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others more complex. Little research has been done to assess their variety. One difficulty is that meditation manuals as such are often in a mixture of a classical language, that is, Pali, and a vernacular that may or may not be a currently used language. Also, actual manuals often contain prompts or reminders rather than an in-depth explanation. In recent years it has emerged that there is still extant a relatively high number of manuals and related texts pertaining to a system of meditation called – among other things – borān kammaṭṭhāna or yogāvacara. Its core text, the Mūla-kammaṭṭhāna "original, fundamental or basic meditation practice," circulated under a number of different titles, or without a title, throughout the Tai–Lao–Khmer and Sri Lankan
Buddhist worlds. Some versions of this text are simple lists of kammaṭṭhāna and from that perspective look entirely in accord with the Visuddhimagga or Theravada Abhidhamma texts. Other versions contain extensive narratives, explanations of symbolism, and of the somatic locations involved in the practice that make it clear that we are dealing with techniques of practice not described in the Canon or Visuddhimagga.
2238:
5302:
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countries must do so by taking eight or ten precepts. Neither laywomen nor formally ordained, these women do not receive the recognition, education, financial support or status enjoyed by
Buddhist men in their countries. These "precept-holders" live in Myanmar, Cambodia, Laos, Nepal, and Thailand. In particular, the governing council of Burmese Buddhism has ruled that there can be no valid ordination of women in modern times, though some Burmese monks disagree. Japan is a special case as, although it has neither the bhikkhuni nor novice ordinations, the precept-holding nuns who live there do enjoy a higher status and better education than their precept-holder sisters elsewhere, and can even become Zen priests. In Tibet there is currently no bhikkhuni ordination, but the
5843:). These teachings have inspired individuals in modern society to embark on journeys of self-discovery, self-improvement, and personal growth. The teachings on mindfulness and the impermanence of life have provided individuals with effective tools for coping with stress and life's challenges. In today's fast-paced and often stressful world, these teachings offer valuable strategies for maintaining balance and emotional stability. This journey of mindfulness and mental health has been strengthened by top institutions encouraging the idea of mindfulness and the effects it has on people. The mindfulness classes/courses/programs provided by many top universities and institutions such as Yale, Stanford, etc. to their students, staff, and general public have benefited them
2052:
3858:
4826:
4727:
symbols, somatic methods and visualizations which included "the physical internalisation or manifestation of aspects of the
Theravada path by incorporating them at points in the body between the nostril and navel." In spite of the novel elements in this meditation tradition, close study of borān kammaṭṭhāna texts reveals that they are closely connected to Theravada Abhidhamma and the works of Buddhaghosa. Modernist reforms which emphasized Pali Canon study, a shift in state support to other traditions and modern wars in Indochina led to this tradition's decline, and it now only survives in a few Cambodian and Thai temples.
3594:
2611:
2495:
1733:
3467:, a dhammas ("principles" or "elements") are "those items that result when the process of analysis is taken to its ultimate limits". However, this does not mean that they have an independent existence, for it is "only for the purposes of description" that they are postulated. Noa Ronkin defines dhammas as "the constituents of sentient experience; the irreducible 'building blocks' that make up one's world, albeit they are not static mental contents and certainly not substances." Thus, while in Theravāda Abhidhamma, dhammas are the ultimate constituents of experience, they are not seen as
5327:, the three-month monsoon season, though shorter or longer periods of ordination are not rare. Traditionally, temporary ordination was even more flexible among Laotians. Once they had undergone their initial ordination as young men, Laotian men were permitted to temporarily ordain again at any time, though married men were expected to seek their wife's permission. Throughout Southeast Asia, there is little stigma attached to leaving the monastic life. Monks regularly leave the robes after acquiring an education, or when compelled by family obligations or ill health.
4093:
1612:
5071:
5003:, building roads and bridges, charity to the needy and providing drinking water to strangers along roadside. Some lay practitioners have always chosen to take a more active role in religious affairs, while still maintaining their lay status. Dedicated lay men and women sometimes act as trustees or custodians for their temples, taking part in the financial planning and management of the temple. Others may volunteer significant time in tending to the mundane needs of local monks (by cooking, cleaning, maintaining temple facilities, etc.).
3606:
5605:, formerly known as Chatsumarn Kabilsingh, became the first Thai woman to receive bhikkhuni ordination as a Theravāda nun. Dhammananda Bhikkhuni was ordained in Sri Lanka. The Thai Senate has reviewed and revoked the secular law passed in 1928 banning women's full ordination in Buddhism as unconstitutional for being counter to laws protecting freedom of religion. However, Thailand's two main Theravāda Buddhist orders, the Mahanikaya and Dhammayutika Nikaya, have yet to officially accept fully ordained women into their ranks.
5827:
conduct and compassion continue to inspire individuals and organizations to prioritize moral values and social responsibility in their actions and decision-making. The emphasis on ethical conduct in
Theravada Buddhism encourages individuals to lead virtuous lives. This includes refraining from actions that harm others, such as lying, stealing, and harming living beings. These principles promote personal integrity and honesty in modern society. Buddhism encourages the cultivation of compassion and loving-kindness (
5320:). Novices shave their heads, wear the yellow robes, and observe the Ten Precepts. While there is no explicit minimum age for novices prescribed in the scriptures, it is traditionally accepted that boys as young as seven can be accepted for ordination. This tradition echoes the story of the Buddha's son, Rahula, who was allowed to become a novice at the age of seven. Both monks and nuns are expected to adhere to a specific code of discipline, of which monks follow 227 rules, and nuns follow 311.
5639:
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1839:
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Thailand. In countries where
Buddhism is deeply rooted, it can often be easier to adhere to the lifestyle of a monk or nun, as it requires considerable discipline to successfully live by the non-secular rules and regulations for which Buddhist practices are known. For instance, Theravāda monastics are typically required to abstain from activities such as working, handling money, listening to music and cooking. Such obligations can be especially challenging in non-Buddhist societies.
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44:
692:
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well-being. Thai men who have ordained as a monk may be seen as more mature and suitable husbands by Thai women, who refer to men who have served as monks with a colloquial term meaning "ripe" to indicate that they are more mature and ready for marriage. Particularly in rural areas, temporary ordination of boys and young men traditionally offered peasant boys an opportunity to receive free education in temple schools with sponsorship and accommodation.
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13521:
18497:
4634:
6015:
5889:
5811:
1721:
5015:
5931:
10919:
10906:
5459:
5671:, or Supreme Patriarch of the Sangha, as the highest ranking or seniormost monk in a particular area, or from a particular nikaya. The demise of monarchies has resulted in the suspension of these posts in some countries, but patriarchs have continued to be appointed in Thailand. Myanmar and Cambodia ended the practice of appointing a sangharaja for some time, but the position was later restored, though in Cambodia it lapsed again.
1632:
1996:
1273:
6092:
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10896:
5831:) towards all sentient beings. In contemporary society, these teachings inspire individuals and organizations to prioritize social responsibility, charitable activities, and humanitarian efforts aimed at alleviating suffering and promoting the welfare of others. Theravada Buddhism places significant emphasis on self-awareness and self-transformation. Practitioners are encouraged to explore the nature of the self (
5525:
5664:, variously referred to as monastic orders or fraternities. These different orders do not typically develop separate doctrines, but may differ in the manner in which they observe monastic rules. These monastic orders represent lineages of ordination, typically tracing their origin to a particular group of monks that established a new ordination tradition within a particular country or geographic area.
4924:
2250:
3529:
recognizes the extra-mental existence of matter and, the external world is clearly suggested by the texts. Throughout the discourses it is the language of realism that one encounters. The whole
Buddhist practical doctrine and discipline, which has the attainment of Nibbana as its final goal, is based on the recognition of the material world and the conscious living beings living therein.
4293:. In Theravāda, one's previous intentional actions strongly influence one's present experience. Whatever intended actions are carried out will have future consequences, whether in this life or subsequent lives. Intention is central to the idea of kamma. Actions done with good intentions, even if they have bad results, will not have negative kammic consequences.
5127:) promoted meditation as part of a laypersons daily routine. According to Donald K Swearer, another development in modern Theravāda is "the formation of lay Buddhist associations that have partially assumed the social service responsibilities formerly associated with the monastery". These include social service and activist organizations such as the
4593:, noting or naming physical and mental phenomena ("breathing, breathing"), without engaging the phenomenon with conceptual thinking. By noticing the arising of physical and mental phenomena the meditator becomes aware of how sense impressions arise from the contact between the senses and physical and mental phenomena, as described in the five
4809:
in their old age, when they have more free time to spend at the temple. Buddhist modernists tend to present
Buddhism as rational and scientific, and this has also affected how Vipassana meditation has been taught and presented. This has led in some quarters to a playing down of older non-empirical elements of Theravāda, associated with '
2357:. Of these, the Abhidhamma Pitaka is believed to be a later addition to the collection, its composition dating from around the 3rd century BCE onwards. The Pāli Abhidhamma was not recognized outside the Theravāda school. There are also some texts which were late additions that are included in the fifth Nikaya, the
4961:
Buddhism without monastic communities of fully ordained monks and nuns are relatively recent and atypical developments, usually based on cultural and historical considerations rather than differences in fundamental doctrine. Both Mahāyāna and Theravāda also provided a clear and important place for lay followers.
2287:, which saw a period of Buddhist missionary activity. After being orally transmitted (as was the custom for religious texts in those days) for some centuries, the texts were finally committed to writing in the 1st century BCE. Theravāda is one of the first Buddhist schools to commit its Tipiṭaka to writing. The
5813:
5818:
5816:
5812:
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there are two kinds of individuals. Those of a passionate disposition (or those who enter the path by faith) attain
Arahatship through vipassanā preceded by samatha. Those of a skeptical disposition (or those who enter by way of wisdom or the intellect) achieve it through samatha preceded by vipassanā.
5090:
and a female devotee is
Upasika. One of the duties of the lay followers, as taught by the Buddha, is to look after the needs of the monk/nuns. They are to see that the monk/nuns do not suffer from lack of the four requisites: food, clothing, shelter and medicine. As neither monks nor nuns are allowed
4960:
Some
Western scholars have erroneously tried to claim that Mahāyāna is primarily a religion for laymen and Theravāda is a primarily monastic religion. Both Mahāyāna and Theravāda have as their foundation strong monastic communities, which are almost identical in their regulations. Schools of Mahāyāna
4808:
has popularised meditation both in traditional Theravāda countries among the laity, and in western countries, "meditation plays a minor if not negligible role in the lives of the majority of Theravāda monks." Meditation is especially popular laypersons, especially during special religious holidays or
4793:, such as the Thai forest tradition and Dhammakaya meditation. These traditions are influenced by the older borān kammaṭṭhāna forms. Thailand and Cambodia also saw attempts to preserve and revive the ancient "borān kammaṭṭhāna" tradition of meditation. In Sri Lanka, the new Buddhist traditions of the
4721:
In the period between the Visuddhimagga and the present, there have been numerous meditation texts, both manuals and descriptive treatises. Many of the texts found in manuscript collections relate to meditation, some on a single, simple subject such as the recollection of the qualities of the Buddha,
3528:
If we base ourselves on the Pali Nikayas, then we should be compelled to conclude that Buddhism is realistic. There is no explicit denial anywhere of the external world. Nor is there any positive evidence to show that the world is mind-made or simply a projection of subjective thoughts. That Buddhism
2441:
The Abhidhamma-pitaka contains "a restatement of the doctrine of the Buddha in strictly formalized language." Its texts present a new method, the Abhidhamma method, which attempts to build a single consistent philosophical system (in contrast with the suttas, which present numerous teachings given by
1987:
Nikaya, which kept a stricter monastic discipline than the rest of the Thai sangha (this included not using money, not storing up food and not taking milk in the evening). The Dhammayuttika movement was characterized by an emphasis on the original Pali Canon and a rejection of Thai folk beliefs which
9166:
Buddhaghosa & Nanamoli (1999), pp. 90–91 (II, 27–28, "Development in Brief"), 110ff. (starting with III, 104, "enumeration"). It can also be found sprinkled earlier in this text as on p. 18 (I, 39, v. 2) and p. 39 (I, 107). Throughout Nanamoli translates this term as "meditation
5474:
In a typical daily routine at the monastery during the 3-month vassa period, the monk will wake up before dawn and will begin the day with group chanting and meditation. At dawn the monks will go out to surrounding villages bare-footed on alms-round and will have the only meal of the day before noon
2583:
While Pāli texts are symbolically and ritually important for many Theravādins, most people are likely to access Buddhist teachings through vernacular literature, oral teachings, sermons, art and performance as well as films and Internet media. According to Kate Crosby, "there is a far greater volume
2298:
are only available from the 17th Century onwards. However, fragments of the Tipiṭaka have been found in inscriptions from Southeast Asia, the earliest of which have been dated to the 3rd or 4th century. According to Alexander Wynne, "they agree almost exactly with extant Pāli manuscripts. This means
1794:
from about the 5th century CE onwards. The oldest surviving Buddhist texts in the Pāli language are gold plates found at Sri Ksetra dated circa the 5th to 6th century. Before the Theravāda tradition became the dominant religion in Southeast Asia, Mahāyāna, Vajrayana and Hinduism were also prominent.
6442:
John Bullit: "In the last century, however, the West has begun to take notice of Theravāda's unique spiritual legacy and teachings of Awakening. In recent decades, this interest has swelled, with the monastic Sangha from the schools within Theravāda, establishing dozens of monasteries across Europe
5494:
After the end of the Vassa period, many of the monks will go out far away from the monastery to find a remote place (usually in the forest) where they can hang their umbrella tents and where it is suitable for the work of self-development. When they go wandering, they walk barefoot, and go wherever
5817:
5498:
The monks do not fix their times for walking and sitting meditation, for as soon as they are free, they just start doing it; nor do they determine for how long they will go on to meditate. Some of them sometimes walk from dusk to dawn whereas at other times they may walk from between two and seven
4999:(falling under Spiro's category of kammatic Buddhism). Merit-making activities include offering food and other basic necessities to monks, making donations to temples and monasteries, burning incense or lighting candles before images of the Buddha, chanting protective or scriptural verses from the
4973:
This distinction between ordained monks and laypeople – as well as the distinction between those practices advocated by the Pāli Canon, and the folk religious elements embraced by many monks – have motivated some scholars to consider Theravāda Buddhism to be composed of multiple separate
5826:
Theravāda Buddhism's emphasis on mindfulness and meditation practices has influenced modern society by promoting mental well-being and stress reduction techniques leading to the integration of mindfulness in various therapeutic and self-improvement programs. Additionally, its teachings on ethical
5470:
The practices usually vary in different sub-schools and monasteries within Theravāda. But in the most orthodox forest monastery, the monk usually models his practice and lifestyle on that of the Buddha and his first generation of disciples by living close to nature in forest, mountains and caves.
5342:
For those born in Western countries who wish to become Buddhist monks or nuns, it is possible to undertake the lifestyle in their home countries, among other Buddhist monastics in Western countries, or to travel and take up residence in a Buddhist monastery in Asian countries such as Sri Lanka or
5338:
plays a role in the taboo against temporary or permanent ordination as a bhikkhu in some orders. Though Sri Lankan orders are often organized along caste lines, men who ordain as monks temporarily pass outside of the conventional caste system, and as such during their time as monks may act (or be
1821:
and as protectors of the Theravāda faith. They promoted the building of new temples, patronized scholarship, monastic ordinations and missionary works as well as attempted to eliminate certain non-Buddhist practices like animal sacrifices. During the 15th and 16th centuries, Theravāda also became
5561:
The nun's order subsequently died out in Sri Lanka in the 11th century and in Burma in the 13th century. It had already died out around the 10th century in other Theravādin areas. Novice ordination has also disappeared in those countries. Therefore, women who wish to live as renunciates in those
4844:
with a picture or statue of the Buddha for devotional practice in one's home, mirroring the larger shrines at temples. It is common to offer candles, incense, flowers and other objects to these shrine. Gestures of respect are also done in front of Buddha images and shrines, mainly the respectful
4624:
According to Vajiranāṇa Mahathera, writing from a traditional and text-based point of view, in the Pāli Canon whether one begins the practice by way of samatha or by way of vipassanā is generally seen as depending on one's temperament. According to Vajiranāṇa Mahathera, it is generally held that
7567:
Skilling, Peter. "Reflections on the Pali Literature of Siam". From Birch Bark to Digital Data: Recent Advances in Buddhist Manuscript Research: Papers Presented at the Conference Indic Buddhist Manuscripts: The State of the Field. Stanford, 15–19 June 2009, edited by Paul Harrison and Jens-Uwe
5581:
in Sri Lanka also carried out a nun's ordination at this time, specifically stating their ordination process was a valid Theravādin process where the other ordination session was not. This chapter has carried out ordination ceremonies for hundreds of nuns since then. This has been criticized by
5094:
In Myanmar and Thailand, the monastery was and is still regarded as a seat of learning. Theravādin monasteries have been providing free education to many children since ancient times. In fact, today about half of the primary schools in Thailand are located in monasteries. Religious rituals and
5608:
In 2009 in Australia four women received bhikkhuni ordination as Theravāda nuns, the first time such ordination had occurred in Australia. It was performed in Perth, Australia, on 22 October 2009 at Bodhinyana Monastery. Abbess Vayama together with Venerables Nirodha, Seri, and Hasapanna were
4726:
According to Crosby, the esoteric borān kammaṭṭhāna or yogāvacara meditation tradition was the dominant form of meditation in the Theravāda world during the 18th century, and may date as far back as the 16th century. Crosby notes that this tradition of meditation involved a rich collection of
2464:
The Theravāda school has traditionally held the doctrinal position that the canonical Abhidhamma Pitaka was actually taught by the Buddha himself. Modern scholarship in contrast, has generally held that the Abhidhamma texts date from the 3rd century BCE onwards. However some scholars, such as
5330:
Ordaining as a monk, even for a short period, is seen as having many virtues. In many Southeast Asian cultures, it is seen as a means for a young man to "repay his gratitude" to his parents for their work and effort in raising him, because the merit from his ordination is dedicated for their
5106:
notes, "The Suttas and commentaries do record a few cases of lay disciples attaining the final goal of Nirvana. However, such disciples either attain Arahantship on the brink of death or enter the monastic order soon after their attainment. They do not continue to dwell at home as Arahant
2047:
sought to make use of the sangha for political ends by imposing direct state control. During the late 1980s and 1990s, the official attitudes toward Buddhism began to liberalise in Laos and there was a resurgence of traditional Buddhist activities such as merit-making and doctrinal study.
3419:. In the Pāli Nikayas, the Buddha teaches through an analytical method in which experience is explained using various conceptual groupings of physical and mental processes, which are called "dhammas". Examples of lists of dhammas taught by the Buddha include the twelve sense 'spheres' or
1862:(Myanmar), Buddhist institutions lost their traditional role as the prime providers of education (a role that was often filled by Christian schools). In response to this, Buddhist organizations were founded which sought to preserve Buddhist scholarship and provide a Buddhist education.
5495:
they feel inclined. Only those requisites which are necessary will be carried along. These generally consist of the bowl, the three robes, a bathing cloth, an umbrella tent, a mosquito net, a kettle of water, a water filter, razor, sandals, some small candles, and a candle lantern.
5095:
ceremonies held in a monastery are always accompanied by social activities. In times of crisis, it is to the monks that people bring their problems for counsel and monks often took up the role of mediators in most disputes. Traditionally, a ranking monk will deliver a sermon
5815:
3836:
is a sentient being who has discovered the path out of samsara by themselves, has reached Nibbana and then makes the path available to others by teaching (known as "turning the wheel of the Dhamma"). A Buddha is also believed to have extraordinary powers and abilities
9874:
5259:) and meditative praxis. They view themselves as living closer to the ideal set forth by the Buddha, and are often perceived as such by lay folk, while at the same time often being on the margins of the Buddhist establishment and on the periphery of the social order.
5630:. Those ordained included Vajiradevi Sadhika Bhikkhuni from Indonesia, Medha Bhikkhuni from Sri Lanka, Anula Bhikkhuni from Japan, Santasukha Santamana Bhikkhuni from Vietnam, Sukhi Bhikkhuni and Sumangala Bhikkhuni from Malaysia, and Jenti Bhikkhuni from Australia.
2042:
While the Khmer Rouge effectively destroyed Cambodia's Buddhist institutions, after the end of the communist regime the Cambodian Sangha was re-established by monks who had returned from exile. In contrast, communist rule in Laos was less destructive since the
2896:, which is seen as having two major facets. First, it is a middle path between extreme asceticism and sensual indulgence. It is also seen as a middle view between the idea that at death beings are annihilated and the idea that there is an eternal self (Pali:
1925:, which was then published by the government in 40 volumes. The Vipassana movement continued to grow after independence, becoming an international movement with centers around the world. Influential meditation teachers of the post-independence era include
4584:
as going into the forest and sitting beneath a tree and then simply to watch the breath. If the breath is long, to notice that the breath is long, if the breath is short, to notice that the breath is short. In the "New Burmese Method" the practitioner
5217:
Commentary mentions another split based on the "duty of study" and the "duty of contemplation". This second division has traditionally been seen as corresponding with the city – forest split, with the city monks focusing on the vocation of books
2421:
The historically later parts of the canon, mainly the Abhidhamma and some parts of the Vinaya, contain some distinctive elements and teachings which are unique to the Theravāda school and often differ from the Abhidharmas or Vinayas of other
3388:
has an "incorruptible nature" and are thus morally perfect. They have no ignorance or doubts. According to Theravāda doctrine, arahants (as well as the other three lesser ariyas: stream enterers etc.) cannot fall back or regress from their
5475:
by eating from the bowl by hand. Most of the time is spent on Dhamma study and meditation. Sometimes the abbot or a senior monk will give a Dhamma talk to the visitors. Laity who stay at the monastery will have to abide by the traditional
3256:). Also, for Theravāda, a Buddha does not have the power to stop something that has arisen from ceasing, they cannot stop a being from getting old, sick or dying, and they cannot create a permanent thing (like a flower that does not die).
4944:(in ancient times, there was a separate body of practices for nuns). While the possibility of significant attainment by laymen is not entirely disregarded by the Theravāda, it generally occupies a position of less prominence than in the
2438:) has a total of 253 rules for bhikkhus (though the overall structure is the same). These differences arose from the systematization and historical development of doctrines and monasticism in the centuries after the death of the Buddha.
2147:
missionary efforts among English-speaking Chinese communities. In addition, the establishment of the Indonesian Theravāda Saṅgha in 1976 and the Malaysian Theravāda Buddhist Council in 2011 also signaled the revival of Theravāda in both
2442:
the Buddha to particular individuals according to their needs). Because the Abhidhamma focuses on analyzing the internal lived experience of beings and the intentional structure of consciousness, it has often been compared to a kind of
3936:
Although monastic education is still grounded in the study of Buddhist texts, doctrine, and the Pali language, the curricula of monastic colleges and universities also reflect subject matter and disciplines associated with Western
5482:
The life of the monk or nun in a community is much more complex than the life of the forest monk. In the Buddhist society of Sri Lanka, most monks spend hours every day in taking care of the needs of lay people such as preaching
4024:
There have also been several modern Theravāda scholars which have taken a historical critical perspective on Theravāda literature and doctrine, attempting to understand its historical development. Some of these figures, such as
3512:
tradition. Paul Williams also notes that the Abhidhamma remains focused on the practicalities of insight meditation and leaves ontology "relatively unexplored". Ronkin does note however that later Theravāda sub-commentaries
5600:
A 55-year-old Thai Buddhist 8-precept white-robed maechee nun, Varanggana Vanavichayen, became the first woman to receive the going-forth ceremony of a novice (and the gold robe) in Thailand, in 2002. On 28 February 2003,
4182:, became the orthodox account of the Theravāda path to liberation in Sri Lanka after the 12th century and this influence spread to other Theravāda nations. It gives the sequence of seven purifications, in three sections:
2062:
The modern era also saw the spread of Theravāda Buddhism around the world and the revival of the religion in places where it remains a minority faith. Some of the major events of the spread of modern Theravāda include:
1709:. The Pali Canon, which contains the main scriptures of the Theravāda, was committed to writing in the first century BCE. Throughout the history of ancient and medieval Sri Lanka, Theravāda was the main religion of the
2538:
also wrote Theravāda commentaries and other works in Pali during the time of Buddhaghosa. While these texts do not have the same scriptural authority in Theravāda as the Tipiṭaka, they remain influential works for the
2515:
There are numerous Theravāda works which are important for the tradition even though they are not part of the Tipiṭaka. Perhaps the most important texts apart from the Tipiṭaka are the works of the influential scholar
5110:
In the modern era, it is now common for lay disciples to practice meditation, attend lay meditation centers and even aim for awakening. The impetus for this trend began in Myanmar and was supported by prime minister
4990:, as described in the Tipitaka). He stresses that all three are firmly rooted in the Pāli Canon. These categories are not accepted by all scholars, and are usually considered non-exclusive by those who employ them.
2546:
An important genre of Theravādin literature is shorter handbooks and summaries, which serve as introductions and study guides for the larger commentaries. Two of the more influential summaries are Sariputta Thera's
5558:, which is different from the prātimokṣa of the current Theravāda school; the specific ordination of the early Sangha in Sri Lanka not known, although the Dharmaguptaka sect originated with the Sthāvirīya as well.
2413:
Much of the material in the earlier portions is not specifically "Theravādan", but the collection of teachings that this school's adherents preserved from the early, non-sectarian body of teachings. According to
4710:("Bases of mindfulness discourse"), as well as the source text itself, are also another important source for meditation in this tradition. Buddhaghosa's work drew heavily on the Pali suttas as well as the Pali
7554:
Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia, edited by Sheldon Pollock, University of California Press, 2003, pp. 649–688. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1ppqxk.19. Accessed 6 May
8765:
5814:
4263:(actions and consequences). Applying knowledge acquired through direct experience and personal realization is more heavily emphasized than beliefs about the nature of reality as revealed by the Buddha.
2030:
Theravāda Buddhism in Cambodia and Laos went through similar experiences in the modern era. Both had to endure French colonialism, destructive civil wars and oppressive communist governments. Under
5569:
In 1996, 11 selected Sri Lankan women were ordained fully as Theravāda bhikkhunis by a team of Theravāda monks in concert with a team of Korean nuns in India. There is disagreement among Theravāda
3715:), which are born, expand, contract and are destroyed in a cyclical nature across vast expanses of time (measures in kappas). This cosmology is similar to other ancient Indian systems, such as the
2261:, also known as the Pāli Canon is "the highest authority on what constitutes the Dhamma (the truth or teaching of the Buddha) and the organization of the Sangha (the community of monks and nuns)."
4137:
The Blessed One said, "Now what, monks, is the Noble Eightfold Path? Right view, right resolve, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right concentration."
3581:
and never exist in isolation. Much of Abhidhamma philosophy deals with categorizing the different consciousnesses and their accompanying mental factors as well as their conditioned relationships (
1783:(1153–1186) saw an extensive reform of the Sri Lankan sangha after years of warfare on the island. Parākramabāhu created a single unified sangha which came to be dominated by the Mahāvihāra sect.
9643:
Kawanami, Hiroko (2007), "The bhikkhunī ordination debate: global aspirations, local concerns, with special emphasis on the views of the monastic community in Myanmar. Kawanami, H. 11/2007 In",
7825:
Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor). Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems. SUNY Press. pp. 18, 100.
3223:) of a transcendental being, and thus, that his birth and death a mere show and unreal. Also, the Theravāda school rejects the view that there are currently numerous Buddhas in all directions.
2272:
which is the main religious and scholarly language in Theravāda. This language may have evolved out of various Indian dialects, and is related to, but not the same as, the ancient language of
4740:
During the 19th and 20th centuries, the Theravāda world saw a modernist revival and reinvention of meditation practice, as exemplified by the Burmese Vipassana movement. According to Buswell
4327:
Generosity (Dāna); This typically involves providing monks with "the four requisites"; food, clothing, shelter, and medicine; however, giving to charity and the needy is also considered dāna.
1850:
In the 19th and 20th centuries, Theravāda Buddhists came into direct contact with western ideologies, religions and modern science. The various responses to this encounter have been called "
5597:
in Boston was founded by Ven. Gotami of Thailand, then a 10 precept nun; when she received full ordination in 2000, her dwelling became America's first Theravāda Buddhist bhikkhuni vihara.
5323:
In most Theravāda countries, it is a common practice for young men to ordain as monks for a fixed period of time. In Thailand and Myanmar, young men typically ordain for the retreat during
3627:) into which sentient beings may be reborn depending on their past actions. Good actions lead one to the higher realms, bad actions lead to the lower realms. However, even for the gods (
1878:(one of the first American western converts to Buddhism) were some of the main figures of the Sri Lankan Buddhist revival. Two new monastic orders were formed in the 19th century, the
5471:
Forest monasteries still keep alive the ancient traditions through following the Buddhist monastic code of discipline in all its detail and developing meditation in secluded forests.
7376:
5262:
While this divide seems to have been in existence for some time in the Theravāda school, only in the 10th century is a specifically forest monk monastery, mentioned as existing near
4605:. The practitioner also becomes aware of the perpetual changes involved in breathing, and the arising and passing away of mindfulness. This noticing is accompanied by reflections on
3151:) have defended the idea of an intermediate state and it is also a very common belief among some monks and laypersons in the Theravāda world (where it is commonly referred to as the
10084:
8457:
2337:
The structure of the books considered canonical within the Pali Tripitaka. The Theravāda school generally only recognizes the Pali Tripitaka and rejects the authenticity of other
4621:. When the three characteristics have been comprehended, reflection subdues and the process of noticing accelerates, noting phenomena in general without necessarily naming them.
3651:, that is: infinite space, infinite consciousness, infinite nothingness and neither perception nor non-perception. Beings in these realms live extremely long lives (thousands of
3524:
On the other hand, Y. Karunadasa contends that the tradition of realism goes back to the earliest discourses, as opposed to developing only in later Theravada sub-commentaries:
2038:
became involved in the reform of Buddhism, setting up institutions for the training of Cambodian and Lao monks, such as the Ecole de Pali which was founded in Phnom Penh in 1914
4801:
developed their own meditation forms based on the Pali Suttas, the Visuddhimagga, and other manuals, while borān kammaṭṭhāna mostly disappeared by the end of the 19th century.
4744:"appears to have fallen out of practice" by the 10th century, due to the belief that Buddhism had degenerated, and that liberation was no longer attainable until the coming of
4412:
Theravāda Buddhist meditation practice varies considerably in technique and objects. Currently, there are also various traditions of Theravāda meditation practice, such as the
5502:
Those monks who have been able to achieve a high level of attainment will be able to guide the junior monks and lay Buddhists toward the four degrees of spiritual attainment.
