1642:
4485:
2648:
1578:
2876:
4497:
2659:
3456:
2991:). Today, there are a few cases where the original sections of the Communist International have retained those names. But throughout the twentieth century, many parties changed their names. For example, following their ascension to power, the Bolshevik Party changed their name to the All-Russian Communist Party. Causes for these shifts in naming were either moves to avoid
2801:(Comintern) in 1919, the concept of communist party leadership was adopted by many revolutionary parties, worldwide. In an effort to standardize the international communist movement ideologically and maintain central control of the member parties, the Comintern required that its members use the term "communist party" in their names.
2974:
Recent scholarship has developed the comparative political study of global communist parties by examining similarities and differences across historical geographies. In particular, the rise of revolutionary parties, their spread internationally, the appearance of charismatic revolutionary leaders and
3065:
Following the collapse of the
Eastern Bloc between 1989–1992, most of these parties either disappeared or were renamed and adopted different goals than their predecessors. In the 21st century, only five ruling parties on the national level still described themselves as Marxist–Leninist parties: the
2871:
and students', women's, peasants', and cultural organizations have been connected to communist parties. Traditionally, these mass organizations were often politically subordinated to the political leadership of the party. After the fall of communist party regimes in the 1990s, mass organizations
3053:
billion). The CPSU's
International Department officially recognized 95 ruling and nonruling communist parties. Overall, if one includes the 107 parties with significant memberships, there were approximately 82 million communist party members worldwide. Given its worldwide representation, the
3132:
Another important question is why communist parties were able to rule for as long as they did. Some scholars have depicted these parties as fatally flawed from their inception and argue they only remained in power because their leaders were willing to use their monopoly of power and the
2949:). Upon attaining state power these Fronts were often transformed into nominal (and usually electoral) "National" or "Fatherland" Fronts in which non-communist parties and organizations were given token representation (a practice known as
1057:
927:
2971:, though the purpose was the same: to promote the communist party line to generally non-communist audiences and to mobilize them to carry out tasks within the country under the aegis of the Front.
2945:
Historically, in countries where communist parties were struggling to attain state power, the formation of wartime alliances with non-communist parties and wartime groups was enacted (such as the
3101:
Although the historical importance of communist parties is widely accepted, their activities and functions have been interpreted in different ways. One approach, sometimes known as the
3571:
1716:
1242:
1267:
2890:
At the international level, the
Communist International organized various international front organizations (linking national mass organizations with each other), such as the
3129:
and A. James McAdams, have emphasized the differences in both these parties' organizational structure and their use of
Marxist and Leninist ideas to justify their policies.
450:
2998:
An important example of the latter was the renaming of many East
European communist parties after the Second World War, sometimes as a result of mergers with the local
1474:
478:
2848:
in Lenin's theory, there was a need for networks of separate organizations to mobilize mass support for the party. Typically, communist parties built up various
1237:
558:
791:
196:
2983:
A uniform naming scheme for communist parties was adopted by the
Communist International. All parties were required to use the name 'Communist Party of (
1362:
273:
1232:
410:
113:
2852:
whose membership was often open to non-communists. In many countries, the single most important front organization of the communist parties was its
1392:
1142:
338:
323:
243:
2960:
1489:
1157:
1097:
697:
298:
3805:
2927:
1960:
1202:
999:
692:
3033:
in the 1960s. Those who sided with China and
Albania in their criticism of the Soviet leadership, often added words like 'Revolutionary' or '
1177:
2963:(as a modern-day example). Other times the formation of such Fronts was undertaken without the participation of other parties, such as the
1052:
568:
360:
258:
93:
1608:
488:
31:
3168:
McAdams, A. James. Vanguard of the
Revolution: The Global Idea of the Communist Party. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017.
665:
201:
63:
3815:
3749:
1970:
1902:
1429:
1192:
1047:
4261:
3566:
2816:
political parties throughout the world. After the death of Lenin, the
Comintern's official interpretation of Leninism was the book
2420:
1711:
1542:
563:
3178:
3029:
The naming conventions of communist parties became more diverse as the international communist movement was fragmented due to the
2778:. Once a policy was agreed upon, realizing political goals required every Bolshevik's total commitment to the agreed-upon policy.
4209:
3141:. In contrast, other studies have emphasized these parties' ability to adapt their policies to changing times and circumstances.
2368:
1182:
1102:
1092:
882:
430:
395:
3810:
3105:
school of communist studies, has implicitly treated all communist parties as the same types of organizations. Scholars such as
3011:
2946:
1965:
1357:
1321:
1027:
1004:
821:
226:
4385:
3242:
2975:
their ultimate demise during the decline and fall of communist parties worldwide have all been the subject of investigation.
2550:
1152:
907:
868:
839:
78:
3125:. In contrast, other studies have emphasized the differences among communist parties. Multi-party studies, such as those by
3795:
2915:
1950:
1449:
2864:'. Later the youth league concept was broadened in many countries, and names like 'Democratic Youth League' were adopted.
