992). 23274:: 1–10. 23169:(2004). 23117:40260182 23097:(2001). 23043:Elsevier 23003:Elsevier 22984:23337831 22924:12 March 22879:49573923 22755:42809979 22694:49573923 22604:(2017). 22501:Archived 22457:(2018). 22447:30464360 22317:20057628 22138:(2002). 22116:(2009). 22044:1 August 22039:36367345 22023:(1895). 21947:(1901). 21816:genocide 21777:Le Monde 21614:Kadarism 21606:Husakism 21602:Hoxhaism 21596:(Cuba), 21592:(Peru), 21586:Ceaușism 21584:(Cuba), 21567:and the 21559:and the 21487:), plus 21427:democide 21265:Leninist 21207:localism 21166:far-left 21080:(2022). 21046:(2015). 20691:12011202 20560:(2017). 20479:(2016). 20447:(2002). 20415:(2017). 20365:5 August 20331:41485456 19934:(2014). 19916:6 August 19577:47924025 19532:20996281 19491:40060166 19426:(2005). 19410:25834800 19350:Le Monde 19252:(2005). 19184:25654524 19077:23746851 18964:(2013). 18919:(2011). 18873:(2007). 18786:(2004). 18738:(2020). 18393:(1910). 18235:26 March 18178:(1926). 17931:(1983). 17821:(1926). 17737:(1989). 17666:(1920). 17593:14 April 17564:14 April 17489:25 April 17471:(1971). 17439:(2007). 17414:Aufheben 17361:(2007). 17327:Archived 16927:(2005). 16765:(1991). 16714:20099669 16618:(1993). 16515:1 August 16501:(1978). 16479:1 August 16466:(1964). 16311:23008565 16255:Novy Mir 15911:CQ Press 15877:Archived 15830:Archived 15689:Archived 15608:Archived 15577:Archived 15572:Eurozine 15540:Archived 15367:48139638 15294:Fronesis 15019:(1998). 14899:(1845). 14851:(1987). 14761:(2005). 14709:Archived 14653:parties. 14609:27 April 14581:30 March 14370:(eds.). 14256:Chambers 14152:25495509 13909:(2008). 13885:Archived 13829:(2011). 13805:(1984). 13728:(2006). 13665:(2006). 13649:57589785 13572:(eds.). 13285:(2004). 12708:1 August 12606:(2010). 12250:ABC-CLIO 12194:18 April 12171:(2019). 12149:18 April 12130:ABC-CLIO 12052:(1983). 11979:Springer 11944:(2001). 11769:42895560 11592:(eds.). 11552:(2020). 11456:(1883). 11375:(1992). 11184:(2018). 11132:(2014). 10900:(2010). 10764:43510161 10733:(2002). 10688:67783643 10680:27752256 10583:19326595 10441:Truthout 10392:45290119 10366:(1991). 10290:Archived 10244:Archived 10213:Archived 10170:Archived 10136:Archived 10096:Archived 9069:CQ Press 8673:See also 8594:liberals 8300:genocide 8235:genocide 8230:democide 8201:genocide 8162:regimes. 8089:Analysis 7980:; and a 7807:Leninist 7700:New Left 7669:Lettrism 7560:Cold War 7554:and its 7486:Hoxhaism 7463:populism 7459:peasants 7400:Pabloism 7396:Posadism 7356:cultural 7338:form of 6994:, and a 6990:through 6960:Leninism 6851:Leninism 6830:—  6792:—  6566:Populism 6321:Buddhist 6266:Monitory 6187:Economic 6152:Cellular 6147:Athenian 5918:Old Left 5913:New Left 5780:Antipode 5774:Journals 5677:Heinrich 5652:Roediger 5647:Douzinas 5637:Hennessy 5592:Holloway 5507:Hartsock 5497:Eagleton 5482:Federici 5457:Bannerji 5432:Therborn 5412:Rancière 5407:Easthope 5387:Anderson 5382:Altvater 5282:O'Connor 5277:Mészáros 5272:Guattari 5227:Thompson 5217:Miliband 5197:Williams 5182:Hobsbawm 5157:Emmanuel 5137:Beauvoir 5102:Lefebvre 5047:Benjamin 5012:Bukharin 4992:Zinoviev 4987:Grossman 4972:Bogdanov 4947:Connolly 4927:Lafargue 4872:Orthodox 4842:Centrist 4793:Leninism 4788:Feminist 4737:Humanist 4718:Hegelian 4246:Ideology 3928:a series 3926:Part of 3805:a priori 3719:and the 3639:Leninism 3532:idealist 3382:Leninism 3316:The Left 3300:and the 3126:New Left 3044:Bulgaria 3006:Cold War 3000:Cold War 2958:Lin Biao 2891:and the 2829:Cold War 2717:ideology 2621:interest 2538:Leninist 2484:de facto 2375:Red Army 2178:treatise 2162:, whose 2134:, which 2099:monastic 2078:and the 1981:states. 