5234:). However this opposition is not consistent, and urban monasteries have often promoted meditation while forest communities have also produced excellent scholars, such as the
4898:
which are based on a lunar calendar. Laypersons commonly take the eight precepts while visiting a temple or monastery and commit to focusing on Buddhist practice for the day.
9748:
2151:
The return of Western Theravādin monks trained in the Thai Forest Tradition to western countries and the subsequent founding of monasteries led by western monastics, such as
2737:), the highest good and final goal in Theravāda Buddhism. It is the complete and final end of suffering, a state of perfection. It is also the end of all rebirth, but it is
8611:
7577:
Anālayo. "The Historical Value of the Pāli Discourses". Indo-Iranian Journal, vol. 55, no. 3, 2012, pp. 223–253. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/24665100. Accessed 7 May 2020.
1798:
Starting at around the 11th century, Sinhalese Theravāda monks and Southeast Asian elites led a widespread conversion of most of mainland Southeast Asia to the Theravādin
5542:, who is also believed to have been the daughter of Ashoka, came to Sri Lanka. She ordained the first nuns in Sri Lanka. In 429, by request of China's emperor, nuns from
3319:
is suitable only for a few exceptional people (like Sakyamuni and Metteya). Theravāda also defines a bodhisatta as someone who has made a vow in front of a living Buddha.
2636:
4345:
Honoring others; showing appropriate deference, particularly to the Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha, and to seniors and parents. Usually done by placing the hands together in
2591:, stories of the Buddha's past lives. They are very popular among all classes and are rendered in a wide variety of media formats, from cartoons to high literature. The
2015:
The 20th century also saw the growth of "forest traditions" which focused on forest living and strict monastic discipline. The main forest movements of this era are the
8680:
6562:
state) held some 100 years after the Buddha's death. Employing Pāli as their sacred language, the Theravadins preserved their version of the Buddha's teaching in the
4037:, have criticized traditional Theravāda commentators like Buddhaghosa for their doctrinal innovations which differ in significant ways from the early Buddhist texts.
4982:
separated Burmese Theravāda into three groups: Apotropaic Buddhism (concerned with providing protection from evil spirits), Kammatic Buddhism (concerned with making
3440:"teaching of analysis" and as the heirs to the Buddha's analytical method. Expanding this model, Theravāda Abhidhamma scholasticism concerned itself with analyzing "
9060:
5309:
The minimum age for ordaining as a Buddhist monk is 20 years, which is calculated from conception. Those under this age can perform traditional ceremonies such as
5011:
are less common among the lay community in the past, though in the 20th century these areas have become more popular to the lay community, especially in Thailand.
8126:
2418:, while the Theravādans may have added texts to their Tipiṭaka (such as the Abhidhamma texts and so on), they generally did not tamper with the earlier material.
2058:, Maharashtra, India. S.N. Goenka laid the foundation for the structure in 2000 and the pagoda opened in 2009. Regular meditation courses are held at the complex.
2524:(which were based on older Sri Lankan commentaries of the Mahavihara tradition). He is also the author of a very important compendium of Theravāda doctrine, the
8762:
4259:
Theravādins believe that every individual is personally responsible for achieving their own self-awakening and liberation, each being responsible for their own
6778:
Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja, The Buddhist Saints of the Forest and the Cult of Amulets (Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology), 1984, pp. 53, 58.
5594:
5099:: when the moon waxes and wanes and the day before the new and full moons. The laity also have a chance to learn meditation from the monks during these times.
9845:
5612:
In 2010, in the US, four novice nuns were given the full bhikkhuni ordination in the Thai Theravāda tradition, which included the double ordination ceremony.
4714:. Kate Crosby notes that Buddhaghosa's work also "explicitly refers to the contemporaneous existence of secret meditation manuals but not to their content."
2294:
The oldest manuscripts of the Tipiṭaka from Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia date to the 15th Century, and they are incomplete. Complete manuscripts of the four
1971:(1868–1910) were especially involved in centralizing sangha reforms. Under these kings, the sangha was organized into a hierarchical bureaucracy led by the
6967:
3456:". "Dhamma" has been translated as "factors" (Collett Cox), "psychic characteristics" (Bronkhorst), "psycho-physical events" (Noa Ronkin) and "phenomena" (
11660:
9510:
Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja, The Buddhist Saints of the Forest and the Cult of Amulets (Cambridge Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology), 1984, p. 55.
5622:
In Indonesia, the first Theravāda ordination of bhikkhunis in Indonesia after more than a thousand years occurred in 2015 at Wisma Kusalayani in Lembang,
4649:. The development of this insight leads to four supramundane paths and fruits, these experiences consist a direct apprehension of Nibbana. Supramundane (
14954:
12575:
11050:
10007:
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to have an occupation, they depend entirely on the laity for their sustenance. In return for this charity, they are expected to lead exemplary lives.
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Regarding the question of how a sentient being becomes a Buddha, the Theravāda school also includes a presentation of this path. Indeed, according to
1955:
Meanwhile, in Thailand (the only Theravāda nation to retain its independence throughout the colonial era), the religion became much more centralized,
5334:
In Sri Lanka, temporary ordination is not practised, and a monk leaving the order is frowned upon but not condemned. The continuing influence of the
10472:
3139:) between rebirths, they hold that rebirth happens instantaneously (in one mind moment). However, as has been noted by various modern scholars like
17440:
4813:'. Strains of older, traditional Theravāda meditation known as "borān kammaṭṭhāna" still exist, but this tradition has mostly been eclipsed by the
3076:
Traditionally, the Theravāda maintains the following key doctrinal positions, though not all Theravādins agree with the traditional point of view:
10399:
9397:
6984:
in Buddhism Across Asia, Networks of Material, Intellectual and Cultural Exchange, Volume 1 – Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (2014), p. 347.
6743:
17289:
12579:
7816:
Ronkin, Noa, Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition (Routledge curzon Critical Studies in Buddhism) 2011, pp. 27–30.
7568:
Hartmann, 1st ed., Austrian Academy of Sciences Press, Wien, 2014, pp. 347–366. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1vw0q4q.25. Accessed 7 May 2020.
5059:
3288:), is seen as a constructed dhamma in Theravāda. Even the four noble truths are not unconstructed phenomena, neither is the domain of cessation (
10526:
10499:
9697:
18346:
12803:
8849:
2661:. The type of realm one will be reborn in is determined by the being's past karma. This cyclical universe filled with birth and death is named
754:
9670:
2910:
The eight factors are: Right View, Right Intention, Right Speech, Right Conduct, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right
2406:(i.e. the Nikayas and parts of the Vinaya) are generally believed to be some of the oldest and most authoritative sources on the doctrines of
8007:, Quote: "All phenomenal existence is said to have three interlocking characteristics: impermanence, suffering and lack of soul or essence."
10422:
8474:
Ronkin, Noa, Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition (Routledge curzon Critical Studies in Buddhism) 2011, p. 2.
7789:
Ronkin, Noa, Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition (Routledge curzon Critical Studies in Buddhism) 2011, p. 5.
4498:, Jhānas are described as preceding the awakening insight of the Buddha, which turned him into an awakened being. Yet the interpretation of
18298:
15651:
11020:
10205:
7373:
658:
2560:
Throughout the history of Theravāda, Theravāda monks also produced other works of Pāli literature such as historical chronicles (like the
9229:
The Ancient Theravāda Meditation System, Borān Kammaṭṭhāna: Ānāpānasati or 'Mindfulness of The Breath' in Kammatthan Majjima Baeb Lamdub.
8454:
8020:
3902:) to become a Buddha in front of a living Buddha, and has also received a confirmation from that Buddha that they will reach Buddhahood.
7432:
6277:
4271:
Giving (Dana) is an important Buddhist virtue. The community of monastics is seen as the most meritorious field of karmic fruitfulness.
3180:, there can be no dividing line separating the unconditioned element and there is no superiority or inferiority in the unity of nibbana.
17334:
17261:
14479:
13580:
11128:
10639:
4186:
The first section (part 1) explains the rules of discipline, and the method for finding a correct temple to practice, or how to meet a
4014:
3888:
However, unlike in Mahayana Buddhism, the Theravāda holds that the Buddha path is not for everyone and that beings on the Buddha path (
3614:
1771:
texts, as well as the Theravāda canon, the Mahāvihāra tradition did not accept these new scriptures. Instead, Mahāvihāra scholars like
10863:
3854:. Traditionally, the Theravāda school also rejects the idea that there can be numerous Buddhas active in the world at the same time.
2831:), which are obstacles to meditation: (1) sense desire, (2) hostility, (3) sloth and torpor, (4) restlessness and worry and (5) doubt.
17139:
13558:
10885:
7486:
5619:
The first bhikkhuni ordination in Germany, the ordination of German woman Samaneri Dhira, occurred on 21 June 2015 at Anenja Vihara.
4645:
Traditionally, the ultimate goal of the practice is to achieve mundane and supramundane wisdom. Mundane wisdom is the insight in the
3373:(word of the Buddha), and do not study or see these texts (or Mahayana doctrines) as reliable sources. They reject the view that the
17585:
9775:
4512:("insight", "clear seeing") refers to practices that aim to develop an inner understanding or knowledge of the nature of phenomena (
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as being the most recent Buddha in a line of previous Buddhas stretching back for aeons. They also mention the future Buddha, named
17425:
17299:
17284:
9754:
5499:
hours. Some may decide to fast for days or stay at dangerous places where ferocious animals live in order to aid their meditation.
3932:
The modern era saw new developments in Theravāda scholarship due to the influence of Western thought. As Donald K. Swearer writes:
1898:
5054:
in Hertfordshire, which has a retreat center specifically for lay retreats. Sumedho extended this to Harnham in Northumberland as
3059:, i.e. blue/black) skin. He was one of the two most senior disciples of the Buddha and regarded as the foremost in psychic powers.
2657:
which holds that after death, sentient beings which are not fully awakened will transmigrate to another body, possibly in another
13395:
12847:
9806:
10349:
8608:
7323:. In: Jerryson, Michael (ed.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Contemporary Buddhism, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 274-296.
13050:
11030:
4060:
and Padmasiri de Silva have written on these topics. Modern scholarship in western languages by western Buddhist monks such as
3970:
is seen by scholars as an introduction to modernist Buddhist thought and the book continues to be widely used in universities.
3095:
The arahant is never a layperson, for they have abandoned the fetters of a layperson, including married life, using money, etc.
10704:
5301:
3164:
Theravāda also does not accept the Mahayana notion that there are two forms of nibbana, an inferior "localized" or "abiding" (
17445:
10195:
10017:
8664:
8262:
8236:
8001:
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7307:
7146:
7038:
6915:
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2816:), since they are impermanent and not always under our control. Therefore, there is no unchanging substance, permanent self,
2237:
10120:
Purifying Gold: The Metaphor of Effort and Intuition in Buddhist Thought and Practice. In: Peter N. Gregory (editor)(1991),
8689:
3504:
According to Ronkin, the canonical Pāli Abhidhamma remains pragmatic and psychological, and "does not take much interest in
1786:
Epigraphical evidence has established that Theravāda Buddhism became a dominant religion in the Southeast Asian kingdoms of
18541:
17910:
14949:
11213:
11055:
6272:
Today, Theravādins number over 150 million worldwide, and during the past few decades Theravāda Buddhism has begun to
5124:
3342:), the Pali Canon itself is silent on this issue. Some modern Theravāda scholars propose alternative notions. For example,
1814:. late 13th century) was instrumental in the rise of Theravāda Buddhism as the predominant religion of Burma and Thailand.
10606:
5590:
has declared that there can be no valid ordination of nuns in modern times, though some Burmese monks disagree with this.
4469:("calm") consists of meditation techniques in which the mind is focused on a single object, thought, or gatha, leading to
18028:
17309:
16910:
13390:
9875:"The Theravāda Buddhist Engagement with Modernity in Southeast Asia: Whither the Social Paradigm of the Galactic Polity?"
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5667:
In Sri Lanka caste plays a major role in the division into nikayas. Some Theravāda Buddhist countries appoint or elect a
5128:
4956:. The view that Theravāda, unlike other Buddhist schools, is primarily a monastic tradition has, however, been disputed.
4453:
bhavana (investigation, insight). Originally these referred to effects or qualities of meditation, but after the time of
8123:
7087:
Text, Lineage and Tradition in Burma. The Struggle for Norms and Religious Legitimacy Under King Bodawphaya (1782-1819).
4558:. It is the primary focus of the modernist Burmese Vipassana movement. In western countries it is complemented with the
1822:
established as the state religion in Cambodia and Laos. In Cambodia, numerous Hindu and Mahāyāna temples, most famously
18238:
17968:
17850:
17304:
15889:
13843:
13287:
12837:
10932:
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10263:
8318:"The Bodhisattva Ideal in Theravāda Buddhist Theory and Practice: A Reevaluation of the Bodhisattva-Śrāvaka Opposition"
7006:
6944:
4494:-practice. The eighth and final step of the Eightfold Path, Right Samadhi, is often defined as the four jhanas. In the
4336:
Dedication of merit; doing good deeds in the name of someone who has passed away or in the name of all sentient beings.
3346:
proposes that the basis for consciousness is the entire physical organism, which he ties with the canonical concept of
3219:
found in Mahayana, which says that the Buddha's physical body was a mere manifestation, emanation or magical creation (
1901:(still the world's largest book) with the intention of preserving the Buddha Dhamma. Burma also saw the growth of the "
1696:(the ancient Sri Lankan capital). According to Theravāda sources, another one of the Ashokan missions was also sent to
1303:
749:
706:
10829:
8293:
The Eastern Buddhist, vol. 41, no. 2, 2010, pp. 1–47. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/44362554. Accessed 25 February 2020.
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10157:
8837:
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7671:
7525:
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4704:. This text has remained central for the study and practice of Theravāda meditation. Buddhaghosa's commentary on the
4308:(whether for life or for a limited time) in the presence of Sangha. Laypeople also sometimes take an extended set of
3183:
Theravāda exegetical works consider nibbana to be a real existent, instead of just a conceptual or nominal existent (
13380:
4319:
Performing good deeds is another important feature of Theravādin Buddhist ethics. Doing so is said to make "merit" (
18341:
15899:
13065:
12810:
3533:
The Theravāda Abhidhamma holds that there is a total of 82 possible types of dhammas, 81 of these are conditioned (
2168:
1659:
in the Indian Buddhist community. Theravāda sources trace their tradition to the Third Buddhist council when elder
651:
5566:
has authorized followers of the Tibetan tradition to be ordained as nuns in traditions that have such ordination.
2390:, the parallel collections used by non-Theravāda schools in India which are preserved in Chinese and partially in
1724:
Gold Plates containing fragments of the Pali Tipitaka (5th century) found in Maunggan (a village near the city of
1601:
181:
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17319:
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as well as lesser known forest based traditions in Burma and Laos, such as the Burmese forest based monasteries (
4017:) and doctrinal works written in defense of Buddhism or attacking Christian ideas, such as Gunapala Dharmasiri's
3148:
3089:
2031:
10478:
8016:
Siderits, Mark, "Buddha", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2015 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),
6982:
The Theravaada Buddhist Ecumene in the Fifteenth Century: Intellectual Foundations and Material Representations"
5609:
ordained as Bhikkhunis by a dual Sangha act of Bhikkhus and Bhikkhunis in full accordance with the Pāli Vinaya.
4692:, who systematized the classic Theravāda meditation, dividing them into samatha and vipassana types and listing
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143:
18158:
17983:
17256:
16275:
16216:
16103:
15982:
15914:
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13402:
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12857:
12748:
12693:
11266:
7807:"Abhidhamma Pitaka." Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.
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and other monks and nuns were in attendance. It was the first such ordination ever in the Western hemisphere.
5266:, called "Tapavana". This division was then carried over into the rest of Southeast Asia as Theravāda spread.
3092:
view of the Sarvāstivādin tradition, which held that dhammas exist in all three times – past, present, future.
2253:
A full modern set of the Tipiṭaka can fill many volumes (from 40 to over 50 volumes depending on the edition).
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17723:
17460:
17124:
16973:
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13372:
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12753:
11045:
10878:
8483:
Potter, Buswell, Jaini; Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume VII Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD, p. 121.
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Theravada monks meditating and practicing mindfulness over simple things like the meal they are about to have
5758:
5132:
2152:
2035:
1871:
1232:
927:
455:
10532:
10505:
9825:
3898:, Theravāda (like other early Buddhist schools), defines a bodhisatta as someone who has made a resolution (
3201:) consisting in non-arising and exists separately from the mere destruction of passion, hatred and delusion.
3169:
18366:
18168:
15381:
14131:
12955:
12827:
12798:
12500:
10851:
8855:
7917:
See, for example, the content of introductory texts from Theravada authors such as Rahula, Walpola (1974).
7798:
James P. McDermott, Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D. p. 80.
5051:
4863:
is also widely practiced by both monks and laypersons, who may recite famous phrases such as the taking of
4126:
3816:
and are free from all defilements. They have abandoned all ignorance, craving for existence, restlessness (
3760:
3241:("person" or "personal entity") as being more than a conceptual designation imputed on the five aggregates.
2907:
2677:
2164:
2156:
1867:
1177:
952:
912:
367:
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9414:
9209:
The Sutta on Understanding Death in the Transmission of Bora ̄n Meditation From Siam to the Kandyan Court.
7494:
Proceedings of 10th National Conference on Buddhist Studies of Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences,
4993:
The role of lay people has traditionally been primarily occupied with activities that are commonly termed
4894:
Another important religious practice for the devout is the keeping of special religious holidays known as
4157:
4040:
The modern era also saw new Buddhist works on topics which pre-modern Buddhists avoided, such as socially
3263:. This is now being questioned by some modern Theravādins in light of modern Buddhist studies scholarship.
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Theravāda Abhidhamma traditionally rejects the view that there is an intermediate or transitional state (
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2102:
2051:
2016:
1714:
644:
261:
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7031:
Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, Volume 1: Integration on the Mainland.
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5282:
4282:
3857:
3794:: Those who have destroyed the first three fetters and have weakened the fetters of desire and ill-will;
2627:
The core of Theravāda Buddhist doctrine is contained in the Pāli Canon, the only complete collection of
1779:. These Theravāda sub-sects often came into conflict with each other over royal patronage. The reign of
1481:
from the 3rd century BCE onwards. It was in India that the Pāli Canon was written down and the school's
68:
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householders, for dwelling at home is incompatible with the state of one who has severed all craving."
4502:
as single-pointed concentration and calm may be a later re-interpretation in which the original aim of
4435:
2937:
2443:
2299:
that the Pāli Tipiṭaka has been transmitted with a high degree of accuracy for well over 1,500 years."
1689:
1486:
342:
266:
213:
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12385:
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10393:
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show that monastic roles in the tradition were often seen as being in a polarity between urban monks (
4664:, there are various reasons why traditional Theravāda Buddhism advocates meditation, including a good
4229:
3428:
2684:
by bathing are considered useless and spiritually corrupted. The Pāli texts also reject the idea that
18401:
18190:
18048:
17500:
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16167:
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15428:
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13714:
13669:
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13198:
13188:
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12043:
11623:
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11359:
10049:
9703:
8794:
McMahan, David L. 2008. The Making of Buddhist Modernism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 91–97.
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5162:
Theravāda sources dating back to medieval Sri Lanka (2nd century BCE to 10th century CE) such as the
4069:
3765:
3570:
3552:
2669:
2195:
1052:
16506:
11409:
10806:
9501:
Taylor, J.L. Forest Monks and the Nation-state: An Anthropological and Historical Study, pp. 12, 15.
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treated) in a way that would not be in line with the expected duties and privileges of their caste.
4825:
3033:
862:
168:
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6949:, IIAS Newsletter Online, No 25, Theme Burmese Heritage, archived from the original on 8 April 2016
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3703:, the plane of form. The realms in this plane are associated with the four meditative absorptions (
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3085:
2693:
2076:
2072:
1983:), the highest body of the Thai sangha. Mongkut also led the creation of a new monastic order, the
1883:
1057:
1007:
525:
332:
103:
14902:
9725:
9546:
Taylor, J.L. Forest Monks and the Nation-state: An Anthropological and Historical Study, pp. 9–13.
4936:
Traditionally, Theravāda Buddhism has observed a distinction between the practices suitable for a
4323:), which results in a better rebirth. The "ten wholesome actions" is a common list of good deeds:
3973:
Another modern phenomenon is Buddhist philosophers who received an education in the West, such as
3300:
2365:
18526:
18356:
18293:
18243:
18203:
18148:
17783:
17778:
17668:
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17505:
17435:
17231:
17042:
16957:
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16140:
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15761:
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7214:
6933:, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. Volume 20, Number 1, Summer 1997.
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were sent to China to establish the order there, which subsequently spread across East Asia. The
5535:
5435:
4672:, combating fear and preventing danger. Recent modernist Theravādins have tended to focus on the
3990:
3982:
2494:
2415:
2080:
2055:
1705:
By the first century BCE, Theravāda Buddhism was well established in the main settlements of the
1681:
1656:
1217:
605:
530:
405:
10416:
4606:
4601:
3802:: Those who have destroyed the five lower fetters, which bind beings to the world of the senses;
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was one of the great Abhidhamma scholars of the 20th century as well as a teacher of meditation.
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17025:
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15954:
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15803:
15771:
15709:
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12423:
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11655:
11650:
11399:
10366:
9519:
Taylor, J.L. Forest Monks and the Nation-state: An Anthropological and Historical Study, p. 12.
8637:, in "History of Religions" Vol. 36, No. 3 (Feb. 1997), pp. 183-217. The University of Chicago.
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6165:
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4150:
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2946:
2878:
2553:
2423:
2407:
2160:
2095:
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1972:
1914:
1894:
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westward to places such as India and Nepal, along with Buddhist immigrants and converts in the
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1296:
1032:
1017:
997:
922:
917:
832:
739:
193:
188:
163:
58:
11767:
10185:
9537:
Taylor, J.L. Forest Monks and the Nation-state: An Anthropological and Historical Study, p. 9.
9528:
Prapod Assavavirulhakarn, The Ascendency of Theravada Buddhism in Southeast Asia 1990, p. 258.
7208:
6546:, traditionally numbered at 18, of early Buddhism. The Theravadins trace their lineage to the
4693:
4240:
This basic outline is based on the threefold discipline. The emphasis is on understanding the
4198:
3663:, the spiritual plane of desires. This includes numerous realms of existence such as: various
3593:
2124:
which focused on the conservation and restoration of important Indian Buddhist sites, such as
1913:(1846–1923) was one of the key figures in this movement. After independence, Myanmar held the
309:
18464:
18409:
18326:
18278:
18253:
18053:
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17738:
17728:
17550:
17226:
17169:
16989:
16935:
16356:
16334:
16253:
16194:
15860:
15299:
15160:
14322:
13921:
13833:
13442:
13412:
12993:
12925:
12758:
12673:
12668:
12592:
12587:
12505:
11035:
10756:
10653:
8017:
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5383:
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4638:
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4417:
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3073:("Points of Controversy"), as well as in other works by later commentators like Buddhaghosa.
2777:), which holds that all physical and mental phenomena are transient, unstable and inconstant.
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2458:
2084:
2020:
1859:
1732:
1577:
1237:
1227:
1182:
610:
256:
93:
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15128:
12058:
9585:
Tiyavanich, Kamala, nForest Recollections: Wandering Monks in Twentieth-Century Thailand p1.
8228:
6294:
4486:
4404:
literally "causing to become" or cultivation) means the positive cultivation of one's mind.
3648:
3452:
dhammas and their relationships. The central theory of the Abhidhamma is thus known as the "
3415:
Theravāda scholastics developed a systematic exposition of the Buddhist doctrine called the
3252:(including all speech, defecation and urination, etc.) were supramundane or transcendental (
3143:, there are canonical passages which support the idea of an intermediate state (such as the
2979:
2707:
2701:
2587:
An important genre of Theravādin literature, in both Pāli and vernacular languages, are the
304:
18454:
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18336:
18263:
18233:
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17703:
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16086:
15934:
15666:
14961:
14545:
14305:
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13796:
13649:
13465:
13432:
13417:
12935:
12832:
12778:
12663:
12602:
12570:
12565:
12550:
12535:
12525:
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12095:
12018:
11321:
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6265:
6242:
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5423:
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4130:
4101:
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2403:
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There are numerous editions of the Tipiṭaka, some of the major modern editions include the
2242:
2172:
2121:
2090:
The establishment of some of the first Theravāda Viharas in the Western world, such as the
1984:
1863:
1846:. The widespread practice of meditation by laypersons is a modern development in Theravāda.
1706:
1402:
1247:
1207:
1202:
1167:
1012:
892:
800:
785:
729:
701:
550:
460:
352:
108:
98:
63:
14158:
13305:
11920:
11789:
11715:
11591:
11329:
10730:
8291:"Scriptural Authenticity and the Śrāvaka Schools: An Essay towards an Indian Perspective."
7483:
3561:). Since no dhamma exists independently, every single dhamma of consciousness, known as a
3116:
Theravāda Abhidhamma holds that insight into the four noble truths happens in one moment (
2886:
2501:(right) (c. 5th century), shown here presenting three copies of his influential doctrinal
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8:
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17805:
17683:
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15552:
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14278:
13931:
13755:
13601:
13272:
13151:
12985:
12960:
12950:
12910:
12887:
12770:
12743:
12703:
12622:
12612:
12540:
12467:
11898:
11755:
11536:
11514:
11466:
11286:
11086:
10942:
10922:
10782:
9781:
6517:
6482:
6324:
6248:
6231:
6179:
6096:
5868:
5863:
5613:
5587:
5551:
5427:
5249:. Forest monks tend to be the minority among Theravāda sanghas and also tend to focus on
5008:
4884:
4379:
4330:
Moral conduct (Sīla); Keeping the five precepts and generally refraining from doing harm.
4233:
4013:). The modern encounter with Christian missionaries also led to new debates (such as the
4010:
4006:
3994:
3978:
3894:) are quite rare. While in Mahayana, bodhisattas refers to beings who have developed the
3620:
3441:
3193:) of the defilements or non-existence of the five aggregates, as was held by some in the
2681:
2435:
1257:
1212:
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83:
43:
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11246:
11173:
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9395:
Bhikkhu Khantipalo, Lay Buddhist Practice The Shrine Room, Uposatha Day, Rains Residence
4232:
emerging because of the practice. This part shows a great analytical effort specific to
3862:
3482:
3356:" is not meant literally (it can also mean "essence", "core"), but refers to the entire
2812:
2387:
1879:
1557:
of all of these groups, as well as converts around the world, also embrace and practice
18521:
18439:
18419:
18386:
18283:
18273:
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18213:
18143:
18123:
18113:
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14706:
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13985:
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13240:
13082:
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12867:
12862:
12733:
12728:
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12713:
12698:
12683:
12678:
12617:
12597:
12560:
12485:
12290:
11991:
11915:
11793:
11735:
11576:
11476:
11404:
11379:
11025:
10955:
9988:
9941:
9902:
9026:
8337:
8144:
Buddhist Rituals of Death and Rebirth: Contemporary Sri Lankan Practice and Its Origins
6691:
6273:
5683:
5651:
5643:
5443:
5439:
5419:
5317:
4986:
for a future birth), and Nibbanic Buddhism (concerned with attaining the liberation of
4836:
Laypersons and monks also perform various types of religious practices daily or during
4814:
4783:
4766:
4705:
4665:
4661:
4581:
4413:
4339:
Rejoicing in merit of good deeds done by others, this is common in communal activities.
4253:
4045:
3941:
3812:
3725:
3540:
3267:
3185:
3126:
3081:
2658:
2654:
2217:
The Vietnamese Theravāda movement, led by figures such as Ven. Hộ-Tông (Vansarakkhita).
2191:
2183:
2144:
2117:
1989:
1902:
1875:
1851:
1787:
1725:
1660:
1569:
1565:
1242:
1222:
1162:
1157:
1045:
947:
940:
867:
857:
764:
535:
470:
400:
323:
314:
251:
246:
25:
15547:
15106:
14734:
14464:
13134:
10316:
Mindful America: The Mutual Transformation of Buddhist Meditation and American Culture
6547:
5042:, have begun teaching meditation retreats outside of the monastery for lay disciples.
3204:
Theravāda exegetical works, mental phenomena last for a very short moment or instant (
2359:
1652:
1611:
1474:
440:
18496:
18490:
18424:
18381:
18371:
18361:
18351:
18258:
18178:
18138:
18063:
18033:
17925:
17880:
17860:
17835:
17810:
17773:
17758:
17733:
17708:
17620:
17570:
17525:
17510:
17490:
17480:
17455:
17395:
17339:
17104:
16880:
16476:
16447:
16371:
16366:
16327:
16265:
16221:
16206:
16189:
16184:
16179:
16118:
15853:
15739:
15505:
15475:
15455:
15276:
15081:
15062:
15057:
15003:
14966:
14687:
14602:
14525:
14423:
14413:
14381:
14369:
14337:
14314:
14296:
14192:
14047:
13955:
13941:
13904:
13892:
13721:
13640:
13592:
13513:
13475:
13171:
13156:
13119:
13104:
12877:
12793:
12708:
12545:
12510:
12495:
12222:
12212:
11893:
11740:
11725:
11596:
11519:
11439:
11374:
11306:
11193:
10950:
10633:
10585:
10343:
10291:
10248:
10191:
10153:
10013:
9980:
9933:
9906:
9894:
8959:
8833:
8660:
8317:
8258:
8232:
8099:(Ecole Fransaise d'Extreme-Orient, 1955), Chapitre I 'Les Mahasanghika', pp. 212-240.
8066:
7997:
7971:
7667:
7646:
7521:
7412:
7303:
7210:
The Many Lives of Insight: The Abhidhamma and transformations in Theravada meditation
7142:
7034:
7002:
6961:
6911:
6843:
6708:
6698:
6486:
6314:
6289:
6221:
6220:(in peninsular Malaysia especially north-western parts of Malaysia, primarily by the
6184:
6175:
5511:
5395:
5379:
5363:
4974:
traditions, overlapping though still distinct. Most prominently, the anthropologist
4875:
in front of their shrine. Chanting may also be part of the practice of recollection (
4864:
4837:
4574:, morality, giving up worldly thoughts and desires. The practitioner then engages in
4555:
4422:
4362:
4346:
4301:
4290:
4260:
4249:
4217:
4065:
3974:
3779:
3668:
3545:. The 81 conditioned dhammas are divided into three broad categories: consciousness (
3488:
3457:
3330:) and is the material support for consciousness. Some later Theravāda works like the
3197:
school for example. In Theravāda scholasticism, nibbana is defined as the cessation (
2930:
2926:
2918:
2849:
2644:
2592:
2466:
2450:
2426:. For example, while the Theravāda Vinaya contains a total of 227 monastic rules for
2399:
2354:
2307:
2303:
2245:, most of which have not survived the humid climate of South Asia and Southeast Asia.