3488:
3083:
2790:
2687:
1557:
1316:
877:
816:
603:
545:
3460:
3019:
3015:
2988:
1336:
1301:
1257:
1064:
889:
598:
473:
390:
385:
4339:
3263:
Stuart-Fox, Martin (Autumn 1983). "Marxism and
Theravada Buddhism: The Legitimation of Political Authority in Laos".
3150:
3087:
2987:)', resulting in separate communist parties in some countries operating using (largely) homonymous party names (e.g.
2502:
1527:
1372:
1286:
1197:
1069:
942:
897:
851:
846:
811:
766:
741:
483:
318:
118:
4527:
4360:
3790:
3023:
2923:
2525:
1945:
1424:
1326:
1291:
1187:
1117:
922:
710:
638:
633:
313:
308:
135:
20:
2910:, etc. Many of these organizations were disbanded after the dissolution of the Communist International. After the
1034:
3800:
3621:
2964:
2919:
2743:
1955:
1768:
1601:
1494:
1306:
1172:
804:
704:
4133:
3248:[ Major Amendments to the Rules of the Workers' Party of Korea] (in Korean). 1 June 2021. Archived from
2290:
4422:
3274:
2587:
1454:
1444:
1387:
1367:
1252:
1217:
1167:
155:
4432:
3561:
2956:
2891:
2766:
faction ("of the minority"). To be politically effective, Lenin proposed a small vanguard party managed with
2597:
1706:
1127:
1014:
989:
645:
590:
540:
535:
438:
148:
129:
4454:
4370:
4312:
4251:
3672:
3581:
3369:
2968:
2845:
2619:
2535:
2473:
2410:
1824:
1728:
1419:
1162:
972:
677:
670:
613:
573:
405:
191:
88:
4390:
4108:
3606:
3348:
3059:
2555:
2265:
1753:
1397:
1262:
1247:
1074:
984:
957:
937:
799:
723:
585:
443:
333:
170:
4522:
3439:
3398:
3228:
3079:
3075:
2880:
1594:
1331:
1281:
1227:
1212:
1022:
952:
829:
784:
779:
771:
759:
754:
650:
580:
367:
345:
293:
208:
103:
41:
4417:
3848:
3780:
3410:
3377:
3045:
In 1985, approximately 38 percent of the world's population lived under "communist" governments (1.67
2582:
2005:
1935:
1532:
1434:
1009:
979:
917:
834:
717:
623:
618:
530:
285:
268:
238:
221:
216:
143:
73:
24:
3340:
1311:
1112:
1082:
994:
746:
682:
550:
525:
468:
455:
355:
253:
160:
123:
98:
83:
68:
19:
This article is about an analysis of communist parties. For a list of parties using this name, see
4444:
3759:
3652:
3481:
3431:
3071:
3067:
2857:
2818:
2798:
2785:, emphasized that the party should not neglect the importance of mass populations in realizing a
2722:
2680:
2609:
1912:
1801:
1479:
1296:
1087:
967:
687:
498:
460:
280:
165:
3436:
Why Communism Did Not Collapse: Understanding Authoritarian Regime Resilience in Asia and Europe
3114:
2861:
902:
859:
520:
108:
4395:
4214:
3702:
3551:
3531:
3138:
2903:
2767:
2560:
2373:
1853:
1696:
1676:
1537:
1147:
1132:
515:
3304:
4344:
4334:
4271:
4266:
4163:
4143:
3764:
3754:
3736:
3541:
3034:
3003:
2813:
2786:
2507:
2497:
2430:
2425:
2320:
2300:
1917:
1907:
1890:
1686:
1547:
1521:
1377:
1042:
508:
8:
4449:
4365:
4294:
4281:
4256:
4229:
4219:
4138:
4023:
3898:
3825:
3785:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3695:
3680:
3576:
3521:
3407:
Marxism and the Leap to the Kingdom of Freedom: The Rise and Fall of the Communist Utopia
3106:
2931:
2849:
2614:
2530:
2455:
2443:
2415:
2388:
2378:
2295:
2180:
2055:
1983:
1940:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1846:
1831:
1723:
1666:
503:
380:
375:
233:
4469:
4427:
4400:
4305:
4241:
4236:
4224:
3993:
3913:
3657:
3474:
3314:
3286:
2839:
2794:
2673:
2634:
2592:
2565:
2466:
2400:
2395:
2383:
2150:
2070:
1806:
1625:
1414:
4128:
2285:
4289:
4246:
4068:
3958:
3948:
3878:
3707:
3596:
3591:
3556:
3526:
3055:
3030:
2999:
2450:
2405:
2225:
2115:
2105:
2035:
1858:
1743:
1738:
1701:
1671:
1641:
1512:
350:
4078:
4053:
3918:
3201:
These calculations are based on parties for which sufficient data is available. See
2235:
2210:
2075:
30:"Marxist–Leninist party" redirects here. For a list of parties using this name, see
4501:
4489:
4380:
4188:
4088:
3983:
3928:
3883:
3873:
3858:
3744:
3647:
3616:
3278:
3126:
3122:
2992:
2911:
2805:
2771:
2731:
2663:
2652:
2545:
2345:
2245:
2140:
2085:
2040:
2030:
2015:
1897:
1796:
1763:
1582:
3249:
2750:
developed the idea of the communist party as the revolutionary vanguard, when the
2742:(proletariat). As a ruling party, the communist party exercises power through the
4013:
3953:
3943:
3938:
3868:
3637:
3611:
3586:
3546:
3511:
3265:
3090:
3007:
2835:
2705:
2170:
2110:
2100:
2095:
2025:
1786:
1758:
1733:
1691:
1656:
4329:
4183:
4123:
4093:
3978:
3973:
3893:
3888:
3863:
3516:
3134:
3110:
3054:
communist party may be counted as the principal challenger to the influence of
2755:
2747:
2709:
2492:
2340:
2280:
2250:
2135:
2130:
2050:
2045:
2020:
1661:
4516:
4464:
4178:
4158:
4148:
4073:
4028:
4008:
3998:
3923:
3903:
3203:
Starr, Richard (March–April 1986). "Checklist of Communist Parties in 1985".
