6444:
5211:
5571:
5434:(non-harming), the Buddha's ethics strongly condemn the harming of all sentient beings, including all animals. He thus condemned the animal sacrifice of the Brahmins as well hunting, and killing animals for food. However, early Buddhist texts depict the Buddha as allowing monastics to eat meat. This seems to be because monastics begged for their food and thus were supposed to accept whatever food was offered to them. This was tempered by the rule that meat had to be "three times clean": "they had not seen, had not heard, and had no reason to suspect that the animal had been killed so that the meat could be given to them". Also, while the Buddha did not explicitly promote vegetarianism in his discourses, he did state that gaining one's livelihood from the meat trade was unethical. In contrast to this, various Mahayana sutras and texts like the
5462:
8531:. p. 33. Bauddha is "a secondary derivative of buddha, in which the vowel's lengthening indicates connection or relation. Things that are bauddha pertain to the buddha, just as things Saiva related to Siva and things Vaisnava belong to Visnu. ... baudda can be both adjectival and nominal; it can be used for doctrines spoken by the buddha, objects enjoyed by him, texts attributed to him, as well as individuals, communities, and societies that offer him reverence or accept ideologies certified through his name. Strictly speaking, Sakya is preferable to bauddha since the latter is not attested at Ajanta. In fact, as a collective noun, bauddha is an outsider's term. The bauddha did not call themselves this in India, though they did sometimes use the word adjectivally (e.g., as a possessive, the buddha's)."
6053:
3812:
2734:
3063:
6013:
4327:
2250:
6169:
6455:
17052:, pp. 362–379: "From Olcott's catechism grew the tradition of Buddhist ambivalence (if not outright hostility) toward the concept of religion, but his catechism had a religious origin in Olcott's own liberal Protestant Christian background. He took his challenge to be one of purifying Buddhism by returning to the fundamental teaching of the founder as recorded in its authoritative scriptures. The teaching he found in these texts had much in common with the liberal Protestantism of the late nineteenth century. It was opposed to 'superstitious' practices, suspicious of miracles and the supernatural, and respectful of the canons of reason."
5719:
12794:
2127:
3774:) beings. Mahāyāna Buddhism holds that these other Buddhas in other realms can be contacted and are able to benefit beings in this world. In Mahāyāna, a Buddha is a kind of "spiritual king", a "protector of all creatures" with a lifetime that is countless of eons long, rather than just a human teacher who has transcended the world after death. Shakyamuni's life and death on earth is then usually understood as a "mere appearance" or "a manifestation skilfully projected into earthly life by a long-enlightened transcendent being, who is still available to teach the faithful through visionary experiences".
6033:
7250:, give different accounts about the life of the Buddha; many include stories of his many rebirths, and some add significant embellishments. Keown and Prebish state, "In the past, modern scholars have generally accepted 486 or 483 BCE for this , but the consensus is now that they rest on evidence which is too flimsy. Scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life. Most accept that he lived, taught and founded a monastic order, but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies."
4679:
46:
14401:
1293:
2897:
1927:
1771:. However, these texts were revised over time, and it is unclear what constitutes the earliest layer of Buddhist teachings. One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest extant versions of the Theravadin Pāli Canon and other texts. The reliability of the early sources, and the possibility to draw out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute. According to Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies.
4633:
4454:
1275:
6042:
11353:
6699:
1700:
3196:) nor any other 'transcendent creative principle'. However, Buddhist thought does not understand causality in terms of Newtonian mechanics; rather it understands it as conditioned arising. In Buddhism, dependent arising refers to conditions created by a plurality of causes that necessarily co-originate a phenomenon within and across lifetimes, such as karma in one life creating conditions that lead to rebirth in one of the realms of existence for another lifetime.
6022:
90:
17064:, pp. 30–31: "What was practice in 19th and early 20th century Asia was often considered aberrational, a perversion of what was once a pure practice. The purity of this practice was supposedly lost once Buddhism changed into the religion it now was in Asia. The original dharma could be reconstructed if the teachings were liberated from the 'cultural' and 'local' Asian context In fact, our perception of Buddhism is still colored by these presuppositions."
7437:"The most important evidence – in fact the only evidence – for situating the emergence of the Mahayana around the beginning of the common era was not Indian evidence at all, but came from China. Already by the last quarter of the 2nd century CE, there was a small, seemingly idiosyncratic collection of substantial Mahayana sutras translated into what Erik Zürcher calls 'broken Chinese' by an Indoscythian, whose Indian name has been reconstructed as Lokaksema."
28516:
23319:
2028:
5885:
9194:; Quote: "But the Upanishadic ultimate meaning of the Vedas, was, from the viewpoint of the Vedic canon in general, clearly a new idea.."; p. 95: The Upanishads in particular were part of the Vedic corpus (...) When these various new ideas were brought together and edited, they were added on to the already existing Vedic..."; p. 294: "When early Jainism came into existence, various ideas mentioned in the extant older Upanishads were current,....".
23330:
7031:
28526:
6307:
2813:
5416:
trees. Public group chanting for devotional and ceremonial is common to all
Buddhist traditions and goes back to ancient India where chanting aided in the memorization of the orally transmitted teachings. Rosaries called malas are used in all Buddhist traditions to count repeated chanting of common formulas or mantras. Chanting is thus a type of devotional group meditation which leads to tranquility and communicates the Buddhist teachings.
20728:
4871:
2395:
20715:
23618:
11362:, p. 58, Quote: "Buddhism shares with Hinduism the doctrine of Samsara, whereby all beings pass through an unceasing cycle of birth, death and rebirth until they find a means of liberation from the cycle. However, Buddhism differs from Hinduism in rejecting the assertion that every human being possesses a changeless soul which constitutes his or her ultimate identity, and which transmigrates from one incarnation to the next..
11604:, Quote: "(...) anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps – the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering."
11212:, Quote: "(...) anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps – the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering."
6718:
6281:
2508:. Johannes Bronkhorst states that the esoteric form was attractive because it allowed both a secluded monastic community as well as the social rites and rituals important to laypersons and to kings for the maintenance of a political state during succession and wars to resist invasion. During the Middle Ages, Buddhism slowly declined in India, while it vanished from Persia and Central Asia as Islam became the state religion.
7017:
671:
20705:
1866:. Scholars such as Bronkhorst also think that the four noble truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of "liberating insight". According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path.
6062:
3896:("the doctrine of consciousness"). According to Mark Siderits, what classical Yogācāra thinkers like Vasubandhu had in mind is that we are only ever aware of mental images or impressions, which may appear as external objects, but "there is actually no such thing outside the mind". There are several interpretations of this main theory, many scholars see it as a type of Idealism, others as a kind of phenomenology.
12169:, Quote: "This general scheme remained basic to later Hinduism, to Jainism, and to Buddhism. Eternal salvation, to use the Christian term, is not conceived of as world without end; we have already got that, called samsara, the world of rebirth and redeath: that is the problem, not the solution. The ultimate aim is the timeless state of moksha, or as the Buddhists seem to have been the first to call it, nirvana."
23608:
3181:, also called "dependent arising, or dependent origination", is the Buddhist theory to explain the nature and relations of being, becoming, existence and ultimate reality. Buddhism asserts that there is nothing independent, except the state of nirvana. All physical and mental states depend on and arise from other pre-existing states, and in turn from them arise other dependent states while they cease.
3789:
practice. It is likened to a raft which is "for crossing over" (to nirvana) not for holding on to. It also refers to the universal law and cosmic order which that teaching both reveals and relies upon. It is an everlasting principle which applies to all beings and worlds. In that sense it is also the ultimate truth and reality about the universe, it is thus "the way that things really are".
5754:" to distinguish them from Mahāyāna sūtras. Mahāyāna traditions mainly see these different classes of texts as being designed for different types of persons, with different levels of spiritual understanding. The Mahāyāna sūtras are mainly seen as being for those of "greater" capacity. Mahāyāna also has a very large literature of philosophical and exegetical texts. These are often called
12620:
4568:"I undertake the training-precept to abstain from false speech." According to Harvey this includes "any form of lying, deception or exaggeration...even non-verbal deception by gesture or other indication...or misleading statements." The precept is often also seen as including other forms of wrong speech such as "divisive speech, harsh, abusive, angry words, and even idle chatter".
2186:
7625:, pp. 1–2); identifies "three broad traditions" as: (1) "The Theravāda tradition of Sri Lanka and South-East Asia, also sometimes referred to as 'southern' Buddhism"; (2) "The East Asian tradition of China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, also sometimes referred to as 'eastern' Buddhism"; and, (3) "The Tibetan tradition, also sometimes referred to as 'northern' Buddhism.";
4719:). Generally, renunciation is the giving up of actions and desires that are seen as unwholesome on the path, such as lust for sensuality and worldly things. Renunciation can be cultivated in different ways. The practice of giving for example, is one form of cultivating renunciation. Another one is the giving up of lay life and becoming a monastic (
2334:. Sanderson has argued that Buddhist tantras can be shown to have borrowed practices, terms, rituals and more form Shaiva tantras. He argues that Buddhist texts even directly copied various Shaiva tantras, especially the Bhairava Vidyapitha tantras. Ronald M. Davidson meanwhile, argues that Sanderson's claims for direct influence from Shaiva
7369:
BC. It may be substantially the
Buddhism of the Buddha himself, although this cannot be proved: at any rate it is a Buddhism presupposed by the schools as existing about a hundred years after the parinirvana of the Buddha, and there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone else than the Buddha and his immediate followers."
1858:, in his study of the Gandharan texts (which are the earliest manuscripts containing early discourses), has confirmed that their teachings are "consistent with non-Mahayana Buddhism, which survives today in the Theravada school of Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, but which in ancient times was represented by eighteen separate schools."
4571:"I undertake the training-precept to abstain from alcoholic drink or drugs that are an opportunity for heedlessness." According to Harvey, intoxication is seen as a way to mask rather than face the sufferings of life. It is seen as damaging to one's mental clarity, mindfulness and ability to keep the other four precepts.
18319:, volume I; NB in the online transcript a little text has been accidentally omitted: in section 4, between "... none of the other contributions in this section envisage a date before 420 B.C." and "to 350 B.C." insert "Akira Hirakawa defends the short chronology and Heinz Bechert himself sets a range from 400 B.C."
7651:
This is a contested number. Official numbers from the
Chinese government are lower, while other surveys are higher. According to Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, in non-government surveys, "49 percent of self-claimed non-believers held some religious beliefs, such as believing in soul reincarnation, heaven,
7358:
Exemplary studies are the study on descriptions of "liberating insight" by
Lambert Schmithausen, the overview of early Buddhism by Tilmann Vetter, the philological work on the four truths by K.R. Norman, the textual studies by Richard Gombrich, and the research on early meditation methods by Johannes
6187:
Buddhism has faced various challenges and changes during the colonisation of
Buddhist states by Christian countries and its persecution under modern states. Like other religions, the findings of modern science have challenged its basic premises. One response to some of these challenges has come to be
4250:
For monks, beg to feed, only possessing what is essential to sustain life. For lay
Buddhists, the canonical texts state right livelihood as abstaining from wrong livelihood, explained as not becoming a source or means of suffering to sentient beings by cheating them, or harming or killing them in any
3043:
exchange beliefs of the Hindu Vedic rituals. The "karma merit transfer" concept has been controversial, not accepted in later
Jainism and Hinduism traditions, unlike Buddhism where it was adopted in ancient times and remains a common practice. According to Bruce Reichenbach, the "merit transfer" idea
1626:
and non-Brahmanical ascetic groups shared and used several similar ideas, but the Śramaṇa traditions also drew upon already established
Brahmanical concepts and philosophical roots, states Wiltshire, to formulate their own doctrines. Brahmanical motifs can be found in the oldest Buddhist texts, using
7368:
According to A.K. Warder, in his 1970 publication "Indian
Buddhism", from the oldest extant texts a common kernel can be drawn out. According to Warder, c.q. his publisher: "This kernel of doctrine is presumably common Buddhism of the period before the great schisms of the fourth and third centuries
7295:
While some interpretations state that
Buddhism may have originated as a social reform, other scholars state that it is incorrect and anachronistic to regard the Buddha as a social reformer. Buddha's concern was "to reform individuals, help them to leave society forever, not to reform the world... he
6363:. It was also during the 19th century that Asian Buddhist immigrants (mainly from China and Japan) began to arrive in Western countries such as the United States and Canada, bringing with them their Buddhist religion. This period also saw the first Westerners to formally convert to Buddhism, such as
5892:
The Theravada tradition traces its origins as the oldest tradition holding the Pali Canon as the only authority. The Mahayana tradition reveres the Canon but also derivative literature that developed in the 1st millennium CE; its roots are traceable to the 1st century BCE. The Vajrayana tradition is
5415:
include ritual prayer, prostration, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting. Buddhist devotion is usually focused on some object, image or location that is seen as holy or spiritually influential. Examples of objects of devotion include paintings or statues of Buddhas and bodhisattvas, stupas, and bodhi
4945:
was practised in the centuries preceding the Buddha, the meditative methodologies described in the Buddhist texts are some of the earliest among texts that have survived into the modern era. These methodologies likely incorporate what existed before the Buddha as well as those first developed within
3997:
is also important in some Buddhist traditions, and in the Tibetan traditions visualisations of deities and mandalas are important. The value of textual study is regarded differently in the various Buddhist traditions. It is central to Theravada and highly important to Tibetan Buddhism, while the Zen
3123:
Nirvana literally means "blowing out, quenching, becoming extinguished". In early Buddhist texts, it is the state of restraint and self-control that leads to the "blowing out" and the ending of the cycles of sufferings associated with rebirths and redeaths. Many later Buddhist texts describe nirvana
6434:
have been problematic in the West. In contrast, states Christopher Gowans, for "most ordinary Buddhists, today as well as in the past, their basic moral orientation is governed by belief in karma and rebirth". Most Asian Buddhist laypersons, states Kevin Trainor, have historically pursued Buddhist
5873:. This classification is also used by some scholars and is the one ordinarily used in the English language. An alternative scheme used by some scholars divides Buddhism into the following three traditions or geographical or cultural areas: Theravāda (or "Southern Buddhism", "South Asian Buddhism"),
5218:
Some Buddhist traditions, especially those associated with Tantric Buddhism (also known as Vajrayana and Secret Mantra) use images and symbols of deities and Buddhas in meditation. This is generally done by mentally visualizing a Buddha image (or some other mental image, like a symbol, a mandala, a
4973:
with its "become calm, subdued, quiet, patiently enduring, concentrated, one sees soul in oneself" is most probably a meditative state. The Buddhist discussion of meditation is without the concept of soul and the discussion criticises both the ascetic meditation of Jainism and the "real self, soul"
3917:
suggest that 'all sentient beings contain a Tathagata' as their 'essence, core inner nature, Self'. According to Karl Brunnholzl "the earliest mahayana sutras that are based on and discuss the notion of tathāgatagarbha as the buddha potential that is innate in all sentient beings began to appear in
3023:
In Buddhism, good or bad karma accumulates even if there is no physical action, and just having ill or good thoughts creates karmic seeds; thus, actions of body, speech or mind all lead to karmic seeds. In the Buddhist traditions, life aspects affected by the law of karma in past and current births
3001:. The existence of karma is a core belief in Buddhism, as with all major Indian religions, and it implies neither fatalism nor that everything that happens to a person is caused by karma. (Diseases and suffering induced by the disruptive actions of other people are examples of non-karma suffering.)
8497:
by Caroline Rhys Davids (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1931) p. 1. "Put away the word "Buddhism" and think of your subject as "Sakya." This will at once place you for your perspective at a true point. You are now concerned to learn less about 'Buddha' and 'Buddhism,' and more about him whom
7630:
divide their book into two parts: Part One is entitled "The Buddhism of South Asia" (which pertains to Early Buddhism in India); and, Part Two is entitled "The Development of Buddhism Outside of India" with chapters on "The Buddhism of Southeast Asia", "Buddhism in the Tibetan Culture Area", "East
6525:
launched the Navayana tradition – literally, "new vehicle". Ambedkar's Buddhism rejects the foundational doctrines and historic practices of traditional Theravada and Mahayana traditions, such as monk lifestyle after renunciation, karma, rebirth, samsara, meditation, nirvana, Four Noble Truths and
5976:
Mahāyāna sees the arhat's nirvana as being imperfect and inferior or preliminary to full Buddhahood. It sees arhatship as selfish, since bodhisattvas vow to save all beings while arhats save only themselves. Theravāda meanwhile does not accept that the arhat's nirvana is an inferior or preliminary
3734:
In Theravada Buddhism, a Buddha is someone who has become awake through their own efforts and insight. They have put an end to their cycle of rebirths and have ended all unwholesome mental states which lead to bad action and thus are morally perfected. While subject to the limitations of the human
3145:
The nirvana state has been described in Buddhist texts partly in a manner similar to other Indian religions, as the state of complete liberation, enlightenment, highest happiness, bliss, fearlessness, freedom, permanence, non-dependent origination, unfathomable, and indescribable. It has also been
2197:
Mahāyāna initially seems to have remained a small minority movement that was in tension with other Buddhist groups, struggling for wider acceptance. However, during the fifth and sixth centuries CE, there seems to have been a rapid growth of Mahāyāna Buddhism, which is shown by a large increase in
2181:
There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, with a separate monastic code (Vinaya), but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Records written by Chinese monks visiting India indicate that both
2076:
and the Buddhist institutions of these regions. The Kushans patronised Buddhism throughout their lands, and many Buddhist centres were built or renovated (the Sarvastivada school was particularly favored), especially by Emperor Kanishka (128–151 CE). Kushan support helped Buddhism to expand into a
11014:
Although the term Four Noble Truths is well known in English, it is a misleading translation of the Pali term Chattari-ariya-saccani (Sanskrit: Chatvari-arya-satyani), because noble (Pali: ariya; Sanskrit: arya) refers not to the truths themselves but to those who recognize and understand them. A
9300:; Quote: "But he talks about the simultaneous emergence of a Vedic and a non-Vedic asceticism. (...) Thus, the challenge for old Vedic views consisted of a new theology, written down in the early Upanishads like the Brhadaranyaka and the Mundaka Upanishad. The new set of ideas contained the...."
7548:
These descriptions of nirvana in Buddhist texts, states Peter Harvey, are contested by scholars because nirvana in Buddhism is ultimately described as a state of "stopped consciousness (blown out), but one that is not non-existent", and "it seems impossible to imagine what awareness devoid of any
5446:
state that the Buddha promoted vegetarianism out of compassion. Indian Mahayana thinkers like Shantideva promoted the avoidance of meat. Throughout history, the issue of whether Buddhists should be vegetarian has remained a much debated topic and there is a variety of opinions on this issue among
1861:
However, some scholars argue that critical analysis reveals discrepancies among the various doctrines found in these early texts, which point to alternative possibilities for early Buddhism. The authenticity of certain teachings and doctrines have been questioned. For example, some scholars think
7409:
J.W. De Jong: "It would be hypocritical to assert that nothing can be said about the doctrine of earliest Buddhism the basic ideas of Buddhism found in the canonical writings could very well have been proclaimed by him , transmitted and developed by his disciples and, finally, codified in fixed
16239:
175. Olcott's approach to Buddhism and the terminology of Protestant Buddhism and "creolization" (Prothero) is extensively discussed in K.A. McMahan," 'Creolization' in American Religious History. The Metaphysical Nature of Henry Steel Olcott, PhD dissertation, unpublished manuscript (Ann Arbor
12662:, Quote: " that nothing in reality has its own-being and that all phenomena reduce to the relativities of pratitya samutpada. The Buddhist ontological hypothesese deny that there is any ontologically ultimate object such a God, Brahman, the Dao, or any transcendent creative source or principle."
6854:
is a widespread practice in some Buddhist societies. Buddhist monasteries have long existed alongside local shamanic traditions. Lacking an institutional orthodoxy, Buddhists adapted to the local cultures, blending their own traditions with pre-existing shamanic culture. Research into Himalayan
3823:
The third "jewel" which Buddhists take refuge in is the "Sangha", which refers to the monastic community of monks and nuns who follow Gautama Buddha's monastic discipline which was "designed to shape the Sangha as an ideal community, with the optimum conditions for spiritual growth." The Sangha
7285:
The earliest Buddhist biographies of the Buddha mention these Vedic-era teachers. Outside of these early Buddhist texts, these names do not appear, which has led some scholars to raise doubts about the historicity of these claims. According to Alexander Wynne, the evidence suggests that Buddha
4706:, sense restraint is when one "guards the sense doors in order to prevent sense impressions from leading to desires and discontent". This is not an avoidance of sense impression, but a kind of mindful attention towards the sense impressions which does not dwell on their main features or signs (
3788:
The second of the three jewels is "Dharma" (Pali: Dhamma), which in Buddhism refers to the Buddha's teaching, which includes all of the main ideas outlined above. While this teaching reflects the true nature of reality, it is not a belief to be clung to, but a pragmatic teaching to be put into
5904:(literally "lesser or inferior vehicle") is sometimes used by Mahāyāna followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravāda emerged, but as the Hinayana term is considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are used instead, including:
2157:
The origins of Mahāyāna ("Great Vehicle") Buddhism are not well understood and there are various competing theories about how and where this movement arose. Theories include the idea that it began as various groups venerating certain texts or that it arose as a strict forest ascetic movement.
10555:
Sanderson, Alexis. "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period." In: Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, pp. 23, 124,
4435:
The ancient formula which is repeated for taking refuge affirms that "I go to the Buddha as refuge, I go to the Dhamma as refuge, I go to the Sangha as refuge." Reciting the three refuges, according to Harvey, is considered not as a place to hide, rather a thought that "purifies, uplifts and
3827:
The Sangha is seen as important because they preserve and pass down Buddha Dharma. As Gethin states "the Sangha lives the teaching, preserves the teaching as Scriptures and teaches the wider community. Without the Sangha there is no Buddhism." The Sangha also acts as a "field of merit" for
1997:
basket which were texts on detailed scholastic classification, summary and interpretation of the Suttas. The doctrine details in the Abhidharmas of various Buddhist schools differ significantly, and these were composed starting about the third century BCE and through the 1st millennium CE.
9231:. (...) The knowledge and attainment of the Highest Goal had been there from the Vedic times. But in the Upanishads inner awareness, aided by major intellectual breakthroughs, arrived at a language in which Highest Goal could be dealt with directly, independent of ritual and sacred lore".
7492:
entering this world. A layman hears his teachings, decides to leave the life of a householder, starts living according to the moral precepts, guards his sense-doors, practises mindfulness and the four jhanas, gains the three knowledges, understands the Four Noble Truths and destroys the
5555:
comprises 1108 texts – all claimed to have been spoken by the Buddha – and another 3461 texts composed by Indian scholars revered in the Tibetan tradition. The Buddhist textual history is vast; over 40,000 manuscripts – mostly Buddhist, some
5527:, but like all major ancient Indian religions, there is no consensus among the different Buddhist traditions as to what constitutes the scriptures or a common canon in Buddhism. The general belief among Buddhists is that the canonical corpus is vast. This corpus includes the ancient
3044:
was generally absent in early Buddhism and may have emerged with the rise of Mahayana Buddhism; he adds that while major Hindu schools such as Yoga, Advaita Vedanta and others do not believe in merit transfer, some bhakti Hindu traditions later adopted the idea just like Buddhism.
2845:
means "wandering" or "world", with the connotation of cyclic, circuitous change. It refers to the theory of rebirth and "cyclicality of all life, matter, existence", a fundamental assumption of Buddhism, as with all major Indian religions. Samsara in Buddhism is considered to be
5248:
In the Generation Stage, one meditates on emptiness and visualizes oneself as a deity as well as visualizing its mandala. The focus is on developing clear appearance and divine pride (the understanding that oneself and the deity are one). This method is also known as deity yoga
1862:
that karma was not central to the teaching of the historical Buddha, while other disagree with this position. Likewise, there is scholarly disagreement on whether insight was seen as liberating in early Buddhism or whether it was a later addition to the practice of the four
4555:) to abstain from onslaught on breathing beings." This includes ordering or causing someone else to kill. The Pali suttas also say one should not "approve of others killing" and that one should be "scrupulous, compassionate, trembling for the welfare of all living beings".
5219:
syllable, etc.), and using that image to cultivate calm and insight. One may also visualize and identify oneself with the imagined deity. While visualization practices have been particularly popular in Vajrayana, they may also found in Mahayana and Theravada traditions.
4749:
Another related practice to renunciation and sense restraint taught by the Buddha is "restraint in eating" or moderation with food, which for monks generally means not eating after noon. Devout laypersons also follow this rule during special days of religious observance
3159:
as the ultimate spiritual goal, in traditional practice, the primary focus of a vast majority of lay Buddhists has been to seek and accumulate merit through good deeds, donations to monks and various Buddhist rituals in order to gain better rebirths rather than nirvana.
8485:. p. 33. "Donors adopted Sakyamuni Buddha's family name to assert their legitimacy as his heirs, both institutionally and ideologically. To take the name of Sakya was to define oneself by one's affiliation with the buddha, somewhat like calling oneself a Buddhist today.
3633:(Sanskrit). It is the view that there is no unchanging, permanent self, soul or essence in phenomena. The Buddha and Buddhist philosophers who follow him such as Vasubandhu and Buddhaghosa, generally argue for this view by analyzing the person through the schema of the
6580:
Some of these movements have brought internal disputes and strife within regional Buddhist communities. For example, the Dhammakaya movement in Thailand teaches a "true self" doctrine, which traditional Theravada monks consider as heretically denying the fundamental
1985:
groups also eventually split into different Sanghas. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over monastic disciplinary codes of various fraternities, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too.
5746:. Modern historians generally hold that the first of these texts were composed probably around the 1st century BCE or 1st century CE. In Mahāyāna, these texts are generally given greater authority than the early Āgamas and Abhidharma literature, which are called "
5504:, and many versions appeared thereafter claiming to be the words of the Buddha. Scholarly Buddhist commentary texts, with named authors, appeared in India, around the 2nd century CE. These texts were written in Pali or Sanskrit, sometimes regional languages, as
4599:
form the foundation of the precepts. Undertaking the five precepts is part of regular lay devotional practice, both at home and at the local temple. However, the extent to which people keep them differs per region and time. They are sometimes referred to as the
6605:. "There are huge cover ups in the Catholic church, but what has happened within Tibetan Buddhism is totally along the same lines," says Mary Finnigan, an author and journalist who has been chronicling such alleged abuses since the mid-80s. One notably covered
5972:
as a worthy goal to strive towards. The bodhisattva path is not denied in Theravāda, it is generally seen as a long and difficult path suitable for only a few. Thus the Bodhisattva path is normative in Mahāyāna, while it is an optional path for a heroic few in
5616:
often relies on comparative scholarship using these various early Buddhist sources to identify parallel texts and common doctrinal content. One feature of these early texts are literary structures which reflect oral transmission, such as widespread repetition.
4186:
Giving up home and adopting the life of a religious mendicant in order to follow the path; this concept, states Harvey, aims at peaceful renunciation, into an environment of non-sensuality, non-ill-will (to lovingkindness), away from cruelty (to compassion).
5411:), 'trustful confidence' or 'faith', as a quality which must be balanced by wisdom, and as a preparation for, or accompaniment of, meditation." Because of this devotion (Sanskrit: bhakti; Pali: bhatti) is an important part of the practice of most Buddhists.
3020:"result". The emphasis on intent in Buddhism marks a difference from the karmic theory of Jainism, where karma accumulates with or without intent. The emphasis on intent is also found in Hinduism, and Buddhism may have influenced karma theories of Hinduism.
2931:
The Buddhist traditions have traditionally disagreed on what it is in a person that is reborn, as well as how quickly the rebirth occurs after death. Some Buddhist traditions assert that "no self" doctrine means that there is no enduring self, but there is
9226:
therefore, thought and inner spiritual awareness started to separate subtler, deeper aspects from the context of ritual performance and myth with which they had been united up to then. This process was then carried further and brought to completion in the
12807:), culminating in the arising of dukkha." (...) "This states the principle of conditionality, that all things, mental and physical, arise and exist due to the presence of certain conditions, and cease once their conditions are removed: nothing (except
1357:
where there were no ranks but where seniority mattered instead. Some of the stories about the Buddha, his life, his teachings, and claims about the society he grew up in may have been invented and interpolated at a later time into the Buddhist texts.
13172:
7378:
Richard Gombrich: "I have the greatest difficulty in accepting that the main edifice is not the work of a single genius. By "the main edifice" I mean the collections of the main body of sermons, the four Nikāyas, and of the main body of monastic
5135:, are virtues or directions for meditation in Buddhist traditions, which helps a person be reborn in the heavenly (Brahma) realm. These are traditionally believed to be a characteristic of the deity Brahma and the heavenly abode he resides in.
4234:
No killing or injuring, no taking what is not given; no sexual acts in monastic pursuit, for lay Buddhists no sensual misconduct such as sexual involvement with someone married, or with an unmarried woman protected by her parents or relatives.
5067:
The various Buddhist traditions generally see Buddhist meditation as being divided into those two main types. Samatha is also called "calming meditation", and focuses on stilling and concentrating the mind i.e. developing samadhi and the four
3031:
A notable aspect of the karma theory in modern Buddhism is merit transfer. A person accumulates merit not only through intentions and ethical living, but also is able to gain merit from others by exchanging goods and services, such as through
12633:
the Buddha that things originate in dependence upon causal conditioning, and this emphasis on causality describes the central feature of Buddhist ontology. All elements of samsara exist in some sense or another relative to their causes and
17058:: "The view that Buddhism is a 'philosophy' and 'not a religion' is a prime example of nineteenth-century Orientalist scholarship entering into the Western public consciousness that persists even now ut such a view is overly reductionist."
4158:
The belief that there is an afterlife and not everything ends with death, that Buddha taught and followed a successful path to nirvana; according to Peter Harvey, the right view is held in Buddhism as a belief in the Buddhist principles of
9909:
3024:
of a being include the form of rebirth, realm of rebirth, social class, character and major circumstances of a lifetime. According to the theory, it operates like the laws of physics, without external intervention, on every being in all
17393:
2161:
The first Mahāyāna works were written sometime between the 1st century BCE and the 2nd century CE. Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts, mainly those of
5980:
Mahāyāna accepts the authority of the many Mahāyāna sutras along with the other Nikaya texts like the Agamas and the Pali canon (though it sees Mahāyāna texts as primary), while Theravāda does not accept that the Mahāyāna sutras are
4968:
methodology, in which mindfulness is maintained. Further, the focus of meditation and the underlying theory of liberation guiding the meditation has been different in Buddhism. For example, states Bronkhorst, the verse 4.4.23 of the
12580:, p. 65 Quote: "For a vast majority of Buddhists in Theravadin countries, however, the order of monks is seen by lay Buddhists as a means of gaining the most merit in the hope of accumulating good karma for a better rebirth."
4068:
According to Rupert Gethin, the path to awakening is also frequently summarized by another a short formula: "abandoning the hindrances, practice of the four establishings of mindfulness, and development of the awakening factors".
11456:
11020:
1418:(Sanskrit: Udraka Ramaputra), learning meditation and philosophy, particularly the meditative attainment of "the sphere of nothingness" from the former, and "the sphere of neither perception nor non-perception" from the latter.
18744:
11113:, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013), Quote: "Anatta in Buddhism, the doctrine that there is in humans no permanent, underlying soul. The concept of anatta, or anatman, is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman ("the self").";
6150:. They include monastic quarters, stupas and prayer halls with Buddha images. In the modern era, the Buddhist "meditation centre", which is mostly used by laypersons and often also staffed by them, has also become widespread.
6111:) were set up by monks. Whatever structures were built in these locales were made out of wood and were sometimes temporary structures built for the rainy season. Over time, the wandering community slowly adopted more settled
6773:. According to Litian Fang, Buddhism has "permeated a wide range of fields, such as politics, ethics, philosophy, literature, art and customs", in these Asian regions. Buddhist teachings influenced the development of modern
2342:
tantras is by no means so well established" and that the Shaiva tradition also appropriated non-Hindu deities, texts and traditions. Thus while "there can be no question that the Buddhist tantras were heavily influenced by
4658:
is recited every fortnight in a ritual gathering of all monks. Buddhist text with vinaya rules for monasteries have been traced in all Buddhist traditions, with the oldest surviving being the ancient Chinese translations.
4796:
literally meaning "recollection, remembering") is central in Buddhism. According to Analayo, mindfulness is a full awareness of the present moment which enhances and strengthens memory. The Indian Buddhist philosopher
20594:
9532:
Schmithausen (1987) "Part I: Earliest Buddhism," Panels of the VIIth World Sanskrit Conference Vol. II: Earliest Buddhism and Madhyamaka, ed. David Seyfort Ruegg and Lambert Schmithausen, Leiden: Kern Institute, pp.
5481:
in ancient times. The Buddha's words, the early doctrines, concepts, and their traditional interpretations were orally transmitted from one generation to the next. The earliest oral texts were transmitted in Middle
2869:
Buddhist texts assert that rebirth can occur in six realms of existence, namely three good realms (heavenly, demi-god, human) and three evil realms (animal, hungry ghosts, hellish). Samsara ends if a person attains
5911:
Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them:
3828:
laypersons, allowing them to make spiritual merit or goodness by donating to the Sangha and supporting them. In return, they keep their duty to preserve and spread the Dharma everywhere for the good of the world.
3735:
body in certain ways (for example, in the early texts, the Buddha suffers from backaches), a Buddha is said to be "deep, immeasurable, hard-to-fathom as is the great ocean", and also has immense psychic powers (
4905:
is a calm, undistracted, unified and concentrated state of awareness. It is defined by Asanga as "one-pointedness of mind on the object to be investigated. Its function consists of giving a basis to knowledge
4017:) to explain rebirth is viewed as the 'middle way' between the doctrines that a being has a "permanent soul" involved in rebirth (eternalism) and "death is final and there is no rebirth" (annihilationism).
3730:
While all varieties of Buddhism revere "Buddha" and "buddhahood", they have different views on what these are. Regardless of their interpretation, the concept of Buddha is central to all forms of Buddhism.
11133:(Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence.";
5351:. Overcoming this ignorance is part of the path to awakening. This overcoming includes the contemplation of impermanence and the non-self nature of reality, and this develops dispassion for the objects of
4087:. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration.
16771:
4371:
also state that hearing the Dharma and study of the Buddhist discourses is necessary "if one wants to learn and practice the Buddha Dharma." Likewise, in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, the "Stages of the Path"
17602:
4558:"I undertake the training-precept to abstain from taking what is not given." According to Harvey, this also covers fraud, cheating, forgery as well as "falsely denying that one is in debt to someone".
1801:
According to Mitchell, certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, which has led most scholars to conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the
3884:
One of these is the unique interpretation of emptiness and dependent origination found in the Madhyamaka school. Another very influential doctrine for Mahāyāna is the main philosophical view of the
4666:
has its own rules. A monk abides by these institutionalised rules, and living life as the vinaya prescribes it is not merely a means, but very nearly the end in itself. Transgressions by a monk on
4698:). In the various graduated paths, this is usually presented as a practice which is taught prior to formal sitting meditation, and which supports meditation by weakening sense desires that are a
4475:
One of the most basic forms of ethics in Buddhism is the taking of "precepts". This includes the Five Precepts for laypeople, Eight or Ten Precepts for monastic life, as well as rules of Dhamma (
2424:
to China is most commonly thought to have started in the late 2nd or the 1st century CE, though the literary sources are all open to question. The first documented translation efforts by foreign
5316:(Sanskrit), which is often translated as "insight". In Buddhist texts, the faculty of insight is often said to be cultivated through the four establishments of mindfulness. In the early texts,
1583:
in the form of the Upanishads, and outside of the Vedic tradition through the Śramaṇa movements. The term Śramaṇa refers to several Indian religious movements parallel to but separate from the
17385:
3881:
Mahāyāna Buddhism also differs from Theravada and the other schools of early Buddhism in promoting several unique doctrines which are contained in Mahāyāna sutras and philosophical treatises.
16740:
4837:("clear comprehension"). This faculty is the ability to comprehend what one is doing and is happening in the mind, and whether it is being influenced by unwholesome states or wholesome ones.
4472:(Pāli) is the concept of "moral virtues", that is the second group and an integral part of the Noble Eightfold Path. It generally consists of right speech, right action and right livelihood.
3824:
consists of those who have chosen to follow the Buddha's ideal way of life, which is one of celibate monastic renunciation with minimal material possessions (such as an alms bowl and robes).
4565:, as well as rape and incest. It also applies to sex with those who are legally under the protection of a guardian. It is also interpreted in different ways in the varying Buddhist cultures.
3255:(old age, death, sorrow, and pain). By breaking the circuitous links of the Twelve Nidanas, Buddhism asserts that liberation from these endless cycles of rebirth and dukkha can be attained.
13631:; Quote: "These five trades, O monks, should not be taken up by a lay follower: trading with weapons, trading in living beings, trading in meat, trading in intoxicants, trading in poison."
9918:, p. 5, Quote: hey do not teach that one is released by knowing the four noble truths, but by practising the fourth noble truth, the eightfold path, which culminates in right samadhi.
6118:
There are many different forms of Buddhist structures. Classic Indian Buddhist institutions mainly made use of the following structures: monasteries, rock-hewn cave complexes (such as the
4710:). This is said to prevent harmful influences from entering the mind. This practice is said to give rise to an inner peace and happiness which forms a basis for concentration and insight.
17337:
8359:
1522:
containing different interpretations and authentic teachings of the Buddha; these over time evolved into many traditions of which the more well known and widespread in the modern era are
3694:(literally "own-nature" or "self-nature"), and are thus without any underlying essence, and so are "empty" of being independent. This doctrine sought to refute the heterodox theories of
4292:
Never be absent-minded, conscious of what one is doing; this, states Harvey, encourages mindfulness about impermanence of the body, feelings and mind, as well as to experience the five
18763:
6828:, which were some of the first Westerners to take Buddhism seriously as a spiritual tradition. More recently, Buddhist meditation practices have influenced the development of modern
6629:
scholars that Buddhism is a religion. However, Buddhism has posed problems to Western scholars of religion who define religion based solely on a "theistic conception". Further, some
2182:
Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks could be found in the same monasteries, with the difference that Mahāyāna monks worshipped figures of Bodhisattvas, while non-Mahayana monks did not.
1310:
but are inconsistent. His social background and life details are difficult to prove, and the precise dates are uncertain, although the 5th century BCE seems to be the best estimate.
4036:
In the early texts, numerous different sequences of the gradual path can be found. One of the most important and widely used presentations among the various Buddhist schools is The
3918:
written form in the late second and early third century." For some, the doctrine seems to conflict with the Buddhist anatta doctrine (non-Self), leading scholars to posit that the
11157:
3851:, "noble ones" or "holy ones") who are spiritually attained beings. Aryas have attained the fruits of the Buddhist path. Becoming an arya is a goal in most forms of Buddhism. The
842:–movement in the 5th century BCE, and gradually spread throughout much of Asia. It has subsequently played a major role in Asian culture and spirituality, eventually spreading to
16709:
5977:
attainment, nor that it is a selfish deed to attain arhatship since not only are arhats described as compassionate but they have destroyed the root of greed, the sense of "I am".
2946:(a person's consciousness) though evolving, exists as a continuum and is the mechanistic basis of what undergoes the rebirth process. The quality of one's rebirth depends on the
1631:
as concepts such as Truth, Rite, Tranquility or Restraint. Buddhist texts also refer to the three Vedic sacrificial fires, reinterpreting and explaining them as ethical conduct.
4013:
that was a 'middle way' between the extremes of asceticism and hedonistic sense pleasures. In Buddhism, states Harvey, the doctrine of "dependent arising" (conditioned arising,
6355:
in the West. The English words such as Buddhism, "Boudhist", "Bauddhist" and Buddhist were coined in the early 19th-century in the West, while in 1881, Rhys Davids founded the
18388:
17362:
17569:
6660:
lens and viewed Buddhism in Asia as representing a debased religious form of what was originally non-religious and rational. Some Buddhist teachers and commentators, such as
3977:, but a wide variety of paths and models of progress have been used and described in the different Buddhist traditions. However, they generally share basic practices such as
5087:
There are numerous doctrinal positions and disagreements within the different Buddhist traditions regarding these qualities or forms of meditation. For example, in the Pali
5700:
works from other schools survive in Chinese translation, as part of the Chinese Buddhist Canon. According to some sources, some early schools of Buddhism had five or seven
1900:
was held to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. Many modern scholars question the historicity of this event. However,
11149:, p. 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism";
16818:
Marion Dapsance (28 September 2014). "When Fraud Is Part of a Spiritual Path: A Tibetan Lama's Plays on Reality and Illusion". In Amanda van Eck Duymaer van Twist (ed.).
11404:
3654:, is a related concept with many different interpretations throughout the various Buddhisms. In early Buddhism, it was commonly stated that all five aggregates are void (
3942:". Various interpretations of the concept have been advanced by Buddhist thinkers throughout the history of Buddhist thought and most attempt to avoid anything like the
1904:
states that the monastic assembly recitations of the Buddha's teaching likely began during Buddha's lifetime, and they served a similar role of codifying the teachings.
8169:
15467:
11609:, p. 47), Quote: "(...) Buddha's teaching that beings have no soul, no abiding essence. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) he expounded in his second sermon."
11092:, p. 47), Quote: "(...) Buddha's teaching that beings have no soul, no abiding essence. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) he expounded in his second sermon."
7558:
Scholars note that better rebirth, not nirvana, has been the primary focus of a vast majority of lay Buddhists. This they attempt through merit accumulation and good
7835:, Quote: "Buddhism and Jainism, two religions which, together with Hinduism, constitute the three pillars of Indic religious tradition in its classical formulation."
4662:
Monastic communities in the Buddhist tradition cut normal social ties to family and community and live as "islands unto themselves". Within a monastic fraternity, a
1296:
Ancient kingdoms and cities of South Asia and Central Asia during the time of the Buddha (c. 500 BCE) – modern-day India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan
5230:, and other elements) are considered to be much more effective than non-tantric meditations and they are one of the most popular meditation methods. The methods of
1923:. While most scholars accept that this happened at some point, there is no agreement on the dating, especially if it dates to before or after the reign of Ashoka.
1778:"Stress on the fundamental homogeneity and substantial authenticity of at least a considerable part of the Nikayic materials". Proponents of this position include
14698:
8931:
5114:. However, other scholars such as Analayo and Rupert Gethin have disagreed with this "two paths" thesis, instead seeing both of these practices as complementary.
3637:, and then attempting to show that none of these five components of personality can be permanent or absolute. This can be seen in Buddhist discourses such as the
2223:
to 820) becoming quite powerful and influential. During this period of Late Mahāyāna, four major types of thought developed: Mādhyamaka, Yogācāra, Buddha-nature (
1627:
them to introduce and explain Buddhist ideas. For example, prior to Buddhist developments, the Brahmanical tradition internalised and variously reinterpreted the
10315:
8764:
6855:
religion has shown that Buddhist and shamanic traditions overlap in many respects: the worship of localized deities, healing rituals and exorcisms. The shamanic
5596:
are generally considered to be among the earliest material. Apart from these, there are also fragmentary collections of EBT materials in other languages such as
4801:
defined mindfulness thus: "It is non-forgetting by the mind with regard to the object experienced. Its function is non-distraction." According to Rupert Gethin,
4648:, a set of 227 offences including 75 rules of decorum for monks, along with penalties for transgression, in the Theravadin tradition. The precise content of the
3993:(wisdom), which are known as the three trainings. An important additional practice is a kind and compassionate attitude toward every living being and the world.
2112:
with Islam as the state religion in Central Asia between the 10th- and 12th-century led to the decline and disappearance of Buddhism from most of these regions.
16794:
16763:
6335:
with Buddhist cultures, it was not until the 19th century that Buddhism began to be studied by Western scholars. It was the work of pioneering scholars such as
5968:
to Buddhahood which it sees as universal and to be practiced by all persons, while Theravāda does not focus on teaching this path and teaches the attainment of
1993:(triple basket of texts). In their Tripiṭaka, each school included the Suttas of the Buddha, a Vinaya basket (disciplinary code) and some schools also added an
18974:
7671:"Indian religions" is a term used by scholars to describe those religions that originated on the Indian subcontinent. Early Buddhism originated on the eastern
2292:(8th–12th centuries). Under the Guptas and Palas, Tantric Buddhism or Vajrayana developed and rose to prominence. It promoted new practices such as the use of
19947:
18016:
17934:
17668:
9822:
7470:
Earlier Buddhist texts refer to five realms rather than six realms; when described as five realms, the god realm and demi-god realm constitute a single realm.
6873:
Buddhism is practised by an estimated 488 million, 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population.
17598:
16866:
4364:
the first step on the path is hearing the Buddha teach the Dharma. This then said to lead to the acquiring of confidence or faith in the Buddha's teachings.
7400:] maintained and transmitted, we have little confidence that much, if any, of surviving Buddhist scripture is actually the word of the historic Buddha."
6087:) they would gather together in one place for a period of intense practice and then depart again. Some of the earliest Buddhist monasteries were at groves (
5106:, a series of scholars have argued that these two meditation types reflect a tension between two different ancient Buddhist traditions regarding the use of
4654:(scriptures on the Vinaya) differs in different schools and tradition, and different monasteries set their own standards on its implementation. The list of
2323:
has suggested that Buddhist tantra employed various elements of a "pan-Indian religious substrate" which is not specifically Buddhist, Shaiva or Vaishnava.
10649:
Zürcher, Erik. 2007 (1959). The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China. 3rd ed. Leiden: Brill. pp. 32–34
8160:
21469:
11029:, p. 47, Quote: "All phenomenal existence is said to have three interlocking characteristics: impermanence, suffering and lack of soul or essence.".
7518:. They do so, states Mun-Keat Choong, in three ways: first, in the common sense of a monk's meditative state of emptiness; second, with the main sense of
7419:
Bronkhorst: "This position is to be preferred to (ii) for purely methodological reasons: only those who seek nay find, even if no success is guaranteed."
1361:
Various details about the Buddha'a background are contested in modern scholarship. For example, Buddhist texts assert that Buddha described himself as a
5498:
techniques. The first Buddhist canonical texts were likely written down in Sri Lanka, about 400 years after the Buddha died. The texts were part of the
2024:
kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries.
25050:
23576:
22384:
20859:
19440:
Yoga: Discipline of Freedom: the Yoga Sutra Attributed to Patanjali; a Translation of the Text, with Commentary, Introduction, and Glossary of Keywords
18099:
The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism: A Comparative Study Based on the Sutranga Portion of the Pali Samyutta-Nikaya and the Chinese Samyuktagama
7780:, Quote: "The three other major Indian religions – Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism – originated in India as an alternative to Brahmanic/Hindu philosophy"
7100:
7918:
6981:
Buddhism is also growing by conversion. In India, more than 85% of the total Buddhists have converted from Hinduism to Buddhism, and they are called
3949:
These Indian Buddhist ideas, in various synthetic ways, form the basis of subsequent Mahāyāna philosophy in Tibetan Buddhism and East Asian Buddhism.
2386:(10th to 12th century), further damaged and destroyed many Buddhist institutions, leading to its eventual near disappearance from India by the 1200s.
20660:
17635:
10731:
Heng-Ching Shih (1987). Yung-Ming's Syncretism of Pure Land and Chan, The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 10 (1), p. 117
6813:
preserved various disciplines of classical Indian knowledge such as grammar, astronomy/astrology and medicine and taught foreign students from Asia.