1946:
1938:
1818:
1390:
1289:
1187:
1172:
977:
852:
795:
759:
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675:
580:
555:
415:
372:
362:
228:
203:
88:
73:
15959:
15557:
15217:
14971:
12457:
11251:
11151:
10086:
Insight Meditation in the United States: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness
10043:
6606:
6538:
Theravada (Pali: "Way of the Elders"; Sanskrit, Sthaviravada) emerged as one of the
6115:
Theravāda Buddhism is practiced in the following countries and by people worldwide:
5547:
2067:
The 20th-century Nepalese Theravāda movement which introduced Theravāda Buddhism to
1959:
and controlled by the state after a series of reforms promoted by Thai kings of the
18449:
18331:
18228:
17840:
17800:
17748:
17743:
17660:
17630:
17540:
17430:
17294:
17246:
17241:
16805:
16770:
16743:
16501:
16486:
16361:
16285:
16135:
16113:
16021:
15882:
15661:
15624:
15480:
15465:
15413:
15207:
15187:
15155:
15150:
15121:
15116:
15040:
15030:
14859:
14823:
14815:
14786:
14699:
14619:
14614:
14577:
14567:
14493:
14431:
14273:
14110:
13960:
13618:
13161:
13114:
13109:
12965:
12930:
12905:
12900:
12651:
12607:
12520:
12195:
11851:
11844:
11628:
11618:
11504:
11168:
11040:
10713:
10238:
10230:
10226:
9972:
9886:
9802:
9652:
9212:
8329:
7935:"Brahamanism and Buddhism: Two Antithetic Conceptions of Society in Ancient India."
7699:
6646:
6376:
6368:
6211:
6122:
5733:
5718:
5708:
5688:
5583:
5462:
A Buddhist Monk chants evening prayers inside a monastery located near the town of
5269:
Today there are forest based traditions in most Theravāda countries, including the
5235:
5181:
5167:
5055:
4995:
4983:
4829:
4794:
4688:
The practice of Theravāda meditation can be traced back to the 5th century exegete
4320:
4286:
4041:
4026:
3861:
A Burmese illustrated manuscript depicting Sumedha (the future Buddha Gautama) and
3468:
2889:
and ending in birth, old age and death) and how suffering can be brought to an end.
2311:
1710:
1324:
1252:
1197:
1127:
1117:
982:
575:
560:
545:
540:
158:
78:
16098:
12240:
10177:
Reexamining Jhana: Towards a Critical Reconstruction of Early Buddhist Soteriology
8688:, Department of Continuing Education, Oxford University, p. 8, archived from
8222:
5491:
to adults and children in addition to providing social services to the community.
5245:
Scholar monks generally undertake the path of studying and preserving Theravāda's
5070:
4141:
The Noble Eightfold Path can also be summarized as the Three Noble Disciplines of
3245:
18500:
17129:
17109:
16599:
16491:
16481:
16150:
15818:
15609:
15589:
15520:
15485:
15418:
15138:
15111:
15086:
15035:
15013:
14806:
14749:
14520:
14037:
13838:
13764:
13704:
13659:
13628:
13525:
13470:
13422:
13350:
13220:
13018:
12998:
12940:
12852:
12515:
12413:
12260:
11996:
11979:
11964:
11942:
11494:
11364:
11198:
11178:
10691:
10553:
10426:
10403:
10353:
10213:
9829:
9401:
9064:
8769:
8615:
8461:
8252:
8130:
8024:
7991:
7961:
7490:
7380:
6905:
6747:
6513:
6472:
6468:
5713:
5447:
5246:
5156:
5136:
4888:
4879:), which refers to contemplating various topics such as the sublime qualities of
4841:
4586:
4274:
4077:
4053:
4049:
3783:
3684:
3364:
3019:
2824:
2799:
2791:
2716:
2489:
2371:
2203:
1799:
1780:
1456:
1410:
1277:
1192:
992:
902:
847:
615:
515:
435:
420:
347:
121:
12270:
11424:
11414:
9569:
9479:
Swearer, Donald K. The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia: Second Edition, p. 178.
8785:
Swearer, Donald K. The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia: Second Edition, p. 164.
8063:
The Middle-Length Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Majjhima Nikāya
4201:
for the list of the forty traditional objects). It mentions different stages of
3605:
3476:
3435:
3348:
2803:
2291:
of the Tipiṭaka which survives today is that of the Sri Lankan Mahavihara sect.
1648:
842:
17251:
17144:
17084:
16800:
16775:
16560:
16464:
16346:
16290:
16243:
15656:
15604:
15500:
15470:
15450:
15445:
15440:
15423:
15319:
15239:
15222:
15175:
15165:
14209:
13872:
13855:
13674:
13654:
13623:
13480:
13183:
13033:
12815:
12395:
12375:
12295:
11984:
11974:
11908:
11745:
11231:
11094:
10615:
8084:
Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D
6791:
6521:
6410:
6392:
6256:
5750:
5476:
5415:
5371:
5039:
5031:
4860:
4798:
4757:
4734:
4534:, which are seen as being universally applicable to all constructed phenomena (
4309:
4092:
4009:
is another modern Theravāda scholar who studied philosophy in the west (at the
3847:
3716:
3578:
3357:
3249:
2922:
2615:
2598:
Most Theravāda Buddhists generally consider Mahāyāna Buddhist scriptures to be
2477:
work which made use of doctrinal lists which can be seen in the suttas, called
2199:
2176:
2135:
The introduction of Theravāda to other Southeast Asian nations like Singapore,
1960:
1930:
1855:
1756:
1585:
1385:
1137:
1067:
1022:
880:
505:
490:
15212:
14474:
9890:
9846:"First Theravada Ordination of Bhikkhunis in Indonesia After a Thousand Years"
9216:
8962:, The Heart of Buddhist meditation, Buddhist publication Society, 2005, p. 40.
6946:
Historical Geography of Burma: Creation of enduring patterns in the Pyu period
4952:
traditions, with monastic life being hailed as a superior method of achieving
4654:
3720:
3577:. In Abhidhamma, all awareness events are thus seen as being characterized by
3194:
2662:
18515:
17179:
16733:
16614:
16006:
16001:
15949:
15786:
15724:
15619:
15510:
15408:
15339:
15271:
15261:
15234:
15170:
15067:
15045:
14983:
14879:
14842:
14761:
14669:
14120:
14071:
13776:
13250:
13099:
12408:
12310:
12168:
11969:
11947:
11883:
11554:
11349:
11344:
11236:
10905:
10252:
10234:
9984:
9937:
9898:
9148:
Gethin, Rupert, The Foundations of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, p. 234.
8773:, Paper presented at the XVIII the IABS Congress, Toronto 2017, Updated 2019.
8357:, Paper presented at the XVIII the IABS Congress, Toronto 2017, Updated 2019.
7336:
Buddhist Studies Review, UK Association for Buddhist Studies, 18 (I): 73–106.
6994:
6427:
6384:
6146:
5638:
5555:
5411:
5403:
5391:
5103:
5043:
5035:
4975:
4872:
4772:
4717:
Regarding post Visuddhimagga Theravāda meditation, according to Kate Crosby,
4701:
4305:
4168:
4162:
4073:
4034:
3464:
3453:
3140:
3052:
2952:
2724:
2526:
2507:
2454:
2431:
2346:
2338:
2258:
2098:
in Berlin (1957) and the Washington Buddhist Vihara in Washington, DC (1965).
2008:
2004:
1976:
1968:
1807:
1740:
1636:
1589:
1421:
1415:
962:
957:
897:
590:
585:
450:
299:
153:
15848:
11708:
11698:
11070:
10684:
5147:
4114:
3903:
3259:
Theravāda traditionally defends the idea that the Buddha himself taught the
3042:
2635:. These basic Buddhist ideas are shared by the other Early Buddhist schools
1922:
1838:
1395:
1102:
907:
430:
17314:
17216:
17077:
16765:
16760:
16738:
16728:
16609:
16041:
15976:
15919:
15904:
15870:
15495:
15403:
14441:
14332:
14327:
14178:
14148:
14022:
13990:
13738:
13709:
13696:
13340:
13325:
13295:
13245:
13235:
13077:
12872:
12365:
12200:
12078:
11866:
11861:
11688:
11559:
11434:
10895:
10102:
Theravāda Buddhism. A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
9656:
9422:
8050:
Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
7848:
Theravada Buddhism, a social history from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
6814:
Theravada Buddhism, a social history from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
6712:
6651:
Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
6415:
6339:
6150:
5703:
5543:
5359:
5355:
5263:
4810:
4778:
4753:
4559:
4278:
4097:
3913:
3908:
3838:
3711:
These various planes of existence can be found in countless world systems (
3707:) and those who attain these meditations are reborn in these divine realms.
3673:) which are devoid of happiness, the realms of animals, the hungry ghosts (
3652:
3619:
The Pāli Tipiṭaka outlines a hierarchical cosmological system with various
3509:
3408:
3369:
3294:
3275:
3027:
3010:
2835:
2807:
2773:
2588:
2350:
2323:
2211:
2187:
1950:
1942:
1910:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1002:
887:
805:
691:
565:
500:
475:
377:
357:
208:
198:
148:
15542:
14229:
12123:
12108:
12068:
11765:
11429:
11005:
10345:
Meditation en masse. How colonialism sparked the global Vipassana movement
10283:
The Society and Its Environment. (Religion: Historical Background section)
10281:
9557:
Forest Monks and the Nation-state: An Anthropological and Historical Study
4450:
4384:
4225:
3088:, the view that only present moment phenomena (dhamma) exist, against the
3047:
2860:
1427:
324:
315:
17236:
17211:
17035:
17003:
16994:
16940:
16870:
16855:
16748:
16639:
16300:
16248:
16036:
15754:
15734:
15574:
15515:
15253:
15249:
15072:
14592:
14540:
14510:
14347:
14201:
14093:
14017:
13882:
13818:
13769:
13310:
13139:
12280:
12265:
12048:
11856:
11784:
11564:
11394:
11296:
11143:
11015:
10243:
8371:
The Whole Body, Not Heart, as 'Seat of Consciousness': The Buddha's View.
6245:(by 90% of the population, 94% of the population that practices religion)
6138:
6130:
6126:
5797:
5766:
5578:
5539:
5463:
5407:
5399:
5239:
4906:
4868:
4764:-meditation and developed simplified meditation techniques, based on the
4689:
4576:
4454:
4352:
4179:
4061:
3957:
3920:
3889:
3870:
3316:
3234:
3226:
Theravāda holds that there is a ground level of consciousness called the
3069:
2743:
2573:
2535:
2517:
2498:
2319:
2315:
1956:
1827:
1772:
1665:
1616:
1538:
1530:
1072:
625:
595:
570:
425:
410:
16555:
16496:
15599:
15020:
14854:
14403:
13300:
11760:
10168:
Het hart van boeddhistische meditatie (The heart of Buddhist Meditation)
9017:
Majjhima Nikaya, Sutta No. 118, Section No. 2, translated from the Pali.
6840:
Sacred Sites of Burma: Myth and Folklore in an Evolving Spiritual Realm,
5305:
Candidates for the Buddhist monkhood being ordained as monks in Thailand
4633:
4355:; the gift of Dhamma is seen as a form of highest gift. (Dhammapada 354)
3912:
is a Theravāda text which focuses on the path of the Buddhas, while the
3719:. This entire cyclical multiverse of constant birth and death is called
3404:
3308:) and is different from the five aggregates which are 'with condition' (
2700:
Descriptions of various meditative practices or states, namely the four
1992:, a new education and examination system was introduced for Thai monks.
1926:
1751:
Over time, two other sects split off from the Mahāvihāra tradition, the
1669:, an important work which lays out the Vibhajjavāda doctrinal position.
485:
17202:
17197:
17072:
17067:
17030:
17008:
16865:
16845:
16840:
16681:
16671:
16634:
16238:
16016:
15964:
15704:
15349:
15329:
14907:
14832:
14771:
14535:
14515:
14436:
14088:
14056:
14027:
13806:
13801:
13786:
13255:
13213:
13089:
12895:
12820:
12434:
12418:
12380:
12360:
12255:
12230:
12138:
12073:
12053:
11799:
11730:
11601:
11484:
11454:
11389:
11339:
10997:
10987:
10960:
10187:
Buddhist Nuns and Gendered Practice: In Search of the Female Renunciant
9992:
9960:
9945:
9921:
8938:
Henepola Gunaratana, The Jhanas in Theravada Buddhist Meditation, 1995.
8341:
7959:
7360:
Rebuilding Buddhism: The Theravada Movement in Twentieth-Century Nepal,
6349:
6334:
6252:
6134:
5840:
5676:
5668:
5563:
5367:
5351:
5250:
5214:
5210:
5047:
5027:
5019:
5000:
4880:
4711:
4677:
4030:
3895:
3833:
3790:
3416:
3176:. Such a dual nirvana theory is absent in the suttas. According to the
2893:
2853:
2531:
2521:
2502:
2474:
2446:
2333:
2327:
2232:
2110:
2044:
2000:
1890:
1823:
1776:
1760:
1640:
1518:
1485:
literature developed. From India, the Theravāda tradition subsequently
1482:
1374:
1077:
837:
734:
620:
520:
510:
337:
284:
138:
128:
16046:
14927:
12275:
11271:
7923:
In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon.
4760:
during the 19th and 20th centuries. These Burmese figures re-invented
4471:
3873:, there are three main soteriological paths: the path of the Buddhas (
2992:
2676:
are a divine authority. Any form of sacrifices to the gods (including
17149:
16945:
16860:
16850:
16721:
16676:
16661:
16594:
16442:
15909:
15831:
15791:
15781:
15744:
15719:
15699:
15594:
15460:
15314:
15304:
15076:
14934:
14744:
14729:
14694:
14677:
14572:
14352:
14268:
14247:
14242:
14219:
14214:
14173:
14168:
14105:
14042:
13965:
13936:
13887:
13828:
13781:
13230:
13203:
12370:
12245:
11957:
11873:
11750:
11613:
11606:
11569:
11526:
11489:
11256:
11221:
11188:
11163:
11118:
9672:
Socially Engaged Buddhism in Thailand: Ordination of Thai Women Monks
9608:
9080:
8819:, pp. 206-216. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.
8304:
Metaphor and Literalism in Buddhism: The Doctrinal History of Nirvana
8196:
Metaphor and Literalism in Buddhism: The Doctrinal History of Nirvana
8183:
Metaphor and Literalism in Buddhism: The Doctrinal History of Nirvana
8170:
Metaphor and Literalism in Buddhism: The Doctrinal History of Nirvana
7457:
6474:
In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon
6142:
6108:
5978:
5726:
5627:
5387:
5347:
5163:
5115:
who himself established the International Meditation Center (IMC) in
5079:
5026:
A number of senior monastics in the Thai Forest Tradition, including
5014:
5004:
4949:
4748:. The practice was revived in Myanmar (Burma) in the 18th century by
4669:
4570:
4389:
4142:
3960:
and science, and opposed to superstition and certain folk practices.
3774:
3153:
2974:
2858:(suffering, unease); (2) There is a cause of dukkha, mainly craving (
2599:
2568:
2562:
2402:, as well as the various non-Theravāda Vinayas. On this basis, these
2288:
2280:
2136:
2125:
2024:
1934:
1906:
1803:
1791:
1768:
1720:
1677:
1624:
1542:
1494:
1437:
1122:
495:
445:
223:
218:
14624:
14153:
13003:
11839:
11693:
11459:
11241:
11110:
11102:
9976:
8333:
7696:
Tse-Fu Kuan. Mindfulness in similes in Early Buddhist literature in
7374:
The Revival of Buddhism in Indo-Bangla Territory: A New Perspective.
7186:
Rescued from the Nation: Anagarika Dharmapala and the Buddhist World
5832:
5828:
5458:
4782:
and bare insight. These techniques were globally popularized by the
4495:
4481:
4304:
in the Triple Gems, lay Theravādin Buddhists traditionally take the
3004:
2795:
2782:
2649:
2113:
Mahasthavir, which were key events in the Bengali Theravāda revival.
289:
16952:
16696:
16686:
16541:
16031:
16011:
15838:
15714:
15569:
15143:
14897:
14837:
14756:
14664:
14651:
14629:
14609:
14587:
14582:
14562:
14502:
14469:
14408:
14252:
14237:
14115:
14076:
14032:
13823:
13760:
13664:
13567:
13520:
13360:
13315:
13260:
13225:
13129:
12788:
12355:
12350:
12300:
12235:
12153:
12118:
12113:
11774:
11645:
11633:
11544:
11203:
10900:
10273:
Forest Recollections: Wandering Monks in Twentieth-Century Thailand
8555:
Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition
8507:
Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition
8438:
Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition
6564:
6539:
6100:
6020:
5894:
5574:
5255:
5096:
5074:
The ceremony walks with lighted candles in hand around a temple on
4945:
4895:
4876:
4790:
4595:
4313:
4312:, which includes chastity during sacred days of observance such as
3851:
3818:
3806:
3647:, the formless or incorporeal plane. These are associated with the
3598:
3535:
3505:
3494:
3378:
3227:
3216:
2540:
2470:
2391:
2140:
1764:
1631:
1554:
1546:
1510:
1502:
1364:
1132:
1112:
1107:
987:
683:
12345:
12335:
12320:
12143:
12013:
11281:
10845:
10122:
Sudden and Gradual. Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought
10111:
How Buddhism Began. The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings
6607:"Pali word for "Theravada Buddhist" - Dhamma Wheel Buddhist Forum"
5198:) on the other. The ascetic focused monks were known by the names
2958:
2786:), which holds that all the constituents of a person, namely, the
2379:
1995:
1627:, dating back to the reign of King Devanampiya Tissa (247–207 BCE)
1401:
The Pāli Canon is the most complete Buddhist canon surviving in a
17221:
16825:
16790:
16711:
16624:
16565:
16469:
16172:
16026:
15776:
15729:
15614:
15490:
15309:
14776:
14739:
14550:
14100:
14066:
13909:
13610:
13265:
13208:
13193:
12340:
12330:
12305:
12180:
12175:
12133:
12103:
12035:
12001:
11888:
11829:
11824:
11678:
11581:
11419:
11369:
11156:
10982:
9822:
8925:
Vajiranāṇa Mahathera (author), Allan R. Bomhard (editor) (20100,
6304:
6299:
6091:
5936:
5696:
5623:
5311:
5120:
5102:
It is also possible for a lay disciple to become enlightened. As
5087:
4987:
4953:
4941:
4730:
4551:
4547:
4465:
4446:
4442:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4194:
4146:
3949:
3798:
3692:
3472:
3424:
3420:
3360:(including the brain), which is dependent on the heart and blood.
2984:
2911:
2866:
2787:
2730:
2427:
2395:
2273:
2207:
2129:
2106:
1964:
1843:
1811:
1743:. Between the 11th and 13th centuries, more than 10,000 temples,
1534:
1498:
812:
630:
600:
465:
11952:
11720:
8635:
Cosmology and Meditation: From the Aggañña-Sutta to the Mahāyāna
5524:
4832:
around a temple or a stupa is also a common devotional practice.
4457:, they also referred to two distinct meditation types or paths (
4445:(mental cultivation) are categorized into two broad categories:
3824:
2964:
1406:
17134:
17013:
16998:
16817:
16706:
16691:
16649:
16427:
16305:
15579:
15334:
15324:
14978:
14939:
14781:
14389:
14359:
14083:
13345:
13330:
13166:
13028:
13008:
12783:
12445:
12325:
12315:
12250:
11878:
11834:
11819:
11809:
11779:
11703:
11586:
11354:
11226:
10970:
10965:
10267:(from author website at Dept. of Buddhist Studies, UC Berkeley)
10222:
6400:
6329:
6154:
5836:
5660:
5570:
5116:
4749:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4590:
4530:
4524:
4518:
4476:. In traditional Theravāda it is considered to be the base for
4427:
4245:
3739:
3680:
3284:
2584:
of Theravāda literature in vernacular languages than in Pāli."
2383:
2295:
2284:
1744:
1673:
1550:
1443:
1272:
827:
822:
817:
780:
382:
15525:
10206:"Buddhist Modernism and the Rhetoric of Meditative Experience"
8061:Ñāṇamoli, Bhikkhu (trans.) & Bodhi, Bhikkhu (ed.) (2001).
6907:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
6874:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
5780:
Waturawila (or Mahavihara Vamshika Shyamopali Vanavasa Nikaya)
3843:), such as the ability to read minds and fly through the air.
3755:
According to Theravāda doctrine, release from suffering (i.e.
3304:, nibbana, the unconstructed element, is 'without condition' (
1363:'School of the Elders') is the most commonly accepted name of
1333:
16830:
16604:
16584:
16569:
16145:
15971:
15766:
15629:
15584:
15564:
14766:
14163:
14009:
13791:
13485:
13320:
13178:
13144:
13124:
13094:
13023:
12440:
12285:
12163:
12158:
12128:
12083:
11930:
11925:
11804:
11509:
11334:
11301:
11291:
10419:
Into the Stream A Study Guide on the First Stage of Awakening
9750:
Thai monks oppose West Australian ordination of Buddhist nuns
8781:
8779:
8455:
The Dhamma Theory Philosophical Cornerstone of the Abhidhamma
6559:
6511:
6104:
5324:
5075:
4966:
Ron Epstein, "Clearing Up Some Misconceptions about Buddhism"
4923:
4393:
4174:
4129:, one of the most widely used frameworks in Theravāda is the
3674:
3632:
3547:
3385:
3335:
3279:
3134:
3063:
The orthodox standpoints of Theravāda in comparison to other
3000:
2752:
2673:
2551:
a summary of Buddhaghosa's Vinaya commentary and Anuruddha's
2469:, also hold that the early Abhidhamma texts developed out of
2068:
1918:
1736:
1620:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1478:
1345:
1062:
294:
10832:– See the citations under 'Theravāda Buddhism – World'.
9596:
Popularizing Buddhism: Preaching as Performance in Sri Lanka
8619:
The Wheel Publication No. 462. Buddhist Publication Society.
6931:
The Advent of Theravada Buddhism to Mainland South-east Asia
6827:
Sinhalese Monastic Architecture: The Viháras of Anurádhapura
4931:
4568:
practice begins with the preparatory stage, the practice of
3956:. They promoted a form of Buddhism that was compatible with
3786:
of self, doubt/indecision, and clinging to ethics and vows);
3211:
Theravāda holds that the Buddha resided in the human realm (
2249:
16755:
16644:
14597:
13536:
13355:
12148:
11814:
11311:
9624:
6987:
6062:
5112:
4641:, is widely considered to have been an Arahant in Thailand.
4342:
Rendering service to others; looking after others or needy.
4228:(insight) through the development of wisdom. It emphasizes
4208:
The third section (parts 3–7) is a description of the five
3953:
3664:
2817:
2602:, meaning that they are not authentic words of the Buddha.
2279:
An early form of the Tipiṭaka may have been transmitted to
2265:
1802:
school. The patronage of monarchs such as the Burmese king
1506:
1378:
1351:
1336:
480:
9270:
9268:
9255:
9253:
8776:
8018:
http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/buddha/
7630:
History, Buddhism, and New Religious Movements in Cambodia
7387:
7300:
The Buddhist Saints of the Forest and the Cult of Amulets,
5573:
authorities as to whether such ordinations are valid. The
5226:) while the forest monks leaning more towards meditation (
4589:
to any arising mental or physical phenomenon, engaging in
3810:(lit. "honorable" or "worthies"): Those who have realized
3352:
or life faculty. W. F. Jayasuriya meanwhile, argues that "
1775:
focused on the exegesis of the Pali scriptures and on the
1367:'s oldest existing school. The school's adherents, termed
16654:
16619:
15294:
14673:
13013:
11549:
9348:
9346:
6999:
Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools
6853:
6554:
was the other) that supposedly formed in the wake of the
4480:("insight"). In the Theravāda-tradition, as early as the
3729:(lit. "vanishing, quenching, blowing out"), a deathless (
3102:) of a Buddha is unique and not common to the disciples (
3043:
Main doctrinal differences with other Buddhist traditions
2314:, 1954–56) and the Thai Tipiṭaka edited and published in
1623:
after Theravada Buddhism became the official religion in
9326:
Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,
9313:
Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,
9300:
Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,
9245:
Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,
9196:
Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,
9178:
Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,
9130:
9118:
8986:
8921:
8919:
8917:
8257:, State University of New York Press, pp. 123–126,
7685:
A textual and Historical Analysis of the Khuddaka Nikaya
6697:, University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press,
6629:
6627:
5209:
The Mahavamsa mentions forest monks associated with the
3924:
are also Theravāda texts which discuss the Buddha path.
1988:
were seen as irrational. Under the leadership of Prince
1717:, who saw themselves as the protectors of the religion.
1702:("The Golden Land"), which may refer to Southeast Asia.
1580:
which reemphasized forest monasticism and the spread of
10143:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
10134:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
10125:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
10078:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited
10067:
Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity
9702:, Thebuddhadharma.com, 28 February 2003, archived from
9449:
Vajra Bodhi Sea: A Monthly Journal of Orthodox Buddhism
9280:
9265:
9250:
8566:
Karunadasa, Y. Buddhist Analysis of Matter, pp. 14, 172
7089:
The Journal of Burma Studies Volume 9, 2004, pp. 95-99.
6635:
Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity
3130:) are also abandoned in a single moment, not gradually.
3032:(establishments of mindfulness) and the 16 elements of
2885:), which explains how suffering arises (beginning with
1713:
and its temples and monasteries were patronized by the
13579:
10852:
The Bodhisattva Ideal in Theravāda Theory and Practice
10113:, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
9343:
8405:
7833:
7831:
6942:
4609:
and other Buddhist teachings, leading to insight into
4580:, mindfulness of breathing, which is described in the
4080:
is another recent development in the Theravāda world.
2723:
including the ten courses of wholesome action and the
2668:
A rejection of other doctrines and practices found in
1564:
During the modern era, new developments have included
9807:"Ordination of Bhikkhunis in the Theravada Tradition"
9331:
8965:
8914:
8655:
Buswell Jr., Robert E.; Lopez Jr., Donald S. (2013),
7771:
7759:
7748:
Buswell Jr., Robert E.; Lopez Jr., Donald S. (2013).
7054:
p. 37-38. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
6624:
6264:
Theravāda has also recently gained popularity in the
5185:
5171:
4683:
4562:, the development of loving-kindness and compassion.
4289:. It is primarily understood through the doctrine of
4166:
as the basic outline of the path to be followed. The
3427:
or khandha and the eighteen elements of cognition or
3381:") and that Mahayana texts are somehow more advanced.
3298:) is also a constructed phenomenon. According to the
2011:(rear and left of Sumedho) and other monastics (1980)
1921:
1954 to Vesak 1956) to create a new redaction of the
1905:", which focused on reviving Buddhist meditation and
1747:
and monasteries were constructed in the Bagan plains.
1327:
9961:"The Status of the Individual in Theravāda Buddhism"
9780:, Dhammasara.org.au, 22 October 2009, archived from
9723:
9598:, State University of New York Press, Albany, 2006.
8486:
8251:
Bruce Mathews (1986), Ronald Wesley Neufeldt (ed.),
8211:, Volume VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D. p. 95.
7287:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
7274:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
7235:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
7065:
Sangha, State, and Society: Thai Buddhism in History
4653:
wisdom refers to that which transcends the world of
3638:
The main categories of the planes of existence are:
3334:
locate this physical basis for consciousness at the
2511:, to the elders of the Sri Lankan Mahavihara school.
2241:
Pre-modern copies of the Tipiṭaka were preserved in
1348:
1342:
1330:
8763:
Mahāyāna Sūtras and Opening of the Bodhisattva Path
8609:
The Four Planes of Existence in Theravada Buddhism.
8355:
Mahāyāna Sūtras and Opening of the Bodhisattva Path
8124:
Rebirth and the in-between state in early Buddhism.
7953:
7828:
6872:Hirakawa, Akira; Groner, Paul (translator) (2007).
6688:
6404:
5633:
4909:by monks or teachers are also important practices.
4019:
A Buddhist critique of the Christian concept of God
3521:from the earlier epistemic and practical concerns.
3384:Theravādins traditionally believe that an awakened
1889:In Burma, an influential modernist figure was king
1655:, one of the two major orders that arose after the
1339:
9358:
9057:Vipassana as taught by The Mahasi Sayadaw of Burma
8941:
7960:Thomas William Rhys Davids; William Stede (1921),
7347:"Religion, state and society in contemporary Laos"
7250:p. 77. Greenwood History of Modern Nations Series.
6690:
5969:
5131:of Colombo, the All Ceylon Buddhist Congress, the
3475:or independent particulars, since they are empty (
3109:Theravāda Abhidhamma holds that a single thought (
2257:According to Kate Crosby, for Theravāda, the Pāli
1676:, this school spread throughout India and reached
1505:, and the main dominant Buddhist variant found in
10574:
10572:
9922:"Theravāda Buddhism: Ethical Theory and Practice"
7349:in "Religion, State and Society" 26:1, pp. 31–38.
7175:The University of Chicago Press, 1992, pp. 63–64.
7162:The University of Chicago Press, 1992, pp. 35–36.
6011:
5885:
5658:Theravāda monks typically belong to a particular
5346:Some of the more well-known Theravādin monks are
3322:In Theravāda, there is a physical sensory organ (
3248:schools which held that the all acts done by the
3124:), as was held by Sarvastivada. The defilements (
2306:edition (published in Roman script), the Burmese
1759:. While the Abhayagiri sect became known for the
1435:tends to be conservative in matters of doctrine (
18513:
10389:
10387:
10385:
10286:, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress
9690:
9445:"Clearing Up Some Misconceptions about Buddhism"
8465:, Buddhist Publication Society Kandy, Sri Lanka.
8278:Kathavatthu: Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies
8224:Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions
8214:
7989:
7966:, Motilal Banarsidass, pp. 355, Article on
7853:
7326:
7141:Oxford University Press. pp. 5–7, 32–33, 43–52.
6966:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5927:
3517:) do show a doctrinal shift towards ontological
2864:); (3) The removal of craving leads to the end (
2756:), such as the corruption of sensual pleasures (
1830:, were transformed into Theravādin monasteries.
10528:The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary
10501:The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary
10474:The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary
10456:"Magga-vibhanga Sutta: An Analysis of the Path"
8851:The Pali Text Society's Pali-English dictionary
8389:(Colombo, YMBA Press), Appendix A, pp. 288-292.
8220:
7702:. Buddhist Foundations of Mindfulness, page 267
5487:accepting alms, officiating funerals, teaching
4637:Ajahn Mun, a key figure in the founding of the
3434:Theravāda traditionally promotes itself as the
2580:" (that is, commentaries on the commentaries).