2823:
2775:
2739:
2629:
2335:
2315:
2305:
2230:
2185:
2165:
2155:
2080:
2060:
3395:
The Grand Failure: The Birth and Death of Communism in the Twentieth Century
2738:, the communist party guides the political education and development of the
4375:
4168:
4118:
4113:
4103:
4083:
4038:
4033:
4018:
3908:
3843:
3642:
3601:
3102:
2935:
2860:, the youth leagues were explicit communist organizations, using the name '
2782:
2540:
2325:
2275:
2270:
2260:
2240:
2195:
2190:
2175:
2065:
2000:
1791:
1748:
3426:(Berkeley, CA: Center for International Studies, 1978); Stephen F. Cohen,
3345:
The Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century
4459:
4193:
4173:
4048:
4043:
4003:
3988:
3933:
3838:
2951:
2934:. The Soviet Union unified many of the Comintern's original goals in the
2907:
2899:
2868:
2735:
2624:
2350:
2330:
2205:
2200:
2160:
2145:
2090:
1995:
1562:
3572:"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"
2875:
2789:. In the course of the revolution, the Bolshevik party which became the
4063:
4058:
3968:
3963:
3290:
2895:
2853:
2763:
2759:
2220:
2215:
2125:
2120:
4439:
4153:
4098:
3853:
3662:
3497:
2939:
2751:
2727:
2713:
2604:
2310:
2255:
2010:
1811:
1633:
1552:
1517:
1484:
3282:
2995:
or as measures to generate greater acceptance by local populations.
2844:
As the membership of a communist party was to be limited to active
4410:
4405:
4299:
3690:
3118:
2809:
2575:
2570:
2460:
1841:
3307:[Communist Party of China Party Statistics Announcement].
3225:
Vanguard of the Revolution: The Global Idea of the Communist Party
3685:
3424:
Five Images of the Soviet Future: A Critical Review and Synthesis
1836:
2914:
new international coordination bodies were created, such as the
3833:
3455:
3353:
The Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in Russia, 1917–1991
3309:
3243:"[pyo] bughan nodongdang gyuyag juyo gaejeong naeyong"
1990:
23:. For a list of communist parties of the past and present, see
4496:
2658:
3210:
2884:
2781:
In contrast, the Menshevik faction, which initially included
16:
Political party that promotes communist philosophy and values
3466:
3086:. As of 2023, the Chinese Communist Party was the world's
3037:' to distinguish themselves from the pro-Soviet parties.
2804:
Under the leadership of the CPSU, the interpretations of
3335:
See Carl Joachim Friedrich and Zbigniew K. Brzezinski,
2770:
which allowed the centralized command of a disciplined
3113:
have relied upon conceptions of the party emphasizing
3179:"Russian Bolshevik Party becomes the Communist Party"
2758:
was divided into ideologically opposed factions, the
3209:, and the V-Dem (Varieties of Democracy) Dataset at
2793:(CPSU) assumed government power in Russia after the
2872:sometimes outlived their communist party founders.
2808:were applied to Russia and led to the emergence of
2965:Socialist Alliance of Working People of Yugoslavia
3006:parties. New names in the post-war era included "
4514:
2955:), the most popular examples of these being the
3297:
3482:
2681:
1602:
3117:control, a top-down hierarchical structure,
869:
860:
2938:under the aegis of a new organization, the
2928:Women's International Democratic Federation
3489:
3475:
3262:
2688:
2674:
1609:
1595:
2874:
3337:Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy
3222:
32:Marxist–Leninist Party (disambiguation)
4515:
4386:Mass killings under communist regimes
3470:
3434:, 1986; and Martin K. Dimitrov, ed.,
3202:
2829:
2551:Mass killings under communist regimes
2947:National Liberation Front of Albania
2916:World Federation of Democratic Youth
2762:faction ("of the majority") and the
2723:The Manifesto of the Communist Party
1717:"From each according to his ability,
2791:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
13:
3093:, having over 98 million members.