6081:) and temples. Buddhist monastics originally followed a life of wandering, never staying in one place for long. During the three-month rainy season (
17490:
16732:
7736:
3112:
of "the path" can also be found in the Nikayas. In some passages in the Pali Canon, a distinction is being made between right knowledge or insight (
1475:
on awakening, the Buddha gained insight into the workings of karma and his former lives, as well as achieving the ending of the mental defilements (
27469:
11278:
7733:"buddhism noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com"
2016:, the Mauryan emperor sent emissaries to various countries west of India to spread "Dharma", particularly in eastern provinces of the neighbouring
5547:. Each Buddhist tradition has its own collection of texts, much of which is translation of ancient Pali and Sanskrit Buddhist texts of India. The
5091:(AN 4.170), it is said that one can develop calm and then insight, or insight and then calm, or both at the same time. Meanwhile, in Vasubandhu's
3130:
with complete "emptiness, nothingness". In some texts, the state is described with greater detail, such as passing through the gate of emptiness (
2035:
In central and west Asia, Buddhist influence grew, through Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs and ancient Asian trade routes, a phenomenon known as
1919:("elders") sought to modify the Vinaya (monastic rule), and this caused a split with the conservatives who rejected this change, they were called
27318:
22388:
18637:
6258:(between 1924 and 1990) had a strong negative impact on Buddhist institutions, though the situation has improved somewhat since the 80s and 90s.
1855:
17334:
15173:
8343:
6877:
is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18% of its total population. They are mostly followers of
5435:
28375:
22612:
19376:
Matthews, Bruce (1986), "Post-Classical Developments In The Concepts of Karma and Rebirth in Theravada Buddhism", in Ronald W. Neufeldt (ed.),
17539:
2379:
2201:
Mahāyāna Buddhist institutions continued to grow in influence during the following centuries, with large monastic university complexes such as
1186:
152:
20166:
5585:
The Early Buddhist Texts refers to the literature which is considered by modern scholars to be the earliest Buddhist material. The first four
13120:
2228:
1789:"Scepticism with regard to the possibility of retrieving the doctrine of earliest Buddhism". Ronald Davidson is a proponent of this position.
1665:
and therefore more committed to a strongly atheist stance. These developments were historic and epistemological as documented in verses from
31:
18438:
History of Indian Philosophy: The philosophy of the Veda and of the epic. The Buddha and the Jina. The Sāmkhya and the classical Yoga-system
8156:"Delusional Mitigation in Religious and Psychological Forms of Self-Cultivation: Buddhist and Clinical Insight on Delusional Symptomatology"
7940:
28327:
25702:
23441:
20829:
8498:
India has ever known as Sakya-muni, and about his men who, as their records admit, were spoken of as the Sakya-sons, or men of the Sakyas."
4083:
The Eightfold Path consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of
3928:, which state that Buddha-nature is taught to help those who have fear when they listen to the teaching of anatta. Buddhist texts like the
20650:
20104:
5210:
20630:
17728:
5570:
2383:
18899:
18462:
17512:
17423:
13618:
13067:
11591:
11199:
11154:
10983:
8305:
8268:
6597:
Buddhism has not been immune from sexual abuse and misconduct scandals, with victims coming forward in various Buddhist schools such as
6526:
others. Ambedkar's Navayana Buddhism considers these as superstitions and re-interprets the original Buddha as someone who taught about
6200:(1864–1933) reinterpreted and promoted Buddhism as a scientific and rational religion which they saw as compatible with modern science.
3973:). Each list is a short summary of the Buddhist path, and the seven lists substantially overlap. The best-known list in the West is the
27363:
27290:
24575:
23676:
23483:
20937:
16701:
15718:
13785:
12196:
10288:
1313:
Early texts have the Buddha's family name as "Gautama" (Pali: Gotama), while some texts give Siddhartha as his surname. He was born in
20672:
10289:"Abstract: Sects & Sectarianism. The Origin of the three existing Vinaya lineages: Theravada, Dharmaguptaka, and Mulasarvastivada"
4885:
A wide range of meditation practices has developed in the Buddhist traditions, but "meditation" primarily refers to the attainment of
3036:(charity to monks or nuns). The theory also states a person can transfer one's own good karma to living family members and ancestors.
2950:
or demerit gained by one's karma (i.e., actions), as well as that accrued on one's behalf by a family member. Buddhism also developed
1564:
around the middle of the first millennium BCE. This was a period of great intellectual ferment and socio-cultural change known as the
27168:
23654:
20694:
6859:
people have adopted some of the Buddhist beliefs such and rebirth but maintain the shamanic rites of "guiding the soul" after death.
6443:
27614:
18407:
17354:
1946:(304–232 BCE), who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more
1365:(warrior class), but Gombrich writes that little is known about his father and there is no proof that his father even knew the term
27454:
27328:
27313:
23367:
17573:
19908:
18814:
Hayes, Richard P. (2013), "The Internet as Window onto American Buddhism", in Queen, Christopher; Williams, Duncan Ryuken (eds.),
13181:, pp. 104–105, 108–109, Quote: "... refers to the Buddha using the term "Self" in order to win over non-Buddhist ascetics.".
10132:
Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia
2198:
epigraphic and manuscript evidence in this period. However, it still remained a minority in comparison to other Buddhist schools.
2061:, after which Menander abdicates and himself goes into monastic life in the pursuit of nirvana. Some scholars have questioned the
23204:
22656:
19892:
19283:
Ledgerwood, Judy (2008), "Buddhist practice in rural Kandal province 1960 and 2003", in Kent, Alexandra; Chandler, David (eds.),
15927:
7145:
6134:. East Asian Buddhist institutions also use various structures including monastic halls, temples, lecture halls, bell towers and
5031:
4098:(suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness). The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and
18937:
16219:
6359:– an influential Western resource of Buddhist literature in the Pali language and one of the earliest publisher of a journal on
5461:
5060:, insight). The Buddha compares these mental qualities to a "swift pair of messengers" who together help deliver the message of
23532:
22859:
20839:
19043:
17702:
16165:
13205:, though other texts are careful to avoid the term. This would be in direct opposition to the general teachings of Buddhism on
12803:, p. 54, Quote: "The main concrete application of the abstract principle is in the form of a series of conditioned links (
8796:
7428:
Lopez: "The original teachings of the historical Buddha are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to recover or reconstruct."
4925:
aids in maintaining a calm mind and avoiding disturbance of this calm mind by mindfulness of disturbing thoughts and feelings.
2497:
also became popular during this period and was often practised together with Chan. It was also during the Song that the entire
1752:
Pre-sectarian Buddhism is "the canonical period prior to the development of different schools with their different positions".
16951:
13213:
and the popular Buddhist concept of Buddha-nature are often blurred to the point that writers consider them to be synonymous."
9240:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 58 with footnote 148, 22–29, 87–103, for Upanishads–Buddhist Sutta discussion see 65–72.
1514:
The Buddha's teachings were propagated by his followers, which in the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE became various
27474:
23611:
20548:
20525:
20508:
20498:
20466:
20433:
20400:
20368:
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20304:
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20226:
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20124:
20098:
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19990:
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19796:
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19571:
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18893:
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18703:
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18563:
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18369:
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15853:
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8846:
8720:
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8419:
8392:
8353:
8262:
7828:
7773:
4390:
Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking of the "Three Refuges", also called the Three Jewels (
2085:, and China, eventually to other parts of the far east. Some of the earliest written documents of the Buddhist faith are the
1973:
During and after the Mauryan period (322–180 BCE), the Sthavira community gave rise to several schools, one of which was the
20472:
20439:
20406:
20374:
20194:
19656:
19402:
19249:
19170:
19027:
18867:
18798:
18669:
18258:
18223:
18190:
18158:
18123:
17987:
16835:
16678:
16639:
16576:
16525:
14987:
14153:
Robert E. Buswell Jr., Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013) "The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism," p. 18. Princeton University Press.
12442:
12403:
12313:
12274:
12235:
11922:
11868:
11709:
11658:
11559:
11520:
11239:
11075:
10875:
10237:
10146:
10034:
9006:
8852:
8155:
7286:
studied under these Vedic-era teachers and they "almost certainly" taught him, but the details of his education are unclear.
4277:
Guard against sensual thoughts; this concept, states Harvey, aims at preventing unwholesome states that disrupt meditation.
2783:
Buddhism teaches that the idea that anything is permanent or that there is self in any being is ignorance or misperception (
1792:"Cautious optimism in this respect". Proponents of this position include J.W. de Jong, Johannes Bronkhorst and Donald Lopez.
27939:
25045:
23581:
21022:
20864:
19267:
Mindfulness in Early Buddhism: New Approaches Through Psychology and Textual Analysis of Pali, Chinese and Sanskrit Sources
15444:
14633:
12606:
11117:
Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press,
4540:) as the minimal standard of Buddhist morality. It is the most important system of morality in Buddhism, together with the
23621:
19711:
4636:
An ordination ceremony at Wat Yannawa in Bangkok. The Vinaya codes regulate the various sangha acts, including ordination.
1565:
949:, and their specific teachings and practices. Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars:
28057:
27338:
26939:
23199:
6989:
Buddhists. In New Zealand, about 25–35% of the total Buddhists are converts to Buddhism. Buddhism has also spread to the
5178:): is the feeling of joy because others are happy, even if one did not contribute to it; it is a form of sympathetic joy;
9790:. Ed. by Potter, Karl H. Vol. VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD. Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, pp. 28, 33, 37, 41, 43, 48.
7854:
6052:
5684:(also known as the Pali Canon) of the Theravada School constitutes the only complete collection of Buddhist texts in an
4595:
recommends one to compare oneself with others, and on the basis of that, not to hurt others. Compassion and a belief in
1767:
found in the Chinese canon) together with the main body of monastic rules, which survive in the various versions of the
28267:
27997:
27879:
27333:
25940:
23939:
23096:
22646:
20741:
20588:
19840:(1981), "On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism".",
15899:"The Bodhisattva Ideal in Theravāda Buddhist Theory and Practice: A Reevaluation of the Bodhisattva-Śrāvaka Opposition"
15000:, Quote: "Suffering describes the condition of samsaric (this worldly) existence that arises from actions generated by
14695:
11469:) the nature of things as impermanent leads to the removal of the view of self, and so to the realisation of nirvana.".
9035:
8915:
7105:
7050:
6833:
5808:
Buddhist framework, these texts also borrowed deities and material from other Indian religious traditions, such as the
5373:
nature of dharmas (phenomena), the functioning of karma and rebirth, and knowledge of dependent origination. Likewise,
5343:), a fundamental ignorance, misunderstanding or mis-perception of the nature of reality, as one of the basic causes of
3811:
3104:
goal of the Buddhist path for monastic life since the time of the Buddha. The term "path" is usually taken to mean the
2421:
2350:
Already during this later era, Buddhism was losing state support in other regions of India, including the lands of the
2007:
1836:
According to N. Ross Reat, all of these doctrines are shared by the Theravada Pali texts and the Mahasamghika school's
701:
147:
104:
16200:
16189:
10327:
8761:
6480:
is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. In countries such as
2928:, no-self doctrine) rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging, eternal soul found in other religions.
2504:
During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and
28317:
27143:
24460:
23586:
20942:
20152:
19288:
17900:
17832:
17298:
17257:
17236:
17212:
16803:
15197:
15158:
12615:
11106:
11041:
10679:
9505:
8925:
8528:
8482:
7801:
6430:. While Buddhist institutions have grown, some of the central premises of Buddhism such as the cycles of rebirth and
6375:, which for the first time saw well-publicized speeches by major Buddhist leaders alongside other religious leaders.
6219:
5095:, vipaśyanā is said to be practiced once one has reached samadhi by cultivating the four foundations of mindfulness (
4219:
No lying, no rude speech, no telling one person what another says about him, speaking that which leads to salvation.
786:
749:
23189:
18983:
16764:"Against the Stream to investigate allegations of sexual misconduct by Noah Levine; results expected within a month"
3739:). Theravada generally sees Gautama Buddha (the historical Buddha Sakyamuni) as the only Buddha of the current era.
2072:(30–375 CE) came to control the Silk Road trade through Central and South Asia, which brought them to interact with
28370:
25950:
23552:
22874:
22619:
19935:
18004:
17922:
17657:
9814:
4561:"I undertake the training-precept to abstain from misconduct concerning sense-pleasures." This generally refers to
18277:
17725:"Buddhist Channel | Buddhism News, Headlines | World | Burmese Buddhist monastery opens in Finland"
16858:
6538:
Buddhism, also known as Bhimayana Buddhism. Ambedkar's effort led to the expansion of Navayana Buddhism in India.
28332:
28227:
27353:
27348:
27304:
26934:
25800:
25104:
24094:
23266:
23256:
21085:
19469:
7388:
Ronald Davidson: "While most scholars agree that there was a rough body of sacred literature (disputed) [
7060:
6476:
Buddhism has spread across the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While
6394:. The publication and translations of Buddhist literature in Western languages thereafter accelerated. After the
2912:
Rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of
2105:
13169:
and Its Meditative Tradition as a Bridge between Sutra and Tantra, Snow Lion, Boston & London, 2014, page 3.
12811:) is independent. The doctrine thus complements the teaching that no permanent, independent self can be found.".
5893:
closer to the Mahayana, includes Tantra, and as the younger of the three is traceable to the 1st millennium CE.
3134:) – realising that there is no soul or self in any living being, then passing through the gate of signlessness (
1618:
phases, the former being the tradition of individual ascetic and the latter of disciples, and that Buddhism and
1233:
respectively ("doctrine of the Enlightened One" and "doctrine of Buddhists"). Dharmavinaya comes from Sanskrit:
28187:
28012:
27285:
26326:
26267:
26154:
26033:
25965:
24438:
24076:
23995:
23537:
23211:
22864:
22666:
22557:
22502:
21075:
18834:
Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE
17104:
13682:
Yin-shun (2012). "The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master," p. 29. Simon and Schuster.
7065:
4808:
There are different practices and exercises for training mindfulness in the early discourses, such as the four
4746:). As part of the graduated discourse, this contemplation is taught after the practice of giving and morality.
4326:
3062:
26321:
17766:
Alexander, James (2019), "The State Is the Attempt to Strip Metaphor Out of Politics", in Kos, Eric S. (ed.),
4964:
Whatever the case, the Buddha taught meditation with a new focus and interpretation, particularly through the
28337:
27752:
27489:
27153:
27002:
26924:
26368:
25410:
25008:
23647:
23542:
23181:
22879:
22562:
20854:
20687:
18885:
The Buddha Within: Tathagatagarbha Doctrine According to the Shentong Interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhaga
6372:
6287:
5828:
4106:
2515:
school arrived in Sri Lanka sometime in the 3rd century BCE. Sri Lanka became a base for its later spread to
2330:, various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and
630:
325:
15947:
15945:
5443:
5103:
4376:) texts generally place the activity of listening to the Buddhist teachings as an important early practice.
3924:
28395:
28197:
25432:
24227:
23360:
22764:
22636:
22607:
22309:
17892:
16064:
Thailand's International Meditation Centers: Tourism and the Global Commodification of Religious Practices.
9309:
AL Basham (1951), History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas – a Vanished Indian Religion, Motilal Banarsidass,
7910:
7165:
7125:
6012:
5804:. By the 8th century, the tantric tradition was very influential in India and beyond. Besides drawing on a
5369:
is important in all Buddhist traditions. It is variously described as wisdom regarding the impermanent and
5240:) are in turn seen as the highest and most advanced. Anuttarayoga practice is divided into two stages, the
4763:
For Buddhist monastics, renunciation can also be trained through several optional ascetic practices called
3958:
3832:
3670:(SN 22:95). Similarly, in Theravada Buddhism, it often means that the five aggregates are empty of a Self.
3109:
2716:
1694:
940:
575:
350:
310:
17627:
15675:
Dalton, J. (2005). "A Crisis of Doxography: How Tibetans Organized Tantra During the 8th–12th Centuries".
2280:–647 CE), Buddhism continued to be influential in India, and large Buddhist learning institutions such as
1410:"). Early texts and biographies state that Gautama first studied under two teachers of meditation, namely
1266:, although scholar Richard Cohen asserts that that term was used only by outsiders to describe Buddhists.
28405:
28117:
28112:
27884:
26429:
26390:
25945:
25859:
25427:
23844:
23456:
23397:
22455:
22364:
21834:
21479:
20992:
20887:
17486:
15942:
10823:
Sheila Canby (1993). "Depictions of Buddha Sakyamuni in the Jami al-Tavarikh and the Majma al-Tavarikh".
7732:
6509:
5326:) which are commonly listed as important spiritual elements to be cultivated (see for example: AN I 16).
4046:
3909:
2942:) which migrates from one life to another. The majority of Buddhist traditions, in contrast, assert that
2493:(960–1279) and it was during this era that it strongly influenced Korean Buddhism and Japanese Buddhism.
2249:
1598:
Several Śramaṇa movements are known to have existed in India before the 6th century BCE (pre-Buddha, pre-
1342:
21999:
20636:
14895:
Penetrating the Secret Essence Tantra: Context and Philosophy in the Mahayoga System of rNying-ma Tantra
9428:
P. Billimoria (1988), Śabdapramāṇa: Word and Knowledge, Studies of Classical India Volume 10, Springer,
6378:
The 20th century saw a prolific growth of new Buddhist institutions in Western countries, including the
5439:
4805:
is also "an awareness of things in relation to things, and hence an awareness of their relative value".
3146:
described in part differently, as a state of spiritual release marked by "emptiness" and realisation of
2065:
version, expressing doubts whether Menander was Buddhist or just favourably disposed to Buddhist monks.
27183:
27128:
26824:
25586:
25136:
23839:
23781:
23591:
23512:
23304:
22784:
22260:
21746:
20869:
20702:
19701:
17824:
15567:
14561:
A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms: With Sanskrit and English Equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali Index
10713:
Orzech, Charles D. (general editor) (2011). Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia. Brill. p. 4
6762:
6348:
5473:. Communal recitation was one of the original ways of transmitting and preserving Early Buddhist texts.
4065:
give a different outline of the path, though with many similar elements such as ethics and meditation.
2913:
1411:
1322:
25203:
22194:
18631:
7877:
6423:
5860:
3836:
3138:) – realising that nirvana cannot be perceived, and finally passing through the gate of wishlessness (
2733:
2235:, Mādhyamaka and Yogācāra have a great deal in common, and the commonality stems from early Buddhism.
28565:
28430:
28219:
28077:
27529:
26439:
26218:
25849:
25479:
25089:
24221:
23973:
23810:
23765:
23505:
23194:
23007:
22997:
22869:
21852:
21432:
21193:
21168:
15170:
11168:
David Loy (1982), "Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?",
7652:
hell, or supernatural forces. Thus the 'pure atheists' make up only about 15 percent of the sample ."
6139:
4990:(formless attainments). These are also referred to in commentarial literature as immaterial/formless
3816:
3455:
2482:
2448:
2355:
2312:. This new esoteric form of Buddhism can be traced back to groups of wandering yogi magicians called
2163:
2097:
1718:
The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called
1623:
1584:
1580:
1458:
1278:
864:
450:
26535:
21218:
19685:
17547:
5609:
4933:
The earliest evidence of yogis and their meditative tradition, states Karel Werner, is found in the
3156:
2837:
1657:
tradition had not established any deities, but were epistemologically cautious rather than directly
1634:
The Śramaṇa religions challenged and broke with the Brahmanic tradition on core assumptions such as
1016:
260:
27934:
27894:
27849:
27639:
27629:
27434:
27188:
27013:
26949:
26919:
26809:
26574:
26483:
26451:
26434:
26346:
25270:
24555:
24491:
23961:
23946:
23640:
23451:
23299:
22651:
22465:
22443:
22436:
22339:
21872:
21492:
21308:
21253:
20874:
20680:
20143:
17196:
16625:
New Buddhist Movements in Thailand: Towards an Understanding of Wat Phra Dhammakaya and Santi Asoke
14363:
Mark Singleton (2010), Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice, Oxford University Press,
12601:
7160:
7135:
7115:
7055:
6606:
6514:
A number of modern movements in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th century. These
6379:
5957:
5952:
5201:
3965:
2750:
2728:
2086:
2021:
1814:
1421:
Finding these teachings to be insufficient to attain his goal, he turned to the practice of severe
912:
455:
405:
17:
24998:
18478:
Funayama, Tōru (2004), "The Acceptance of Buddhist Precepts by the Chinese in the Fifth Century",
14973:
Transitions and Transformations in the History of Religions: Essays in Honor of Joseph M. Kitagawa
13112:
5379:
28560:
28385:
28322:
28272:
28232:
28177:
27812:
27807:
27697:
27644:
27534:
27464:
27260:
27071:
26986:
26213:
26191:
25990:
25812:
25337:
25040:
24967:
24651:
24022:
23822:
23731:
23429:
23353:
23236:
23216:
22547:
22527:
22284:
22014:
21258:
20647:
8902:
A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90)
7971:
7095:
6841:
6820:
spirituality and other alternative spiritualities. This began with its influence on 20th century
6501:
4356:
3688:. In Madhyamaka philosophy, emptiness is the view which holds that all phenomena are without any
1989:
Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to accumulate their own version of
1908:
1603:
1470:
1065:
807:
615:
19627:
Queen, Christopher S. "Socially Engaged Buddhism: Emerging Patterns of Theory and Practice". In
19235:
The Doctrine of Karma: Its Origin and Development in Brāhmaṇical, Buddhist, and Jaina Traditions
14266:
Werner, Karel (1977). "Yoga and the Ṛg Veda: An Interpretation of the Keśin Hymn (RV 10, 136)".
13553:
28252:
28147:
28107:
28087:
27944:
27919:
27824:
27797:
27747:
27717:
27707:
27624:
27589:
27574:
27559:
27514:
27449:
27123:
27054:
26959:
26954:
26695:
26618:
26402:
26284:
26208:
26005:
25995:
25854:
25822:
25760:
25731:
25265:
25260:
24985:
24945:
24730:
24071:
24066:
24046:
24042:
23246:
23086:
22754:
22724:
22497:
22448:
22289:
22237:
22232:
21994:
21815:
21712:
21464:
21459:
21208:
20085:
19680:
19465:
15071:
14083:
Anālayo (2003). "Satipaṭṭhāna: The Direct Path to Realization," p. 225. Windhorse Publications.
13289:
11305:
The Buddhist Yogācārabhūmi Treatise and Its Adaptation in India, East Asia, and Tibet, Volume 1
10583:
Davidson, Ronald M. Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement, p. 217.
10574:
Davidson, Ronald M. Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement, p. 204.
10546:
Davidson, Ronald M. Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement, p. 171.
7796:, Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd Edition, Volume 7, Editor: Lindsay Jones, Macmillan Reference,
7170:
6383:
5936:
5727:
5636:
5613:
5552:
5548:
5466:
5425:
5268:
5040:
In the Pali canon, the Buddha outlines two meditative qualities which are mutually supportive:
4406:) as the foundation of one's religious practice. This practice may have been influenced by the
3169:
2792:
Some schools describe four characteristics or "four seals of the Dharma", adding to the above:
2498:
1897:
1875:
1822:
1743:
1719:
1610:. According to Martin Wilshire, the Śramaṇa tradition evolved in India over two phases, namely
823:
811:
694:
430:
415:
395:
320:
315:
230:
137:
21576:
19531:
17516:
14786:
14071:
Anālayo (2003). "Satipaṭṭhāna: The Direct Path to Realization," p. 71. Windhorse Publications.
13806:
8409:
7765:
7759:
7246:
4756:). Observing the Uposatha also includes other practices dealing with renunciation, mainly the
3606:
2916:, each running from conception to death. In Buddhist thought, this rebirth does not involve a
1774:
According to Schmithausen, three positions held by scholars of Buddhism can be distinguished:
1433:. This too fell short of attaining his goal, and then he turned to the meditative practice of
28493:
28438:
28355:
28307:
28282:
28082:
27904:
27899:
27767:
27757:
27579:
27255:
27198:
27018:
26964:
26407:
26385:
26304:
26245:
25911:
25350:
25223:
24418:
24017:
23929:
23569:
23251:
23221:
22802:
22734:
22567:
22482:
22477:
22401:
22396:
22314:
20844:
19435:
18883:
18446:
17724:
17415:
13773:
13602:
13059:
12847:
Is "Illusion" a Prajñāpāramitā Creation? The Birth and Death of a Buddhist Cognitive Metaphor
11575:
11183:
10967:
9988:
Sujato, Bhante (2012), Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools, Santipada,
9497:
9150:
8300:
8294:
8252:
7090:
7085:
6931:
6911:
6888:
6742:
6570:
6206:
meanwhile suffered under various wars which ravaged China during the modern era, such as the
6168:
6112:
5997:
5002:) without form or colour or shape. The second is termed the realm of infinite consciousness (
4831:
A closely related mental faculty, which is often mentioned side by side with mindfulness, is
3616:
3199:
Buddhism applies the theory of dependent arising to explain origination of endless cycles of
1982:
1920:
1670:
904:
819:
635:
625:
580:
25243:
25198:
21867:
19745:
15818:
15726:
14191:
Boin-Webb, Sara. (English trans. from Walpola Rāhula's French trans. of the Sanskrit; 2001)
12180:
10292:
4893:
4887:
3224:
2581:
The term "Buddhism" is an occidental neologism, commonly (and "rather roughly" according to
1435:
1349:
consider this a dubious claim because a combination of evidence suggests he was born in the
1013:) as a means of transcending the individual self and ending the cycle of death and rebirth (
28483:
28473:
28458:
28365:
28292:
28262:
28237:
28202:
28162:
28157:
28132:
28002:
27924:
27874:
27854:
27844:
27732:
27679:
27654:
27504:
27499:
27479:
27444:
27429:
27373:
27148:
27081:
27049:
26929:
26864:
26730:
26608:
26461:
26363:
26262:
26174:
26142:
26137:
25985:
25717:
25057:
24641:
24401:
24012:
23956:
23907:
23892:
23745:
23517:
23407:
23274:
23241:
23226:
22744:
22641:
22587:
22472:
22411:
22379:
22374:
22359:
22344:
22334:
22299:
22212:
21904:
21827:
21130:
21070:
20819:
20786:
20736:
19837:
16913:
Herbrechtsmeier, William (1993). "Buddhism and the Definition of Religion: One More Time".
13520:
10772:
7140:
7070:
6923:
6899:
6895:
6887:, making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practised in broader
6642:
6614:
6550:
6477:
6454:
6407:
6270:
6197:
6103:. There originally seems to have been two main types of monasteries, monastic settlements (
5944:
5770:
5685:
5565:
5505:
5483:
5330:
along with samadhi, is also listed as one of the "trainings in the higher states of mind" (
4612:
4078:
4037:
4030:
4010:
3974:
3755:
3639:
3105:
2712:
2576:
2214:
1806:
1756:
1749:
1549:
1307:
920:
900:
645:
605:
600:
565:
410:
290:
198:
183:
127:
99:
24254:
23114:
21729:
21598:
21524:
21400:
21138:
15004:
of anatta and anicca. The doctrines of no-self and impermanence are thus the keystones of
14099:
5556:
non-Buddhist – were discovered in 1900 in the Dunhuang Chinese cave alone.
5338:
4713:
A related Buddhist virtue and practice is renunciation, or the intent for desirelessness (
3930:
3907:). Buddha-nature is a concept found in some 1st-millennium CE Buddhist texts, such as the
3208:
2854:
2785:
2308:
and the visualization of deities and Buddhas and developed a new class of literature, the
1915:. Modern scholars believe that this was probably caused when a group of reformists called
8:
28570:
28488:
28463:
28443:
28420:
28347:
28297:
28277:
28192:
28182:
28137:
28097:
28052:
28047:
28037:
28027:
28022:
28017:
28007:
27992:
27987:
27982:
27977:
27972:
27949:
27859:
27834:
27712:
27702:
27664:
27634:
27619:
27604:
27594:
27584:
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27544:
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27215:
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27076:
26944:
26745:
26658:
26603:
26579:
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26373:
26331:
26126:
25975:
25603:
25395:
25280:
25109:
24923:
24808:
24736:
24626:
24547:
24374:
24027:
23851:
23697:
23466:
23081:
22960:
22794:
22769:
22759:
22719:
22696:
22579:
22552:
22512:
22431:
22421:
22349:
22276:
21707:
21564:
21345:
21323:
21275:
21095:
20895:
20751:
20731:
20209:
van der Velde, Paul (1 January 2014). "What Is 'Spiritual' in Modern Western Buddhism?".
19314:
18343:
Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture
14969:
13781:
10963:
8332:"Candles in the Dark: A New Spirit for a Plural World" by Barbara Sundberg Baudot, p. 305
7672:
7150:
7130:
7080:
7075:
6935:
6907:
6868:
6734:
6710:
6693:
6562:
6387:
6231:
6223:
6203:
6159:
5908:, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism and conservative Buddhism.
5874:
5856:
5232:
5214:
An 18th century Mongolian miniature which depicts the generation of the Vairocana Mandala
4853:
4773:
4422:
2582:
2552:
2359:
2320:
1543:
1515:
1326:
934:
876:
655:
610:
548:
488:
425:
370:
365:
120:
109:
62:
28555:
21055:
20982:
20360:
Buddhism: The early Buddhist schools and doctrinal history; Theravāda doctrine, Volume 2
17143:
14578:
13329:
Bucknell, Rod, "The Buddhist Path to Liberation: An Analysis of the Listing of Stages",
7488:
Another variant, which may be condensed to the eightfold or tenfold path, starts with a
6261:
In Afghanistan and Pakistan, militants have destroyed some historic Buddhist monuments.
5747:
5593:
5539:
5383:, where it is said to be the contemplation of things as impermanent, unsatisfactory and
4678:
4602:
4432:. The three refuges are believed by Buddhists to be protective and a form of reverence.
3943:
3831:
There is also a separate definition of Sangha, referring to those who have attained any
2985:– the endless cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skilful deeds (Pāli:
1764:
1415:
28468:
28448:
28415:
28312:
28302:
28247:
28242:
28172:
28152:
28142:
28127:
28122:
28102:
28072:
28067:
28042:
28032:
27964:
27929:
27914:
27819:
27792:
27782:
27742:
27727:
27722:
27674:
27669:
27609:
27564:
27524:
27419:
27406:
27193:
27118:
26991:
26814:
26488:
26446:
26309:
26277:
26252:
26179:
26159:
25980:
25928:
25916:
25894:
25486:
25444:
25317:
25181:
25176:
25166:
25018:
24802:
24778:
24157:
24081:
23829:
23775:
23446:
23144:
23049:
22891:
22854:
22849:
22779:
22729:
22676:
22671:
22542:
22537:
22532:
22522:
22507:
22492:
22487:
22426:
22406:
22369:
22294:
22099:
21800:
21724:
21602:
21544:
21385:
21285:
21213:
21188:
20834:
20764:
20030:
19923:
18994:
18976:
The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography
18723:
18487:
18293:
18049:
17109:
17078:
17024:
16989:
16930:
16427:
15919:
14485:
14283:
13546:
10840:
8099:
7963:
7446:"The south (of India) was then vigorously creative in producing Mahayana Sutras" Warder
7190:
7180:
6943:
6915:
6750:
6653:
6515:
6463:
6368:
6193:
6189:
6163:
5801:
5791:
5205:
4164:
4135:
3743:
3088:
3057:
3025:
2998:
2951:
2891:
2866:, has been the foundation and the most important historical justification of Buddhism.
2640:("not being at ease", "suffering") is an innate characteristic of the perpetual cycle (
2494:
2428:
in China were in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the
2309:
2285:
2073:
2046:
1830:
1810:
1490:
1407:
1403:
1354:
1101:
992:
640:
620:
560:
555:
443:
345:
338:
265:
255:
162:
25598:
24830:
24560:
22943:
19880:
19484:
A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugrapariprccha)
15564:
A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugraparipṛcchā)
13800:
10270:"The Discovery of 'the Oldest Buddhist Manuscripts'" Review article by Enomoto Fumio.
10210:
Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (editors). The Spread of Buddhism, Brill, p. 57
7342:
6032:
5840:
5827:
Some features of these texts include the widespread use of mantras, meditation on the
5304:, or knowledge of the true nature of existence. Another term which is associated with
5010:), while the fourth is the realm of "neither perception nor non-perception". The four
4670:
vinaya rules invites enforcement, which can include temporary or permanent expulsion.
4547:
The five precepts are seen as a basic training applicable to all Buddhists. They are:
3922:
were written to promote Buddhism to non-Buddhists. This can be seen in texts like the
3248:
2439:
The first documented Buddhist texts translated into Chinese are those of the Parthian
2319:
The question of the origins of early Vajrayana has been taken up by various scholars.
1916:
1844:
1385:
28550:
28525:
28519:
28453:
28410:
28400:
28390:
28380:
28287:
28207:
28167:
28092:
28062:
27954:
27909:
27889:
27864:
27839:
27802:
27787:
27762:
27737:
27649:
27599:
27554:
27539:
27519:
27509:
27484:
27424:
27368:
27133:
26909:
26505:
26476:
26422:
26417:
26378:
26316:
26272:
26257:
26240:
26235:
26230:
26169:
25904:
25790:
25556:
25526:
25506:
25327:
25156:
25146:
25141:
25099:
25062:
24783:
24698:
24621:
24519:
24509:
24477:
24465:
24433:
24410:
24392:
24288:
24143:
24051:
24037:
24000:
23988:
23817:
23736:
23688:
23424:
23402:
23322:
23284:
22980:
22965:
22928:
22913:
22686:
22602:
22517:
22354:
22319:
22304:
22031:
22021:
21702:
21549:
21534:
21405:
21328:
21248:
21183:
21115:
21002:
20759:
20544:
20521:
20504:
20494:
20462:
20429:
20396:
20392:
Buddhism: The origins and nature of Mahāyāna Buddhism; Some Mahāyāna religious topics
20364:
20318:
20300:
20296:
20274:
20222:
20184:
20156:
20120:
20094:
20058:
20022:
19986:
19968:
19866:
19824:
19792:
19771:
19751:
19731:
19690:
19646:
19613:
19592:
19567:
19561:
19537:
19487:
19452:
19422:
19392:
19324:
19318:
19292:
19239:
19209:
19160:
19140:
19122:
19104:
19086:
19017:
18960:
18916:
18889:
18857:
18837:
18788:
18753:
18730:
18699:
18659:
18616:
18580:
18559:
18529:
18508:
18502:
18452:
18423:
18397:
18365:
18346:
18328:
18297:
18248:
18213:
18180:
18148:
18113:
18075:
18057:
17977:
17956:
17896:
17868:
17850:
17828:
17801:
17468:
17294:
17253:
17232:
17208:
17029:
17011:
16893:
16825:
16668:
16629:
16566:
16515:
16431:
16342:
16216:
15898:
15876:
15849:
15822:
15812:
15791:
15594:
15571:
15508:
15459:
15406:
15358:
15328:
15277:
15238:
15193:
15154:
14977:
14850:
14792:
14765:
14565:
14538:
14511:
14364:
14287:
13810:
13663:
13608:
13557:
13524:
13088:
Williams, Paul (2002), "Buddhist Thought", p. 52, Taylor & Francis Kindle Edition
12745:
12718:
12691:
12651:
12611:
12498:
12471:
12432:
12393:
12342:
12303:
12264:
12225:
12186:
12158:
12107:
12005:
11978:
11912:
11858:
11819:
11699:
11648:
11581:
11549:
11510:
11268:
11229:
11221:
11189:
11142:
11118:
11065:
11005:
10973:
10953:
Gyallay-Pap, Peter. "Notes of the Rebirth of Khmer Buddhism," Radical Conservativism.
10937:
10929:
10913:
10865:
10803:
10776:
10722:
McRae, John (2003), Seeing Through Zen, The University Press Group Ltd, pp. 13, 19–21
10675:
10360:
10227:
10175:
10136:
10024:
9989:
9501:
9468:
9429:
9376:
9347:
9330:
9310:
9289:
9268:
9241:
9211:
9183:
9110:
9059:
8996:
8921:
8842:
8716:
8665:
8524:
8478:
8415:
8388:
8349:
8258:
8103:
8091:
8071:
8015:
7967:
7824:
7797:
7769:
7120:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6927:
6903:
6626:
6431:
6356:
6344:
6332:
6235:
6207:
5948:
5940:
5896:
Some scholars use other schemes, such as the multi-dimensional classification in the
5723:
5718:
5605:
5412:
5403:
5396:
5222:
In Tibetan Buddhism, unique tantric techniques which include visualization (but also
4584:
4533:
4385:
4354:
In various suttas which present the graduated path taught by the Buddha, such as the
4343:
4168:
4091:
3994:
2968:
2963:
2622:
2560:
2078:
1978:
1962:) and to its spread throughout the Maurya Empire and into neighbouring lands such as
1912:
1879:
1826:
1802:
1607:
1495:
1109:
908:
896:
830:, who comprise seven percent of the global population. Buddhism arose in the eastern
687:
585:
570:
375:
250:
193:
157:
142:
73:
50:
45:
26010:
25608:
25067:
22266:
21060:
20960:
20538:
19671:
Ratanakul, P. (2007), "The Dynamics of Tradition and Change in Theravada Buddhism",
19058:
17694:
16410:
McMahan, David L. (2004). "Buddhism: Introducing the Buddhist Experience (review)".
16157:
8784:
6336:
6143:
3252:
3204:
3173:
2143:
2057:
describes a conversation between a Buddhist monk and the 2nd-century BCE Greek king
28478:
28360:
28257:
27869:
27829:
27777:
27772:
27689:
27659:
27569:
27459:
27323:
27275:
27270:
26834:
26799:
26772:
26530:
26515:
26412:
26336:
26186:
26164:
26072:
25933:
25712:
25675:
25531:
25516:
25464:
25275:
25255:
25218:
25213:
25208:
25191:
25186:
25124:
25114:
24955:
24919:
24911:
24882:
24795:
24715:
24710:
24673:
24663:
24589:
24527:
24369:
24206:
24056:
23714:
23557:
23500:
22970:
22923:
22918:
22774:
22739:
22714:
22709:
22460:
22416:
22329:
22004:
21660:
21653:
21437:
21427:
21313:
20977:
20849:
20292:
20214:
20014:
20013:(3). Wiley, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 362–379.
19274:
Lamb, Christopher (2001), "Cosmology, myth and symbolism", in Harvey, Peter (ed.),
18929:
18917:"Of Compassion and Capital Punishment: A Buddhist Perspective on the Death Penalty"
18572:
18285:
17458:
17204:
17019:
17001:
16922:
16485:
16419:
16137:
15911:
14275:
14213:
14193:"Abhidharmasamuccaya: The Compendium of the Higher Teaching (Philosophy) by Asaṅga"
13514:
10832:
10766:
10592:
Omvedt, Gail (2003). "Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste", p. 172.
10356:
9493:
9375:
Martin Wiltshire (1990), Ascetic Figures Before and in Early Buddhism, De Gruyter,
9346:
Martin Wiltshire (1990), Ascetic Figures Before and in Early Buddhism, De Gruyter,
9145:
Queen, Christopher. "Introduction: The Shapes and Sources of Engaged Buddhism". In
8083:
7955:
7338:
7322:
7297:
6990:
6975:
6939:
6919:
6878:
6825:
6778:
6746:
6722:
6630:
6602:
6554:
6435:
rituals and practices seeking better rebirth, not nirvana or freedom from rebirth.
6391:
6364:
6360:
6352:
6327:
While there were some encounters of Western travellers or missionaries such as St.
6127:
5878:
5800:, a new class of Buddhist sacred literature began to develop, which are called the
4874:
4596:
2947:
2817:
2347:
and other Saiva movements" argues Davidson, "the influence was apparently mutual".
2327:
2288:
Universities were at their peak. Buddhism also flourished under the support of the
2013:
1959:
1901:
1838:
1783:
1661:. Later Buddhist traditions were more influenced by the critique of deities within
1635:
1346:
1262:
in ancient India. Buddhist scholar Donald S. Lopez asserts they also used the term
1162:
1152:
1069:
766:
760:
720:
650:
595:
525:
515:
380:
37:
26149:
22049:
19225:
Buddhism and Transgression: The Appropriation of Buddhism in the Contemporary West
16490:
16473:
12987:
10704:
McRae, John (2003), Seeing Through Zen, The University Press Group Ltd, pp. 13, 18
8072:"Self or No Self: Views from Self Psychology and Buddhism in a Postmodern Context"
7881:. Retrieved 26 November 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition.
7233:
6962:
accounts for 77% of all Buddhists in India. In Russia, Buddhists form majority in
5639:, these schools began to develop their own textual collections, which were termed
5110:
one which focused on insight based practice and the other which focused purely on
4731:(whether for life as a monk, or temporarily) is also a form of renunciation. Many
3082:. The Buddha is not depicted, only symbolized by the Bodhi tree and the empty seat
2455:, between 178 and 189 CE. From China, Buddhism was introduced into its neighbours
1329:, near the modern Nepal–India border, and he spent his life in what is now modern
28529:
27158:
27138:
26628:
26520:
26510:
26201:
25869:
25660:
25640:
25571:
25536:
25469:
25161:
25151:
25119:
24902:
24845:
24616:
24133:
23934:
23860:
23800:
23755:
23724:
23334:
23279:
23231:
23159:
23029:
22827:
22807:
22749:
22661:
22324:
22222:
22069:
21805:
21788:
21773:
21751:
21303:
21173:
21007:
20987:
20654:
20515:
20488:
20456:
20423:
20390:
20358:
20178:
19849:
19818:
19805:
19786:
19765:
19640:
19607:
19386:
19285:
People of Virtue: Reconfiguring Religion, Power and Moral Order in Cambodia Today
19233:
19154:
19011:
18952:
18851:
18782:
18653:
18242:
18207:
18174:
18142:
18138:
18107:
17971:
17950:
17886:
17815:
17793:
17341:
16819:
16662:
16623:
16560:
16509:
16336:
16223:
16204:
16193:
15870:
15843:
15785:
15440:
15352:
15322:
15271:
15232:
15177:
14971:
14844:
14759:
14702:
14559:
14532:
14505:
13657:
12994:
12739:
12712:
12685:
12645:
12492:
12465:
12426:
12387:
12336:
12297:
12258:
12219:
12152:
12101:
11999:
11972:
11906:
11852:
11813:
11693:
11642:
11543:
11504:
11262:
11223:
11161:
11110:
11059:
11045:
10859:
10797:
10221:
10169:
10130:
10018:
9462:
9283:
9262:
9235:
9205:
9177:
9104:
9053:
9039:
8990:
8836:
8768:
8710:
8659:
8382:
8309:
8087:
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7522:
or 'everything in the world is empty of self'; third, with the ultimate sense of
7318:
7314:
7155:
7110:
7036:
7022:
6754:
6637:
maintain that Buddhism does not constitute a religion but rather a philosophy, a
6610:
6427:
6215:
5735:
5713:
4833:
4785:
4703:
4699:
4448:
3843:
3634:
2367:
2167:
2101:
2017:
1723:
1445:
1056:
is vast, with many different textual collections in different languages (such as
880:
803:
675:
590:
390:
300:
245:
22079:
21233:
21223:
20557:
17599:"Dalits who converted to Buddhism better off in literacy and well-being: Survey"
14625:
11317:
6664:
David Brazier, have criticized the persistence of this view. Among Buddhists in
6406:
led to further growth in Buddhist institutions. Influential figures on post-war
6142:, these different structures are usually grouped together in an area termed the
4694:
Another important practice taught by the Buddha is the restraint of the senses (
3899:
Another very influential concept unique to Mahāyāna is that of "Buddha-nature" (
3268:
3212:
2039:. An example of this is evidenced in Chinese and Pali Buddhist records, such as
1926:
240:
27280:
27173:
27113:
26829:
26804:
26589:
26493:
26397:
26341:
26294:
25707:
25655:
25551:
25521:
25501:
25496:
25491:
25474:
25370:
25290:
25238:
25228:
25171:
24305:
23968:
23951:
23770:
23750:
23719:
23471:
23289:
22992:
22842:
22624:
22204:
22184:
22104:
21793:
21783:
21717:
21554:
21040:
20903:
20145:
Monks and Magic: Revisiting a Classic Study of Religious Ceremonies in Thailand
19705:
19636:
18238:
12647:
Philosophy of Religion for a New Century: Essays in Honor of Eugene Thomas Long
11392:
7959:
7814:
7260:
6845:
6766:
6733:
Buddhism has had a profound influence on various cultures, especially in Asia.
6527:
6489:
6411:
6403:
6399:
6328:
5917:
5844:
5832:
5743:
5478:
5456:
4757:
4738:
One way of cultivating renunciation taught by the Buddha is the contemplation (
4632:
4503:
4453:
4335:
4296:, the five hindrances, the four True Realities and seven factors of awakening.
4033:
is the "graduated talk", in which the Buddha lays out a step-by-step training.
3683:
3330:
3101:
2590:
2516:
2406:
2363:
2351:
2171:
2139:
2036:
1850:
1666:
1611:
1561:
1406:. He thus set out on a quest to find liberation from suffering (also known as "
1389:
1282:
1182:
946:
831:
535:
465:
420:
278:
24570:
23345:
20627:, Vipassana Research Institute (English, Southeast Asian and Indian Languages)
20218:
18289:
14279:
13659:
The Meditative Way: Readings in the Theory and Practice of Buddhist Meditation
6371:. An important event in the introduction of Buddhism to the West was the 1893
3712:
All forms of Buddhism revere and take spiritual refuge in the "three jewels" (
2981:
1573:
1482:
1274:
1243:
1025:, in which one works for the liberation of all sentient beings. Additionally,
837:
28544:
27208:
26762:
26643:
26057:
26052:
26000:
25837:
25775:
25670:
25561:
25459:
25390:
25322:
25312:
25285:
25233:
25129:
25079:
24975:
24938:
24857:
24765:
24216:
24167:
23872:
23564:
23059:
22908:
22217:
22119:
21977:
21778:
21756:
21692:
21363:
21158:
21153:
21045:
20714:
20266:
20081:
20026:
19694:
18542:
18521:
18498:
18273:
17909:
17882:
17842:
17754:
17472:
17170:
Recognizing Reality: Dharmakirti's Philosophy and its Tibetan Interpretations
17015:
17006:
15586:
15463:
14648:
10284:
8434:
8095:
7846:
7346:
7185:
6998:
6703:
6657:
6638:
6546:
6522:
6518:
are diverse and significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices.
5805:
5626:
5601:
5508:, birch bark, painted scrolls, carved into temple walls, and later on paper.
5500:
4650:
4608:
4525:
4519:
4102:
accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of rebirth and suffering.
3876:
3220:
3192:, not a creator God nor the ontological Vedic concept called universal Self (
2905:
2564:
2486:
2429:
2425:
2206:
2178:, which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India.
2166:. (2nd century CE). Some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest
2151:
2131:
2121:
2090:
2069:
2041:
1990:
1939:
1519:
1334:
1292:
1097:
1053:
1049:
techniques, may be viewed as a separate branch or tradition within Mahāyāna.
926:
843:
360:
355:
295:
25899:
23461:
21517:
21507:
20879:
19417:
McFarlane, Stewart (2001), "Making Moral Decisions", in Peter Harvey (ed.),
17847:
The Connected Discourses of the Buddha. A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya
17335:
People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011
16142:
16125:
15872:
The Indian Way: An Introduction to the Philosophies & Religions of India
9032:
7997:
6340:
6317:
5678:
5431:
5161:
4986:-scheme are four other meditative states, referred to in the early texts as
4949:
There is no scholarly agreement on the origin and source of the practice of
1938:
Buddhism may have spread only slowly throughout India until the time of the
1338:
500:
305:
27343:
27245:
27106:
26794:
26789:
26767:
26757:
26638:
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25546:
25454:
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24244:
24118:
24086:
23834:
23805:
23792:
23417:
23149:
23134:
23104:
23054:
23044:
22886:
22681:
22174:
22009:
21887:
21675:
21670:
21497:
21368:
21243:
20704:
20245:
19557:
19509:
19355:
19069:
18933:
18613:
Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
18577:
Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo
17286:
17033:
16197:
16186:
12389:
The Selfless Mind: Personality, Consciousness and Nirvana in Early Buddhism
9897:
7526:
or realisation of emptiness and thus an end to rebirth cycles of suffering.