1901:and the 1842:Leninism 1743:Owenites 1721:was too 1699:religion 1607:red star 1529:doctrine 1520:communis 1502:communis 1264:Leninism 1190:and the 1156:ideology 1153:economic 1140:communis 1007:New Left 1002:Old Left 892:Red star 805:Colombia 722:Gordillo 697:Holloway 642:Guattari 612:Pasolini 597:Hobsbawm 582:Beauvoir 542:Benjamin 517:Bukharin 507:Thälmann 273:Leninist 256:Variants 82:Concepts 57:a series 55:Part of 27829:Statism 27742:Elitism 27700:Related 27501:(51 BC) 27431:Strauss 27406:Scruton 27401:Schmitt 27391:Russell 27311:Michels 27306:Maurras 27301:Marcuse 27261:Kautsky 27231:Gramsci 27226:Gentile 27196:Dworkin 27186:Du Bois 27181:Dmowski 27176:Chomsky 27171:Burnham 27156:Benoist 27126:Agamben 27093:Thoreau 27083:Stirner 27073:Spencer 27018:Mazzini 27008:Maistre 27003:Madison 26998:Le Play 26929:Fourier 26894:Carlyle 26874:Bentham 26864:Bastiat 26859:Bakunin 26836:Spinoza 26826:Müntzer 26796:Leibniz 26769:Grotius 26749:Bossuet 26716:Plethon 26661:Aquinas 26630:Sun Tzu 26598:Mencius 26588:Han Fei 26359:Marxism 26319:Fascism 26152:Society 26077:Liberty 26062:Justice 26042:Freedom 25951:Statism 25811:Zionism 25752:Marxism 25700:Fascism 25595:Radical 25409:Romania 25258:Symbols 25248:Vietnam 25243:Sumatra 25186:Britain 25155:Prashad 25135:Graeber 25115:Gilmore 25100:Sankara 25090:Hampton 25025:Guevara 24975:Nkrumah 24955:Padmore 24915:Gramsci 24885:Trotsky 24860:Du Bois 24820:Meslier 24713:History 24684:Utopian 24662:Marxism 24528:Commune 24391:at the 23723:4502285 23369:3656222 22915:OUPblog 22438:6223831 22216:4149657 22179:10 June 21828:Lon Nol 21763:Pol Pot 21688:fascism 21648:regimes 21634:Titoism 21481:Mao era 21399:Pol Pot 21124:27 June 20976:15 June 20682:1732171 19691:15 June 19624:120–8). 18593:28 June 18403:Cassell 17799:31 July 17678:31 July 16305:: 151. 15800:7 March 15756:(1852). 15482:(4): 9. 15079:method. 14517:15 June 14143:4331212 13891:18 July 13140:2492782 12663:2009334 12580:Praeger 12493:2708927 12444:3161310 12134:Praeger 12132:ebook. 12077:10 June 12036:4342653 11854:2697429 11711:Praeger 11627:Praeger 11536:Penguin 11386:11 July 11008:2166597 10872:1149284 10035:15 June 10024:Encarta 9561:1 March 9498:1 March 9262:16 July 8818:10 June 8569:Ukraine 8513:poverty 8382:of the 8289:Pol Pot 8159:famines 8041:compel 7972:of the 7895:, from 7893:capital 7862:Marxist 7786:and of 7586:Marxism 7491:Maoists 7195:of the 7068:fascist 7040:fascism 6956:Marxism 6896:in the 6874:Marxist 6786:wrote: 6331:Islamic 6306:Radical 6296:Popular 6242:Liberal 6123:Indices 6113:History 6017:Outline 5970:Utopian 5747:Srnicek 5732:Toscano 5727:Seymour 5682:Prashad 5632:Sankara 5627:Berardi 5612:Hampton 5587:Burawoy 