3062:parties in the twentieth century.
2959:(as a historical example) and the
2797:in 1917. With the creation of the
14:
4539:
4340:Criticism of communist party rule
3448:
3343:, 1965); François Furet, et.al.,
3151:Criticism of communist party rule
2503:Criticism of communist party rule
4495:
4483:
4361:21st-century communist theorists
3454:
3428:Rethinking the Soviet Experience
3084:Lao People's Revolutionary Party
2961:North Korean Reunification Front
2924:World Federation of Trade Unions
2720:was popularized by the title of
2657:
2646:
2526:21st-century communist theorists
1640:
1576:
21:Communist Party (disambiguation)
3622:Dictatorship of the proletariat
3416:
3387:
3207:. Vol. 35. pp. 62–66.
2920:International Union of Students
2744:dictatorship of the proletariat
1769:Dictatorship of the proletariat
1719:to each according to his needs"
3374:The Marxian Revolutionary Idea
3358:
3329:
3275:University of British Columbia
3256:
3245:[표] 북한 노동당 규약 주요 개정 내용
3235:
3216:
3195:
3171:
3162:
2957:National Front of East Germany
1:
3562:Critique of political economy
3496:
3355:(New York: Free Press, 1995).
3156:
3040:
2969:National Front of Afghanistan
2892:Young Communist International
1707:Critique of political economy
1128:Communist Party (Switzerland)
4455:Socialist mode of production
4371:Anti-communist mass killings
4313:Workers of the world, unite!
3582:Proletarian internationalism
3370:University of Michigan Press
2620:Socialist mode of production
2536:Anti-communist mass killings
2474:Workers of the world, unite!
1729:Proletarian internationalism
7:
4423:Marx's theory of alienation
3372:, 1962); Robert C. Tucker,
3349:University of Chicago Press
3144:
3016:People's (or Popular) Party
2879:A propaganda poster of the
2588:Marx's theory of alienation
1469:International organizations
10:
4544:
3440:Cambridge University Press
3382:Vanguard of the Revolution
3378:W. W. Norton & Company
3229:Princeton University Press
3223:McAdams, A. James (2017).
3211:https://v-dem.net/en/data/
3076:Communist Party of Vietnam
2881:Communist Party of Vietnam
2833:
2708:that seeks to realize the
29:
18:
4478:
4353:
4322:
4280:
4202:
3824:
3773:
3735:
3671:
3630:
3504:
3411:Stanford University Press
2978:
2856:. During the time of the
1533:List of communist parties
1435:Victorian Socialist Party
25:List of communist parties
3607:Workers' self-management
3341:Harvard University Press
3244:
3096:
1754:Workers' self-management
4528:Communist organizations
4445:Revolutionary socialism
3653:Socialization (Marxism)
3432:Oxford University Press
3405:; and Andrzej Walicki,
3401:, 1989); Martin Malia,
3399:Charles Scribner's Sons
3351:, 1999); Martin Malia,
3080:Workers' Party of Korea
3072:Communist Party of Cuba
3068:Chinese Communist Party
2858:Communist International
2819:Foundations of Leninism
2799:Communist International
2610:Revolutionary socialism
1802:Socialization (Marxism)
3422:See George Breslauer,
3137:to crush all forms of
2887:
2862:Young Communist League
870:
861:
792:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4396:Intentional community
3532:Collective leadership
3393:Zbigniew Brzezinski,
3205:Problems of Communism
3012:Socialist Unity Party
2904:International Red Aid
2878:
2768:democratic centralism
2561:Intentional community
1677:Collective leadership
1538:Democratic centralism
1373:Socialist Alternative
698:Revolutionary Faction
4502:Socialism portal
4490:Communism portal
4345:Criticism of Marxism
4335:Communist propaganda
3765:Fourth International
3755:Second International
3542:Communist revolution
3463:at Wikimedia Commons
3119:ideological rigidity
3004:democratic socialist
2787:communist revolution
2664:Socialism portal
2653:Communism portal
2508:Criticism of Marxism
2498:Communist propaganda
1918:Fourth International
1908:Second International
1687:Communist revolution
1583:Communism portal
1378:Victorian Socialists
688:Malaya and Singapore
4450:Socialist economics
4366:Anti anti-communism
4295:Red flag (politics)
3760:Third International
3750:First International
3577:Market abolitionism
3522:Class consciousness
3227:. Princeton, N.J.:
3107:Zbigniew Brzezinski
2985:name of the country
2932:World Peace Council
2850:front organizations
2615:Socialist economics
2531:Anti anti-communism
2520:Related topics
2456:Red flag (politics)
1913:Third International
1903:First International
1724:Market abolitionism
1667:Class consciousness
4470:Worker cooperative
4428:National communism