7334:
7310:
7242:
7228:
7223:
6982:
6821:
6810:
6798:
6786:
6738:
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6395:
6243:
6239:
6211:
6119:
5983:
5905:
5797:
5666:
5516:
5352:
5126:
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meanwhile, focuses on "the generation of penetrating and critical insight (
5073:
4810:
4732:
4051:
3736:
3707:
3240:
3216:
2943:
2875:
2769:
2663:
2556:
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2478:
2402:
2266:
2232:
2210:
1963:
1779:
1703:
1678:
1615:
1592:
1194:
859:(often translated as "suffering" or "unease"), but that there is a path of
850:
400:
285:
203:
89:
54:
25593:
24325:
21932:
21917:
21877:
21574:
21238:
20814:
19514:
A Philological Approach to Buddhism. The Bukkyo Dendo Kybkai Lectures 1994
18714:
Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices
18033:
Paths to Liberation. The Marga and its Transformations in Buddhist Thought
17786:
Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon
16423:
15638:
Grey, David B.; Tantra and the Tantric Traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism
14217:
14204:
Sharf, Robert (2014), "Mindfulness and Mindlessness in Early Chan" (PDF),
11103:
11038:
7237:
6146:. In Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, Buddhist institutions are generally housed in
6041:
5052:
3969:
are seven lists of qualities or factors that promote spiritual awakening (
3527:
3236:
2678:
1890:
1026:
945:) as well as the relative importance and "canonicity" assigned to various
27265:
27240:
27064:
27032:
27023:
26969:
26899:
26884:
26777:
26668:
26351:
26299:
26087:
25805:
25785:
25625:
25566:
25304:
25300:
24688:
24636:
24606:
24443:
24297:
24189:
24113:
23978:
23914:
23865:
23436:
23119:
22948:
22089:
22074:
21857:
21665:
21593:
21373:
21203:
21105:
20952:
20824:
20600:
19810:
The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century
18602:
Gombrich, Richard F. "Kindness and compassion as a means to Nirvana". In
17282:
17250:
Coming to Our Senses: Healing Ourselves and the World Through Mindfulness
15559:
14473:
11126:
11015:
more accurate rendering, therefore, might be 'four truths for the noble'
7571:
Wayman and Wayman have disagreed with this view, and they state that the
6986:
6959:
6837:
6794:
6646:
6574:
6234:(1966–76), there has been a revival of the religion in China after 1977.
6072:
5965:
5813:
5661:
5259:) used, each with a mandala, a circular symbolic map used in meditation.
4820:
4575:
Undertaking and upholding the five precepts is based on the principle of
3856:
3802:
3142:) – realising that nirvana is the state of not even wishing for nirvana.
2938:
2433:
2398:
2371:
2289:
2082:
1977:
school which tended to congregate in the south and another which was the
1889:
1699:
1504:
1190:
1022:
470:
26584:
26525:
25650:
24950:
24499:
23109:
21569:
18491:
18088:
Carter, John Ross (1987), "Four Noble Truths", in Jones, Lindsay (ed.),
15641:
12106:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–34, 47–50, 63–64, 74–75, 106.
11343:
11341:
11339:
9329:
Reginald Ray (1999), Buddhist Saints in India, Oxford University Press,
7506:
The early Mahayana Buddhism texts link their discussion of "emptiness" (
6613:
which began in 1994, and ended with his retirement from his position as
6402:
on Western culture as well a renewed interest in Buddhism among the 60s
6230:(1899–1947), and though Buddhist institutions were destroyed during the
5921:
5764:(commentaries). Some of this literature was also written in verse form (
4998:). The first formless attainment is a place or realm of infinite space (
4957:
as a Buddhist invention. Alexander Wynne argues that the Buddha learned
3763:
3754:) residing in different realms. Mahāyāna texts not only revere numerous
1726:
or Sectarian Buddhism (the period of the early Buddhist schools), Early
58:
27231:
27226:
27101:
27096:
27059:
27037:
26894:
26874:
26869:
26710:
26700:
26663:
26289:
26067:
26015:
25755:
25400:
25380:
25003:
24928:
24867:
24631:
24611:
24532:
24184:
24152:
24123:
23902:
23897:
23882:
23496:
23412:
23380:
23376:
23064:
23022:
22898:
22704:
22629:
22243:
22227:
22189:
22169:
22064:
22039:
21947:
21882:
21862:
21608:
21539:
21410:
21293:
21263:
21198:
21148:
20806:
20796:
20769:
20034:
19842:
Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus (Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf)
18302:
17463:
17446:
16934:
16304:
15923:
15622:
Sørensen, Henrik H; Payne, Richard K; Orzech, Charles D. (ed.) (2010).
10844:
9264:
The Samnyasa Upanisads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation
7457:
7226:
of the Theravada Buddhist tradition, and early biographies such as the
7045:
6829:
6770:
6698:
6634:
6566:
6419:
6021:
5932:
5925:
5836:
5816:
traditions, local god/goddess cults, and local spirit worship (such as
5779:
5672:
5630:
4942:
4645:
4592:
4541:
4339:
4002:
3767:
3759:
3747:
3725:
3678:
3292:
2901:
2824:
2313:
2109:
2058:
1994:
1768:
1682:
1569:
1508:
1486:
1450:
1440:
1422:
1301:
1247:
1202:
1198:
916:
892:
888:
815:
475:
235:
132:
26097:
25023:
22084:
21080:
20624:
20001:
19985:, Oxford Handbooks in Religion and Theology, Oxford University Press,
16952:"Is Buddhism a religion, philosophy, way of life, or science of mind?"
15741:
15011:
14970:
Joseph Mitsuo Kitagawa; Frank E. Reynolds; Theodore M. Ludwig (1980).
10392:
6790:
5920:
as the founder, Mahāyāna also reveres numerous other Buddhas, such as
5884:
4735:
stories focus on how the Buddha practiced renunciation in past lives.
4260:
3892:("the doctrine that there are only ideas" or "mental impressions") or
3264:
3100:), with which the cycle of rebirth ends, has been the primary and the
27178:
26974:
26889:
26879:
26750:
26705:
26690:
26623:
26471:
25960:
25882:
25842:
25832:
25795:
25770:
25750:
25645:
25511:
25365:
25355:
25250:
25030:
24840:
24825:
24790:
24773:
24755:
24668:
24448:
24364:
24343:
24338:
24315:
24310:
24269:
24264:
24201:
24138:
24061:
24032:
23983:
23924:
23877:
23492:
23039:
23012:
22179:
22054:
21766:
21682:
21559:
21449:
21422:
21415:
21378:
21335:
21298:
21065:
21030:
20997:
20972:
20927:
20612:
20054:
18144:
The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change
17865:
In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon
17759:
Turning the Wheel of Truth: Commentary on the Buddha's First Teaching
14413:
13802:
Great Disciples of the Buddha: Their Lives, Their Works, Their Legacy
13117:
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Archive (Summer 2018 Edition)
12860:"Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition"
12045:
11832:
11444:
11336:
11318:"The Questions of the Nāga King Sāgara (3) | 84000 Reading Room"
9228:
7789:
7598:
7175:
6851:
6758:
6665:
6650:
6247:
6130:. In Southeast Asia, the most widespread institutions are centred on
5866:
5775:
5288:
4865:
4742:) of the "dangers" (or "negative consequences") of sensual pleasure (
4715:
4507:
4196:
3885:
3872:
3674:
3566:
3067:
2812:
2544:
2528:
2512:
2440:
2258:
2244:
2175:
2027:
1974:
1967:
1883:
1731:
1654:
1647:
1531:
1523:
1454:
1430:
1362:
1073:
950:
520:
495:
24720:
24249:
23476:
22812:
21648:
21502:
21268:
21050:
20919:
20911:
20074:
Buddhism and Society: A Great Tradition and Its Burmese Vicissitudes
20018:
18526:
The Buddhist Path to Awakening: A Study of the Bodhi-Pakkhiyā Dhammā
17817:
Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia
16926:
16888:
Goble, Geoffrey C. (11 October 2019). "Buddhism is Not a Religion".
16251:
The New Buddhism: The Western Transformation of an Ancient Tradition
15915:
15424:
Mun-keat, Choong (2000), The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism
11307:
Harvard University, Department of South Asian studies, 2013, p. 144.
11155:
Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?
11130:
10836:
10664:
7757:
7642:, ebook, Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 2005, printed ed, Harper, 2006.
6816:
In the Western world, Buddhism has had a strong influence on modern
6586:
6306:
6077:
5533:
5384:
5370:
5276:
4870:
3939:
3372:
3232:
3228:
3017:
3006:
2779:: non-self; living things have no permanent immanent soul or essence
2775:
2394:
1760:
1560:
Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of
26981:
26725:
26715:
26570:
26082:
26062:
25889:
25765:
25620:
24993:
24933:
24852:
24760:
24725:
24705:
24683:
24678:
24658:
24598:
24565:
24504:
24348:
24333:
24211:
24172:
24128:
23919:
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23760:
23663:
23329:
23169:
23124:
23069:
23034:
22938:
22597:
22164:
22159:
22109:
22044:
21962:
21927:
21922:
21583:
21454:
21442:
21353:
21012:
20534:
19504:, vol. 2, Pali Text Society (published 2003), pp. 210–223
12849:, Fo Guang University, Journal of Buddhist Philosophy, Vol.2, 2016.
12035:
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11615:
9223:
8137:
8135:
7030:
6971:
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6255:
6096:
5901:
5870:
5755:
5751:
5739:
5597:
5495:
5487:
5284:
4765:
4752:
4728:
4562:
4499:
4407:
4391:
4368:
3690:
3673:
Emptiness is a central concept in Mahāyāna Buddhism, especially in
3592:
3576:
3520:
3189:
2976:
2738:
2536:
2532:
2524:
2505:
2444:
2375:
2344:
2331:
2254:
2135:
2050:
1727:
1662:
1599:
1527:
1370:
1337:. Some hagiographic legends state that his father was a king named
1218:
1170:
1166:
1132:
1089:
1081:
1057:
970:
530:
510:
505:
385:
30:"Buddhadharma" and "Buddhist" redirect here. For the magazine, see
22154:
22144:
22129:
21952:
21822:
21090:
20666:
20133:
Tamney, Joseph B. (1998), "Buddhism", in William H. Swatos (ed.),
19844:, Wiesbaden: von Klaus Bruhn und Albrecht Wezler, pp. 199–250
19197:
Siddhartha's Brain: Unlocking the Ancient Science of Enlightenment
18746:
An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics: Foundations, Values and Issues
18325:
Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement
18005:"The Buddhist to Liberation: An Analysis of the Listing of Stages"
17628:"Dalits Are Still Converting to Buddhism, but at a Dwindling Rate"
17540:"Dalits Are Still Converting to Buddhism, but at a Dwindling Rate"
14690:
14688:
10535:
Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement
10167:
9237:
The Origin and Development of Early Indian Contemplative Practices
8578:
8576:
6717:
6126:(funerary mounds which contained relics), and temples such as the
5809:
5191:): is even-mindedness and serenity, treating everyone impartially.
5148:
4934:
4495:
4426:
2.22.3–4. Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the
4009:). It was a part of Buddha's first sermon, where he presented the
2447:
scriptural texts are translations into Chinese by the Kushan monk
1642:, the nature of afterlife, and they rejected the authority of the
1568:, marked by the growth of towns and trade, the composition of the
1189:; it also had a foothold to some extent elsewhere in Asia, namely
1092:. The Mahāyāna branch—which includes the East Asian traditions of
27250:
26854:
26819:
26740:
26653:
26594:
26498:
26223:
26077:
25827:
25780:
25665:
25541:
25360:
24872:
24835:
24646:
24196:
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24005:
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23074:
23017:
23002:
22149:
22139:
22114:
21989:
21984:
21942:
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21810:
21697:
21638:
21633:
21487:
21390:
21228:
21178:
20965:
20791:
20641:
20606:
20490:
Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition
20117:
Becoming the Buddha: the ritual of image consecration in Thailand
17693:
Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.
16126:"The Destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan and International Law"
13408:
13209:. Indeed, the distinctions between the general Indian concept of
12355:
11974:
Religious Giving and the Invention of Karma in Theravada Buddhism
11908:
Narrating Karma and Rebirth: Buddhist and Jain Multi-Life Stories
10522:
Indestructible Truth: The Living Spirituality of Tibetan Buddhism
10473:
Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,
10460:
Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,
10196:
The Buddhist architecture of Gandhara, Handbuch der Orientalistik
9786:
Reat, Noble Ross. "The Historical Buddha and his Teachings". In:
8342:
Claus, Peter; Diamond, Sarah; Mills, Margaret (28 October 2020).
7002:
6817:
6806:
6802:
6542:
6467:
6466:, Afghanistan in 1896 (top) and after destruction in 2001 by the
6291:
6280:
6176:
6172:
6100:
5589:
5322:
5227:
5183:
5042:
4938:
4861:
4857:
4412:
4331:
4293:
4044:). This can be found in various discourses, most famously in the
3588:
3572:
3401:
3280:
3193:
3093:
2920:
or any fixed substance. This is because the Buddhist doctrine of
2871:
2820:
2796:
2742:
2686:
2642:
2548:
2540:
2520:
2464:
2452:
2305:
2297:
2281:
2202:
2190:
2147:
1955:
1896:(from Sanskrit: "highest extinguishment") of Gautama Buddha, the
1842:. A recent study by Bhikkhu Analayo concludes that the Theravada
1818:
1707:
1658:
1639:
1619:
1588:
1426:
1399:
1374:
1314:
1286:
1174:
1136:
1093:
1077:
860:
210:
21761:
21529:
20540:
The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master
18685:
Gowans, Christopher W. "Ethical Thought in Indian Buddhism". In
18009:
The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
17447:"State and Religion: Buddhism and NationalBuilding in Singapore"
17416:"Religion in Macau - Festivals and Places of Worship - Holidify"
14788:
Essential Buddhism: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice
13331:
The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
12030:
11612:
11222:
Richard Francis Gombrich; Cristina Anna Scherrer-Schaub (2008).
9536:
8690:
8132:
8122:
8120:
7479:
This merit gaining may be on the behalf of one's family members.
7259:
The exact identity of this ancient place is unclear. Please see
6192:. Early Buddhist modernist figures such as the American convert
5821:
5677:
which contain expositions and commentaries on the doctrine. The
4690:, a series of optional ascetic practices for Buddhist monastics.
4580:
4487:
3562:
3312:
2126:
27163:
27042:
27027:
26846:
26735:
26720:
26678:
26456:
26356:
25630:
25385:
25375:
25074:
25035:
24877:
24485:
24455:
24179:
23547:
23154:
23139:
22975:
22837:
22817:
22592:
22254:
22134:
22124:
22059:
21687:
21643:
21628:
21618:
21588:
21512:
21395:
21163:
21035:
20779:
20774:
19516:, School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London)
17513:"Global Religious Landscape – Religious Composition by Country"
16562:
Religious Conversion in India: Modes, Motivations, and Meanings
16292:
15383:
14685:
14557:
13693:"The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment"
13348:
11380:
10861:
Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia
8573:
7016:
6994:
6856:
6782:
6707:
6534:
to convert to his Marxism-inspired reinterpretation called the
6485:
6313:
6135:
6061:
5888:
Buddhists of various traditions, Yeunten Ling Tibetan Institute
5817:
5656:
5470:
5301:
5280:
5223:
5174:
4798:
4627:
4576:
4084:
3835:, whether or not they are monastics. This sangha is called the
3798:
3783:
3583:
3496:
3472:
3148:
3126:
3079:
3053:
2921:
2879:
2848:
2789:), and that this is the primary source of clinging and dukkha.
2758:
2636:
2586:
2293:
2270:
1951:
1943:
1931:
1674:
1650:. Buddhism was one among several Indian religions that did so.
1628:
1500:
1489:
as the right path of spiritual practice to end suffering. As a
1394:
1350:
1178:
1140:
1124:
1113:
1046:
884:
868:
855:
670:
225:
220:
215:
178:
25576:
19936:"The Advent of Theravada Buddhism to Mainland South-east Asia"
19881:"On the Buddha's Use of Some Brahmanical Motifs in Pali Texts"
19369:
Buddhahood Embodied: Sources of Controversy in India and Tibet
18982:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 34–37. Archived from
18853:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
18209:
Buddhist Thought in India: Three Phases of Buddhist Philosophy
16540:
15845:
Emotions and Spirituality in Religions and Spiritual Movements
14741:
14739:
14737:
14735:
13582:
11691:
10746:
9705:
8384:
A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna
8232:
8208:
7575:
is neither self nor sentient being, nor soul, nor personality.
3841:"noble Sangha". All forms of Buddhism generally reveres these
3184:
The 'dependent arisings' have a causal conditioning, and thus
2908:, India, is regionally believed to be Buddha's cremation site.
2694:
can be ended or contained by the confinement or letting go of
2077:
world religion through their trade routes. Buddhism spread to
26859:
26633:
26613:
26598:
26196:
26022:
25817:
25680:
25635:
25615:
24862:
24259:
24105:
23887:
23527:
23522:
23294:
23129:
22987:
22953:
22933:
22903:
22832:
22249:
22094:
21972:
21967:
21937:
21892:
21739:
21734:
21613:
21318:
21143:
21110:
21100:
20618:
18816:
American Buddhism: Methods and Findings in Recent Scholarship
18784:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
18725:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
18448:
The Notion of Diṭṭhi in Theravāda Buddhism: The Point of View
17304:
16733:"Dalai Lama Meets Alleged Victims of Abuse by Buddhist Gurus"
14187:
14185:
14040:
14038:
14036:
13753:
12882:
12880:
11724:
11260:
9695:
9693:
9602:
8196:
8117:
7680:
7676:
7494:
6874:
6673:
6531:
6251:
6227:
6147:
6123:
6083:
5969:
5524:
5520:
5512:
5272:
5255:
5014:
in Buddhist practice leads to rebirth in successfully better
4878:
4160:
4099:
3914:
3860:
3806:
3244:
3215:(karmic formations) exist; because Saṃskāras exist therefore
3012:
3004:
A central aspect of Buddhist theory of karma is that intent (
2972:
2896:
2859:
2628:
2489:(Zen) became a major religion. Chan continued to grow in the
2460:
2456:
2301:
2089:, dating from about the 1st century CE, and connected to the
1947:
1711:
1643:
1499:(monastic order). He spent the rest of his life teaching the
1477:
1330:
1318:
1148:
1144:
1128:
1120:
895:
or sensual indulgence. Widely observed teachings include the
775:
741:
460:
20582:
19940:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
17927:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
17195:
Cush, Denise (2004). "British Buddhism and the New Age". In
17102:
16969:
16795:"Why Tibetan Buddhism is facing up to its own abuse scandal"
16603:
15677:
Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies
14720:
14299:
14297:
14050:
13743:
13741:
12341:. Routledge. p. 124 with footnotes 2–3 on pp. 266–267.
11942:
11940:
11324:
10490:
10110:
10086:
9945:
9849:
9619:
9617:
7394:] that a relatively early community (disputed) [
6993:; for example, the Burmese Buddhists founded in the city of
5928:
as well as many other bodhisattvas not revered in Theravāda.
5551:, for example, includes 2184 texts in 55 volumes, while the
5195:
2874:, the "blowing out" of the afflictions through insight into
26784:
26673:
24693:
23632:
23164:
21957:
21623:
21120:
20350:
Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, 8 volumes
19750:(3rd ed.), Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing,
16660:
16438:
16391:
15662:
The Tantric Age: A Comparison Of Shaiva And Buddhist Tantra
15023:
14814:
14812:
14810:
14808:
14732:
14696:"A Brief Criticism of the 'Two Paths to Liberation' Theory"
14594:
14333:
14011:
14009:
13955:
13655:
13481:
13479:
13477:
13475:
13450:
13448:
13446:
13433:
13431:
13429:
13427:
13425:
13423:
13336:
12367:
12182:
Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism
11759:
11757:
11755:
11753:
11751:
11432:
10864:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 9–11, 14–15, 19–20.
10670:
Dykstra, Yoshiko Kurata; De Bary, William Theodore (2001).
10595:
10416:
10370:
10368:
10320:
Pacific World: Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies
9717:
9182:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 102–104, 264–269, 294–295.
9051:
8867:
8838:
Gotama Buddha: A Biography Based on the Most Reliable Texts
8456:
7813:
7602:
7535:
Some scholars such as Cousins and Sangharakshita translate
6963:
5586:
5491:
5035:
4458:
4428:
4399:
4001:
An important guiding principle of Buddhist practice is the
3010:) matters and is essential to bring about a consequence or
2997:) that mature later either in this life or in a subsequent
2917:
1085:
1061:
18856:, translated by Groner, Paul, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass,
17070:
16906:
16105:
16081:
15485:
15131:
15119:
15107:
15083:
14660:
14247:
14182:
14033:
13982:
13384:
13372:
12946:
12944:
12900:"Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity,"
12877:
12782:
12758:
12665:
11793:
11673:
9921:
9690:
9680:
9678:
9233:
8539:
8537:
6107:) were built and supported by donors, and woodland camps (
6071:
Buddhist institutions are often housed and centred around
2185:
1888:
According to numerous Buddhist scriptures, soon after the
1377:, is also claimed to be ksatriya by his early followers.)
818:, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century
729:
26683:
26648:
25345:
24769:
22822:
21358:
20487:
Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony; Wynne, Alexander (2012),
19533:
Self and identity in modern psychology and Indian thought
18031:
Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Gimello, Robert M., eds. (1992),
17888:
The Noble Eightfold Path: The Way to the End of Suffering
17768:
Michael Oakeshott on Authority, Governance, and the State
17124:
16450:
15787:
The Path of the Buddha: Buddhism Interpreted by Buddhists
15753:
15458:. Taipei: Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies: 3–21.
14900:
14863:
14425:
14389:
14294:
13931:
13919:
13738:
13704:
13702:
13496:
13494:
13253:
11937:
11883:
11769:
11215:
10936:. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press.
10607:
10098:
9885:
9614:
9410:
9357:
9157:
9123:
8946:
8879:
8741:
8715:. Brill Academic. pp. 60–61 with footnotes 134–136.
8678:
8641:
8639:
8380:
8184:
7396:
7390:
6598:
6131:
5169:; it is identifying the suffering of others as one's own;
4020:
3219:(consciousness) exists; and in a similar manner it links
2682:("craving", "desire" or "attachment", literally "thirst")
2378:, is the beginning of the long and complex period of the
1250:
c. 6th or 5th century BCE. Followers of Buddhism, called
1177:
also preserves the Vajrayana tradition as transmitted to
1105:
937:
vary in their interpretation of the paths to liberation (
735:
20576:
20051:
Vegetarianism and Animal Ethics in Contemporary Buddhism
19981:
Smith (2006), "Buddhism", in Juergensmeyer, Mark (ed.),
19730:(18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
17344:, Katharina Wenzel-Teuber (2011), China Zentrum, Germany
17176:
16379:
16355:
15611:
The Buddhist Tantras: Light on Indo-Tibetan Esotericism.
15529:
15517:
15371:
15251:
15143:
14951:
14805:
14461:
14135:
14006:
13994:
13972:
13970:
13859:
13639:
13637:
13472:
13443:
13420:
13360:
13265:
13229:
13147:
13135:
13016:
12905:
12892:
12865:
12770:
12523:
12511:
12467:
The Awakened Ones: Phenomenology of Visionary Experience
12081:
11952:
11748:
11736:
11647:. State University of New York Press. pp. 123–131.
11472:
10802:. Oxford University Press. pp. 6–11, 218, 229–230.
10565:
Sanderson, Alexis; Vajrayana:, Origin and Function, 1994
10478:
10428:
10365:
10061:
10049:
9998:
9957:
9933:
9873:
9729:
9665:
9663:
9577:
9575:
9548:
8818:
8816:
8814:
8624:
8612:
6565:
in Thailand and several Japanese organisations, such as
5900:. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes.
5730:
carved and preserved in over 81,000 wood printing blocks
2852:, unsatisfactory and painful, perpetuated by desire and
1373:, whose teachings helped establish the ancient religion
989:). The Theravada tradition emphasizes the attainment of
19609:
Engaged Buddhism: Buddhist Liberation Movements in Asia
18278:"The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article"
16859:"After allegations, Sogyal Rinpoche retires from Rigpa"
16007:
15983:
15541:
15505:
Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity
15080:, pp. 84–85, 105, 108–109, 112–113, 116, 165, 185.
14939:
14678:
De La Vallee Poussin (trans.); Pruden, Leo M. (trans.)
14345:
14309:
14079:
14077:
14021:
13943:
13460:
12941:
12917:
12814:
12132:
11254:
10652:
10440:
10380:
9837:
9815:"How the Gandharan Manuscripts Change Buddhist History"
9768:
9675:
8970:
8561:
8534:
8314:
8051:
6549:(r. 1868–1910), were responsible for modern reforms of
6238:
also went through a period of modernisation during the
5738:
are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the
3770:, but also see them as transcendental or supramundane (
2501:
was printed using over 130,000 wooden printing blocks.
1981:
school, which was mainly in north India. Likewise, the
1072:). The Theravāda branch has a widespread following in
23675:
16591:
16093:
16069:
16031:
15290:
15203:
15095:
15059:
15047:
14927:
14917:
14915:
14875:
14824:
14708:
14111:
14094:"The Philosophy of Desire in the Buddhist Pali Canon,"
14067:
14065:
13726:
13714:
13699:
13491:
13396:
13241:
12956:
12929:
12559:
12547:
12535:
12263:. State University of New York Press. pp. 35–39.
12069:
12018:
11640:
11420:
11370:
11368:
10734:
10631:
10619:
10502:
10404:
10347:
10345:
10252:
10206:
10204:
9746:
9744:
9638:
9636:
9634:
9632:
9592:
9590:
9439:
8896:
8894:
8729:
8636:
8588:
8549:
8039:
7820:
Encyclopedia of Indian Religions: Buddhism and Jainism
7455:
See Hill (2009), p. 30, for the Chinese text from the
5543:, itself the part of three basket of texts called the
5477:
Buddhism, like all Indian religions, was initially an
4840:
4779:
3188:
is the Buddhist belief that causality is the basis of
1481:), the ending of suffering, and the end of rebirth in
1156:
1014:
990:
938:
924:
835:
20520:, Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism, Routledge,
19700:
19606:
Queen, Christopher S.; King, Sallie B., eds. (1996).
16367:
16316:
16268:
15428:
Analayo. Early Buddhist Meditation Studies (Volume 1)
14606:
14449:
14437:
14123:
14105:
13967:
13907:
13895:
13883:
13871:
13847:
13835:
13823:
13634:
13570:
13277:
13040:
13028:
13004:
12968:
12583:
12120:
12057:
11781:
11685:
11484:
10890:
10023:(2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 56–58.
9660:
9572:
9514:
9398:
9386:
9072:
9028:
9026:
9024:
8995:(2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 56–58.
8811:
8444:
7941:"Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal"
6530:
and social equality. Ambedkar urged low caste Indian
2370:. This loss of support in favor of Hindu faiths like
2338:
texts are problematic because "the chronology of the
787:
750:
738:
20577:
Worldwide Buddhist Information and Education Network
20543:, translated by Yeung H. Wing, Wisdom Publications,
20238:
The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism
19208:(3rd ed.). State University of New York Press.
19186:
Keown, Damien. "Buddhism and Biomedical Issues". In
17570:"ФСО доложила о межконфессиональных отношениях в РФ"
17316:
16762:
Sperry, Rod Meade; Atwood, Haleigh (30 March 2018).
16280:
16256:
15723:
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
15687:
15302:
14321:
14242:
The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism
14074:
12571:
12463:
11811:
11636:
11634:
10353:
Early Indian Mahayana Buddhism I: Recent Scholarship
9861:
9560:
9207:
The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction
9084:
8958:
8220:
7884:
7794:
Indian Religions: An Overview – Buddhism and Jainism
7761:
Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife
7012:
6398:, further immigration from Asia, globalisation, the
4486:
Other important elements of Buddhist ethics include
3120:), as the means to attain cessation and liberation.
2954:
to explain the various realms or planes of rebirth.
2389:
2229:
epistemological tradition of Dignaga and Dharmakirti
1869:
778:
772:
732:
726:
16946:
16944:
16019:
15995:
15190:
The Great Compassion: Buddhism & Animal Rights.
15151:
The Great Compassion: Buddhism & Animal Rights.
15035:
14912:
14259:
14222:
14062:
12710:
11857:. State University of New York Press. p. 109.
11541:
11365:
11057:
10962:
10342:
10201:
9756:
9741:
9648:
9629:
9587:
9140:
9138:
8891:
8762:
A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1
8600:
8521:
Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity
8475:
Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity
8027:
7608:
7431:
5742:Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of
5494:, through the use of communal recitation and other
5131:The four immeasurables or four abodes, also called
3742:Mahāyāna Buddhism meanwhile, has a vastly expanded
2559:during the 13th and 14th centuries and in the Thai
1306:Details of the Buddha's life are mentioned in many
769:
723:
20486:
20000:
19764:Robinson, Richard H.; Johnson, Willard L. (1997).
19744:Robinson, Richard H.; Johnson, Willard L. (1982),
18915:
18722:
18301:
18040:Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald Jr. (2003),
17105:"Why Are We Surprised When Buddhists Are Violent?"
16802:
15897:
15699:
15647:
15346:
15344:
15226:
15224:
15222:
15220:
15218:
13545:
13414:
12704:
11851:Karl Potter (1986). Ronald Wesley Neufeldt (ed.).
11577:Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction
11398:
11185:Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction
9456:
9454:
9021:
7101:Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand
6978:(15%) also have significant Buddhist populations.
6753:continue to be influential elements of the modern
6609:in media of various Western countries was that of
5865:Buddhists generally classify themselves as either
5419:
4349:
2238:
2205:(established by the 5th-century CE Gupta emperor,
20583:Early Buddhist texts, translations, and parallels
19885:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies
19861:Schuhmacher, Stephen; Woener, Gert, eds. (1991),
19860:
19009:
17914:The Two Traditions Of Meditation In Ancient India
16981:
16667:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 660–667.
15848:. University Press of America. pp. 137–138.
15783:
13600:
11997:
11631:
11347:
11032:
9325:
9323:
8789:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies
8341:
8141:
7853:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.
2993:) produce "seeds" in the unconscious receptacle (
1930:Map of the Buddhist missions during the reign of
28542:
20425:Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies
19747:The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction
17622:
17620:
17201:The Encyclopedic Sourcebook of New Age Religions
16941:
16508:Eleanor Zelliot (2015). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.).
15725:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2004. Archived from
14849:. Princeton University Press. pp. 236–243.
13649:
11911:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–131.
11900:
11898:
10910:The River of Lost Footsteps – Histories of Burma
10081:Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite
10016:
10010:
9267:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–5, 68–71.
9260:
9135:
8988:
8657:
7713:
7701:
4772:In different Buddhist traditions, other related
3447:
3308:
3272:
3070:depiction of the Buddha's spiritual liberation (
23375:
19763:
19743:
19707:The Pali Text Society's Pali–English dictionary
19464:
19348:Buddhism and Science: A Guide for the Perplexed
18528:(2nd ed.), Oxford: Oneworld Publications,
17271:Freud and the Buddha: The Couch and the Cushion
16912:
16817:
16507:
16467:
16465:
15341:
15215:
13548:Miracles: Wonder and Meaning in World Religions
13543:
12644:Robert Neville (2004). Jeremiah Hackett (ed.).
12470:. Columbia University Press. pp. 145–146.
12424:
12295:
12093:
11095:
10674:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 100.
10020:Gender and Religion: The Dark Side of Scripture
9451:
9175:
8834:
8202:
8021:
7985:– via Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary
7758:Jonathan H. X. Lee; Kathleen M. Nadeau (2011).
7627:
6891:, is followed by over half of world Buddhists.
4914:is "state of perfect equanimity and awareness (
4524:Buddhist scriptures explain the five precepts (
2703:(path): the path leading to the confinement of
1021:), while the Mahayana tradition emphasizes the
915:. Other commonly observed elements include the
849:According to tradition, the Buddha taught that
20589:East Asian Buddhist Studies: A Reference Guide
20080:
19816:
19500:Norman, K.R. (1992), "The Four Noble Truths",
19378:Karma and rebirth: Post-classical developments
19010:Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (2011),
18074:, Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press,
18030:
17923:"Did the Buddha Believe in Karma and Rebirth?"
17505:
16881:
16621:
16514:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 13, 361–370.
15389:
14843:Luis Gomez (2015). Donald S. Lopez Jr. (ed.).
14537:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 502–503.
14497:
13226:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. p.69
12717:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 54–60.
12690:. G. Debrock. Springer. p. 376, note 12.
12643:
12289:
12217:
12185:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 82–84.
12178:
12150:
12099:
11904:
11854:Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments
11644:Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments
11496:
11450:
11417:of Buddhism, and its ultimate justification.".
9542:
9320:
9281:
6592:
5916:Both Theravāda and Mahāyāna accept and revere
5688:which has survived until today. However, many
5377:is described in a similar way, such as in the
4040:, or "Eightfold Path of the Noble Ones" (Skt.
3028:of existence including human beings and gods.
2380:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent
2193:University, a great centre of Mahāyāna thought
1485:. This event also brought certainty about the
1239:, literally meaning "doctrines disciplines".
1234:
1228:
1222:
1187:the Indian subcontinent before declining there
1045:), a body of teachings incorporating esoteric
23648:
23361:
20688:
20208:
20119:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
19865:, translated by Kohn, Michael H., Shambhala,
19767:Buddhist Religions: A Historical Introduction
19563:The weave of my life: a Dalit woman's memoirs
19449:Buddhism: introducing the Buddhist experience
18359:
17753:
17617:
17061:
16975:
16565:. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–213.
16559:Gary Tartakov (2003). Rowena Robinson (ed.).
16558:
15868:
15777:
15771:
14530:
13798:
13512:
13354:
13193:, pp. 101–102 Quote: "Some texts of the
12737:
12714:Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism
11895:
11502:
10789:
10764:
10168:Ann Heirman; Stephan Peter Bumbacher (2007).
9460:
9203:
9102:
8771:(Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90)
8651:
8414:. Oxford University Press. pp. 208–209.
8401:
8244:
7948:International Bulletin of Missionary Research
4918:)," reached through focused mental training.
4673:
4640:Vinaya is the specific code of conduct for a
3155:While Buddhism considers the liberation from
2130:A Buddhist triad depicting, left to right, a
1503:he had discovered, and then died, achieving "
695:
21470:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
20458:Mahayana Buddhism: the doctrinal foundations
20315:Mahayana Buddhism: the doctrinal foundations
20087:The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts
19863:The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen
19836:
19203:
19152:
19134:
19098:
18850:Hirakawa, Akira (1993), Groner, Paul (ed.),
18787:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
18039:
17777:Satipatthana. The Direct Path to Realization
16915:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion
16761:
16546:
16462:
16444:
15951:
15841:
15810:
15591:Profound Buddhism From Hinayana To Vajrayana
15350:
15320:
15269:
15230:
14784:
14494:, pp. 74 (Chapter 8), 102 (Conclusion).
14177:"Satipatthana Meditation, A Practice Guide,"
13295:
13165:Brunnholzl, Karl, When the Clouds Part, The
12687:Newton's Scientific and Philosophical Legacy
12684:Guy Debrock (2012). Paul B. Scheurer (ed.).
12490:
12385:
12334:
12302:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 1–4, 85–88.
12260:Awareness Bound and Unbound: Buddhist Essays
12039:
11625:
11573:
11330:
11181:
10972:. University of Chicago Press. p. XIV.
10822:
10799:An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism
10795:
10128:
10092:
9623:
9369:
9340:
9254:
8917:The History of Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya
8708:
8582:
8407:
7905:
7903:
7901:
7899:
7333:The surviving portions of the scriptures of
6844:can also be seen in certain forms of modern
6797:were very influential in the development of
6645:. This conception is rooted in 19th century
5320:is included as one of the "five faculties" (
4457:Buddhist monks collect alms in Si Phan Don,
2627:The Four Noble Truths, or the truths of the
2555:(1287–1552). It also became dominant in the
826:, with over 520 million followers, known as
20591:, Robert Buswell and William Bodiford, UCLA
20259:The practice of Chinese Buddhism, 1900–1950
19520:
19153:Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (2013).
19135:Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (2010),
19099:Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (2004),
18972:
18435:
17386:"Religion & Belief in Hong Kong, China"
17310:
17156:"Chinese Buddhism and Traditional Culture,"
16821:Minority Religions and Fraud: In Good Faith
16699:
16503:
16501:
16334:
15910:(3). University of Hawai'i Press: 399–415.
14503:
14385:. Princeton University Press. pp. 3–5.
12683:
11850:
11139:Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age
10771:. University of California Press. pp.
10475:Columbia University Press, 2005, pp. 29-34.
10307:
10213:
9058:. Harvard University Press. pp. 1–19.
7585:
7296:never preached against social inequality".
7005:, named the Buddha Dhamma Ramsi monastery.
4977:
3866:
2862:. Liberation from this cycle of existence,
2737:The Buddha teaching the Four Noble Truths.
2722:
2647:
1030:
998:
974:
954:
23655:
23641:
23368:
23354:
20695:
20681:
19384:
19282:
19044:"Zen as a Social Ethics of Responsiveness"
18696:Buddhist Moral Philosophy: An Introduction
18360:Eliade, Mircea; et al., eds. (1987),
18069:
17969:
17948:
17920:
17908:
17077:Brazier, Dharmavidya David (30 May 2015).
16990:"Buddha philosophy and western psychology"
16474:"Ambedkar, Marx and the Buddhist Question"
15445:"Reflections on Comparative Āgama Studies"
15403:The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism,
15171:Vanijja Sutta: Business (Wrong Livelihood)
14842:
14757:
14558:Lewis Hodous; William E. Soothill (2003).
14491:
14479:
14431:
14419:
14395:
14339:
14303:
13988:
13519:. University of California Press. p.
12650:. Jerald Wallulis. Springer. p. 257.
12157:. Cambridge University Press. p. 31.
11970:
11580:. Cambridge University Press. p. 51.
11386:
11188:. Cambridge University Press. p. 51.
10752:
10316:"A Rough Sketch of Central Asian Buddhism"
10283:
9927:
9903:
9891:
9855:
9801:A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya
9723:
9699:
9684:
8873:
8618:
8462:
8257:. Princeton University Press. p. 21.
8126:
7631:Asian Buddhism" and "Buddhism Comes West";
5991:
5337:The Buddhist tradition regards ignorance (
5253:). There are numerous meditation deities (
5006:); the third is the realm of nothingness (
3625:A related doctrine in Buddhism is that of
3207:or "twelve links". It states that because
1464:According to various early texts like the
1380:According to early texts such as the Pali
702:
688:
33:Buddhadharma: The Practitioner's Quarterly
20421:
20388:
20356:
20002:"Buddhism and the Definition of Religion"
19998:
19962:
19909:"The Raksā Literature of the Śrāvakayāna"
19684:
19670:
19605:
19416:
19366:
19194:
18973:Johnson, Todd M.; Grim, Brian J. (2013).
18836:, Charleston, South Carolina: BookSurge,
18822:
18655:Philosophy of the Buddha: An Introduction
18603:
18601:
18109:The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism
17792:
17765:
17593:
17591:
17462:
17355:"ASIA SOCIETY: THE COLLECTION IN CONTEXT"
17130:
17079:"It Needs Saying: Buddhism is a Religion"
17049:
17023:
17005:
16702:"The Zen Predator of the Upper East Side"
16489:
16361:
16141:
16123:
15954:, "Bodhisattva, Career in the Theravada".
13937:
13759:
13747:
12428:The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism
12361:
12299:The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism
12256:
11964:
11692:William H. Swatos; Peter Kivisto (1998).
11606:
11228:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 209–210.
11089:
11026:
10537:, Columbia University Press, p. 228, 234.
10219:
10104:
10083:. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.
9843:
9803:. Dharma Drum Academic Publisher. p. 891.
9210:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 1–2, 23.
9146:
9106:The First Spring: The Golden Age of India
8630:
8387:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 227–240.
8057:
7995:
7917:. Pew Research Center. 18 December 2012.
7896:
6805:. Buddhist educational institutions like
6495:
6182:
5850:
5196:Tantra, visualization and the subtle body
5025:
4439:
4410:motif of the triple refuge, found in the
4105:The Noble Eightfold Path is grouped into
4094:and asserts the path to the cessation of
4090:This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the
4025:A common presentation style of the path (
3258:
3039:This Buddhist idea may have roots in the
2672:(origin, arising, combination; "cause"):
2001:
1854:contain mostly the same major doctrines.
1737:
1392:204, Gautama was moved by the suffering (
26125:
20661:Buddhism – objects, art and history
20454:
20347:
20338:
20330:
20312:
19933:
19906:
19728:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
19710:, Chipstead, London: Pali Text Society,
19628:
19529:
19446:
19375:
19354:
19304:
19187:
18849:
18686:
18629:
18610:
18592:
18571:
18553:
18477:
18386:
18322:
18244:The Illustrated Guide to World Religions
18002:
17813:
17783:
16609:
16511:Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India
16498:
16385:
16013:
15989:
15759:
15523:
14726:
14467:
14443:
14315:
14253:
14141:
14056:
14044:
14027:
14015:
14000:
13765:
13378:
13235:
13178:
13153:
13141:
12999:The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
12950:
12923:
12871:
12820:
12788:
12626:
12607:The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
12138:
12063:
12004:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 152–155.
11679:
11261:Frank Hoffman; Deegalle Mahinda (2013).
11006:"Four Noble Truths: BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY"
10896:
10857:
10658:
10496:
10484:
10446:
10434:
10398:
10374:
9951:
9879:
9774:
9735:
9669:
9520:
9285:Exploring Alterity in a Globalized World
9163:
9129:
8952:
8885:
8747:
8735:
8696:
8684:
8645:
8190:
8045:
7844:
7618:
7605:and meditation as a means to liberation.
7464:
6716:
6697:
6167:
5883:
5717:
5569:
5460:
5262:
5209:
4953:Some scholars, like Bronkhorst, see the
4869:
4677:
4631:
4452:
4325:
3810:
3061:
2895:
2811:
2732:
2393:
2248:
2184:
2125:
2026:
1925:
1698:
1355:small oligarchy or republic-like council
1291:
1273:
44:
27395:
22657:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
20595:Buddhist Bibliography (China and Tibet)
20556:
20343:(Kindle ed.), Taylor & Francis
20252:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
20176:
20141:
20114:
20048:
19983:The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions
19848:
19481:
19388:Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma
19231:
19041:
18913:
18881:
18327:, New York: Columbia University Press,
18272:
18172:
18137:
18048:
18035:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers
17774:
17537:
17167:
17076:
17055:
16409:
16253:, Oxford University Press, pp. 203–204.
15895:
15547:
15439:
15077:
15029:
14933:
14906:
14869:
14830:
14657:, pp. 106–107, context: Chapter 7.
14510:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 86–89.
14351:
13961:
13949:
13778:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
13774:"Ethics in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism"
13771:
13247:
12744:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 67–69.
12741:Linguistic Approach to Buddhist Thought
12553:
12431:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 21–22.
12373:
12126:
12051:
12001:The Law of Karma: A Philosophical Study
11815:Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma
11799:
11775:
11742:
11438:
11359:
10969:Hyecho's Journey: The World of Buddhism
10934:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia
10637:
10613:
10601:
10462:Columbia University Press, 2005, p. 18.
10422:
10386:
10226:. Oxford University Press. p. 42.
10116:
9867:
9812:
9488:Skilton, Andrew (2013). "22 Buddhism".
9487:
9467:. Ashgate. p. 16 with footnote 3.
9464:Buddhism as Philosophy: An Introduction
8594:
8555:
8312:at bl.uk. Retriebved 10 February 2023.
8033:
7851:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
7539:as "aimlessness or directionless-ness".
7146:Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism
6684:, literally "scripture" or "teaching".
5635:After the development of the different
4818:, "establishments of mindfulness") and
4072:
3815:Buddhist monks and nuns praying in the
2807:
2384:Islamic invasions and conquest of India
1493:, he attracted followers and founded a
14:
28543:
23617:
22860:List of Buddhist architecture in China
20286:
20244:
20235:
20132:
19878:
19804:
19784:
19770:(4th ed.). Wadsworth Publishing.
19635:
19612:. State University of New York Press.
19591:. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications.
19586:
19556:
19508:
19499:
19434:
18997:(1993), "The Beginnings of Buddhism",
18940:from the original on 16 September 2015
18888:, State University of New York Press,
18780:
18742:
18720:
18711:
18693:
18684:
18651:
18633:Religious Experience in Early Buddhism
18541:
18520:
18497:
18444:
18417:
18237:
18105:
18096:
18087:
17727:. Buddhistchannel.tv. 5 January 2009.
17588:
17426:from the original on 22 September 2020
17322:
16856:
16730:
16700:Oppenheimer, Mark (18 December 2014).
16661:Martin Marty; R Scott Appleby (1994).
16597:
16471:
16397:
16373:
16322:
16298:
16111:
16099:
16087:
16075:
15747:
15674:
15659:
15629:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. p. 20.
15491:
15377:
15296:
15257:
15209:
15137:
15125:
15113:
15101:
15089:
15065:
15053:
15017:
14957:
14881:
14818:
14745:
14714:
14455:
14327:
14265:
14129:
14117:
13976:
13925:
13901:
13889:
13877:
13865:
13853:
13841:
13829:
13732:
13720:
13708:
13656:Roderick Bucknell; Chris Kang (2013).
13643:
13588:
13576:
13500:
13485:
13454:
13437:
13390:
13366:
13342:
13325:
13323:
13321:
13283:
13259:
13224:The Lankavatara Sutra: A Mahayana Text
13190:
13046:
13034:
13022:
13010:
12974:
12962:
12935:
12911:
12886:
12800:
12776:
12764:
12671:
12589:
12577:
12565:
12541:
12529:
12517:
12087:
12075:
12024:
11958:
11787:
11763:
11730:
11478:
11462:
11426:
11374:
10740:
10508:
10410:
10355:, Religion Compass 4/2 (2010): 55–65,
10313:
10258:
10067:
10055:
10004:
9963:
9939:
9915:
9711:
9654:
9642:
9608:
9596:
9581:
9566:
9554:
9498:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199644650.013.004
9416:
9404:
9392:
9363:
9090:
9078:
9052:Sarah LeVine; David N Gellner (2009).
8976:
8567:
8543:
8450:
8320:
8302:The development of the Buddhist 'canon
8238:
8226:
8214:
8153:
8069:
7622:
7614:
7440:
5861:Timeline of Buddhism § Common Era
4021:Paths to liberation in the early texts
3952:
2269:(4th–6th centuries) and the empire of
1254:in English, referred to themselves as
1242:The Buddha ("the Awakened One") was a
923:, and the cultivation of perfections (
887:, with the Buddha regarding it as the
27394:
26552:
26124:
23674:
23636:
23349:
20676:
20601:Ten Philosophical Questions: Buddhism
20513:
20265:
20261:, Cambridge: Harvard University Press
20256:
20110:from the original on 24 December 2015
20071:
19980:
19725:
19626:
19345:
19336:
19313:
19222:
19185:
19116:
19080:
19068:
18951:
18813:
18377:
18205:
18176:Nirvana and Other Buddhist Felicities
17937:from the original on 29 November 2014
17881:
17862:
17841:
17674:from the original on 28 February 2018
17605:from the original on 3 September 2020
17103:Dan Arnold and Alicia Turner (2018).
16887:
16792:
16456:
16310:
16274:
16262:
16130:European Journal of International Law
15705:
15693:
15473:from the original on 12 December 2019
15327:. Penguin Books. pp. xiii–xvii.