2345:The Pāli Tipitaka consists of three parts: the
2186:around the world by the efforts of people like
1806:(Pali: Aniruddha, 1044–1077) and the Thai king
10569:
10009:The Routledge Companion to Mindfulness at Work
9840:
9838:
9823:Bhikkhuni Happenings – Alliance for Bhikkhunis
9190:
9188:
9186:
8805:Buddhadasa and His Interpretation of Buddhism.
8448:
8446:
8254:Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments
6903:
6255:in the south and central parts of Vietnam and
5520:Criticism of Buddhism § Women in Buddhism
4277:, meaning moral conduct, is mainly defined as
3487:) and conditioned. This is spelled out in the
2386:show considerable overlap in content with the
1477:. This tradition began to establish itself in
13552:
10879:
10858:What are the teachings of Theravada Buddhism?
10581:"The Jhanas in Theravada Buddhist Meditation"
10382:
9037:
9035:
8280:, Volume VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 A.D.
8250:
8221:James McDermott (1980), Wendy Doniger (ed.),
7321:Contemporary Lao Buddhism. Ruptured histories
7113:A Short History of Laos: The Land in Between,
6053:
4361:Having right view or Sammādiṭṭhi; mainly the
4296:Several sets of precepts or moral trainings (
3750:
3737:reality, which is a total and final release (
3230:, which conditions the rebirth consciousness.
2369:(possibly c. 3rd to 1st century BCE) and the
1680:through the efforts of missionary monks like
1672:Aided by the patronage of Mauryan kings like
1297:
652:
11661:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
10680:
10678:
10676:
10674:
10672:
9958:
8065:, pp. 1129–36 Boston: Wisdom Publications.
7395:The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism
6754:
6507:
6505:
6503:
6501:
5123:(who was also the Accountant General of the
3635:, there is still death, loss and suffering.
3326:) that conditions the mental consciousness (
1893:(1808–1878), known for his patronage of the
1686:Tambapaṇṇiya (and later as Mahāvihāravāsins)
10860:on Tricycle's Buddhism for Beginners Series
10396:The Jhanas in Theravāda Buddhist Meditation
10338:
10336:
10334:
10165:
9835:
9753:, Wa.buddhistcouncil.org.au, archived from
9717:
9183:
9124:
8443:
8328:(3), University of Hawai'i Press: 399–415,
8227:, University of California Press, pp.
7933:Tola, Fernando. Dragonetti, Carmen (2009).
7606:(Third Edition), p. 382. Pali Text Society.
7563:
7561:
7070:
6731:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6048:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6006:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5964:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5922:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5880:
5805:
5316:in Myanmar, in order to ordain as novices (
5086:In Pāli the word for a male lay devotee is
4441:Theravāda Buddhist meditation practices or
3778:: Those who have destroyed the first three
3597:Sakka in Tavatimsa Heaven, Wat Yang Thong,
2483:
2318:after the council held during the reign of
1360:
13559:
13545:
10886:
10872:
10578:
10270:
10138:
10129:
9795:
9032:
8927:Buddhist Meditation in Theory and Practice
8674:
8672:
8400:South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today
8387:The Psychology and Philosophy of Buddhism.
6751:, Buddhist Studies Review 18 (2), 131–182.
6550:school, one of the two major schools (the
5135:of A. T. Ariyaratne, the NGO's founded by
4197:(calming) practice, object by object (see
3615:Buddhist cosmology of the Theravada school
3557:) and materiality, or physical phenomena (
2639:. They include central concepts such as:
2105:(1892) and the Dharmankur Vihar (1900) in
1304:
1290:
659:
645:
10777:
10775:
10751:
10749:
10669:
10279:
10242:
9801:
8682:Buddhist Meditation Practices in the West
7950:p. 117-122. Buddhist Publication Society.
7541:, Cambridge University Press, 1990, p. 3.
7362:pp. 37, 48, 50. Harvard University Press.
7358:LeVine, Sarah; Gellner, David N. (2009).
7126:Cambodian Buddhism: History and Practice,
7033:Cambridge University Press. pp. 115–116.
6512:Reynolds, Frank E.; Kitagawa, Joseph M.;
6498:
5285:. In Thailand, forest monks are known as
5155:(hut) in the Sri Lankan forest monastery
4940:and the practices undertaken by ordained
4932:Distinction between lay and monastic life
4905:) of the Buddhist texts and listening to
4752:(1728–1816) and by later figures such as
4700:", "workplaces") in his magnum opus, the
4100:with eight spokes usually symbolizes the
3493:, which states that dhammas are empty of
2870:) of suffering, and (4) there is a path (
2842:), also known as the four immeasurables (
2071:and was led by prominent figures such as
1817:Burmese and Thai kings saw themselves as
16074:
10331:
10108:
10099:
10082:
10006:Dhiman, Satinder K. (8 September 2020).
9832:. Bhikkhuni.net. Retrieved 28 June 2015.
9642:
9136:
8971:
8373:Vol. 45, No. 3 (Jul. 1995), pp. 409-430.
8097:Les sectes bouddhiques du Petit Véhicule
7558:
6788:Mahavamsa: The great chronicle of Ceylon
6090:
5809:
5637:
5523:
5457:
5300:
5146:
5069:
5013:
4922:
4912:
4824:
4786:in the second half of the 20th century.
4729:
4632:
4383:
4091:
3952:, and the first prime minister of Burma
3856:
3604:
3592:
3539:), while one is unconditioned, which is
3403:
3393:
3046:
2609:
2493:
2332:
2248:
2236:
2050:
1994:
1837:
1731:
1719:
1630:
1610:
17366:
12848:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
10309:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
10183:
10147:
10055:
9872:
9675:, Warren Wilson College, archived from
9668:
9630:
9442:
9286:
9274:
9259:
9227:Andrew Skilton; Phibul ChoomPolPaisal.
9082:The Art of Living: Vipassana Meditation
9075:
9073:
8756:
8754:
8669:
8629:
8627:
8625:
8365:
8363:
8315:
7571:
7520:Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp. 2–3.
7302:pp. 84-88. Cambridge University Press.
7200:
6463:
6461:
6459:
5582:leading figures in the Siam Nikaya and
4789:Similar revival movements developed in
4083:
3723:. Outside of this system of samsara is
3018:Various frameworks for the practice of
2614:Painting of Buddha's first sermon from
1684:. In Sri Lanka, it became known as the
1647:The Theravāda school descends from the
1576:meditation practice, the growth of the
18514:
13051:List of Buddhist architecture in China
10772:
10746:
10638:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
10313:
10304:
10064:
10005:
9475:
9473:
9471:
9390:
9388:
9386:
9384:
9382:
9352:
9239:
9237:
8992:
8602:
8600:
8590:
8588:
8574:
8572:
8411:
8381:
8379:
7850:, Routledge; 2 edition (2006), p. 154.
7777:
7765:
7585:
7583:
7462:Theravada Buddhist Council of Malaysia
7128:pp. 35-36. University of Hawaii Press.
6993:
6904:Hirakawa, Akira; Groner, Paul (1993),
6794:. Pali Text Society, 1912, pp. 82, 86.
6467:
6178:, traditional Theravāda mainly in the
4887:. This may be done as part of a daily
4193:The second section (part 2) describes
3927:
3877:); the way of the individual Buddhas (
3270:is the only unconstructed phenomenon (
2852:, which state, in brief: (1) There is
1473:derives from the a sect of the Indian
17365:
16523:
16073:
13578:
13540:
10867:
10203:
10184:Salgado, Nirmala S. (November 2013),
10174:
10117:
10041:
9364:
9337:
8947:
8659:, pp. 589-590. Princeton University,
8398:Karen Pechilis, Selva J. Raj (2013).
7750:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism.
7276:, p. 156. University of Hawaii Press.
6774:
6772:
6770:
6581:"Theravādin, Theravādan, Theravādist"
6409:
5453:
5180:) on one end and rural forest monks (
4628:
4516:), especially the characteristics of
3993:), going on to write modern works on
3944:trends can be traced to figures like
3448:) which it sees as being composed of
3189:) referring to the mere destruction (
2595:is one of the most popular of these.
10073:
9919:
9727:Bhikkhunis: Ordaining Buddhist Women
9724:Rita C. Larivee, SSA (14 May 2003),
9490:The Buddhist World of Southeast Asia
9302:John Wiley & Sons, pp. 160, 166.
9070:
8953:
8751:
8657:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
8622:
8360:
8115:
7908:Bodhi, In the Buddha's words, p. 13.
7632:, p. 77. University of Hawaii Press.
7406:
7400:
7289:, p. 76. University of Hawaii Press.
7237:, p. 69. University of Hawaii Press.
7188:, p. 6. University of Chicago Press.
7067:, p. 60. University of Hawaii Press.
6910:, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 126,
6456:
6168:(by 2% of the population) mainly in
5142:
4885:five subjects for daily recollection
3679:), the realm of humans, and various
3463:According to the Sri Lankan scholar
3147:). Some Theravāda scholars (such as
2691:A set of major teachings called the
2520:(4th–5th century CE), known for his
2449:by numerous modern scholars such as
1899:Tripiṭaka tablets at Kuthodaw Pagoda
10804:
10694:. data accessed on 7 September 2012
10531:, Dsal.uchicago.edu, archived from
10504:, Dsal.uchicago.edu, archived from
10477:, Dsal.uchicago.edu, archived from
9468:
9465:, Wisdom Publications 2005; p. 376.
9379:
9234:
8854:, Dsal.uchicago.edu, archived from
8597:
8585:
8569:
8392:
8376:
8209:Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies
8112:, p. 252, Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
7580:
7279:
7266:
7227:
7057:
4426:('ancient practices'), the Burmese
4300:) guide right action. After taking
3609:A Burmese depiction of a hell scene
3055:, who is identifiable by his dark (
2549:Pālimuttakavinayavinicchayasaṅgaha,
1513:. It is practiced by minorities in
1384:), have preserved their version of
13:
17335:Religions and spiritual traditions
13581:Religious groups and denominations
12838:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
10264:University of California, Berkeley
10034:
9879:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
9231:Buddhist Studies Review 0256-2897.
9211:J Indian Philos (2012) 40:177–198
8157:The Literature of the Personalists
7298:Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja (1984).
7240:
6767:
6677:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
6666:p. 189. Greenhaven Publishing LLC.
5062:, another disciple of Ajahn Chah.
4820:
4684:Historical development and sources
4542:is also described as insight into
4149:(meditation or concentration) and
3999:Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge
3272:asankhata-dhamma, asankhatadhatu).
3244:Theravāda rejects the view of the
3084:, the Theravāda tradition follows
2919:taking refuge in the "Triple Gems"
2906:, one of the main outlines of the
2363:('Minor Collection'), such as the
755:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
750:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
14:
18553:
10839:
10204:Sharf, Robert H. (October 1995),
9419:Buddhist Art and the Trade Routes
7496:University of Sri Jayewardenepura
7433:"Awal Sangha Theravada Indonesia"
7430:
7206:
7139:The Making of Buddhist Modernism.
6803:De Silva, K. M. (2005), pp. 9-12.
5534:A few years after the arrival of
4248:. Understanding destroys the ten
3881:); and the way of the disciples (
3377:is incomplete or inferior (i.e. "
3363:Theravādins generally reject the
3208:), but physical phenomena do not.
2697:(factors conducive to awakening).
2637:as well as by Mahayana traditions
2622:
1967:(r. 1851–1868) and his successor
1833:
18495:
18486:
18485:
18299:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
17441:Democratic Republic of the Congo
13519:
13509:
13508:
13066:Thai temple art and architecture
12811:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
11051:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
10917:
10904:
10894:
10848:– Readings in Theravāda Buddhism
10823:
10798:
10723:
10697:
10646:
10599:
10546:
10519:
10492:
10465:
10448:
10431:
10409:
10359:
10150:The Making of Buddhist Modernism
10141:A history of Buddhist philosophy
10132:The Path of Serenity and Insight
10104:, London and New York: Routledge
9999:
9952:
9913:
9866:
9816:
9768:
9741:
9662:
9636:
9601:
9588:
9579:
9562:
9549:
9540:
9531:
9522:
9513:
9504:
9495:
9482:
9455:
9436:
9407:
9370:
9318:
9305:
9292:
9221:
9201:
9170:
9160:
9151:
9142:
9109:
9104:Practical Vipassana Instructions
9096:
9048:
9043:Practical Vipassana Instructions
9020:
9011:
8998:
8977:
8932:
8905:
8896:
8887:
8878:
8869:
8842:
8822:
8817:A history of Buddhist philosophy
8809:
8797:
8788:
8742:
8733:
8724:
8715:
8706:
8678:
8649:
8640:
8560:
8547:
8534:
8521:
8512:
8499:
8477:
8468:
8430:
8417:
8347:
8309:
8296:
8283:
8270:
8244:
8201:
8188:
8175:
8162:
8149:
8136:
8102:
8089:
8076:
8055:
8042:
8029:
7698:Edo Shonin, William Van Gordon,
7617:Thai Art with Indian Influences,
7263:pp. 38-39. Abhinav Publications.
7261:Thai Art with Indian Influences,
7100:Thai Art with Indian Influences,
6653:, Routledge; 2nd edition, p. 37.
6436:
6055:
6013:
5971:
5929:
5887:
5839:), and the nature of suffering (
5634:Monastic orders within Theravāda
5129:Young Men's Buddhist Association
4266:
4178:written in the fifth century by
4172:, a Sinhala Theravāda doctrinal
4108:
2874:) to follow to bring this about.
2647:), which is based on intention (
2226:
2169:Birken Forest Buddhist Monastery
2036:École française d'Extrême-Orient
1455:rejects the authenticity of the
1323:
1271:
690:
42:
16906:Evolutionary origin of religion
10918:
9610:Resources on Women's Ordination
8557:, p. 118. Taylor & Francis.
8425:South Asian Buddhism: A Survey,
8086:, see entry on the Kathavatthu.
8010:
7983:
7940:
7927:
7911:
7902:
7889:
7880:
7871:
7862:
7840:
7819:
7810:
7801:
7792:
7783:
7742:
7733:
7720:
7707:
7690:
7677:
7666:New York: Routledge. pp. 91-2.
7656:
7645:Oxford University Press. p. 2.
7635:
7622:
7609:
7596:
7544:
7531:
7510:
7501:
7475:
7450:
7424:
7365:
7352:
7339:
7334:"Sangha Groupings in Cambodia",
7313:
7292:
7253:
7197:De Silva, K. M. (1981), p. 341.
7191:
7178:
7165:
7152:
7131:
7118:
7105:
7092:
7079:
7044:
7023:
7014:
6974:
6936:
6923:
6897:
6888:
6879:
6866:
6832:
6819:
6806:
6797:
6781:
6718:
6693:Buddhism – a modern perspective
6682:
6669:
5846:
5586:, and the governing council of
5516:Ordination of women in Buddhism
5293:(wandering ascetic meditator).
4776:, and other texts, emphasizing
4388:Theravādin monks meditating in
4353:Preaching or sharing the Dhamma
4145:(moral conduct or discipline),
4048:. Thinkers such as Buddhadasa,
3113:) cannot last as long as a day.
1639:stupa, built by the Sri Lankan
1409:, which serves as the school's
17257:Separation of church and state
15915:Polytheistic reconstructionism
13056:Japanese Buddhist architecture
12858:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
11938:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
11129:Places where the Buddha stayed
10324:
10280:Tuchrello, William P. (n.d.),
9730:, Nationalcatholicreporter.org
9328:John Wiley & Sons, p. 164.
9315:John Wiley & Sons, p. 146.
9247:John Wiley & Sons, p. 157.
9198:John Wiley & Sons, p. 145.
9180:John Wiley & Sons, p. 141.
8509:, p. 41. Taylor & Francis.
8440:, p. 42. Taylor & Francis.
8316:Samuels, Jeffrey (July 1997),
7484:Theravāda Buddhism in Vietnam.
6894:De Silva, K. M. (1981), p. 73.
6885:De Silva, K. M. (2005), p. 63.
6762:South Asian Buddhism: A Survey
6656:
6640:
6599:
6573:
6471:(2005), Bodhi, Bhikkhu (ed.),
6362:
6097:three major Buddhist divisions
5736:has many Sub orders including
5119:. Modern lay teachers such as
5065:
5058:under the present guidance of
4156:Theravāda orthodoxy takes the
2999:and a corresponding theory of
2771:The doctrine of impermanence (
2672:, including the idea that the
2576:, poetry, Pāli grammars, and "
2375:(c. 1st and 2nd century BCE).
2264:The language of the Tipiṭaka,
2027:(1870–1949) and his students.
1854:". In the British colonies of
1:
14913:Traditional Sabahan religions
13071:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
10807:"What is Theravāda Buddhism?"
10579:Gunaratana, Henepola (1995),
10555:A Sketch of the Buddha's Life
10139:Kalupahana, David J. (1994),
10130:Gunaratana, Henepola (1994),
10109:Gombrich, Richard F. (1997),
10100:Gombrich, Richard F. (1996),
10056:Buswell, Robert, ed. (2004),
9926:Journal of Bible and Religion
9669:Sommer, PhD, Jeanne Matthew,
8815:Kalupahana, David J. (1994),
8423:Berkwitz, Stephen C. (2010).
8185:, pp. 62, 75, 105. Routledge.
8048:Gombrich, Richard F. (2006).
7615:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
7552:"What Is Literature in Pali?"
7259:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
7115:pp. 15-16. Allen & Unwin.
7098:Jermsawatdi, Promsak (1979).
6760:Berkwitz, Stephen C. (2012).
6726:A Concise History of Buddhism
6542:(Sanskrit: "Lesser Vehicle")
6450:
5759:Sri Kalyani Yogasrama Samstha
5505:
5296:
5289:(ascetic wandering monks) or
4373:
2764:), and ignorance-corruption (
2750:The corruptions or influxes (
2706:(meditative absorptions) and
2153:Abhayagiri Buddhist Monastery
1872:Hikkaduwe Sri Sumangala Thera
1663:is said to have compiled the
1606:
1602:History of Theravāda Buddhism
1460:
13566:
12828:Buddhism and the Roman world
12804:Decline of Buddhism in India
12799:History of Buddhism in India
10899: Topics in
10275:, University of Hawaii Press
9959:Malalasekera, G. P. (1964).
7899:, 2004 (Volume Two), p. 756.
7715:The Foundations of Buddhism,
7619:p. 40. Abhinav Publications.
7516:Norman, Kenneth Roy (1983).
7102:p. 33. Abhinav Publications.
7029:Lieberman, Victor B (2003).
6943:Professor Janice Stargardt,
6838:Stadtner, Donald M. (2011).
6689:Prebish, Charles S. (1975),
5742:Kanduboda (or Swejin Nikaya)
5434:, Bhante Yogavacara Rahula,
5052:Amaravati Buddhist Monastery
5005:Study of the Pāli scriptures
4840:. One of these is keeping a
4230:different forms of knowledge
4158:seven stages of purification
3846:The Theravāda canon depicts
3631:) in the higher realms like
3588:
2653:) and a related doctrine of
2557:(a "Manual of Abhidhamma").
2165:Amaravati Buddhist Monastery
2157:Chithurst Buddhist Monastery
2034:, French indologists of the
1868:Migettuwatte Gunananda Thera
1493:is the official religion of
953:Buddhist Paths to liberation
7:
18542:History of Buddhism in Asia
17115:National religiosity levels
16340:Nauruan Indigenous religion
15895:Hellenism (modern religion)
12026:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
11766:
10152:, Oxford University Press,
9909:– via Cambridge Core.
8606:Sunthorn Na-Rangsi (2011).
8494:Buddhist Analysis of Matter
7921:and Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2005).
7756:Princeton University Press.
7683:Abeynayake, Oliver (1984).
7664:Early Buddhist Metaphysics.
7393:Jerryson, Michael K. (ed.)
7384:Buddhistdoor International.
7332:Harris, Ian (August 2001),
7246:Patit Paban Mishra (2010).
7076:Harvey (1925), pp. 172–173.
7050:Patit Paban Mishra (2010).
6405:
6283:
5366:, Ajahn Plien Panyapatipo,
5271:Sri Lankan Forest Tradition
5186:
5172:
5034:, Ajahn Plien Panyapatipo,
4883:, Dhamma and Sangha or the
4845:salutation with the hands (
4414:Burmese Vipassana tradition
4153:(understanding or wisdom).
3038:(mindfulness of breathing).
2908:Buddhist path to awakening.
2605:
2322:(1925–35). There is also a
2103:Bengal Buddhist Association
2017:Sri Lankan Forest Tradition
1842:A Burmese man meditates in
1441:) and monastic discipline (
325:
316:
262:Sri Lankan Forest Tradition
10:
18558:
16524:
12976:The unanswerable questions
10148:McMahan, David L. (2008),
10029:
8580:Early Buddhist Metaphysics
8542:Early Buddhist Metaphysics
8529:Early Buddhist Metaphysics
8369:Suwanda H. J. Sugunasiri.
7948:The Message of the Buddha.
7946:Jayatilleke, K.N. (2000).
7371:Ven. BD Dipananda (2013).
7171:Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah,
7158:Stanley Jeyaraja Tambiah,
6812:Gombrich, Richard (2006),
6675:Buswell, Robert E (2004).
6320:Buddhism in Southeast Asia
6234:(by 89% of the population)
6214:(by 66% of the population)
6203:(by 97% of the population)
6192:(by 70% of the population)
5852:
5745:Tapovana (or Kalyanavamsa)
5509:
4916:
4861:Buddhist forms of chanting
4377:
4125:) of Buddhist practice is
3751:Soteriology and Buddhology
3612:
3397:
3120:), rather than gradually (
2780:The doctrine of not-self (
2487:
2230:
1599:
1595:
267:Southern Esoteric Buddhism
18481:
18400:
18317:
18189:
17934:
17659:
17376:
17372:
17361:
17270:
17195:
16971:
16879:
16816:
16534:
16530:
16519:
16082:
16069:
15994:
15817:
15799:Transcendental Meditation
15692:
15679:
15644:
15392:
15369:
15358:
15285:
15248:
14992:
14888:
14870:
14814:
14805:
14722:
14650:
14501:
14492:
14450:
14422:
14380:
14313:
14304:
14295:
14261:
14228:
14200:
14191:
14141:
14008:
13695:
13609:
13600:
13591:
13587:
13574:
13504:
13456:
13371:
13286:
13061:Buddhist temples in Korea
12984:
12886:
12769:
12466:
12394:
12221:
12094:
12034:
11669:
11624:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
11535:
11527:Three planes of existence
11475:
11320:
11212:
11142:
11134:Buddha in world religions
10996:
10941:
10913:
10318:, Oxford University Press
10074:Dutt, Nalinaksha (1998),
9891:10.1017/S0022463400007128
9873:Schober, Juliane (2009).
9492:: Second Edition, p. 187.
9217:10.1007/s10781-011-9151-y
8739:Crosby (2013), pp. 34-35.
8721:Crosby (2013), pp. 22-23.
8646:Crosby (2013), pp. 15-16.
8385:Jayasuriya, W. F. (1963)
8155:Thích Thiện Châu (1984),
7996:, Routledge, p. 47,
7990:Richard Gombrich (2006),
7730:Curzon Press, 1995, p. 9.
7643:A Dictionary of Buddhism.
7489:24 September 2021 at the
7137:David L. McMahan (2008).
7001:, Santipada, p. 72,
6479:Somerville, Massachusetts
6431:
6419:
6396:
6388:
6380:
6372:
6278:Buddhist revival in India
5336:caste system in Sri Lanka
4127:described in various ways
3989:(who received his Phd at
3832:In Theravāda Buddhism, a
3649:four formless meditations
3551:), associated mentality (
3149:Balangoda Ananda Maitreya
2760:), existence-corruption (
2708:the formless dimensions (
2631:surviving in a classical
2382:and some portions of the
1690:Great Vihara (Mahavihara)
1403:classical Indian language
17426:Central African Republic
14460:Vietnamese folk religion
13851:Charismatic Christianity
12843:Persecution of Buddhists
12064:Four stages of awakening
11445:Three marks of existence
11031:Physical characteristics
10784:CIA – The World Factbook
10758:CIA – The World Factbook
10439:"Opening the Dhamma Eye"
10235:10.1163/1568527952598549
10175:Polak, Grzegorz (2011),
10058:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
9965:Philosophy East and West
9920:Love, Thomas T. (1965).
8830:A History of Mindfulness
8460:25 February 2021 at the
8322:Philosophy East and West
8110:Buddhist Insight: Essays
8035:Rahula, Walpola (1974).
7897:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
7593:JOCBS. 2019(16): 98–148.
7539:Introduction to Buddhism
7409:Buddhism in Modern India
7319:Ladwig, Patrice (2017).
7248:The History of Thailand,
7052:The History of Thailand,
6724:Skilton, Andrew (2004).
6534:Encyclopaedia Britannica
6355:
6153:ethnic groups mainly in
5806:Impact on modern society
5761:(or 'Galduwa Tradition')
5642:Thai monks blessing the
4647:three marks of existence
4407:
4367:three marks of existence
4242:three marks of existence
3344:Suwanda H. J. Sugunasiri
3086:philosophical presentism
3051:A statue of the arahant
2904:The Noble Eightfold Path
2810:), are empty of a self (
2484:Non-canonical literature
2221:
2073:Dharmaditya Dharmacharya
1973:Sangha Council of Elders
1651:, a division within the
1487:spread to Southeast Asia
1398:for over two millennia.
16:Major branch of Buddhism
17320:New religious movements
16958:Theories about religion
16911:Evolutionary psychology
15940:Modern Finnish paganism
13927:Independent Catholicism
12206:Ten principal disciples
11089:(aunt, adoptive mother)
10460:www.accesstoinsight.org
10352:31 October 2018 at the
10271:Tiyavanich, K. (1997),
10118:Gomez, Luis O. (1991),
10076:Buddhist Sects in India
9645:Buddhist Studies Review
8828:Sujato, Bhante (2012),
8803:S. Payulpitack (1991),
8146:, pp. 83-84. Routledge.
8129:8 November 2020 at the
8121:Bhikkhu Sujato (2008).
8037:What the Buddha Taught,
7963:Pali-English Dictionary
7919:What the Buddha Taught,
7379:17 January 2021 at the
7215:Harvard Divinity School
6842:p. 216. Bangkok: 2011.
6764:, Routledge, pp. 44-45.
6737:Cousins, Lance (2001).
5477:eight Buddhist precepts
5436:Luang Pu Sodh Candasaro
5202:(rag robe wearers) and
4449:bhavana (calming), and
4349:, and sometimes bowing.
4005:, 1987 respectively).
3508:" in contrast with the
2938:Seven Aids to Awakening
2143:. Especially with Ven.
2056:Global Vipassana Pagoda
1858:(modern Sri Lanka) and
1707:Kingdom of Anuradhapura
1688:which was based at the
1447:). One element of this
973:Philosophical reasoning
606:Varanggana Vanavichayen
343:Seven Aids to Awakening
18532:Early Buddhist schools
17969:Bosnia and Herzegovina
15955:Erzyan native religion
15804:Unitarian Universalism
15193:Native American Church
13971:Oneness Pentecostalism
12916:Buddhism and democracy
12429:Tibetan Buddhist canon
12424:Chinese Buddhist canon
11656:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
11651:Early Buddhist schools
10706:Retrieved 8 July 2010.
10083:Fronsdal, Gil (1998),
10045:The Insight Revolution
9657:10.1558/bsrv.v24i2.226
9415:"Glossary of Buddhism"
8911:Crosby, 2013, 139–140.
8893:Crosby, 2013, 118–119.
8492:Karunadasa, Y (2015).
8452:Y. Karunadasa (1996),
8302:Hwang, Soonil (2006),
8194:Hwang, Soonil (2006),
8181:Hwang, Soonil (2006),
8168:Hwang, Soonil (2006),
7717:OUP Oxford, pp. 42-43.
7713:Rupert Gethin (1998),
7628:Marston, John (2004).
7602:Warder, A. K. (2001),
7481:Huynh Kim Lan (2015).
7184:Kemper, Steven (2015)
7020:Gombrich (2006), p. 3.
6741:On the Vibhajjavādins"
6585:Discuss & Discover
6411:[tʰeːreaʔʋiət]
6172:and Kuwakata, Barishal
6170:Chittagong Hill Tracts
6112:
5874:Importance of religion
5823:
5655:
5550:of the nun's order in
5531:
5467:
5306:
5291:phra thudong kammathan
5192:araññavasi, nagaravasi
5159:
5139:such as Santi Pracha.
5083:
5023:
4969:
4928:
4833:
4817:meditation movements.
4737:
4724:
4674:psychological benefits
4642:
4397:
4224:, and the practise of
4139:
4105:
3967:What the Buddha Taught
3939:
3896:wish to become Buddhas
3866:
3743:) from all suffering (
3610:
3602:
3569:) with at least seven
3531:
3412:
3233:Theravāda rejects the
3060:
2688:are divinely ordained.
2643:A doctrine of action (
2619:
2512:
2424:early Buddhist schools
2408:pre-sectarian Buddhism
2378:The main parts of the
2342:
2326:edition, published in
2254:
2246:
2161:Metta Forest Monastery
2096:Das Buddhistische Haus
2092:London Buddhist Vihara
2059:
2012:
1915:Sixth Buddhist council
1895:Fifth Buddhist council
1847:
1748:
1729:
1644:
1628:
1464: 1st century BCE
740:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
189:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
164:Abhidhammattha-sangaha
18289:Saint Kitts and Nevis
17586:São Tomé and Príncipe
17446:Republic of the Congo
15652:Aboriginal Australian
14323:Chinese folk religion
12926:Eight Consciousnesses
11036:Life of Buddha in art
10425:24 March 2019 at the
10394:Henepola Gunaratana,
10314:Wilson, Jeff (2014),
10305:Warder, A.K. (2000),
10065:Crosby, Kate (2013),
9463:In the Buddha's Words
9443:Epstein, Ron (1999),
9324:Crosby, Kate (2013),
9311:Crosby, Kate (2013),
9298:Crosby, Kate (2013),
9243:Crosby, Kate (2013),
9194:Crosby, Kate (2013),
9176:Crosby, Kate (2013),
9157:Crosby, 2013, p. 156.
9063:24 March 2019 at the
8983:Crosby, 2013, p. 149.
8902:Crosby, 2013, p. 138.
8884:Crosby, 2013, p. 116.
8875:Crosby, 2013, p. 113.
8832:, Santipada, p. 332,
8748:Crosby (2013), p. 35.
8730:Crosby (2013), p. 23.
8712:Crosby (2013), p. 16.
8142:Langer, Rita (2007).
8108:Wayman, Alex (1984).
8023:13 March 2021 at the
7886:Crosby, 2013, p. 109.
7739:Crosby, 2013, p. 175.