4401:Left-wing politics
4306:The Internationale
3658:Economic democracy
3403:The Soviet Tragedy
3380:), 1969; McAdams,
3315:Xinhua News Agency
3056:liberal-democratic
3049:billion out of 4.4
2888:
2840:Front organization
2830:Mass organizations
2795:October Revolution
2752:socialist movement
2635:Worker cooperative
2593:National communism
2566:Left-wing politics
2467:The Internationale
1807:Economic democracy
1415:Communist Alliance
1368:Socialist Alliance
286:Dominican Republic
4523:Communist parties
4510:
4509:
4290:Hammer and sickle
3781:Communist Parties
3597:Stateless society
3592:Social revolution
3557:Communist society
3527:Classless society
3461:Communist parties
3459:Media related to
3031:Sino-Soviet split
3000:social democratic
2698:
2697:
2451:Hammer and sickle
1936:Communist Parties
1744:Stateless society
1739:Social revolution
1702:Communist society
1672:Classless society
1619:
1618:
1543:General Secretary
1528:Criticism of rule
1513:Central committee
50:Communist parties
4535:
4500:
4499:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4391:Internationalism
4381:Communitarianism
3745:Communist League
3648:Common ownership
3617:World revolution
3567:Free association
3491:
3484:
3477:
3468:
3467:
3458:
3443:
3420:
3414:
3409:(Palo Alto, CA:
3391:
3385:
3368:(Ann Arbor, MI:
3364:Franz Borkenau,
3362:
3356:
3339:(Cambridge, MA:
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3127:Robert C. Tucker
3123:party discipline
3052:
3048:
3035:Marxist–Leninist
2993:state repression
2912:Second World War
2814:Marxist–Leninist
2806:orthodox Marxism
2774:of professional
2732:Friedrich Engels
2718:communist party"
2690:
2683:
2676:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2556:Internationalism
2546:Communitarianism
1898:Communist League
1797:Common ownership
1764:World revolution
1712:Free association
1644:
1621:
1620:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1548:Marxism–Leninism
873:
864:
693:Marxist–Leninist
37:
36:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4494:
4484:
4482:
4474:
4349:
4318:
4276:
4198:
3820:
3769:
3731:
3667:
3638:Planned economy
3626:
3612:World communism
3587:Labour movement
3547:Communist state
3537:Communist party
3512:Anti-capitalism
3500:
3495:
3451:
3446:
3421:
3417:
3392:
3388:
3366:World Communism
3363:
3359:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3318:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3283:10.2307/2758191
3266:Pacific Affairs
3261:
3257:
3252:on 2 June 2021.
3246:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3231:. pp. 3–4.
3221:
3217:
3200:
3196:
3187:
3185:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3147:
3099:
3091:political party
3050:
3046:
3043:
3024:Party of Labour
3008:Socialist Party
2981:
2842:
2836:Communist front
2832:
2776:revolutionaries
2756:Imperial Russia
2706:political party
2702:communist party
2694:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2521:
2513:
2512:
2488:
2480:
2479:
2446:
2436:
2435:
2364:
2356:
2355:
1986:
1976:
1975:
1931:
1923:
1922:
1893:
1883:
1882:
1827:
1817:
1816:
1787:Planned economy
1782:
1774:
1773:
1759:World communism
1734:Labour movement
1718:
1692:Communist state
1682:Communist party
1657:Anti-capitalism
1652:
1615:
1577:
1575:
1568:
1567:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1224:United Kingdom
943:Munkáspárt 2006
737:
729:
728:
426:
418:
417:
184:
176:
175:
59:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4541:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4492:
4479:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4357:
4355:
4354:Related topics
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4330:Anti-communism
4326:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
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4222:
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4191:
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3830:
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3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3777:
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3655:
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3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3517:Class conflict
3514:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3501:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3450:
3449:External links
3447:
3445:
3444:
3415:
3386:
3357:
3328:
3317:. 30 June 2023
3313:(in Chinese).