15308:
14945:
14666:
14654:
14612:
14600:
14584:
14407:
14380:
13913:
13691:See for example, Tsong-Kha-Pa (2015)
13607:. Yale University Press. p. 59.
13552:. New York University Press. p.
13466:
13402:
13271:
12494:Buddhism: Its Essence and Development
11946:
11889:
11838:
11490:
11413:, p. 71, Quote: "Nirvana is the
11410:
11301:The Foundation for Yoga Practitioners
11170:International Philosophical Quarterly
9825:from the original on 29 February 2020
9762:
9445:
9179:A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy
9144:
8964:
8913:
8822:
8782:
8606:
8345:South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia
8250:
7890:
7739:from the original on 13 February 2023
7719:
7707:
7497:, and perceives that he is liberated.
7449:
7403:
7263:article for various sites identified.
7051:Buddhism, Jainism and Bhakti movement
6938:. Large Buddhist populations live in
6894:Buddhism is the dominant religion in
6687:
6312:Interior of the Thai Buddhist wat in
5574:Gandhara birchbark scroll fragments (
5308:and sometimes is equivalent to it is
4611:tradition, contrasting them with the
4461:. Giving is a key virtue in Buddhism.
4311:Correct meditation or concentration (
4050:(The discourse on the turning of the
3998:tradition takes an ambiguous stance.
2170:to include the first versions of the
1796:
1384:("The discourse on the noble quest",
1076:as well as in Southeast Asia, namely
23607:
20475:from the original on 11 January 2023
20442:from the original on 11 January 2023
20409:from the original on 11 January 2023
20377:from the original on 11 January 2023
20197:from the original on 11 January 2023
20135:Encyclopedia of Religion and Society
19704:; Stede, William, eds. (1921–1925),
19659:from the original on 11 January 2023
19405:from the original on 11 January 2023
19273:
19264:
19252:from the original on 11 January 2023
19173:from the original on 11 January 2023
19030:from the original on 11 January 2023
18993:
18902:from the original on 11 January 2023
18870:from the original on 11 January 2023
18831:
18801:from the original on 11 January 2023
18672:from the original on 11 January 2023
18465:from the original on 11 January 2023
18340:
18282:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
18261:from the original on 11 January 2023
18226:from the original on 11 January 2023
18193:from the original on 11 January 2023
18161:from the original on 11 January 2023
18126:from the original on 11 January 2023
18042:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism
17990:from the original on 11 January 2023
17952:Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism
17705:from the original on 17 October 2019
17444:
17194:
17182:
16987:
16857:Sperry, Rod Meade (11 August 2017).
16838:from the original on 11 January 2023
16774:from the original on 22 October 2018
16681:from the original on 11 January 2023
16642:from the original on 11 January 2023
16579:from the original on 6 December 2022
16528:from the original on 11 January 2023
16286:
16229:
16037:
16025:
16001:
15930:from the original on 3 February 2021
15790:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 410.
15276:. Penguin Books. pp. xii–xiii.
15192:New York: Lantern Books. pp. 64-65.
15041:
14990:from the original on 11 January 2023
14921:
14228:
13621:from the original on 11 January 2023
13110:
12445:from the original on 11 January 2023
12406:from the original on 11 January 2023
12316:from the original on 11 January 2023
12277:from the original on 11 January 2023
12238:from the original on 11 January 2023
12199:from the original on 11 January 2023
12154:Nirvana: Concept, Imagery, Narrative
12103:Nirvana: Concept, Imagery, Narrative
11925:from the original on 11 January 2023
11871:from the original on 11 January 2023
11712:from the original on 11 January 2023
11695:Encyclopedia of Religion and Society
11661:from the original on 11 January 2023
11594:from the original on 11 January 2023
11562:from the original on 11 January 2023
11523:from the original on 11 January 2023
11281:from the original on 11 January 2023
11242:from the original on 11 January 2023
11202:from the original on 11 January 2023
11078:from the original on 11 January 2023
10986:from the original on 11 January 2023
10878:from the original on 11 January 2023
10625:
10240:from the original on 11 January 2023
10174:. Brill Academic. pp. 139–142.
10149:from the original on 11 January 2023
10135:. Brill Academic. pp. 102–106.
10037:from the original on 11 January 2023
9813:Salomon, Richard (20 January 2020).
9750:
9109:. Penguin Books. pp. 538, 571.
9009:from the original on 11 January 2023
8934:from the original on 11 January 2023
8855:from the original on 11 January 2023
8799:from the original on 2 December 2022
8381:Akira Hirakawa; Paul Groner (1993).
8362:from the original on 11 January 2023
8271:from the original on 11 January 2023
8076:Smith College Studies in Social Work
7989:
7675:, spanning parts of both modern-day
7634:Penguin Handbook of Living Religions
7461:, and p. 31 for a translation of it.
7197:
6656:, which reinterpreted Buddhism in a
6553:. Modern Buddhist movements include
6153:
5654:, were divided into three sections:
5117:
3163:
3116:), and right liberation or release (
2616:
2174:series, along with texts concerning
2115:
2104:in the 7th-century, followed by the
1911:resulted in the first schism in the
1572:and the historical emergence of the
20631:Religion and Spirituality: Buddhism
20619:Readings in Sanskrit Buddhist Canon
20615:, Hakuin Ekaku (Ed: Monika Bincsik)
20172:from the original on 19 August 2018
19673:The Journal of Religion and Culture
19074:Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction
18957:Collected Paper on Buddhist Studies
18507:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
18090:MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religions
17867:. Somerville: Wisdom Publications.
17293:. pp. 77–78, NY: Harper & Row.
16869:from the original on 17 August 2017
16824:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 171.
15817:. Asian Humanities Press. pp.
14680:Abhidharmakosabhasyam of Vasubandhu
14636:from the original on 21 August 2013
14106:Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–1925)
13318:
13111:Gold, Jonathan C. (22 April 2011).
9234:Edward Fitzpatrick Crangle (1994).
8511:, University of Chicago Press. p. 7
8437:, "Buddhism in the Iranian World,"
6840:based modalities. The influence of
6005:Various types of Buddhist buildings
5774:(Root Verses on the Middle Way) by
5768:), the most famous of which is the
5172:Empathetic joy (Pāli and Sanskrit:
4784:The training of the faculty called
4780:Mindfulness and clear comprehension
4551:"I undertake the training-precept (
4367:Mahayana Buddhist teachers such as
4321:
3934:clarify that the "Self" implied in
3913:. According to Paul Williams these
3701:
2108:and the later establishment of the
1673:, and supplemented by reference to
1555:
1353:community, which was governed by a
1185:, Buddhism was widely practiced in
24:
27364:Religions and spiritual traditions
23677:Religious groups and denominations
22647:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
20603:, Richard Hayes, Leiden University
20049:Stewart, James (22 January 2018).
19895:from the original on 27 April 2016
18390:A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy
17731:from the original on 28 April 2021
17692:
17493:from the original on 16 April 2021
17396:from the original on 16 April 2021
17383:
17365:from the original on 16 April 2021
16743:from the original on 16 April 2021
16731:Corder, Mike (14 September 2018).
16168:from the original on 19 April 2016
15980:p. 189. Greenhaven Publishing LLC.
15648:Williams, Tribe & Wynne (2012)
15624:Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras,
15536:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
15357:. Penguin Books. pp. xi–xxv.
14976:. Brill Academic. pp. 56–58.
14179:chapter 1. Windhorse Publications.
13415:Williams, Tribe & Wynne (2012)
11465:, pp. 28–29, Quote: "Seeing (
11399:Williams, Tribe & Wynne (2012)
10693:The History of Buddhism in Vietnam
8523:by Richard Cohen. Routledge 1999.
8477:by Richard Cohen. Routledge 1999.
8172:from the original on 31 March 2022
7996:Reynolds, Frank; Tucci, Giuseppe.
7209:The term is probably derived from
7106:Index of Buddhism-related articles
6834:Mindfulness-based stress reduction
5726:in South Korea, an edition of the
5206:Vajrayana § Tantra_techniques
5156:) is active good will towards all;
4644:of monks or nuns. It includes the
2989:) and bad, unskilful deeds (Pāli:
2690:(cessation, ending, confinement):
2432:into the Chinese territory of the
2422:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
2253:Vajrayana adopted deities such as
2031:Buddhist expansion throughout Asia
2008:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1688:
153:Decline in the Indian subcontinent
148:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
25:
28582:
23587:Gautama Buddha in world religions
20570:
20517:The Origin of Buddhist Meditation
20153:Nordic Institute of Asian Studies
19854:Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks
19714:from the original on 25 July 2021
19477:, London: Oxford University Press
19289:Nordic Institute of Asian Studies
18922:American Journal of Jurisprudence
18387:Emmanuel, Steven M., ed. (2013),
18382:, London: Edward Arnold & Co.
17814:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015).
17638:from the original on 29 July 2017
17289:& Richard De Martino (1960).
16712:from the original on 4 March 2019
16313:, pp. 60–63, 74–85, 185–187.
16158:"Attack on giant Pakistan Buddha"
15237:. Penguin Books. pp. xi–xv.
14893:Garson, Nathaniel DeWitt (2004).
13788:from the original on 8 July 2010.
13070:from the original on 30 July 2016
12610:(1997), Oxford University Press,
11141:, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
9788:Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy
8251:White, David Gordon, ed. (2000).
8154:Avison, Austin (4 October 2021).
8024:, p. 483, entry note: .
7921:from the original on 8 April 2020
6620:
6492:and receives government support.
6226:was developed by figures such as
6222:(1912–49), a new movement called
5877:(or just "Eastern Buddhism") and
5707:
5620:
5581:) from British Library Collection
5430:Based on the Indian principle of
5401:Most forms of Buddhism "consider
4506:) and 'regard for consequences' (
4315:), explained as the four jhānas.
3607:Source: MN 109 (Thanissaro, 2001)
2390:Spread to East and Southeast Asia
1934:according to the Edicts of Ashoka
1870:Ashokan Era and the early schools
1602:), and these influenced both the
28524:
28515:
28514:
28328:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
27470:Democratic Republic of the Congo
23616:
23606:
23328:
23318:
23317:
22875:Thai temple art and architecture
22620:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
20860:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
20726:
20713:
20703:
20289:Saṃsāra and Rebirth, in Buddhism
20271:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
20076:, University of California Press
19963:Skorupski, Tadeusz, ed. (1990),
19950:from the original on 19 May 2018
19916:Journal of the Pali Text Society
19589:Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism
19442:, University of California Press
18640:from the original on 1 July 2016
18019:from the original on 25 May 2017
17746:
17717:
17686:
17650:
17562:
17531:
17479:
17438:
17408:
17377:
17347:
17328:
17276:
17263:
17242:
17221:
17188:
17161:
17148:
17136:
17096:
17040:
16850:
16811:
16786:
16755:
16724:
16693:
16654:
16615:
16552:
16403:
16328:
16243:
16210:
16180:
16150:
16117:
16056:
16043:
15970:
15957:
15889:
15862:
15835:
15804:
15765:
15711:
15668:
15653:
15632:
15616:
15603:
15580:
15553:
15497:
15433:
15416:
15395:
15314:
15263:
15182:
15164:
15153:New York: Lantern Books. p. 76.
14963:
14887:
14836:
14778:
14751:
14672:
14618:
14551:
14524:
14374:
14357:
14234:
14198:
14169:
14156:
14147:
14086:
13792:
13685:
13676:
13594:
13537:
13506:
13305:
13216:
13184:
13159:
13123:from the original on 5 July 2019
13104:
13091:
13082:
13052:
12980:
12852:
12839:
12826:
12731:
12677:
12637:
12595:
12484:
12457:
12418:
12379:
12328:
12250:
12221:Understanding Eastern Philosophy
12211:
12172:
12144:
11991:
11844:
11805:
11535:
11506:Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings
11310:
11293:
11175:
11051:
11048:, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013)
10998:
10956:
10947:
10923:
10902:
10851:
10816:
10758:
10725:
10716:
10707:
10698:
10685:
10643:
10586:
10577:
10568:
10559:
10549:
10540:
10527:
10514:
10465:
10452:
10361:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00195.x
10277:
10274:, Vol NS32 Issue I, 2000, p. 161
10264:
10188:
10161:
10122:
10073:
9982:
9969:
9906:, pp. 77–78, Section 8.4.3.
9806:
9793:
9780:
7857:from the original on 21 May 2022
7645:
7591:
7578:
7565:
7552:
7542:
7529:
7500:
7482:
7473:
7422:
7413:
7382:
7372:
7362:
7352:
7327:
7029:
7015:
7001:the first Buddhist monastery of
6453:
6442:
6305:
6279:
6060:
6051:
6040:
6031:
6020:
6011:
5785:
5592:, and the corresponding Chinese
4774:practices which focus on fasting
2585:) used as a translation for the
1759:include the four principal Pali
1730:, Late Mahayana, and the era of
1653:Early Buddhist positions in the
1579:New ideas developed both in the
1388:26) and its Chinese parallel at
1181:. Historically, until the early
765:
719:
669:
88:
26935:Evolutionary origin of religion
20727:
20180:Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide
19934:Skilling, Peter (Summer 1997).
19486:, University of Hawai'i Press,
19013:Encyclopedia of Global Religion
18694:Gowans, Christopher W. (2014),
18420:Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices
17515:. The Pew Forum. Archived from
17291:Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis
16793:Shute, Joe (9 September 2018).
16628:. Routledge. pp. 175–179.
15875:. Routledge. pp. 157–160.
15750:, pp. 1–2, 49–58, 253–271.
15020:, pp. 73–75, 146–159, 243.
14195:, p. 9, Asian Humanities Press.
13805:. Wisdom Publications. p.
13695:, chapter three. Shambala Pubs.
12392:. Routledge. pp. 198–226.
11698:. Rowman Altamira. p. 66.
11641:Ronald Wesley Neufeldt (1986).
11348:Juergensmeyer & Roof (2011)
11267:. Routledge. pp. 162–165.
11172:, Volume 23, Issue 1, pp. 65–74
9526:
9481:
9422:
9303:
9288:. Routledge. pp. 125–126.
9197:
9169:
9096:
9045:
8982:
8920:. Springer Nature. p. 62.
8907:
8828:
8776:
8753:
8702:
8514:
8501:
8488:
8468:
8428:
8374:
8335:
8326:
8283:
8147:
8142:Schuhmacher & Woener (1991)
8070:Donner, Susan E. (April 2010).
8063:
7933:
7303:
7289:
7279:
7266:
7253:
7216:
7203:
7061:Buddhas and bodhisattvas in art
6862:
6832:, particularly the practice of
6617:'s spiritual director in 2017.
5964:Mahāyāna focuses mainly on the
5847:and performing sexual rituals.
5778:, the foundational text of the
5420:Vegetarianism and animal ethics
5159:Compassion (Pāli and Sanskrit:
4828:, "mindfulness of breathing").
4350:Hearing and learning the Dharma
2858:(ignorance), and the resulting
2749:Most schools of Buddhism teach
2239:Late Indian Buddhism and Tantra
2106:Muslim conquests of Afghanistan
1706:, Cave 10, a first period type
1622:ultimately emerged from these.
1548:For a chronological guide, see
824:world's fourth-largest religion
27286:Separation of church and state
25966:Polytheistic reconstructionism
22865:Japanese Buddhist architecture
22667:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
21747:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
20938:Places where the Buddha stayed
20607:Readings in Theravada Buddhism
20562:The Buddhist Conquest of China
20297:10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0141
19817:Schmidt-Leukel, Perry (2006),
19791:, Cambridge University Press,
19788:The Origins of Yoga and Tantra
19525:, Buddhist Publication Society
19385:McClelland, Norman C. (2010),
19323:, Princeton University Press,
18752:, Cambridge University Press,
18729:, Cambridge University Press,
18345:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
18179:. Cambridge University Press.
17658:"The 2013 Census and religion"
17538:Moudgil, Manu (17 June 2017).
16478:Journal of South Asian Studies
16341:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 360–362.
16338:The War on Terror Encyclopedia
15896:Samuels, Jeffrey (July 1997).
14534:The Classification of Buddhism
14383:Yoga, Brief History of an Idea
14166:, Routledge, 2013, p. 467-468.
11841:, p. 430 with footnote 1.
11125:, p. 64; "Central to Buddhist
10223:The Silk Road in World History
9977:A Concise History of Buddhism.
9490:The Oxford Handbook of Atheism
9042:Encyclopædia Britannica (2015)
7869:
7838:
7807:
7783:
7751:
7725:
7665:
7658:
7300:, quoted by Christopher Queen.
7066:Buddhism and Eastern religions
6351:that paved the way for modern
6264:
5559:
5089:Four Ways to Arahantship Sutta
5018:Brahma heavenly realms, while
4682:Living at the root of a tree (
3716:): Buddha, Dharma and Sangha.
3646:"Emptiness" or "voidness" (Skt
3582:Mental Factors arise from the
2485:was introduced from India and
2443:(148–180 CE). The first known
1119:is predominantly practised in
13:
1:
25009:Traditional Sabahan religions
22880:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
20637:The Future of Buddhism series
20621:, Nagarjuna Institute – UWest
20357:Williams, Paul, ed. (2005a),
19856:, University of Hawai'i Press
19566:, Columbia University Press,
19471:A Sanskrit-English Dictionary
19350:, University of Chicago Press
19346:Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (2009),
19337:Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (2001),
18611:Gombrich, Richard F. (2006).
18593:Gombrich, Richard F. (1997),
18056:, MacMillan Reference Books,
17970:Bronkhorst, Johannes (2013).
17949:Bronkhorst, Johannes (2011).
17921:Bronkhorst, Johannes (1998),
17083:Tricycle: The Buddhist Review
16491:10.1080/00856401.2015.1049726
15965:"Encyclopedia of Monasticism"
14626:"What is Theravada Buddhism?"
14482:, p. Chapter 9, page 86.
13662:. Routledge. pp. 12–13.
12902:p. 16. John Wiley & Sons.
12497:. Courier. pp. 125–137.
12464:Gananath Obeyesekere (2012).
12224:. Routledge. pp. 58–60.
12054:, pp. 135–177, 188, 443.
11977:. Routledge. pp. 31–34.
11812:Norman C. McClelland (2010).
11548:. Routledge. pp. 42–43.
11509:. Routledge. pp. 23–27.
11299:Ulrich Timme Kragh (editor),
11137:John C. Plott et al. (2000),
11064:. Routledge. pp. 42–43.
10932:(1968). Walter F. Vella, ed.
10912:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
10672:Sources of Japanese tradition
10401:, pp. 252–253, 263, 268.
8664:. Routledge. pp. 16–29.
8203:Robinson & Johnson (1997)
7690:
7628:Robinson & Johnson (1982)
6789:. Buddhist philosophers like
6373:World Parliament of Religions
6288:World Parliament of Religions
5575:
5355:, and liberates a being from
3855:includes holy beings such as
3047:
2936:(inexpressible) personality (
2603:nang pa sangs rgyas pa'i chos
2547:was the dominant religion in
2468:
2410:
2274:
2217:
1629:three Vedic sacrificial fires
1414:(Sanskrit: Arada Kalama) and
1398:) of life and death, and its
1269:
23662:
22637:Buddhism and the Roman world
22613:Decline of Buddhism in India
22608:History of Buddhism in India
20708: Topics in
20348:Williams, Paul, ed. (2005),
20142:Terwiel, Barend Jan (2012),
20084:; Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2015),
19812:, Cambridge University Press
19447:Mitchell, Donald W. (2002),
19305:Lindtner, Christian (1997),
19204:Klostermaier, Klaus (2010).
18827:, Greenwood Publishing Group
18825:Culture and Customs of India
18823:Henderson, Carol E. (2002),
18652:Gowans, Christopher (2004).
18362:The Encyclopedia of religion
18323:Davidson, Ronald M. (2003),
18147:, Harvard University Press,
18070:Carrithers, Michael (1986),
18044:, Princeton University Press
17893:Buddhist Publication Society
16994:Indian Journal of Psychiatry
15963:Johnston, William M. (2013)
15660:Wallis, Christopher (2016).
15390:Sujato & Brahmali (2015)
14381:White, David Gordon (2011).
13780:. Metaphysics Research Lab,
13115:. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
12711:David J. Kalupahana (1975).
12629:, p. 64, Quote: In the
11542:Christmas Humphreys (2012).
11451:Buswell & Gimello (1992)
11401:, pp. 18–19, chapter 1.
11058:Christmas Humphreys (2012).
10533:Davidson, Ronald M.,(2002).
9543:Sujato & Brahmali (2015)
8441:. 100/2-3, 2010, pp. 204-214
8180:– via Digital Commons.
8088:10.1080/00377317.2010.486361
7695:
7166:World Buddhist Scout Council
7126:List of converts to Buddhism
5987:(word of the Buddha) at all.
5843:practices such as ingesting
5465:A depiction of the supposed
4702:to meditation. According to
4167:, and the importance of the
3959:Buddhist paths to liberation
2570:
1695:History of Buddhism in India
1429:regime and various forms of
1213:The names Buddha Dharma and
1208:
351:Buddhist Paths to liberation
57:bronze statue of the Buddha
7:
27144:National religiosity levels
26391:Nauruan Indigenous religion
25946:Hellenism (modern religion)
21835:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
21575:
20533:
20493:(2nd ed.), Routledge,
20291:, Oxford University Press,
20183:, Oxford University Press,
19451:, Oxford University Press,
19367:Makransky, John J. (1997),
19085:, Oxford University Press,
18615:(2nd ed.). Routledge.
18436:Frauwallner, Erich (1973),
18247:, Oxford University Press,
17916:, Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
17227:Fromm, Erich (1989, 2002).
16207:, Etymology, Douglas Harper
15593:, Clearpoint Press. p. 15.
15405:Motilal Banarsidass, p. 3.
14164:Encyclopedia of Monasticism
14162:Johnston, William M. (ed.)
14108:, p. 377, "Nekkhamma".
10326:(4): 93–107. Archived from
8841:. Kosei. pp. 127–129.
7222:Buddhist texts such as the
7008:
6593:Sexual abuse and misconduct
6510:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
5390:
5102:Beginning with comments by
4961:from Brahmanical teachers.
4513:
4047:Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta
3528:
2666:at things, ideas and habits
1891:
1516:Buddhist schools of thought
1157:
1015:
991:
939:
925:
836:
10:
28587:
26553:
22785:The unanswerable questions
20211:Present-Day Spiritualities
20072:Spiro, Melford E. (1982),
19999:Southwold, Martin (1978).
19823:, Dunedin Academic Press,
19051:Journal of Buddhist Ethics
18630:Gombrich, Richard (2007),
18554:Gombrich, Richard (1984),
18101:, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag
17973:Buddhist Teaching in India
17825:Princeton University Press
16988:Aich, Tapas Kumar (2013).
16547:Keown & Prebish (2013)
16445:Keown & Prebish (2013)
16226:, Encyclopaedia Britannica
16062:Schedneck, Brooke (2015).
15952:Keown & Prebish (2013)
15784:Kenneth W. Morgan (1986).
15568:University of Hawaii Press
15452:Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal
14564:. Routledge. p. 179.
13601:Martine Batchelor (2014).
13296:Buswell & Lopez (2003)
12040:Buswell & Lopez (2003)
11998:Bruce Reichenbach (1990).
11818:. McFarland. p. 141.
11626:Buswell & Lopez (2003)
10093:Keown & Prebish (2004)
8583:Keown & Prebish (2010)
7960:10.1177/239693931503900108
7954:(1): 28–29, January 2015,
7915:Global Religious Landscape
6866:
6691:
6668:, Buddhism is parallel to
6545:(r. 1851–68), and his son
6499:
6488:, it is recognised as the
6349:Thomas William Rhys Davids
6268:
6246:meanwhile, the arrival of
6157:
5995:
5881:(or "Northern Buddhism").
5854:
5789:
5711:
5670:(Buddhist discourses) and
5624:
5563:
5454:
5423:
5394:
5266:
5199:
5124:
5029:
5022:leads into arupa heavens.
4941:. While evidence suggests
4928:
4851:
4674:Restraint and renunciation
4625:
4517:
4498:(Good-Will), Heedfulness (
4483:) adopted by a monastery.
4446:
4383:
4362:Cula-Hatthipadopama Sutta,
4076:
3956:
3870:
3796:
3781:
3723:
3705:
3262:
3167:
3051:
2961:
2889:
2885:
2835:
2831:
2726:
2631:, taught in Buddhism are:
2620:
2574:
2519:after the 5th century CE (
2242:
2119:
2005:
1873:
1741:
1692:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1457:and attained "Awakening" (
1425:, which included a strict
1299:
29:
28510:
28429:
28346:
28218:
27963:
27688:
27405:
27401:
27390:
27299:
27224:
27000:
26908:
26845:
26563:
26559:
26548:
26133:
26120:
26045:
25868:
25850:Transcendental Meditation
25743:
25730:
25695:
25443:
25420:
25409:
25336:
25299:
25088:
24984:
24966:
24910:
24901:
24818:
24746:
24597:
24588:
24546:
24518:
24476:
24409:
24400:
24391:
24357:
24324:
24296:
24287:
24237:
24104:
23791:
23705:
23696:
23687:
23683:
23670:
23602:
23388:
23313:
23265:
23180:
23095:
22870:Buddhist temples in Korea
22793:
22695:
22578:
22275:
22203:
22030:
21903:
21843:
21478:
21433:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
21344:
21336:Three planes of existence
21284:
21129:
21021:
20951:
20943:Buddha in world religions
20805:
20750:
20722:
20633:at Open Directory Project
20514:Wynne, Alexander (2007),
20333:Buddhist Thought in India
20273:(3rd ed.), Longman,
20219:10.1163/9789004260061_003
20213:. BRILL. pp. 21–41.
19922:: 109–182. Archived from
19785:Samuel, Geoffrey (2008),
19195:Kingsland, James (2016),
19076:, Oxford University Press
18549:, Oxford University Press
18422:, Sussex Academic Press,
18315:; reprinted in Williams,
18290:10.1017/S1356186300014760
18284:, Series 3 (6.1): 57–63,
18106:Choong, Mun-Keat (1999),
18097:Choong, Mun-keat (2000),
17359:www.asiasocietymuseum.org
17311:Johnson & Grim (2013)
15507:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 2.
14791:. ABC-CLIO. p. 125.
14764:. Scarecrow. p. 73.
14422:, p. Part I: page 5.
14280:10.1017/S0034412500010076
14240:Vetter, Tilmann (1988), "
13772:Goodman, Charles (2017).
13060:"What is the Triple Gem?"
12993:26 September 2016 at the
12834:"Buddhism as philosophy,"
11160:13 September 2017 at the
10017:Barbara Crandall (2012).
9261:Patrick Olivelle (1992).
8989:Barbara Crandall (2012).
8783:Wynne, Alexander (2019).
8658:Edward J. Thomas (2013).
8507:Lopez, Donald S. (1995).
8495:Sakya or Buddhist Origins
8348:. Routledge. p. 80.
6836:(MBSR) and other similar
6625:There is consensus among
6140:Japanese Buddhist temples
5233:Unsurpassable Yoga Tantra
4621:
4379:
4255:
4191:
4130:
4063:Cula-Hatthipadopama-sutta
4057:Other suttas such as the
3888:school variously, termed
3817:Buddha Tooth Relic Temple
3792:
3777:
3719:
3698:circulating at the time.
3666:), for example as in the
3603:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3540:
3464:
3450:
3398:
3391:
3385:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3328:
3325:
3311:
3304:
3299:
3275:
2979:: "action, work") drives
2717:other paths to liberation
2483:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
2463:(6th–7th centuries), and
1585:historical Vedic religion
1235:
1229:
1223:
891:between extremes such as
36:. For the racehorse, see
27455:Central African Republic
24556:Vietnamese folk religion
23947:Charismatic Christianity
23533:Physical characteristics
22652:Persecution of Buddhists
21873:Four stages of awakening
21254:Three marks of existence
20840:Physical characteristics
20613:Readings in Zen Buddhism
20422:Williams, Paul (2005c).
20389:Williams, Paul (2005b).
20363:, Taylor & Francis,
20236:Vetter, Tilmann (1988),
20115:Swearer, Donald (2004),
19907:Skilling, Peter (1992).
19232:Krishan, Yuvraj (1997).
19156:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
19137:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
19101:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
18480:Journal of Asian History
18173:Collins, Steven (1998).
18054:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
17784:Anderson, Carol (2013),
17779:, Windhorse Publications
17248:Kabat-Zinn, Jon (2005).
17168:Dreyfus, George (1997).
17007:10.4103/0019-5545.105517
16664:Fundamentalisms Observed
16412:Philosophy East and West
16301:, pp. 18–23, 76–88.
16249:Coleman, James William,
15904:Philosophy East and West
15401:Mun-Keat Choong (1999).
15176:19 November 2005 at the
14705:JOCBS. 2016 (11): 38-51.
14587:, pp. 269–270, 440
14507:Buddhist Insight: Essays
14206:Philosophy East and West
13604:The Spirit of the Buddha
13544:David L. Weddle (2010).
13333:Volume 7, Number 2, 1984
13311:Carole Anderson (2013),
13197:literature, such as the
12425:Mun-Keat Choong (1999).
12296:Mun-Keat Choong (1999).
11010:Encyclopaedia Britannica
9176:Hajime Nakamura (1983).
8835:Hajime Nakamura (2000).
8767:21 December 2022 at the
8699:, pp. 18–19, 50–51.
8411:A Dictionary of Buddhism
8241:, pp. 392–393, 415.
8217:, pp. 27–28, 73–74.
7823:. Springer Netherlands.
7817:; Jefferey Long (2017).
7276:, which means monastery.
7161:Buddhism in Central Asia
7136:Persecution of Buddhists
7116:List of Buddhist temples
6589:) doctrine of Buddhism.
6380:Buddhist Society, London
5953:Three marks of existence
5898:Encyclopedia of Religion
5450:
5202:Tibetan Tantric Practice
4978:The formless attainments
4974:meditation of Hinduism.
4971:Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
4436:strengthens the heart".
4171:and the True Realities.
3867:Other key Mahāyāna views
3386:
2957:
2751:three marks of existence
2729:Three marks of existence
2723:Three marks of existence
2326:According to Indologist
2150:. Second–third century.
2087:Gandharan Buddhist texts
1958:), temples (such as the
1815:three marks of existence
1491:fully enlightened Buddha
913:three marks of existence
27349:New religious movements
26987:Theories about religion
26940:Evolutionary psychology
25991:Modern Finnish paganism
24023:Independent Catholicism
23430:ten principal disciples
22015:Ten principal disciples
20898:(aunt, adoptive mother)
20653:20 October 2020 at the
20455:Williams, Paul (2008),
20339:Williams, Paul (2002),
20331:Williams, Paul (2000),
20313:Williams, Paul (1989),
20257:Welch, B. Alan (1967),
20177:Trainor, Kevin (2004),
19530:Paranjpe, A.C. (1998),
19466:Monier-Williams, Monier
19278:, Bloomsbury Publishing
19121:, Sterling Publishing,
18959:, Motilal Banarsidass,
18721:Harvey, Peter (1998) ,
18712:Harvey, Graham (2016),
18558:, Motilal Banarsidass,
18504:Foundations of Buddhism
18378:Eliot, Charles (1935),
18364:, New York: Macmillan,
18341:Dutt, Sukumar (1988) .
18112:, Motilal Banarsidass,
17976:. Wisdom Publications.
17863:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2005).
17849:, Wisdom Publications,
17445:Kuah, Khun Eng (1991).
17252:. pp. 12–13. Hyperion.
17172:. SUNY. pp. 15–16.
16890:The History of Buddhism
16622:Rory Mackenzie (2007).
16222:4 December 2018 at the
16203:5 December 2018 at the
16192:5 December 2018 at the
14092:Webster, David (2004).
13591:, pp. 83, 273–274.
13064:www.accesstoinsight.org
12862:p. 91. RoutledgeCurzon.
12832:Siderits, Mark (2007).
12631:Mahatanhasankhaya Sutta
12218:Ray Billington (2002).
12179:Steven Collins (1990).
12151:Steven Collins (2010).
12100:Steven Collins (2010).
11905:Naomi Appleton (2014).
11153:Katie Javanaud (2013),
11109:22 January 2021 at the
11044:22 January 2021 at the
10908:Myint-U, Thant (2006).
10520:Ray, Reginald A (2000)
9282:Christoph Wulf (2016).
9147:Queen & King (1996)
8785:"Did the Buddha exist?"
7878:Encyclopædia Britannica
7875:"Buddhism". (2009). In
7845:Siderits, Mark (2019).
7096:Dalit Buddhist Movement
6502:Dalit Buddhist movement
5992:Monasteries and temples
5146:Loving-kindness (Pāli:
4982:Often grouped into the
4916:upekkhā-sati-parisuddhi
4301:8. Right concentration
4029:) to liberation in the
3903:) or "Tathagata-womb" (
3750:and other holy beings (
3231:(sensory stimulation),
1909:Second Buddhist council
1507:", at the age of 80 in
903:, and the doctrines of
808:philosophical tradition
371:Philosophical reasoning
27998:Bosnia and Herzegovina
26006:Erzyan native religion
25855:Unitarian Universalism
25261:Native American Church
24067:Oneness Pentecostalism
22725:Buddhism and democracy
22238:Tibetan Buddhist canon
22233:Chinese Buddhist canon
21465:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
21460:Early Buddhist schools
20667:Buddhism for Beginners
19879:Shults, Brett (2014),
19820:Understanding Buddhism
19642:What the Buddha Taught
19436:Miller, Barbara Stoler
19360:Buddhist Phenomenology
19223:Konik, Adrian (2009),
19117:Keown, Damien (2009),
19083:Dictionary of Buddhism
19081:Keown, Damien (2003),
19057:: 1–12, archived from
19042:Kasulis, T.P. (2006),
18914:Horigan, D.P. (1996),
18882:Hookham, S.K. (1991),
18832:Hill, John E. (2009),
18781:Harvey, Peter (2013).
18743:Harvey, Peter (2000),
18597:, Munshiram Manoharlal
18206:Conze, Edward (2013),
18003:Bucknell, Rod (1984),
17572:. ZNAK. Archived from
16124:Francioni, F. (2003).
16051:Buddhist Architecture.
15869:John M Koller (2016).
15609:Wayman, Alex (2008).
14761:The A to Z of Buddhism
14531:Bruno Petzold (1995).
13799:Bodhi Bhikkhu (1997).
13513:Andrew Powell (1989).
13099:Buddhism as philosophy
12738:Genjun Sasaki (1986).
12364:, p. 56, note 23.
12338:Buddhist Phenomenology
11733:, pp. 131, 32–34.
11503:Oliver Leaman (2002).
11453:, pp. 7–8, 83–84.
10765:Andrew Powell (1989).
10171:The Spread of Buddhism
9611:, pp. xxi–xxxvii.
9461:Mark Siderits (2007).
9337:, pp. 237–240, 247–249
9204:Klaus G. Witz (1998).
9103:Abraham Eraly (2011).
8509:Curators of the Buddha
7549:object would be like".
7272:Bihar is derived from
7171:Polytheism in Buddhism
6958:. The Indian state of
6842:Buddhism on psychology
6730:
6714:
6633:and commentators like
6496:Neo-Buddhism movements
6384:Das Buddhistische Haus
6183:Colonial era and after
6179:
6115:forms of monasticism.
5889:
5851:Schools and traditions
5731:
5728:Chinese Buddhist canon
5637:early Buddhist schools
5612:. The modern study of
5582:
5549:Chinese Buddhist canon
5474:
5467:First Buddhist council
5426:Buddhist vegetarianism
5215:
5032:Meditation and insight
5026:Meditation and insight
4882:
4691:
4637:
4588:
4537:
4529:
4462:
4346:
3938:doctrine is actually "
3920:Tathāgatagarbha Sutras
3910:Tathāgatagarbha sūtras
3820:
3259:Not-Self and Emptiness
3092:and the attainment of
3083:
2909:
2828:
2746:
2417:
2262:
2194:
2154:
2032:
2020:, and even farther to
2002:Post-Ashokan expansion
1935:
1898:first Buddhist council
1876:Early Buddhist schools
1744:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
1738:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
1734:or the "Tantric Age".
1720:pre-sectarian Buddhism
1715:
1587:, including Buddhism,
1449:tree — now called the
1297:
1289:
1161:, is practised in the
1040:Indestructible Vehicle
851:attachment or clinging
138:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
66:
28318:Saint Kitts and Nevis
27615:São Tomé and Príncipe
27475:Republic of the Congo
25703:Aboriginal Australian
24419:Chinese folk religion
22735:Eight Consciousnesses
20845:Life of Buddha in art
20461:, London: Routledge,
20317:, London: Routledge,
20287:Wilson, Jeff (2010),
19965:Buddhist Forum, vol I
19929:on 13 September 2015.
19838:Schmithausen, Lambert
19726:Roach, Peter (2011),
19645:, Oneworld Classics,
19587:Powers, John (2007).
19482:Nattier, Jan (2003),
19339:The Story of Buddhism
19265:Kuan, Tse-fu (2007).
19139:, London: Routledge,
19103:, London: Routledge,
19016:, Sage Publications,
18579:, London: Routledge,
18556:The World of Buddhism
18547:Sayings of the Buddha
18445:Fuller, Paul (2005).
18440:, Motilal Banarsidass
18418:Fowler, Merv (1999),
17154:Fang, Litian (2018).
16424:10.1353/pew.2004.0006
16164:. 12 September 2007.
16143:10.1093/ejil/14.4.619
16049:Huu Phuoc Le (2010).
15842:Erika Wilson (2012).
15811:N. Ross Reat (1994).
15503:Crosby, Kate (2013).
15351:Donald Lopez (2004).
15321:Donald Lopez (2004).
15270:Donald Lopez (2004).
15231:Donald Lopez (2004).
15188:Phelps, Norm (2004).
15149:Phelps, Norm (2004).
14785:Diane Morgan (2010).
14701:21 March 2020 at the
14682:. Vol. III, page 925.
14603:, pp. 1251–1253.
14218:10.1353/pew.2014.0074
13222:Suzuki, D.T. (1956),
13201:actually refer to an
13199:Mahaparinirvana Sutra
12898:Crosby, Kate (2013).
12491:Edward Conze (2012).
12386:Peter Harvey (2013).
12335:Dan Lusthaus (2014).
11574:Brian Morris (2006).
11182:Brian Morris (2006).
10796:Lars Fogelin (2015).
10314:Kudara, Kogi (2002).
10129:Jason Neelis (2010).
10079:"Abhidhamma Pitaka".
9038:27 April 2020 at the
8914:K.T.S, Sarao (2020).
8709:Kurt Tropper (2013).
8408:Damien Keown (2004).
7638:Prebish & Keown,
7601:of Hinduism describe
7213:, "standing unstable"
7151:Tengrism and Buddhism
7091:Criticism of Buddhism
7086:Chinese folk religion
7056:Buddha's Dispensation
6743:Buddhist architecture
6720:
6701:
6516:new forms of Buddhism
6214:(which also affected
6171:
5998:Buddhist architecture
5937:Dependent origination
5887:
5879:Indo-Tibetan Buddhism
5771:Mūlamadhyamika-karikā
5721:
5573:
5506:palm-leaf manuscripts
5464:
5436:Mahaparinirvana sutra
5263:Insight and knowledge
5213:
4873:
4681:
4635:
4456:
4329:
4282:7. Right mindfulness
4107:three basic divisions
3863:and stream-enterers.
3814:
3223:(the sentient body),
3203:and rebirth, through
3086:The cessation of the
3065:
2899:
2815:
2736:
2397:
2252:
2188:
2129:
2030:
1966:and to the island of
1929:
1823:dependent origination
1702:
1566:"Second urbanisation"
1439:. He famously sat in
1382:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta
1295:
1277:
905:dependent origination
846:in the 20th century.
406:Aids to Enlightenment
231:Dependent Origination
48:
27940:United Arab Emirates
26731:Religious experience
26127:Historical religions
24576:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
23908:Schwenkfelder Church
23408:Noble Eightfold Path
23212:East Asian religions
22642:Buddhism in the West
22213:Early Buddhist texts
21828:Four Right Exertions
21294:Ten spiritual realms
20787:Noble Eightfold Path
20625:Readings in Buddhism
20564:, Leiden: E.J. Brill
19521:Nyanatiloka (1980),
19320:Buddhism in Practice
19315:Lopez, Donald S. Jr.
19206:A Survey of Hinduism
18999:The Eastern Buddhist
18934:10.1093/ajj/41.1.271
18573:Gombrich, Richard F.
18451:. Psychology Press.
17910:Bronkhorst, Johannes
17340:3 March 2016 at the
16807:on 2 September 2021.
16400:, pp. xv–xviii.
16335:Jan Goldman (2014).
15772:Eliade et al. (1987)
14846:Buddhism in Practice
14748:, pp. 154, 326.
14669:, pp. 268, 439.
14504:Alex Wayman (1984).
13355:Ajahn Sucitto (2010)
13345:, pp. xiii–xiv.
12858:Ronkin, Noa (2005).
11389:, pp. 172, 240.
10966:(21 December 2017).
10272:The Eastern Buddhist
10119:, pp. 103, 119.
8712:Tibetan Inscriptions
8308:7 April 2021 at the
8022:Monier-Williams 1899
7764:. ABC-CLIO. p.
7640:Introducing Buddhism
7071:Buddhism and science
6930:, Hong Kong, Macau,
6478:Buddhism in the West
6271:Buddhism in the West
6198:Anagarika Dharmapala
5961:(aids to awakening).
5945:Noble Eightfold Path
5918:the Buddha Sakyamuni
5566:Early Buddhist Texts
5484:Indo-Aryan languages
5413:Devotional practices
5093:Abhidharmakośakārikā
4891:and the practice of
4258:(Sanskrit and Pāli:
4240:5. Right livelihood
4079:Noble Eightfold Path
4073:Noble Eightfold Path
4038:Noble Eightfold Path
4031:Early Buddhist Texts
4011:Noble Eightfold Path
3975:Noble Eightfold Path
3890:Vijñaptimātratā-vāda
3668:Pheṇapiṇḍūpama Sutta
3640:Anattalakkhana Sutta
3565:is derived from the
3211:(ignorance) exists,
3106:Noble Eightfold Path
2808:The cycle of rebirth
2713:Noble Eightfold Path
2577:Glossary of Buddhism
2563:during the reign of
2261:in Tibetan Buddhism.
2134:, the future buddha
1807:Noble Eightfold Path
1763:(and their parallel
1757:early Buddhist Texts
1750:Lambert Schmithausen
1550:Timeline of Buddhism
1518:, each with its own
1308:Early Buddhist Texts
964:School of the Elders
901:Eightfold Noble Path
877:meditation practices
875:. This path employs
376:Devotional practices
199:Noble Eightfold Path
28333:Trinidad and Tobago
28228:Antigua and Barbuda
27396:Religion by country
26457:Cult of Magna Mater
25046:Philippine Dayawism
24627:Nimbarka Sampradaya
24375:Chinese Manichaeism
24047:Jehovah's Witnesses
23852:Proto-Protestantism
23467:Mahapajapati Gotami
23335:Religion portal
23082:Temple of the Tooth
22961:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
22000:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
21493:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
21276:Two truths doctrine
21096:Mahapajapati Gotamī
20896:Mahapajapati Gotamī
20609:, Access to Insight
20352:, London: Routledge
20093:, Chroniker Press,
19631:, pp. 524–535.
19523:Buddhist Dictionary
19309:, Dharma Publishing
19190:, pp. 613–630.
18989:on 20 October 2013.
18953:Jaini, Padmanabh S.
18689:, pp. 429–451.
18396:, Wiley-Blackwell,
18306:on 20 December 2010
17665:royalsociety.org.nz
17185:, pp. 332–333.
16612:, pp. 125–128.
16472:Skaria, A. (2015).
16459:, pp. 524–529.
16237:The White Buddhist,
16114:, pp. 414–417.
16090:, pp. 409–410.
15814:Buddhism: A History
15494:, pp. 282–283.
15354:Buddhist Scriptures
15324:Buddhist Scriptures
15273:Buddhist Scriptures
15234:Buddhist Scriptures
15140:, pp. 156–159.
15128:, pp. 157–158.
15116:, pp. 243–244.
15092:, pp. 239–240.
15032:, pp. 664–665.
14758:Carl Olson (2009).
14729:, pp. 172–174.
14059:, pp. 101–107.
13964:, pp. 178–179.
13782:Stanford University
13762:, pp. 187–193.
13393:, pp. 253–255.
13313:Pain and its Ending
12889:, pp. 244–245.
12767:, pp. 151–152.
12674:, pp. 153–155.
12376:, pp. 191–233.
12042:, pp. 589–590.
11971:James Egge (2013).
11949:, pp. 124–128.
11892:, pp. 239–248.
11628:, pp. 708–709.
11441:, pp. 711–712.
11350:, pp. 271–272.
11331:Klostermaier (2010)
11129:is the doctrine of
10964:Donald S. Lopez Jr.
10755:, pp. 242–246.
10604:, pp. 184–185.
10499:, pp. 236–237.
10425:, pp. 193–194.
10295:on 18 December 2019
9954:, pp. 175–176.
9624:Schmithausen (1981)
9419:, pp. 125–129.
9366:, pp. 123–125.
9055:Rebuilding Buddhism
8992:Gender and Religion
8585:, pp. 105–106.
8129:, pp. 233–237.
7673:Indo-Gangetic plain
7584:Williams refers to
7247:Lalitavistara Sūtra
7131:Outline of Buddhism
7081:Buddhist philosophy
7076:Buddhism by country
6869:Buddhism by country
6735:Buddhist philosophy
6711:World Heritage Site
6694:Culture of Buddhism
6563:Dhammakaya movement
6557:in many countries,
6388:Datsan Gunzechoinei
6232:Cultural Revolution
6224:Humanistic Buddhism
6204:East Asian Buddhism
6160:Buddhism by country
6101:Sarnath's Deer Park
5875:East Asian Buddhism
5857:Schools of Buddhism
4937:hymn 10.136 of the
4854:Buddhist meditation
4502:), 'self-respect' (
4423:Chandogya Upanishad
4176:2. Right intention
3966:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
3953:Paths to liberation
3681:school, and in the
3567:Four Great Elements
2952:a complex cosmology
2827:with its six realms
2799:is peaceful/peace (
2762:: unease, suffering
2583:Donald S. Lopez Jr.
2553:Hanthawaddy Kingdom
2477:During the Chinese
2321:David Seyfort Ruegg
2213:(established under
1591:and others such as
1544:History of Buddhism
676:Buddhism portal
549:Buddhism by country
311:Sanskrit literature
63:Kanagawa Prefecture
28268:Dominican Republic
27314:Abrahamic prophets
26430:Proto-Indo-Iranian
25019:Aliran Kepercayaan
24222:Non-denominational
24144:Modernist Salafism
23830:Oriental Orthodoxy
23447:Great Renunciation
23442:Eight Great Events
23257:Western philosophy
22855:Dzong architecture
22677:Vipassana movement
22672:Buddhist modernism
22100:Emperor Wen of Sui
21868:Pratyekabuddhayāna
21801:Threefold Training
21603:Vipassana movement
21319:Hungry Ghost realm
21139:Avidyā (Ignorance)
21086:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
20835:Great Renunciation
20830:Eight Great Events
20712:
20597:, East West Center
18595:How Buddhism Began
18239:Coogan, Michael D.
18050:Buswell, Robert E.
17955:. Brill Academic.
17550:on 9 November 2022
17487:"Vietnam Buddhism"
17464:10.1111/apv.321002
17158:p. 212. Routledge.
17110:The New York Times
17062:van der Velde 2014
16976:van der Velde 2014
15976:Hay, Jeff (2009).
15967:p. 600. Routledge.
15719:"Tibetan Buddhism"
14096:p. 124. Routledge.