7641:Damien Keown (2004).
7591:Did the Buddha exist?
7111:Evans, Grant (2002).
6746:11 April 2019 at the
6633:Crosby, Kate (2013),
6345:Sambuddhatva jayanthi
6274:take root in the West
6094:
5821:
5788:Thailand and Cambodia
5641:
5603:Dhammananda Bhikkhuni
5529:Dhammananda Bhikkhuni
5527:
5461:
5384:Preah Maha Ghosananda
5376:Nyanatiloka Mahathera
5304:
5275:Thai Forest Tradition
5150:
5073:
5022:in their orange robes
5017:
4958:
4926:
4913:Lay and monastic life
4849:), and the five-limb
4828:
4733:
4719:
4639:Thai Forest Tradition
4636:
4544:dependent origination
4432:Dhammakaya meditation
4418:Thai Forest Tradition
4387:
4333:Meditation (Bhāvanā).
4222:dependent origination
4135:
4095:
3987:Hammalawa Saddhatissa
3934:
3860:
3608:
3596:
3565:, arises associated (
3526:
3407:
3394:Abhidhamma philosophy
3067:are presented in the
3050:
3009:) and consciousness (
2850:The Four Noble Truths
2613:
2554:Abhidhammaṭṭhasaṅgaha
2530:. Other figures like
2497:
2459:Alexander Piatigorsky
2336:
2270:middle-Indic language
2252:
2243:palm-leaf manuscripts
2240:
2085:Dhammalok Mahasthavir
2054:
2021:Thai Forest Tradition
1998:
1841:
1739:, the capital of the
1735:
1723:
1634:
1614:
1578:Thai Forest Tradition
1008:Aids to Enlightenment
833:Dependent Origination
611:Dhammananda Bhikkhuni
257:Thai Forest Tradition
17911:United Arab Emirates
16702:Religious experience
16076:Historical religions
14480:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
13812:Schwenkfelder Church
13403:East Asian religions
12833:Buddhism in the West
12404:Early Buddhist texts
12019:Four Right Exertions
11485:Ten spiritual realms
10978:Noble Eightfold Path
10690:7 April 2020 at the
10417:Thanissaro Bhikkhu,
10296:: CS1 maint: year (
10166:Nyanaponika (1998),
10042:Braun, Eric (2018),
9828:29 June 2015 at the
9777:Bhikkhuni Ordination
9054:Bhante Bodhidhamma,
8768:5 March 2021 at the
8553:Ronkin, Noa (2005).
8505:Ronkin, Noa (2005).
8436:Ronkin, Noa (2005).
8402:, p. 115. Routledge.
8276:James P. McDermott,
8207:James P. McDermott,
8082:James P. McDermott.
7877:Crosby, 2013, p. 91.
7868:Crosby, 2013, p. 71.
7837:Crosby, 2013, p. 86.
7662:Ronkin, Noa (2005).
7604:Introduction to Pali
7285:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
7272:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
7233:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
7124:Harris, Ian (2008).
7063:Yoneo Ishii (1986).
6825:Bandaranayake, S.D.
6816:, p. 152. Routledge.
6259:in northern Vietnam)
5793:Dhammayuttika Nikaya
5595:Dhamma Cetiya Vihara
5424:Walpola Rahula Thero
5133:Sarvodaya Shramadana
5007:and the practice of
4980:Buddhism and Society
4919:Buddhist monasticism
4560:four divine abidings
4131:Noble Eightfold Path
4102:Noble Eightfold Path
4058:Neville Karunatilake
3946:Anagarika Dhammapala
3822:) and subtle pride (
3400:Theravāda Abhidhamma
3026:), mainly, the four
2670:Brahmanical Hinduism
2629:Early Buddhist Texts
2410:by modern scholars.
2404:Early Buddhist texts
2283:during the reign of
2173:Bodhinyana Monastery
2122:Anagarika Dharmapala
2116:The founding of the
2109:by the Bengali monk
2101:The founding of the
1999:Thai Forest teacher
1864:Anagarika Dhammapala
1619:Stupa, the earliest
1572:which reinvigorated
978:Devotional practices
801:Noble Eightfold Path
461:Anagarika Dharmapala
368:Enlightenment Stages
353:Noble Eightfold Path
18304:Trinidad and Tobago
18199:Antigua and Barbuda
17367:Religion by country
16428:Cult of Magna Mater
14950:Philippine Dayawism
14531:Nimbarka Sampradaya
14279:Chinese Manichaeism
13951:Jehovah's Witnesses
13756:Proto-Protestantism
13526:Religion portal
13273:Temple of the Tooth
13152:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
12191:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
11684:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
11467:Two truths doctrine
11287:Mahapajapati Gotamī
11087:Mahapajapati Gotamī
10558:, Access to Insight
10402:9 July 2018 at the
10371:, Access to Insight
10342:Erik Braun (2014),
9784:on 19 February 2011
9633:, pp. 166–169.
9488:Swearer, Donald K.
9400:15 May 2019 at the
8614:6 July 2021 at the
8306:, p. 67. Routledge.
8198:, p. 72. Routledge.
8172:, p. 68. Routledge.
8052:, p. 63. Routledge.
7507:Crosby, 2013, p. 1.
7407:Ahir, D.C. (1991),
7085:Leider, Jacques P.
6611:www.dhammawheel.com
6556:Council of Vaishali
6483:Wisdom Publications
6443:and North America."
6325:Buddhist pilgrimage
6226:Malaysian Sinhalese
6180:Seven Sister States
5614:Henepola Gunaratana
5588:Buddhism in Myanmar
5552:East Asian Buddhism
5428:Henepola Gunaratana
5206:(forest dwellers).
4380:Buddhist meditation
4358:Listening to Dhamma
4234:Buddhist philosophy
4160:as outlined in the
4011:American University
4007:Henepola Gunaratana
3995:Buddhist philosophy
3928:Modern developments
2694:bodhipakkhiyādhammā
2682:ritual purification
2436:East Asian Buddhism
1278:Buddhism portal
1151:Buddhism by country
913:Sanskrit literature
169:Yogāvacara's manual
134:Paracanonical texts
18239:Dominican Republic
17285:Abrahamic prophets
16379:Proto-Indo-Iranian
14923:Aliran Kepercayaan
14126:Non-denominational
14048:Modernist Salafism
13734:Oriental Orthodoxy
13448:Western philosophy
13046:Dzong architecture
12868:Vipassana movement
12863:Buddhist modernism
12291:Emperor Wen of Sui
12059:Pratyekabuddhayāna
11992:Threefold Training
11794:Vipassana movement
11510:Hungry Ghost realm
11330:Avidyā (Ignorance)
11277:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
11026:Great Renunciation
11021:Eight Great Events
10903:
10854:by Jeffrey Samuels
10732:The World Factbook
10719:on 24 October 2007
10655:The World Factbook
9706:on 6 February 2004
9679:on 4 December 2008
9613:, Lhamo.tripod.com
9594:Mahinda Deegalle,
9376:Crosby, 2013, 142.
9027:Satipatthana Sutta
8594:Crosby, 2013, 187.
8518:Crosby, 2013, 182.
7993:Theravada Buddhism
7728:The Selfless Mind.
7687:, Colombo, p. 113.
7589:Wynne, Alexander.
7345:Morev, L. (1998).
7173:Buddhism Betrayed?
7160:Buddhism Betrayed?
6662:Hay, Jeff (2009).
6568:("Three Baskets").
6113:
6111:and Southeast Asia
5824:
5684:Mahasthabir Nikaya
5656:
5648:Amphoe Sawankhalok
5646:in Wat Nong Wong,
5532:
5468:
5454:Monastic practices
5444:Sayadaw U Tejaniya
5440:K. Sri Dhammananda
5420:Thanissaro Bhikkhu
5307:
5160:
5097:four times a month
5084:
5024:
4929:
4927:Young Burmese monk
4834:
4815:Buddhist modernist
4806:Vipassana movement
4784:Vipassana movement
4767:Satipatthana sutta
4738:
4707:Satipatthana sutta
4694:40 different forms
4676:and psychological
4670:supranormal powers
4643:
4629:Aims of meditation
4582:Satipatthana Sutta
4490:are regarded as a
4436:Insight Meditation
4400:Meditation (Pāli:
4398:
4106:
4046:Buddhist economics
3942:Buddhist modernist
3867:
3611:
3603:
3490:Patisambhidhamagga
3413:
3315:In Theravāda, the
3215:). It rejects the
3145:Kutuhalasāla Sutta
3082:philosophy of time
3061:
2982:, and equanimity (
2950:), investigation (
2836:Four Divine Abodes
2717:Ethical training (
2659:realm of existence
2620:
2513:
2343:
2255:
2247:
2192:Anagarika Munindra
2184:Vipassana movement
2182:The spread of the
2145:K. Sri Dhammananda
2118:Maha Bodhi Society
2060:
2013:
1990:Wachirayan Warorot
1981:Mahāthera Samāgama
1907:doctrinal learning
1903:Vipassana movement
1876:Henry Steel Olcott
1852:Buddhist modernism
1848:
1749:
1730:
1661:Moggaliputta-Tissa
1645:
1629:
1570:Vipassana movement
1566:Buddhist modernism
765:Buddhist modernism
536:K. Sri Dhammananda
471:Vajirananavarorasa
401:Moggaliputta-Tissa
358:Four Divine Abodes
252:Vipassana movement
247:Buddhist modernism
35:Theravāda Buddhism
18509:
18508:
18477:
18476:
18473:
18472:
17461:Equatorial Guinea
17357:
17356:
17353:
17352:
16896:Cognitive science
16515:
16514:
16448:Mysteries of Isis
16222:Frankish paganism
16065:
16064:
16061:
16060:
16057:
16056:
15809:White Brotherhood
15675:
15674:
15640:
15639:
14984:Sundanese Wiwitan
14801:
14800:
14797:
14796:
14526:Brahma Sampradaya
14488:
14487:
14291:
14290:
14287:
14286:
14269:Assianism/Uatsdin
14187:
14186:
13956:British Israelism
13942:Nontrinitarianism
13905:Plymouth Brethren
13900:Nondenominational
13834:Congregationalism
13722:Eastern Orthodoxy
13670:Reconstructionist
13534:
13533:
13172:Om mani padme hum
12878:Women in Buddhism
12794:Buddhist councils
12664:Western countries
12452:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
12213:Shaolin Monastery
11790:Samatha-vipassanā
11400:Pratītyasamutpāda
11204:Metteyya/Maitreya
11122:
11114:
11106:
11098:
11090:
11082:
11074:
10951:Four Noble Truths
10846:Access to Insight
10586:Access to Insight
10443:www.ajahnchah.org
10197:978-0-19-976001-5
10069:, Wiley-Blackwell
10019:978-0-429-53486-7
9853:www.bhikkhuni.net
9803:Boorstein, Sylvia
9757:on 6 October 2018
9006:Manual of Insight
8995:, pp. 54–55.
8665:978-1-4008-4805-8
8427:p. 58. Routledge.
8289:Skilling, Peter.
8264:978-0-87395-990-2
8238:978-0-520-03923-0
8003:978-1-134-90352-8
7977:978-81-208-1144-7
7859:Crosby, 2013, 86.
7651:978-0-19-157917-2
7550:Collins, Steven.
7431:Wowor, Cornelis.
7308:978-0-521-27787-7
7147:978-0-19-988478-0
7039:978-0-521-80496-7
6980:Frasch, Tilman. "
6929:Skilling, Peter.
6917:978-81-208-0955-0
6848:978-974-9863-60-2
6664:"World Religions"
6647:Gombrich, Richard
6492:978-0-86171-491-9
6315:Buddhism in China
6290:Access to Insight
6222:Malaysian Siamese
6089:
6088:
5835:), impermanence (
5819:
5512:Women in Buddhism
5396:Ajahn Khemadhammo
5380:Nyanaponika Thera
5364:Narada Maha Thera
5143:Monastic vocation
4855:pañc'anga-vandana
4838:Buddhist holidays
4556:Four Noble Truths
4423:Borān kammaṭṭhāna
4363:Four Noble Truths
4218:Four Noble Truths
3975:K. N. Jayatilleke
3879:paccekabuddhayāna
3759:) is attained in
3683:realms where the
3458:Nyanaponika Thera
3261:Abhidhamma Pitaka
2993:six sense bases (
2879:Dependent Arising
2877:The framework of
2741:an annihilation (
2678:animal sacrifices
2593:Vessantara Jātaka
2543:of the Tipiṭaka.
2522:Pāli commentaries
2366:Paṭisambhidāmagga
2355:Abhidhamma Pitaka
2304:Pali Text Society
1939:Nyanaponika Thera
1935:Sayadaw U Pandita
1451:is the fact that
1419:. In contrast to
1314:
1313:
796:Four Noble Truths
669:
668:
363:Four Noble Truths
229:Pali Text Society
204:Buddhist councils
18549:
18499:
18489:
18488:
18367:Papua New Guinea
18342:Marshall Islands
18169:Northern Ireland
17374:
17373:
17363:
17362:
17247:Secular theology
17242:Secular humanism
16532:
16531:
16521:
16520:
16396:Ancestral Pueblo
16071:
16070:
15690:
15689:
15367:
15366:
14812:
14811:
14568:Shaiva Siddhanta
14499:
14498:
14432:Korean shamanism
14311:
14310:
14302:
14301:
14198:
14197:
14111:Mahdawi movement
13981:Swedenborgianism
13961:Christadelphians
13607:
13606:
13598:
13597:
13589:
13588:
13576:
13575:
13561:
13554:
13547:
13538:
13537:
13524:
13523:
13512:
13511:
13351:Sacred languages
13199:Maya Devi Temple
13162:Mahabodhi Temple
12966:Secular Buddhism
12931:Engaged Buddhism
11771:
11619:Tibetan Buddhism
11570:Vietnamese Thiền
11169:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
11120:
11112:
11104:
11096:
11088:
11080:
11072:
10921:
10920:
10908:
10898:
10888:
10881:
10874:
10865:
10864:
10833:
10827:
10821:
10820:
10819:
10817:
10802:
10796:
10795:
10794:
10792:
10779:
10770:
10769:
10768:
10766:
10753:
10744:
10743:
10742:
10740:
10727:
10721:
10720:
10718:
10712:, archived from
10711:
10701:
10695:
10685:Gallup WorldView
10682:
10667:
10666:
10665:
10663:
10650:
10644:
10643:
10637:
10629:
10628:
10626:
10620:
10614:, archived from
10613:
10603:
10597:
10596:
10595:
10593:
10576:
10567:
10566:
10565:
10563:
10550:
10544:
10543:
10542:
10540:
10523:
10517:
10516:
10515:
10513:
10496:
10490:
10489:
10488:
10486:
10469:
10463:
10462:
10452:
10446:
10445:
10435:
10429:
10413:
10407:
10391:
10380:
10379:
10378:
10376:
10363:
10357:
10340:
10319:
10310:
10301:
10295:
10287:
10276:
10266:
10261:
10259:
10246:
10227:Brill Publishers
10210:
10200:
10180:
10171:
10162:
10144:
10135:
10126:
10114:
10105:
10096:
10095:
10093:
10079:
10070:
10061:
10052:
10024:
10023:
10003:
9997:
9996:
9956:
9950:
9949:
9917:
9911:
9910:
9870:
9864:
9863:
9861:
9859:
9850:
9842:
9833:
9820:
9814:
9813:
9799:
9793:
9792:
9791:
9789:
9772:
9766:
9765:
9764:
9762:
9745:
9739:
9738:
9737:
9735:
9721:
9715:
9714:
9713:
9711:
9699:Ordained at Last
9694:
9688:
9687:
9686:
9684:
9666:
9660:
9659:
9640:
9634:
9628:
9622:
9621:
9620:
9618:
9605:
9599:
9592:
9586:
9583:
9577:
9576:
9566:
9560:
9553:
9547:
9544:
9538:
9535:
9529:
9526:
9520:
9517:
9511:
9508:
9502:
9499:
9493:
9486:
9480:
9477:
9466:
9459:
9453:
9452:
9440:
9434:
9433:
9432:
9430:
9411:
9405:
9392:
9377:
9374:
9368:
9362:
9356:
9350:
9341:
9335:
9329:
9322:
9316:
9309:
9303:
9296:
9290:
9284:
9278:
9272:
9263:
9257:
9248:
9241:
9232:
9225:
9219:
9205:
9199:
9192:
9181:
9174:
9168:
9164:
9158:
9155:
9149:
9146:
9140:
9134:
9128:
9125:Nyanaponika 1998
9122:
9116:
9113:
9107:
9102:Mahasi Sayadaw,
9100:
9094:
9093:
9092:
9090:
9077:
9068:
9052:
9046:
9041:Mahasi Sayadaw,
9039:
9030:
9024:
9018:
9015:
9009:
9004:Mahāsi Sayādaw,
9002:
8996:
8990:
8984:
8981:
8975:
8969:
8963:
8957:
8951:
8945:
8939:
8936:
8930:
8923:
8912:
8909:
8903:
8900:
8894:
8891:
8885:
8882:
8876:
8873:
8867:
8866:
8865:
8863:
8846:
8840:
8826:
8820:
8813:
8807:
8801:
8795:
8792:
8786:
8783:
8774:
8758:
8749:
8746:
8740:
8737:
8731:
8728:
8722:
8719:
8713:
8710:
8704:
8703:
8702:
8700:
8694:
8687:
8676:
8667:
8653:
8647:
8644:
8638:
8633:Gethin, Rupert.
8631:
8620:
8604:
8595:
8592:
8583:
8576:
8567:
8564:
8558:
8551:
8545:
8538:
8532:
8525:
8519:
8516:
8510:
8503:
8497:
8490:
8484:
8481:
8475:
8472:
8466:
8450:
8441:
8434:
8428:
8421:
8415:
8409:
8403:
8396:
8390:
8383:
8374:
8367:
8358:
8351:
8345:
8344:
8313:
8307:
8300:
8294:
8287:
8281:
8274:
8268:
8267:
8248:
8242:
8241:
8218:
8212:
8205:
8199:
8192:
8186:
8179:
8173:
8166:
8160:
8153:
8147:
8140:
8134:
8119:
8113:
8106:
8100:
8093:
8087:
8080:
8074:
8059:
8053:
8046:
8040:
8033:
8027:
8014:
8008:
8006:
7987:
7981:
7980:
7957:
7951:
7944:
7938:
7931:
7925:
7915:
7909:
7906:
7900:
7893:
7887:
7884:
7878:
7875:
7869:
7866:
7860:
7857:
7851:
7844:
7838:
7835:
7826:
7823:
7817:
7814:
7808:
7805:
7799:
7796:
7790:
7787:
7781:
7775:
7769:
7763:
7757:
7746:
7740:
7737:
7731:
7724:
7718:
7711:
7705:
7700:Nirbhay N. Singh
7694:
7688:
7681:
7675:
7660:
7654:
7639:
7633:
7626:
7620:
7613:
7607:
7600:
7594:
7587:
7578:
7575:
7569:
7565:
7556:
7548:
7542:
7535:
7529:
7518:Pali Literature.
7514:
7508:
7505:
7499:
7479:
7473:
7472:
7470:
7468:
7454:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7428:
7422:
7421:
7404:
7398:
7391:
7385:
7369:
7363:
7356:
7350:
7343:
7337:
7330:
7324:
7317:
7311:
7296:
7290:
7283:
7277:
7270:
7264:
7257:
7251:
7244:
7238:
7231:
7225:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7204:
7198:
7195:
7189:
7182:
7176:
7169:
7163:
7156:
7150:
7135:
7129:
7122:
7116:
7109:
7103:
7096:
7090:
7083:
7077:
7074:
7068:
7061:
7055:
7048:
7042:
7027:
7021:
7018:
7012:
7011:
6991:
6985:
6978:
6972:
6971:
6965:
6957:
6956:
6954:
6940:
6934:
6927:
6921:
6920:
6901:
6895:
6892:
6886:
6883:
6877:
6870:
6864:
6857:
6851:
6836:
6830:
6823:
6817:
6810:
6804:
6801:
6795:
6785:
6779:
6776:
6765:
6758:
6752:
6735:
6729:
6722:
6716:
6715:
6696:
6686:
6680:
6673:
6667:
6660:
6654:
6644:
6638:
6631:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6592:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6518:Lopez, Donald S.
6514:Nakamura, Hajime
6509:
6496:
6495:
6465:
6444:
6440:
6434:
6433:
6421:
6413:
6408:
6398:
6390:
6382:
6374:
6366:
6197:Southeast Asia:
6095:Map showing the
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6050:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6008:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5966:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5935:
5933:
5932:
5924:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5882:
5851:
5850:
5820:
5734:Amarapura Nikaya
5719:Thudhamma Nikaya
5709:Hngettwin Nikaya
5689:Sangharaj Nikaya
5644:King of Thailand
5584:Amarapura Nikaya
5432:Bhaddanta Āciṇṇa
5236:Island Hermitage
5230:) and practice (
5194:, also known as
5189:
5175:
5056:Aruna Ratanagiri
5046:, a disciple of
4967:
4830:Circumambulation
4602:paṭiccasamuppāda
4536:sankhata-dhammas
4434:and the Western
4287:right livelihood
4244:, which removes
4042:engaged Buddhism
4027:David Kalupahana
3621:planes existence
3571:mental factors (
3499:sabhavena suññam
3446:paramattha-sacca
3290:nirodhasamapatti
3237:doctrine of the
3065:Buddhist schools
2944:): mindfulness (
2917:The practice of
2883:paṭiccasamuppāda
2829:pañca nīvaraṇāni
2578:sub-commentaries
2444:phenomenological
2434:Vinaya (used in
2196:Joseph Goldstein
1949:and his student
1880:Amarapura Nikāya
1715:Sri Lankan kings
1711:Sinhalese people
1465:
1462:
1459:(which appeared
1362:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1276:
1275:
1003:Sublime abidings
694:
671:
670:
661:
654:
647:
546:Asoka Weeraratna
541:Narada Mahathera
328:
319:
159:Abhidhammavatara
144:Sub-commentaries
46:
36:
21:
20:
18557:
18556:
18552:
18551:
18550:
18548:
18547:
18546:
18512:
18511:
18510:
18505:
18469:
18396:
18377:Solomon Islands
18313:
18185:
18089:North Macedonia
17930:
17655:
17368:
17349:
17310:Mass gatherings
17278:
17273:
17266:
17205:
17200:
17191:
17130:Religiocentrism
17110:National church
16978:
16975:
16967:
16882:
16875:
16812:
16734:Bodies of water
16526:
16511:
16296:Jamaican Maroon
16078:
16053:
15990:
15820:
15813:
15684:
15682:
15671:
15636:
15610:Trinidad Orisha
15395:
15388:
15361:
15354:
15281:
15244:
14995:
14988:
14884:
14866:
14793:
14767:Srilankan Vedda
14718:
14646:
14521:Sri Vaishnavism
14484:
14446:
14418:
14376:
14283:
14257:
14224:
14183:
14137:
14062:Twelver Shi'ism
14004:
13866:Neo-charismatic
13839:Presbyterianism
13691:
13583:
13570:
13565:
13535:
13530:
13518:
13500:
13452:
13367:
13282:
13019:Ordination hall
12980:
12882:
12853:Buddhist crisis
12765:
12462:
12414:Mahayana sutras
12390:
12386:Thích Nhất Hạnh
12217:
12090:
12030:
11980:Bodhisattva vow
11665:
11531:
11471:
11430:Taṇhā (Craving)
11365:Five hindrances
11316:
11208:
11138:
10992:
10937:
10909:
10892:
10842:
10837:
10836:
10828:
10824:
10815:
10813:
10805:Bullitt, John,
10803:
10799:
10790:
10788:
10781:
10780:
10773:
10764:
10762:
10755:
10754:
10747:
10738:
10736:
10729:
10728:
10724:
10716:
10709:
10703:
10702:
10698:
10692:Wayback Machine
10683:
10670:
10661:
10659:
10652:
10651:
10647:
10631:
10630:
10624:
10622:
10621:on 16 July 2011
10618:
10611:
10605:
10604:
10600:
10591:
10589:
10577:
10570:
10561:
10559:
10552:
10551:
10547:
10538:
10536:
10535:on 11 July 2012
10525:
10524:
10520:
10511:
10509:
10498:
10497:
10493:
10484:
10482:
10471:
10470:
10466:
10454:
10453:
10449:
10437:
10436:
10432:
10427:Wayback Machine
10414:
10410:
10404:Wayback Machine
10392:
10383:
10374:
10372:
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6863:. 2000. p. 280.
6861:Indian Buddhism
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6679:(2004), p. 293.
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6286:
6125:(mainly by the
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5864:Buddhist %
5849:
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5808:
5739:Dharmarakshitha
5714:Shwekyin Nikaya
5636:
5577:chapter of the
5522:
5508:
5456:
5448:Bhikkhu Analayo
5299:
5247:Pāli literature
5222:) or learning (
5157:Na Uyana Aranya
5145:
5137:Sulak Sivaraksa
5068:
4968:
4965:
4934:
4921:
4915:
4842:Buddhist shrine
4823:
4821:Other practices
4799:Rāmañña Nikāyas
4686:
4631:
4548:five aggregates
4420:, the esoteric
4410:
4382:
4376:
4269:
4111:
4090:
4054:Prayudh Payutto
4050:Sulak Sivaraksa
4015:Panadura debate
4003:Buddhist Ethics
3930:
3775:Stream-Enterers
3753:
3747:) and rebirth.