5557:Panitch 5552:Haraway 5542:Cleaver 5527:Brenner 5492:Balibar 5447:Postone 5437:Losurdo 5367:Vattimo 5337:Gonzalo 5332:Jameson 5322:Parenti 5262:Liebman 5257:Guevara 5147:Nkrumah 5142:Sombart 5117:Padmore 5087:Kalecki 5082:Marcuse 5042:Bordiga 5027:Gramsci 4982:Trotsky 4942:Du Bois 4932:Kautsky 4808:Western 4687:Titoism 4572:Aspects 4528:History 4448:Radical 4286:Capital 3991:Capital 3936:Marxism 3727:of the 3593:", and 3444:Marxism 3405:of the 3378:Marxism 3340:Maoists 3328:CPN UML 3269:of the 3234:Kremlin 3200:of the 3147:in the 3090:Albania 3080:Titoism 3060:Romania 2649:Mao era 2448:soviets 2444:soviets 2223:Diggers 2219:Puritan 2180:titled 2146:Marxist 2097:, some 2060:Tacitus 1985:History 1943:Hungary 1923:regimes 1917:; this 1796:, that 1711:atheist 1542:Marxism 1429:Vietnam 1260:Marxism 1174:of the 1029:Romania 875:Symbols 862:Vietnam 857:Sumatra 800:Britain 767:Prashad 747:Graeber 727:Gilmore 712:Sankara 702:Hampton 637:Guevara 587:Nkrumah 567:Padmore 527:Gramsci 497:Trotsky 472:Du Bois 432:Meslier 322:History 290:Utopian 268:Marxism 128:Commune 27691:(1992) 27681:(1971) 27671:(1951) 27661:(1945) 27651:(1944) 27641:(1929) 27631:(1859) 27621:(1848) 27601:(1820) 27591:(1791) 27581:(1790) 27571:(1762) 27561:(1748) 27551:(1689) 27541:(1651) 27531:(1532) 27521:(1313) 27451:Walzer 27441:Taylor 27396:Sartre 27361:Popper 27356:Pareto 27351:Ortega 27336:Nozick 27326:Mouffe 27276:Laclau 27236:Guénon 27221:Gandhi 27161:Berlin 27151:Bauman 27146:Badiou 27136:Arendt 27103:Tucker 26993:Le Bon 26954:Herder 26944:Haller 26939:Godwin 26924:Fichte 26919:Engels 26914:Cortés 26884:Bonald 26841:Suárez 26816:Milton 26806:Luther 26779:Hobbes 26764:Filmer 26754:Calvin 26739:Boétie 26732:period 26711:Ockham 26578:Cicero 26379:Nazism 26167:Utopia 26142:Rights 26132:Regime 26102:People 26087:Nation 25789:Modern 25705:Nazism 25233:Poland 25206:Kerala 25196:France 25150:Fisher 25145:Kelley 25140:Lordon 25120:Marcos 25105:Öcalan 25070:Newton 25060:Badiou 25055:Guzmán 25035:Debord 25020:Berger 25015:Castro 25005:Mandel 24995:Freire 24960:Sartre 24900:Makhno 24890:Lukács 24880:Stalin 24840:Morris 24835:Engels 24825:Babeuf 24810:Mazdak 24802:People 24304:  24278:  24255:  24229:  24204:  24178:  24155:  24129:  24099:  24073:  24051:  24024:  24014:  23989:  23966:  23944:  23918:  23890:  23864:  23838:  23807:  23778:  23739:  23721:  23685:  23657:  23634:  23608:  23582:  23556:  23512:about 23490:  23432:  23392:  23375:  23367:  23323:  23297:  23216:  23186:  23155:  23115:  23083:  23049:  23009:  22982:  22945:  22898:  22877:  22871:261138 22869:  22830:  22798:  22774:  22753:  22713:  22692:  22686:261138 22684:  22627:  22594:206491 22592:  22550:  22540:  22471:  22445:  22435:  22398:  22371:  22323:  22315:  22222:  22214:  22152:  22124:  22102:  22074:  22037:  22010:, and 21850:Quotes 21738:flaws. 