13928:, pp. 33, 71.
13274:, pp. 24, 59.
13262:, pp. 23, 81.
12257:David Loy (2009).
11802:, pp. 47, 55.
11545:Exploring Buddhism
11061:Exploring Buddhism
10220:Xinru Liu (2010).
10198:Brill, 2004, p. 13
10194:Kurt A. Behrendt,
8661:The Life of Buddha
8254:Tantra in Practice
8161:The Hilltop Review
7349:and other schools.
7191:Buddhism and caste
7181:Buddhist modernism
6751:Buddhist festivals
6731:
6725:, built under the
6715:
6713:, pictured in 2019
6688:Cultural influence
6654:Henry Steel Olcott
6464:Buddhas of Bamiyan
6369:Henry Steel Olcott
6190:Buddhist modernism
6180:
6164:Buddhist modernism
5890:
5792:Tantras (Buddhism)
5732:
5643:(Triple Baskets).
5583:
5579: 1st century
5475:
5447:modern Buddhists.
5238:anuttarayogatantra
5216:
5181:Equanimity (Pāli:
4883:
4881:("sitting dhyana")
4692:
4638:
4597:karmic retribution
4463:
4357:Samaññaphala Sutta
4347:
3833:stage of awakening
3821:
3227:(our six senses),
3124:as identical with
3084:
3058:Nirvana (Buddhism)
2910:
2900:Ramabhar Stupa in
2892:Rebirth (Buddhism)
2838:Saṃsāra (Buddhism)
2829:
2747:
2711:, classically the
2567:(1237/1247–1298).
2545:Theravada Buddhism
2495:Pure Land Buddhism
2418:
2263:
2195:
2155:
2142:, the bodhisattva
2074:Gandharan Buddhism
2047:Greco-Buddhist art
2033:
1936:
1797:The Core teachings
1716:
1710:worship hall with
1604:āstika and nāstika
1471:Samaññaphala Sutta
1466:Mahāsaccaka-sutta,
1400:endless repetition
1298:
1290:
853:is the "cause" of
163:Buddhist modernism
67:
28538:
28537:
28506:
28505:
28502:
28501:
27490:Equatorial Guinea
27386:
27385:
27382:
27381:
26925:Cognitive science
26544:
26543:
26477:Mysteries of Isis
26273:Frankish paganism
26116:
26115:
26112:
26111:
26108:
26107:
25860:White Brotherhood
25726:
25725:
25691:
25690:
25080:Sundanese Wiwitan
24897:
24896:
24893:
24892:
24622:Brahma Sampradaya
24584:
24583:
24387:
24386:
24383:
24382:
24365:Assianism/Uatsdin
24283:
24282:
24052:British Israelism
24038:Nontrinitarianism
24001:Plymouth Brethren
23996:Nondenominational
23930:Congregationalism
23818:Eastern Orthodoxy
23766:Reconstructionist
23630:
23629:
23403:Four Noble Truths
23343:
23342:
22981:Om mani padme hum
22687:Women in Buddhism
22603:Buddhist councils
22473:Western countries
22261:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
22022:Shaolin Monastery
21599:Samatha-vipassanā
21209:Pratītyasamutpāda
21013:Metteyya/Maitreya
20931:
20923:
20915:
20907:
20899:
20891:
20883:
20760:Four Noble Truths
20550:978-0-86171-133-8
20527:978-0-415-42387-8
20509:978-1-136-52088-4
20500:978-0-415-57179-1
20468:978-0-415-35653-4
20435:978-0-415-33226-2
20402:978-0-415-33229-3
20370:978-0-415-33228-6
20324:978-0-415-02537-9
20306:978-0-19-539352-1
20280:978-1-4058-8118-0
20228:978-90-04-26001-6
20190:978-0-19-517398-7
20162:978-87-7694-101-7
20137:, Rowman Altamira
20126:978-0-691-11435-4
20100:978-1-312-91150-5
20064:978-1-138-49336-0
19992:978-0-19-513798-9
19974:978-0-7286-0162-8
19872:978-0-87773-520-5
19830:978-1-903765-18-0
19798:978-0-521-69534-3
19777:978-0-534-55858-1
19757:978-0-534-01027-0
19737:978-0-521-15253-2
19702:Rhys Davids, T.W.
19652:978-1-78074-000-3
19619:978-0-7914-2844-3
19598:978-1-55939-282-2
19573:978-0-231-14900-6
19543:978-0-306-45844-6
19493:978-0-8248-2607-9
19458:978-0-19-513951-8
19428:978-0-8264-5350-1
19398:978-0-7864-5675-8
19330:978-0-691-04442-2
19298:978-87-7694-036-2
19245:978-81-208-1233-8
19215:978-0-7914-8011-3
19166:978-1-136-98588-1
19146:978-0-415-55624-8
19128:978-1-4027-6883-5
19110:978-0-415-31414-5
19092:978-0-19-157917-2
19023:978-1-4522-6656-5
18966:978-81-208-1776-0
18895:978-0-7914-0357-0
18863:978-81-208-0955-0
18843:978-1-4392-2134-1
18794:978-0-521-67674-8
18759:978-0-511-07584-1
18736:978-0-521-31333-9
18705:978-1-317-65935-8
18665:978-1-134-46973-4
18622:978-1-134-90352-8
18586:978-0-415-07585-5
18565:978-0-500-25089-1
18535:978-1-85168-285-0
18514:978-0-19-289223-2
18458:978-0-415-34293-3
18429:978-1-898723-66-0
18403:978-0-470-65877-2
18380:Japanese Buddhism
18371:978-0-02-909480-8
18352:978-81-208-0498-2
18334:978-0-231-12619-9
18254:978-0-19-521997-5
18219:978-1-134-54231-4
18186:978-0-521-57054-1
18154:978-0-674-00187-9
18119:978-81-208-1649-7
18081:978-0-19-283066-1
18072:Founders of faith
18063:978-0-02-865718-9
17983:978-0-86171-811-5
17962:978-90-04-20140-8
17874:978-0-86171-491-9
17856:978-0-86171-331-8
17807:978-0-14-303436-0
17800:, Penguin Press,
17519:on 1 January 2013
17451:Pacific Viewpoint
17313:, pp. 34–37.
17231:. NY: Continuum.
16899:978-1-4408-6404-9
16831:978-1-4724-0913-3
16674:978-0-226-50878-8
16635:978-1-134-13262-1
16572:978-0-19-566329-7
16549:, pp. 24–26.
16521:978-1-317-40357-9
16348:978-1-61069-511-4
16217:Pali Text Society
16040:, pp. 57–59.
15978:"World Religions"
15882:978-1-315-50740-8
15855:978-0-7618-5950-5
15828:978-0-87573-001-1
15797:978-81-208-0030-4
15613:Routledge. p. 23.
15599:978-0-9630371-5-2
15576:978-0-8248-3003-8
15513:978-1-4051-8906-4
15411:978-81-208-1649-7
15380:, pp. 42–43.
15364:978-0-14-190937-0
15334:978-0-14-190937-0
15283:978-0-14-190937-0
15260:, pp. 39–41.
15244:978-0-14-190937-0
14983:978-90-04-06112-5
14960:, pp. 49–52.
14948:, pp. 39–40.
14909:, pp. 88–89.
14872:, pp. 86–87.
14856:978-1-4008-8007-2
14821:, pp. 60–62.
14798:978-0-313-38452-3
14771:978-0-8108-7073-4
14630:Access to Insight
14571:978-1-135-79123-0
14544:978-3-447-03373-2
14517:978-81-208-0675-7
14492:Bronkhorst (1993)
14480:Bronkhorst (1993)
14432:Bronkhorst (1993)
14420:Bronkhorst (1993)
14396:Bronkhorst (1993)
14369:978-0-19-539534-1
14340:Bronkhorst (1993)
14304:Carrithers (1986)
14268:Religious Studies
14256:, pp. 45–46.
14047:, pp. 89–92.
13989:Ledgerwood (2008)
13868:, pp. 71–74.
13816:978-0-86171-128-4
13669:978-1-136-80408-3
13614:978-0-300-17500-4
13563:978-0-8147-9483-8
13530:978-0-520-20410-2
13488:, pp. 83–84.
13469:, pp. 47–48.
13457:, pp. 83–85.
13440:, pp. 12–13.
13381:, pp. 64–65.
13369:, pp. 81–83.
13357:, pp. 87–88.
13025:, pp. 85–88.
12914:, pp. 27–28.
12791:, pp. 51–66.
12779:, pp. 65–72.
12751:978-81-208-0038-0
12724:978-0-8248-0298-1
12697:978-94-009-2809-1
12657:978-1-4020-2073-5
12532:, pp. 74–84.
12520:, pp. 75–76.
12504:978-0-486-17023-7
12477:978-0-231-15362-1
12438:978-81-208-1649-7
12399:978-1-136-78336-4
12348:978-1-317-97343-0
12309:978-81-208-1649-7
12270:978-1-4384-2680-8
12231:978-1-134-79348-8
12192:978-0-521-39726-1
12164:978-0-521-88198-2
12113:978-0-521-88198-2
12090:, pp. 55–56.
12011:978-1-349-11899-1
11984:978-1-136-85922-9
11961:, pp. 45–46.
11918:978-1-139-91640-0
11864:978-0-87395-990-2
11825:978-0-7864-5675-8
11778:, pp. 59–78.
11766:, pp. 40–41.
11705:978-0-7619-8956-1
11682:, pp. 74–75.
11654:978-0-87395-990-2
11587:978-0-521-85241-8
11555:978-1-136-22877-3
11516:978-1-134-68919-4
11481:, pp. 51–58.
11387:McClelland (2010)
11274:978-1-136-78553-5
11235:978-81-208-3248-0
11195:978-0-521-85241-8
11164:, Philosophy Now;
11147:978-81-208-0158-5
11123:978-0-7914-2217-5
11071:978-1-136-22877-3
11012:. 31 March 2024.
10979:978-0-226-51806-0
10942:978-0-8248-0368-1
10918:978-0-374-16342-6
10871:978-1-58839-524-5
10858:John Guy (2014).
10809:978-0-19-994823-9
10782:978-0-520-20410-2
10753:Bronkhorst (2011)
10628:, pp. 30–31.
10616:, pp. 22–27.
10233:978-0-19-533810-2
10181:978-90-04-15830-6
10142:978-90-04-18159-5
10070:, pp. 90–93.
10058:, pp. 90–91.
10030:978-1-4411-4871-1
10007:, pp. 74–75.
9994:978-1-921842-08-5
9975:Skilton, Andrew.
9966:, pp. 89–90.
9942:, pp. 88–90.
9928:Bronkhorst (1993)
9904:Bronkhorst (1993)
9892:Bronkhorst (1998)
9858:, pp. 4, 11.
9856:Bronkhorst (1998)
9724:Bronkhorst (1993)
9700:Bronkhorst (1993)
9685:Bronkhorst (1993)
9474:978-0-7546-5369-1
9448:, pp. 47–48.
9434:978-94-010-7810-8
9381:978-3-11-009896-9
9352:978-3-11-009896-9
9335:978-0-19-513483-4
9315:978-81-208-1204-8
9295:978-1-317-33113-1
9274:978-0-19-536137-7
9247:978-3-447-03479-1
9222:; Quote: "In the
9217:978-81-208-1573-5
9189:978-81-208-0651-1
9166:, pp. 30–31.
9132:, pp. 26–41.
9116:978-0-670-08478-4
9065:978-0-674-04012-0
9002:978-1-4411-4871-1
8979:, pp. 54–55.
8955:, pp. 49–51.
8900:Analayo (2011). "
8888:, pp. 22–26.
8876:, pp. 19–32.
8874:Bronkhorst (2013)
8848:978-4-333-01893-2
8750:, pp. 50–51.
8722:978-90-04-25241-7
8687:, pp. 49–50.
8671:978-1-136-20121-9
8619:Carrithers (1986)
8570:, pp. 15–24.
8546:, pp. 13–14.
8465:, pp. ix–xi.
8463:Bronkhorst (2013)
8421:978-0-19-157917-2
8394:978-81-208-0955-0
8355:978-1-000-10122-5
8323:, pp. 26–27.
8264:978-0-691-05779-8
8193:, pp. 275ff.
8127:Bronkhorst (2011)
7830:978-94-024-0851-5
7775:978-0-313-35066-5
7586:Frauwallner (1973
7198:Explanatory notes
7121:List of Buddhists
6777:as well as other
6649:writers, such as
6631:Western Buddhists
6627:religious studies
6432:Four Noble Truths
6357:Pali Text Society
6345:Hermann Oldenberg
6333:Ippolito Desideri
6236:Japanese Buddhism
6220:Republican period
6208:Taiping rebellion
6175:Buddhist monk in
6154:In the modern era
5958:Bodhipakṣadharmas
5941:Four Noble Truths
5724:Tripiṭaka Koreana
5673:Abhidhamma Pitaka
5444:Lankavatara sutra
5397:Buddhist devotion
5380:Paṭisambhidāmagga
5246:Completion Stage.
5104:La Vallee Poussin
5046:(Pāli; Sanskrit:
4684:trukkhamulik'anga
4488:giving or charity
4443:– Buddhist ethics
4386:Refuge (Buddhism)
4344:Northern Thailand
4319:
4318:
4169:Four Noble Truths
4118:Eightfold factor
4092:Four Noble Truths
4042:'āryāṣṭāṅgamārga'
4015:pratītyasamutpāda
3931:Ratnagotravibhāga
3925:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra
3623:
3622:
3619:
3609:
3545:
3544:
3462:
3417:
3416:
3381:
3339:
3291:according to the
3186:Pratityasamutpada
3179:Pratityasamutpada
3170:Pratītyasamutpāda
3164:Dependent arising
2964:Karma in Buddhism
2623:Four Noble Truths
2617:Four Noble Truths
2561:Sukhothai Kingdom
2474:–2nd centuries).
2116:Mahāyāna Buddhism
2110:Ghaznavid kingdom
2012:According to the
1880:Buddhist councils
1848:and Sarvastivada
1803:Four Noble Truths
1728:Mahayana Buddhism
1608:Indian philosophy
1453:— in the town of
1345:Scholars such as
1341:, his mother was
1285:'s birthplace in
1023:Bodhisattva ideal
897:Four Noble Truths
794:), also known as
712:
711:
194:Four Noble Truths
51:Kamakura Daibutsu
16:(Redirected from
28578:
28566:Indian religions
28528:
28518:
28517:
28396:Papua New Guinea
28371:Marshall Islands
28198:Northern Ireland
27403:
27402:
27392:
27391:
27276:Secular theology
27271:Secular humanism
26561:
26560:
26550:
26549:
26122:
26121:
25741:
25740:
25418:
25417:
24908:
24907:
24664:Shaiva Siddhanta
24595:
24594:
24528:Korean shamanism
24407:
24406:
24398:
24397:
24294:
24293:
24207:Mahdawi movement
24077:Swedenborgianism
24057:Christadelphians
23703:
23702:
23694:
23693:
23685:
23684:
23672:
23671:
23657:
23650:
23643:
23634:
23633:
23620:
23619:
23610:
23609:
23506:pilgrimage sites
23501:Mahabodhi Temple
23370:
23363:
23356:
23347:
23346:
23333:
23332:
23321:
23320:
23160:Sacred languages
23008:Maya Devi Temple
22971:Mahabodhi Temple
22775:Secular Buddhism
22740:Engaged Buddhism
21580:
21428:Tibetan Buddhism
21379:Vietnamese Thiền
20978:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
20929:
20921:
20913:
20905:
20897:
20889:
20881:
20730:
20729:
20717:
20707:
20697:
20690:
20683:
20674:
20673:
20663:, V&A Museum
20565:
20553:
20530:
20503:
20483:
20482:
20480:
20451:
20449:
20447:
20418:
20416:
20414:
20385:
20384:
20382:
20353:
20344:
20341:Buddhist Thought
20335:
20327:
20309:
20283:
20262:
20253:
20241:
20232:
20205:
20204:
20202:
20173:
20171:
20150:
20138:
20129:
20111:
20109:
20092:
20077:
20068:
20045:
20043:
20041:
20004:
19995:
19977:
19959:
19957:
19955:
19930:
19928:
19913:
19903:
19902:
19900:
19875:
19857:
19850:Schopen, Gregory
19845:
19833:
19813:
19806:Samuel, Geoffrey
19801:
19781:
19760:
19740:
19722:
19721:
19719:
19697:
19688:
19667:
19666:
19664:
19632:
19623:
19602:
19583:
19582:
19580:
19553:
19552:
19550:
19526:
19517:
19505:
19502:Collected Papers
19496:
19478:
19476:
19461:
19443:
19431:
19413:
19412:
19410:
19381:
19372:
19363:
19351:
19342:
19333:
19310:
19307:Master of Wisdom
19301:
19279:
19270:
19261:
19259:
19257:
19238:. Vidya Bhavan.
19228:
19219:
19200:
19191:
19182:
19180:
19178:
19149:
19131:
19113:
19095:
19077:
19065:
19064:on 25 March 2009
19063:
19048:
19038:
19037:
19035:
19006:
18990:
18988:
18981:
18969:
18948:
18947:
18945:
18919:
18910:
18909:
18907:
18878:
18877:
18875:
18846:
18828:
18819:
18810:
18808:
18806:
18777:
18776:
18774:
18769:on 12 April 2019
18768:
18762:, archived from
18751:
18739:
18728:
18717:
18708:
18690:
18681:
18679:
18677:
18648:
18647:
18645:
18636:, OCHS Library,
18626:
18607:
18604:Williams (2005a)
18598:
18589:
18568:
18550:
18538:
18517:
18494:
18474:
18472:
18470:
18441:
18432:
18414:
18413:on 16 March 2015
18412:
18406:, archived from
18395:
18383:
18374:
18356:
18337:
18314:
18313:
18311:
18305:
18300:, archived from
18269:
18268:
18266:
18234:
18233:
18231:
18202:
18200:
18198:
18169:
18168:
18166:
18139:Collins, Randall
18134:
18133:
18131:
18102:
18093:
18084:
18066:
18045:
18036:
18027:
18026:
18024:
17999:
17997:
17995:
17966:
17945:
17944:
17942:
17917:
17905:
17878:
17859:
17838:
17822:
17810:
17794:Armstrong, Karen
17789:
17780:
17775:Analayo (2013),
17771:
17762:
17741:
17740:
17738:
17736:
17721:
17715:
17714:
17712:
17710:
17690:
17684:
17683:
17681:
17679:
17673:
17662:
17654:
17648:
17647:
17645:
17643:
17634:. 17 June 2017.
17624:
17615:
17614:
17612:
17610:
17595:
17586:
17585:
17583:
17581:
17576:on 16 April 2017
17566:
17560:
17559:
17557:
17555:
17546:. Archived from
17535:
17529:
17528:
17526:
17524:
17509:
17503:
17502:
17500:
17498:
17483:
17477:
17476:
17466:
17442:
17436:
17435:
17433:
17431:
17420:www.holidify.com
17412:
17406:
17405:
17403:
17401:
17384:Planet, Lonely.
17381:
17375:
17374:
17372:
17370:
17351:
17345:
17332:
17326:
17320:
17314:
17308:
17302:
17280:
17274:
17267:
17261:
17246:
17240:
17229:The Art of Being
17225:
17219:
17218:
17205:Prometheus Books
17192:
17186:
17180:
17174:
17173:
17165:
17159:
17152:
17146:
17144:Āgama (Buddhism)
17140:
17134:
17128:
17122:
17121:
17119:
17117:
17100:
17094:
17093:
17091:
17089:
17074:
17068:
17044:
17038:
17037:
17027:
17009:
16985:
16979:
16973:
16967:
16966:
16964:
16962:
16948:
16939:
16938:
16910:
16904:
16903:
16885:
16879:
16878:
16876:
16874:
16854:
16848:
16847:
16845:
16843:
16815:
16809:
16808:
16806:
16801:. Archived from
16790:
16784:
16783:
16781:
16779:
16759:
16753:
16752:
16750:
16748:
16728:
16722:
16721:
16719:
16717:
16697:
16691:
16690:
16688:
16686:
16658:
16652:
16651:
16649:
16647:
16619:
16613:
16607:
16601:
16595:
16589:
16588:
16586:
16584:
16556:
16550:
16544:
16538:
16537:
16535:
16533:
16505:
16496:
16495:
16493:
16469:
16460:
16454:
16448:
16442:
16436:
16435:
16407:
16401:
16395:
16389:
16383:
16377:
16371:
16365:
16362:Henderson (2002)
16359:
16353:
16352:
16332:
16326:
16320:
16314:
16308:
16302:
16296:
16290:
16284:
16278:
16272:
16266:
16260:
16254:
16247:
16241:
16233:
16227:
16214:
16208:
16184:
16178:
16177:
16175:
16173:
16154:
16148:
16147:
16145:
16121:
16115:
16109:
16103:
16097:
16091:
16085:
16079:
16073:
16067:
16060:
16054:
16047:
16041:
16035:
16029:
16023:
16017:
16011:
16005:
15999:
15993:
15987:
15981:
15974:
15968:
15961:
15955:
15949:
15940:
15939:
15937:
15935:
15901:
15893:
15887:
15886:
15866:
15860:
15859:
15839:
15833:
15832:
15808:
15802:
15801:
15781:
15775:
15774:, pp. 440ff
15769:
15763:
15762:, pp. 1–25.
15757:
15751:
15745:
15739:
15738:
15736:
15734:
15715:
15709:
15703:
15697:
15691:
15685:
15684:
15672:
15666:
15665:
15657:
15651:
15645:
15639:
15636:
15630:
15620:
15614:
15607:
15601:
15584:
15578:
15557:
15551:
15545:
15539:
15533:
15527:
15521:
15515:
15501:
15495:
15489:
15483:
15482:
15480:
15478:
15472:
15449:
15437:
15431:
15420:
15414:
15399:
15393:
15392:, pp. 9–10.
15387:
15381:
15375:
15369:
15368:
15348:
15339:
15338:
15318:
15312:
15306:
15300:
15294:
15288:
15287:
15267:
15261:
15255:
15249:
15248:
15228:
15213:
15207:
15201:
15186:
15180:
15168:
15162:
15147:
15141:
15135:
15129:
15123:
15117:
15111:
15105:
15099:
15093:
15087:
15081:
15075:
15069:
15063:
15057:
15051:
15045:
15039:
15033:
15027:
15021:
15015:
15009:
14999:
14997:
14995:
14967:
14961:
14955:
14949:
14943:
14937:
14931:
14925:
14919:
14910:
14904:
14898:
14891:
14885:
14879:
14873:
14867:
14861:
14860:
14840:
14834:
14828:
14822:
14816:
14803:
14802:
14782:
14776:
14775:
14755:
14749:
14743:
14730:
14724:
14718:
14712:
14706:
14692:
14683:
14676:
14670:
14664:
14658:
14652:
14646:
14645:
14643:
14641:
14622:
14616:
14610:
14604:
14598:
14592:
14582:
14576:
14575:
14555:
14549:
14548:
14528:
14522:
14521:
14501:
14495:
14489:
14483:
14477:
14471:
14465:
14459:
14453:
14447:
14441:
14435:
14429:
14423:
14417:
14411:
14405:
14399:
14393:
14387:
14386:
14378:
14372:
14361:
14355:
14349:
14343:
14342:, pp. 1–17.
14337:
14331:
14325:
14319:
14313:
14307:
14301:
14292:
14291:
14263:
14257:
14251:
14245:
14238:
14232:
14226:
14220:
14202:
14196:
14189:
14180:
14173:
14167:
14160:
14154:
14151:
14145:
14139:
14133:
14127:
14121:
14115:
14109:
14103:
14097:
14090:
14084:
14081:
14072:
14069:
14060:
14054:
14048:
14042:
14031:
14025:
14019:
14013:
14004:
13998:
13992:
13986:
13980:
13974:
13965:
13959:
13953:
13947:
13941:
13938:Ratanakul (2007)
13935:
13929:
13923:
13917:
13911:
13905:
13899:
13893:
13887:
13881:
13875:
13869:
13863:
13857:
13851:
13845:
13839:
13833:
13827:
13821:
13820:
13796:
13790:
13789:
13769:
13763:
13760:McFarlane (2001)
13757:
13751:
13748:Williams (2005c)
13745:
13736:
13730:
13724:
13718:
13712:
13706:
13697:
13689:
13683:
13680:
13674:
13673:
13653:
13647:
13641:
13632:
13630:
13628:
13626:
13598:
13592:
13586:
13580:
13574:
13568:
13567:
13551:
13541:
13535:
13534:
13510:
13504:
13498:
13489:
13483:
13470:
13464:
13458:
13452:
13441:
13435:
13418:
13412:
13406:
13405:, pp. 1–13.
13400:
13394:
13388:
13382:
13376:
13370:
13364:
13358:
13352:
13346:
13340:
13334:
13327:
13316:
13309:
13303:
13293:
13287:
13281:
13275:
13269:
13263:
13257:
13251:
13245:
13239:
13233:
13227:
13220:
13214:
13188:
13182:
13176:
13170:
13163:
13157:
13151:
13145:
13139:
13133:
13132:
13130:
13128:
13108:
13102:
13097:Siderits, Mark,
13095:
13089:
13086:
13080:
13079:
13077:
13075:
13056:
13050:
13044:
13038:
13032:
13026:
13020:
13014:
13008:
13002:
12984:
12978:
12972:
12966:
12960:
12954:
12948:
12939:
12933:
12927:
12921:
12915:
12909:
12903:
12896:
12890:
12884:
12875:
12869:
12863:
12856:
12850:
12843:
12837:
12830:
12824:
12818:
12812:
12798:
12792:
12786:
12780:
12774:
12768:
12762:
12756:
12755:
12735:
12729:
12728:
12708:
12702:
12701:
12681:
12675:
12669:
12663:
12661:
12641:
12635:
12624:
12618:
12599:
12593:
12587:
12581:
12575:
12569:
12563:
12557:
12551:
12545:
12539:
12533:
12527:
12521:
12515:
12509:
12508:
12488:
12482:
12481:
12461:
12455:
12454:
12452:
12450:
12422:
12416:
12415:
12413:
12411:
12383:
12377:
12371:
12365:
12362:Williams (2005b)
12359:
12353:
12352:
12332:
12326:
12325:
12323:
12321:
12293:
12287:
12286:
12284:
12282:
12254:
12248:
12247:
12245:
12243:
12215:
12209:
12208:
12206:
12204:
12176:
12170:
12168:
12148:
12142:
12136:
12130:
12124:
12118:
12117:
12097:
12091:
12085:
12079:
12073:
12067:
12061:
12055:
12049:
12043:
12037:
12028:
12022:
12016:
12015:
11995:
11989:
11988:
11968:
11962:
11956:
11950:
11944:
11935:
11934:
11932:
11930:
11902:
11893:
11887:
11881:
11880:
11878:
11876:
11848:
11842:
11836:
11830:
11829:
11809:
11803:
11797:
11791:
11785:
11779:
11773:
11767:
11761:
11746:
11745:, pp. 1–12.
11740:
11734:
11728:
11722:
11721:
11719:
11717:
11689:
11683:
11677:
11671:
11670:
11668:
11666:
11638:
11629:
11623:
11610:
11603:
11601:
11599:
11571:
11569:
11567:
11539:
11533:
11532:
11530:
11528:
11500:
11494:
11488:
11482:
11476:
11470:
11460:
11454:
11448:
11442:
11436:
11430:
11424:
11418:
11408:
11402:
11396:
11390:
11384:
11378:
11372:
11363:
11357:
11351:
11345:
11334:
11328:
11322:
11321:
11314:
11308:
11297:
11291:
11290:
11288:
11286:
11258:
11252:
11251:
11249:
11247:
11225:Buddhist Studies
11219:
11213:
11211:
11209:
11207:
11179:
11173:
11099:
11093:
11087:
11085:
11083:
11055:
11049:
11036:
11030:
11027:Gombrich (2005a)
11024:
11018:
11017:
11002:
10996:
10995:
10993:
10991:
10960:
10954:
10951:
10945:
10927:
10921:
10906:
10900:
10894:
10888:
10887:
10885:
10883:
10855:
10849:
10848:
10820:
10814:
10813:
10793:
10787:
10786:
10762:
10756:
10750:
10744:
10738:
10732:
10729:
10723:
10720:
10714:
10711:
10705:
10702:
10696:
10691:Nguyen Tai Thu.
10689:
10683:
10668:
10662:
10656:
10650:
10647:
10641:
10635:
10629:
10623:
10617:
10611:
10605:
10599:
10593:
10590:
10584:
10581:
10575:
10572:
10566:
10563:
10557:
10553:
10547:
10544:
10538:
10531:
10525:
10518:
10512:
10506:
10500:
10494:
10488:
10482:
10476:
10471:Walser, Joseph,
10469:
10463:
10458:Walser, Joseph,
10456:
10450:
10444:
10438:
10432:
10426:
10420:
10414:
10408:
10402:
10396:
10390:
10384:
10378:
10372:
10363:
10349:
10340:
10339:
10337:
10335:
10311:
10305:
10304:
10302:
10300:
10291:. Archived from
10281:
10275:
10268:
10262:
10256:
10250:
10249:
10247:
10245:
10217:
10211:
10208:
10199:
10192:
10186:
10185:
10165:
10159:
10158:
10156:
10154:
10126:
10120:
10114:
10108:
10105:Gombrich (2005a)
10102:
10096:
10090:
10084:
10077:
10071:
10065:
10059:
10053:
10047:
10046:
10044:
10042:
10014:
10008:
10002:
9996:
9986:
9980:
9979:2004. pp. 49, 64
9973:
9967:
9961:
9955:
9949:
9943:
9937:
9931:
9925:
9919:
9913:
9907:
9901:
9895:
9889:
9883:
9877:
9871:
9865:
9859:
9853:
9847:
9844:Skorupski (1990)
9841:
9835:
9834:
9832:
9830:
9810:
9804:
9799:Analayo (2011).
9797:
9791:
9784:
9778:
9772:
9766:
9760:
9754:
9748:
9739:
9733:
9727:
9721:
9715:
9709:
9703:
9697:
9688:
9682:
9673:
9667:
9658:
9652:
9646:
9640:
9627:
9621:
9612:
9606:
9600:
9594:
9585:
9579:
9570:
9564:
9558:
9557:, p. xviii.
9552:
9546:
9545:, p. 39–41.
9540:
9534:
9530:
9524:
9518:
9512:
9511:
9485:
9479:
9478:
9458:
9449:
9443:
9437:
9426:
9420:
9414:
9408:
9402:
9396:
9390:
9384:
9373:
9367:
9361:
9355:
9344:
9338:
9327:
9318:
9307:
9301:
9299:
9278:
9258:
9252:
9251:
9221:
9201:
9195:
9193:
9173:
9167:
9161:
9155:
9154:
9142:
9133:
9127:
9121:
9120:
9100:
9094:
9088:
9082:
9076:
9070:
9069:
9049:
9043:
9030:
9019:
9018:
9016:
9014:
8986:
8980:
8974:
8968:
8962:
8956:
8950:
8944:
8943:
8941:
8939:
8911:
8905:
8898:
8889:
8883:
8877:
8871:
8865:
8864:
8862:
8860:
8832:
8826:
8825:, pp. 8–23.
8820:
8809:
8808:
8806:
8804:
8780:
8774:
8759:Analayo (2011).
8757:
8751:
8745:
8739:
8733:
8727:
8726:
8706:
8700:
8694:
8688:
8682:
8676:
8675:
8655:
8649:
8643:
8634:
8631:Armstrong (2004)
8628:
8622:
8616:
8610:
8604:
8598:
8592:
8586:
8580:
8571:
8565:
8559:
8553:
8547:
8541:
8532:
8518:
8512:
8505:
8499:
8492:
8486:
8472:
8466:
8460:
8454:
8448:
8442:
8439:The Muslim World
8432:
8426:
8425:
8405:
8399:
8398:
8378:
8372:
8371:
8369:
8367:
8339:
8333:
8330:
8324:
8318:
8297:
8295:British Library
8290:
8281:
8280:
8278:
8276:
8248:
8242:
8236:
8230:
8224:
8218:
8212:
8206:
8200:
8194:
8188:
8182:
8181:
8179:
8177:
8151:
8145:
8139:
8130:
8124:
8115:
8114:
8112:
8110:
8067:
8061:
8058:Alexander (2019)
8055:
8049:
8043:
8037:
8031:
8025:
8019:
8013:
8012:
8010:
8008:
7993:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7982:
7976:
7970:, archived from
7945:
7937:
7931:
7930:
7928:
7926:
7907:
7894:
7888:
7882:
7873:
7867:
7866:
7864:
7862:
7842:
7836:
7834:
7811:
7805:
7787:
7781:
7779:
7755:
7749:
7748:
7746:
7744:
7729:
7723:
7717:
7711:
7705:
7684:
7669:
7653:
7649:
7643:
7612:
7606:
7595:
7589:
7582:
7576:
7569:
7563:
7556:
7550:
7546:
7540:
7533:
7527:
7504:
7498:
7486:
7480:
7477:
7471:
7468:
7462:
7453:
7447:
7444:
7438:
7435:
7429:
7426:
7420:
7417:
7411:
7407:
7401:
7386:
7380:
7376:
7370:
7366:
7360:
7356:
7350:
7339:Mulasarvastivada
7331:
7325:
7323:Anguttara Nikaya
7307:
7301:
7298:Richard Gombrich
7293:
7287:
7283:
7277:
7270:
7264:
7257:
7251:
7220:
7214:
7207:
7039:
7034:
7033:
7025:
7020:
7019:
6991:Nordic countries
6976:Zabaykalsky Krai
6826:Helena Blavatsky
6757:, especially in
6747:Buddhist cuisine
6729:, 6th century CE
6723:Mahabodhi temple
6571:Risshō Kōsei Kai
6555:Secular Buddhism
6457:
6446:
6408:Western Buddhism
6396:second world war
6365:Helena Blavatsky
6361:Buddhist studies
6353:Buddhist studies
6309:
6283:
6254:(1966–1980) and
6196:(1832–1907) and
6128:Mahabodhi Temple
6064:
6055:
6044:
6035:
6024:
6015:
5966:bodhisattva path
5931:Both accept the
5650:, like the Pāli
5580:
5577:
5511:Unlike what the
5242:Generation Stage
5004:viññāṇañcāyatana
5000:ākāsānañcāyatana
4988:arupa samāpattis
4921:The practice of
4686:) is one of the
4322:Common practices
4267:6. Right effort
4224:4. Right action
4209:3. Right speech
4180:samyag saṃkalpa,
4112:
4111:
4007:madhyamapratipad
3702:The Three Jewels
3615:
3613:
3605:
3593:other aggregates
3577:other aggregates
3531:
3456:mental factors (
3454:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3430:
3394:
3389:
3371:
3360:
3329:
3309:
3289:
3273:
3074:) or awakening (
2818:Tibetan Buddhist
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2473:
2470:
2415:
2412:
2328:Alexis Sanderson
2310:Buddhist Tantras
2279:
2276:
2222:
2219:
2098:Islamic conquest
1960:Mahabodhi Temple
1902:Richard Gombrich
1894:
1839:Śālistamba Sūtra
1784:Richard Gombrich
1671:Bodhicaryāvatāra
1556:Historical roots
1416:Uddaka Ramaputta
1347:Richard Gombrich
1325:, a town in the
1238:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1171:Russian Kalmykia
1163:Himalayan states
1160:
1153:Tibetan Buddhism
1118:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1020:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
996:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
944:
935:Buddhist schools
930:
919:, the taking of
881:ethical precepts
841:
790:
785:
784:
781:
780:
777:
774:
771:
764:
753:
748:
747:
744:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
704:
697:
690:
674:
673:
401:Sublime abidings
92:
69:
68:
38:Buddhist (horse)
21:
28586:
28585:
28581:
28580:
28579:
28577:
28576:
28575:
28541:
28540:
28539:
28534:
28498:
28425:
28406:Solomon Islands
28342:
28214:
28118:North Macedonia
27959:
27684:
27397:
27378:
27339:Mass gatherings
27307:
27302:
27295:
27234:
27229:
27220:
27159:Religiocentrism
27139:National church
27007:
27004:
26996:
26911:
26904:
26841:
26763:Bodies of water
26555:
26540:
26347:Jamaican Maroon
26129:
26104:
26041:
25871:
25864:
25735:
25733:
25722:
25687:
25661:Trinidad Orisha
25446:
25439:
25412:
25405:
25332:
25295:
25091:
25084:
24980:
24962:
24889:
24863:Srilankan Vedda
24814:
24742:
24617:Sri Vaishnavism
24580:
24542:
24514:
24472:
24379:
24353:
24320:
24279:
24233:
24158:Twelver Shi'ism
24100:
23962:Neo-charismatic
23935:Presbyterianism
23787:
23679:
23666:
23661:
23631:
23626:
23598:
23384:
23374:
23344:
23339:
23327:
23309:
23261:
23176:
23091:
22828:Ordination hall
22789:
22691:
22662:Buddhist crisis
22574:
22271:
22223:Mahayana sutras
22199:
22195:Thích Nhất Hạnh
22026:
21899:
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21789:Bodhisattva vow
21474:
21340:
21280:
21239:Taṇhā (Craving)
21174:Five hindrances
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20655:Wayback Machine
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20307:
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20250:Indian Buddhism
20229:
20200:
20198:
20191:
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19686:10.1.1.505.2366
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19637:Rahula, Walpola
19629:Emmanuel (2013)
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19576:
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19341:, HarperCollins
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19188:Emmanuel (2013)
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17601:. 2 July 2017.
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17197:Lewis, James R.
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16610:Williams (2008)
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16386:Paranjpe (1998)
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16074:
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16044:
16036:
16032:
16024:
16020:
16014:Hirakawa (1993)
16012:
16008:
16000:
15996:
15990:Hirakawa (1993)
15988:
15984:
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15962:
15958:
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15933:
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15916:10.2307/1399912
15894:
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15883:
15867:
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15856:
15840:
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15829:
15809:
15805:
15798:
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15760:Williams (1989)
15758:
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15716:
15712:
15704:
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15692:
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15654:
15646:
15642:
15637:
15633:
15621:
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15608:
15604:
15585:
15581:
15570:, pp. 172–174,
15558:
15554:
15546:
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15534:
15530:
15524:Skilling (1992)
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15178:Wayback Machine
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14727:Hirakawa (1993)
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14703:Wayback Machine
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14468:Gombrich (1997)
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14462:
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14444:Gombrich (2007)
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14326:
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14316:Gombrich (1988)
14314:
14310:
14302:
14295:
14264:
14260:
14254:Williams (2000)
14252:
14248:
14244:," p. 5. BRILL.
14239:
14235:
14227:
14223:
14203:
14199:
14190:
14183:
14175:Analayo (2018)
14174:
14170:
14161:
14157:
14152:
14148:
14142:Emmanuel (2013)
14140:
14136:
14128:
14124:
14116:
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14091:
14087:
14082:
14075:
14070:
14063:
14057:Gombrich (1988)
14055:
14051:
14045:Gombrich (1988)
14043:
14034:
14028:Gombrich (1988)
14026:
14022:
14016:Gombrich (1988)
14014:
14007:
14001:Funayama (2004)
13999:
13995:
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13571:
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13542:
13538:
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13516:Living Buddhism
13511:
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13473:
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13461:
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13379:Anderson (2013)
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13236:Williams (2008)
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13195:tathagatagarbha
13189:
13185:
13179:Williams (2008)
13177:
13173:
13164:
13160:
13154:Williams (2008)
13152:
13148:
13142:Williams (2008)
13140:
13136:
13126:
13124:
13109:
13105:
13101:, 2017, p. 149.
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12995:Wayback Machine
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12951:Williams (2008)
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12924:Williams (2008)
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12906:
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12893:
12885:
12878:
12872:Lindtner (1997)
12870:
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12844:
12840:
12831:
12827:
12821:Gombrich (2006)
12819:
12815:
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12789:Emmanuel (2013)
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12783:
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12771:
12763:
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12200:
12193:
12177:
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12149:
12145:
12139:Gombrich (1997)
12137:
12133:
12125:
12121:
12114:
12098:
12094:
12086:
12082:
12074:
12070:
12064:Bucknell (1984)
12062:
12058:
12050:
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12038:
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12023:
12019:
12012:
11996:
11992:
11985:
11969:
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11715:
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11706:
11690:
11686:
11680:Williams (2002)
11678:
11674:
11664:
11662:
11655:
11639:
11632:
11624:
11613:
11607:Gombrich (2005a
11605:
11597:
11595:
11588:
11572:
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11203:
11196:
11180:
11176:
11165:
11162:Wayback Machine
11150:
11134:
11114:
11111:Wayback Machine
11100:
11096:
11090:Gombrich (2005a
11088:
11081:
11079:
11072:
11056:
11052:
11046:Wayback Machine
11039:Anatta Buddhism
11037:
11033:
11025:
11021:
11004:
11003:
10999:
10989:
10987:
10980:
10961:
10957:
10952:
10948:
10928:
10924:
10907:
10903:
10897:Skilling (1997)
10895:
10891:
10881:
10879:
10872:
10856:
10852:
10837:10.2307/1523195
10821:
10817:
10810:
10794:
10790:
10783:
10768:Living Buddhism
10763:
10759:
10751:
10747:
10739:
10735:
10730:
10726:
10721:
10717:
10712:
10708:
10703:
10699:
10690:
10686:
10669:
10665:
10659:Williams (2008)
10657:
10653:
10648:
10644:
10636:
10632:
10624:
10620:
10612:
10608:
10600:
10596:
10591:
10587:
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10578:
10573:
10569:
10564:
10560:
10554:
10550:
10545:
10541:
10532:
10528:
10519:
10515:
10507:
10503:
10497:Lusthaus (2002)
10495:
10491:
10487:, pp. 8–9.
10485:Hirakawa (1993)
10483:
10479:
10470:
10466:
10457:
10453:
10447:Williams (2000)
10445:
10441:
10437:, pp. 4–5.
10435:Williams (2008)
10433:
10429:
10421:
10417:
10409:
10405:
10399:Hirakawa (1993)
10397:
10393:
10385:
10381:
10375:Hirakawa (1993)
10373:
10366:
10351:Drewes, David,
10350:
10343:
10333:
10331:
10330:on 6 April 2018
10312:
10308:
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9999:
9987:
9983:
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9970:
9962:
9958:
9952:Williams (2005)
9950:
9946:
9938:
9934:
9926:
9922:
9914:
9910:
9902:
9898:
9890:
9886:
9880:Matthews (1986)
9878:
9874:
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9854:
9850:
9842:
9838:
9828:
9826:
9811:
9807:
9798:
9794:
9785:
9781:
9775:Mitchell (2002)
9773:
9769:
9761:
9757:
9749:
9742:
9736:Davidson (2003)
9734:
9730:
9726:, p. viii.
9722:
9718:
9710:
9706:
9698:
9691:
9683:
9676:
9670:Gombrich (1997)
9668:
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9561:
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9549:
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9537:
9531:
9527:
9521:Hirakawa (1993)
9519:
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9275:
9259:
9255:
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9202:
9198:
9190:
9174:
9170:
9164:Gombrich (1988)
9162:
9158:
9143:
9136:
9130:Gombrich (1988)
9128:
9124:
9117:
9101:
9097:
9089:
9085:
9081:, pp. 1–5.
9077:
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9046:
9040:Wayback Machine
9031:
9022:
9012:
9010:
9003:
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8983:
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8959:
8953:Gombrich (1988)
8951:
8947:
8937:
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8928:
8912:
8908:
8899:
8892:
8886:Hirakawa (1993)
8884:
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8829:
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8812:
8802:
8800:
8781:
8777:
8769:Wayback Machine
8758:
8754:
8748:Gombrich (1988)
8746:
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8736:Gombrich (1988)
8734:
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8707:
8703:
8697:Gombrich (1988)
8695:
8691:
8685:Gombrich (1988)
8683:
8679:
8672:
8656:
8652:
8646:Gombrich (1988)
8644:
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21194:Mental factors
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20585:, SuttaCentral
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20571:External links
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17883:Bodhi, Bhikkhu
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17269:Hoffer (ed.);
17262:
17241:
17220:
17213:
17187:
17175:
17160:
17147:
17135:
17133:, p. 363.
17131:Southwold 1978
17123:
17095:
17069:
17066:
17065:
17059:
17053:
17050:Southwold 1978
17046:
17039:
17000:(6): S165-70.
16980:
16968:
16940:
16905:
16898:
16880:
16849:
16830:
16810:
16785:
16754:
16723:
16692:
16673:
16653:
16634:
16614:
16602:
16600:, p. 385.
16590:
16571:
16551:
16539:
16520:
16497:
16484:(3): 450–452.
16461:
16449:
16437:
16418:(2): 268–270.
16402:
16390:
16388:, p. 351.
16378:
16366:
16354:
16347:
16327:
16315:
16303:
16291:
16289:, p. 258.
16279:
16277:, p. 172.
16267:
16255:
16242:
16228:
16209:
16179:
16149:
16136:(4): 619–651.
16116:
16104:
16102:, p. 403.
16092:
16080:
16078:, p. 378.
16068:
16055:
16042:
16030:
16018:
16006:
15994:
15982:
15969:
15956:
15941:
15888:
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15740:
15729:on 9 June 2008
15710:
15698:
15686:
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15652:
15640:
15631:
15615:
15602:
15587:Rinpoche, Kalu
15579:
15552:
15550:, p. 494.
15548:Buswell (2004)
15540:
15538:(2004): p. 293
15528:
15526:, p. 114.
15516:
15496:
15484:
15432:
15415:
15394:
15382:
15370:
15363:
15340:
15333:
15313:
15301:
15299:, p. xiv.
15289:
15282:
15262:
15250:
15243:
15214:
15212:, p. 163.
15202:
15181:
15163:
15142:
15130:
15118:
15106:
15104:, p. 243.
15094:
15082:
15078:Trainor (2004)
15070:
15068:, p. 170.
15058:
15056:, p. 237.
15046:
15034:
15030:Buswell (2004)
15022:
15010:
14982:
14962:
14950:
14938:
14934:Trainor (2004)
14926:
14911:
14907:Trainor (2004)
14899:
14886:
14884:, p. 250.
14874:
14870:Trainor (2004)
14862:
14855:
14835:
14831:Trainor (2004)
14823:
14804:
14797:
14777:
14770:
14750:
14731:
14719:
14717:, p. xiv.
14707:
14684:
14671:
14659:
14647:
14617:
14615:, p. 396.
14605:
14593:
14577:
14570:
14550:
14543:
14523:
14516:
14496:
14484:
14472:
14470:, p. 131.
14460:
14448:
14436:
14424:
14412:
14400:
14388:
14373:
14356:
14354:, p. 199.
14352:Collins (2000)
14344:
14332:
14320:
14308:
14293:
14274:(3): 289–302.
14258:
14246:
14233:
14221:
14212:(4): 933–964,
14197:
14181:
14168:
14155:
14146:
14144:, p. 492.
14134:
14122:
14120:, p. 199.
14110:
14098:
14085:
14073:
14061:
14049:
14032:
14020:
14018:, p. 109.
14005:
14003:, p. 105.
13993:
13991:, p. 152.
13981:
13966:
13962:Terwiel (2012)
13954:
13952:, p. 276.
13950:Horigan (1996)
13942:
13940:, p. 241.
13930:
13918:
13916:, p. 616.
13906:
13894:
13882:
13870:
13858:
13846:
13834:
13822:
13815:
13791:
13764:
13752:
13750:, p. 398.
13737:
13735:, p. 244.
13725:
13723:, p. 108.
13713:
13711:, p. 249.
13698:
13684:
13675:
13668:
13648:
13633:
13613:
13593:
13581:
13569:
13562:
13536:
13529:
13505:
13503:, p. 440.
