Silk Road transmission of Buddhism

1453: 2723:

incorporation into traditional Korean culture, it is now considered a philosophy and cultural background rather than a formal religion. As a result, many people outside of the practicing population are deeply influenced by these traditions. Thus, when counting secular believers or those influenced by the faith while not following other religions, the number of Buddhists in South Korea is considered to be much larger. Similarly, in officially atheist North Korea, while Buddhists officially account for 4.5% of the population, a much larger number (over 70%) of the population are influenced by Buddhist philosophies and customs.

1165: 78: 613: 969: 552: 6865: 20: 6876: 4274: 4261: 1176: 1838: 1625: 1149: 2397: 4251: 1935: 2356:

myself, here is what I have heard: This kingdom is even more flourishing than China. The seasons are in harmony. Saintly beings descend and congregate there. Great Worthies arise there. Strange and extraordinary marvels occur such that human reason is suspended. By examining and exposing the emotions, one can reach beyond the highest heavens.

2822:

region of Gandhara) traveled by ship to that country. They propagated Buddhist doctrine, circulated scriptures and drawings, and advised the people to relinquish worldly attachments. As a results the customs of Fusang changed." Ch: "其俗舊無佛法,宋大明二年,罽賓國嘗有比丘五人游行至其國,流通佛法,經像,教令出家,風俗遂改.", Liang Shu "History

2391:

Then Ying, the king of Chu , began to believe in this Practice, following which quite a few people in the Middle Kingdom began following this Path. Later on, Emperor Huan devoted himself to sacred things and often made sacrifices to the Buddha and Laozi. People gradually began to accept and, later,

1589:

During the fifth and sixth centuries C.E., merchants played a large role in the spread of religion, in particular Buddhism. Merchants found the moral and ethical teachings of Buddhism to be an appealing alternative to previous religions. As a result, merchants supported Buddhist monasteries along the

1541:

Though Vajrabodhi is credited for bringing Esoteric Buddhism into China, it was his successor, Amoghavajra, who saw the firm establishment of Esoteric Buddhism as a school of thought in China. Amoghavajra was the son of a South Asian father and Sodigan mother and brought his learnings from Sri Lanka

1537:

By the 8th century CE, the School of Esoteric Buddhism became prominent in China due to the careers of two South Asian monks, Vajrabodhi and Amoghavajra. Vajrabodhi or Vajrabuddhi was the son of a South Indian aristocrat and is credited for bringing the theological developments from Bengal to East

2710:

did the persecution of Buddhists stop. Buddhism in Korea remained subdued until the end of the Joseon period, when its position was strengthened somewhat by the colonial period, which lasted from 1910 to 1945. However, these Buddhist monks did not only put an end to Japanese rule in 1945, but they

2315:

The view that Buddhism was transmitted to China by the sea route comparatively lacks convincing and supporting materials, and some arguments are not sufficiently rigorous the most plausible theory is that Buddhism started from the Greater Yuezhi of northwest India and took the land roads to reach

1112:

It may be assumed that travelers or pilgrims brought Buddhism along the Silk Roads, but whether this first occurred from the earliest period when those roads were open, ca. 100 BC, must remain open to question. The earliest direct references to Buddhism concern the 1st century AD, but they include

2355:

Zhang Qian noted only that: 'this country is hot and humid. The people ride elephants into battle.' Although Ban Yong explained that they revere the Buddha, and neither kill nor fight, he has recording nothing about the excellent texts, virtuous Law, and meritorious teachings and guidance. As for

2210:

The king of Chu recites the subtle words of Huanglao, and respectfully performs the gentle sacrifices to the Buddha. After three months of purification and fasting, he has made a solemn covenant (or: a vow 誓) with the spirits. What dislike or suspicion (from Our part) could there be, that he must

2722:

A 2005 government survey indicated that about a quarter of South Koreans identified as Buddhist. However, the actual number of Buddhists in South Korea is ambiguous as there is no exact or exclusive criterion by which Buddhists can be identified, unlike the Christian population. With Buddhism's

1594:

within the communities they encountered and over time, their cultures were based on Buddhism. Because of this, these communities became centers of literacy and culture with well-organized marketplaces, lodging, and storage. The Silk Road transmission of Buddhism essentially ended around the 7th

2492:

In olden days emperor Ming saw in a dream a god whose body had the brilliance of the sun and who flew before his palace; and he rejoiced exceedingly at this. The next day he asked his officials: "What god is this?" the scholar Fu Yi said: "Your subject has heard it said that in India there is

1577:(629–644), whose large and precise translation work defines a "new translation period", in contrast with older Central Asian works. He also left a detailed account of his travels in Central Asia and India. The legendary accounts of the holy priest Xuanzang were described in the famous novel 2250:

prophetically dreamed about a "golden man" Buddha. While "The Kingdom of Tianzhu" section (above) recorded his famous dream, the "Annals of Emperor Ming" history did not. Apocryphal texts give divergent accounts about the imperial envoys sent to India, their return with two Buddhist monks,

2198:"To Liu Ying and the Chinese devotees at his court the "Buddhist" ceremonies of fasting and sacrifices were probably no more than a variation of existing Daoist practices; this peculiar mixture of Buddhist and Daoist elements remains characteristic of Han Buddhism as a whole." 1550:

From the 4th century onward, Chinese pilgrims also started to travel on the Silk Road to India, the origin of Buddhism, by themselves in order to get improved access to the original scriptures. According to Chinese sources, the first Chinese to be ordained was

1542:

to practice in China. He too translated several texts but is mostly known for this prominent position in the Royal Tang Court. Ge performed several Esoteric rituals for the royals and also established a separate doctrine of Buddhism for the deity Manjusri.

1538:

China. Buddhist scholar Lü Xiang, and lay disciple of Vajrabodhi writes about Vajrabodhi's accomplishments, including translating Buddhist texts such as ‘The Ritual for Practicing the Samadhi of Vairocana in the Yoga of the Adamantine Pinnacle Sutra’ etc.

2385:

high (3.7 metres or 12 feet), and is the colour of true gold." The Emperor, to discover the true doctrine, sent an envoy to Tianzhu (Northwestern India) to inquire about the Buddha's doctrine, after which paintings and statues appeared in the Middle

2380:

There is a current tradition that Emperor Ming dreamed that he saw a tall golden man the top of whose head was glowing. He questioned his group of advisors and one of them said: "In the West there is a god called Buddha. His body is sixteen

1487:

and organized the translation of Buddhist scriptures into Chinese, testifying to the beginning of a wave of Central Asian Buddhist proselytism that was to last several centuries. An Shigao translated Buddhist texts on basic doctrines,

2691:, it was allowed by adherents of Shamanism to be blended into their religion. Thus, the mountains that were believed by shamanists to be the residence of spirits in pre-Buddhist times later became the sites of Buddhist temples. 2711:

also asserted their specific and separate religious identity by reforming their traditions and practices. They laid the foundation for many Buddhist societies, and the younger generation of monks came up with the ideology of

2853:) that depicts Emperor Wu worshipping two Buddhist statues, "identified as 'golden men' obtained in 120 BCE by a great Han general during his campaigns against the nomads". Although Emperor Wu did establish the Dunhuang 2476:(Baimasi 白馬寺) in their honor, the first Buddhist temple in China, and Chinese Buddhism began. All accounts of Emperor Ming's dream and Yuezhi embassy derive from the anonymous (middle 3rd-century) introduction to the 759:(629–644) started to travel to northern India in order to get improved access to original scriptures. Between the 3rd and 7th centuries, parts of the land route connecting northern India with China was ruled by the 2364:, "The Kingdom of Tianzhu" (天竺, Northwest India) section of "The Chronicle of the Western Regions" summarizes the origins of Buddhism in China. After noting Tianzhu envoys coming by sea through Rinan (日南, Central 1610:

in parts of India and would later go on to influence the East Asian society into adopting forms of Buddhism stemming from this core school of belief. This time, the transmission was happening via the sea routes.

2447:

Since Han histories do not mention Emperor Ai having contacts with the Yuezhi, scholars disagree whether this tradition "deserves serious consideration", or can be "reliable material for historical research".