3296:
3255:
3234:
3215:
3194:
3170:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3146:
3143:
3135:state monopoly
3111:Francois Furet
3098:
3095:
3088:second largest
3042:
3039:
3020:Workers' Party
2980:
2977:
2831:
2828:
2748:Vladimir Lenin
2736:vanguard party
2710:socio-economic
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
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2678:
2670:
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2558:
2553:
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2533:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2493:Anti-communism
2489:
2487:Criticism
2486:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2470:
2463:
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2453:
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2048:
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2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1929:
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1900:
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1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1662:Class conflict
1659:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1617:
1616:
1614:
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1606:
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1570:
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1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1515:
1509:
1507:Related topics
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1406:Former parties
1403:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1327:United Kingdom
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1287:Czechoslovakia
1284:
1276:Former parties
1273:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
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1222:
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1007:
1002:
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992:
987:
982:
977:
976:
975:
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947:
946:
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932:
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920:
912:
911:
910:
905:
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892:
887:
886:
885:
880:
875:
866:
854:
849:
844:
843:
842:
837:
832:
824:
822:Czech Republic
819:
814:
809:
808:
807:
802:
794:
789:
788:
787:
782:
774:
769:
764:
763:
762:
757:
749:
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738:
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727:
726:
721:
714:
707:
702:
701:
700:
695:
685:
680:
675:
674:
673:
668:
657:Former parties
654:
653:
648:
643:
642:
641:
636:
628:
627:
626:
621:
616:
608:
607:
606:
601:
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393:
388:
383:
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372:United States
370:
365:
364:
363:
358:
348:
343:
342:
341:
336:
328:
327:
326:
321:
316:
311:
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53:
52:
46:
45:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4540:
4529:
4526:
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4521:
4520:
4518:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4491:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4465:War communism
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4434:
4431:
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4429:
4426:
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4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
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4399:
4397:
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4392:
4389:
4387:
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4364:
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4352:
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4325:
4321:
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4307:
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4291:
4288:
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4279:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
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4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4189:Moufawad-Paul
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
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4050:
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4040:
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4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
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3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
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3907:
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3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
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3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
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3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
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3829:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:Organisations
3772:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3740:
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3726:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3697:
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3692:
3689:
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3679:
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3674:
3670:
3664:
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3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
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3633:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
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3588:
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3525:
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3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3487:
3485:
3480:
3478:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3361:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3332:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3305:"中国共产党党内统计公报"
3300:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3259:
3251:
3247:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3206:
3198:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3165:
3161:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3121:, and strict
3120:
3116:
3112:
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2827:
2825:
2824:Joseph Stalin
2821:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
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2800:
2796:
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2779:
2777:
2773:
2769:
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2740:working class
2737:
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2630:War communism
2628:
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2346:Moufawad-Paul
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2329:
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2319:
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
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1999:
1997:
1994:
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1989:
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1964:
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1959:
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1930:Organisations
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986:
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904:
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895:
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888:
884:
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879:
876:
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872:
867:
865:
863:
858:
857:
855:
853:
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848:
845:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
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823:
820:
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815:
813:
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803:
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786:
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748:
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689:
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684:
681:
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676:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
661:
660:
659:
658:
652:
649:
647:
644:
640:
639:SCP (Unified)
637:
635:
634:SCP (Bakdash)
632:
631:
629:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
609:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
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572:
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562:
560:
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556:
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552:
549:
547:
544:
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534:
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524:
522:
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517:
514:
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490:
487:
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472:
470:
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466:
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459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
445:
442:
440:
437:
436:
434:
432:
429:
428:
422:
421:
412:
409:
407:
404:
403:
401:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
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369:
366:
362:
359:
357:
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344:
340:
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335:
332:
331:
329:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
306:
304:
300:
297:
295:
292:
291:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
275:
274:PC de C (M–L)
272:
270:
267:
266:
264:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
249:
245:
242:
240:
237:
236:
235:
232:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
214:
212:
210:
207:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
187:
186:
180:
179:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
150:
147:
145:
142:
141:
140:South Africa
139:
137:
134:
132:
131:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
55:
54:
51:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
26:
22:
4376:Anti-fascism
4262:Soviet Union
3643:Gift economy
3602:Wage slavery
3536:
3435:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3406:
3402:
3394:
3389:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3331:
3319:. Retrieved
3308:
3299:
3270:
3264:
3258:
3250:the original
3237:
3224:
3218:
3204:
3197:
3186:. Retrieved
3182:
3173:
3164:
3131:
3103:totalitarian
3100:
3064:
3044:
3028:
2997:
2984:
2982:
2973:
2950:
2944:
2936:Eastern Bloc
2889:
2869:trade unions
2866:
2843:
2817:
2803:
2783:Leon Trotsky
2780:
2721:
2717:
2716:. The term "
2701:
2699:
2541:Anti-fascism
2421:Soviet Union
1792:Gift economy
1749:Wage slavery
1681:
1441:New Zealand
1405:
1404:
1384:New Zealand
1332:West Germany
1317:Soviet Union
1292:East Germany
1275:
1274:
1124:Switzerland
716:
709:
705:Saudi Arabia
656:
655:
595:Philippines
128:
79:Burkina Faso
49:
4460:Trade union
4418:LGBT rights
4252:Philippines
3703:Pre-Marxist
3696:Libertarian
3438:(New York:
3430:(New York:
3397:(New York:
3376:(New York:
3277:: 428–454.