13490:
13471:
13459:
13442:
13419:
13407:
13395:
13383:
13371:
13359:
13347:
13335:
13317:
13304:
13300:antagrahadrsti
13298:, p. 49,
13288:
13276:
13264:
13252:
13248:Hookham (1991)
13240:
13238:, p. 112.
13228:
13215:
13183:
13171:
13158:
13156:, p. 107.
13146:
13144:, p. 104.
13134:
13103:
13090:
13081:
13051:
13039:
13027:
13015:
13003:
12979:
12967:
12965:, p. 164.
12955:
12940:
12938:, p. 162.
12928:
12916:
12904:
12891:
12876:
12874:, p. 324.
12864:
12851:
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12656:
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12619:
12594:
12582:
12570:
12568:, p. 169.
12558:
12554:Trainor (2004)
12546:
12544:, p. 192.
12534:
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12374:Collins (1998)
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12127:Cousins (1996)
12119:
12112:
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12080:
12078:, p. 141.
12068:
12056:
12052:Collins (1998)
12044:
12029:
12027:, p. 136.
12017:
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11800:Krishan (1997)
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11483:
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11439:Buswell (2004)
11431:
11429:, p. 119.
11419:
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11379:
11364:
11360:Trainor (2004)
11352:
11335:
11333:, p. 604.
11323:
11309:
11292:
11273:
11253:
11234:
11214:
11194:
11174:
11094:
11070:
11050:
11031:
11019:
10997:
10978:
10955:
10946:
10922:
10901:
10889:
10870:
10850:
10815:
10808:
10788:
10781:
10757:
10745:
10743:, p. 223.
10733:
10724:
10715:
10706:
10697:
10684:
10663:
10651:
10642:
10638:Zürcher (1972)
10630:
10618:
10614:Zürcher (1972)
10606:
10602:Collins (2000)
10594:
10585:
10576:
10567:
10558:
10548:
10539:
10526:
10513:
10511:, p. 442.
10501:
10489:
10477:
10464:
10451:
10439:
10427:
10423:Nattier (2003)
10415:
10413:, p. 335.
10403:
10391:
10389:, p. 492.
10387:Buswell (2004)
10379:
10377:, p. 252.
10364:
10341:
10306:
10285:Bhikkhu Sujato
10276:
10263:
10261:, p. 278.
10251:
10232:
10212:
10200:
10187:
10180:
10160:
10141:
10121:
10117:Trainor (2004)
10109:
10107:, p. 135.
10097:
10095:, p. 485.
10085:
10072:
10060:
10048:
10029:
10009:
9997:
9981:
9968:
9956:
9944:
9932:
9930:, p. 107.
9920:
9908:
9896:
9884:
9882:, p. 124.
9872:
9868:Schopen (2002)
9860:
9848:
9836:
9805:
9792:
9779:
9767:
9755:
9740:
9738:, p. 147.
9728:
9716:
9714:, inside flap.
9704:
9702:, p. vii.
9689:
9674:
9659:
9647:
9628:
9613:
9601:
9586:
9571:
9559:
9547:
9535:
9525:
9513:
9506:
9480:
9473:
9450:
9438:
9421:
9409:
9407:, p. 127.
9397:
9395:, p. 126.
9385:
9368:
9356:
9339:
9319:
9302:
9294:
9273:
9253:
9246:
9216:
9196:
9188:
9168:
9156:
9134:
9122:
9115:
9095:
9083:
9071:
9064:
9044:
9020:
9001:
8981:
8969:
8967:, p. 267.
8957:
8945:
8926:
8906:
8890:
8878:
8866:
8847:
8827:
8810:
8775:
8752:
8740:
8728:
8721:
8701:
8689:
8677:
8670:
8650:
8635:
8633:, p. xii.
8623:
8611:
8599:
8597:, p. 352.
8595:Buswell (2004)
8587:
8572:
8560:
8558:, p. 177.
8556:Swearer (2004)
8548:
8533:
8513:
8500:
8487:
8467:
8455:
8443:
8427:
8420:
8400:
8393:
8373:
8354:
8334:
8325:
8313:
8282:
8263:
8243:
8231:
8219:
8207:
8195:
8183:
8146:
8144:, p. 143.
8131:
8116:
8082:(2): 215–227.
8062:
8050:
8038:
8034:Analayo (2013)
8026:
8014:
7988:
7977:on 25 May 2017
7932:
7895:
7893:, p. 239.
7883:
7868:
7837:
7829:
7815:K. T. S. Sarao
7806:
7782:
7774:
7750:
7724:
7712:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7686:
7685:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7654:
7644:
7607:
7590:
7588:, p. 155)
7577:
7564:
7551:
7541:
7528:
7499:
7481:
7472:
7463:
7448:
7439:
7430:
7421:
7412:
7402:
7381:
7371:
7361:
7351:
7326:
7302:
7288:
7278:
7265:
7261:Gautama Buddha
7252:
7234:Lokottaravādin
7215:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7042:
7041:
7040:
7026:
7010:
7007:
6940:Mainland China
6864:
6861:
6846:psychoanalysis
6767:Southeast Asia
6765:as well as in
6692:Main article:
6689:
6686:
6683:
6663:
6622:
6621:Classification
6619:
6594:
6591:
6561:in Korea, the
6541:The Thai King
6528:class struggle
6497:
6494:
6490:state religion
6462:
6461:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6437:
6412:Shunryu Suzuki
6404:counterculture
6400:secularisation
6337:Eugène Burnouf
6329:Francis Xavier
6311:
6304:
6303:
6302:
6285:
6278:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6269:Main article:
6266:
6263:
6250:repression to
6218:). During the
6184:
6181:
6155:
6152:
6059:
6058:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6039:
6038:
6030:
6029:
6028:
6019:
6018:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6004:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5996:Main article:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5978:
5974:
5962:
5929:
5852:
5849:
5833:fierce deities
5790:Main article:
5787:
5784:
5712:Main article:
5709:
5708:Mahāyāna texts
5706:
5686:Indic language
5622:
5621:The Tripitakas
5619:
5614:early Buddhism
5564:Main article:
5561:
5558:
5479:oral tradition
5457:Buddhist texts
5455:Main article:
5452:
5449:
5424:Main article:
5421:
5418:
5395:Main article:
5392:
5389:
5296:(Sanskrit) or
5264:
5261:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5179:
5170:
5157:
5133:Brahma-viharas
5125:Main article:
5122:
5116:
5097:smṛtyupasthāna
5050:; "calm") and
5027:
5024:
4979:
4976:
4930:
4927:
4849:
4839:
4816:smṛtyupasthāna
4781:
4778:
4776:are followed.
4758:eight precepts
4727:). Practicing
4696:indriyasamvara
4675:
4672:
4626:Main article:
4623:
4620:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4559:
4556:
4542:monastic rules
4518:Main article:
4515:
4512:
4468:(Sanskrit) or
4447:Main article:
4444:
4438:
4384:Main article:
4381:
4378:
4351:
4348:
4336:Wat Chedi Liam
4330:Sermon in the
4323:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4275:
4268:
4265:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4230:sammā kammanta
4228:samyag karman,
4225:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4210:
4207:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4182:sammā saṅkappa
4177:
4173:
4172:
4156:
4149:
4148:1. Right view
4146:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4122:Sanskrit, Pali
4119:
4116:
4109:, as follows:
4077:Main article:
4074:
4071:
4022:
4019:
3957:Main article:
3954:
3951:
3868:
3865:
3794:
3791:
3782:Main article:
3779:
3776:
3724:Main article:
3721:
3718:
3706:Main article:
3703:
3700:
3684:Prajñāpāramitā
3621:
3620:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3580:
3570:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3485:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3452:
3445:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3383:
3382:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3306:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3260:
3257:
3205:Twelve Nidānas
3174:Twelve Nidānas
3165:
3162:
3110:other versions
3102:soteriological
3049:
3046:
2962:Main article:
2959:
2956:
2890:Main article:
2887:
2884:
2836:Main article:
2833:
2830:
2823:depicting the
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2781:
2780:
2772:
2763:
2745:, Bihar, India
2727:Main article:
2724:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2715:but sometimes
2698:
2683:
2667:
2621:Main article:
2618:
2615:
2575:Main article:
2572:
2569:
2517:Southeast Asia
2426:Buddhist monks
2407:Jayavarman VII
2391:
2388:
2243:Main article:
2240:
2237:
2172:Prajnaparamita
2144:Avalokiteśvara
2140:Gautama Buddha
2120:Main article:
2117:
2114:
2037:Greco-Buddhism
2006:Main article:
2003:
2000:
1907:The so called
1871:
1868:
1851:Madhyama Agama
1798:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1742:Main article:
1739:
1736:
1693:Main article:
1690:
1687:
1638:(soul, self),
1606:traditions of
1562:Iron Age India
1557:
1554:
1542:Main article:
1539:
1536:
1431:breath control
1317:, present-day
1300:Main article:
1271:
1268:
1215:Bauddha Dharma
1210:
1207:
1183:2nd millennium
1165:as well as in
1054:Buddhist canon
947:Buddhist texts
832:Gangetic plain
814:attributed to
710:
709:
707:
706:
699:
692:
684:
681:
680:
679:
678:
663:
662:
659:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
552:
547:
546:
543:
542:
539:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
492:
487:
486:
483:
482:
479:
478:
473:
468:
466:Pratyekabuddha
463:
458:
453:
447:
442:
441:
438:
437:
434:
433:
428:
423:
421:Buddhist chant
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
342:
337:
336:
333:
332:
329:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
282:
279:Buddhist texts
277:
276:
273:
272:
269:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
207:
206:
196:
190:
187:
186:
181:
175:
174:
173:
170:
169:
166:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
124:
119:
118:
115:
114:
113:
112:
107:
102:
94:
93:
85:
84:
78:
77:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
28583:
28572:
28569:
28567:
28564:
28562:
28559:
28557:
28554:
28552:
28549:
28548:
28546:
28531:
28527:
28523:
28521:
28513:
28512:
28509:
28495:
28492:
28490:
28487:
28485:
28482:
28480:
28477:
28475:
28472:
28470:
28467:
28465:
28462:
28460:
28457:
28455:
28452:
28450:
28447:
28445:
28442:
28440:
28437:
28436:
28434:
28432:
28431:South America
28428:
28422:
28419:
28417:
28414:
28412:
28409:
28407:
28404:
28402:
28399:
28397:
28394:
28392:
28389:
28387:
28384:
28382:
28379:
28377:
28374:
28372:
28369:
28367:
28364:
28362:
28359:
28357:
28354:
28353:
28351:
28349:
28345:
28339:
28338:United States
28336:
28334:
28331:
28329:
28326:
28324:
28321:
28319:
28316:
28314:
28311:
28309:
28306:
28304:
28301:
28299:
28296:
28294:
28291:
28289:
28286:
28284:
28281:
28279:
28276:
28274:
28271:
28269:
28266:
28264:
28261:
28259:
28256:
28254:
28251:
28249:
28246:
28244:
28241:
28239:
28236:
28234:
28231:
28229:
28226:
28225:
28223:
28221:
28220:North America
28217:
28209:
28206:
28204:
28201:
28199:
28196:
28194:
28191:
28190:
28189:
28186:
28184:
28181:
28179:
28176:
28174:
28171:
28169:
28166:
28164:
28161:
28159:
28156:
28154:
28151:
28149:
28146:
28144:
28141:
28139:
28136:
28134:
28131:
28129:
28126:
28124:
28121:
28119:
28116:
28114:
28111:
28109:
28106:
28104:
28101:
28099:
28096:
28094:
28091:
28089:
28086:
28084:
28081:
28079:
28078:Liechtenstein
28076:
28074:
28071:
28069:
28066:
28064:
28061:
28059:
28056:
28054:
28051:
28049:
28046:
28044:
28041:
28039:
28036:
28034:
28031:
28029:
28026:
28024:
28021:
28019:
28016:
28014:
28011:
28009:
28006:
28004:
28001:
27999:
27996:
27994:
27991:
27989:
27986:
27984:
27981:
27979:
27976:
27974:
27971:
27970:
27968:
27966:
27962:
27956:
27953:
27951:
27948:
27946:
27943:
27941:
27938:
27936:
27933:
27931:
27928:
27926:
27923:
27921:
27918:
27916:
27913:
27911:
27908:
27906:
27903:
27901:
27898:
27896:
27893:
27891:
27888:
27886:
27883:
27881:
27878:
27876:
27873:
27871:
27868:
27866:
27863:
27861:
27858:
27856:
27853:
27851:
27848:
27846:
27843:
27841:
27838:
27836:
27833:
27831:
27828:
27826:
27823:
27821:
27818:
27814:
27811:
27809:
27806:
27805:
27804:
27801:
27799:
27796:
27794:
27791:
27789:
27786:
27784:
27781:
27779:
27776:
27774:
27771:
27769:
27766:
27764:
27761:
27759:
27756:
27754:
27751:
27749:
27746:
27744:
27741:
27739:
27736:
27734:
27731:
27729:
27726:
27724:
27721:
27719:
27716:
27714:
27711:
27709:
27706:
27704:
27701:
27699:
27696:
27695:
27693:
27691:
27687:
27681:
27678:
27676:
27673:
27671:
27668:
27666:
27663:
27661:
27658:
27656:
27653:
27651:
27648:
27646:
27643:
27641:
27638:
27636:
27633:
27631:
27628:
27626:
27623:
27621:
27618:
27616:
27613:
27611:
27608:
27606:
27603:
27601:
27598:
27596:
27593:
27591:
27588:
27586:
27583:
27581:
27578:
27576:
27573:
27571:
27568:
27566:
27563:
27561:
27558:
27556:
27553:
27551:
27548:
27546:
27543:
27541:
27538:
27536:
27533:
27531:
27530:Guinea-Bissau
27528:
27526:
27523:
27521:
27518:
27516:
27513:
27511:
27508:
27506:
27503:
27501:
27498:
27496:
27493:
27491:
27488:
27486:
27483:
27481:
27478:
27476:
27473:
27471:
27468:
27466:
27463:
27461:
27458:
27456:
27453:
27451:
27448:
27446:
27443:
27441:
27438:
27436:
27433:
27431:
27428:
27426:
27423:
27421:
27418:
27416:
27413:
27412:
27410:
27408:
27404:
27400:
27393:
27389:
27375:
27372:
27370:
27367:
27365:
27362:
27360:
27357:
27355:
27354:Organizations
27352:
27350:
27347:
27345:
27342:
27340:
27337:
27335:
27332:
27330:
27327:
27325:
27322:
27320:
27317:
27315:
27312:
27311:
27309:
27306:
27298:
27292:
27289:
27287:
27284:
27282:
27279:
27277:
27274:
27272:
27269:
27267:
27264:
27262:
27259:
27257:
27254:
27252:
27249:
27247:
27244:
27242:
27239:
27238:
27236:
27233:
27228:
27223:
27217:
27214:
27210:
27207:
27205:
27202:
27200:
27197:
27196:
27195:
27192:
27190:
27187:
27185:
27184:Vegetarianism
27182:
27180:
27177:
27175:
27172:
27170:
27167:
27165:
27162:
27160:
27157:
27155:
27152:
27150:
27147:
27145:
27142:
27140:
27137:
27135:
27132:
27130:
27129:Homosexuality
27127:
27125:
27122:
27120:
27117:
27115:
27112:
27108:
27105:
27103:
27100:
27098:
27095:
27093:
27090:
27089:
27088:
27085:
27083:
27080:
27078:
27075:
27073:
27070:
27066:
27063:
27061:
27058:
27056:
27053:
27052:
27051:
27048:
27044:
27041:
27039:
27036:
27034:
27031:
27030:
27029:
27025:
27022:
27020:
27017:
27015:
27012:
27011:
27009:
27006:
26999:
26993:
26990:
26988:
26985:
26983:
26980:
26976:
26973:
26972:
26971:
26968:
26966:
26963:
26961:
26958:
26956:
26953:
26951:
26950:Neurotheology
26948:
26946:
26943:
26941:
26938:
26936:
26933:
26931:
26928:
26926:
26923:
26921:
26918:
26917:
26915:
26913:
26907:
26901:
26898:
26896:
26893:
26891:
26888:
26886:
26883:
26881:
26878:
26876:
26873:
26871:
26868:
26866:
26863:
26861:
26858:
26856:
26853:
26852:
26850:
26848:
26844:
26836:
26833:
26831:
26828:
26826:
26823:
26822:
26821:
26818:
26816:
26813:
26811:
26808:
26806:
26803:
26801:
26798:
26796:
26793:
26791:
26788:
26786:
26783:
26779:
26776:
26774:
26771:
26769:
26766:
26764:
26761:
26760:
26759:
26756:
26752:
26749:
26747:
26744:
26742:
26739:
26738:
26737:
26734:
26732:
26729:
26727:
26724:
26722:
26719:
26717:
26714:
26712:
26709:
26707:
26704:
26702:
26699:
26697:
26694:
26692:
26689:
26685:
26682:
26680:
26677:
26675:
26672:
26671:
26670:
26667:
26665:
26662:
26660:
26657:
26655:
26652:
26650:
26647:
26645:
26644:Folk religion
26642:
26640:
26637:
26635:
26632:
26630:
26627:
26625:
26622:
26620:
26617:
26615:
26612:
26610:
26607:
26605:
26602:
26600:
26596:
26593:
26591:
26588:
26586:
26583:
26581:
26578:
26576:
26572:
26569:
26568:
26566:
26562:
26558:
26551:
26547:
26537:
26534:
26532:
26529:
26527:
26524:
26522:
26519:
26517:
26514:
26512:
26509:
26507:
26504:
26500:
26497:
26495:
26492:
26490:
26487:
26486:
26485:
26482:
26478:
26475:
26473:
26470:
26468:
26467:Imperial cult
26465:
26463:
26460:
26458:
26455:
26454:
26453:
26450:
26448:
26445:
26441:
26438:
26436:
26433:
26432:
26431:
26428:
26424:
26421:
26419:
26416:
26414:
26411:
26409:
26406:
26405:
26404:
26401:
26399:
26396:
26392:
26389:
26388:
26387:
26384:
26380:
26377:
26375:
26372:
26371:
26370:
26367:
26365:
26362:
26358:
26355:
26354:
26353:
26350:
26348:
26345:
26343:
26340:
26338:
26335:
26333:
26330:
26328:
26325:
26323:
26320:
26318:
26315:
26311:
26308:
26306:
26303:
26301:
26298:
26296:
26293:
26291:
26288:
26287:
26286:
26283:
26279:
26276:
26274:
26271:
26269:
26266:
26264:
26261:
26260:
26259:
26256:
26254:
26251:
26247:
26244:
26243:
26242:
26239:
26237:
26234:
26232:
26229:
26225:
26222:
26221:
26220:
26217:
26215:
26212:
26210:
26207:
26203:
26200:
26198:
26195:
26194:
26193:
26190:
26188:
26185:
26181:
26178:
26176:
26173:
26171:
26168:
26167:
26166:
26163:
26161:
26158:
26156:
26153:
26151:
26148:
26144:
26141:
26140:
26139:
26136:
26135:
26132:
26128:
26123:
26119:
26099:
26096:
26095:
26094:
26091:
26089:
26086:
26084:
26081:
26079:
26076:
26074:
26071:
26069:
26066:
26064:
26061:
26059:
26058:Discordianism
26056:
26054:
26053:Anthroposophy
26051:
26050:
26048:
26044:
26036:
26035:
26031:
26030:
26029:
26026:
26024:
26021:
26017:
26014:
26012:
26009:
26007:
26004:
26002:
26001:Mari religion
25999:
25997:
25994:
25992:
25989:
25987:
25984:
25983:
25982:
25979:
25977:
25974:
25972:
25969:
25967:
25964:
25962:
25959:
25957:
25954:
25952:
25949:
25947:
25944:
25942:
25939:
25935:
25932:
25931:
25930:
25927:
25923:
25920:
25918:
25915:
25914:
25913:
25910:
25906:
25903:
25901:
25898:
25897:
25896:
25893:
25891:
25888:
25884:
25881:
25880:
25878:
25877:
25875:
25873:
25867:
25861:
25858:
25856:
25853:
25851:
25848:
25844:
25841:
25839:
25838:Neo-Theosophy
25836:
25835:
25834:
25831:
25829:
25826:
25824:
25821:
25819:
25816:
25814:
25811:
25807:
25804:
25803:
25802:
25799:
25797:
25794:
25792:
25789:
25787:
25784:
25782:
25779:
25777:
25776:New Acropolis
25774:
25772:
25769:
25767:
25764:
25762:
25759:
25757:
25754:
25752:
25749:
25748:
25746:
25742:
25739:
25737:
25729:
25719:
25716:
25714:
25711:
25709:
25706:
25704:
25701:
25700:
25698:
25694:
25682:
25679:
25677:
25674:
25672:
25669:
25667:
25664:
25662:
25659:
25657:
25654:
25652:
25649:
25647:
25644:
25642:
25639:
25637:
25634:
25632:
25629:
25627:
25624:
25622:
25619:
25617:
25614:
25610:
25607:
25605:
25602:
25600:
25597:
25596:
25595:
25592:
25591:
25590:
25588:
25584:
25583:
25578:
25575:
25574:
25573:
25570:
25568:
25565:
25563:
25560:
25558:
25555:
25553:
25550:
25548:
25545:
25543:
25540:
25538:
25535:
25533:
25530:
25528:
25525:
25523:
25520:
25518:
25515:
25513:
25510:
25508:
25505:
25503:
25500:
25498:
25495:
25493:
25490:
25488:
25485:
25481:
25478:
25476:
25473:
25472:
25471:
25468:
25466:
25463:
25461:
25458:
25456:
25453:
25452:
25450:
25448:
25442:
25434:
25431:
25430:
25429:
25426:
25425:
25423:
25421:North African
25419:
25416:
25414:
25408:
25402:
25399:
25397:
25394:
25392:
25389:
25387:
25384:
25382:
25379:
25377:
25374:
25372:
25369:
25367:
25364:
25362:
25359:
25357:
25354:
25352:
25349:
25347:
25344:
25343:
25341:
25339:
25335:
25329:
25326:
25324:
25321:
25319:
25316:
25314:
25311:
25310:
25308:
25306:
25302:
25298:
25292:
25289:
25287:
25284:
25282:
25279:
25277:
25274:
25272:
25269:
25267:
25264:
25262:
25259:
25257:
25254:
25252:
25249:
25245:
25242:
25240:
25237:
25235:
25232:
25230:
25227:
25226:
25225:
25222:
25220:
25217:
25215:
25212:
25210:
25207:
25205:
25204:Kwakwakaʼwakw
25202:
25200:
25197:
25193:
25190:
25188:
25185:
25183:
25180:
25179:
25178:
25175:
25173:
25170:
25168:
25165:
25163:
25160:
25158:
25155:
25153:
25150:
25148:
25145:
25143:
25140:
25138:
25135:
25131:
25128:
25126:
25123:
25121:
25118:
25117:
25116:
25113:
25111:
25108:
25106:
25103:
25101:
25098:
25097:
25095:
25093:
25087:
25081:
25078:
25076:
25073:
25069:
25066:
25064:
25061:
25060:
25059:
25056:
25052:
25049:
25048:
25047:
25044:
25042:
25039:
25037:
25034:
25032:
25029:
25025:
25022:
25020:
25017:
25016:
25014:
25010:
25007:
25005:
25002:
25001:
25000:
24997:
24995:
24992:
24991:
24989:
24987:
24983:
24977:
24974:
24973:
24971:
24969:
24968:Austroasiatic
24965:
24957:
24954:
24952:
24949:
24948:
24947:
24944:
24940:
24939:Vattisen Yaly
24937:
24935:
24932:
24930:
24927:
24926:
24925:
24921:
24918:
24917:
24915:
24913:
24909:
24906:
24904:
24900:
24884:
24881:
24879:
24876:
24875:
24874:
24871:
24869:
24866:
24864:
24861:
24859:
24858:Kirat Mundhum
24856:
24854:
24851:
24847:
24844:
24842:
24839:
24838:
24837:
24834:
24832:
24829:
24827:
24824:
24823:
24821:
24817:
24811:
24810:
24806:
24804:
24801:
24797:
24794:
24793:
24792:
24789:
24785:
24782:
24780:
24777:
24775:
24771:
24767:
24764:
24763:
24762:
24759:
24757:
24754:
24753:
24751:
24749:
24745:
24739:
24738:
24734:
24732:
24729:
24727:
24724:
24722:
24719:
24717:
24714:
24712:
24709:
24707:
24704:
24700:
24697:
24695:
24692:
24690:
24687:
24685:
24682:
24680:
24677:
24675:
24672:
24670:
24667:
24665:
24662:
24661:
24660:
24657:
24653:
24650:
24648:
24645:
24643:
24640:
24638:
24635:
24633:
24630:
24628:
24625:
24623:
24620:
24618:
24615:
24613:
24610:
24609:
24608:
24605:
24604:
24602:
24600:
24596:
24593:
24591:
24587:
24577:
24574:
24572:
24569:
24567:
24564:
24562:
24559:
24557:
24554:
24553:
24551:
24549:
24545:
24539:
24536:
24534:
24531:
24529:
24526:
24525:
24523:
24521:
24517:
24511:
24508:
24506:
24503:
24501:
24498:
24494:
24493:
24489:
24488:
24487:
24484:
24483:
24481:
24479:
24475:
24467:
24464:
24462:
24459:
24458:
24457:
24454:
24450:
24447:
24445:
24442:
24441:
24440:
24437:
24435:
24432:
24430:
24427:
24425:
24422:
24420:
24417:
24416:
24414:
24412:
24408:
24405:
24403:
24399:
24396:
24394:
24390:
24376:
24373:
24371:
24368:
24366:
24363:
24362:
24360:
24356:
24350:
24347:
24345:
24342:
24340:
24337:
24335:
24332:
24331:
24329:
24327:
24323:
24317:
24314:
24312:
24309:
24307:
24304:
24303:
24301:
24299:
24295:
24292:
24290:
24286:
24276:
24273:
24271:
24268:
24266:
24263:
24261:
24258:
24256:
24253:
24251:
24248:
24246:
24243:
24242:
24240:
24236:
24230:
24229:
24225:
24223:
24220:
24218:
24217:Milah Abraham
24215:
24213:
24210:
24208:
24205:
24203:
24200:
24198:
24195:
24191:
24188:
24187:
24186:
24183:
24181:
24178:
24174:
24171:
24169:
24166:
24164:
24161:
24159:
24156:
24155:
24154:
24151:
24145:
24142:
24140:
24137:
24136:
24135:
24132:
24130:
24127:
24125:
24122:
24120:
24117:
24116:
24115:
24112:
24111:
24109:
24107:
24103:
24097:
24096:
24092:
24088:
24085:
24083:
24080:
24078:
24075:
24073:
24070:
24068:
24065:
24063:
24060:
24058:
24055:
24053:
24050:
24048:
24044:
24041:
24040:
24039:
24036:
24034:
24031:
24029:
24026:
24024:
24021:
24019:
24016:
24014:
24011:
24007:
24004:
24002:
23999:
23997:
23994:
23990:
23987:
23986:
23985:
23982:
23980:
23977:
23975:
23972:
23970:
23967:
23963:
23960:
23958:
23955:
23953:
23950:
23949:
23948:
23945:
23941:
23938:
23936:
23933:
23931:
23928:
23927:
23926:
23923:
23921:
23918:
23916:
23913:
23909:
23906:
23904:
23901:
23899:
23896:
23894:
23891:
23889:
23886:
23885:
23884:
23881:
23879:
23876:
23875:
23874:
23873:Protestantism
23871:
23867:
23864:
23862:
23858:
23855:
23854:
23853:
23850:
23846:
23843:
23841:
23838:
23837:
23836:
23833:
23831:
23828:
23824:
23821:
23820:
23819:
23816:
23812:
23809:
23807:
23804:
23803:
23802:
23799:
23798:
23796:
23794:
23790:
23784:
23783:
23779:
23777:
23774:
23772:
23769:
23767:
23764:
23762:
23759:
23757:
23754:
23752:
23749:
23747:
23744:
23738:
23735:
23734:
23733:
23730:
23726:
23723:
23722:
23721:
23718:
23717:
23716:
23713:
23712:
23710:
23708:
23704:
23701:
23699:
23695:
23692:
23690:
23686:
23682:
23678:
23673:
23669:
23665:
23658:
23653:
23651:
23646:
23644:
23639:
23638:
23635:
23623:
23615:
23613:
23605:
23604:
23601:
23593:
23590:
23589:
23588:
23585:
23583:
23580:
23578:
23575:
23571:
23568:
23567:
23566:
23565:Buddha in art
23563:
23559:
23556:
23554:
23551:
23549:
23546:
23545:
23544:
23541:
23539:
23536:
23534:
23531:
23529:
23526:
23524:
23521:
23519:
23516:
23514:
23511:
23507:
23504:
23502:
23498:
23494:
23490:
23487:
23486:
23485:
23482:
23478:
23475:
23473:
23470:
23468:
23465:
23463:
23460:
23458:
23455:
23454:
23453:
23450:
23448:
23445:
23443:
23440:
23438:
23435:
23431:
23428:
23427:
23426:
23423:
23419:
23416:
23414:
23411:
23409:
23406:
23404:
23401:
23400:
23399:
23396:
23394:
23391:
23390:
23387:
23382:
23378:
23371:
23366:
23364:
23359:
23357:
23352:
23351:
23348:
23336:
23331:
23326:
23324:
23316:
23315:
23312:
23306:
23303:
23301:
23298:
23296:
23293:
23291:
23288:
23286:
23283:
23281:
23278:
23276:
23273:
23272:
23270:
23268:
23264:
23258:
23255:
23253:
23250:
23248:
23245:
23243:
23240:
23238:
23235:
23233:
23230:
23228:
23225:
23223:
23220:
23218:
23215:
23213:
23210:
23206:
23203:
23201:
23198:
23197:
23196:
23193:
23191:
23188:
23187:
23185:
23183:
23179:
23171:
23168:
23166:
23163:
23162:
23161:
23158:
23156:
23153:
23151:
23148:
23146:
23143:
23141:
23138:
23136:
23133:
23131:
23128:
23126:
23123:
23121:
23118:
23116:
23113:
23111:
23108:
23106:
23103:
23102:
23100:
23098:
23097:Miscellaneous
23094:
23088:
23087:Vegetarianism
23085:
23083:
23080:
23076:
23073:
23071:
23068:
23066:
23063:
23061:
23058:
23056:
23053:
23052:
23051:
23048:
23046:
23043:
23041:
23038:
23036:
23033:
23031:
23028:
23024:
23021:
23019:
23016:
23014:
23011:
23009:
23006:
23004:
23001:
23000:
22999:
22996:
22994:
22991:
22989:
22986:
22982:
22979:
22978:
22977:
22974:
22972:
22969:
22967:
22964:
22962:
22959:
22955:
22952:
22950:
22947:
22945:
22942:
22940:
22937:
22935:
22932:
22931:
22930:
22927:
22925:
22922:
22920:
22917:
22915:
22912:
22910:
22909:Buddha in art
22907:
22905:
22902:
22900:
22897:
22893:
22890:
22889:
22888:
22885:
22881:
22878:
22876:
22873:
22871:
22868:
22866:
22863:
22861:
22858:
22856:
22853:
22851:
22848:
22844:
22841:
22840:
22839:
22836:
22834:
22831:
22829:
22826:
22824:
22821:
22819:
22816:
22814:
22811:
22809:
22806:
22805:
22804:
22801:
22800:
22798:
22796:
22792:
22786:
22783:
22781:
22778:
22776:
22773:
22771:
22768:
22766:
22763:
22761:
22758:
22756:
22753:
22751:
22748:
22746:
22743:
22741:
22738:
22736:
22733:
22731:
22728:
22726:
22723:
22721:
22718:
22716:
22713:
22711:
22708:
22706:
22703:
22702:
22700:
22698:
22694:
22688:
22685:
22683:
22680:
22678:
22675:
22673:
22670:
22668:
22665:
22663:
22660:
22658:
22655:
22653:
22650:
22648:
22645:
22643:
22640:
22638:
22635:
22631:
22628:
22627:
22626:
22623:
22621:
22618:
22614:
22611:
22610:
22609:
22606:
22604:
22601:
22599:
22596:
22594:
22591:
22589:
22586:
22585:
22583:
22581:
22577:
22569:
22566:
22564:
22563:United States
22561:
22559:
22556:
22554:
22551:
22549:
22546:
22544:
22541:
22539:
22536:
22534:
22531:
22529:
22526:
22524:
22521:
22519:
22516:
22514:
22511:
22509:
22506:
22504:
22501:
22499:
22496:
22494:
22491:
22489:
22486:
22484:
22481:
22479:
22476:
22475:
22474:
22471:
22467:
22464:
22462:
22459:
22458:
22457:
22454:
22450:
22447:
22446:
22445:
22442:
22438:
22435:
22433:
22430:
22429:
22428:
22425:
22423:
22420:
22418:
22415:
22413:
22410:
22408:
22405:
22403:
22400:
22398:
22395:
22390:
22386:
22383:
22381:
22378:
22376:
22373:
22372:
22371:
22368:
22366:
22363:
22361:
22358:
22356:
22353:
22351:
22348:
22346:
22343:
22341:
22338:
22336:
22333:
22331:
22328:
22326:
22323:
22321:
22318:
22316:
22313:
22311:
22308:
22306:
22303:
22301:
22298:
22296:
22293:
22291:
22288:
22286:
22283:
22282:
22280:
22278:
22274:
22268:
22265:
22263:
22262:
22258:
22256:
22253:
22251:
22248:
22246:
22245:
22241:
22239:
22236:
22234:
22231:
22229:
22226:
22224:
22221:
22219:
22216:
22214:
22211:
22210:
22208:
22206:
22202:
22196:
22193:
22191:
22188:
22186:
22183:
22181:
22178:
22176:
22173:
22171:
22168:
22166:
22163:
22161:
22158:
22156:
22153:
22151:
22148:
22146:
22143:
22141:
22138:
22136:
22133:
22131:
22128:
22126:
22123:
22121:
22120:Padmasambhava
22118:
22116:
22113:
22111:
22108:
22106:
22103:
22101:
22098:
22096:
22093:
22091:
22088:
22086:
22083:
22081:
22078:
22076:
22073:
22071:
22068:
22066:
22063:
22061:
22058:
22056:
22053:
22051:
22048:
22046:
22043:
22041:
22038:
22037:
22035:
22033:
22032:Major figures
22029:
22023:
22020:
22016:
22013:
22012:
22011:
22008:
22006:
22003:
22001:
21998:
21996:
21993:
21991:
21988:
21986:
21983:
21979:
21978:Western tulku
21976:
21975:
21974:
21971:
21969:
21966:
21964:
21961:
21959:
21956:
21954:
21951:
21949:
21946:
21944:
21941:
21939:
21936:
21934:
21931:
21929:
21926:
21924:
21921:
21919:
21916:
21914:
21911:
21910:
21908:
21906:
21902:
21894:
21891:
21889:
21886:
21884:
21881:
21879:
21876:
21875:
21874:
21871:
21869:
21866:
21864:
21861:
21859:
21856:
21854:
21851:
21850:
21848:
21846:
21842:
21836:
21833:
21829:
21826:
21825:
21824:
21821:
21817:
21814:
21812:
21809:
21807:
21804:
21803:
21802:
21799:
21795:
21792:
21790:
21787:
21785:
21782:
21780:
21779:Five precepts
21777:
21776:
21775:
21772:
21768:
21765:
21763:
21760:
21758:
21757:Dhamma vicaya
21755:
21753:
21750:
21749:
21748:
21745:
21741:
21738:
21737:
21736:
21733:
21731:
21728:
21726:
21723:
21719:
21716:
21714:
21711:
21709:
21706:
21705:
21704:
21701:
21699:
21696:
21694:
21691:
21689:
21686:
21684:
21681:
21677:
21674:
21672:
21669:
21668:
21667:
21664:
21662:
21659:
21655:
21652:
21650:
21647:
21645:
21642:
21640:
21637:
21635:
21632:
21630:
21627:
21625:
21622:
21620:
21617:
21615:
21612:
21610:
21607:
21604:
21600:
21597:
21595:
21592:
21590:
21587:
21585:
21582:
21579:
21578:
21573:
21571:
21568:
21567:
21566:
21563:
21561:
21558:
21556:
21553:
21551:
21548:
21546:
21543:
21541:
21538:
21536:
21533:
21531:
21528:
21526:
21525:Buddhābhiṣeka
21523:
21519:
21516:
21514:
21511:
21509:
21506:
21504:
21501:
21500:
21499:
21496:
21494:
21491:
21489:
21486:
21485:
21483:
21481:
21477:
21471:
21468:
21466:
21463:
21461:
21458:
21456:
21453:
21451:
21448:
21444:
21441:
21439:
21436:
21434:
21431:
21429:
21426:
21425:
21424:
21421:
21417:
21414:
21412:
21409:
21407:
21404:
21402:
21399:
21397:
21394:
21392:
21389:
21387:
21384:
21380:
21377:
21375:
21372:
21370:
21367:
21365:
21362:
21361:
21360:
21357:
21356:
21355:
21352:
21351:
21349:
21347:
21343:
21337:
21334:
21330:
21327:
21325:
21322:
21320:
21317:
21315:
21312:
21310:
21307:
21305:
21302:
21301:
21300:
21297:
21295:
21292:
21291:
21289:
21287:
21283:
21277:
21274:
21270:
21267:
21265:
21262:
21260:
21257:
21256:
21255:
21252:
21250:
21247:
21245:
21242:
21240:
21237:
21235:
21232:
21230:
21227:
21225:
21222:
21220:
21217:
21215:
21212:
21210:
21207:
21205:
21202:
21200:
21197:
21195:
21192:
21190:
21187:
21185:
21182:
21180:
21177:
21175:
21172:
21170:
21169:Enlightenment
21167:
21165:
21162:
21160:
21159:Dhamma theory
21157:
21155:
21154:Buddha-nature
21152:
21150:
21147:
21145:
21142:
21140:
21137:
21136:
21134:
21132:
21128:
21122:
21119:
21117:
21114:
21112:
21109:
21107:
21104:
21102:
21099:
21097:
21094:
21092:
21089:
21087:
21084:
21082:
21079:
21077:
21074:
21072:
21069:
21067:
21064:
21062:
21059:
21057:
21054:
21052:
21049:
21047:
21044:
21042:
21039:
21037:
21034:
21032:
21029:
21028:
21026:
21024:
21020:
21014:
21011:
21009:
21006:
21004:
21001:
20999:
20996:
20994:
20993:Samantabhadra
20991:
20989:
20986:
20984:
20981:
20979:
20976:
20974:
20971:
20967:
20964:
20963:
20962:
20959:
20958:
20956:
20954:
20950:
20944:
20941:
20939:
20936:
20932:
20926:
20924:
20918:
20916:
20910:
20908:
20902:
20900:
20894:
20892:
20886:
20884:
20878:
20877:
20876:
20873:
20871:
20868:
20866:
20863:
20861:
20858:
20856:
20853:
20851:
20848:
20846:
20843:
20841:
20838:
20836:
20833:
20831:
20828:
20826:
20823:
20821:
20818:
20816:
20813:
20812:
20810:
20808:
20804:
20798:
20795:
20793:
20790:
20788:
20785:
20781:
20778:
20776:
20773:
20771:
20768:
20767:
20766:
20763:
20761:
20758:
20757:
20755:
20753:
20749:
20743:
20740:
20738:
20735:
20733:
20725:
20724:
20721:
20716:
20711:
20706:
20698:
20693:
20691:
20686:
20684:
20679:
20678:
20675:
20668:
20665:
20662:
20659:
20657:, Smithsonian
20656:
20652:
20649:
20646:
20644:
20643:
20638:
20635:
20632:
20629:
20626:
20623:
20620:
20617:
20614:
20611:
20608:
20605:
20602:
20599:
20596:
20593:
20590:
20587:
20584:
20581:
20578:
20575:
20574:
20563:
20559:
20558:Zürcher, Erik
20555:
20552:
20546:
20542:
20541:
20536:
20532:
20529:
20523:
20519:
20518:
20512:
20510:
20506:
20502:
20496:
20492:
20491:
20485:
20474:
20470:
20464:
20460:
20459:
20453:
20441:
20437:
20431:
20428:. Routledge.
20427:
20426:
20420:
20408:
20404:
20398:
20395:. Routledge.
20394:
20393:
20387:
20376:
20372:
20366:
20362:
20361:
20355:
20351:
20346:
20342:
20337:
20334:
20329:
20326:
20320:
20316:
20311:
20308:
20302:
20298:
20294:
20290:
20285:
20282:
20276:
20272:
20268:
20264:
20260:
20255:
20251:
20247:
20243:
20239:
20234:
20230:
20224:
20220:
20216:
20212:
20207:
20196:
20192:
20186:
20182:
20181:
20175:
20168:
20164:
20158:
20154:
20147:
20146:
20140:
20136:
20131:
20128:
20122:
20118:
20113:
20106:
20102:
20096:
20089:
20088:
20083:
20079:
20075:
20070:
20066:
20060:
20056:
20052:
20047:
20036:
20032:
20028:
20024:
20020:
20016:
20012:
20008:
20003:
19997:
19994:
19988:
19984:
19979:
19976:
19970:
19967:, Routledge,
19966:
19961:
19949:
19946:(1): 93–108.
19945:
19941:
19937:
19932:
19925:
19921:
19917:
19910:
19905:
19894:
19890:
19886:
19882:
19877:
19874:
19868:
19864:
19859:
19855:
19851:
19847:
19843:
19839:
19835:
19832:
19826:
19822:
19821:
19815:
19811:
19807:
19803:
19800:
19794:
19790:
19789:
19783:
19779:
19773:
19769:
19768:
19762:
19759:
19753:
19749:
19748:
19742:
19739:
19733:
19729:
19724:
19713:
19709:
19708:
19703:
19699:
19696:
19692:
19687:
19682:
19678:
19674:
19669:
19658:
19654:
19648:
19644:
19643:
19638:
19634:
19630:
19625:
19621:
19615:
19611:
19610:
19604:
19600:
19594:
19590:
19585:
19575:
19569:
19565:
19564:
19559:
19555:
19545:
19539:
19535:
19534:
19528:
19524:
19519:
19515:
19511:
19507:
19503:
19498:
19495:
19489:
19485:
19480:
19473:
19472:
19467:
19463:
19460:
19454:
19450:
19445:
19441:
19437:
19433:
19430:
19424:
19421:, Continuum,
19420:
19415:
19404:
19400:
19394:
19391:, McFarland,
19390:
19389:
19383:
19379:
19374:
19370:
19365:
19361:
19357:
19356:Lusthaus, Dan
19353:
19349:
19344:
19340:
19335:
19332:
19326:
19322:
19321:
19316:
19312:
19308:
19303:
19300:
19294:
19290:
19286:
19281:
19277:
19272:
19268:
19263:
19251:
19247:
19241:
19237:
19236:
19230:
19226:
19221:
19217:
19211:
19207:
19202:
19198:
19193:
19189:
19184:
19172:
19168:
19162:
19159:. Routledge.
19158:
19157:
19151:
19148:
19142:
19138:
19133:
19130:
19124:
19120:
19115:
19112:
19106:
19102:
19097:
19094:
19088:
19084:
19079:
19075:
19071:
19070:Keown, Damien
19067:
19060:
19056:
19052:
19045:
19040:
19029:
19025:
19019:
19015:
19014:
19008:
19004:
19000:
18996:
18995:Jong, J.W. de
18992:
18985:
18978:
18977:
18971:
18968:
18962:
18958:
18954:
18950:
18939:
18935:
18931:
18927:
18923:
18918:
18912:
18901:
18897:
18891:
18887:
18886:
18880:
18869:
18865:
18859:
18855:
18854:
18848:
18845:
18839:
18835:
18830:
18826:
18821:
18817:
18812:
18800:
18796:
18790:
18786:
18785:
18779:
18765:
18761:
18755:
18748:
18747:
18741:
18738:
18732:
18727:
18726:
18719:
18715:
18710:
18707:
18701:
18698:, Routledge,
18697:
18692:
18688:
18683:
18671:
18667:
18661:
18658:. Routledge.
18657:
18656:
18650:
18639:
18635:
18634:
18628:
18624:
18618:
18614:
18609:
18605:
18600:
18596:
18591:
18588:
18582:
18578:
18574:
18570:
18567:
18561:
18557:
18552:
18548:
18544:
18540:
18537:
18531:
18527:
18523:
18519:
18516:
18510:
18506:
18505:
18500:
18496:
18493:
18489:
18486:(2): 97–120,
18485:
18481:
18476:
18464:
18460:
18454:
18450:
18449:
18443:
18439:
18434:
18431:
18425:
18421:
18416:
18409:
18405:
18399:
18392:
18391:
18385:
18381:
18376:
18373:
18367:
18363:
18358:
18354:
18348:
18344:
18339:
18336:
18330:
18326:
18321:
18318:
18304:
18299:
18295:
18291:
18287:
18283:
18279:
18275:
18274:Cousins, L.S.
18271:
18260:
18256:
18250:
18246:
18245:
18240:
18236:
18225:
18221:
18215:
18212:, Routledge,
18211:
18210:
18204:
18192:
18188:
18182:
18178:
18177:
18171:
18160:
18156:
18150:
18146:
18145:
18140:
18136:
18125:
18121:
18115:
18111:
18110:
18104:
18100:
18095:
18091:
18086:
18083:
18077:
18073:
18068:
18065:
18059:
18055:
18051:
18047:
18043:
18038:
18034:
18029:
18018:
18014:
18010:
18006:
18001:
17989:
17985:
17979:
17975:
17974:
17968:
17964:
17958:
17954:
17953:
17947:
17936:
17932:
17928:
17924:
17919:
17915:
17911:
17907:
17904:
17902:9789552401169
17898:
17894:
17890:
17889:
17884:
17880:
17876:
17870:
17866:
17861:
17858:
17852:
17848:
17844:
17840:
17836:
17834:9781400866328
17830:
17826:
17819:
17818:
17812:
17809:
17803:
17799:
17795:
17791:
17787:
17782:
17778:
17773:
17769:
17764:
17760:
17756:
17755:Ajahn Sucitto
17752:
17751:
17747:Cited sources
17730:
17726:
17720:
17704:
17700:
17699:teara.govt.nz
17696:
17689:
17670:
17666:
17659:
17653:
17637:
17633:
17629:
17623:
17621:
17604:
17600:
17594:
17592:
17575:
17571:
17565:
17549:
17545:
17541:
17534:
17518:
17514:
17508:
17492:
17488:
17482:
17474:
17470:
17465:
17460:
17456:
17452:
17448:
17441:
17425:
17421:
17417:
17411:
17395:
17391:
17390:Lonely Planet
17387:
17380:
17364:
17360:
17356:
17350:
17343:
17339:
17336:
17331:
17324:
17323:Harvey (2013)
17319:
17312:
17307:
17300:
17299:0-06-090175-6
17296:
17292:
17288:
17284:
17279:
17272:
17266:
17259:
17258:0-7868-8654-4
17255:
17251:
17245:
17238:
17237:0-8264-0673-4
17234:
17230:
17224:
17216:
17214:1-59102-040-9
17210:
17206:
17202:
17198:
17191:
17184:
17179:
17171:
17164:
17157:
17151:
17145:
17139:
17132:
17127:
17112:
17111:
17106:
17099:
17084:
17080:
17073:
17063:
17060:
17057:
17054:
17051:
17048:
17047:
17043:
17035:
17031:
17026:
17021:
17017:
17013:
17008:
17003:
16999:
16995:
16991:
16984:
16978:, p. 22.