7642: 2533:) and "captured a golden (or gilded) man used by the King of Hsiu-t'u to worship Heaven." Xiutu's son was taken prisoner, but eventually became a favorite retainer of Emperor Wu and was granted the name 1394:

Additionally, Indian monks from central regions of India were also involved in the translation and spread of Buddhists texts into central and east Asia. Among these Indian translators and monks include:

2206:

decreed that anyone suspected of capital crimes would be given an opportunity for redemption, and King Ying sent thirty rolls of silk. The biography quotes Ming's edict praising his younger brother:

1234:, where they particularly distinguished themselves by their translation work. They promoted both Nikāya and Mahāyāna scriptures. Thirty-seven of these early translators of Buddhist texts are known. 3311:

Sundberg, J. "The Life of the Tang court monk Vjarabodhi as chronicled by Lü Xiang: South Indian and Sri Lankan antecedents to the arrival of Buddhist Vajrayana in 8th century Java and China": 64.

1602:

By the 8th century, Buddhism began to be spread across Asia, largely by the influence of healers and wonder-workers. These groups of people practised a form of Buddhism that was to be called "

2832:"These two Sanskrit terms, given in the Chinese text in phonetic transcription, refer to lay adepts and to Buddhist monks, respectively"; and show detailed knowledge of Buddhist terminology. 7662: 1128:, with the missionary efforts of a great number of Central Asian Buddhist monks to Chinese lands. The first missionaries and translators of Buddhists scriptures into Chinese were either 1590:

Silk Roads. In return, the Buddhists gave the merchants somewhere to sojourn. Merchants then spread Buddhism to foreign encounters as they travelled. Merchants also helped to establish

2300:

region, where King Ying of Chu was worshipping Laozi and Buddha c. 65 CE. The overland route hypothesis, favored by Tang Yongtong, proposed that Buddhism disseminated eastward through

2916: 2120:

But at night the prison was broken open by a Golden Man, sixteen feet high, who released them. Moved by this miracle, the emperor bowed his head to the ground and excused himself.

4139: 3300: 2077:). The Book of Han has led to discussions on whether Buddhism first arrived to China via maritime or overland transmission; as well as the origins of Buddhism in India or China. 2464:, sending envoys to Yuezhi (on a date variously given as 60, 61, 64 or 68 CE), and their return (3 or 11 years later) with sacred texts and the first Buddhist missionaries, 2080:

Despite secular Chinese histories like the Book of Han dating the introduction of Buddhism in the 1st century, some Buddhist texts and traditions claim earlier dates in the

1792:, as Buddhism spread to Japan and Korea from China. In the eastern Tarim Basin, Central Asian Buddhism survived into the later medieval period as the religion of the Uyghur 1562:'s pilgrimage to India (395–414) is said to have been the first significant one. He left along the Silk Road, stayed six years in India, and then returned by the sea route. 7627: 2541:金 "gold" supposedly referring to the "golden man." The golden statue was later moved to the Yunyang 雲陽 Temple, near the royal summer palace Ganquan 甘泉 (modern Xianyang, 1104:

The transmission of Buddhism to China via the Silk Road started in the 1st century CE with a semi-legendary account of an embassy sent to the West by the Chinese Emperor

2277:

present two accounts of how Buddhism entered Han China, generations of scholars have debated whether monks first arrived via the maritime or overland routes of the

3903: 2307:

The historian Rong Xinjiang reexamined the overland and maritime hypotheses through a multi-disciplinary review of recent discoveries and research, including the

2444:: "the student at the imperial academy Jing Lu 景盧 received from Yicun 伊存, the envoy of the king of the Great Yuezhi oral instruction in (a) Buddhist sutra(s)." 3230: 2472:(Zhu Falan 竺法蘭). They translated the "Sutra in Forty-two Sections" into Chinese, traditionally dated 67 CE but probably later than 100. The emperor built the 7043: 1757:

The increasing Muslim dominance of these Silk Roads made it more difficult for Buddhist monks and pilgrims to travel between India and China. The Silk Road

5015: 2316:

Han China. After entering into China, Buddhism blended with early Daoism and Chinese traditional esoteric arts and its iconography received blind worship.

2182:) Daoism and "observed fasting and performed sacrifices to the Buddha." Huang-Lao or Huanglaozi 黄老子 is the deification of Laozi, and was associated with 1855: 1642: 7647: 5930: 4405: 3345:"Ancient India and Ancient China: Trade and Religious Exchanges, A.D. 1–600. By Xinru Liu. Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1988. xxii, 231 pp. $ 24.95" 2715:, or "Buddhism for the people." The importance of this ideology is that it was coined by the monks who focused on common men's daily issues. After 7707: 2211:

repent (of his sins)? Let (the silk which he sent for) redemption be sent back, in order thereby to contribute to the lavish entertainment of the

965:

Buddhism. Japan and Korea then borrowed from China. Few remnants of the original Sanskrit remained. These constituted the 'Northern transmission'.

5934: 1902: 1689: 3623:

Land Route or Sea Route? Commentary on the Study of the Paths of Transmission and Areas in which Buddhism Was Disseminated during the Han Period

1407: 6158: 2493:

somebody who has attained the Tao and who is called Buddha; he flies in the air, his body had the brilliance of the sun; this must be that god.

1874: 1661: 814: 562: 569:

The article is not only written from the perspective of Chinese Buddhism but also pays too overtly portrays the involvement of Central Asia.

7682: 4375: 2545:). The golden man has been demonstrated to be a three meters high colossal golden statue of Zeus holding a goddess by Lucas Christopoulos. 3963: 2882: 2304:

and was originally practiced in western China, at the Han capital Luoyang where Emperor Ming established the White Horse Temple c. 68 CE.

1881: 1668: 7702: 2231:

In 70 CE, King Ying was implicated in rebellion and sentenced to death, but Ming instead exiled him and his courtiers south to Danyang (

4483: 2943:. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler-Institutes, 2170:, the King of Chu, gives the oldest reference to Buddhism in Chinese historical literature. It says Ying was both deeply interested in 1981:. Silk Road artistic influences can be found as far as Japan to this day, in architectural motifs or representations of Japanese gods. 899:

traditions of Buddhism continued. As of 2019, China by far had the largest population of Buddhists in the world at nearly 250 million;

822: 533: 4218: 2679:

in central Korea. In Korea, it was adopted as the state religion of 3 constituent polities of the Three Kingdoms period, first by the

1946:

Central Asian missionary efforts along the Silk Road were accompanied by a flux of artistic influences, visible in the development of

1772:

From the 9th century onward, therefore, the various schools of Buddhism which survived began to evolve independently of one another.

4240: 3898: 2781: 2707: 1888: 1675: 7778: 7016: 2239:

built a huge Buddhist temple, "which could contain more than three thousand people, who all studied and read Buddhist scriptures."

1359:, Bodhidharma is depicted as a rather ill-tempered, profusely bearded and wide-eyed barbarian. He is referred to as "The Blue-Eyed 1069:(180 BC-10 CE) formed one of the first Silk Road stops after China for nearly 300 years. One of the descendant Greek kingdoms, the 3039:

Samad, Rafi-us, The Grandeur of Gandhara. The Ancient Buddhist Civilization of the Swat, Peshawar, Kabul and Indus Valleys, p. 234

7657: 7363: 6913: 6750: 6202: 2973: 2957: 2746: 2550: 1994: 577: 3212:

Broughton, Jeffrey L. (1999), The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen, Berkeley: University of California Press,

6405: 4385: 2940:

Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan

1870: 1657: 424: 3815:

Lee Injae, Owen Miller, Park Jinhoon, Yi Hyun-Hae, 2014, Korean History in Maps, Cambridge University Press, pp. 44–49, 52–60.

7758: 7021: 4194: 4177: 4109: 4078: 4048: 4030: 3882: 3522: 3193: 3092: 2994: 3183: 1057:

kingdoms (323 BC – 63 BC) and trade networks extending from the Mediterranean to Central Asia (furthest eastern point being

7743: 4568: 4410: 3231:

https://web.archive.org/web/20140303182232/http://buddhistinformatics.ddbc.edu.tw/glossaries/files/soothill-hodous.ddbc.pdf

2428:

transmitted one or more Buddhist sutras to a Chinese scholar. The earliest version derives from the lost (mid-3rd century)

1558:

It is only from the 4th century CE that Chinese Buddhist monks started to travel to India to discover Buddhism first-hand.