3115:centralized
2952:Blockpartei
2908:Sportintern
2900:Krestintern
2625:Trade union
2583:LGBT rights
2411:Philippines
1854:Pre-Marxist
1847:Libertarian
1563:Vanguardism
1558:Secretariat
1302:Netherlands
1005:Netherlands
581:North Korea
435:Bangladesh
156:South Sudan
94:Ivory Coast
4517:Categories
4069:Berlinguer
3959:Khrushchev
3347:(Chicago:
3188:2023-06-03
3157:References
3139:opposition
3041:Membership
2896:Profintern
2854:youth wing
2834:See also:
2822:(1924) by
2726:(1848) by
2226:Berlinguer
2116:Khrushchev
1490:INITIATIVE
1411:Australia
1354:Australia
1337:Yugoslavia
1065:San Marino
990:Luxembourg
938:Munkáspárt
928:Anasintaxi
767:Azerbaijan
646:Tajikistan
610:Sri Lanka
541:Kyrgyzstan
536:Kazakhstan
402:Venezuela
188:Argentina
114:Madagascar
4440:Red Scare
4323:Criticism
4203:By region
4184:Hatherley
4014:Althusser
3949:Togliatti
3899:Kollontai
3894:Luxemburg
3879:Pannekoek
3874:Malatesta
3869:Kropotkin
3725:Christian
3720:Religious
3715:Primitive
3681:Anarchist
3663:Use value
3631:Economics
3498:Communism
3060:catch-all
2940:Cominform
2764:Menshevik
2760:Bolshevik
2728:Karl Marx
2714:communism
2712:goals of
2605:Red Scare
2363:By region
2341:Hatherley
2171:Althusser
2106:Togliatti
2056:Kollontai
2051:Luxemburg
2036:Pannekoek
2031:Malatesta
2026:Kropotkin
1876:Christian
1871:Religious
1866:Primitive
1832:Anarchist
1812:Use value
1781:Economics
1634:Communism
1553:Politburo
1518:Communism
1485:Cominform
1480:Comintern
1098:PCE (M–L)
1058:RCWP-CPSU
1019:Portugal
985:Lithuania
796:Bulgaria
678:Indonesia
662:Cambodia
591:Palestine
559:CPN (UML)
479:CPI-ML(L)
361:PCdelP–PR
265:Colombia
4411:New Left
4406:Old Left
4300:Red star
4215:Colombia
4134:Gordillo
4109:Holloway
4054:Guattari
4024:Pasolini
4009:Hobsbawm
3994:Beauvoir
3954:Benjamin
3929:Bukharin
3919:Thälmann
3691:Leninist
3673:Variants
3505:Concepts
3413:, 1997).
3145:See also
3082:and the
2989:in India
2967:and the
2930:and the
2810:Leninist
2576:New Left
2571:Old Left
2461:Red star
2374:Colombia
2291:Gordillo
2266:Holloway
2211:Guattari
2181:Pasolini
2166:Hobsbawm
2151:Beauvoir
2111:Benjamin
2086:Bukharin
2076:Thälmann
1842:Leninist
1825:Variants
1651:Concepts
1626:a series
1624:Part of
1243:CPGB-PCC
1209:Ukraine
1075:Slovakia
949:Ireland
934:Hungary
894:Germany
826:Denmark
776:Belgium
751:Austria
724:Thailand
604:PKP-1930
586:Pakistan
569:CPN (US)
564:CPN (MC)
484:CPI(Mst)
346:Paraguay
290:Ecuador
183:Americas
89:Eswatini
74:Botswana
42:a series
40:Part of
4433:Romania
4282:Symbols
4272:Vietnam
4267:Sumatra
4210:Britain
4179:Prashad
4159:Graeber
4139:Gilmore
4124:Sankara
4114:Hampton
4049:Guevara
3999:Nkrumah
3979:Padmore
3939:Gramsci
3909:Trotsky
3884:Du Bois
3844:Meslier
3737:History
3708:Utopian
3686:Marxism
3552:Commune
3442:, 2013)
3321:30 June
3291:2758191
3183:HISTORY
3022:" and "
2734:. As a
2598:Romania
2444:Symbols
2431:Vietnam
2426:Sumatra
2369:Britain
2336:Prashad
2316:Graeber
2296:Gilmore
2281:Sankara
2271:Hampton
2206:Guevara
2156:Nkrumah
2136:Padmore
2096:Gramsci
2066:Trotsky
2041:Du Bois
2001:Meslier
1891:History
1859:Utopian
1837:Marxism
1697:Commune
1522:history
1363:CPA(ML)
1349:Oceania
1312:Romania
1282:Albania
1268:RCPB-ML
1238:CPGB-ML
1139:Turkey
1109:Sweden
1039:Russia
1035:Romania
1000:Moldova
914:Greece
890:Georgia
856:France
852:Finland
847:Estonia
812:Croatia
772:Belarus
747:Armenia
742:Albania
711:Sarawak
651:Vietnam
551:Lebanon
489:SUCI(C)
431:Bahrain
368:Uruguay