16977:
16972:
16957:
16953:
16947:
16945:
16936:
16932:
16928:
16924:
16920:
16916:
16909:
16901:
16895:
16891:
16884:
16868:
16864:
16860:
16853:
16837:
16833:
16827:
16823:
16822:
16814:
16805:
16800:
16796:
16789:
16773:
16769:
16765:
16758:
16742:
16738:
16734:
16727:
16711:
16707:
16703:
16696:
16680:
16676:
16670:
16666:
16665:
16657:
16641:
16637:
16631:
16627:
16626:
16618:
16611:
16606:
16599:
16598:Harvey (2013)
16594:
16578:
16574:
16568:
16564:
16563:
16555:
16548:
16543:
16527:
16523:
16517:
16513:
16512:
16504:
16502:
16492:
16487:
16483:
16479:
16475:
16468:
16466:
16458:
16453:
16447:, p. 25.
16446:
16441:
16433:
16429:
16425:
16421:
16417:
16413:
16406:
16399:
16398:Pavāra (2009)
16394:
16387:
16382:
16376:, p. 68.
16375:
16374:Tamney (1998)
16370:
16364:, p. 42.
16363:
16358:
16350:
16344:
16340:
16339:
16331:
16325:, p. 65.
16324:
16323:Fowler (1999)
16319:
16312:
16307:
16300:
16299:Gowans (2014)
16295:
16288:
16283:
16276:
16271:
16265:, p. ix.
16264:
16259:
16252:
16246:
16238:
16232:
16225:
16221:
16218:
16213:
16206:
16202:
16199:
16195:
16191:
16188:
16183:
16167:
16163:
16159:
16153:
16144:
16139:
16135:
16131:
16127:
16120:
16113:
16112:Harvey (2013)
16108:
16101:
16100:Harvey (2013)
16096:
16089:
16088:Harvey (2013)
16084:
16077:
16076:Harvey (2013)
16072:
16065:
16059:
16052:
16046:
16039:
16034:
16028:, p. 55.
16027:
16022:
16016:, p. 34.
16015:
16010:
16004:, p. 53.
16003:
15998:
15992:, p. 68.
15991:
15986:
15979:
15973:
15966:
15960:
15953:
15948:
15946:
15929:
15925:
15921:
15917:
15913:
15909:
15905:
15900:
15892:
15884:
15878:
15874:
15873:
15865:
15857:
15851:
15847:
15846:
15838:
15830:
15824:
15820:
15816:
15815:
15807:
15799:
15793:
15789:
15788:
15780:
15773:
15768:
15761:
15756:
15749:
15748:Gethin (1998)
15744:
15728:
15724:
15720:
15714:
15707:
15702:
15696:, p. 12.
15695:
15690:
15683:(1): 115–181.
15682:
15678:
15671:
15663:
15656:
15649:
15644:
15635:
15628:
15625:
15619:
15612:
15606:
15600:
15596:
15592:
15588:
15583:
15577:
15573:
15569:
15565:
15561:
15556:
15549:
15544:
15537:
15532:
15525:
15520:
15514:
15510:
15506:
15500:
15493:
15492:Warder (2000)
15488:
15469:
15465:
15461:
15457:
15453:
15446:
15442:
15436:
15429:
15425:
15419:
15412:
15408:
15404:
15398:
15391:
15386:
15379:
15378:Gethin (1998)
15374:
15366:
15360:
15356:
15355:
15347:
15345:
15336:
15330:
15326:
15325:
15317:
15311:, p. 16.
15310:
15305:
15298:
15297:Gethin (2008)
15293:
15285:
15279:
15275:
15274:
15266:
15259:
15258:Gethin (1998)
15254:
15246:
15240:
15236:
15235:
15227:
15225:
15223:
15221:
15219:
15211:
15210:Harvey (2000)
15206:
15199:
15198:1-59056-069-8
15195:
15191:
15185:
15179:
15175:
15172:
15167:
15160:
15159:1-59056-069-8
15156:
15152:
15146:
15139:
15138:Harvey (2000)
15134:
15127:
15126:Harvey (2000)
15122:
15115:
15114:Harvey (2013)
15110:
15103:
15102:Harvey (2013)
15098:
15091:
15090:Harvey (2013)
15086:
15079:
15074:
15067:
15066:Harvey (1998)
15062:
15055:
15054:Harvey (2013)
15050:
15044:, p. 59.
15043:
15038:
15031:
15026:
15019:
15018:Gethin (1998)
15014:
15007:
15003:
14989:
14985:
14979:
14975:
14974:
14966:
14959:
14958:Fowler (1999)
14954:
14947:
14942:
14936:, p. 74.
14935:
14930:
14924:, p. 58.
14923:
14918:
14916:
14908:
14903:
14896:
14890:
14883:
14882:Powers (2007)
14878:
14871:
14866:
14858:
14852:
14848:
14847:
14839:
14833:, p. 87.
14832:
14827:
14820:
14819:Fowler (1999)
14815:
14813:
14811:
14809:
14800:
14794:
14790:
14789:
14781:
14773:
14767:
14763:
14762:
14754:
14747:
14746:Harvey (2013)
14742:
14740:
14738:
14736:
14728:
14723:
14716:
14715:Gethin (2001)
14711:
14704:
14700:
14697:
14691:
14689:
14681:
14675:
14668:
14663:
14656:
14651:
14635:
14631:
14627:
14621:
14614:
14609:
14602:
14597:
14590:
14586:
14581:
14573:
14567:
14563:
14562:
14554:
14546:
14540:
14536:
14535:
14527:
14519:
14513:
14509:
14508:
14500:
14493:
14488:
14481:
14476:
14469:
14464:
14458:, p. 29.
14457:
14456:Norman (1997)
14452:
14445:
14440:
14434:, p. 88.
14433:
14428:
14421:
14416:
14409:
14404:
14398:, p. 99.
14397:
14392:
14384:
14377:
14370:
14366:
14360:
14353:
14348:
14341:
14336:
14329:
14328:Miller (1996)
14324:
14318:, p. 44.
14317:
14312:
14306:, p. 30.
14305:
14300:
14298:
14289:
14285:
14281:
14277:
14273:
14269:
14262:
14255:
14250:
14243:
14237:
14231:, p. 50.
14230:
14225:
14219:
14215:
14211:
14207:
14201:
14194:
14188:
14186:
14178:
14172:
14165:
14159:
14150:
14143:
14138:
14132:, p. 89.
14131:
14130:Harvey (2000)
14126:
14119:
14118:Harvey (1998)
14114:
14107:
14102:
14095:
14089:
14080:
14078:
14068:
14066:
14058:
14053:
14046:
14041:
14039:
14037:
14030:, p. 93.
14029:
14024:
14017:
14012:
14010:
14002:
13997:
13990:
13985:
13979:, p. 80.
13978:
13977:Harvey (2000)
13973:
13971:
13963:
13958:
13951:
13946:
13939:
13934:
13927:
13926:Harvey (2000)
13922:
13915:
13910:
13904:, p. 77.
13903:
13902:Harvey (2000)
13898:
13892:, p. 76.
13891:
13890:Harvey (2000)
13886:
13880:, p. 75.
13879:
13878:Harvey (2000)
13874:
13867:
13866:Harvey (2000)
13862:
13856:, p. 70.
13855:
13854:Harvey (2000)
13850:
13844:, p. 69.
13843:
13842:Harvey (2000)
13838:
13832:, p. 67.
13831:
13830:Harvey (2000)
13826:
13818:
13812:
13808:
13804:
13803:
13795:
13787:
13783:
13779:
13775:
13768:
13761:
13756:
13749:
13744:
13742:
13734:
13733:Harvey (2013)
13729:
13722:
13721:Shults (2014)
13717:
13710:
13709:Harvey (2013)
13705:
13703:
13694:
13688:
13679:
13671:
13665:
13661:
13660:
13652:
13646:, p. 83.
13645:
13644:Harvey (2013)
13640:
13638:
13620:
13616:
13610:
13606:
13605:
13597:
13590:
13589:Harvey (2013)
13585:
13579:, p. 12.
13578:
13577:Vetter (1988)
13573:
13565:
13559:
13555:
13550:
13549:
13540:
13532:
13526:
13522:
13518:
13517:
13509:
13502:
13501:Gowans (2013)
13497:
13495:
13487:
13486:Harvey (2013)
13482:
13480:
13478:
13476:
13468:
13463:
13456:
13455:Harvey (2013)
13451:
13449:
13447:
13439:
13438:Vetter (1988)
13434:
13432:
13430:
13428:
13426:
13424:
13417:, p. 52.
13416:
13411:
13404:
13399:
13392:
13391:Harvey (2016)
13387:
13380:
13375:
13368:
13367:Gethin (1998)
13363:
13356:
13351:
13344:
13343:Gethin (2001)
13339:
13332:
13326:
13324:
13322:
13314:
13308:
13301:
13297:
13292:
13286:, p. 72.
13285:
13284:Harvey (2013)
13280:
13273:
13268:
13261:
13260:Harvey (2013)
13256:
13250:, p. 96.
13249:
13244:
13237:
13232:
13225:
13219:
13212:
13208:
13204:
13200:
13196:
13192:
13191:Fowler (1999)
13187:
13180:
13175:
13168:
13162:
13155:
13150:
13143:
13138:
13122:
13118:
13114:
13107:
13100:
13094:
13085:
13069:
13065:
13061:
13055:
13049:, p. 86.
13048:
13047:Gethin (1998)
13043:
13037:, p. 92.
13036:
13035:Gethin (1998)
13031:
13024:
13023:Gethin (1998)
13019:
13013:, p. 88.
13012:
13011:Harvey (2013)
13007:
13000:
12996:
12992:
12989:
12983:
12977:, p. 31.
12976:
12975:Harvey (2013)
12971:
12964:
12963:Harvey (2013)
12959:
12953:, p. 27.
12952:
12947:
12945:
12937:
12936:Harvey (2013)
12932:
12926:, p. 21.
12925:
12920:
12913:
12912:Harvey (2013)
12908:
12901:
12895:
12888:
12887:Harvey (2013)
12883:
12881:
12873:
12868:
12861:
12855:
12848:
12845:Shi Huifeng,
12842:
12835:
12829:
12823:, p. 47.
12822:
12817:
12810:
12806:
12802:
12801:Harvey (1998)
12797:
12790:
12785:
12778:
12777:Harvey (2013)
12773:
12766:
12765:Gethin (1998)
12761:
12753:
12747:
12743:
12742:
12734:
12726:
12720:
12716:
12715:
12707:
12699:
12693:
12689:
12688:
12680:
12673:
12672:Gethin (1998)
12668:
12659:
12653:
12649:
12648:
12640:
12632:
12628:
12623:
12617:
12616:0-19-213965-7
12613:
12609:
12608:
12603:
12598:
12592:, p. 54.
12591:
12590:Harvey (1998)
12586:
12579:
12578:Fowler (1999)
12574:
12567:
12566:Gowans (2004)
12562:
12556:, p. 62.
12555:
12550:
12543:
12542:Coogan (2003)
12538:
12531:
12530:Gethin (1998)
12526:
12519:
12518:Harvey (2013)
12514:
12506:
12500:
12496:
12495:
12487:
12479:
12473:
12469:
12468:
12460:
12444:
12440:
12434:
12430:
12429:
12421:
12405:
12401:
12395:
12391:
12390:
12382:
12375:
12370:
12363:
12358:
12350:
12344:
12340:
12339:
12331:
12315:
12311:
12305:
12301:
12300:
12292:
12276:
12272:
12266:
12262:
12261:
12253:
12237:
12233:
12227:
12223:
12222:
12214:
12198:
12194:
12188:
12184:
12183:
12175:
12166:
12160:
12156:
12155:
12147:
12141:, p. 66.
12140:
12135:
12128:
12123:
12115:
12109:
12105:
12104:
12096:
12089:
12088:Fuller (2005)
12084:
12077:
12076:Choong (2000)
12072:
12065:
12060:
12053:
12048:
12041:
12036:
12034:
12026:
12025:Samuel (2008)
12021:
12013:
12007:
12003:
12002:
11994:
11986:
11980:
11976:
11975:
11967:
11960:
11959:Harvey (2013)
11955:
11948:
11943:
11941:
11924:
11920:
11914:
11910:
11909:
11901:
11899:
11891:
11886:
11870:
11866:
11860:
11856:
11855:
11847:
11840:
11835:
11827:
11821:
11817:
11816:
11808:
11801:
11796:
11790:, p. 40.
11789:
11788:Harvey (2013)
11784:
11777:
11772:
11765:
11764:Harvey (2013)
11760:
11758:
11756:
11754:
11752:
11744:
11739:
11732:
11731:Harvey (2013)
11727:
11711:
11707:
11701:
11697:
11696:
11688:
11681:
11676:
11660:
11656:
11650:
11646:
11645:
11637:
11635:
11627:
11622:
11620:
11618:
11616:
11608:
11593:
11589:
11583:
11579:
11578:
11561:
11557:
11551:
11547:
11546:
11538:
11522:
11518:
11512:
11508:
11507:
11499:
11492:
11487:
11480:
11479:Rahula (2014)
11475:
11468:
11464:
11463:Choong (1999)
11459:
11452:
11447:
11440:
11435:
11428:
11427:Gethin (1998)
11423:
11416:
11415:raison d'être
11412:
11407:
11400:
11395:
11388:
11383:
11376:
11375:Wilson (2010)
11371:
11369:
11361:
11356:
11349:
11344:
11342:
11340:
11332:
11327:
11319:
11313:
11306:
11302:
11296:
11280:
11276:
11270:
11266:
11265:
11264:Pali Buddhism
11257:
11241:
11237:
11231:
11227:
11226:
11218:
11201:
11197:
11191:
11187:
11186:
11178:
11171:
11167:
11163:
11159:
11156:
11152:
11148:
11144:
11140:
11136:
11132:
11128:
11124:
11120:
11116:
11112:
11108:
11105:
11102:
11098:
11091:
11077:
11073:
11067:
11063:
11062:
11054:
11047:
11043:
11040:
11035:
11028:
11023:
11016:
11011:
11007:
11001:
10985:
10981:
10975:
10971:
10970:
10965:
10959:
10950:
10943:
10939:
10935:
10931:
10930:Cœdès, George
10926:
10919:
10915:
10911:
10905:
10898:
10893:
10877:
10873:
10867:
10863:
10862:
10854:
10846:
10842:
10838:
10834:
10830:
10826:
10819:
10811:
10805:
10801:
10800:
10792:
10784:
10778:
10774:
10770:
10769:
10761:
10754:
10749:
10742:
10741:Harvey (2013)
10737:
10728:
10719:
10710:
10701:
10694:
10688:
10681:
10680:0-231-12138-5
10677:
10673:
10667:
10661:, p. 30.
10660:
10655:
10646:
10640:, p. 23.
10639:
10634:
10627:
10622:
10615:
10610:
10603:
10598:
10589:
10580:
10571:
10562:
10552:
10543:
10536:
10530:
10523:
10517:
10510:
10509:Warder (2000)
10505:
10498:
10493:
10486:
10481:
10474:
10468:
10461:
10455:
10449:, p. 97.
10448:
10443:
10436:
10431:
10424:
10419:
10412:
10411:Warder (2000)
10407:
10400:
10395:
10388:
10383:
10376:
10371:
10369:
10362:
10358:
10354:
10348:
10346:
10329:
10325:
10321:
10317:
10310:
10294:
10290:
10286:
10280:
10273:
10267:
10260:
10255:
10239:
10235:
10229:
10225:
10224:
10216:
10207:
10205:
10197:
10191:
10183:
10177:
10173:
10172:
10164:
10148:
10144:
10138:
10134:
10133:
10125:
10118:
10113:
10106:
10101:
10094:
10089:
10082:
10076:
10069:
10068:Harvey (2013)
10064:
10057:
10056:Harvey (2013)
10052:
10036:
10032:
10026:
10022:
10021:
10013:
10006:
10005:Harvey (1998)
10001:
9995:
9991:
9985:
9978:
9972:
9965:
9964:Harvey (2013)
9960:
9953:
9948:
9941:
9940:Harvey (2013)
9936:
9929:
9924:
9917:
9916:Vetter (1988)
9912:
9905:
9900:
9894:, p. 14.
9893:
9888:
9881:
9876:
9869:
9864:
9857:
9852:
9845:
9840:
9824:
9820:
9816:
9809:
9802:
9796:
9789:
9783:
9777:, p. 34.
9776:
9771:
9764:
9759:
9753:, p. 25.
9752:
9747:
9745:
9737:
9732:
9725:
9720:
9713:
9712:Warder (2000)
9708:
9701:
9696:
9694:
9686:
9681:
9679:
9671:
9666:
9664:
9656:
9655:Norman (1992)
9651:
9644:
9643:Vetter (1988)
9639:
9637:
9635:
9633:
9625:
9620:
9618:
9610:
9609:Vetter (1988)
9605:
9598:
9597:Warder (2000)
9593:
9591:
9584:, p. ix.
9583:
9582:Vetter (1988)
9578:
9576:
9568:
9567:Harvey (1998)
9563:
9556:
9555:Gethin (2008)
9551:
9544:
9539:
9529:
9522:
9517:
9509:
9507:9780199644650
9503:
9499:
9495:
9491:
9484:
9476:
9470:
9466:
9465:
9457:
9455:
9447:
9442:
9435:
9431:
9425:
9418:
9417:Shults (2014)
9413:
9406:
9405:Shults (2014)
9401:
9394:
9393:Shults (2014)
9389:
9383:, pp. 226–227
9382:
9378:
9372:
9365:
9364:Samuel (2010)
9360:
9353:
9349:
9343:
9336:
9332:
9326:
9324:
9316:
9312:
9306:
9297:
9291:
9287:
9286:
9276:
9270:
9266:
9265:
9257:
9249:
9243:
9239:
9238:
9230:
9225:
9219:
9213:
9209:
9208:
9200:
9191:
9185:
9181:
9180:
9172:
9165:
9160:
9152:
9148:
9141:
9139:
9131:
9126:
9118:
9112:
9108:
9107:
9099:
9093:, p. xv.
9092:
9091:Gethin (2008)
9087:
9080:
9079:Gethin (1998)
9075:
9067:
9061:
9057:
9056:
9048:
9041:
9037:
9034:
9029:
9027:
9025:
9008:
9004:
8998:
8994:
8993:
8985:
8978:
8977:Gethin (1998)
8973:
8966:
8961:
8954:
8949:
8933:
8929:
8927:9789811580673
8923:
8919:
8918:
8910:
8903:
8897:
8895:
8887:
8882:
8875:
8870:
8854:
8850:
8844:
8840:
8839:
8831:
8824:
8819:
8817:
8815:
8798:
8794:
8790:
8786:
8779:
8772:
8770:
8766:
8763:
8756:
8749:
8744:
8738:, p. 50.
8737:
8732:
8724:
8718:
8714:
8713:
8705:
8698:
8693:
8686:
8681:
8673:
8667:
8663:
8662:
8654:
8648:, p. 49.
8647:
8642:
8640:
8632:
8627:
8621:, p. 10.
8620:
8615:
8609:, p. 16.
8608:
8603:
8596:
8591:
8584:
8579:
8577:
8569:
8568:Gethin (1998)
8564:
8557:
8552:
8545:
8544:Gethin (1998)
8540:
8538:
8530:
8529:0-415-54444-0
8526:
8522:
8517:
8510:
8504:
8496:
8491:
8484:
8483:0-415-54444-0
8480:
8476:
8471:
8464:
8459:
8452:
8451:Gethin (1998)
8447:
8440:
8436:
8435:Richard Foltz
8431:
8423:
8417:
8413:
8412:
8404:
8396:
8390:
8386:
8385:
8377:
8361:
8357:
8351:
8347:
8346:
8338:
8329:
8322:
8321:Powers (2007)
8317:
8311:
8307:
8304:
8303:
8299:
8298:
8296:
8289:
8288:
8270:
8266:
8260:
8256:
8255:
8247:
8240:
8239:Powers (2007)
8235:
8229:, p. 99.
8228:
8227:Harvey (2013)
8223:
8216:
8215:Gethin (1998)
8211:
8205:, p. xx.
8204:
8199:
8192:
8187:
8171:
8167:
8163:
8162:
8157:
8150:
8143:
8138:
8136:
8128:
8123:
8121:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8077:
8073:
8066:
8060:, p. 36.
8059:
8054:
8048:, p. 30.
8047:
8042:
8035:
8030:
8023:
8018:
8003:
7999:
7992:
7973:
7969:
7965:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7942:
7936:
7920:
7916:
7912:
7906:
7904:
7902:
7900:
7892:
7887:
7880:
7879:
7872:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7841:
7832:
7826:
7822:
7821:
7816:
7810:
7803:
7802:0-02-865740-3
7799:
7795:
7791:
7786:
7777:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7762:
7754:
7738:
7734:
7728:
7721:
7716:
7709:
7704:
7700:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7668:
7664:
7648:
7641:
7635:
7629:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7615:Harvey (1998)
7611:
7604:
7600:
7597:Many ancient
7594:
7587:
7581:
7574:
7568:
7561:
7555:
7545:
7538:
7532:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7513:
7509:
7503:
7496:
7491:
7485:
7476:
7467:
7460:
7459:
7452:
7443:
7434:
7425:
7416:
7406:
7399:
7398:
7393:
7392:
7385:
7375:
7365:
7355:
7348:
7347:Dharmaguptaka
7344:
7340:
7336:
7330:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7306:
7299:
7292:
7282:
7275:
7269:
7262:
7256:
7249:
7248:
7244:
7243:Sarvāstivādin
7240:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7230:
7225:
7219:
7212:
7206:
7202:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7186:Vegetarianism
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7038:
7032:
7027:
7024:
7018:
7013:
7006:
7004:
7000:
6999:North Savonia
6996:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6983:neo-Buddhists
6979:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6965:
6961:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6925:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6892:
6890:
6886:
6885:
6880:
6876:
6870:
6860:
6858:
6853:
6849:
6847:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6823:
6819:
6814:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6760:
6756:
6752:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6736:
6728:
6724:
6719:
6712:
6709:
6705:
6704:Potala Palace
6700:
6695:
6685:
6681:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6661:
6659:
6655:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6639:psychotherapy
6636:
6632:
6628:
6618:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6578:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6551:Thai Buddhism
6548:
6547:Chulalongkorn
6544:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6524:
6523:B.R. Ambedkar
6519:
6517:
6511:
6507:
6503:
6493:
6491:
6487:
6483:
6479:
6469:
6465:
6456:
6445:
6436:
6433:
6429:
6425:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6392:St Petersburg
6389:
6385:
6381:
6376:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6319:
6315:
6308:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6282:
6272:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6165:
6161:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6116:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6063:
6054:
6043:
6034:
6023:
6014:
5999:
5986:
5985:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5914:
5913:
5909:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5894:
5886:
5882:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5868:
5862:
5858:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5841:transgressive
5838:
5834:
5831:, worship of
5830:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5799:
5793:
5786:Tantric texts
5783:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5758:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5729:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5705:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5682:
5676:
5674:
5669:
5668:
5663:
5662:monastic rule
5659:
5658:
5657:Vinaya Pitaka
5653:
5649:
5644:
5642:
5638:
5632:
5628:
5618:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5599:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5572:
5567:
5557:
5554:
5553:Tibetan canon
5550:
5546:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5535:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5485:
5480:
5472:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5448:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5433:
5427:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5405:
5398:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5341:
5335:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5225:
5220:
5212:
5207:
5203:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5145:
5144:
5143:
5141:
5140:Brahma-vihara
5136:
5134:
5128:
5121:
5120:Brahma-vihara
5115:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5085:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5065:
5064:(SN 35.245).
5063:
5059:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5037:
5033:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4975:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4947:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4926:
4924:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4889:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4848:
4844:
4841:Meditation –
4838:
4836:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4811:Satipaṭṭhānas
4806:
4804:
4800:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4786:"mindfulness"
4777:
4775:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4754:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4689:
4685:
4680:
4671:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4657:
4653:
4652:
4651:Vinaya Pitaka
4647:
4643:
4634:
4629:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4610:
4606:
4604:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4520:Five precepts
4511:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4484:
4482:
4478:
4473:
4471:
4467:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4442:
4437:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4415:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4387:
4377:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4328:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4307:sammā samādhi
4303:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4289:
4286:samyag smṛti,
4284:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4274:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4254:
4249:
4247:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4231:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4211:
4208:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4192:Moral virtues
4190:
4185:
4183:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4155:
4152:samyag dṛṣṭi,
4150:
4147:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4086:
4080:
4070:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4059:Tevijja Sutta
4055:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3985:(meditation,
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3960:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3877:Buddha-nature
3874:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3732:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3709:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3662:), coreless (
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3644:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3608:
3602:
3594:
3590:
3589:Consciousness
3585:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3573:Consciousness
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3551:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3480:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3419:
3411:
3409:
3404:
3403:consciousness
3397:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3363:
3350:
3345:
3338:
3336:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3287:
3286:pañca khandha
3283:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3251:(birth), and
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3121:
3119:
3118:sammā-vimutti
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2914:sentient life
2907:
2906:Uttar Pradesh
2903:
2898:
2893:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2844:
2839:
2826:
2825:Wheel of Life
2822:
2819:
2814:
2802:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2676:is caused by
2675:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2609:in Sanskrit,
2608:
2604:
2601:in Japanese,
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2565:Ram Khamhaeng
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2499:Chinese canon
2496:
2492:
2488:
2487:Chan Buddhism
2484:
2480:
2475:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2430:Kushan Empire
2427:
2423:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
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2353:
2348:
2346:
2341:
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2333:
2329:
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2317:
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2307:
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2299:
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2291:
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2272:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2207:Kumaragupta I
2204:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2152:Guimet Museum
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2092:
2091:Dharmaguptaka
2088:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2070:Kushan empire
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2029:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2009:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1921:Mahāsāṃghikas
1918:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1791:
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1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1748:According to
1745:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1686:
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1656:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:Paccekabuddha
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1551:
1545:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1505:final nirvana
1502:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:Uttar Pradesh
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1294:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1246:who lived in
1245:
1240:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1008:extinguishing
995:
994:
984:Great Vehicle
972:
952:
948:
943:
942:
936:
932:
929:
928:
922:
921:monastic vows
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
857:
852:
847:
845:
840:
839:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
796:Buddha Dharma
793:
792:
783:
762:
756:
755:
746:
716:
705:
700:
698:
693:
691:
686:
685:
683:
682:
677:
672:
667:
666:
665:
664:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
553:
550:
545:
544:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
490:
485:
484:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
448:
445:
440:
439:
432:
431:Vegetarianism
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
386:Recollections
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
356:Five precepts
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
340:
335:
334:
327:
324:
322:
321:Chinese canon
319:
317:
316:Tibetan canon
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
283:
280:
275:
274:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
205:
202:
201:
200:
197:
195:
192:
191:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
172:
171:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
125:
122:
117:
116:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
97:
96:
95:
91:
87:
86:
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
70:
64:
60:
56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
35:
34:
19:
27935:Turkmenistan
27895:Saudi Arabia
27640:South Africa
27630:Sierra Leone
27435:Burkina Faso
27344:Names of God
27291:Unaffiliated
27246:Antireligion
27107:Universalism
27055:Assimilation
26920:Anthropology
26795:Supernatural
26790:Spirituality
26758:Sacred space
26746:Purification
26619:Denomination
26573: /
26403:Paleo-Balkan
26369:Mesopotamian
26209:Cook Islands
26180:Old Prussian
26093:UFO religion
26032:
26028:Zalmoxianism
25956:Neoshamanism
25813:Spiritualism
25696:Other ethnic
25585:
25411:Traditional
25371:Bongthingism
25224:Mesoamerican
24986:Austronesian
24807:
24803:Neo-Buddhism
24747:
24735:
24731:Neo-Hinduism
24652:Swaminarayan
24490:
24439:Salvationist
24424:Confucianism
24275:Samaritanism
24245:Ali-Illahism
24226:
24093:
24087:Unitarianism
24028:Old Catholic
23835:Nestorianism
23793:Christianity
23780:
23746:Conservative
23392:
23275:Bodhisattvas
23195:Christianity
23190:Baháʼí Faith
23055:Dharmachakra
23045:Prayer wheel
23035:Prayer beads
22803:Architecture
22682:969 Movement
22466:Saudi Arabia
22444:Central Asia
22437:South Africa
22259:
22242:
22175:Panchen Lama
22080:Buddhapālita
21676:Satipatthana
21671:Mindful Yoga
21584:Recollection
21498:Brahmavihara
21369:Japanese Zen
21364:Chinese Chan
21324:Animal realm
21131:Key concepts
20953:Bodhisattvas
20765:Three Jewels
20709:
20648:Buddhist Art
20640:
20561:
20539:
20516:
20489:
20477:, retrieved
20457:
20444:. Retrieved
20424:
20411:. Retrieved
20391:
20379:, retrieved
20359:
20349:
20340:
20332:
20314:
20288:
20270:
20258:
20249:
20246:Warder, A.K.
20237:
20210:
20199:, retrieved
20179:
20144:
20134:
20116:
20086:
20073:
20050:
20038:. Retrieved
20010:
20006:
19982:
19964:
19952:. Retrieved
19943:
19939:
19924:the original
19919:
19915:
19897:, retrieved
19888:
19884:
19862:
19853:
19841:
19819:
19809:
19787:
19766:
19746:
19727:
19716:, retrieved
19706:
19676:
19672:
19661:, retrieved
19641:
19608:
19588:
19577:, retrieved
19562:
19547:, retrieved
19536:, Springer,
19532:
19522:
19513:
19510:Norman, K.R.
19501:
19483:
19470:
19448:
19439:
19418:
19407:, retrieved
19387:
19377:
19368:
19359:
19347:
19338:
19319:
19306:
19284:
19275:
19269:. Routledge.
19266:
19254:. Retrieved
19234:
19224:
19205:
19196:
19175:. Retrieved
19155:
19136:
19118:
19100:
19082:
19073:
19059:the original
19054:
19050:
19032:, retrieved
19012:
19002:
18998:
18984:the original
18975:
18956:
18942:, retrieved
18925:
18921:
18904:, retrieved
18884:
18872:, retrieved
18852:
18833:
18824:
18815:
18803:. Retrieved
18783:
18771:, retrieved
18764:the original
18745:
18724:
18713:
18695:
18674:. Retrieved
18654:
18642:, retrieved
18632:
18612:
18594:
18576:
18555:
18546:
18525:
18503:
18483:
18479:
18467:. Retrieved
18447:
18437:
18419:
18408:the original
18389:
18379:
18361:
18342:
18324:
18316:
18308:, retrieved
18303:the original
18281:
18263:, retrieved
18243:
18228:, retrieved
18208:
18195:. Retrieved
18175:
18163:, retrieved
18143:
18128:, retrieved
18108:
18098:
18089:
18071:
18053:
18041:
18032:
18021:, retrieved
18012:
18008:
17992:. Retrieved
17972:
17951:
17939:, retrieved
17930:
17926:
17913:
17887:
17864:
17846:
17816:
17797:
17785:
17776:
17767:
17758:
17733:. Retrieved
17719:
17707:. Retrieved
17698:
17688:
17676:. Retrieved
17664:
17652:
17640:. Retrieved
17631:
17607:. Retrieved
17578:. Retrieved
17574:the original
17564:
17552:. Retrieved
17548:the original
17543:
17533:
17521:. Retrieved
17517:the original
17507:
17495:. Retrieved
17481:
17457:(1): 24–42.
17454:
17450:
17440:
17428:. Retrieved
17419:
17410:
17398:. Retrieved
17389:
17379:
17367:. Retrieved
17358:
17349:
17330:
17325:, p. 5.
17318:
17306:
17290:
17287:D. T. Suzuki
17283:Fromm, Erich
17278:
17270:
17265:
17249:
17244:
17228:
17223:
17200:
17190:
17178:
17169:
17163:
17155:
17150:
17138:
17126:
17114:. Retrieved
17108:
17098:
17086:. Retrieved
17082:
17072:
17056:Stewart 2018
17042:
16997:
16993:
16983:
16971:
16959:. Retrieved
16955:
16918:
16914:
16908:
16892:. ABC-CLIO.
16889:
16883:
16871:. Retrieved
16862:
16852:
16840:. Retrieved
16820:
16813:
16804:the original
16798:
16788:
16776:. Retrieved
16767:
16757:
16745:. Retrieved
16736:
16726:
16714:. Retrieved
16706:The Atlantic
16705:
16695:
16683:. Retrieved
16663:
16656:
16644:. Retrieved
16624:
16617:
16605:
16593:
16581:. Retrieved
16561:
16554:
16542:
16530:. Retrieved
16510:
16481:
16477:
16457:Queen (2013)
16452:
16440:
16415:
16411:
16405:
16393:
16381:
16369:
16357:
16337:
16330:
16318:
16311:Keown (2009)
16306:
16294:
16282:
16275:Hayes (2013)
16270:
16263:Konik (2009)
16258:
16250:
16245:
16236:
16231:
16212:
16182:
16170:. Retrieved
16161:
16152:
16133:
16129:
16119:
16107:
16095:
16083:
16071:
16063:
16058:
16050:
16045:
16033:
16021:
16009:
15997:
15985:
15977:
15972:
15964:
15959:
15932:. Retrieved
15907:
15903:
15891:
15871:
15864:
15844:
15837:
15813:
15806:
15786:
15779:
15767:
15755:
15743:
15731:. Retrieved
15727:the original
15722:
15713:
15706:Smith (2006)
15701:
15694:Keown (1996)
15689:
15680:
15676:
15670:
15661:
15655:
15650:, chapter 7.
15643:
15634:
15627:in East Asia
15626:
15623:
15618:
15610:
15605:
15590:
15582:
15563:
15560:Nattier, Jan
15555:
15543:
15535:
15531:
15519:
15504:
15499:
15487:
15475:. Retrieved
15455:
15451:
15435:
15427:
15423:
15418:
15402:
15397:
15385:
15373:
15353:
15323:
15316:
15309:Eliot (1935)
15304:
15292:
15272:
15265:
15253:
15233:
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15184:
15166:
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15121:
15109:
15097:
15085:
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15061:
15049:
15037:
15025:
15013:
15005:
15001:
14992:. Retrieved
14972:
14965:
14953:
14946:Conze (2013)
14941:
14929:
14902:
14894:
14889:
14877:
14865:
14845:
14838:
14826:
14787:
14780:
14760:
14753:
14722:
14710:
14679:
14674:
14667:Bodhi (2005)
14662:
14655:Keown (1996)
14650:
14638:. Retrieved
14629:
14620:
14613:Welch (1967)
14608:
14601:Bodhi (2000)
14596:
14588:
14585:Bodhi (2005)
14580:
14560:
14553:
14533:
14526:
14506:
14499:
14487:
14475:
14463:
14451:
14439:
14427:
14415:
14408:Wynne (2007)
14403:
14391:
14382:
14376:
14359:
14347:
14335:
14330:, p. 8.
14323:
14311:
14271:
14267:
14261:
14249:
14241:
14236:
14224:
14209:
14205:
14200:
14192:
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14158:
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14125:
14113:
14101:
14093:
14088:
14052:
14023:
13996:
13984:
13957:
13945:
13933:
13921:
13914:Keown (2013)
13909:
13897:
13885:
13873:
13861:
13849:
13837:
13825:
13801:
13794:
13777:
13767:
13755:
13728:
13716:
13692:
13687:
13678:
13658:
13651:
13623:. Retrieved
13603:
13596:
13584:
13572:
13547:
13539:
13515:
13508:
13467:Bodhi (2010)
13462:
13410:
13403:Bodhi (2010)
13398:
13386:
13374:
13362:
13350:
13338:
13330:
13312:
13307:
13299:
13291:
13279:
13272:Keown (1996)
13267:
13255:
13243:
13231:
13223:
13218:
13210:
13206:
13202:
13198:
13194:
13186:
13174:
13167:Uttaratantra
13166:
13161:
13149:
13137:
13125:. Retrieved
13116:
13113:"Vasubandhu"
13106:
13098:
13093:
13084:
13072:. Retrieved
13063:
13054:
13042:
13030:
13018:
13006:
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12919:
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12713:
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12639:
12634:conditions..
12630:
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12537:
12525:
12513:
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12466:
12459:
12447:. Retrieved
12427:
12420:
12408:. Retrieved
12388:
12381:
12369:
12357:
12337:
12330:
12318:. Retrieved
12298:
12291:
12279:. Retrieved
12259:
12252:
12240:. Retrieved
12220:
12213:
12201:. Retrieved
12181:
12174:
12153:
12146:
12134:
12129:, p. 9.
12122:
12102:
12095:
12083:
12071:
12059:
12047:
12020:
12000:
11993:
11973:
11966:
11954:
11947:Spiro (1982)
11927:. Retrieved
11907:
11890:Lopez (2001)
11885:
11873:. Retrieved
11853:
11846:
11839:Spiro (1982)
11834:
11814:
11807:
11795:
11783:
11771:
11738:
11726:
11714:. Retrieved
11694:
11687:
11675:
11663:. Retrieved
11643:
11596:. Retrieved
11576:
11564:. Retrieved
11544:
11537:
11525:. Retrieved
11505:
11498:
11491:Keown (1996)
11486:
11474:
11466:
11458:
11446:
11434:
11422:
11414:
11411:Conze (2013)
11406:
11394:
11382:
11355:
11326:
11312:
11304:
11300:
11295:
11283:. Retrieved
11263:
11256:
11244:. Retrieved
11224:
11217:
11204:. Retrieved
11184:
11177:
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11166:
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11138:
11135:
11115:
11101:
11097:
11080:. Retrieved
11060:
11053:
11034:
11022:
11013:
11009:
11000:
10990:27 September
10988:. Retrieved
10968:
10958:
10949:
10933:
10925:
10909:
10904:
10892:
10880:. Retrieved
10860:
10853:
10828:
10824:
10818:
10798:
10791:
10767:
10760:
10748:
10736:
10727:
10718:
10709:
10700:
10692:
10687:
10671:
10666:
10654:
10645:
10633:
10621:
10609:
10597:
10588:
10579:
10570:
10561:
10551:
10542:
10534:
10529:
10521:
10516:
10504:
10492:
10480:
10472:
10467:
10459:
10454:
10442:
10430:
10418:
10406:
10394:
10382:
10352:
10332:. Retrieved
10328:the original
10323:
10319:
10309:
10297:. Retrieved
10293:the original
10279:
10271:
10266:
10254:
10242:. Retrieved
10222:
10215:
10195:
10190:
10170:
10163:
10151:. Retrieved
10131:
10124:
10112:
10100:
10088:
10080:
10075:
10063:
10051:
10039:. Retrieved
10019:
10012:
10000:
9984:
9976:
9971:
9959:
9947:
9935:
9923:
9911:
9899:
9887:
9875:
9863:
9851:
9846:, p. 5.
9839:
9827:. Retrieved
9818:
9808:
9800:
9795:
9787:
9782:
9770:
9765:, p. 4.
9763:Lopez (1995)
9758:
9731:
9719:
9707:
9650:
9604:
9569:, p. 3.
9562:
9550:
9538:
9528:
9523:, p. 7.
9516:
9489:
9483:
9463:
9446:Jaini (2001)
9441:
9424:
9412:
9400:
9388:
9371:
9359:
9342:
9317:, pp. 94–103
9305:
9284:
9263:
9256:
9236:
9206:
9199:
9178:
9171:
9159:
9125:
9105:
9098:
9086:
9074:
9054:
9047:
9011:. Retrieved
8991:
8984:
8972:
8965:Keown (2003)
8960:
8948:
8936:. Retrieved
8916:
8909:
8901:
8881:
8869:
8857:. Retrieved
8837:
8830:
8823:Wynne (2007)
8801:. Retrieved
8792:
8788:
8778:
8760:
8755:
8743:
8731:
8711:
8704:
8692:
8680:
8660:
8653:
8626:
8614:
8607:Lopez (1995)
8602:
8590:
8563:
8551:
8520:
8516:
8508:
8503:
8494:
8490:
8474:
8470:
8458:
8446:
8438:
8430:
8410:
8403:
8383:
8376:
8364:. Retrieved
8344:
8337:
8328:
8316:
8301:
8292:
8291:
8287:
8286:
8273:. Retrieved
8253:
8246:
8234:
8222:
8210:
8198:
8186:
8174:. Retrieved
8165:
8159:
8149:
8107:. Retrieved
8079:
8075:
8065:
8053:
8041:
8029:
8017:
8005:. Retrieved
8001:
7991:
7979:, retrieved
7972:the original
7951:
7947:
7935:
7923:. Retrieved
7914:
7891:Lopez (2001)
7886:
7876:
7871:
7859:. Retrieved
7850:
7840:
7819:
7809:
7793:
7785:
7760:
7753:
7741:. Retrieved
7727:
7720:Roach (2011)
7715:
7708:Wells (2008)
7703:
7667:
7647:
7639:
7633:
7623:Gethin (1998
7610:
7593:
7580:
7572:
7567:
7559:
7554:
7544:
7536:
7531:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7502:
7489:
7484:
7475:
7466:
7456:
7451:
7442:
7433:
7424:
7415:
7405:
7395:
7389:
7384:
7374:
7364:
7354:
7335:Sarvastivada
7329:
7311:Digha Nikaya
7305:
7291:
7281:
7273:
7268:
7255:
7245:
7236:
7229:Buddhacarita
7227:
7224:Jataka tales
7218:
7210:
7205:
6980:
6893:
6882:
6872:
6863:Demographics
6850:
6822:Theosophists
6815:
6811:Vikramashila
6803:epistemology
6799:Indian logic
6787:Confucianism
6739:Buddhist art
6732:
6727:Gupta Empire
6678:Christianity
6624:
6596:
6582:
6579:
6559:Won Buddhism
6540:
6520:
6513:
6475:
6416:Jack Kerouac
6377:
6326:
6260:
6244:Central Asia
6240:Meiji period
6212:World War II
6202:
6194:Henry Olcott
6186:
6120:Ajanta Caves
6117:
6108:
6104:
6092:
6091:) or woods (
6088:
6082:
6076:
6070:
5984:buddhavacana
5982:
5956:
5949:Three Jewels
5910:
5897:
5895:
5891:
5864:
5826:
5798:Gupta Empire
5795:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5756:
5733:
5701:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5680:
5671:
5667:Sutta Pitaka
5665:
5660:(focuses on
5655:
5651:
5647:
5645:
5640:
5634:
5584:
5544:
5538:
5532:
5528:
5517:Christianity
5510:
5499:
5476:
5429:
5408:
5402:
5400:
5378:
5374:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5356:
5348:
5344:
5339:
5336:
5331:
5327:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5254:
5250:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5231:
5226:recitation,
5221:
5217:
5188:
5187:, Sanskrit:
5182:
5173:
5166:
5160:
5153:
5152:, Sanskrit:
5147:
5139:
5137:
5132:
5130:
5127:Brahmavihara
5119:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5086:
5081:
5077:
5074:Damien Keown
5069:
5066:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5039:
5020:arupa-jhānas
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4981:
4970:
4966:four dhyānas
4965:
4963:
4958:
4955:four dhyānas
4954:
4950:
4948:
4932:
4922:
4920:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4886:
4884:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4830:
4826:ānāpānasmṛti
4825:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4807:
4802:
4793:
4792:, Sanskrit:
4789:
4783:
4771:
4764:
4762:
4751:
4748:
4743:
4739:
4737:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4712:
4707:
4695:
4693:
4687:
4683:
4667:
4663:
4661:
4655:
4649:
4641:
4639:
4613:
4601:
4574:
4553:sikkha-padam
4552:
4546:
4523:
4491:
4485:
4480:
4476:
4474:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4440:
4434:
4427:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4403:
4395:
4389:
4373:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4334:depicted at
4312:
4304:
4285:
4273:sammā vāyāma
4270:
4259:
4243:
4227:
4212:
4203:
4195:
4179:
4154:sammā ditthi
4151:
4142:
4134:
4126:Description
4121:
4104:
4095:
4089:
4082:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4056:
4052:Dharma wheel
4045:
4041:
4035:
4026:
4024:
4014:
4006:
4000:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3970:
3964:
3962:
3948:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3919:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3857:bodhisattvas
3852:
3848:
3842:
3837:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3819:of Singapore
3787:
3771:
3751:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3713:
3711:
3708:Three Jewels
3695:
3689:
3682:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3638:
3630:
3626:
3624:
3614:
3610:
3575:arises from
3526:
3521:
3502:
3497:
3478:
3473:
3457:
3407:
3402:
3376:
3334:
3317:
3313:
3285:
3279:
3247:(becoming),
3243:(grasping),
3200:
3198:
3185:
3183:
3178:
3177:
3154:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3075:
3071:
3041:quid-pro-quo
3040:
3038:
3033:
3030:
3022:
3011:
3005:
3003:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2967:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2911:
2876:impermanence
2868:
2863:
2853:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2816:Traditional
2800:
2791:
2784:
2782:
2774:
2770:impermanence
2765:
2757:
2748:
2741:manuscript.
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2641:
2635:
2626:
2611:buddhaśāsana
2610:
2607:buddhadharma
2606:
2605:in Tibetan,
2602:
2598:
2597:in Chinese,
2594:
2580:
2557:Khmer Empire
2539:and coastal
2510:
2503:
2491:Song dynasty
2479:Tang dynasty
2476:
2438:
2419:
2360:Rashtrakutas
2349:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2318:
2271:Harṣavardana
2267:Gupta period
2264:
2233:Dan Lusthaus
2224:
2211:Vikramashila
2200:
2196:
2180:
2160:
2156:
2095:
2067:
2063:Milindapanha
2062:
2055:Milindapanha
2054:
2042:Milindapanha
2040:
2034:
2011:
1988:
1983:Mahāsāṃghika
1979:Sarvāstivāda
1972:
1964:Central Asia
1950:(such as at
1937:
1906:
1887:
1863:
1860:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1800:
1780:A. K. Warder
1773:
1754:
1747:
1717:
1714:but no idols
1704:Ajanta Caves
1652:
1633:
1597:
1578:
1576:traditions.
1559:
1513:
1494:
1476:
1469:
1465:
1463:
1444:
1434:
1420:
1412:Āḷāra Kālāma
1393:
1381:
1379:
1366:
1360:
1327:Ganges Plain
1312:
1305:
1281:marking the
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1214:
1212:
1195:Turkmenistan
1155:, a form of
1051:
933:
872:
854:
848:
827:
822:. It is the
800:Dharmavinaya
799:
795:
714:
713:
381:Merit making
346:Three Jewels
286:Buddhavacana
216:Impermanence
204:Dharma wheel
81:
42:
32:
28386:New Zealand
28323:Saint Lucia
28273:El Salvador
28178:Switzerland
28113:Netherlands
27885:Philippines
27813:South Korea
27808:North Korea
27698:Afghanistan
27645:South Sudan
27535:Ivory Coast
27319:Deification
27266:Objectivism
27241:Agnosticism
27199:Persecution
27189:Video games
27154:Populations
27065:Proselytism
27033:Monasticism
27024:Clericalism
27014:Agriculture
27005:and society
26970:Soteriology
26930:Comparative
26900:Transtheism
26885:Panentheism
26669:Monasticism
26462:Gallo-Roman
26386:Micronesian
26352:Manichaeism
26300:Hermeticism
26268:Continental
26263:Anglo-Saxon
26143:Paleolithic
26138:Prehistoric
26088:Scientology
25951:Italo-Roman
25806:Radha Soami
25786:New Thought
25626:Espiritismo
25567:Waaqeffanna
25507:Fon and Ewe
25445:Sub-Saharan
25328:Satsana Phi
25115:Californian
25105:Anishinaabe
25036:Karo Pemena
25015:Indonesian
24689:Lingayatism
24637:Mahanubhava
24607:Vaishnavism
24538:Jeungsanism
24461:Folk Taoism
24444:Xiantiandao
24298:Zoroastrian
23957:Charismatic
23952:Pentecostal
23915:Anglicanism
23866:Waldensians
23801:Catholicism
23577:Iconography
23570:life in art
23437:Four sights
23120:Dharma talk
22949:Asalha Puja
22745:Eschatology
22548:Switzerland
22528:New Zealand
22456:Middle East
22365:Philippines
22285:Afghanistan
22090:Bodhidharma
22075:Buddhaghosa
21995:Householder
21905:Monasticism
21858:Bodhisattva
21713:Prostration
21666:Mindfulness
21594:Anapanasati
21577:Kammaṭṭhāna
21374:Korean Seon
21314:Asura realm
21309:Human realm
21249:Ten Fetters
21204:Parinirvana
21106:Uppalavanna
21071:Mahākaccana
21056:Mahākassapa
20988:Kṣitigarbha
20983:Ākāśagarbha
20880:Suddhodāna
20825:Four sights
20752:Foundations
20579:, BuddhaNet
19891:: 121–129,
19718:20 February
19362:, Routledge
18944:29 November
18928:: 271–288,
18818:, Routledge
18773:29 November
18716:, Routledge
18092:, MacMillan
17941:15 November
17933:(1): 1–20,
17788:, Routledge
17761:, Shambhala
17695:"Buddhists"
17609:10 November
17554:10 November
17183:Dutt (1988)
17116:16 February
16961:16 February
16956:Lion's Roar
16921:(1): 1–18.