7218: 6745: 1026: 117: 2958:

A Mathematic Expression of Art: Sino-Iranian and Uighur Textile Interactions and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin

2376:(r. 147–167 CE), it summarizes the first "hard evidence" about Prince Ying and the "official" story about Emperor Ming: 7722: 7717: 6642: 4287: 3911: 2791: 1035:. Buddhist monks travelled with merchant caravans on the Silk Road to preach their new religion. The lucrative Chinese 2235:), where Ying committed suicide in 71 CE. The Buddhist community at Pencheng survived, and around 193 CE, the warlord 7763: 7712: 7687: 7607: 4488: 4208: 3948: 3742: 3493: 3468: 3244:"The Indian Buddhist Missionary Dharmakṣema (385–433): A New Dating of His Arrival in Guzang and of His Translations" 3217: 3140: 2910: 1921: 1708: 1347:. This erroneous account only became popularized in the 20th century. According to the earliest reference to him, by 645: 599: 6735: 4149:

Thought and Law in Qin and Han China: Studies Dedicated to Anthony Hulsewe on the Occasion of His Eightieth Birthday

6420: 6165: 3282: 1502:(Ch. 安玄), a Parthian layman who worked alongside An Shigao, also translated an early Mahāyāna Buddhist text on the 870: 77: 2558:(r. 141–87 BCE) sacrificed to it in the Ganquan 甘泉 palace, which "is how Buddhism gradually spread into (China)." 53:"Silk Roads" were interlinked and complementary, forming what scholars have called the "great circle of Buddhism". 6812: 6802: 4631: 2154:. Others disagree, "As far as we can gather from the inscriptions was ignorant of the very existence of China." 834: 826: 3229:

Soothill, William Edward; Hodous, Lewis (1995), A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms, London: RoutledgeCurzon

2687:) in 372 CE, by the Silla in 528 CE, and by the Baekje in 552 CE. As Buddhism was not seen to conflict with the 1895: 1746:

of 751, Central Asian Buddhism went into serious decline and eventually resulted in the extinction of the local

1682: 1206:), India expanded into Central Asia. As a consequence, cultural exchanges greatly increased with the regions of 7753: 6757: 6410: 6212: 6103: 6048: 4621: 4023:

Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE

1859: 1797: 1739: 1722: 1646: 1452: 799: 621: 526: 1475:

The first documented translation of Buddhist scriptures into Chinese occurs in 148 CE with the arrival of the

38: 7697: 6727: 6425: 6108: 4400: 4233: 1801: 1776:

developed into an independent religion with distinct spiritual elements. Indigenous Buddhist traditions like

490: 1117:

Extensive contacts however started in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the

573: 6310: 6182: 6153: 5855: 3782: 2573: 2142:, some western historians believe Emperor Ashoka sent Buddhist missionaries to China, citing the (ca. 265) 6906: 6001: 5910: 5380: 5025: 4538: 4433: 4099: 2478: 2257: 1534:. These translations from Lokakṣema continue to give insight into the early period of Mahāyāna Buddhism. 90: 5545: 3663: 3622: 2741: 2308: 686:, beginning in the 1st or 2nd century CE. The first documented translation efforts by Buddhist monks in 7783: 6850: 6330: 5806: 5292: 4415: 4248: 3689: 2766: 61: 5740: 2944: 7632: 7549: 6740: 6553: 6543: 6415: 5398: 4978: 4739: 4714: 2636: 2440: 1513: 1252: 977: 519: 378: 135: 4764: 4001:

The contribution of the Emperor Asoka Maurya to the development of the humanitarian ideal in warfare

3329: 1816:, who settled at the Caspian in the 17th century. Otherwise, Central Asian Buddhism survived mostly 1226:). Central Asian Buddhist missionaries became active shortly after in the Chinese capital cities of 7692: 6845: 6197: 6011: 5989: 5982: 5885: 5418: 5038: 4854: 4799: 4420: 4226: 3514: 2694:

Though it initially enjoyed wide acceptance, even being supported as the state ideology during the

1735: 1730: 1370:("the country of the extreme east" beyond the sea, probably Japan), where they introduced Buddhism. 940: 896: 581: 368: 97: 3133:

When china rules the world : the end of the western world and the birth of a new global order

3111: 373: 7677: 6782: 6762: 6093: 6073: 5830: 5560: 4804: 2894: 2786: 2617: 2589: 1848: 1635: 1062: 50: 3299:

Joe Cribb, 1974, "Chinese lead ingots with barbarous Greek inscriptions in Coin Hoards" pp.76–8

2969: 739:

Buddhism was transmitted from North India through Central Asia to China. Direct contact between

406: 6991: 6940: 6899: 6792: 6632: 6300: 6270: 6043: 5994: 5835: 5783: 5778: 5540: 5361: 5258: 5010: 5005: 4754: 3934: 1789: 1379: 740: 653: 401: 5122: 4000: 2938: 7446: 7268: 7057: 7006: 6797: 6767: 6348: 6280: 6113: 6028: 6023: 5947: 5942: 5860: 4390: 4040:

Transnationalism in Ancient and Medieval Societies: The Role of Cross-Border Trade and Travel

3316: 2902: 2538: 2041: 5413: 3996:. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge University Press. Pp. 808–873. 3974: 1581:, which envisaged trials of the journey with demons but with the help of various disciples. 220: 7522: 7431: 7137: 6820: 6787: 6772: 6290: 6187: 6133: 6018: 5957: 5925: 5920: 5905: 5890: 5880: 5845: 5758: 5450: 5373: 4676: 4616: 4365: 4332: 4282: 4064: 3627: 3084:

Antonio de Montserrat – Biography of the first Jesuit initiated in Tibetan Tantric Buddhism

2736: 1821: 936: 854: 112: 30: 7580: 6660: 5275: 5144: 5070: 4946: 4684: 8: 7768: 7652: 7485: 7298: 7258: 7171: 7001: 6627: 6506: 6340: 6315: 6305: 6265: 6242: 6125: 6098: 6058: 5977: 5967: 5895: 5822: 5253: 5110: 4891: 4869: 4821: 4641: 4441: 4297: 4277: 3940: 2776: 2644: 2457: 2373: 2247: 2203: 2054: 1785: 1489: 1441: 1295:

in what was then the extreme south of the Chinese empire, and a son of a Sogdian merchant

1105: 1094: 1066: 1050: 904: 888: 383: 4601: 4528: 4132:

Buddhism: Buddhist origins and the early history of Buddhism in South and Southeast Asia

7773: 7748: 7612: 7534: 7308: 7278: 7253: 7245: 7230: 7080: 6690: 6595: 6437: 6400: 6395: 6325: 6275: 6222: 6217: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6068: 6053: 6038: 6033: 5972: 5952: 5915: 5840: 5645: 5346: 5270: 5148: 5090: 4931: 4831: 4759: 4734: 4380: 4310: 4067: 3855: 3380: 3372: 3263: 2854: 2473: 2262: 2085: 2053:. This history records that around 65 CE, Buddhism was practiced in the courts of both 2046: 2028: 1990: 1777: 1058: 892: 772: 717: 472: 363: 180: 6489: 4059:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC. – AD. 220

3994:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC. – AD. 220

1164: 7529: 7517: 7468: 7340: 7273: 7263: 7235: 7198: 7186: 7154: 6868: 6830: 6526: 6511: 6474: 6459: 6232: 6148: 6063: 5900: 5865: 5850: 5577: 5567: 5248: 5095: 5080: 4951: 4874: 4794: 4729: 4661: 4548: 4305: 4204: 4190: 4173: 4105: 4074: 4044: 4026: 3944: 3878: 3518: 3489: 3464: 3384: 3364: 3213: 3189: 3146: 3136: 3088: 2990: 2965: 2906: 2761: 2706:

overcame the prior dominance of Buddhism. Only after Buddhist monks helped repel the

2648: 2593: 2555: 2514: 2425: 2408: 2369: 2167: 2100:歷代三寶紀, concerns a group of Buddhist priests who arrived in 217 BCE at the capital of 2066: 1430:– 5th-century Mahayana Buddhist translator from Central India who was active in China 1340: 993: 958: 932: 928: 884: 818: 625: 5812: 4606: 4506: 3078: 798:

But from about this time, the Silk road trade of Buddhism began to decline with the

7456: 7412: 7358: 7348: 7293: 7203: 7181: 7149: 6516: 6469: 6464: 6320: 6285: 6260: 6255: 6006: 5962: 5875: 5550: 5206: 5199: 4983: 4973: 4859: 4523: 4395: 4161: 4061:, 649–725. Edited by Denis Twitchett and Michael Loewe. Cambridge University Press. 3873:

Woodhead, Linda; Partridge, Christopher; Kawanami, Hiroko; Cantwell, Cathy (2016).