3617:
3591:
3425:five aggregates
3402:
3396:
3365:Mahayana sutras
3317:bodhisatta path
3292:). "Thatness" (
3170:a non-abiding (
3045:
2942:satta bojjhaṅgā
2825:Five hindrances
2788:five aggregates
2625:
2608:
2492:
2490:Pali literature
2486:
2360:Khuddaka Nikāya
2235:
2229:
2224:
2204:Sharon Salzberg
2007:(front right),
1897:(1871) and the
1836:
1781:Parākramabāhu I
1653:Sthāvira nikāya
1641:King Dutugemunu
1609:
1604:
1598:
1475:Sthavira Nikaya
1463:
1457:Mahayana sutras
1411:sacred language
1388:'s teaching or
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883:
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813:Five Aggregates
791:
790:
770:
769:
760:Later Buddhists
725:
665:
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616:Ayya Tathaaloka
516:Maha Ghosananda
456:Sumangala Thera
441:Sāriputta Thera
436:Parakramabahu I
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15382:Guanche church
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15287:Tibeto-Burmese
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15243:
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15203:Nuu-chah-nulth
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15112:Muscogee Creek
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14864:
14863:
14862:
14857:
14847:
14846:
14845:
14840:
14835:
14820:
14818:
14809:
14803:
14802:
14799:
14798:
14795:
14794:
14792:
14791:
14790:
14789:
14784:
14774:
14769:
14764:
14759:
14754:
14753:
14752:
14747:
14737:
14732:
14726:
14724:
14720:
14719:
14717:
14716:
14709:
14704:
14703:
14702:
14692:
14691:
14690:
14685:
14680:
14662:
14656:
14654:
14648:
14647:
14645:
14644:
14637:
14632:
14627:
14622:
14617:
14612:
14607:
14606:
14605:
14600:
14595:
14590:
14585:
14580:
14575:
14570:
14560:
14559:
14558:
14553:
14548:
14543:
14538:
14533:
14528:
14523:
14518:
14507:
14505:
14496:
14490:
14489:
14486:
14485:
14483:
14482:
14477:
14472:
14467:
14462:
14456:
14454:
14448:
14447:
14445:
14444:
14439:
14434:
14428:
14426:
14420:
14419:
14417:
14416:
14411:
14406:
14401:
14400:
14399:
14386:
14384:
14378:
14377:
14375:
14374:
14373:
14372:
14367:
14357:
14356:
14355:
14350:
14340:
14335:
14330:
14325:
14319:
14317:
14308:
14299:
14293:
14292:
14289:
14288:
14285:
14284:
14282:
14281:
14276:
14271:
14265:
14263:
14259:
14258:
14256:
14255:
14250:
14245:
14240:
14234:
14232:
14226:
14225:
14223:
14222:
14217:
14212:
14210:Ilm-e-Khshnoom
14206:
14204:
14195:
14189:
14188:
14185:
14184:
14182:
14181:
14176:
14171:
14166:
14161:
14156:
14151:
14145:
14143:
14139:
14138:
14136:
14135:
14128:
14123:
14118:
14113:
14108:
14103:
14098:
14097:
14096:
14086:
14081:
14080:
14079:
14074:
14069:
14064:
14054:
14053:
14052:
14051:
14050:
14045:
14035:
14030:
14025:
14014:
14012:
14006:
14005:
14003:
14002:
13995:
13994:
13993:
13988:
13983:
13978:
13973:
13968:
13963:
13958:
13953:
13947:Bible Students
13939:
13934:
13929:
13924:
13919:
13917:Restorationism
13914:
13913:
13912:
13907:
13902:
13897:
13896:
13895:
13885:
13880:
13875:
13873:Evangelicalism
13870:
13869:
13868:
13863:
13858:
13848:
13847:
13846:
13841:
13836:
13826:
13821:
13816:
13815:
13814:
13809:
13804:
13799:
13794:
13784:
13774:
13773:
13772:
13767:
13753:
13752:
13751:
13746:
13736:
13731:
13730:
13729:
13719:
13718:
13717:
13712:
13701:
13699:
13693:
13692:
13690:
13689:
13682:
13677:
13672:
13667:
13662:
13657:
13652:
13647:
13646:
13645:
13644:
13643:
13633:
13632:
13631:
13615:
13613:
13604:
13595:
13585:
13584:
13572:
13571:
13564:
13563:
13556:
13549:
13541:
13532:
13531:
13529:
13528:
13516:
13505:
13502:
13501:
13499:
13498:
13493:
13488:
13483:
13478:
13473:
13468:
13462:
13460:
13454:
13453:
13451:
13450:
13445:
13440:
13435:
13430:
13425:
13420:
13415:
13410:
13405:
13400:
13399:
13398:
13393:
13383:
13377:
13375:
13369:
13368:
13366:
13365:
13364:
13363:
13358:
13348:
13343:
13338:
13333:
13328:
13323:
13318:
13313:
13308:
13303:
13298:
13292:
13290:
13284:
13283:
13281:
13280:
13275:
13270:
13269:
13268:
13263:
13258:
13253:
13248:
13238:
13233:
13228:
13223:
13218:
13217:
13216:
13211:
13206:
13201:
13196:
13186:
13181:
13176:
13175:
13174:
13164:
13159:
13154:
13149:
13148:
13147:
13142:
13137:
13132:
13127:
13117:
13112:
13107:
13102:
13097:
13092:
13087:
13086:
13085:
13083:Greco-Buddhist
13075:
13074:
13073:
13068:
13063:
13058:
13053:
13048:
13043:
13038:
13037:
13036:
13034:Burmese pagoda
13026:
13021:
13016:
13011:
13006:
13001:
12990:
12988:
12982:
12981:
12979:
12978:
12973:
12968:
12963:
12958:
12953:
12948:
12943:
12938:
12933:
12928:
12923:
12918:
12913:
12908:
12903:
12898:
12892:
12890:
12884:
12883:
12881:
12880:
12875:
12870:
12865:
12860:
12855:
12850:
12845:
12840:
12835:
12830:
12825:
12824:
12823:
12816:Greco-Buddhism
12813:
12808:
12807:
12806:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12775:
12773:
12767:
12766:
12764:
12763:
12762:
12761:
12756:
12751:
12749:United Kingdom
12746:
12741:
12736:
12731:
12726:
12721:
12716:
12711:
12706:
12701:
12696:
12694:Czech Republic
12691:
12686:
12681:
12676:
12671:
12661:
12660:
12659:
12654:
12644:
12643:
12642:
12632:
12631:
12630:
12625:
12615:
12610:
12605:
12600:
12595:
12590:
12585:
12584:
12583:
12573:
12568:
12558:
12553:
12548:
12543:
12538:
12533:
12528:
12523:
12518:
12513:
12508:
12503:
12498:
12493:
12488:
12483:
12478:
12472:
12470:
12464:
12463:
12461:
12460:
12458:Abhidharmadīpa
12455:
12448:
12443:
12438:
12431:
12426:
12421:
12416:
12411:
12406:
12400:
12398:
12392:
12391:
12389:
12388:
12383:
12378:
12376:B. R. Ambedkar
12373:
12368:
12363:
12358:
12353:
12348:
12343:
12338:
12333:
12328:
12323:
12318:
12313:
12308:
12303:
12298:
12296:Songtsen Gampo
12293:
12288:
12283:
12278:
12273:
12268:
12263:
12258:
12253:
12248:
12243:
12238:
12233:
12227:
12225:
12219:
12218:
12216:
12215:
12210:
12209:
12208:
12198:
12193:
12188:
12183:
12178:
12173:
12172:
12171:
12161:
12156:
12151:
12146:
12141:
12136:
12131:
12126:
12121:
12116:
12111:
12106:
12100:
12098:
12092:
12091:
12089:
12088:
12087:
12086:
12081:
12076:
12071:
12061:
12056:
12051:
12046:
12040:
12038:
12032:
12031:
12029:
12028:
12023:
12022:
12021:
12011:
12010:
12009:
12004:
11999:
11989:
11988:
11987:
11982:
11977:
11975:Eight precepts
11972:
11962:
11961:
11960:
11955:
11950:
11945:
11935:
11934:
11933:
11923:
11918:
11913:
11912:
11911:
11906:
11901:
11891:
11886:
11881:
11876:
11871:
11870:
11869:
11864:
11854:
11849:
11848:
11847:
11842:
11837:
11832:
11827:
11822:
11817:
11812:
11807:
11802:
11797:
11787:
11782:
11777:
11772:
11763:
11753:
11748:
11746:Five Strengths
11743:
11738:
11733:
11728:
11723:
11718:
11713:
11712:
11711:
11706:
11701:
11696:
11686:
11681:
11675:
11673:
11667:
11666:
11664:
11663:
11658:
11653:
11648:
11643:
11638:
11637:
11636:
11631:
11626:
11621:
11611:
11610:
11609:
11604:
11599:
11594:
11589:
11584:
11579:
11574:
11573:
11572:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11541:
11539:
11533:
11532:
11530:
11529:
11524:
11523:
11522:
11517:
11512:
11507:
11502:
11497:
11487:
11481:
11479:
11473:
11472:
11470:
11469:
11464:
11463:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11427:
11422:
11417:
11412:
11407:
11402:
11397:
11392:
11387:
11385:Mental factors
11382:
11377:
11372:
11367:
11362:
11357:
11352:
11347:
11342:
11337:
11332:
11326:
11324:
11318:
11317:
11315:
11314:
11309:
11304:
11299:
11294:
11289:
11284:
11279:
11274:
11269:
11264:
11259:
11254:
11249:
11244:
11239:
11237:Mahamoggallāna
11234:
11229:
11224:
11218:
11216:
11210:
11209:
11207:
11206:
11201:
11196:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11166:
11161:
11160:
11159:
11152:Avalokiteśvara
11148:
11146:
11140:
11139:
11137:
11136:
11131:
11126:
11125:
11124:
11116:
11108:
11100:
11092:
11084:
11076:
11063:
11058:
11053:
11048:
11043:
11038:
11033:
11028:
11023:
11018:
11013:
11008:
11002:
11000:
10994:
10993:
10991:
10990:
10985:
10980:
10975:
10974:
10973:
10968:
10963:
10953:
10947:
10945:
10939:
10938:
10936:
10935:
10930:
10925:
10914:
10911:
10910:
10891:
10890:
10883:
10876:
10868:
10862:
10861:
10855:
10849:
10841:
10840:External links
10838:
10835:
10834:
10822:
10797:
10771:
10745:
10722:
10696:
10668:
10645:
10598:
10568:
10545:
10518:
10508:on 9 July 2012
10491:
10481:on 8 July 2012
10464:
10447:
10430:
10408:
10381:
10358:
10329:
10328:
10326:
10323:
10321:
10320:
10311:
10302:
10277:
10268:
10201:
10196:
10181:
10172:
10163:
10158:
10145:
10136:
10127:
10115:
10106:
10097:
10080:
10071:
10062:
10053:
10038:
10036:
10033:
10031:
10028:
10026:
10025:
10018:
9998:
9971:(2): 145–156.
9951:
9932:(4): 303–313.
9912:
9885:(2): 307–325.
9865:
9834:
9815:
9794:
9767:
9740:
9716:
9689:
9661:
9651:(2): 226–244,
9635:
9623:
9600:
9587:
9578:
9561:
9548:
9539:
9530:
9521:
9512:
9503:
9494:
9481:
9467:
9454:
9435:
9406:
9378:
9369:
9357:
9355:, p. 147.
9342:
9340:, p. 242.
9330:
9317:
9304:
9291:
9289:, p. 889.
9279:
9277:, p. 189.
9264:
9262:, p. 890.
9249:
9233:
9220:
9207:Crosby et al.
9200:
9182:
9169:
9159:
9150:
9141:
9139:, p. 133.
9129:
9117:
9108:
9095:
9069:
9047:
9031:
9019:
9010:
8997:
8985:
8976:
8964:
8952:
8940:
8931:
8913:
8904:
8895:
8886:
8877:
8868:
8858:on 8 July 2012
8841:
8821:
8808:
8796:
8787:
8775:
8750:
8741:
8732:
8723:
8714:
8705:
8695:on 4 July 2011
8668:
8648:
8639:
8621:
8596:
8584:
8568:
8559:
8546:
8533:
8520:
8511:
8498:
8485:
8476:
8467:
8442:
8429:
8416:
8414:, p. 283.
8404:
8391:
8375:
8359:
8346:
8308:
8295:
8282:
8269:
8263:
8243:
8237:
8213:
8200:
8187:
8174:
8161:
8159:, pp. 201-202.
8148:
8135:
8114:
8101:
8095:Andre Bareau,
8088:
8075:
8054:
8041:
8028:
8009:
8002:
7982:
7976:
7952:
7939:
7926:
7910:
7901:
7888:
7879:
7870:
7861:
7852:
7839:
7827:
7818:
7809:
7800:
7791:
7782:
7780:, p. 288.
7770:
7768:, p. 217.
7758:
7741:
7732:
7726:Peter Harvey,
7719:
7706:
7689:
7676:
7655:
7634:
7621:
7608:
7595:
7579:
7570:
7557:
7543:
7530:
7509:
7500:
7474:
7449:
7423:
7417:
7399:
7386:
7364:
7351:
7338:
7325:
7312:
7291:
7278:
7265:
7252:
7239:
7226:
7199:
7190:
7177:
7164:
7151:
7130:
7117:
7104:
7091:
7078:
7069:
7056:
7043:
7022:
7013:
7008:978-1921842085
7007:
6995:Sujato, Bhante
6986:
6973:
6935:
6922:
6916:
6896:
6887:
6878:
6876:. pp. 121-124.
6865:
6852:
6831:
6818:
6805:
6796:
6792:Wilhelm Geiger
6780:
6766:
6753:
6730:
6717:
6703:
6681:
6668:
6655:
6639:
6623:
6598:
6587:. 7 March 2018
6572:
6530:britannica.com
6497:
6491:
6485:, p. ix,
6469:Gyatso, Tenzin
6454:
6452:
6449:
6446:
6445:
6435:
6424:Munhwaŏ Korean
6360:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6285:
6282:
6270:
6269:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6246:
6240:
6235:
6229:
6215:
6209:
6204:
6195:
6194:
6193:
6187:
6182:
6173:
6160:
6159:
6158:
6087:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6051:
6045:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6009:
6003:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5967:
5961:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5925:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5871:
5869:Buddhist total
5866:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5848:
5845:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5756:
5751:Ramañña Nikaya
5748:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5740:
5723:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5635:
5632:
5538:, the bhikkhu
5507:
5504:
5455:
5452:
5416:Ajahn Jayasaro
5372:Mahasi Sayadaw
5298:
5295:
5283:Pa Auk Sayadaw
5228:vipassanadhura
5144:
5141:
5125:Union of Burma
5067:
5064:
5050:, founded the
5040:Ajahn Jayasaro
5032:Ajahn Maha Bua
5018:Thai monks on
4963:
4933:
4930:
4914:
4911:
4822:
4819:
4758:Mahāsī Sayadaw
4735:Mahasi Sayadaw
4685:
4682:
4630:
4627:
4587:pays attention
4409:
4406:
4378:Main article:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4359:
4356:
4350:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4310:Eight precepts
4268:
4265:
4238:
4237:
4206:
4191:
4110:
4107:
4089:
4082:
4035:Bhikkhu Sujato
3977:(a student of
3962:Walpola Rahula
3929:
3926:
3848:Gautama Buddha
3830:
3829:
3803:
3795:
3791:Once-Returners
3787:
3763:of awakening (
3752:
3749:
3717:Jain cosmology
3709:
3708:
3696:
3687:live (such as
3656:
3613:Main article:
3590:
3587:
3579:intentionality
3442:ultimate truth
3398:Main article:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3382:
3361:
3358:nervous system
3320:
3313:
3274:Unlike in the
3266:In Theravāda,
3264:
3257:
3242:
3231:
3224:
3209:
3202:
3181:
3168:) nirvana and
3162:
3141:Bhikkhu Sujato
3131:
3114:
3107:
3106:) or arahants.
3096:
3093:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3039:
3016:
2989:
2934:
2915:
2901:
2890:
2875:
2847:
2832:
2821:
2778:
2769:
2748:
2728:
2714:
2698:
2689:
2666:
2633:Indic language
2624:
2623:Core teachings
2621:
2616:Wat Chedi Liem
2607:
2604:
2488:Main article:
2485:
2482:
2312:Burmese script
2231:Main article:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2200:Jack Kornfield
2180:
2177:Santacittarama
2149:
2133:
2114:
2099:
2088:
1961:Chakri dynasty
1957:bureaucratized
1931:Mahasi Sayadaw
1884:Rāmañña Nikāya
1835:
1834:Modern history
1832:
1608:
1605:
1600:Main article:
1597:
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1586:European Union
1386:Gautama Buddha
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1068:Pratyekabuddha
1065:
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1023:Buddhist chant
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881:Buddhist texts
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551:Walpola Rahula
548:
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506:Mun Bhuridatta
503:
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491:Mahasi Sayadaw
488:
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15:
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18411:
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18402:South America
18399:
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18380:
18378:
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18309:United States
18307:
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18191:North America
18188:
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18077:
18075:
18072:
18070:
18067:
18065:
18062:
18060:
18057:
18055:
18052:
18050:
18049:Liechtenstein
18047:
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18037:
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18032:
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18027:
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17987:
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17877:
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17869:
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17862:
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17849:
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17809:
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17799:
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17685:
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17680:
17677:
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17670:
17667:
17666:
17664:
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17639:
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17612:
17609:
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17599:
17597:
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17589:
17587:
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17579:
17577:
17574:
17572:
17569:
17567:
17564:
17562:
17559:
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17552:
17549:
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17542:
17539:
17537:
17534:
17532:
17529:
17527:
17524:
17522:
17519:
17517:
17514:
17512:
17509:
17507:
17504:
17502:
17501:Guinea-Bissau
17499:
17497:
17494:
17492:
17489:
17487:
17484:
17482:
17479:
17477:
17474:
17472:
17469:
17467:
17464:
17462:
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17439:
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17434:
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17427:
17424:
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17419:
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17414:
17412:
17409:
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17399:
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17389:
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17383:
17381:
17379:
17375:
17371:
17364:
17360:
17346:
17343:
17341:
17338:
17336:
17333:
17331:
17328:
17326:
17325:Organizations
17323:
17321:
17318:
17316:
17313:
17311:
17308:
17306:
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17301:
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17269:
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17215:
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17178:
17176:
17173:
17171:
17168:
17167:
17166:
17163:
17161:
17158:
17156:
17155:Vegetarianism
17153:
17151:
17148:
17146:
17143:
17141:
17138:
17136:
17133:
17131:
17128:
17126:
17123:
17121:
17118:
17116:
17113:
17111:
17108:
17106:
17103:
17101:
17100:Homosexuality
17098:
17096:
17093:
17091:
17088:
17086:
17083:
17079:
17076:
17074:
17071:
17069:
17066:
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17037:
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17027:
17024:
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17007:
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16988:
16986:
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16959:
16956:
16954:
16951:
16947:
16944:
16943:
16942:
16939:
16937:
16934:
16932:
16929:
16927:
16924:
16922:
16921:Neurotheology
16919:
16917:
16914:
16912:
16909:
16907:
16904:
16902:
16899:
16897:
16894:
16892:
16889:
16888:
16886:
16884:
16878:
16872:
16869:
16867:
16864:
16862:
16859:
16857:
16854:
16852:
16849:
16847:
16844:
16842:
16839:
16837:
16834:
16832:
16829:
16827:
16824:
16823:
16821:
16819:
16815:
16807:
16804:
16802:
16799:
16797:
16794:
16793:
16792:
16789:
16787:
16784:
16782:
16779:
16777:
16774:
16772:
16769:
16767:
16764:
16762:
16759:
16757:
16754:
16750:
16747:
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16742:
16740:
16737:
16735:
16732:
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16730:
16727:
16723:
16720:
16718:
16715:
16713:
16710:
16709:
16708:
16705:
16703:
16700:
16698:
16695:
16693:
16690:
16688:
16685:
16683:
16680:
16678:
16675:
16673:
16670:
16668:
16665:
16663:
16660:
16656:
16653:
16651:
16648:
16646:
16643:
16642:
16641:
16638:
16636:
16633:
16631:
16628:
16626:
16623:
16621:
16618:
16616:
16615:Folk religion
16613:
16611:
16608:
16606:
16603:
16601:
16598:
16596:
16593:
16591:
16588:
16586:
16583:
16581:
16578:
16576:
16573:
16571:
16567:
16564:
16562:
16559:
16557:
16554:
16552:
16549:
16547:
16543:
16540:
16539:
16537:
16533:
16529:
16522:
16518:
16508:
16505:
16503:
16500:
16498:
16495:
16493:
16490:
16488:
16485:
16483:
16480:
16478:
16475:
16471:
16468:
16466:
16463:
16461:
16458:
16457:
16456:
16453:
16449:
16446:
16444:
16441:
16439:
16438:Imperial cult
16436:
16434:
16431:
16429:
16426:
16425:
16424:
16421:
16419:
16416:
16412:
16409:
16407:
16404:
16402:
16399:
16398:
16397:
16394:
16390:
16387:
16385:
16382:
16381:
16380:
16377:
16373:
16370:
16368:
16365:
16363:
16360:
16358:
16355:
16354:
16353:
16350:
16348:
16345:
16341:
16338:
16337:
16336:
16333:
16329:
16326:
16324:
16321:
16320:
16319:
16316:
16314:
16311:
16307:
16304:
16303:
16302:
16299:
16297:
16294:
16292:
16289:
16287:
16284:
16282:
16279:
16277:
16274:
16272:
16269:
16267:
16264:
16260:
16257:
16255:
16252:
16250:
16247:
16245:
16242:
16240:
16237:
16236:
16235:
16232:
16228:
16225:
16223:
16220:
16218:
16215:
16213:
16210:
16209:
16208:
16205:
16203:
16200:
16196:
16193:
16192:
16191:
16188:
16186:
16183:
16181:
16178:
16174:
16171:
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16161:
16159:
16156:
16152:
16149:
16147:
16144:
16143:
16142:
16139:
16137:
16134:
16130:
16127:
16125:
16122:
16120:
16117:
16116:
16115:
16112:
16110:
16107:
16105:
16102:
16100:
16097:
16093:
16090:
16089:
16088:
16085:
16084:
16081:
16077:
16072:
16068:
16048:
16045:
16044:
16043:
16040:
16038:
16035:
16033:
16030:
16028:
16025:
16023:
16020:
16018:
16015:
16013:
16010:
16008:
16007:Discordianism
16005:
16003:
16002:Anthroposophy
16000:
15999:
15997:
15993:
15985:
15984:
15980:
15979:
15978:
15975:
15973:
15970:
15966:
15963:
15961:
15958:
15956:
15953:
15951:
15950:Mari religion
15948:
15946:
15943:
15941:
15938:
15936:
15933:
15932:
15931:
15928:
15926:
15923:
15921:
15918:
15916:
15913:
15911:
15908:
15906:
15903:
15901:
15898:
15896:
15893:
15891:
15888:
15884:
15881:
15880:
15879:
15876:
15872:
15869:
15867:
15864:
15863:
15862:
15859:
15855:
15852:
15850:
15847:
15846:
15845:
15842:
15840:
15837:
15833:
15830:
15829:
15827:
15826:
15824:
15822:
15816:
15810:
15807:
15805:
15802:
15800:
15797:
15793:
15790:
15788:
15787:Neo-Theosophy
15785:
15784:
15783:
15780:
15778:
15775:
15773:
15770:
15768:
15765:
15763:
15760:
15756:
15753:
15752:
15751:
15748:
15746:
15743:
15741:
15738:
15736:
15733:
15731:
15728:
15726:
15725:New Acropolis
15723:
15721:
15718:
15716:
15713:
15711:
15708:
15706:
15703:
15701:
15698:
15697:
15695:
15691:
15688:
15686:
15678:
15668:
15665:
15663:
15660:
15658:
15655:
15653:
15650:
15649:
15647:
15643:
15631:
15628:
15626:
15623:
15621:
15618:
15616:
15613:
15611:
15608:
15606:
15603:
15601:
15598:
15596:
15593:
15591:
15588:
15586:
15583:
15581:
15578:
15576:
15573:
15571:
15568:
15566:
15563:
15559:
15556:
15554:
15551:
15549:
15546:
15545:
15544:
15541:
15540:
15539:
15537:
15533:
15532:
15527:
15524:
15523:
15522:
15519:
15517:
15514:
15512:
15509:
15507:
15504:
15502:
15499:
15497:
15494:
15492:
15489:
15487:
15484:
15482:
15479:
15477:
15474:
15472:
15469:
15467:
15464:
15462:
15459:
15457:
15454:
15452:
15449:
15447:
15444:
15442:
15439:
15437:
15434:
15430:
15427:
15425:
15422:
15421:
15420:
15417:
15415:
15412:
15410:
15407:
15405:
15402:
15401:
15399:
15397:
15391:
15383:
15380:
15379:
15378:
15375:
15374:
15372:
15370:North African
15368:
15365:
15363:
15357:
15351:
15348:
15346:
15343:
15341:
15338:
15336:
15333:
15331:
15328:
15326:
15323:
15321:
15318:
15316:
15313:
15311:
15308:
15306:
15303:
15301:
15298:
15296:
15293:
15292:
15290:
15288:
15284:
15278:
15275:
15273:
15270:
15268:
15265:
15263:
15260:
15259:
15257:
15255:
15251:
15247:
15241:
15238:
15236:
15233:
15231:
15228:
15224:
15221:
15219:
15216:
15215:
15214:
15211:
15209:
15206:
15204:
15201:
15199:
15196:
15194:
15191:
15189:
15186:
15182:
15179:
15177:
15174:
15172:
15169:
15167:
15164:
15163:
15162:
15159:
15157:
15154:
15152:
15149:
15145:
15142:
15141:
15140:
15137:
15135:
15134:Kwakwakaʼwakw
15132:
15130:
15127:
15123:
15120:
15118:
15115:
15113:
15110:
15108:
15105:
15103:
15100:
15099:
15098:
15095:
15093:
15090:
15088:
15085:
15083:
15080:
15078:
15074:
15071:
15069:
15066:
15064:
15061:
15059:
15056:
15054:
15051:
15047:
15044:
15042:
15039:
15037:
15034:
15033:
15032:
15029:
15027:
15024:
15022:
15019:
15015:
15012:
15011:
15010:
15007:
15005:
15002:
15001:
14999:
14997:
14991:
14985:
14982:
14980:
14977:
14973:
14970:
14968:
14965:
14964:
14963:
14960:
14956:
14953:
14952:
14951:
14948:
14946:
14943:
14941:
14938:
14936:
14933:
14929:
14926:
14924:
14921:
14920:
14918:
14914:
14911:
14909:
14906:
14905:
14904:
14901:
14899:
14896:
14895:
14893:
14891:
14887:
14881:
14878:
14877:
14875:
14873:
14872:Austroasiatic
14869:
14861:
14858:
14856:
14853:
14852:
14851:
14848:
14844:
14843:Vattisen Yaly
14841:
14839:
14836:
14834:
14831:
14830:
14829:
14825:
14822:
14821:
14819:
14817:
14813:
14810:
14808:
14804:
14788:
14785:
14783:
14780:
14779:
14778:
14775:
14773:
14770:
14768:
14765:
14763:
14762:Kirat Mundhum
14760:
14758:
14755:
14751:
14748:
14746:
14743:
14742:
14741:
14738:
14736:
14733:
14731:
14728:
14727:
14725:
14721:
14715:
14714:
14710:
14708:
14705:
14701:
14698:
14697:
14696:
14693:
14689:
14686:
14684:
14681:
14679:
14675:
14671:
14668:
14667:
14666:
14663:
14661:
14658:
14657:
14655:
14653:
14649:
14643:
14642:
14638:
14636:
14633:
14631:
14628:
14626:
14623:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14613:
14611:
14608:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14594:
14591:
14589:
14586:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14576:
14574:
14571:
14569:
14566:
14565:
14564:
14561:
14557:
14554:
14552:
14549:
14547:
14544:
14542:
14539:
14537:
14534:
14532:
14529:
14527:
14524:
14522:
14519:
14517:
14514:
14513:
14512:
14509:
14508:
14506:
14504:
14500:
14497:
14495:
14491:
14481:
14478:
14476:
14473:
14471:
14468:
14466:
14463:
14461:
14458:
14457:
14455:
14453:
14449:
14443:
14440:
14438:
14435:
14433:
14430:
14429:
14427:
14425:
14421:
14415:
14412:
14410:
14407:
14405:
14402:
14398:
14397:
14393:
14392:
14391:
14388:
14387:
14385:
14383:
14379:
14371:
14368:
14366:
14363:
14362:
14361:
14358:
14354:
14351:
14349:
14346:
14345:
14344:
14341:
14339:
14336:
14334:
14331:
14329:
14326:
14324:
14321:
14320:
14318:
14316:
14312:
14309:
14307:
14303:
14300:
14298:
14294:
14280:
14277:
14275:
14272:
14270:
14267:
14266:
14264:
14260:
14254:
14251:
14249:
14246:
14244:
14241:
14239:
14236:
14235:
14233:
14231:
14227:
14221:
14218:
14216:
14213:
14211:
14208:
14207:
14205:
14203:
14199:
14196:
14194:
14190:
14180:
14177:
14175:
14172:
14170:
14167:
14165:
14162:
14160:
14157:
14155:
14152:
14150:
14147:
14146:
14144:
14140:
14134:
14133:
14129:
14127:
14124:
14122:
14121:Milah Abraham
14119:
14117:
14114:
14112:
14109:
14107:
14104:
14102:
14099:
14095:
14092:
14091:
14090:
14087:
14085:
14082:
14078:
14075:
14073:
14070:
14068:
14065:
14063:
14060:
14059:
14058:
14055:
14049:
14046:
14044:
14041:
14040:
14039:
14036:
14034:
14031:
14029:
14026:
14024:
14021:
14020:
14019:
14016:
14015:
14013:
14011:
14007:
14001:
14000:
13996:
13992:
13989:
13987:
13984:
13982:
13979:
13977:
13974:
13972:
13969:
13967:
13964:
13962:
13959:
13957:
13954:
13952:
13948:
13945:
13944:
13943:
13940:
13938:
13935:
13933:
13930:
13928:
13925:
13923:
13920:
13918:
13915:
13911:
13908:
13906:
13903:
13901:
13898:
13894:
13891:
13890:
13889:
13886:
13884:
13881:
13879:
13876:
13874:
13871:
13867:
13864:
13862:
13859:
13857:
13854:
13853:
13852:
13849:
13845:
13842:
13840:
13837:
13835:
13832:
13831:
13830:
13827:
13825:
13822:
13820:
13817:
13813:
13810:
13808:
13805:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13789:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13779:
13778:
13777:Protestantism
13775:
13771:
13768:
13766:
13762:
13759:
13758:
13757:
13754:
13750:
13747:
13745:
13742:
13741:
13740:
13737:
13735:
13732:
13728:
13725:
13724:
13723:
13720:
13716:
13713:
13711:
13708:
13707:
13706:
13703:
13702:
13700:
13698:
13694:
13688:
13687:
13683:
13681:
13678:
13676:
13673:
13671:
13668:
13666:
13663:
13661:
13658:
13656:
13653:
13651:
13648:
13642:
13639:
13638:
13637:
13634:
13630:
13627:
13626:
13625:
13622:
13621:
13620:
13617:
13616:
13614:
13612:
13608:
13605:
13603:
13599:
13596:
13594:
13590:
13586:
13582:
13577:
13573:
13569:
13562:
13557:
13555:
13550:
13548:
13543:
13542:
13539:
13527:
13522:
13517:
13515:
13507:
13506:
13503:
13497:
13494:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13479:
13477:
13474:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13464:
13463:
13461:
13459:
13455:
13449:
13446:
13444:
13441:
13439:
13436:
13434:
13431:
13429:
13426:
13424:
13421:
13419:
13416:
13414:
13411:
13409:
13406:
13404:
13401:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13388:
13387:
13384:
13382:
13379:
13378:
13376:
13374:
13370:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13354:
13353:
13352:
13349:
13347:
13344:
13342:
13339:
13337:
13334:
13332:
13329:
13327:
13324:
13322:
13319:
13317:
13314:
13312:
13309:
13307:
13304:
13302:
13299:
13297:
13294:
13293:
13291:
13289:
13288:Miscellaneous
13285:
13279:
13278:Vegetarianism
13276:
13274:
13271:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13257:
13254:
13252:
13249:
13247:
13244:
13243:
13242:
13239:
13237:
13234:
13232:
13229:
13227:
13224:
13222:
13219:
13215:
13212:
13210:
13207:
13205:
13202:
13200:
13197:
13195:
13192:
13191:
13190:
13187:
13185:
13182:
13180:
13177:
13173:
13170:
13169:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13160:
13158:
13155:
13153:
13150:
13146:
13143:
13141:
13138:
13136:
13133:
13131:
13128:
13126:
13123:
13122:
13121:
13118:
13116:
13113:
13111:
13108:
13106:
13103:
13101:
13100:Buddha in art
13098:
13096:
13093:
13091:
13088:
13084:
13081:
13080:
13079:
13076:
13072:
13069:
13067:
13064:
13062:
13059:
13057:
13054:
13052:
13049:
13047:
13044:
13042:
13039:
13035:
13032:
13031:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13022:
13020:
13017:
13015:
13012:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13002:
13000:
12997:
12996:
12995:
12992:
12991:
12989:
12987:
12983:
12977:
12974:
12972:
12969:
12967:
12964:
12962:
12959:
12957:
12954:
12952:
12949:
12947:
12944:
12942:
12939:
12937:
12934:
12932:
12929:
12927:
12924:
12922:
12919:
12917:
12914:
12912:
12909:
12907:
12904:
12902:
12899:
12897:
12894:
12893:
12891:
12889:
12885:
12879:
12876:
12874:
12871:
12869:
12866:
12864:
12861:
12859:
12856:
12854:
12851:
12849:
12846:
12844:
12841:
12839:
12836:
12834:
12831:
12829:
12826:
12822:
12819:
12818:
12817:
12814:
12812:
12809:
12805:
12802:
12801:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12792:
12790:
12787:
12785:
12782:
12780:
12777:
12776:
12774:
12772:
12768:
12760:
12757:
12755:
12754:United States
12752:
12750:
12747:
12745:
12742:
12740:
12737:
12735:
12732:
12730:
12727:
12725:
12722:
12720:
12717:
12715:
12712:
12710:
12707:
12705:
12702:
12700:
12697:
12695:
12692:
12690:
12687:
12685:
12682:
12680:
12677:
12675:
12672:
12670:
12667:
12666:
12665:
12662:
12658:
12655:
12653:
12650:
12649:
12648:
12645:
12641:
12638:
12637:
12636:
12633:
12629:
12626:
12624:
12621:
12620:
12619:
12616:
12614:
12611:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12594:
12591:
12589:
12586:
12581:
12577:
12574:
12572:
12569:
12567:
12564:
12563:
12562:
12559:
12557:
12554:
12552:
12549:
12547:
12544:
12542:
12539:
12537:
12534:
12532:
12529:
12527:
12524:
12522:
12519:
12517:
12514:
12512:
12509:
12507:
12504:
12502:
12499:
12497:
12494:
12492:
12489:
12487:
12484:
12482:
12479:
12477:
12474:
12473:
12471:
12469:
12465:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12453:
12449:
12447:
12444:
12442:
12439:
12437:
12436:
12432:
12430:
12427:
12425:
12422:
12420:
12417:
12415:
12412:
12410:
12407:
12405:
12402:
12401:
12399:
12397:
12393:
12387:
12384:
12382:
12379:
12377:
12374:
12372:
12369:
12367:
12364:
12362:
12359:
12357:
12354:
12352:
12349:
12347:
12344:
12342:
12339:
12337:
12334:
12332:
12329:
12327:
12324:
12322:
12319:
12317:
12314:
12312:
12311:Padmasambhava
12309:
12307:
12304:
12302:
12299:
12297:
12294:
12292:
12289:
12287:
12284:
12282:
12279:
12277:
12274:
12272:
12269:
12267:
12264:
12262:
12259:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12247:
12244:
12242:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12232:
12229:
12228:
12226:
12224:
12223:Major figures
12220:
12214:
12211:
12207:
12204:
12203:
12202:
12199:
12197:
12194:
12192:
12189:
12187:
12184:
12182:
12179:
12177:
12174:
12170:
12169:Western tulku
12167:
12166:
12165:
12162:
12160:
12157:
12155:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12145:
12142:
12140:
12137:
12135:
12132:
12130:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12120:
12117:
12115:
12112:
12110:
12107:
12105:
12102:
12101:
12099:
12097:
12093:
12085:
12082:
12080:
12077:
12075:
12072:
12070:
12067:
12066:
12065:
12062:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12042:
12041:
12039:
12037:
12033:
12027:
12024:
12020:
12017:
12016:
12015:
12012:
12008:
12005:
12003:
12000:
11998:
11995:
11994:
11993:
11990:
11986:
11983:
11981:
11978:
11976:
11973:
11971:
11970:Five precepts
11968:
11967:
11966:
11963:
11959:
11956:
11954:
11951:
11949:
11948:Dhamma vicaya
11946:
11944:
11941:
11940:
11939:
11936:
11932:
11929:
11928:
11927:
11924:
11922:
11919:
11917:
11914:
11910:
11907:
11905:
11902:
11900:
11897:
11896:
11895:
11892:
11890:
11887:
11885:
11882:
11880:
11877:
11875:
11872:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11859:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11846:
11843:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11826:
11823:
11821:
11818:
11816:
11813:
11811:
11808:
11806:
11803:
11801:
11798:
11795:
11791:
11788:
11786:
11783:
11781:
11778:
11776:
11773:
11770:
11769:
11764:
11762:
11759:
11758:
11757:
11754:
11752:
11749:
11747:
11744:
11742:
11739:
11737:
11734:
11732:
11729:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11717:
11716:Buddhābhiṣeka
11714:
11710:
11707:
11705:
11702:
11700:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11691:
11690:
11687:
11685:
11682:
11680:
11677:
11676:
11674:
11672:
11668:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11642:
11639:
11635:
11632:
11630:
11627:
11625:
11622:
11620:
11617:
11616:
11615:
11612:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11552:
11551:
11548:
11547:
11546:
11543:
11542:
11540:
11538:
11534:
11528:
11525:
11521:
11518:
11516:
11513:
11511:
11508:
11506:
11503:
11501:
11498:
11496:
11493:
11492:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11482:
11480:
11478:
11474:
11468:
11465:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11448:
11447:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11426:
11423:
11421:
11418:
11416:
11413:
11411:
11408:
11406:
11403:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11393:
11391:
11388:
11386:
11383:
11381:
11378:
11376:
11373:
11371:
11368:
11366:
11363:
11361:
11360:Enlightenment
11358:
11356:
11353:
11351:
11350:Dhamma theory
11348:
11346:
11345:Buddha-nature
11343:
11341:
11338:
11336:
11333:
11331:
11328:
11327:
11325:
11323:
11319:
11313:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11298:
11295:
11293:
11290:
11288:
11285:
11283:
11280:
11278:
11275:
11273:
11270:
11268:
11265:
11263:
11260:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11245:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11235:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11219:
11217:
11215:
11211:
11205:
11202:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11184:Samantabhadra
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11170:
11167:
11165:
11162:
11158:
11155:
11154:
11153:
11150:
11149:
11147:
11145:
11141:
11135:
11132:
11130:
11127:
11123:
11117:
11115:
11109:
11107:
11101:
11099:
11093:
11091:
11085:
11083:
11077:
11075:
11069:
11068:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11037:
11034:
11032:
11029:
11027:
11024:
11022:
11019:
11017:
11014:
11012:
11009:
11007:
11004:
11003:
11001:
10999:
10995:
10989:
10986:
10984:
10981:
10979:
10976:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10962:
10959:
10958:
10957:
10954:
10952:
10949:
10948:
10946:
10944:
10940:
10934:
10931:
10929:
10926:
10924:
10916:
10915:
10912:
10907:
10902:
10897:
10889:
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10608:Archived copy
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10368:Lohicca Sutta
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10012:. Routledge.