21666:, and 21501:Nazism 21385:, the 21094:  21060:  20893:  20866:  20824:  20795:7 July 20767:  20759:  20689:  20679:  20606:  20572:  20540:  20493:  20459:  20427:  20395:  20337:  20329:  20321:  20282:  20159:  20126:  20036:  19978:  19946:  19910:Satory 19774:  19604:  19575:  19565:  19530:  19520:  19497:  19489:  19440:  19408:  19329:  19298:  19266:  19190:  19182:  19174:  19113:  19075:  19023:  18978:  18933:  18887:  18842:  18800:  18750:  18687:  18649:  18579:  18478:  18443:  18365:  18311:  18301:  18103:  18002:  17974:  17943:  17893:  17858:15 May 17745:  17719:27 May 17643:  17451:  17369:  17200:  17194:651881 17192:  17150:  17011:  16984:131248 16982:  16941:  16907:  16876:  16845:  16811:  16779:  16745:  16720:  16712:  16704:  16661:  16630:  16446:  16412:  16339:  16309:  16180:  16132:191498 16130:  16122:  16019:. CNN. 15960:  15935:  15925:  15869:  15791:  15662:  15654:  15515:  15505:  15448:  15438:  15400:  15365:  15355:  15266:  15258:  15219:  15178:  15031:  14944:  14871:  14677:  14644:  14484:  14392:  14338:  14294:  14262:  14235:3 June 14150:  14140:  14097:  14066:  14029:  13994:  13965:  13923:  13773:  13742:  13696:  13647:  13637:  13601:  13549:130963 13547:  13473:  13362:  13307:  13233:  13225:  13175:  13146:  13138:  13130:  13088:  13057:  13030:  12999:  12955:  12928:  12897:  12868:  12858:  12778:  12740:  12704:: 1–55 12669:  12661:  12618:  12586:  12557:  12491:  12450:  12442:  12334:  12328:459753 12326:  12285:  12256:  12223:  12185:  12140:  12105:  12034:  11993:  11956:  11908:  11852:  11807:  11767:  11717:  11688:  11633:  11604:  11564:  11510:  11470:456632 11468:  11434:  11424:  11351:  11196:  11161:  11106:p. 384 11062:153614 11060:  11006:  10914:  10870:  10762:  10713:  10686:  10678:  10589:  10581:  10575:153593 10573:  10565:  10527:153614 10525:  10517:  10390:  10382:  10326:  10282:  10205:  10062:  9989:  9954:  9909:  9867:  9825:  9732:  9677:  9641:  9592:  9454:  9446:  9358:  9327:  9232:22 May 9220:"Left" 9158:  9121:13 May 9083:  8874:456632 8872:  8843:  8648:, the 8636:, and 8632:, the 8628:, the 8624:, the 8596:, and 8528:, the 8422:Nazism 8370:, and 8275:, and 8253:, and 8013:egoist 8011:, are 7964:, and 7730:, and 7690:, and 7686:, the 7663:, the 7602:Maoism 7546:, and 7423:Maoism 7417:Maoism 7398:, and 7276:, and 7136:façade 6986:, the 6867:(1903) 6659:Europe 6649:Africa 6643:Region 6616:Voting 6526:Motion 6363:Social 6341:Mormon 6336:Jewish 6251:Liquid 6212:Guided 6202:Ethnic 6182:Direct 6118:Theory 5965:Social 5950:Market 5752:Horvat 5707:Fisher 5702:Linera 5697:Lordon 5687:Kelley 5672:Marcos 5667:Ghandy 5657:Foster 5582:Fraser 5577:Wright 5567:Jessop 5562:Clarke 5547:Bishop 5537:Massey 5517:Mouffe 5467:Newton 5462:Spivak 5452:Rodney 5417:Berman 5372:Badiou 5352:Laclau 5347:Harvey 5342:Dussel 5302:Debord 5297:Tronti 5267:Heller 5252:Castro 5247:Berger 5232:Bauman 5222:Cabral 5207:Mandel 5202:Freire 5192:Hinton 5172:Draper 5152:Sweezy 5122:Sartre 5112:Adorno 5077:Brecht 5032:Galiev 5007:Korsch 5002:Lukács 4977:Stalin 4922:Morris 4917:Engels 4905:People 4682:Maoism 4603:Ethics 4443:Soviet 4166:Empire 3800:axioms 3559:profit 3494:and a 3372:Theory 3354:. The 3288:, the 3222:Cheget 3153:Kerala 3149:Indian 3056:Poland 2942:Maoist 2807:, and 2775:. The 2749:cadres 2727:, the 2630:While 2623:, and 2617:profit 2536:, and 2277:, and 2261:, and 2196:virtue 