3847: 3424: 3408: 3397: 3356: 3255: 2898: 2771: 2703: 2688: 2581: 2404: 2143: 2135: 2050: 2020: 1817: 1805: 1773: 1762: 1078: 954: 924: 916: 876: 862: 846: 807: 792: 744: 665: 495: 467: 255: 215: 69: 5595: 4101:

Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600–1400

7539: 7495: 7328: 7323: 7303: 7283: 7225: 7191: 7115: 7105: 7067: 7028: 6981: 6926: 6880: 6825: 6777: 6705: 6575: 6373: 6353: 6295: 6207: 5870: 5768: 5615: 5351: 5334: 5319: 5297: 4849: 4719: 4553: 4533: 4213: 4130: 4123: 4119: 4038: 3989: 2567: 2465: 1766: 1743: 1726: 1516:(Ch. 支婁迦讖, active ca. 164–186 CE), who came from the ancient Buddhist kingdom of 1476: 1399: 1344: 1304: 1298: 1098: 1022: 920: 880: 811: 803: 500: 140: 7575: 5625: 4779: 4769: 2814:

knew nothing of the Buddhist religion, but in the second year of Da Ming of the

2116:

Shilifang 室李防, presented sutras to the First Emperor, who had them put in jail:

1413: 1406:

responsible for the translation of many Sanskrit texts in Chinese including the

1275:(c. 185), a Kushan monk in the second generation of translators after Lokakṣema. 612: 7672: 7563: 7473: 7288: 7159: 6835: 6538: 6388: 6170: 5750: 5730: 5650: 5339: 5329: 5263: 5100: 4586: 4449: 3429:

Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times

3413:

Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times

2698:(918–1392 CE) period, Buddhism in Korea suffered extreme repression during the 2484: 2461: 2175: 2000: 1459:

inscriptions on lead ingot, using barbarous Greek alphabet in the style of the

1427: 1317:(4th century), a Central Asian monk who became a counselor to the Chinese court 1272: 1215: 1118: 1090: 732: 641: 275: 270: 34: 2702:(1392–1897 CE) era, which lasted over five hundred years. During this period, 1281:(220–252), a Kushan monk whose grandfather had settled in China during 168–190 7737: 7392: 7208: 7166: 7110: 6996: 6955: 6922: 6605: 6454: 5763: 5665: 5523: 5324: 5302: 5238: 4909: 4704: 4699: 4591: 4260: 4182: 3368: 3259: 3150: 2684: 2498: 2293: 2190: 2131: 2126: 2101: 2016: 1947: 1813: 1793: 1352: 1256: 1195: 1121: 981: 968: 838: 776: 768: 711: 691: 358: 348: 325: 260: 245: 102: 46: 6891: 5063: 5053: 4425: 2732: 2024: 721: 7667: 7637: 7544: 7512: 7441: 7318: 7313: 7127: 7120: 7033: 6965: 6695: 6680: 6650: 6600: 6590: 6432: 6227: 5720: 5555: 5433: 5221: 5216: 5043: 4914: 4789: 4250: 3659: 3441: 2815: 2756: 2751: 2716: 2338: 2289: 2285: 2139: 2004: 1421: 1356: 1348: 1284: 1175: 946: 866: 850: 842: 830: 780: 748: 736: 728: 707: 703: 661: 617: 452: 290: 265: 5478: 5463: 5423: 5120: 4784: 4360: 2292:, proposed that Buddhism was originally introduced in southern China, the 7617: 7500: 7397: 7132: 7038: 7011: 6665: 6494: 5635: 5620: 5403: 5211: 5139: 4919: 4749: 4651: 4498: 4370: 2850: 2842: 2601: 2597: 2469: 2435: 2400: 2343: 2081: 2070: 1977:

can also be found on the eastern portions of the Tarim Basin, such as in

1963: 1951: 1751: 1503: 1456: 1320: 1219: 1187: 1168: 1153: 1125: 1054: 1040: 973: 764: 695: 679: 462: 457: 442: 315: 235: 230: 6655: 5115: 4166:

China's Holy Mountain: An Illustrated Journey into the Heart of Buddhism

4065:

Richard H. Robinson; Sandra Ann Wawrytko; Ṭhānissaro (Bhikkhu.) (1996).

3783:

http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp326_dionysian_rituals_china.pdf

1517: 1171:

mural. Chinese work showing Central Asian influence. Mogao Caves, China.

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Saunders, Kenneth J. (1923). "Buddhism in China: A Historical Sketch",

4057:

Loewe, Michael (1986). "The Religious and Intellectual Background", in

4011: 3859: 3838:

Kim, Won-yong (1960), "An Early Gilt-bronze Seated Buddha from Seoul",

3376: 3267: 3243: 3017: 2672: 2664: 2518: 2334: 2326: 2297: 1974: 1939: 1862: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1747: 1552: 1494: 1433: 1373: 1336: 1332: 1044: 1018: 795:

was likewise established as a branch of Vajrayana, in the 8th century.

637: 447: 285: 250: 225: 155: 5630: 4626: 1526: 1301:(265–313), a Kushan whose family had lived for generations at Dunhuang 7380: 7370: 6986: 6945: 6585: 6558: 5725: 5600: 5312: 5228: 5105: 4995: 4968: 4961: 4924: 4881: 4844: 4611: 4576: 4543: 4518: 4473: 3781:

Lucas Christopoulos; Dionysian rituals and the Golden Zeus of China.

3344: 2632: 2621: 2278: 2236: 2171: 2147: 2008: 1603: 1531: 1480: 1360: 1238: 1113:

hagiographical elements and are not necessarily reliable or accurate.

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Academics disagree over the historicity of Emperor Ming's dream but

2430: 1837: 1624: 1420:

monastery who travelled to China and Korea during the period of the

1246: 7478: 7461: 7407: 7402: 7387: 7375: 7353: 7176: 7144: 7075: 7050: 6875: 6715: 6670: 6615: 6580: 6484: 6143: 5710: 5705: 5655: 5590: 5508: 5473: 5468: 5129: 5000: 4988: 4899: 4558: 4255: 2846: 2719:, the Seon school of Korean Buddhism once again gained acceptance. 2680: 2668: 2640: 2628: 2605: 2577: 2534: 2348: 2252: 2113: 2109: 2105: 1978: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1614: 1591: 1574: 1563: 1509: 1314: 1278: 1260: 1223: 1203: 1199: 1183: 1179: 1157: 1133: 1001: 997: 962: 950: 900: 756: 699: 675: 672: 633: 320: 280: 185: 170: 160: 145: 27: 24: 5700: 5690: 5675: 5498: 5368: 4636: 2964:, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, No 1 (2014), pp 134–163. 1387: 1366:

Five monks from Gandhāra who traveled in 485 CE to the country of

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Buddhism was first widely propagated in China by the Kushan monk

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in the 9th century (but made a comeback in later dynasties). The

760: 353: 330: 305: 240: 205: 195: 190: 175: 5307: 5075: 3877:(3rd ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 96–97. 7451: 7436: 7095: 6700: 6685: 6521: 6383: 6363: 6138: 5800: 5680: 5670: 5605: 5233: 5189: 5174: 5164: 5134: 5058: 4941: 4709: 4581: 4325: 4320: 3486:

Religions of the Silk Road: Premodern Patterns of Globalization

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Religions of the Silk Road: Premodern Patterns of Globalization

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record the following 3 monks who were among the first to bring

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Zürcher, E. (1990). "Han Buddhism and the Western Region", in

1355:

origin whom Yang Xuanshi met around 520 at Loyang. Throughout

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was a Buddhist Sinitic dynasty based in Central Asia, before

747:

continued throughout the 3rd to 7th centuries, much into the

687: 300: 295: 200: 165: 3875:

Religion in the Modern World- Traditions and Transformations

3287:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

7090: 6710: 5503: 5169: 4666: 4151:, ed by W.L. Idema and E. Zurcher, Brill, pp. 158–182. 2012: 1524:, as well as rare, early Mahāyāna sūtras on topics such as 1339:

claimed that he originated of the physical training of the

1036: 751:

period. From the 4th century onward, Chinese pilgrims like

505: 4144:, 3rd ed. Leiden. E. J. Brill. 1st ed. 1959, 2nd ed. 1972. 6368: 4904: 4094:, Vol. 3.2, pp. 157–169; Vol. 3.3, pp. 256–275. 1984: 1781: 1738:

began to decline in the 7th century in the course of the

1328: 1324: 2554:

claims this golden man was more than ten feet high, and

4124:

Cave temples of Mogao: art and history on the silk road

2950: 1269:, a Parthian merchant who became a monk in China in 181 561:

deal primarily with Sinocentric and do not represent a

3992:(1986). "Philosophy and Religion from Han to Sui", in 3585:

Zürcher (1972), p. 27. Compare Maspero (1981), p. 405.