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9555:Taylor, J.L.
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9137:Gombrich 1997
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8972:Fronsdal 1998
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8679:Shaw, Sarah,
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8578:Ronkin, Noa;
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8540:Ronkin, Noa;
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8527:Ronkin, Noa;
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7437:Samaggi Phala
7434:
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7418:81-7030-254-4
7414:
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7207:Braun, Erik,
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6859:Warder, A.K.
6856:
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6809:
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6793:
6789:
6784:
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6757:
6750:
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6728:. pp. 49, 64.
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6333:
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6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6310:Buddha Sasana
6308:
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6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6281:
6279:
6275:
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6266:Western world
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5604:
5598:
5596:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5580:
5576:
5572:
5567:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5556:Dharmaguptaka
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5530:
5526:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5503:
5500:
5496:
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5490:
5486:
5480:
5478:
5472:
5465:
5460:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5412:Ajahn Sucitto
5409:
5405:
5404:Bhikkhu Bodhi
5401:
5397:
5393:
5392:Ajahn Sumedho
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
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5321:
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5303:
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5280:
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5267:
5265:
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5212:
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5183:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5165:
5158:
5154:
5149:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5114:
5108:
5105:
5104:Bhikkhu Bodhi
5100:
5098:
5092:
5089:
5081:
5077:
5072:
5063:
5061:
5060:Ajahn Munindo
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5044:Ajahn Sumedho
5041:
5037:
5036:Ajahn Pasanno
5033:
5029:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4997:
4991:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4976:Melford Spiro
4971:
4962:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4925:
4920:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4899:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4873:Mangala Sutta
4870:
4866:
4862:
4858:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4831:
4827:
4818:
4816:
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4807:
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4800:
4796:
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4785:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4774:
4773:Visuddhimagga
4769:
4768:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4702:Visuddhimagga
4699:
4695:
4691:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4658:
4656:
4652:
4648:
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4608:
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4603:
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4592:
4588:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4573:
4572:
4567:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4552:sense spheres
4549:
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4507:
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4368:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4306:Five precepts
4303:
4299:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4267:Moral conduct
4264:
4262:
4257:
4255:
4252:and leads to
4251:
4247:
4243:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4170:
4169:Visuddhimagga
4165:
4164:
4163:Visuddhimagga
4159:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4109:Textual basis
4103:
4099:
4094:
4087:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4074:Bhikkhu Bodhi
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3959:
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3947:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3925:
3923:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3835:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:Non-Returners
3796:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
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3646:
3645:
3641:
3640:
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3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3616:
3607:
3600:
3595:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3574:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3537:
3530:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3481:) of a self (
3480:
3479:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3465:Y. Karunadasa
3461:
3459:
3455:
3454:dhamma theory
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3438:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3340:hadaya-vatthu
3337:
3333:
3332:Visuddhimagga
3329:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3301:Dhammasangani
3297:
3296:
3291:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3246:Lokottaravada
3243:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3207:
3203:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3029:satipatthanas
3025:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2953:dhamma vicaya
2949:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2820:, or essence.
2819:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2808:consciousness
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2792:physical form
2789:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2725:five precepts
2722:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2617:
2612:
2603:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2574:hagiographies
2571:
2570:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2528:
2527:Visuddhimagga
2523:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2508:Visuddhimagga
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2455:Bhikkhu Bodhi
2452:
2448:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2433:
2432:Dharmaguptaka
2429:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2347:Vinaya Pitaka
2340:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2308:Sixth Council
2305:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2260:
2251:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2227:Pāli Tipiṭaka
2216:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2023:, founded by
2022:
2018:
2010:
2009:Ajahn Pasanno
2006:
2005:Ajahn Sumedho
2002:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1985:Dhammayuttika
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1969:Chulalongkorn
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1840:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1808:Ram Khamhaeng
1805:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1741:Bagan Kingdom
1738:
1734:
1727:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1637:Ruwanwelisaya
1633:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1590:United States
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1416:lingua franca
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1356:
1320:
1319:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1034:
1033:Vegetarianism
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
988:Recollections
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
958:Five precepts
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
945:
942:
937:
936:
929:
926:
924:
923:Chinese canon
921:
919:
918:Tibetan canon
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
882:
877:
876:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
807:
804:
803:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
774:
773:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
727:
724:
719:
718:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
698:
697:
693:
689:
688:
685:
682:
681:
677:
673:
672:
662:
657:
655:
650:
648:
643:
642:
640:
639:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
591:Ajahn Sumedho
589:
587:
586:Bhikkhu Bodhi
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
451:Ram Khamhaeng
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
392:
391:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
327:
322:
320:
318:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
300:Five precepts
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
276:
275:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
238:
237:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
194:Early schools
192:
190:
187:
186:
183:
178:
177:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
154:Visuddhimagga
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
129:Pāli Tipiṭaka
127:
126:
123:
118:
117:
110:
109:Western world
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
60:
57:
56:
50:
49:
45:
41:
40:
37:
32:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
17906:Turkmenistan
17866:Saudi Arabia
17611:South Africa
17601:Sierra Leone
17406:Burkina Faso
17315:Names of God
17262:Unaffiliated
17217:Antireligion
17078:Universalism
17026:Assimilation
16891:Anthropology
16766:Supernatural
16761:Spirituality
16729:Sacred space
16717:Purification
16590:Denomination
16544: /
16352:Paleo-Balkan
16318:Mesopotamian
16158:Cook Islands
16129:Old Prussian
16042:UFO religion
15981:
15977:Zalmoxianism
15905:Neoshamanism
15762:Spiritualism
15645:Other ethnic
15534:
15360:Traditional
15320:Bongthingism
15218:Acoma Pueblo
15161:Mesoamerican
14890:Austronesian
14711:
14707:Neo-Buddhism
14659:
14639:
14635:Neo-Hinduism
14556:Swaminarayan
14394:
14343:Salvationist
14328:Confucianism
14179:Samaritanism
14149:Ali-Illahism
14130:
13997:
13991:Unitarianism
13932:Old Catholic
13739:Nestorianism
13697:Christianity
13684:
13650:Conservative
13466:Bodhisattvas
13386:Christianity
13381:Baháʼí Faith
13246:Dharmachakra
13236:Prayer wheel
13226:Prayer beads
12994:Architecture
12873:969 Movement
12657:Saudi Arabia
12635:Central Asia
12628:South Africa
12450:
12433:
12366:Panchen Lama
12271:Buddhapālita
11867:Satipatthana
11862:Mindful Yoga
11775:Recollection
11689:Brahmavihara
11640:
11560:Japanese Zen
11555:Chinese Chan
11515:Animal realm
11322:Key concepts
11144:Bodhisattvas
10956:Three Jewels
10825:
10814:, retrieved
10810:
10800:
10789:, retrieved
10783:
10763:, retrieved
10757:
10737:, retrieved
10731:
10725:
10714:the original
10705:
10699:
10660:, retrieved
10654:
10648:
10623:, retrieved
10616:the original
10607:
10601:
10590:, retrieved
10584:
10560:, retrieved
10554:
10548:
10537:, retrieved
10533:the original
10527:
10521:
10510:, retrieved
10506:the original
10500:
10494:
10483:, retrieved
10479:the original
10473:
10467:
10459:
10450:
10442:
10433:
10418:
10411:
10395:
10373:, retrieved
10367:
10361:
10344:
10315:
10306:
10282:
10272:
10262:– via
10256:, retrieved
10218:
10212:
10186:
10176:
10167:
10149:
10140:
10131:
10123:
10119:
10110:
10101:
10090:, retrieved
10085:
10075:
10066:
10057:
10044:
10008:
10001:
9968:
9964:
9954:
9929:
9925:
9915:
9882:
9878:
9868:
9858:30 September
9856:. Retrieved
9852:
9818:
9810:
9797:
9786:, retrieved
9782:the original
9776:
9770:
9759:, retrieved
9755:the original
9749:
9743:
9732:, retrieved
9726:
9719:
9708:, retrieved
9704:the original
9698:
9692:
9681:, retrieved
9677:the original
9671:
9664:
9648:
9644:
9638:
9631:Salgado 2013
9626:
9615:, retrieved
9609:
9603:
9595:
9590:
9581:
9574:Pa-Auk Tawya
9573:
9564:
9556:
9551:
9542:
9533:
9524:
9515:
9506:
9497:
9489:
9484:
9462:
9457:
9448:
9438:
9429:17 September
9427:, retrieved
9423:Asia Society
9418:
9409:
9372:
9360:
9333:
9325:
9320:
9312:
9307:
9299:
9294:
9287:Buswell 2004
9282:
9275:McMahan 2008
9260:Buswell 2004
9244:
9228:
9223:
9208:
9203:
9195:
9177:
9172:
9162:
9153:
9144:
9132:
9120:
9111:
9106:, pp. 22–27.
9103:
9098:
9087:, retrieved
9085:, Dhamma.org
9081:
9056:
9050:
9042:
9022:
9013:
9008:, Chapter 5.
9005:
9000:
8988:
8979:
8967:
8955:
8943:
8934:
8926:
8907:
8898:
8889:
8880:
8871:
8860:, retrieved
8856:the original
8850:
8844:
8829:
8824:
8816:
8811:
8804:
8799:
8790:
8761:
8744:
8735:
8726:
8717:
8708:
8697:, retrieved
8690:the original
8681:
8656:
8651:
8642:
8634:
8607:
8579:
8562:
8554:
8549:
8541:
8536:
8528:
8523:
8514:
8506:
8501:
8493:
8488:
8479:
8470:
8453:
8437:
8432:
8424:
8419:
8407:
8399:
8394:
8386:
8370:
8354:
8349:
8325:
8321:
8311:
8303:
8298:
8290:
8285:
8277:
8272:
8253:
8246:
8223:
8216:
8208:
8203:
8195:
8190:
8182:
8177:
8169:
8164:
8156:
8151:
8143:
8138:
8122:
8117:
8109:
8104:
8096:
8091:
8083:
8078:
8062:
8057:
8049:
8044:
8036:
8031:
8012:
7992:
7985:
7967:
7962:
7955:
7947:
7942:
7934:
7929:
7922:
7918:
7913:
7904:
7896:
7891:
7882:
7873:
7864:
7855:
7847:
7842:
7821:
7812:
7803:
7794:
7785:
7773:
7761:
7753:
7749:
7744:
7735:
7727:
7722:
7714:
7709:
7697:
7692:
7684:
7679:
7663:
7658:
7642:
7637:
7629:
7624:
7616:
7611:
7603:
7598:
7590:
7573:
7551:
7546:
7538:
7533:
7517:
7512:
7503:
7482:
7477:
7467:13 September
7465:. Retrieved
7461:
7452:
7440:. Retrieved
7436:
7426:
7408:
7402:
7394:
7389:
7372:
7367:
7359:
7354:
7346:
7341:
7333:
7328:
7320:
7315:
7299:
7294:
7286:
7281:
7273:
7268:
7260:
7255:
7247:
7242:
7234:
7229:
7218:, retrieved
7209:
7202:
7193:
7185:
7180:
7172:
7167:
7159:
7154:
7138:
7133:
7125:
7120:
7112:
7107:
7099:
7094:
7086:
7081:
7072:
7064:
7059:
7051:
7046:
7030:
7025:
7016:
6998:
6989:
6981:
6976:
6953:13 September
6951:, retrieved
6945:
6938:
6930:
6925:
6906:
6899:
6890:
6881:
6873:
6868:
6860:
6855:
6839:
6834:
6826:
6821:
6813:
6808:
6799:
6787:
6783:
6761:
6756:
6738:
6733:
6725:
6720:
6692:
6684:
6676:
6671:
6663:
6658:
6650:
6642:
6634:
6614:. Retrieved
6610:
6601:
6589:. Retrieved
6584:
6575:
6563:
6552:Mahasanghika
6548:Sthaviravada
6537:
6529:
6473:
6438:
6432:𑀣𑁂𑀭𑀯𑀸𑀤
6364:
6340:Sacca-kiriya
6271:
6162:South Asia:
6114:
5847:Demographics
5825:
5787:
5725:
5704:Dwara Nikaya
5695:
5675:
5666:
5659:
5657:
5621:
5618:
5611:
5607:
5599:
5592:
5568:
5560:
5544:Anuradhapura
5533:
5501:
5497:
5493:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5473:
5469:
5360:Webu Sayadaw
5356:Ledi Sayadaw
5345:
5341:
5333:
5329:
5322:
5310:
5308:
5290:
5287:phra thudong
5286:
5278:
5268:
5264:Anuradhapura
5261:
5254:
5244:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5208:
5203:
5200:Pamsukulikas
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:aranyawaasii
5177:
5173:khaamawaasii
5161:
5152:
5109:
5101:
5093:
5085:
5025:
4996:merit-making
4994:
4992:
4979:
4978:in his work
4972:
4970:
4959:
4935:
4907:Dhamma talks
4902:
4900:
4893:
4859:
4854:
4846:
4835:
4811:superstition
4805:
4803:
4788:
4779:satipatthana
4777:
4771:
4765:
4761:
4754:Ledi Sayadaw
4745:
4741:
4739:
4725:
4720:
4716:
4706:
4698:kammaṭṭhānas
4697:
4687:
4659:
4650:
4644:
4623:
4600:
4594:
4575:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4523:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4496:Pāli Nikayas
4491:
4485:
4482:Pāli Nikayas
4477:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4458:
4440:
4421:
4411:
4401:
4399:
4347:Añjali Mudrā
4318:
4297:
4295:
4283:right action
4279:right speech
4273:
4270:
4258:
4239:
4188:good teacher
4173:
4167:
4161:
4155:
4140:
4136:
4122:
4118:
4117:, the path (
4112:
4098:Dhamma Wheel
4085:
4039:
4023:
4018:
4002:
3998:
3979:Wittgenstein
3972:
3965:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3919:
3914:
3909:Cariyāpiṭaka
3907:
3899:
3890:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3845:
3839:
3831:
3823:
3817:
3811:
3805:
3797:
3789:
3773:
3764:
3756:
3754:
3744:
3738:
3735:transcendent
3730:
3724:
3712:
3710:
3704:
3699:
3698:
3675:
3669:
3659:
3658:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3628:
3624:
3618:
3582:
3572:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3546:
3541:
3534:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3514:
3510:Sarvastivada
3503:
3498:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3462:
3450:all possible
3449:
3445:
3437:Vibhajjavāda
3436:
3433:
3414:
3409:Ledi Sayadaw
3374:
3370:Buddhavacana
3368:
3353:
3349:jīvitindriya
3347:
3339:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3276:Sarvāstivāda
3271:
3260:
3253:
3238:
3220:
3217:docetic view
3213:manussa-loka
3212:
3205:
3198:
3190:
3184:
3177:
3172:apratiṣṭhita
3171:
3165:
3158:
3152:
3144:
3135:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3099:
3075:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3034:
3028:
3023:
3011:
3005:
3003:impression (
2994:
2983:
2973:
2972:relaxation (
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2897:
2882:
2871:
2865:
2859:
2854:
2843:
2840:brahmavihārā
2839:
2828:
2811:
2781:
2772:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2718:
2709:
2702:
2692:
2648:
2626:
2597:
2589:Jataka tales
2586:
2582:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2525:
2514:
2506:
2478:
2475:catechetical
2463:
2440:
2420:
2416:Peter Harvey
2412:
2380:Sutta Pitaka
2377:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2351:Sutta Pitaka
2344:
2310:edition (in
2301:
2293:
2278:
2263:
2256:
2212:Ruth Denison
2061:
2039:
2029:
2014:
1980:
1954:
1951:S.N. Goenka.
1943:Webu Sayadaw
1911:Ledi Sayadaw
1888:
1849:
1819:Dhamma Kings
1816:
1797:
1785:
1750:
1704:
1699:Suvaṇṇabhūmi
1698:
1694:Anuradhapura
1671:
1664:
1657:first schism
1649:Vibhajjavāda
1646:
1643:(c. 140 BCE)
1581:
1573:
1563:
1558:
1490:
1470:
1468:
1452:
1449:conservatism
1442:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1400:
1389:
1381:
1369:
1368:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1097:
983:Merit making
948:Three Jewels
888:Buddhavacana
818:Impermanence
806:Dharma wheel
566:U Dhammaloka
501:S. N. Goenka
476:Ledi Sayadaw
378:Three Jewels
209:Vibhajjavada
149:Vimuttimagga
139:Commentaries
33:
18:
18357:New Zealand
18294:Saint Lucia
18244:El Salvador
18149:Switzerland
18084:Netherlands
17856:Philippines
17784:South Korea
17779:North Korea
17669:Afghanistan
17616:South Sudan
17506:Ivory Coast
17290:Deification
17237:Objectivism
17212:Agnosticism
17170:Persecution
17160:Video games
17125:Populations
17036:Proselytism
17004:Monasticism
16995:Clericalism
16985:Agriculture
16976:and society
16941:Soteriology
16901:Comparative
16871:Transtheism
16856:Panentheism
16640:Monasticism
16433:Gallo-Roman
16335:Micronesian
16301:Manichaeism
16249:Hermeticism
16217:Continental
16212:Anglo-Saxon
16092:Paleolithic
16087:Prehistoric
16037:Scientology
15900:Italo-Roman
15755:Radha Soami
15735:New Thought
15575:Espiritismo
15516:Waaqeffanna
15456:Fon and Ewe
15394:Sub-Saharan
15277:Satsana Phi
15073:Ghost Dance
15031:Californian
15009:Anishinaabe
14940:Karo Pemena
14919:Indonesian
14593:Lingayatism
14541:Mahanubhava
14511:Vaishnavism
14442:Jeungsanism
14365:Folk Taoism
14348:Xiantiandao
14202:Zoroastrian
13861:Charismatic
13856:Pentecostal
13819:Anglicanism
13770:Waldensians
13705:Catholicism
13311:Dharma talk
13140:Asalha Puja
12936:Eschatology
12739:Switzerland
12719:New Zealand
12647:Middle East
12556:Philippines
12476:Afghanistan
12281:Bodhidharma
12266:Buddhaghosa
12186:Householder
12096:Monasticism
12049:Bodhisattva
11904:Prostration
11857:Mindfulness
11785:Anapanasati
11768:Kammaṭṭhāna
11565:Korean Seon
11505:Asura realm
11500:Human realm
11440:Ten Fetters
11395:Parinirvana
11297:Uppalavanna
11262:Mahākaccana
11247:Mahākassapa
11179:Kṣitigarbha
11174:Ākāśagarbha
11071:Suddhodāna
11016:Four sights
10943:Foundations
10325:Web sources
10229:: 228–283,
10060:, MacMillan
10050:Lion's Roar
9788:19 November
9761:19 November
9734:19 November
9710:19 November
9617:19 November
9353:Crosby 2013
9115:PVI, p. 28.
8993:Wilson 2014
8960:Nyanaponika
8412:Warder 2000
7778:Warder 2000
7766:Warder 2000
7442:18 February
7411:, Satguru,
6526:"Theravada"
6276:and in the
6119:East Asia:
5860:Population
5798:Maha Nikaya
5767:Siam Nikaya
5700:(Myanmar):
5579:Siam Nikaya
5540:Saṅghamittā
5466:, Thailand.
5464:Kantharalak
5408:Ajahn Amaro
5400:Ajahn Brahm
5240:Nyanatiloka
5220:ganthadhura
5213:. The Pāli
5082:, Thailand.
5066:Lay devotee
4903:ganthadhura
4869:Metta Sutta
4851:prostration
4847:añjalikamma
4804:Though the
4696:(known as "
4690:Buddhaghosa
4660:Apart from
4577:anapanasati
4484:, the four
4455:Buddhaghosa
4430:tradition,
4199:Kammaṭṭhāna
4180:Buddhaghosa
4066:Nyanaponika
4062:Nyanatiloka
4001:, 1963 and
3958:rationalism
3921:Buddhavaṃsa
3915:Nidānakathā
3891:bodhisattas
3871:Buddhaghosa
3782:(the false
3761:four stages
3644:Arūpa-bhava
3328:manovinñāna
3235:Pudgalavada
3195:Sautrantika
3178:Kathāvatthu
3166:pratiṣṭhita
3159:antarabhāva
3136:antarabhāva
3098:The power (
3070:Kathāvatthu
3035:anapanasati
3020:mindfulness
2956:), energy (
2800:perceptions
2710:arupāyatana
2618:in Thailand
2536:Buddhadatta
2518:Buddhaghosa
2499:Buddhaghosa
2467:Frauwallner
2451:Nyanaponika
2372:Buddhavaṃsa
2330:(1931–69).
2316:Thai script
2188:S.N. Goenka
2120:in 1891 by
2081:Pragyananda
2032:French Rule
1828:Angkor Thom
1773:Buddhaghosa
1666:Kathavatthu
1617:Thuparamaya
1588:and in the
1539:Philippines
1531:North Korea
1370:Theravādins
1218:New Zealand
1073:Bodhisattva
1058:Four Stages
1013:Monasticism
993:Mindfulness
963:Perfections
893:Early Texts
626:Kee Nanayon
596:Ajahn Brahm
581:Nyanaponika
571:Nyanatiloka
556:Jayatilleke
531:Pragyananda
426:Buddhadatta
421:Buddhaghoṣa
411:Sanghamitta
395:Key figures
348:Mindfulness
310:Kammaṭṭhāna
18516:Categories
18347:Micronesia
18224:Costa Rica
18119:San Marino
18079:Montenegro
18059:Luxembourg
17916:Uzbekistan
17891:Tajikistan
17796:Kyrgyzstan
17769:Kazakhstan
17719:East Timor
17689:Bangladesh
17679:Azerbaijan
17596:Seychelles
17561:Mozambique
17546:Mauritania
17531:Madagascar
17421:Cape Verde
17203:irreligion
17198:Secularism
17105:Minorities
17073:Toleration
17068:Syncretism
17053:Fanaticism
17043:Disability
17031:Missionary
17021:Conversion
17009:Ordination
16931:Psychology
16926:Philosophy
16866:Polytheism
16846:Monotheism
16841:Henotheism
16682:Orthopraxy
16672:Ordination
16635:Meditation
16630:Indigenous
16595:Entheogens
16580:Conversion
16406:Pueblo III
16323:Babylonian
16313:Melanesian
16239:Gnosticism
16124:Lithuanian
16017:Fourth Way
15871:Circassian
15849:Dievturība
15772:Tensegrity
15705:Falun Gong
15350:Sanamahism
15330:Donyi-Polo
14962:Polynesian
14908:Kaharingan
14833:Burkhanism
14772:Ravidassia
14750:Śvetāmbara
14536:Pushtimarg
14516:Krishnaism
14452:Vietnamese
14437:Cheondoism
14370:Yao Taoism
14306:East Asian
14072:Isma'ilism
14028:Maturidism
13807:Mennonites
13802:Hutterites
13787:Anabaptism
13680:Humanistic
13428:Psychology
13408:Gnosticism
13396:Comparison
13391:Influences
13373:Comparison
13256:Bhavacakra
13214:Kushinagar
13189:Pilgrimage
13135:Māgha Pūjā
13090:Bodhi Tree
12906:Buddhology
12896:Abhidharma
12888:Philosophy
12821:Menander I
12689:Costa Rica
12640:Uzbekistan
12481:Bangladesh
12435:Dhammapada
12419:Pali Canon
12381:Ajahn Chah
12361:Dalai Lama
12261:Kumārajīva
12256:Vasubandhu
12231:The Buddha
12139:Zen master
12074:Sakadagami
12054:Buddhahood
11985:Pratimokṣa
11800:Shikantaza
11756:Meditation
11731:Deity yoga
11602:Madhyamaka
11495:Deva realm
11390:Mindstream
11340:Bodhicitta
11252:Aṅgulimāla
11119:Devadatta
11095:Yaśodharā
10998:The Buddha
10988:Middle Way
10258:20 January
9683:6 December
9570:"About Us"
9365:Sharf 1995
9338:Sharf 1995
8948:Polak 2011
8039:pp. 16-29.
7895:Macmillan
7846:Gombrich,
6704:0271011858
6451:References
6350:Sangharaja
6335:Mahanayaka
6295:Adhiṭṭhāna
6253:Khmer Krom
6166:Bangladesh
6099:in Tibet,
6037:14,172,455
6027:14,701,717
5995:17,222,844
5985:20,277,597
5953:50,649,200
5943:56,280,000
5911:63,117,265
5901:66,720,153
5774:Malwaththa
5677:Bangladesh
5669:sangharaja
5654:, Thailand
5564:Dalai Lama
5548:prātimokṣa
5510:See also:
5506:Bhikkhunis
5368:Buddhadasa
5352:Ajahn Chah
5297:Ordination
5251:asceticism
5215:Dhammapada
5211:Mahavihara
5048:Ajahn Chah
5028:Buddhadasa
5020:pilgrimage
5009:meditation
5001:Pali Canon
4938:lay person
4917:See also:
4881:the Buddha
4742:vipassana,
4712:Abhidhamma
4678:well-being
4651:lokuttara)
4506:was lost.
4438:movement.
4374:Meditation
4298:sikkhāpada
4121:) or way (
4115:Pāli Canon
4084:Practice (
4031:Buddhadasa
3937:education.
3904:Dhammapala
3900:abhinīhāra
3883:sāvakayāna
3875:buddhayāna
3713:loka-dhatu
3700:Rūpa-bhava
3660:Kāma-bhava
3601:, Thailand
3567:sampayutta
3469:substances
3417:Abhidhamma
3310:sappaccaya
3191:khayamatta
3090:eternalist
3053:Moggallana
2995:saḷāyatana
2962:), bliss (
2894:Middle Way
2804:intentions
2766:avijjāsava
2600:apocryphal
2532:Dhammapala
2503:compendium
2471:exegetical
2447:psychology
2328:Phnom Penh
2233:Pali Canon
2148:countries.
2111:Kripasaran
2077:Mahapragya
2045:Pathet Lao
2001:Ajahn Chah
1923:Pāli Canon
1891:Mindon Min
1824:Angkor Wat
1800:Mahavihara
1788:Sri Ksetra
1777:Abhidhamma
1753:Abhayagiri
1607:Pre-modern
1561:Buddhism.
1519:Bangladesh
1483:commentary
1466:onwards).