339:PC(ml)P
330:Panama
305:Mexico
213:Brazil
209:Bolivia
171:Tunisia
136:Senegal
130:Réunion
124:Morocco
119:Namibia
104:Lesotho
64:Algeria
4257:Poland
4230:Kerala
4220:France
4174:Fisher
4169:Kelley
4164:Lordon
4144:Marcos
4129:Öcalan
4094:Newton
4084:Badiou
4079:Guzmán
4059:Debord
4044:Berger
4039:Castro
4029:Mandel
4019:Freire
3984:Sartre
3924:Makhno
3914:Lukács
3904:Stalin
3864:Morris
3859:Engels
3849:Babeuf
3834:Mazdak
3826:People
3310:Qiushi
3289:
3078:, the
3074:, the
3070:, the
3051:
3047:
2979:Naming
2846:cadres
2416:Poland
2389:Kerala
2379:France
2331:Fisher
2326:Kelley
2321:Lordon
2301:Marcos
2286:Öcalan
2251:Newton
2241:Badiou
2236:Guzmán
2216:Debord
2201:Berger
2196:Castro
2186:Mandel
2176:Freire
2141:Sartre
2081:Makhno
2071:Lukács
2061:Stalin
2021:Morris
2016:Engels
2006:Babeuf
1991:Mazdak
1984:People
1322:Turkey
1307:Poland
1233:CPB-ML
1203:TKP/ML
1193:TKEP/L
1143:DHKP/C
1079:Spain
1070:Serbia
1015:Poland
1010:Norway
980:Latvia
964:Italy
817:Cyprus
736:Europe
718:Taiwan
630:Syria
555:Nepal
531:Jordan
521:Israel
509:Toufan
474:CPI(M)
465:India
451:Bhutan
391:RCPUSA
259:PC(AP)
250:Chile
244:CPC-ML
234:Canada
58:Africa
4242:Nepal
4237:Korea
4225:India
4194:Saito
4149:Hardt
4119:Zizek
4104:Davis
4089:Sison
4074:Negri
4034:Fanon
3989:Hoxha
3974:James
3889:Lenin
3287:JSTOR
3273:(3).
3097:Views
2885:Hanoi
2867:Some
2772:cadre
2704:is a
2401:Nepal
2396:Korea
2384:India
2351:Saito
2306:Hardt
2276:Zizek
2261:Davis
2246:Sison
2231:Negri
2191:Fanon
2146:Hoxha
2131:James
2046:Lenin
1475:IMCWP
1297:Italy
1158:KDH/L
995:Malta
683:Korea
526:Japan
504:Tudeh
495:Iran
461:China
456:Burma
411:PCMLV
376:CPUSA
324:PCMML
299:PCMLE
217:PCdoB
161:Sudan
109:Libya
99:Kenya
84:Egypt
69:Benin
4247:Peru
4154:Dean
4064:Amin
3969:Zhou
3944:Tito
3854:Marx
3839:More
3811:WFSW
3806:WIDF
3796:WFDY
3791:WFTU
3323:2023
3109:and
3018:", "
3014:", "
3010:", "
3002:and
2838:and
2812:and
2730:and
2406:Peru
2311:Dean
2221:Amin
2126:Zhou
2101:Tito
2011:Marx
1996:More
1966:WFSW
1961:WIDF
1951:WFDY
1946:WFTU
1445:CPNZ
1253:NCPB
1198:TKIP
1188:TKEP
1183:TDKP
1178:MLKP
1153:HTKP
1148:EMEP
1103:PCTE
1093:PCPE
1048:CPRF
1028:PCTP
908:MLPD
883:PCRF
878:PRCF
871:PCOF
666:KPRP
624:FLSP
614:CPSL
574:NWPP
546:Laos
516:Iraq
425:Asia
351:Peru
319:PPSM
281:Cuba
254:PCCh
202:PCRA
197:PCCE
166:Togo
149:SACP
4099:Ali
4004:Kim
3964:Mao
3816:IOR
3801:IUS
3786:WPC
3279:doi
3026:".
2883:in
2754:in
2256:Ali
2161:Kim
2121:Mao
1971:IOR
1956:IUS
1941:WPC
1495:ICS
1450:SUP
1430:RSP
1425:DSP
1420:CPA
1398:SPA
1393:OMU
1358:CPA
1263:RCP
1258:RCG
1248:CPS
1228:CPB
1218:SKU
1213:KPU
1173:MKP
1168:TKP
1163:KKP
1133:PdA
1118:SKP
1083:PCE
1053:PDP
1023:PCP
973:PRC
958:WPI
953:CPI
923:ΚΟΕ
918:ΚΚΕ
903:DKP
898:KPD
862:PCF
840:APK
830:DKP
805:SKB
800:KPB
760:PdA
755:KPÖ
671:CPK
619:JVP
599:CPP
499:CPI
469:CPI
444:WPB
439:CPB
406:PCV
396:PLP
386:PSL
381:WWP
356:PCP
334:PPP
314:PPS
294:PCE
269:PCC
239:CPC
227:PCR
222:PCB
192:PCA
144:EFF
4519::
3934:Ho
3285:.
3271:56
3269:.
3181:.
3058:,
2942:.
2926:,
2922:,
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2906:,
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2746:.
2700:A
2091:Ho
1628:on
1455:CL
1388:CL
1113:KP
1088:CC
1043:KR
968:PC
835:KP
785:PC
780:KP
309:PC
44:on
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4308:"
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1524:)
1520:(
34:.
27:.
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