3572: 3570: 2501:

sees a possible nucleus of fact behind the tradition.

1483:(Ch. 安世高). He worked to establish Buddhist temples in 1097:

further secured the route from northern nomads of the

2588:, then to Korean peninsula in 3rd century during the 2034: 1938:"Heroic gesture of the Bodhisattva", 6th–7th century 660:

as an ethnic minority community during the phases of

2268: 976:

during the 3rd century, connecting the territory of

3567: 2482:. For example, the (late 3rd to early 5th-century) 2188:(方士) "technician; magician; alchemist" methods and 1649:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4066: 3897:According to figures compiled by the South Korean 3015:Hill (2009), p. 30, for the Chinese text from the 2130:Buddhist encyclopedia elaborates this legend with 1958:. Serindian art often derives from the art of the 1447: 945:The Buddhism transmitted to China is based on the 4036: 3415:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 43–44. 620:monk teaching East-Asian monk. A fresco from the 7735: 4069:The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction 3130: 2960:," in Rudolf G. Wagner and Monica Juneja (eds), 2504: 2261:) carried by white horses, and establishing the 2246:quotes a "current" (5th-century) tradition that 1615:Decline of Buddhism in Central Asia and Xinjiang 1331:) school of Buddhism. The debunked 17th century 1245:prince who made the first known translations of 1043:(206 BCE – 220 CE), with voyages by people like 1606:". This cult was influenced by the practice of 3831: 3431:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 48. 3181: 3172:Foltz, "Religions of the Silk Road", pp. 37–58 3077: 2420:There is a Chinese tradition that in 2 BCE, a 2325:Fan Ye's Commentary noted that neither of the 1769:eventually came to an end in the 8th century. 1436:– 6th-century Indian monk and translator from 1376:(561–592), a monk and translator from Gandhāra 1311:monk and one of the most important translators 1047:establishing ties between China and the west. 1039:trade along this trade route began during the 6921: 6907: 4234: 3828:III, Ha & Mintz translation, pp. 178–179. 3511:China's Cosmopolitan Empire: The Tang Dynasty 2584:through the Silk Route in 1st century CE via 1784:emerged in China. China became the center of 1065:(250 BC-125 BC) in Afghanistan and the later 559:The examples and perspective in this article 527: 5016:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 2451: 2091: 2031:. It is known as the Southern Transmission. 1545: 1182:donors to the Buddha (fresco, with detail), 640:, modern scholarship has identified similar 3658:Hill (2009), p. 31. Compare the account in 2841:The (8th century) fresco discovered in the 2456:Many sources recount the "pious legend" of 2351:)–described Buddhism originating in India: 2096:One story, first appearing in the (597 CE) 1950:from the 2nd to the 11th century CE in the 1573:The most famous of the Chinese pilgrims is 6914: 6900: 4241: 4227: 4097: 3891: 3283:"Guṇabhadra, Bǎoyún, and the Saṃyuktāgama" 2284:The maritime route hypothesis, favored by 534: 520: 4189:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition, 2010, 4025:. BookSurge, Charleston, South Carolina. 2782:Great Tang Records on the Western Regions 2468:(Shemoteng 攝摩騰 or Jiashemoteng 迦葉摩騰) and 2194:(仙) "transcendent; immortal" techniques. 1922:Learn how and when to remove this message 1709:Learn how and when to remove this message 1402:– 4th and 5th-century Buddhist monk from 694:into the Chinese territory bordering the 600:Learn how and when to remove this message 3824:"Malananta bring Buddhism to Baekje" in 3811: 3809: 3112:"History of Buddhism – Xuanfa Institute" 2887:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion 2561: 2411:worshipping "golden man" Buddha statues. 2395: 1933: 1451: 1202:from its capital at Purushapura (modern 1174: 1163: 1147: 1089:"), were defeated by the Chinese in the 967: 910: 702:. These contacts transmitted strands of 611: 18: 6203:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 3904:"인구,가구/시도별 종교인구/시도별 종교인구 (2005년 인구총조사)" 2747:Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism 2551:A New Account of the Tales of the World 2415: 1995:Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism 1363:" (碧眼胡:Bìyǎn hú) in Chinese Chan texts. 903:comes second at around 70 million (see 16:Part of the history of Buddhism in Asia 7736: 6406:List of Buddhist architecture in China 4037:Michael C. Howard (23 February 2012). 3342: 3175: 2903:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.638 2320: 1985:Southern transmission (from Sri Lanka) 1827: 1194:In the middle of the 2nd century, the 827:Chinese Buddhism was briefly repressed 6895: 4222: 4005:International Review of the Red Cross 3932: 3806: 3508: 3483: 3458: 3280: 3106: 3104: 3073: 3071: 2919:from the original on 19 February 2019 2823:of the Liang Dynasty, 7th century CE) 2708:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) 2663:– a monk from northern Chinese state 1424:. Founded the Hoemsa temple in Korea. 1382:(c. 810), a monk and translator from 1249:Buddhist texts into Chinese (148–170) 624:, dated to the 9th century; although 6992:Post-classical history (Middle Ages) 4012:The "Golden Man" of Former Han Times 3310: 3241: 3087:. Editorial MenteClara. p. 32. 3059: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3021:, and p. 31 for a translation of it. 2880: 2876: 2874: 2525:. Huo defeated the people of prince 1871:"Silk Road transmission of Buddhism" 1860:adding citations to reliable sources 1831: 1658:"Silk Road transmission of Buddhism" 1647:adding citations to reliable sources 1618: 1584: 791:) reached China in the 7th century. 545: 4201:The Silk Road Journey with Xuanzang 3837: 2857:, "he never worshipped the Buddha." 1027:Protectorate of the Western Regions 871:Religion in the Mongol Empire#Islam 690:were in the 2nd century CE via the 118:Four Buddhist Persecutions in China 13: 6961:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 6193:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 4155: 3185:The History of Buddhism in Vietnam 3101: 3068: 2989:, Oxford University Press, p. 98, 2792:Index of Buddhism-related articles 2157: 2035:Chinese historiography of Buddhism 2027:. These later formed the basis of 1800:), and Buddhism became one of the 1522:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra 1343:monks that led to the creation of 1263:scriptures into Chinese (167–186) 1124:into the Chinese territory of the 961:. These later formed the basis of 76: 14: 7795: 3743:University of Massachusetts Press 3042: 2881:Acri, Andrea (20 December 2018). 2871: 2818:(485 CE), five monks from Kipin ( 2675:– a monk who brought Buddhism to 2671:in northern Korea in 372 CE, and 2647:and brought Buddhism to the King 2269:Maritime or overland transmission 2146:that records missions to Greece, 2138:sending Shilifang to China. Like 1012: 6874: 6864: 6863: 6421:Thai temple art and architecture 6166:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 4406:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 4272: 4259: 4249: 4073:. Wadsworth Publishing Company. 3964:Religious Intelligence UK Report 3442:"Indian Gurus in Medieval China" 2810:"In former times, the people of 2403:8th-century mural depicting the 1836: 1623: 1291:(or Chiao-chih) close to modern 550: 7779:Ancient international relations 4273: 3968: 3957: 3926: 3866: 3818: 3797: 3788: 3775: 3766: 3757: 3748: 3741:, tr. by Frank A. Kierman Jr., 3731: 3722: 3713: 3704: 3695: 3678: 3669: 3652: 3643: 3634: 3615: 3606: 3597: 3588: 3579: 3558: 3549: 3540: 3531: 3502: 3477: 3452: 3434: 3418: 3402: 3391: 3336: 3304: 3293: 3274: 3235: 3223: 3206: 3166: 3157: 3124: 3062:The Heart of Buddha's Teachings 2835: 2826: 2804: 2049:(398–446 CE), documented early 1847:needs additional citations for 1812:eventually the religion of the 1634:needs additional citations for 1448:Early translations into Chinese 1335:story found in a manual called 1143: 1031:Buddhism entered China via the 949:school, with translations from 869:eventually converted to Islam ( 845:of Central Asia. They embraced 835:Mongol invasion of Central Asia 6411:Japanese Buddhist architecture 6213:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 5293:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 4484:Places where the Buddha stayed 4141:The Buddhist Conquest of China 4104:. University of Hawaii Press. 3803:Whitfield et al (2000), p. 19. 3640:Tr. by Hill (2009), pp. 56–57. 3033: 3024: 3009: 3000: 2979: 2976:. (Accessed 3 September 2016.) 2947:. (Accessed 3 September 2016). 2931: 2616:in the 4th century during the 2438:'s commentary to the (429 CE) 2331:Records or the Grand Historian 1802:religions in the Mongol Empire 1798:Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves 1740:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 1723:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 1570:traveled from Korea to India. 