16863:Lion's Roar
16768:Lion's Roar
16287:Lamb (2001)
16038:Dutt (1988)
16026:Dutt (1988)
16002:Dutt (1988)
15477:6 September
15042:Kuan (2007)
14922:Kuan (2007)
14410:, p. .
14371:, pp. 25–34
14229:Kuan (2007)
13807:387, fn. 12
12602:John Bowker
11127:soteriology
10920:. pp. 64–65
10831:: 299–310.
10626:Hill (2009)
10334:28 November
10244:28 November
9751:Jong (1993)
9149:, pp.
8938:16 November
8176:11 November
8168:(6): 1–29.
7911:"Buddhists"
7659:Other notes
7537:apranaihita
7359:Bronkhorst.
6987:Ambedkarite
6960:Maharashtra
6956:South Korea
6948:North Korea
6838:mindfulness
6795:Dharmakirti
6662:Dharmavidya
6651:theosophist
6647:orientalist
6643:way of life
6575:Soka Gakkai
6386:(1924) and
6265:In the West
6105:sangharamas
6095:), such as
6075:(Sanskrit:
6073:monasteries
5906:Śrāvakayāna
5829:subtle body
5814:Pancharatra
5796:During the
5748:Śrāvakayāna
5646:Many early
5560:Early texts
5407:(Sanskrit:
5251:devata yoga
5056:(Sanskrit:
5012:rupa-jhānas
4996:arūpajhānas
4877:practicing
4875:Kōdō Sawaki
4843:Sama-amādhi
4824:(Sanskrit:
4821:Ānāpānasati
4814:(Sanskrit:
4656:pattimokkha
4614:bodhisattva
4603:śrāvakayāna
4577:non-harming
4420:6.46.9 and
4408:Brahmanical
4246:sammā ājīva
4213:samyag vāc,
4194:(Sanskrit:
4133:(Sanskrit:
3944:Hindu Atman
3901:buddhadhātu
3894:Vijñānavāda
3803:Bodhisattva
3658:), hollow (
3239:(craving),
3235:(feeling),
3016:"fruit" or
2969:In Buddhism
2924:(Sanskrit:
2801:śānta/śānti
2481:(618–907),
2434:Tarim Basin
2414: 1120
2399:Angkor Thom
2372:Vaishnavism
2314:mahasiddhas
2290:Pāla Empire
2265:During the
2257:, known as
2227:), and the
2083:Tarim Basin
2022:Hellenistic
1892:parinirvāṇa
1624:Brahmanical
1343:Queen Maya.
1323:Kapilavastu
1260:Sakyabhiksu
1191:Afghanistan
1173:. Japanese
911:, and the
885:non-harming
861:development
616:New Zealand
471:Bodhisattva
456:Four Stages
411:Monasticism
391:Mindfulness
361:Perfections
291:Early Texts
28571:Polytheism
28545:Categories
28376:Micronesia
28253:Costa Rica
28148:San Marino
28108:Montenegro
28088:Luxembourg
27945:Uzbekistan
27920:Tajikistan
27825:Kyrgyzstan
27798:Kazakhstan
27748:East Timor
27718:Bangladesh
27708:Azerbaijan
27625:Seychelles
27590:Mozambique
27575:Mauritania
27560:Madagascar
27450:Cape Verde
27232:irreligion
27227:Secularism
27134:Minorities
27102:Toleration
27097:Syncretism
27082:Fanaticism
27072:Disability
27060:Missionary
27050:Conversion
27038:Ordination
26960:Psychology
26955:Philosophy
26895:Polytheism
26875:Monotheism
26870:Henotheism
26711:Orthopraxy
26701:Ordination
26664:Meditation
26659:Indigenous
26624:Entheogens
26609:Conversion
26374:Babylonian
26364:Melanesian
26290:Gnosticism
26175:Lithuanian
26068:Fourth Way
25922:Circassian
25900:Dievturība
25823:Tensegrity
25756:Falun Gong
25401:Sanamahism
25381:Donyi-Polo
25058:Polynesian
25004:Kaharingan
24929:Burkhanism
24868:Ravidassia
24846:Śvetāmbara
24632:Pushtimarg
24612:Krishnaism
24548:Vietnamese
24533:Cheondoism
24466:Yao Taoism
24402:East Asian
24168:Isma'ilism
24124:Maturidism
23903:Mennonites
23898:Hutterites
23883:Anabaptism
23776:Humanistic
23497:Bodhi Tree
23462:Śuddhodana
23413:Middle Way
23377:The Buddha
23237:Psychology
23217:Gnosticism
23205:Comparison
23200:Influences
23182:Comparison
23065:Bhavacakra
23023:Kushinagar
22998:Pilgrimage
22944:Māgha Pūjā
22899:Bodhi Tree
22715:Buddhology
22705:Abhidharma
22697:Philosophy
22630:Menander I
22498:Costa Rica
22449:Uzbekistan
22290:Bangladesh
22244:Dhammapada
22228:Pali Canon
22190:Ajahn Chah
22170:Dalai Lama
22070:Kumārajīva
22065:Vasubandhu
22040:The Buddha
21948:Zen master
21883:Sakadagami
21863:Buddhahood
21794:Pratimokṣa
21609:Shikantaza
21565:Meditation
21540:Deity yoga
21411:Madhyamaka
21304:Deva realm
21199:Mindstream
21149:Bodhicitta
21061:Aṅgulimāla
20928:Devadatta
20904:Yaśodharā
20807:The Buddha
20797:Middle Way
20669:, Tricycle
20381:12 October
20040:7 February
18805:12 October
18469:24 October
18411:(hardback)
18394:(hardback)
18165:12 October
17770:, Springer
17088:7 February
16842:11 October
16778:21 January
16685:5 December
16646:5 December
16583:4 December
16235:Prothero,
15934:11 October
10259:Warder2000
9829:10 October
9819:Lions Roar
9436:, pp. 1–30
9229:Upanishads
8904:", p. 236.
8803:2 December
8795:: 98–148.
8109:8 November
8002:Britannica
7998:"Buddhism"
7861:22 October
7691:References
7599:Upanishads
7490:Tathagatha
7458:Hou Hanshu
7410:formulas."
7343:Mahīśāsaka
7046:Akriyavada
6974:(20%) and
6966:(52%) and
6867:See also:
6830:psychology
6771:Indosphere
6763:Sinosphere
6706:, today a
6658:Protestant
6635:Alan Watts
6567:Shinnyo-en
6521:In India,
6470:Islamists.
6426:, and the
6420:Alan Watts
6341:Max Müller
6318:Nurmijärvi
5973:Theravāda.
5933:Middle Way
5837:antinomian
5824:spirits).
5780:Madhyamika
5744:the Buddha
5698:Abhidharma
5648:Tripiṭakas
5641:Tripiṭakas
5631:Pali Canon
5545:Tripitakas
5501:Tripitakas
5490:, such as
5312:(Pāli) or
5300:(Pāli) is
5200:See also:
5030:See also:
4946:Buddhism.
4943:meditation
4834:sampajañña
4740:anupassana
4646:Patimokkha
4593:Pali Canon
4481:Patimokkha
4340:Chiang Mai
4288:sammā sati
4256:Meditation
4215:sammā vāca
4061:, and the
4003:Middle Way
3981:(ethics),
3946:doctrine.
3853:āryasaṅgha
3838:āryasaṅgha
3762:, such as
3760:Shakyamuni
3726:Buddhahood
3679:Madhyamaka
3629:(Pali) or
3498:perception
3293:Pali Canon
3253:Jarāmaraṇa
3225:Ṣaḍāyatana
3140:apranihita
3114:sammā-ñāṇa
3048:Liberation
3026:six realms
2902:Kushinagar
2629:Noble Ones
2472: 1st
2356:Pratiharas
2340:Vidyapitha
2336:Vidyapitha
2278: 590
2221: 783
2215:Dharmapala
1995:Abhidharma
1769:patimokkha
1683:Pali canon
1648:Upanishads
1570:Upanishads
1534:Buddhism.
1509:Kushinagar
1487:Middle Way
1451:Bodhi Tree
1441:meditation
1423:asceticism
1339:Suddhodana
1302:The Buddha
1270:The Buddha
1248:South Asia
1230:बौद्ध धर्म
1224:बुद्ध धर्म
1217:come from
1203:Tajikistan
1199:Uzbekistan
917:Triple Gem
893:asceticism
889:Middle Way
883:rooted in
816:the Buddha
489:Traditions
426:Pilgrimage
366:Meditation
326:Post-canon
306:Pāli Canon
236:Middle Way
133:The Buddha
28494:Venezuela
28439:Argentina
28356:Australia
28308:Nicaragua
28283:Guatemala
28083:Lithuania
27905:Sri Lanka
27900:Singapore
27880:Palestine
27768:Indonesia
27758:Hong Kong
27580:Mauritius
27301:Overviews
27256:Criticism
27204:Terrorism
27179:Theocracy
27124:Happiness
27092:Pluralism
27077:Education
27003:Religion
26975:Salvation
26965:Sociology
26910:Religious
26890:Pantheism
26880:Nontheism
26773:Mountains
26751:Sacrifice
26706:Orthodoxy
26696:Mythology
26691:Mysticism
26580:Behaviour
26489:Canaanite
26472:Mithraism
26357:Mazdakism
26332:Hungarian
26305:Mysteries
26214:Dravidian
25996:Hungarian
25912:Caucasian
25883:Godianism
25843:Agni Yoga
25833:Theosophy
25796:Rastafari
25771:Modekngei
25751:Brahmoism
25744:Syncretic
25736:movements
25734:religious
25646:Quimbanda
25594:Candomblé
25587:Diasporic
25366:Bathouism
25356:Benzhuism
25281:Tsimshian
25251:Midewiwin
25244:Purépecha
25182:Longhouse
25110:Blackfoot
25041:Malaysian
25031:Kapitayan
24841:Digambara
24826:Ayyavazhi
24791:Vajrayana
24756:Theravada
24669:Ganapatya
24642:Ramanandi
24571:Hoahaoism
24449:Yiguandao
24344:Yarsanism
24339:Shabakism
24326:Yazdânism
24316:Zurvanism
24311:Mazdaznan
24270:Rastafari
24265:Mandaeism
24139:Wahhabism
24119:Ash'arism
24082:Tolstoyan
24072:Spiritual
24062:Mormonism
24033:Judaizers
24006:Quakerism
23984:Methodist
23974:Irvingism
23925:Calvinism
23878:Adventism
23861:Moravians
23698:Abrahamic
23622:Wikiquote
23558:footprint
23493:Bodh Gaya
23472:Yaśodharā
23425:Disciples
23305:Festivals
23285:Buddhists
23247:Theosophy
23050:Symbolism
23040:Hama yumi
23013:Bodh Gaya
22780:Socialism
22755:Evolution
22730:Economics
22568:Venezuela
22483:Australia
22478:Argentina
22402:Sri Lanka
22397:Singapore
22315:Indonesia
22277:Countries
22218:Tripiṭaka
22180:Ajahn Mun
22055:Nagarjuna
22050:Aśvaghoṣa
21933:Anagārika
21928:Śrāmaṇerī
21923:Śrāmaṇera
21918:Bhikkhunī
21878:Sotāpanna
21767:Passaddhi
21708:Offerings
21683:Nekkhamma
21560:Iddhipada
21480:Practices
21450:Theravada
21423:Vajrayana
21416:Yogachara
21386:Pure Land
21299:Six Paths
21286:Cosmology
21066:Anuruddha
21041:Sāriputta
21031:Kaundinya
21023:Disciples
20998:Vajrapāṇi
20850:Footprint
20815:Tathāgata
20055:Routledge
20027:0025-1496
19954:7 October
19695:1905-8144
19681:CiteSeerX
18524:(2001) ,
18298:162929573
17678:13 August
17632:The Quint
17473:2638-4825
17016:0019-5545
16873:9 October
16532:15 August
16432:170189446
16066:Routledge
16053:Grafikol.
15464:1017-7132
15002:ignorance
14694:Anālayo.
14640:17 August
14288:170592174
9224:Aranyakas
8773:, p. 170.
8104:143672653
8096:0037-7317
7968:148475861
7804:, p. 4428
7790:Jan Gonda
7696:Citations
7238:Mahāvastu
7176:Monolatry
6932:Singapore
6912:Sri Lanka
6889:East Asia
6852:Shamanism
6759:East Asia
6666:Sri Lanka
6320:, Finland
6248:Communist
6113:cenobitic
5970:arhatship
5926:Vairocana
5867:Theravāda
5776:Nagarjuna
5627:Tripiṭaka
5602:Khotanese
5375:vipaśyanā
5314:vipaśyanā
5310:vipassanā
5289:Vipassana
5138:The four
5078:vipassanā
5058:vipaśyanā
5053:vipassanā
4866:Rupajhana
4716:nekkhamma
4700:hindrance
4688:dhutaṅgas
4538:pañcaśīla
4530:pañcasīla
4508:Apatrapya
4416:9.97.47,
4332:Deer Park
4115:Division
3873:Yogachara
3772:lokuttara
3768:Vairocana
3744:cosmology
3675:Nagarjuna
3648:: Śūnyatā
3522:formation
3335:mahābhūta
3213:Saṃskāras
2657:wandering
2613:in Pali.
2571:Worldview
2529:Indonesia
2513:Theravada
2449:Lokakṣema
2441:An Shigao
2401:build by
2259:Yamantaka
2245:Vajrayana
2164:Lokakṣema
1991:Tripiṭaka
1975:Theravada
1968:Sri Lanka
1917:Sthaviras
1884:Theravada
1732:Vajrayana
1681:from the
1667:Śāntideva
1655:Theravada
1532:Vajrayana
1524:Theravada
1511:, India.
1455:Bodh Gaya
1367:kshatriya
1363:kshatriya
1252:Buddhists
1209:Etymology
1158:Vajrayāna
1102:Pure Land
1074:Sri Lanka
1027:Vajrayāna
951:Theravāda
865:awakening
828:Buddhists
812:teachings
810:based on
636:Sri Lanka
626:Singapore
581:Indonesia
521:Vajrayāna
496:Theravāda
451:Awakening
339:Practices
296:Tripiṭaka
266:Cosmology
241:Emptiness
221:Suffering
28551:Buddhism
28520:Category
28484:Suriname
28474:Paraguay
28459:Colombia
28366:Kiribati
28293:Honduras
28263:Dominica
28238:Barbados
28203:Scotland
28163:Slovenia
28158:Slovakia
28133:Portugal
28003:Bulgaria
27925:Thailand
27875:Pakistan
27855:Mongolia
27850:Maldives
27845:Malaysia
27733:Cambodia
27680:Zimbabwe
27655:Tanzania
27505:Ethiopia
27500:Eswatini
27480:Djibouti
27445:Cameroon
27430:Botswana
27374:Timeline
27369:Scholars
27329:Founders
27194:Violence
27149:Politics
27019:Business
26982:Theology
26726:Prophecy
26716:Paganism
26604:Covenant
26571:Apostasy
26506:Scythian
26447:Rapa Nui
26423:Thracian
26418:Illyrian
26408:Albanian
26379:Sumerian
26322:Harappan
26258:Germanic
26253:Georgian
26246:Selk'nam
26231:Etruscan
26219:Egyptian
26197:Druidism
26160:Armenian
26083:Satanism
26063:Eckankar
25986:Estonian
25971:Romanian
25961:Ossetian
25941:Germanic
25890:Armenian
25879:African
25872:paganism
25801:Sant Mat
25791:Rajneesh
25766:Meivazhi
25761:Japanese
25718:Siberian
25651:Santería
25621:Convince
25487:Bushongo
25391:Kiratism
25318:Hmongism
25199:Jivaroan
25177:Iroquois
25167:Ho-Chunk
25137:Cherokee
25092:American
25063:Hawaiian
24976:Sarnaism
24946:Tungusic
24934:Tengrism
24924:Mongolic
24853:Sarnaism
24784:Nichiren
24761:Mahayana
24748:Buddhism
24726:Sant Mat
24716:Sauraism
24711:Smartism
24706:Shaktism
24699:Balinese
24684:Kaumaram
24679:Kapalika
24674:Kashmiri
24659:Shaivism
24599:Hinduism
24566:Caodaism
24510:Ryukyuan
24505:Tenrikyo
24500:Shugendō
24478:Japanese
24349:Yazidism
24334:Ishikism
24212:Quranism
24185:Khawarij
24134:Salafism
24129:Atharism
24018:Esoteric
23989:Holiness
23979:Lutheran
23940:Reformed
23920:Baptists
23893:Brethren
23857:Hussites
23845:Assyrian
23761:Haymanot
23715:Orthodox
23664:Religion
23592:Hinduism
23528:Prophecy
23518:Birthday
23513:Miracles
23393:Buddhism
23323:Category
23252:Violence
23222:Hinduism
23170:Sanskrit
23125:Hinayana
23110:Amitābha
23070:Swastika
22939:Uposatha
22929:Holidays
22914:Calendar
22760:Humanism
22598:Kanishka
22588:Timeline
22412:Thailand
22380:Kalmykia
22375:Buryatia
22360:Pakistan
22345:Mongolia
22340:Maldives
22335:Malaysia
22300:Cambodia
22165:Shamarpa
22160:Nichiren
22110:Xuanzang
22045:Nagasena
21963:Rinpoche
21693:Pāramitā
21535:Devotion
21455:Navayana
21443:Dzogchen
21406:Nichiren
21354:Mahayana
21346:Branches
21224:Saṅkhāra
20973:Mañjuśrī
20930:(cousin)
20922:(cousin)
20890:(mother)
20882:(father)
20870:Miracles
20820:Birthday
20737:Glossary
20710:Buddhism
20651:Archived
20560:(1972),
20537:(1998),
20535:Yin Shun
20473:archived
20440:Archived
20407:Archived
20375:archived
20269:(2008),
20248:(2000),
20195:archived
20167:archived
20105:archived
19948:Archived
19893:archived
19852:(2002),
19808:(2010),
19712:archived
19657:archived
19639:(2014),
19579:10 March
19560:(2009),
19549:10 March
19512:(1997),
19468:(1899),
19438:(1996),
19419:Buddhism
19403:archived
19358:(2002),
19317:(1995),
19276:Buddhism
19250:Archived
19171:Archived
19119:Buddhism
19072:(1996),
19028:archived
18955:(2001),
18938:archived
18900:archived
18868:archived
18799:Archived
18670:Archived
18638:archived
18575:(1988),
18545:(2008),
18501:(1998),
18492:41933379
18463:Archived
18317:Buddhism
18276:(1996),
18259:archived
18224:archived
18191:Archived
18159:archived
18141:(2000),
18124:archived
18017:archived
17988:Archived
17935:archived
17912:(1993),
17885:(2010),
17845:(2000),
17796:(2004),
17757:(2010),
17729:Archived
17703:Archived
17669:Archived
17636:Archived
17603:Archived
17580:15 April
17544:TheQuint
17497:31 March
17491:Archived
17430:31 March
17424:Archived
17400:31 March
17394:Archived
17369:31 March
17363:Archived
17338:Archived
17034:23858249
16867:Archived
16836:Archived
16772:Archived
16741:Archived
16710:Archived
16679:Archived
16640:Archived
16577:Archived
16526:Archived
16220:Archived
16201:Archived
16198:Buddhist
16190:Archived
16187:Buddhism
16166:Archived
16162:BBC News
15928:Archived
15589:(1995),
15562:(2003),
15468:Archived
15443:(2008).
15174:Archived
14988:Archived
14699:Archived
14634:Archived
13786:Archived
13619:Archived
13127:13 April
13121:Archived
13074:12 April
13068:Archived
12991:Archived
12443:Archived
12404:Archived
12314:Archived
12275:Archived
12236:Archived
12197:Archived
11923:Archived
11869:Archived
11710:Archived
11659:Archived
11592:Archived
11560:Archived
11521:Archived
11279:Archived
11240:Archived
11200:Archived
11158:Archived
11131:not-self
11107:Archived
11076:Archived
11042:Archived
10984:Archived
10876:Archived
10825:Muqarnas
10299:12 March
10238:Archived
10147:Archived
10035:Archived
9823:Archived
9354:, p. 293
9036:Archived
9033:Tipitaka
9007:Archived
8932:Archived
8853:Archived
8797:Archived
8765:Archived
8366:4 August
8360:Archived
8306:Archived
8269:Archived
8170:Archived
7925:13 March
7919:Archived
7855:Archived
7847:"Buddha"
7792:(1987),
7743:19 March
7737:Archived
7508:shunyata
7211:duh-stha
7009:See also
6972:Buryatia
6968:Kalmykia
6924:Mongolia
6900:Cambodia
6896:Thailand
6884:Mahayana
6824:such as
6775:Hinduism
6769:and the
6761:and the
6721:India's
6702:Lhasa's
6670:Hinduism
6587:not-self
6536:Navayana
6506:Navayana
6482:Cambodia
6410:include
6382:(1924),
6296:Illinois
6256:Mongolia
6097:Jetavana
5955:and the
5922:Amitabha
5902:Hinayana
5871:Mahāyāna
5806:Mahāyāna
5782:school.
5752:Hinayana
5740:Mahāyāna
5681:Tipitaka
5652:Tipitaka
5610:Gāndhārī
5598:Sanskrit
5519:and the
5496:mnemonic
5488:Prakrits
5442:and the
5391:Devotion
5385:not-self
5371:not-self
5353:clinging
5285:Subitism
5244:and the
5228:mandalas
4766:dhutaṅga
4753:uposatha
4729:celibacy
4725:bhiksuni
4616:precepts
4609:Mahāyāna
4605:precepts
4585:Sanskrit
4563:adultery
4534:Sanskrit
4514:Precepts
4500:Appamada
4404:tiratana
4396:triratna
4392:Sanskrit
4369:Yin Shun
4360:and the
4294:skandhas
3995:Devotion
3940:not-self
3886:Yogācāra
3764:Amitabha
3758:besides
3714:triratna
3696:svabhava
3691:svabhava
3660:tucchaka
3652:Suññatā)
3650:, Pali:
3529:saṅkhāra
3458:cetasika
3221:Nāmarūpa
3190:ontology
3149:non-self
3136:animitta
3068:aniconic
2977:Sanskrit
2880:non-self
2739:Sanskrit
2670:Samudaya
2664:grasping
2537:Cambodia
2533:Thailand
2525:Malaysia
2506:Mongolia
2445:Mahāyāna
2376:Shaivism
2368:Pallavas
2366:and the
2352:Karkotas
2345:Kapalika
2306:mandalas
2298:dharanis
2286:Valabahi
2255:Bhairava
2189:Site of
2176:Akṣobhya
2146:, and a
2136:Maitreya
2122:Mahāyāna
2093:school.
2059:Menander
2051:Gandhāra
2045:and the
1942:emperor
1663:Hinduism
1600:Mahavira
1528:Mahayana
1468:and the
1443:under a
1371:Mahavira
1236:धर्मविनय
1219:Sanskrit
1167:Mongolia
1133:Malaysia
1110:Nichiren
1090:Cambodia
1082:Thailand
1058:Sanskrit
971:Mahāyāna
927:pāramitā
844:the West
802:, is an
715:Buddhism
646:Thailand
606:Mongolia
601:Malaysia
566:Cambodia
531:Navayana
511:Hinayana
506:Mahāyāna
416:Lay life
246:Morality
226:Not-self
184:Concepts
143:Councils
128:Timeline
100:Glossary
82:Buddhism
74:a series
72:Part of
65:, Japan.
59:Amitābha
18:Buddhist
28556:Nāstika
28489:Uruguay
28464:Ecuador
28444:Bolivia
28421:Vanuatu
28348:Oceania
28298:Jamaica
28278:Grenada
28233:Bahamas
28193:England
28183:Ukraine
28138:Romania
28098:Moldova
28058:Ireland
28053:Iceland
28048:Hungary
28038:Germany
28028:Finland
28023:Estonia
28018:Denmark
28013:Czechia
28008:Croatia
27993:Belgium
27988:Belarus
27983:Austria
27978:Andorra
27973:Albania
27950:Vietnam
27860:Myanmar
27835:Lebanon
27753:Georgia
27713:Bahrain
27703:Armenia
27665:Tunisia
27635:Somalia
27620:Senegal
27605:Nigeria
27595:Namibia
27585:Morocco
27550:Liberia
27545:Lesotho
27495:Eritrea
27465:Comoros
27440:Burundi
27415:Algeria
27359:Outline
27324:Deities
27251:Atheism
27169:Science
27087:Freedom
26945:History
26912:studies
26865:Dualism
26855:Animism
26820:Worship
26800:Symbols
26741:Liturgy
26654:Goddess
26614:Deities
26595:Laicism
26585:Beliefs
26564:Aspects
26536:Zapotec
26531:Vainakh
26499:Yahwism
26484:Semitic
26435:Iranian
26337:Hurrian
26327:Hittite
26317:Guanche
26310:Orphism
26241:Fuegian
26236:Finnish
26224:Atenism
26170:Latvian
26155:Arabian
26098:Raëlism
26078:Jediism
26073:Goddess
26046:De novo
25934:Druidry
25828:Thelema
25781:New Age
25666:Umbanda
25557:Tumbuka
25542:Odinala
25527:Lugbara
25447:African
25413:African
25361:Bimoism
25351:Burmese
25219:Mapuche
25192:Wyandot
25157:Guarani
25147:Choctaw
25142:Chilote
25100:Abenaki
25051:Tagalog
25024:Kejawèn
24873:Sikhism
24836:Jainism
24796:Tibetan
24779:Amidism
24647:Warkari
24561:Đạo Mẫu
24411:Chinese
24393:Eastern
24370:Roshani
24289:Iranian
24197:Alevism
24190:Ibadism
24163:Zaydism
23840:Ancient
23811:Eastern
23771:Renewal
23756:Karaite
23737:Zionist
23725:Hasidic
23707:Judaism
23689:Western
23612:Commons
23489:Lumbini
23418:Sayings
23300:Temples
23280:Buddhas
23242:Science
23232:Judaism
23227:Jainism
23145:Lineage
23105:Abhijñā
23075:Thangka
23018:Sarnath
23003:Lumbini
22924:Funeral
22919:Cuisine
22795:Culture
22770:Reality
22720:Creator
22710:Atomism
22580:History
22553:Ukraine
22513:Germany
22432:Senegal
22422:Vietnam
22350:Myanmar
22150:Shinran
22140:Karmapa
22115:Shandao
22085:Dignāga
22010:Śrāvaka
21990:Donchee
21985:Kappiya
21943:Sayadaw
21913:Bhikkhu
21888:Anāgāmi
21845:Nirvana
21811:Samadhi
21698:Paritta
21639:Tonglen
21634:Mandala
21589:Smarana
21570:Mantras
21518:Upekkha
21488:Bhavana
21438:Shingon
21391:Tiantai
21244:Tathātā
21234:Śūnyatā
21229:Skandha
21219:Saṃsāra
21214:Rebirth
21189:Kleshas
21179:Indriya
21081:Subhūti
20966:Guanyin
20920:Ānanda
20912:Rāhula
20792:Nirvana
20732:Outline
20642:Patheos
20639:, from
20479:10 July
20446:10 July
20413:10 July
20240:, Brill
20201:10 July
20035:2801935
19663:10 July
19409:10 July
19256:10 July
19227:, BRIIL
19177:10 July
19034:10 July
18906:10 July
18874:10 July
18676:10 July
18310:11 July
18265:10 July
18230:10 July
18197:10 July
18130:10 July
17994:10 July
17735:9 April
17709:12 June
17642:31 July
17523:28 July
17199:(ed.).
17025:3705677
16935:1386910
16747:4 March
16737:US News
16716:3 March
15924:1399912
15441:Anālayo
15426:" and "
15008:order."
15006:dhammic
14994:10 July
14897:, p. 52
13625:10 July
13315:, p.143
12809:Nibbana
12805:nidanas
12449:10 July
12410:10 July
12320:10 July
12281:10 July
12242:10 July
12203:10 July
11929:10 July
11875:10 July
11716:10 July
11665:10 July
11598:10 July
11566:10 July
11527:10 July
11467:passati
11285:10 July
11246:10 July
11206:10 July
11082:10 July
10882:10 July
10845:1523195
10695:. 2008.
10556:129-31.
10153:10 July
10041:10 July
9013:10 July
8859:10 July
7524:nirvana
7516:Nirvana
7379:rules."
7003:Finland
6970:(53%).
6936:Vietnam
6908:Myanmar
6818:New Age
6807:Nalanda
6791:Dignaga
6641:, or a
6603:Tibetan
6543:Mongkut
6468:Taliban
6292:Chicago
6188:called
6177:Siberia
6136:pagodas
6093:araññas
6078:viharas
5845:alcohol
5802:Tantras
5766:karikās
5762:vrittis
5702:pitakas
5694:Vinayas
5606:Tibetan
5590:Nikayas
5534:Nikayas
5486:called
5409:śraddhā
5361:saṃsāra
5349:samsara
5323:indriya
5184:upekkhā
5108:dhyāna,
5070:dhyānas
5062:nibbana
5048:śamatha
5043:samatha
4951:dhyāna.
4939:Rigveda
4929:Origins
4903:Samādhi
4897:(Pali:
4888:samādhi
4862:Samatha
4858:Samadhi
4788:(Pali:
4708:nimitta
4704:Anālayo
4607:in the
4591:). The
4418:Rigveda
4413:Rigveda
4338:, near
4261:samādhi
4165:rebirth
3983:samadhi
3847:(Pali:
3756:Buddhas
3748:Buddhas
3737:abhijñā
3664:asāraka
3656:rittaka
3631:anātman
3584:Contact
3474:feeling
3408:viññāna
3373:contact
3316: (
3269:Śūnyatā
3265:Anātman
3241:Upādāna
3217:Vijñāna
3194:Brahman
3157:saṃsāra
3132:sunyata
3098:nibbāna
3094:nirvana
3089:kleshas
2999:rebirth
2991:akusala
2982:saṃsāra
2944:vijñāna
2939:pudgala
2926:anātman
2886:Rebirth
2872:nirvana
2864:nirvana
2843:Saṃsāra
2832:Saṃsāra
2821:Thangka
2797:Nirvana
2743:Nalanda
2687:Nirodha
2651:
2643:samsara
2589:of the
2541:Vietnam
2521:Myanmar
2465:Vietnam
2453:Luoyang
2364:Pandyas
2332:Saivism
2294:mantras
2282:Nalanda
2203:Nalanda
2191:Nalanda
2100:of the
1956:Bharhut
1940:Mauryan
1831:rebirth
1811:Nirvana
1761:Nikāyas
1708:chaitya
1679:jātakas
1659:atheist
1640:Brahman
1620:Jainism
1593:Ājīvika
1589:Jainism
1574:Śramaṇa
1538:History
1483:saṃsāra
1427:fasting
1408:nirvana
1404:rebirth
1402:due to
1375:Jainism
1315:Lumbini
1287:Lumbini
1264:Bauddha
1244:Śramaṇa
1175:Shingon
1137:Vietnam
1094:Tiantai
1078:Myanmar
1070:Chinese
1066:Tibetan
1047:tantric
1034:
1017:saṃsāra
1002:
993:nirvāṇa
978:
958:
838:śramaṇa
754:-ih-zəm
656:Vietnam
611:Myanmar
526:Tibetan
516:Chinese
444:Nirvāṇa
261:Saṃsāra
256:Rebirth
121:History
110:Outline
28530:Portal
28469:Guyana
28449:Brazil
28416:Tuvalu
28313:Panama
28303:Mexico
28248:Canada
28243:Belize
28173:Sweden
28153:Serbia
28143:Russia
28128:Poland
28123:Norway
28103:Monaco
28073:Latvia
28068:Kosovo
28043:Greece
28033:France
27965:Europe
27930:Turkey
27915:Taiwan
27820:Kuwait
27793:Jordan
27783:Israel
27743:Cyprus
27728:Brunei
27723:Bhutan
27675:Zambia
27670:Uganda
27610:Rwanda
27565:Malawi
27525:Guinea
27515:Gambia
27420:Angola
27407:Africa
27216:Wealth
27164:Schism
27119:Growth
27043:Priest
27028:Clergy
26847:Theism
26830:Nature
26825:Astral
26768:Groves
26736:Ritual
26721:Prayer
26679:Novice
26629:Ethnic
26554:Topics
26526:Urartu
26521:Tongan
26516:Somali
26511:Slavic
26413:Dacian
26192:Celtic
26187:Basque
26165:Baltic
26016:Udmurt
25981:Uralic
25976:Slavic
25929:Celtic
25917:Abkhaz
25905:Romuva
25895:Baltic
25870:Modern
25713:Papuan
25676:Voodoo
25631:Kumina
25572:Yoruba
25562:Urhobo
25532:Maasai
25517:Lotuko
25465:Baluba
25455:Akamba
25428:Berber
25386:Heraka
25376:Dongba
25276:Pawnee
25266:Navajo
25256:Muisca
25214:Lenape
25209:Lakota
25187:Seneca
25125:Ohlone
25090:Native
24956:Manchu
24951:Evenki
24912:Altaic
24903:Ethnic
24878:Khalsa
24831:Kalash
24721:Śrauta
24590:Indian
24520:Korean
24486:Shinto
24456:Taoism
24429:Luoism
24255:Baháʼí
24250:Bábism
24202:Ahmadi
24180:Sufism
24173:Alawis
23823:Church
23751:Reform
23732:Modern
23720:Haredi
23548:Cetiya
23543:Relics
23484:Places
23477:Rāhula
23452:Family
23295:Sutras
23290:Suttas
23155:Siddhi
23140:Koliya
23115:Brahmā
23030:Poetry
22976:Mantra
22966:Kasaya
22838:Pagoda
22818:Kyaung
22813:Vihāra
22808:Temple
22750:Ethics
22593:Ashoka
22543:Sweden
22538:Poland
22533:Norway
22523:Mexico
22508:France
22493:Canada
22488:Brazil
22427:Africa
22407:Taiwan
22370:Russia
22295:Bhutan
22255:Vinaya
22135:Naropa
22125:Saraha
22060:Asanga
21816:Prajñā
21725:Refuge
21688:Nianfo
21649:Tertön
21644:Tantra
21629:Ganana
21619:Tukdam
21545:Dhyāna
21513:Mudita
21508:Karuṇā
21401:Risshū
21396:Huayan
21329:Naraka
21269:Anattā
21264:Dukkha
21259:Anicca
21164:Dharma
21116:Channa
21051:Ānanda
21036:Assaji
21003:Skanda
20906:(wife)
20875:Family
20855:Relics
20780:Sangha
20775:Dharma
20770:Buddha
20547:
20524:
20507:
20497:
20465:
20432:
20399:
20367:
20321:
20303:
20277:
20225:
20187:
20159:
20123:
20097:
20061:
20033:
20025:
19989:
19971:
19899:20 May
19869:
19827:
19795:
19774:
19754:
19734:
19693:
19683:
19649:
19616:
19595:
19570:
19540:
19490:
19455:
19425:
19395:
19380:, SUNY
19371:, SUNY
19327:
19295:
19242:
19212:
19163:
19143:
19125:
19107:
19089:
19020:
18963:
18892:
18860:
18840:
18791:
18756:
18733:
18702:
18662:
18644:29 May
18619:
18583:
18562:
18532:
18511:
18490:
18455:
18426:
18400:
18368:
18349:
18331:
18296:
18251:
18216:
18183:
18151:
18116:
18078:
18060:
18023:28 May
17980:
17959:
17899:
17871:
17853:
17831:
17804:
17798:Buddha
17471:
17297:
17256:
17235:
17211:
17032:
17022:
17014:
16933:
16896:
16828:
16671:
16632:
16569:
16518:
16430:
16345:
16240:2008).
16172:4 June
15922:
15879:
15852:
15825:
15794:
15733:7 July
15597:
15574:
15511:
15462:
15422:e.g. "
15409:
15361:
15331:
15280:
15241:
15196:
15157:
14980:
14853:
14795:
14768:
14568:
14541:
14514:
14367:
14286:
13813:
13666:
13611:
13560:
13527:
13207:anatta
12988:Dharma
12748:
12721:
12694:
12654:
12614:
12501:
12474:
12435:
12396:
12345:
12306:
12267:
12228:
12189:
12161:
12110:
12008:
11981:
11915:
11861:
11822:
11702:
11651:
11584:
11552:
11513:
11271:
11232:
11192:
11145:
11121:
11104:Anatta
11068:
10976:
10940:
10916:
10868:
10843:
10806:
10779:
10678:
10230:
10178:
10139:
10027:
9992:
9504:
9471:
9432:
9379:
9350:
9333:
9313:
9292:
9271:
9244:
9214:
9186:
9113:
9062:
8999:
8924:
8845:
8719:
8668:
8527:
8481:
8418:
8391:
8352:
8275:8 July
8261:
8102:
8094:
8007:4 June
7981:29 May
7966:
7827:
7800:
7772:
7520:anatta
7512:Anatta
7495:taints
7274:Vihara
7241:, the
7232:, the
6995:Kuopio
6944:Taiwan
6934:, and
6916:Bhutan
6857:Gurung
6783:Taoism
6708:UNESCO
6680:as an
6676:, and
6583:anatta
6532:Dalits
6508:, and
6486:Bhutan
6314:Nukari
6173:Buryat
6148:gompas
6124:stupas
6109:avasas
5951:, the
5947:, the
5943:, the
5939:, the
5835:, and
5818:yaksha
5757:śāstra
5750:" or "
5690:Sutras
5594:Āgamas
5540:Agamas
5529:Sutras
5523:is to
5515:is to
5471:Rajgir
5432:ahimsa
5404:saddhā
5367:Prajñā
5357:dukkha
5345:dukkha
5340:avidyā
5306:prajñā
5302:wisdom
5294:Prajñā
5287:, and
5281:Satori
5277:Kenshō
5269:Prajñā
5224:mantra
5189:upekṣā
5175:muditā
5162:karuṇā
5154:maitrī
5112:dhyāna
4992:jhānas
4959:dhyāna
4923:dhyāna
4912:Dhyāna
4894:dhyāna
4864:, and
4847:dhyāna
4799:Asanga
4794:smṛti,
4733:Jataka
4721:bhiksu
4668:Sangha
4664:sangha
4642:sangha
4628:Vinaya
4622:Vinaya
4589:ahiṃsa
4477:Vinaya
4380:Refuge
4374:Lamrim
4313:dhyana
4202:Pāli:
4141:Pāli:
4136:prajñā
4131:Wisdom
4100:karmic
4096:dukkha
4085:dukkha
3991:prajña
3989:) and
3987:dhyana
3915:Sutras
3861:arhats
3805:, and
3799:Sangha
3793:Sangha
3784:Dharma
3778:Dharma
3720:Buddha
3686:sutras
3627:anattā
3604:
3553:
3548:
3541:
3536:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:vedanā
3470:
3465:
3451:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3413:
3399:
3377:phassa
3368:
3365:
3355:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3326:
3305:
3300:
3276:
3233:Vedanā
3229:Sparśa
3209:Avidyā
3201:dukkha
3127:anatta
3108:, but
3080:Sanchi
3078:), at
3072:moksha
3054:Moksha
3018:vipāka
3007:cetanā
2987:kusala
2975:(from
2934:avacya
2922:anattā
2855:avidya
2849:dukkha
2786:avijjā
2776:Anattā
2766:Anicca
2759:Dukkha
2709:dukkha
2692:dukkha
2674:dukkha
2637:Dukkha
2599:bukkyō
2595:fójiào
2591:Buddha
2587:Dharma
2416:–1218)
2382:. The
2362:, the
2358:, the
2354:, the
2302:mudras
2209:) and
2132:Kushan
2081:, the
2079:Khotan
2053:. The
1952:Sanchi
1948:stūpas
1944:Ashoka
1932:Ashoka
1913:Sangha
1882:, and
1864:jhānas
1817:, the
1813:, the
1805:, the
1765:Agamas
1675:suttas
1616:Savaka
1501:Dharma
1496:Sangha
1478:asavas
1436:dhyana
1395:dukkha
1351:Shakya
1283:Buddha
1258:-s or
1256:Sakyan
1201:, and
1147:, and
1141:Taiwan
1125:Bhutan
1117:
1114:Tendai
1112:, and
1088:, and
1068:, and
969:) and
899:, the
873:dukkha
856:dukkha
641:Taiwan
621:Russia
561:Brazil
556:Bhutan
476:Buddha
396:Wisdom
179:Dharma
28454:Chile
28411:Tonga
28401:Samoa
28391:Palau
28381:Nauru
28288:Haiti
28208:Wales
28168:Spain
28093:Malta
28063:Italy
27955:Yemen
27910:Syria
27890:Qatar
27865:Nepal
27840:Macau
27803:Korea
27788:Japan
27763:India
27738:China
27650:Sudan
27600:Niger
27555:Libya
27540:Kenya
27520:Ghana
27510:Gabon
27485:Egypt
27425:Benin
27334:Index
27305:lists
27174:State
26992:Women
26860:Deism
26835:Place
26815:Water
26810:Truth
26778:Trees
26634:Faith
26599:Laity
26494:Punic
26452:Roman
26440:Vedic
26398:Olmec
26285:Greek
26278:Norse
26202:Irish
26023:Wicca
25818:Subud
25708:Inuit
25681:Winti
25671:Vodou
25636:Obeah
25616:Comfa
25599:Bantu
25552:Serer
25537:Mbuti
25497:Dogon
25492:Dinka
25475:Kongo
25470:Bantu
25396:Qiang
25239:Olmec
25229:Aztec
25162:Haida
25152:Creek
25120:Miwok
25068:Māori
24999:Dayak
24920:Turko
24883:Sects
24819:Other
24774:Thiền
24358:Other
24260:Druze
24238:Other
24114:Sunni
24106:Islam
23888:Amish
23806:Latin
23582:Films
23553:tooth
23538:Death
23523:Modak
23267:Lists
23135:Kalpa
23130:Iddhi
22993:Music
22988:Mudra
22954:Vassa
22934:Vesak
22904:Budai
22850:Candi
22833:Stupa
22765:Logic
22518:Italy
22417:Tibet
22355:Nepal
22325:Korea
22320:Japan
22310:India
22305:China
22250:Sutra
22205:Texts
22155:Dōgen
22145:Hōnen
22130:Atiśa
22095:Zhiyi
22005:Achar
21973:Tulku
21968:Geshe
21953:Rōshi
21938:Ajahn
21893:Arhat
21853:Bodhi
21823:Vīrya
21740:Sacca
21735:Satya
21730:Sādhu
21718:Music
21661:Merit
21654:Terma
21614:Zazen
21550:Faith
21503:Mettā
21184:Karma
21144:Bardo
21111:Asita
21101:Khema
21091:Upāli
21076:Nanda
20914:(son)
20888:Māyā
20865:Films
20742:Index
20170:(PDF)
20149:(PDF)
20108:(PDF)
20091:(PDF)
20031:JSTOR
19927:(PDF)
19912:(PDF)
19475:(PDF)
19062:(PDF)
19047:(PDF)
18987:(PDF)
18980:(PDF)
18767:(PDF)
18750:(PDF)
18488:JSTOR
18294:S2CID
18015:(2),
17821:(PDF)
17672:(PDF)
17661:(PDF)
16931:JSTOR
16428:S2CID
15920:JSTOR
15819:19–20
15471:(PDF)
15448:(PDF)
14591:. 13.
14284:S2CID
13211:atman
13203:atman
12836:p. 39
10841:JSTOR
10773:38–39
9151:17–18
8100:S2CID
7975:(PDF)
7964:S2CID
7944:(PDF)
7681:Nepal
7677:India
7560:kamma
7510:) to
6952:Nepal
6928:Japan
6904:Tibet
6875:China
6781:like
6682:āgama
6674:Islam
6615:Rigpa
6286:1893
6252:Tibet
6242:. In
6228:Taixu
6144:garan
6138:. In
6089:vanas
6084:vassa
5810:Śaiva
5679:Pāli
5525:Islam
5521:Quran
5513:Bible
5451:Texts
5328:Paññā
5318:Paññā
5298:paññā
5273:Bodhi
5256:yidam
5167:metta
5149:mettā
5142:are:
5082:paññā
4984:jhāna
4935:Keśin
4908:jñāna
4899:jhāna
4879:Zazen
4496:Mettā
4251:way.
4161:karma
4143:paññā
4027:mārga
3971:bodhi
3849:ariya
3844:āryas
3807:Arhat
3752:aryas
3503:sañña
3245:Bhava
3237:Taṇhā
3076:bodhi
3013:phala
2995:ālaya
2973:karma
2958:Karma
2948:merit
2878:and "
2860:karma
2705:taṇhā
2701:Marga
2696:taṇhā
2679:taṇhā
2662:) of
2549:Burma
2461:Japan
2457:Korea
2405:King
2403:Khmer
1827:karma
1712:stupa
1644:Vedas
1636:Atman
1459:Bodhi
1331:Bihar
1319:Nepal
1179:China
1149:Japan
1145:Korea
1129:China
1121:Nepal
941:mārga
909:karma
871:from
834:as a
763:also
651:Tibet
591:Korea
586:Japan
576:India
571:China
536:Newar
461:Arhat
251:Karma
105:Index
28479:Peru
28361:Fiji
28258:Cuba
27870:Oman
27830:Laos
27778:Iraq
27773:Iran
27690:Asia
27660:Togo
27570:Mali
27460:Chad
27303:and
27230:and
26805:Text
26785:Soul
26674:Monk
26639:Fire
26342:Inca
26150:Ainu
26034:list
26011:Sámi
25641:Palo
25609:Ketu
25604:Jejé
25522:Lozi
25502:Efik
25480:Zulu
25460:Akan
25313:Ahom
25305:Miao
25303:and
25291:Zuni
25234:Maya
25172:Hopi
25130:Pomo
24809:list
24766:Chan
24737:list
24694:Nath
24492:list
24228:list
24153:Shia
24095:list
23782:list
23457:Maya
23165:Pāḷi
23150:Māra
23060:Flag
22461:Iran
22385:Tuva
22330:Laos
21958:Lama
21806:Śīla
21774:Śīla
21762:Pīti
21752:Sati
21703:Puja
21624:Koan
21530:Dāna
21121:Yasa
21008:Tārā
20545:ISBN
20522:ISBN
20505:ISBN
20495:ISBN
20481:2016
20463:ISBN
20448:2016
20430:ISBN
20415:2016
20397:ISBN
20383:2015
20365:ISBN
20319:ISBN
20301:ISBN
20275:ISBN
20223:ISBN
20203:2016
20185:ISBN
20157:ISBN
20121:ISBN
20095:ISBN
20059:ISBN
20042:2024
20023:ISSN
19987:ISBN
19969:ISBN
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