2192:reason 2183:Utopia 2165:Utopia 2144:. The 2080:clergy 2068:Persia 2064:Mazdak 2058:, and 2048:Cicero 2016:, and 1975:, and 1927:Soviet 1511:isme ( 1507:common 1487:French 1427:, and 1353:, and 1311:France 1278:, and 1274:, its 1266:, and 1254:, and 1213:, and 1151:, and 1134:(from 847:Poland 820:Kerala 810:France 762:Fisher 757:Kelley 752:Lordon 732:Marcos 717:Öcalan 682:Newton 672:Badiou 667:Guzmán 647:Debord 632:Berger 627:Castro 617:Mandel 607:Freire 572:Sartre 512:Makhno 502:Lukács 492:Stalin 452:Morris 447:Engels 437:Babeuf 422:Mazdak 415:People 27840:Index 27469:Works 27456:Weber 27421:Spann 27416:Sorel 27381:Röpke 27376:Rawls 27331:Negri 27321:Mosca 27316:Mises 27281:Lenin 27251:Hoppe 27246:Hayek 27211:Fromm 27201:Evola 27191:Dugin 27088:Taine 27068:Smith 27048:Renan 27043:Paine 26964:Iqbal 26949:Hegel 26899:Comte 26889:Burke 26801:Locke 26791:James 26744:Bodin 26676:Dante 26671:Bruni 26625:Shang 26608:Plato 26162:State 26112:Power 26097:Peace 26032:Elite 26010:Terms 25864:Multi 25854:Inter 25727:Green 25218:Nepal 25213:Korea 25201:India 25170:Saito 25125:Hardt 25095:Zizek 25080:Davis 25065:Sison 25050:Negri 25010:Fanon 24965:Hoxha 24950:James 24865:Lenin 24421:from 24010:(4). 23776:S2CID 23719:JSTOR 23373:S2CID 23365:JSTOR 23351:(3). 23176:(PDF) 23113:JSTOR 22875:S2CID 22867:JSTOR 22792:(PDF) 22751:S2CID 22729:(PDF) 22690:S2CID 22682:JSTOR 22609:(PDF) 22590:JSTOR 22321:S2CID 22313:JSTOR 22220:S2CID 22212:JSTOR 22029:[ 21610:Juche 21371:Gulag 21329:Juche 21313:Juche 21309:Juche 21305:Juche 21300:Juche 21209:, or 20864:S2CID 20765:S2CID 20335:S2CID 20327:JSTOR 20225:(31, 20218:] 20124:S2CID 20063:(6). 20034:S2CID 19495:S2CID 19487:JSTOR 19406:JSTOR 19290:[ 19188:S2CID 19180:JSTOR 19073:JSTOR 19059:(2). 18639:20–23 18573:80–81 17641:S2CID 17330:(PDF) 17198:S2CID 17190:JSTOR 16980:JSTOR 16718:S2CID 16710:JSTOR 16655:BRILL 16434:[ 16410:S2CID 16307:JSTOR 16301:(4). 16128:JSTOR 15933:S2CID 15732:(PDF) 15715:(PDF) 15660:S2CID 15446:S2CID 15289:(PDF) 15264:S2CID 15213:Brill 15176:S2CID 15150:(PDF) 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4398:Class 3827:dogma 3038:as a 2879:China 2842:China 2821:gulag 2056:Plato 1765:as a 1645:, or 1497:Latin 1489:word 1413:China 1192:state 1188:money 1136:Latin 832:Nepal 827:Korea 815:India 782:Saito 737:Hardt 707:Zizek 692:Davis 677:Sison 662:Negri 622:Fanon 577:Hoxha 562:James 477:Lenin 27371:Rand 27366:Qutb 27266:Kirk 27141:Aron 27058:Sade 27038:Owen 27023:Mill 27013:Marx 26981:Kant 26959:Hume 26821:More 26721:Wang 26603:Mozi 26027:Duty 25859:Mono 25832:Anti 25536:Anti 25223:Peru 25130:Dean 25040:Amin 24945:Zhou 24920:Tito 24830:Marx 24815:More 24787:WFSW 24782:WIDF 24772:WFDY 24767:WFTU 24413:2021 24302:ISBN 24276:ISBN 24253:ISBN 24227:ISBN 24202:ISBN 24176:ISBN 24153:ISBN 24127:ISBN 24097:ISBN 24071:ISBN 24049:ISBN 24022:ISSN 24012:ISSN 23987:ISBN 23964:ISBN 23942:ISBN 23916:ISBN 23888:ISBN 23862:ISBN 23836:ISBN 23805:ISBN 23737:ISBN 23683:ISBN 23655:ISBN 23632:ISBN 23606:ISBN 23580:ISBN 23554:ISBN 23488:ISBN 23430:ISBN 23390:ISBN 23321:ISBN 23295:ISBN 23272:2012 23254:2018 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