1408:Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra 1323:(440–528), the founder of the 800:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana 783:. The Indian form of Buddhist 622:Bezeklik Thousand Buddha Caves 425:Buddhist architecture in China 1: 6426:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 4214:JIBIN, JI BIN ROUTE AND CHINA 4122:, and Agnew, Neville (2000). 3675:Tr. by Zürcher (2007), p. 24. 3594:Tr. by Zürcher (1972), p. 27. 2864: 2689:local rites of nature worship 2505:Emperor Wu and the Golden Man 1595:century with the invasion of 1530:and meditation on the buddha 731:school and spread throughout 491:Buddhist Association of China 7759:Central Asian Buddhist sites 6183:Buddhism and the Roman world 6159:Decline of Buddhism in India 6154:History of Buddhism in India 4254: Topics in 3737:Tr. by Henri Maspero, 1981, 3398:Ancient Silk Road Travellers 3349:The Journal of Asian Studies 2987:The Silk Road: A New History 2937:von Le Coq, Albert. (1913). 2574:Buddhism originated in India 2368:) and presenting tribute to 1999:The Buddhism transmitted to 23:Buddhist expansion in Asia: 7: 7744:History of Buddhism in Asia 5381:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 5121: 4098:Tansen Sen (January 2003). 3933:Kedar, Nath Tiwari (1997). 3899:National Statistical Office 3739:Taoism and Chinese Religion 3509:Lewis, Mark Edward (2009). 3343:Taylor, Romeyn (May 1990). 2726: 2479:Sutra of Forty-two Chapters 2329:histories–the (109–91 BCE) 2258:Sutra of Forty-two Chapters 2045:(5th century), compiled by 1259:and the first to translate 857:). The other khanates, the 576:, discuss the issue on the 10: 7800: 7628:Asia and the Pacific Group 6331:The unanswerable questions 4187:Religions of the Silk Road 3983: 3710:Demieville (1986), p. 824. 3603:Demiéville (1986), p. 821. 3163:Loewe (1986), pp. 669–670. 3064:. Harmony. pp. 13–16. 3006:Zürcher (1972), pp. 22–27. 2767:Buddhism in Southeast Asia 2631:monk who came from either 2565: 1988: 1973:Highly sinicized forms of 1720: 1386:who educated the Japanese 1152:Peoples of the Silk Road. 1016: 914: 7633:Asia Cooperation Dialogue 7598: 7364:Southern/Eastern/Northern 7339: 7244: 7066: 7017:Asian and Pacific Theatre 6974: 6933: 6859: 6811: 6726: 6641: 6416:Buddhist temples in Korea 6339: 6241: 6124: 5821: 5749: 5576: 5449: 5389: 5024: 4979:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 4890: 4882:Three planes of existence 4830: 4675: 4567: 4497: 4489:Buddha in world religions 4351: 4296: 4268: 3908:NSO online KOSIS database 3684:Draft translation of the 3666:, tr. by Ulrich Theobald. 3131:Jacques, Martin. (2014). 3060:Hahn, Thich Nhat (2015). 2956:Gasparini, Mariachiara. " 2635:area of southern China's 2513:records that in 121 BCE, 2452:The dream of Emperor Ming 2441:Records of Three Kingdoms 2112:). The monks, led by the 2092:Qin dynasty (221–206 BCE) 2011:, with translations from 1546:Chinese pilgrims to India 1416:– 14th-century monk from 1093:. The Han victory in the 1082: 817:due to the resurgence of 567:. The specific issue is: 7764:Religion in Central Asia 6198:Persecution of Buddhists 5419:Four stages of awakening 4800:Three marks of existence 4386:Physical characteristics 4203:, Westview Press, 2004, 3546:Saunders (1923), p. 158. 3515:Harvard University Press 3488:. Springer. p. 56. 3463:. Springer. p. 55. 3260:10.1163/1568532043628340 2985:Hansen, Valerie (2012), 2797: 2742:Gandhāran Buddhist Texts 2309:Gandhāran Buddhist Texts 2065:); and his half-brother 1962:district of what is now 1754:during the 8th century. 1750:Buddhist culture in the 1736:Buddhism in Central Asia 1731:Islamization of Xinjiang 941:Buddhism in Central Asia 841:resulted in the further 823:Muslim conquest of India 710:Buddhism throughout the 98:Buddhism in Central Asia 5561:Ten principal disciples 4444:(aunt, adoptive mother) 4135:. Taylor & Francis. 4129:Williams, Paul (2005). 4092:The Journal of Religion 4010:Dubs, Homer H. (1937). 3999:Draper, Gerald (1995). 3690:The Peoples of the West 3688:by John E. Hill (2004) 3664:Luoyang qielan ji 洛陽伽藍記 3649:Zürcher (1990), p. 159. 3564:Williams (2005), p. 57. 3484:Foltz, Richard (2010). 3459:Foltz, Richard (2010). 3182:Tai Thu Nguyen (2008). 2895:Oxford University Press 2787:Wang ocheonchukguk jeon 1063:Greco-Bactrian Kingdoms 7044:Middle Eastern Theatre 7022:Middle Eastern Theatre 6941:Cradle of civilization 6271:Buddhism and democracy 5784:Tibetan Buddhist canon 5779:Chinese Buddhist canon 5011:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 5006:Early Buddhist schools 4199:Sally Hovey Wriggins, 4138:Zürcher, Erik (2007). 3976:North Korea, about.com 3794:Zürcher (2007), p. 21. 3728:Zürcher (2007), p. 14. 3719:Zürcher (2007), p. 22. 3701:Zürcher (2007), p. 25. 3625:, tr. by Xiuqin Zhou, 3612:Zürcher (1972), p. 28. 3576:Zürcher (1972), p. 26. 3537:Zürcher (2007), p. 20. 3448:. Connected Histories. 3324:Cite journal requires 3281:Glass, Andrew (2008). 3188:. CRVP. pp. 36–. 3030:Zürcher (1972), p. 23. 2495: 2424:envoy to the court of 2412: 2394: 2388: 2358: 2318: 2229: 2200: 2122: 1943: 1790:Chinese Buddhist canon 1472: 1191: 1172: 1161: 1115: 1009: 669: 664:(7th–8th century) and 654:Eastern Iranian people 402:Chinese Buddhist canon 108:Silk Road transmission 82: 54: 7754:Buddhist missionaries 7269:Vietnamese philosophy 7007:Industrial Revolution 6281:Eight Consciousnesses 4391:Life of Buddha in art 4126:. Getty Publications. 4118:Whitfield, Roderick, 4021:Hill, John E. (2009) 3754:Tr. Dubs (1937), 4–5. 3621:Rong Xinjiang, 2004, 3242:Chen, Jinhua (2004). 2962:Transcultural Studies 2618:Three Kingdoms period 2590:Three Kingdoms period 2562:Transmission to Korea 2548:The (c. 6th century) 2490: 2399: 2392:they became numerous. 2389: 2378: 2353: 2313: 2208: 2196: 2164:Book of the Later Han 2118: 2073:at Pengcheng (modern 2042:Book of the Later Han 1937: 1471:, 1st–2nd century CE. 1455: 1178: 1167: 1151: 1110: 971: 915:Further information: 911:Northern transmission 615: 80: 22: 6758:East Asian religions 6188:Buddhism in the West 5759:Early Buddhist texts 5374:Four Right Exertions 4840:Ten spiritual realms 4333:Noble Eightfold Path 3936:Comparative Religion 3914:on September 8, 2006 3628:Sino-Platonic Papers 2737:Early Buddhist texts 2667:brought Buddhism to 2594:transmitted to Japan 2416:Contacts with Yuezhi 2015:into languages like 1942:, Tumshuq (Xinjiang) 1856:improve this article 1643:improve this article 1479:prince-turned-monk, 1190:, China, 8th century 1160:, China, 9th century 937:Buddhism in Mongolia 855:Buddhism in Mongolia 806:), resulting in the 755:(395–414) and later 646:the same cave temple 582:create a new article 574:improve this article 113:Dunhuang manuscripts 7299:Buddhist philosophy 7259:Japanese philosophy 7002:Early modern period 6881:Religion portal 6628:Temple of the Tooth 6507:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 5546:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 5039:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 4822:Two truths doctrine 4642:Mahapajapati Gotamī 4442:Mahapajapati Gotamī 3941:Motilal Banarsidass 2883:"Maritime Buddhism" 2777:East Asian Buddhism 2645:Indian subcontinent 2643:region of northern 2637:Eastern Jin dynasty 2537:, with his surname 2374:Emperor Huan of Han 2372:(r. 89–105 CE) and 2321:Origins of Buddhism 2055:Emperor Ming of Han 1828:Artistic influences 1786:East Asian Buddhism 1579:Journey to the West 1442:Emperor Wu of Liang 1351:, he was a monk of 1287:(247–280), born in 1067:Indo-Greek Kingdoms 1051:Alexander the Great 905:Buddhism by country 720:developed from the 668:(9th–13th century). 628:(1913) assumed the 384:Humanistic Buddhism 49:. The overland and 7683:EAEU Customs Union 7613:Arab Customs Union 7535:Oriental Orthodoxy 7309:Islamic philosophy 7279:Iranian philosophy 7254:Chinese philosophy 6803:Western philosophy 6401:Dzong architecture 6223:Vipassana movement 6218:Buddhist modernism 5646:Emperor Wen of Sui 5414:Pratyekabuddhayāna 5347:Threefold Training 5149:Vipassana movement 4865:Hungry Ghost realm 4685:Avidyā (Ignorance) 4632:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 4381:Great Renunciation 4376:Eight Great Events 4258: 4085:774 787 srivijaya. 2529:休屠 (in modern-day 2474:White Horse Temple 2413: 2263:White Horse Temple 2255:sutras (including 2086:Former Han dynasty 2029:Theravada Buddhism 1991:Theravada Buddhism 1944: 1778:Pure Land Buddhism 1473: 1440:and patronised by 1192: 1173: 1162: 1059:Alexandria Eschate 1010: 849:starting with the 773:Hephthalite Empire 718:Theravada Buddhism 670: 648:(No. 9) as ethnic 473:White Horse Temple 83: 55: 7784:Buddhist missions 7731: 7730: 7530:Eastern Orthodoxy 7274:Indian philosophy 7264:Korean philosophy 7058:Post–Cold War era 6889: 6888: 6527:Om mani padme hum 6233:Women in Buddhism 6149:Buddhist councils 6019:Western countries 5807:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 5568:Shaolin Monastery 5145:Samatha-vipassanā 4755:Pratītyasamutpāda 4559:Metteyya/Maitreya 4477: 4469: 4461: 4453: 4445: 4437: 4429: 4306:Four Noble Truths 4195:978-0-230-62125-1 4178:978-1-84885-700-1 4111:978-0-8248-2593-5 4080:978-0-534-20718-2 4050:978-0-7864-9033-2 4031:978-1-4392-2134-1 3884:978-0-415-85881-6 3772:Dubs (1937), 5–6. 