1396:Pāli Canon
1375:anglicized
1091:Traditions
1028:Pilgrimage
968:Meditation
928:Post-canon
908:Pāli Canon
838:Middle Way
735:The Buddha
621:Ayya Khema
561:Kalupahana
526:Mahapragya
521:Kripasaran
511:Ajahn Chah
431:Dhammapāla
338:Middle Way
333:Meditation
285:Abhidhamma
214:Mahāvihāra
59:Bangladesh
18522:Theravada
18465:Venezuela
18410:Argentina
18327:Australia
18279:Nicaragua
18254:Guatemala
18054:Lithuania
17876:Sri Lanka
17871:Singapore
17851:Palestine
17739:Indonesia
17729:Hong Kong
17551:Mauritius
17272:Overviews
17227:Criticism
17175:Terrorism
17150:Theocracy
17095:Happiness
17063:Pluralism
17048:Education
16974:Religion
16946:Salvation
16936:Sociology
16881:Religious
16861:Pantheism
16851:Nontheism
16744:Mountains
16722:Sacrifice
16677:Orthodoxy
16667:Mythology
16662:Mysticism
16551:Behaviour
16460:Canaanite
16443:Mithraism
16411:Pueblo IV
16401:Pueblo II
16306:Mazdakism
16281:Hungarian
16254:Mysteries
16163:Dravidian
15945:Hungarian
15861:Caucasian
15832:Godianism
15792:Agni Yoga
15782:Theosophy
15745:Rastafari
15720:Modekngei
15700:Brahmoism
15693:Syncretic
15685:movements
15683:religious
15595:Quimbanda
15543:Candomblé
15536:Diasporic
15315:Bathouism
15305:Benzhuism
15230:Tsimshian
15181:Purépecha
15102:Longhouse
15077:Sun Dance
15026:Blackfoot
14945:Malaysian
14935:Kapitayan
14745:Digambara
14730:Ayyavazhi
14695:Vajrayana
14660:Theravada
14573:Ganapatya
14546:Ramanandi
14475:Hoahaoism
14353:Yiguandao
14248:Yarsanism
14243:Shabakism
14230:Yazdânism
14220:Zurvanism
14215:Mazdaznan
14174:Rastafari
14169:Mandaeism
14043:Wahhabism
14023:Ash'arism
13986:Tolstoyan
13976:Spiritual
13966:Mormonism
13937:Judaizers
13910:Quakerism
13888:Methodist
13878:Irvingism
13829:Calvinism
13782:Adventism
13765:Moravians
13602:Abrahamic
13496:Festivals
13476:Buddhists
13438:Theosophy
13241:Symbolism
13231:Hama yumi
13204:Bodh Gaya
12971:Socialism
12946:Evolution
12921:Economics
12759:Venezuela
12674:Australia
12669:Argentina
12593:Sri Lanka
12588:Singapore
12506:Indonesia
12468:Countries
12409:Tripiṭaka
12371:Ajahn Mun
12246:Nagarjuna
12241:Aśvaghoṣa
12124:Anagārika
12119:Śrāmaṇerī
12114:Śrāmaṇera
12109:Bhikkhunī
12069:Sotāpanna
11958:Passaddhi
11899:Offerings
11874:Nekkhamma
11751:Iddhipada
11671:Practices
11641:Theravada
11614:Vajrayana
11607:Yogachara
11577:Pure Land
11490:Six Paths
11477:Cosmology
11257:Anuruddha
11232:Sāriputta
11222:Kaundinya
11214:Disciples
11189:Vajrapāṇi
11041:Footprint
11006:Tathāgata
10816:15 August
10811:BuddhaNet
10791:17 August
10787:, Cia.gov
10765:17 August
10761:, Cia.gov
10739:17 August
10735:, Cia.gov
10662:17 August
10658:, Cia.gov
10539:17 August
10512:17 August
10485:17 August
10253:0029-5973
10092:8 January
9985:0031-8221
9938:0885-2758
9907:146408897
9899:1474-0680
9167:subject."
8929:, p. 270.
8862:17 August
6616:30 August
6591:30 August
6406:Thérôvéat
6238:Singapore
6207:Indonesia
6190:Sri Lanka
6079:4,339,731
6069:6,477,211
5979:Sri Lanka
5727:Sri Lanka
5652:Sukhothai
5628:West Java
5388:U Pandita
5348:Ajahn Mun
5281:) of the
5232:patipatti
5224:pariyatti
5204:Araññikas
5164:Mahavamsa
5121:U Ba Khin
5080:Uttaradit
4950:Vajrayāna
4795:Amarapura
4762:vipassana
4607:causation
4566:Vipassana
4540:Vipassana
4510:Vipassana
4478:vipassanā
4451:Vipassanā
4390:Bodh Gaya
4246:ignorance
4226:Vipassanā
4086:paṭipatti
4070:Nyanamoli
3991:Edinburgh
3983:Cambridge
3863:Dīpankara
3689:Tavatimsa
3589:Cosmology
3573:cetasikas
3306:appaccaya
3254:lokuttara
3186:prajñapti
3174:) nirvana
3154:gandhabba
2975:passaddhi
2887:ignorance
2844:appamaññā
2762:bhavāsava
2569:Mahavamsa
2563:Dipavamsa
2341:versions.
2339:Tripitaka
2289:recension
2281:Sri Lanka
2137:Indonesia
2126:Bodh Gaya
2025:Ajahn Mun
1947:U Ba Khin
1804:Anawrahta
1792:Dvaravati
1769:Vajrayana
1763:study of
1761:syncretic
1726:Sriksetra
1678:Sri Lanka
1625:Sri Lanka
1582:Theravāda
1574:Theravāda
1559:Theravāda
1543:Indonesia
1495:Sri Lanka
1491:Theravāda
1471:Theravāda
1453:Theravāda
1438:pariyatti
1433:Theravāda
1428:Vajrayāna
1382:theravādī
1318:Theravāda
1238:Sri Lanka
1228:Singapore
1183:Indonesia
1123:Vajrayāna
1098:Theravāda
1053:Awakening
941:Practices
898:Tripiṭaka
868:Cosmology
843:Emptiness
823:Suffering
496:U Ba Khin
446:Anawrahta
224:Mahavamsa
219:Dipavamsa
199:Sthaviras
94:Sri Lanka
53:Countries
18491:Category
18455:Suriname
18445:Paraguay
18430:Colombia
18337:Kiribati
18264:Honduras
18234:Dominica
18209:Barbados
18174:Scotland
18134:Slovenia
18129:Slovakia
18104:Portugal
17974:Bulgaria
17896:Thailand
17846:Pakistan
17826:Mongolia
17821:Maldives
17816:Malaysia
17704:Cambodia
17651:Zimbabwe
17626:Tanzania
17476:Ethiopia
17471:Eswatini
17451:Djibouti
17416:Cameroon
17401:Botswana
17345:Timeline
17340:Scholars
17300:Founders
17165:Violence
17120:Politics
16990:Business
16953:Theology
16697:Prophecy
16687:Paganism
16575:Covenant
16542:Apostasy
16477:Scythian
16418:Rapa Nui
16372:Thracian
16367:Illyrian
16357:Albanian
16328:Sumerian
16271:Harappan
16207:Germanic
16202:Georgian
16195:Selk'nam
16180:Etruscan
16168:Egyptian
16146:Druidism
16109:Armenian
16032:Satanism
16012:Eckankar
15935:Estonian
15920:Romanian
15910:Ossetian
15890:Germanic
15839:Armenian
15828:African
15821:paganism
15750:Sant Mat
15740:Rajneesh
15715:Meivazhi
15710:Japanese
15667:Siberian
15600:Santería
15570:Convince
15436:Bushongo
15340:Kiratism
15267:Hmongism
15144:Wocekiye
15129:Jivaroan
15097:Iroquois
15092:Ho-Chunk
15053:Cherokee
14996:American
14967:Hawaiian
14880:Sarnaism
14850:Tungusic
14838:Tengrism
14828:Mongolic
14757:Sarnaism
14688:Nichiren
14665:Mahayana
14652:Buddhism
14630:Sant Mat
14620:Sauraism
14615:Smartism
14610:Shaktism
14603:Balinese
14588:Kaumaram
14583:Kapalika
14578:Kashmiri
14563:Shaivism
14503:Hinduism
14470:Caodaism
14414:Ryukyuan
14409:Tenrikyo
14404:Shugendō
14382:Japanese
14253:Yazidism
14238:Ishikism
14116:Quranism
14089:Khawarij
14038:Salafism
14033:Atharism
13922:Esoteric
13893:Holiness
13883:Lutheran
13844:Reformed
13824:Baptists
13797:Brethren
13761:Hussites
13749:Assyrian
13665:Haymanot
13619:Orthodox
13568:Religion
13514:Category
13443:Violence
13413:Hinduism
13361:Sanskrit
13316:Hinayana
13301:Amitābha
13261:Swastika
13130:Uposatha
13120:Holidays
13105:Calendar
12951:Humanism
12789:Kanishka
12779:Timeline
12603:Thailand
12571:Kalmykia
12566:Buryatia
12551:Pakistan
12536:Mongolia
12531:Maldives
12526:Malaysia
12491:Cambodia
12356:Shamarpa
12351:Nichiren
12301:Xuanzang
12236:Nagasena
12154:Rinpoche
11884:Pāramitā
11726:Devotion
11646:Navayana
11634:Dzogchen
11597:Nichiren
11545:Mahayana
11537:Branches
11415:Saṅkhāra
11164:Mañjuśrī
11121:(cousin)
11113:(cousin)
11081:(mother)
11073:(father)
11061:Miracles
11011:Birthday
10928:Glossary
10901:Buddhism
10688:Archived
10634:citation
10592:13 March
10562:26 March
10423:Archived
10400:Archived
10375:27 March
10350:Archived
10292:citation
9826:Archived
9559:, p. 15.
9398:Archived
9061:Archived
8766:Archived
8699:27 March
8612:Archived
8582:, p. 47.
8544:, p. 77.
8531:, p. 92.
8496:, p. 14.
8458:Archived
8127:Archived
8021:Archived
7537:Harvey,
7487:Archived
7397:, p. 41.
7377:Archived
6997:(2012),
6962:citation
6829:, p. 25.
6744:Archived
6649:(2006),
6565:Tipitaka
6558:(now in
6540:Hinayana
6524:(2018),
6426:: 테라바다;
6284:See also
6251:(by the
6243:Thailand
6218:Malaysia
6201:Cambodia
6101:Mongolia
6021:Cambodia
5895:Thailand
5857:Country
5771:Asgiriya
5593:In 1997
5575:Dambulla
5318:sāmaṇera
5256:dhutanga
5196:Tapassin
5190:, Pali:
5178:gāmavasī
5176:, Pāli:
5078:Puja in
4964:—
4946:Mahāyāna
4896:Uposatha
4891:ritual.
4877:anussati
4871:and the
4791:Thailand
4746:Maitreya
4596:skandhas
4554:and the
4402:Bhāvanā,
4396:, India)
4365:and the
4314:Uposatha
4214:ayatanas
4210:khandhas
4123:patipada
4021:(1988).
3918:and the
3852:Metteyya
3819:uddhacca
3807:Arahants
3599:Songkhla
3554:cetasika
3536:sankhata
3506:ontology
3495:svabhava
3473:essences
3421:ayatanas
3379:Hinayana
3375:Tipitaka
3278:school,
3228:bhavaṅga
3122:anupubba
2929:and the
2796:feelings
2758:kāmāsava
2606:Doctrine
2566:and the
2541:exegesis
2479:matikas.
2428:bhikkhus
2392:Sanskrit
2320:Rama VII
2259:Tipiṭaka
2141:Malaysia
2107:Calcutta
2094:(1926),
2019:and the
1927:U Narada
1882:and the
1765:Mahayana
1757:Jetavana
1555:diaspora
1547:Malaysia
1511:Thailand
1503:Cambodia
1422:Mahāyāna
1365:Buddhism
1248:Thailand
1208:Mongolia
1203:Malaysia
1168:Cambodia
1133:Navayana
1113:Hinayana
1108:Mahāyāna
1018:Lay life
848:Morality
828:Not-self
786:Concepts
745:Councils
730:Timeline
702:Glossary
684:Buddhism
676:a series
674:Part of
576:Nanamoli
486:U Nārada
373:Precepts
279:Doctrine
99:Thailand
64:Cambodia
26:a series
24:Part of
18537:Nāstika
18460:Uruguay
18435:Ecuador
18415:Bolivia
18392:Vanuatu
18319:Oceania
18269:Jamaica
18249:Grenada
18204:Bahamas
18164:England
18154:Ukraine
18109:Romania
18069:Moldova
18029:Ireland
18024:Iceland
18019:Hungary
18009:Germany
17999:Finland
17994:Estonia
17989:Denmark
17984:Czechia
17979:Croatia
17964:Belgium
17959:Belarus
17954:Austria
17949:Andorra
17944:Albania
17921:Vietnam
17831:Myanmar
17806:Lebanon
17724:Georgia
17684:Bahrain
17674:Armenia
17636:Tunisia
17606:Somalia
17591:Senegal
17576:Nigeria
17566:Namibia
17556:Morocco
17521:Liberia
17516:Lesotho
17466:Eritrea
17436:Comoros
17411:Burundi
17386:Algeria
17330:Outline
17295:Deities
17222:Atheism
17140:Science
17058:Freedom
16916:History
16883:studies
16836:Dualism
16826:Animism
16791:Worship
16771:Symbols
16712:Liturgy
16625:Goddess
16585:Deities
16566:Laicism
16556:Beliefs
16535:Aspects
16507:Zapotec
16502:Vainakh
16470:Yahwism
16455:Semitic
16384:Iranian
16286:Hurrian
16276:Hittite
16266:Guanche
16259:Orphism
16190:Fuegian
16185:Finnish
16173:Atenism
16119:Latvian
16104:Arabian
16047:Raëlism
16027:Jediism
16022:Goddess
15995:De novo
15883:Druidry
15777:Thelema
15730:New Age
15615:Umbanda
15506:Tumbuka
15491:Odinala
15476:Lugbara
15396:African
15362:African
15310:Bimoism
15300:Burmese
15156:Mapuche
15122:Wyandot
15082:Guarani
15063:Choctaw
15058:Chilote
15004:Abenaki
14955:Tagalog
14928:Kejawèn
14777:Sikhism
14740:Jainism
14700:Tibetan
14683:Amidism
14551:Warkari
14465:Đạo Mẫu
14315:Chinese
14297:Eastern
14274:Roshani
14193:Iranian
14101:Alevism
14094:Ibadism
14067:Zaydism
13744:Ancient
13715:Eastern
13675:Renewal
13660:Karaite
13641:Zionist
13629:Hasidic
13611:Judaism
13593:Western
13491:Temples
13471:Buddhas
13433:Science
13423:Judaism
13418:Jainism
13336:Lineage
13296:Abhijñā
13266:Thangka
13209:Sarnath
13194:Lumbini
13115:Funeral
13110:Cuisine
12986:Culture
12961:Reality
12911:Creator
12901:Atomism
12771:History
12744:Ukraine
12704:Germany
12623:Senegal
12613:Vietnam
12541:Myanmar
12341:Shinran
12331:Karmapa
12306:Shandao
12276:Dignāga
12201:Śrāvaka
12181:Donchee
12176:Kappiya
12134:Sayadaw
12104:Bhikkhu
12079:Anāgāmi
12036:Nirvana
12002:Samadhi
11889:Paritta
11830:Tonglen
11825:Mandala
11780:Smarana
11761:Mantras
11709:Upekkha
11679:Bhavana
11629:Shingon
11582:Tiantai
11435:Tathātā
11425:Śūnyatā
11420:Skandha
11410:Saṃsāra
11405:Rebirth
11380:Kleshas
11370:Indriya
11272:Subhūti
11157:Guanyin
11111:Ānanda
11103:Rāhula
10983:Nirvana
10923:Outline
10625:16 July
10190:, OUP,
10170:, Asoka
10030:Sources
9993:1396982
9946:1459491
9451:: 41–43
8342:1399912
7220:1 April
6713:1103133
6637:, p. 2.
6544:schools
6420:ເຖຣະວາດ
6377:Burmese
6373:ථේරවාදය
6369:Sinhala
6305:Awgatha
6300:Arahant
6257:Tai Dam
6249:Vietnam
6232:Myanmar
5937:Myanmar
5755:Delduwa
5697:Myanmar
5624:Bandung
5554:is the
5536:Mahinda
5312:shinbyu
5279:taw"yar
5182:Sinhala
5168:Sinhala
5151:A cave
5088:Upasaka
5076:Vesakha
4988:Nibbana
4954:Nirvana
4901:Study (
4666:rebirth
4662:nibbana
4655:samsara
4514:dhammas
4492:samatha
4472:Samādhi
4466:Samatha
4447:Samatha
4443:Bhavana
4254:Nibbana
4250:fetters
4203:Samādhi
4195:Samatha
4147:Samādhi
4113:In the
4078:Analayo
3950:Mongkut
3948:, King
3840:abhiññā
3813:Nibbana
3780:fetters
3757:nibbana
3740:vimutti
3726:nibbana
3721:samsara
3583:paccaya
3542:nibbana
3519:realism
3386:arahant
3324:indriya
3295:tathatā
3268:nibbana
3239:pudgala
3221:nirmāṇa
3199:nirodha
3080:On the
3012:viññana
2985:upekkha
2980:samādhi
2912:Samadhi
2867:nirodha
2744:uccheda
2735:nibbana
2733:(Pali:
2731:Nirvana
2663:samsara
2655:rebirth
2400:Tibetan
2396:Prakrit
2296:Nikayas
2274:Magadha
2268:, is a
2208:Dipa Ma
2130:Sarnath
1965:Mongkut
1963:. King
1844:Myanmar
1812:floruit
1745:pagodas
1682:Mahinda
1596:History
1535:Vietnam
1499:Myanmar
1469:Modern
1394:in the
1258:Vietnam
1213:Myanmar
1128:Tibetan
1118:Chinese
1046:Nirvāṇa
863:Saṃsāra
858:Rebirth
723:History
712:Outline
631:Dipa Ma
601:Analayo
466:Mongkut
406:Mahinda
326:Nibbāna
317:Saṃsāra
241:Schools
182:History
104:Vietnam
84:Myanmar
18501:Portal
18440:Guyana
18420:Brazil
18387:Tuvalu
18284:Panama
18274:Mexico
18219:Canada
18214:Belize
18144:Sweden
18124:Serbia
18114:Russia
18099:Poland
18094:Norway
18074:Monaco
18044:Latvia
18039:Kosovo
18014:Greece
18004:France
17936:Europe
17901:Turkey
17886:Taiwan
17791:Kuwait
17764:Jordan
17754:Israel
17714:Cyprus
17699:Brunei
17694:Bhutan
17646:Zambia
17641:Uganda
17581:Rwanda
17536:Malawi
17496:Guinea
17486:Gambia
17391:Angola
17378:Africa
17187:Wealth
17135:Schism
17090:Growth
17014:Priest
16999:Clergy
16818:Theism
16801:Nature
16796:Astral
16739:Groves
16707:Ritual
16692:Prayer
16650:Novice
16600:Ethnic
16525:Topics
16497:Urartu
16492:Tongan
16487:Somali
16482:Slavic
16362:Dacian
16141:Celtic
16136:Basque
16114:Baltic
15965:Udmurt
15930:Uralic
15925:Slavic
15878:Celtic
15866:Abkhaz
15854:Romuva
15844:Baltic
15819:Modern
15662:Papuan
15625:Voodoo
15580:Kumina
15521:Yoruba
15511:Urhobo
15481:Maasai
15466:Lotuko
15414:Baluba
15404:Akamba
15377:Berber
15335:Heraka
15325:Dongba
15213:Pueblo
15208:Pawnee
15198:Navajo
15188:Muisca
15151:Lenape
15139:Lakota
15117:Seneca
15107:Mohawk
15041:Ohlone
15021:Apache
15014:Ojibwe
14994:Native
14860:Manchu
14855:Evenki
14816:Altaic
14807:Ethnic
14782:Khalsa
14735:Kalash
14625:Śrauta
14494:Indian
14424:Korean
14390:Shinto
14360:Taoism
14333:Luoism
14159:Baháʼí
14154:Bábism
14106:Ahmadi
14084:Sufism
14077:Alawis
13727:Church
13655:Reform
13636:Modern
13624:Haredi
13486:Sutras
13481:Suttas
13346:Siddhi
13331:Koliya
13306:Brahmā
13221:Poetry
13167:Mantra
13157:Kasaya
13029:Pagoda
13009:Kyaung
13004:Vihāra
12999:Temple
12941:Ethics
12784:Ashoka
12734:Sweden
12729:Poland
12724:Norway
12714:Mexico
12699:France
12684:Canada
12679:Brazil
12618:Africa
12598:Taiwan
12561:Russia
12486:Bhutan
12446:Vinaya
12326:Naropa
12316:Saraha
12251:Asanga
12007:Prajñā
11916:Refuge
11879:Nianfo
11840:Tertön
11835:Tantra
11820:Ganana
11810:Tukdam
11736:Dhyāna
11704:Mudita
11699:Karuṇā
11592:Risshū
11587:Huayan
11520:Naraka
11460:Anattā
11455:Dukkha
11450:Anicca
11355:Dharma
11307:Channa
11242:Ānanda
11227:Assaji
11194:Skanda
11097:(wife)
11066:Family
11046:Relics
10971:Sangha
10966:Dharma
10961:Buddha
10251:
10223:Leiden
10194:
10179:, UMCS
10156:
10016:
9991:
9983:
9944:
9936:
9905:
9897:
9425:, 2003
9089:30 May
8836:
8663:
8340:
8261:
8235:
8231:–170,
8069:
8000:
7974:
7937:p. 26.
7752:p. 667
7670:
7649:
7524:
7458:"TBCM"
7415:
7306:
7145:
7037:
7005:
6914:
6846:
6711:
6701:
6489:
6401:UNGEGN
6397:ថេរវាទ
6389:เถรวาท
6381:ထေရဝါဒ
6330:Cetiya
6155:Yunnan
6147:Achang
6060:
6018:
5976:
5934:
5892:
5841:dukkha
5837:anicca
5833:anatta
5777:Rohana
5661:nikaya
5571:vinaya
5518:, and
5489:dhamma
5273:, the
5117:Yangon
5038:, and
4867:, the
4865:refuge
4770:, the
4750:Medawi
4619:anicca
4617:, and
4615:anatta
4611:dukkha
4591:vitaka
4550:, the
4546:, the
4531:anicca
4525:anatta
4519:dukkha
4487:jhānas
4428:Weikza
4416:, the
4302:Refuge
4285:, and
4216:, the
4033:, and
3985:) and
3865:Buddha
3834:Buddha
3745:dukkha
3733:) and
3705:jhanas
3693:Tusita
3681:heaven
3670:niraya
3653:kappas
3429:dhatus
3423:, the
3389:state.
3354:hadaya
3250:Buddha
3127:kilesa
3104:savaka
3006:phassa
2959:viriya
2931:Saṅgha
2927:Dhamma
2925:, the
2923:Buddha
2921:: the
2855:dukkha
2783:anatta
2774:anicca
2753:āsavas
2703:jhanas
2686:castes
2680:) and
2650:cetana
2505:, the
2430:, the
2398:, and
2388:Agamas
2384:Vinaya
2285:Ashoka
2210:, and
1856:Ceylon
1674:Ashoka
1568:, the
1553:. The
1551:Taiwan
1549:, and
1537:, the
1501:, and
1444:vinaya
1391:dhamma
1243:Taiwan
1223:Russia
1163:Brazil
1158:Bhutan
1078:Buddha
998:Wisdom
781:Dharma
383:Vinaya
290:Anattā
18425:Chile
18382:Tonga
18372:Samoa
18362:Palau
18352:Nauru
18259:Haiti
18179:Wales
18139:Spain
18064:Malta
18034:Italy
17926:Yemen
17881:Syria
17861:Qatar
17836:Nepal
17811:Macau
17774:Korea
17759:Japan
17734:India
17709:China
17621:Sudan
17571:Niger
17526:Libya
17511:Kenya
17491:Ghana
17481:Gabon
17456:Egypt
17396:Benin
17305:Index
17276:lists
17145:State
16963:Women
16831:Deism
16806:Place
16786:Water
16781:Truth
16749:Trees
16605:Faith
16570:Laity
16465:Punic
16423:Roman
16389:Vedic
16347:Olmec
16234:Greek
16227:Norse
16151:Irish
15972:Wicca
15767:Subud
15657:Inuit
15630:Winti
15620:Vodou
15585:Obeah
15565:Comfa
15548:Bantu
15501:Serer
15486:Mbuti
15446:Dogon
15441:Dinka
15424:Kongo
15419:Bantu
15345:Qiang
15176:Olmec
15166:Aztec
15087:Haida
15036:Miwok
14972:Māori
14903:Dayak
14824:Turko
14787:Sects
14723:Other
14678:Thiền
14262:Other
14164:Druze
14142:Other
14018:Sunni
14010:Islam
13792:Amish
13710:Latin
13458:Lists
13326:Kalpa
13321:Iddhi
13184:Music
13179:Mudra
13145:Vassa
13125:Vesak
13095:Budai
13041:Candi
13024:Stupa
12956:Logic
12709:Italy
12608:Tibet
12546:Nepal
12516:Korea
12511:Japan
12501:India
12496:China
12441:Sutra
12396:Texts
12346:Dōgen
12336:Hōnen
12321:Atiśa
12286:Zhiyi
12196:Achar
12164:Tulku
12159:Geshe
12144:Rōshi
12129:Ajahn
12084:Arhat
12044:Bodhi
12014:Vīrya
11931:Sacca
11926:Satya
11921:Sādhu
11909:Music
11852:Merit
11845:Terma
11805:Zazen
11741:Faith
11694:Mettā
11375:Karma
11335:Bardo
11302:Asita
11292:Khema
11282:Upāli
11267:Nanda
11105:(son)
11079:Māyā
11056:Films
10933:Index
10717:(PDF)
10710:(PDF)
10619:(PDF)
10612:(PDF)
10221:(3),
10214:Numen
10209:(PDF)
9989:JSTOR
9942:JSTOR
9903:S2CID
9849:(PDF)
8693:(PDF)
8686:(PDF)
8338:JSTOR
7968:Nicca
7555:2020.
6560:Bihar
6393:Khmer
6356:Notes
6185:Nepal
6176:India
6151:Blang
6123:China
6105:Nepal
5854:Rank
5829:metta
5485:bana,
5325:Vassa
4984:merit
4942:monks
4504:jhana
4500:jhana
4408:Forms
4394:Bihar
4321:puñña
4291:kamma
4261:karma
4175:summa
4151:Paññā
4119:magga
3766:bodhi
3731:amata
3685:devas
3665:hells
3633:Indra
3629:devas
3625:bhava
3563:citta
3548:citta
3478:suñña
3336:heart
3285:akasa
3280:space
3206:khaṇa
3118:khaṇa
3111:citta
3001:Sense
2872:magga
2861:tanha
2674:Vedas
2645:karma
2324:Khmer
2222:Texts
2069:Nepal
2003:with
1919:Vesak
1860:Burma
1737:Bagan
1621:stupa
1527:Nepal
1523:China
1515:India
1479:India
1377:from
1253:Tibet
1193:Korea
1188:Japan
1178:India
1173:China
1138:Newar
1063:Arhat
853:Karma
707:Index
416:Tissa
305:Jhana
295:Arhat
122:Texts
89:Nepal
74:India
69:China
18450:Peru
18332:Fiji
18229:Cuba
17841:Oman
17801:Laos
17749:Iraq
17744:Iran
17661:Asia
17631:Togo
17541:Mali
17431:Chad
17274:and
17201:and
16776:Text
16756:Soul
16645:Monk
16610:Fire
16291:Inca
16099:Ainu
15983:list
15960:Sámi
15590:Palo
15558:Ketu
15553:Jejé
15471:Lozi
15451:Efik
15429:Zulu
15409:Akan
15262:Ahom
15254:Miao
15252:and
15240:Zuni
15223:Hopi
15171:Maya
15068:Crow
15046:Pomo
14713:list
14670:Chan
14641:list
14598:Nath
14396:list
14132:list
14057:Shia
13999:list
13686:list
13356:Pāḷi
13341:Māra
13251:Flag
12652:Iran
12576:Tuva
12521:Laos
12149:Lama
11997:Śīla
11965:Śīla
11953:Pīti
11943:Sati
11894:Puja
11815:Koan
11721:Dāna
11312:Yasa
11199:Tārā
10818:2010
10793:2012
10767:2012
10741:2012
10664:2012
10640:link
10627:2011
10594:2020
10564:2009
10541:2012
10514:2012
10487:2012
10377:2009
10298:link
10260:2016
10249:ISSN
10192:ISBN
10154:ISBN
10094:2017
10014:ISBN
9981:ISSN
9934:ISSN
9895:ISSN
9860:2023
9790:2010
9763:2010
9736:2010
9712:2010
9685:2011
9619:2010
9431:2010
9091:2013
8864:2012
8834:ISBN
8701:2009
8661:ISBN
8259:ISBN
8233:ISBN
8067:ISBN
7998:ISBN
7972:ISBN
7668:ISBN
7647:ISBN
7522:ISBN
7469:2024
7444:2024
7413:ISBN
7304:ISBN
7222:2023
7143:ISBN
7035:ISBN
7003:ISBN
6968:link
6955:2024
6912:ISBN
6844:ISBN
6790:tr.
6709:OCLC
6699:ISBN
6618:2024
6593:2024
6487:ISBN
6428:Pali
6385:Thai
6224:and
6212:Laos
6139:Hani
6127:Shan
6109:East
6063:Laos
6000:100%
5446:and
5153:kuti
5113:U Nu
4948:and
4889:puja
4797:and
4756:and
4599:and
4571:sila
4528:and
4459:yāna
4275:Sīla
4143:sīla
4096:The
4076:and
4044:and
3964:'s,
3954:U Nu
3825:māna
3784:view
3691:and
3676:peta
3559:rupa
3515:ṭīkā
3484:attā
3100:bala
3057:nila
3024:sati
2991:The
2965:pīti
2947:sati
2936:The
2898:atta
2892:The
2834:The
2823:The
2818:soul
2813:atta
2806:and
2719:sila
2534:and
2473:and
2457:and
2353:and
2266:Pāli
2175:and
2139:and
2128:and
2083:and
1977:Pali
1874:and
1826:and
1790:and
1767:and
1755:and
1635:The
1615:The
1509:and
1507:Laos
1425:and
1413:and
1407:Pāli
1379:Pali
1361:lit.
1198:Laos
1103:Pāli
481:U Nu
79:Laos
17180:War
16655:Nun
16620:God
15681:New
15526:Ifá
15496:San
15295:Bon
15250:Tai
15235:Ute
14674:Zen
14338:Nuo
13078:Art
13014:Wat
11550:Zen
10239:hdl
10231:doi
9973:doi
9887:doi
9653:doi
9213:doi
8330:doi
8229:168
6416:Lao
6135:Dai
6131:Tai
6084:98%
6074:67%
6042:95%
6032:98%
5990:70%
5958:96%
5948:89%
5916:97%
5906:95%
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