3763:Dubs (1937), 4–5. 3662:'s (6th-century) 3524:978-0-674-05419-6 3195:978-1-56518-098-7 3135:. Penguin Books. 3094:978-987-24510-4-2 2995:978-0-19-993921-3 2762:Buddhism in China 2556:Emperor Wu of Han 2515:Emperor Wu of Han 2426:Emperor Ai of Han 2409:Emperor Wu of Han 2370:Emperor He of Han 2362:Book of Later Han 2311:, and concluded: 2275:Book of Later Han 2244:Book of Later Han 2242:Second, Fan Ye's 2084:(221–206 BCE) or 2069:(r. 41–70 CE) of 2057:(r. 58–75 CE) at 1932: 1931: 1924: 1906: 1719: 1718: 1711: 1693: 1599:in Central Asia. 1585:Role of merchants 1390:in Sanskrit texts 980:with that of the 959:Tibetic languages 955:Chinese languages 933:Buddhism in Japan 929:Buddhism in China 642:Caucasian figures 626:Albert von Le Coq 610: 609: 602: 584:, as appropriate. 544: 543: 379:Esoteric Buddhism 81:Chinese: "Buddha" 7791: 7550:Eastern Churches 7294:Hindu philosophy 6916: 6909: 6902: 6893: 6892: 6879: 6878: 6867: 6866: 6706:Sacred languages 6554:Maya Devi Temple 6517:Mahabodhi Temple 6321:Secular Buddhism 6286:Engaged Buddhism 5126: 4974:Tibetan Buddhism 4925:Vietnamese Thiền 4524:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 4475: 4467: 4459: 4451: 4443: 4435: 4427: 4276: 4275: 4263: 4253: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4220: 4219: 4162:Christoph Baumer 4120:Whitfield, Susan 4115: 4087: 4072: 4054: 3990:Demieville, Paul 3977: 3972: 3966: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3910:. Archived from 3895: 3889: 3888: 3870: 3864: 3862: 3835: 3829: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3804: 3801: 3795: 3792: 3786: 3779: 3773: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3755: 3752: 3746: 3735: 3729: 3726: 3720: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3702: 3699: 3693: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3667: 3656: 3650: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3632: 3619: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3601: 3595: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3577: 3574: 3565: 3562: 3556: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3438: 3432: 3425:Jerry H. Bentley 3422: 3416: 3409:Jerry H. Bentley 3406: 3400: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3340: 3334: 3333: 3327: 3322: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3254:(4/5): 215–263. 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3198:. Archived from 3179: 3173: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3128: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3118: 3108: 3099: 3098: 3075: 3066: 3065: 3057: 3040: 3037: 3031: 3028: 3022: 3013: 3007: 3004: 2998: 2983: 2977: 2954: 2948: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2878: 2858: 2839: 2833: 2830: 2824: 2808: 2772:Chinese Buddhism 2704:Neo-Confucianism 2657:Korean peninsula 2655:in the southern 2582:arrived in China 2572:Centuries after 2405:pseudohistorical 2136:Ashoka the Great 2088:(208 BCE-9 CE). 2051:Chinese Buddhism 2007:school based in 2003:is based on the 1927: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1905: 1864: 1840: 1832: 1806:Chagatai Khanate 1788:, following the 1774:Chinese Buddhism 1763:Eastern Buddhism 1714: 1707: 1703: 1700: 1694: 1692: 1651: 1627: 1619: 1084: 972:Kingdoms in the 925:Tibetan Buddhism 917:Chinese Buddhism 863:Chagatai Khanate 847:Tibetan Buddhism 808:Uyghur Khaganate 793:Tibetan Buddhism 745:Chinese Buddhism 605: 598: 594: 591: 585: 554: 553: 546: 536: 529: 522: 468:Tiantai Mountain 407:Taishō Tripiṭaka 256:Hongzhi Zhengjue 70:Chinese Buddhism 57: 56: 7799: 7798: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7789: 7788: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7600: 7594: 7335: 7304:Jain philosophy 7284:Buddhist ethics 7240: 7062: 7029:Interwar period 6982:Ancient history 6970: 6929: 6920: 6890: 6885: 6873: 6855: 6807: 6722: 6637: 6374:Ordination hall 6335: 6237: 6208:Buddhist crisis 6120: 5817: 5769:Mahayana sutras 5745: 5741:Thích Nhất Hạnh 5572: 5445: 5385: 5335:Bodhisattva vow 5020: 4886: 4826: 4785:Taṇhā (Craving) 4720:Five hindrances 4671: 4563: 4493: 4347: 4292: 4264: 4247: 4172:, London 2011. 4158: 4156:Further reading 4112: 4081: 4051: 3986: 3981: 3980: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3931: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3902: 3896: 3892: 3885: 3871: 3867: 3852:10.2307/3248029 3836: 3832: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3807: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3696: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3670: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3635: 3631:144, pp. 26–27. 3620: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3517:. p. 159. 3507: 3503: 3496: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3457: 3453: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3423: 3419: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3392: 3361:10.2307/2057311 3341: 3337: 3325: 3323: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3294: 3279: 3275: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3211: 3207: 3196: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3143: 3129: 3125: 3116: 3114: 3110: 3109: 3102: 3095: 3076: 3069: 3058: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3001: 2984: 2980: 2955: 2951: 2936: 2932: 2922: 2920: 2913: 2879: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2861: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2729: 2570: 2568:Korean Buddhism 2564: 2507: 2466:Kāśyapa Mātanga 2460:dreaming about 2454: 2418: 2341:) and (111 CE) 2333:(which records 2323: 2271: 2160: 2158:The Book of Han 2144:13th Rock Edict 2098:Lidai sanbao ji 2094: 2037: 2023:, etc. via the 1997: 1989:Main articles: 1987: 1928: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1865: 1863: 1853: 1841: 1830: 1767:Indian Buddhism 1744:Battle of Talas 1733: 1727:Battle of Talas 1721:Main articles: 1715: 1704: 1698: 1695: 1652: 1650: 1640: 1628: 1617: 1587: 1548: 1463:, excavated in 1450: 1345:Shaolin kung fu 1146: 1099:Eurasian Steppe 1095:Han–Xiongnu War 1029: 1023:Western Regions 1017:Main articles: 1015: 943: 921:Korean Buddhism 913: 897:Southeast Asian 812:Indian Buddhism 804:Battle of Talas 606: 595: 589: 586: 571: 555: 551: 540: 511: 510: 486: 478: 477: 438: 430: 429: 420: 412: 411: 397: 389: 388: 344: 336: 335: 131: 123: 122: 93: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7797: 7787: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7729: 7728: 7726: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7673:Easternization 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7604: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7592: 7591: 7590: 7585: 7584: 7583: 7578: 7568: 7567: 7566: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7526: 7525: 7510: 7509: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7483: 7482: 7481: 7476: 7474:Zoroastrianism 7466: 7465: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7385: 7384: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7367: 7366: 7345: 7343: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7326: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7289:Islamic ethics 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7250: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7195: 7194: 7189: 7184: 7174: 7169: 7164: 7163: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7142: 7141: 7140: 7130: 7125: 7124: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7072: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7048: 7047: 7046: 7041: 7031: 7026: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7009: 7004: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6978: 6976: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6937: 6935: 6931: 6930: 6919: 6918: 6911: 6904: 6896: 6887: 6886: 6884: 6883: 6871: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6817: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6738: 6732: 6730: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6718: 6713: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6647: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6572: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6438:Greco-Buddhist 6430: 6429: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6392: 6391: 6389:Burmese pagoda 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6345: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6247: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6171:Greco-Buddhism 6168: 6163: 6162: 6161: 6151: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6130: 6128: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6104:United Kingdom 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6049:Czech Republic 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6009: 5999: 5998: 5997: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5928: 5923: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5827: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5813:Abhidharmadīpa 5810: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5755: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5731:B. R. Ambedkar 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5651:Songtsen Gampo 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5582: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5565: 5564: 5563: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5455: 5453: 5447: 5446: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5330:Eight precepts 5327: 5317: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5209: 5204: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5118: 5108: 5103: 5101:Five Strengths 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5041: 5036: 5030: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4928: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4896: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4879: 4878: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4842: 4836: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4740:Mental factors 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4681: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4592:Mahamoggallāna 4589: 4584: 4579: 4573: 4571: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4507:Avalokiteśvara 4503: 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4471: 4463: 4455: 4447: 4439: 4431: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4357: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4308: 4302: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4246: 4245: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4197: 4180: 4157: 4154: 4153: 4152: 4145: 4136: 4127: 4116: 4110: 4095: 4088: 4079: 4062: 4055: 4049: 4034: 4019: 4008: 3997: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3967: 3956: 3949: 3925: 3890: 3883: 3865: 3830: 3817: 3805: 3796: 3787: 3774: 3765: 3756: 3747: 3730: 3721: 3712: 3703: 3694: 3677: 3668: 3651: 3642: 3633: 3614: 3605: 3596: 3587: 3578: 3566: 3557: 3555:Draper (1995). 3548: 3539: 3530: 3523: 3501: 3494: 3476: 3469: 3451: 3433: 3417: 3401: 3390: 3355:(2): 360–361. 3335: 3326:|journal= 3303: 3292: 3273: 3234: 3222: 3205: 3202:on 2015-01-31. 3194: 3174: 3165: 3156: 3141: 3123: 3100: 3093: 3079:Oscar R. Gómez 3067: 3041: 3032: 3023: 3008: 2999: 2978: 2949: 2930: 2911: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2859: 2834: 2825: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2728: 2725: 2713:Mingung Pulgyo 2592:from where it 2563: 2560: 2521:to attack the 2506: 2503: 2485:Mouzi Lihuolun 2453: 2450: 2417: 2414: 2322: 2319: 2270: 2267: 2176:Yellow Emperor 2159: 2156: 2093: 2090: 2036: 2033: 2001:Southeast Asia 1986: 1983: 1930: 1929: 1844: 1842: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1808:, and via the 1717: 1716: 1631: 1629: 1622: 1616: 1613: 1586: 1583: 1566:(629–644) and 1547: 1544: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1431: 1425: 1411: 1392: 1391: 1377: 1371: 1364: 1318: 1312: 1302: 1296: 1282: 1276: 1270: 1264: 1250: 1230:and sometimes 1145: 1142: 1119:Greco-Buddhist 1091:Han-Dayuan war 1014: 1013:First contacts 1011: 912: 909: 733:Southeast Asia 656:who inhabited 608: 607: 565:of the subject 563:worldwide view 558: 556: 549: 542: 541: 539: 538: 531: 524: 516: 513: 512: 509: 508: 503: 498: 493: 487: 484: 483: 480: 479: 476: 475: 470: 465: 460: 455: 450: 445: 439: 436: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 421: 418: 417: 414: 413: 410: 409: 404: 398: 395: 394: 391: 390: 387: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 345: 342: 341: 338: 337: 334: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 276:Hanshan Deqing 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 221:Śubhakarasiṃha 218: 213: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 183: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 138: 132: 129: 128: 125: 124: 121: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 94: 89: 88: 85: 84: 73: 72: 66: 65: 35:Chinese Empire 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7796: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7603: 7597: 7589: 7586: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7572: 7569: 7565: 7562: 7561: 7560: 7557: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7514: 7511: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7489: 7488: 7487: 7484: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7467: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7434: 7433: 7430: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7389: 7386: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7350: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7243: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7168: 7165: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7143: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7065: 7059: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7013: 7010: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6997:Modern period 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6923:Eastern world 6917: 6912: 6910: 6905: 6903: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6870: 6862: 6861: 6858: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6725: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6708: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6643:Miscellaneous 6640: 6634: 6633:Vegetarianism 6631: 6629: 6626: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6455:Buddha in art 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6240: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6173: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6123: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6109:United States 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 6003: 6000: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5988: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5975: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5936: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5791: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5666:Padmasambhava 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5578:Major figures 5575: 5569: 5566: 5562: 5559: 5558: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5525: 5524:Western tulku 5522: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5325:Five precepts 5323: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5303:Dhamma vicaya 5301: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5071:Buddhābhiṣeka 5069: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4967: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4715:Enlightenment 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4705:Dhamma theory 4703: 4701: 4700:Buddha-nature 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4539:Samantabhadra 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4470: 4464: 4462: 4456: 4454: 4448: 4446: 4440: 4438: 4432: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4271: 4270: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4209:0-8133-6599-6 4206: 4202: 4198: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4183:Richard Foltz 4181: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4150: 4146: 4143: 4142: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4089: 4086: 4082: 4076: 4071: 4070: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4043:. McFarland. 4042: 4041: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3975: 3971: 3965: 3960: 3952: 3950:81-208-0293-4 3946: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3929: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3894: 3886: 3880: 3876: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3840:Artibus Asiae 3834: 3827: 3821: 3812: 3810: 3800: 3791: 3784: 3778: 3769: 3760: 3751: 3744: 3740: 3734: 3725: 3716: 3707: 3698: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3672: 3665: 3661: 3655: 3646: 3637: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3618: 3609: 3600: 3591: 3582: 3573: 3571: 3561: 3552: 3543: 3534: 3526: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3497: 3495:9780230109100 3491: 3487: 3480: 3472: 3470:9780230109100 3466: 3462: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3430: 3426: 3421: 3414: 3410: 3405: 3399: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3339: 3331: 3318: 3307: 3301: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3277: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3219: 3218:0-520-21972-4 3215: 3209: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3187: 3186: 3178: 3169: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3142:9781101151457 3138: 3134: 3127: 3113: 3107: 3105: 3096: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3074: 3072: 3063: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3046: 3036: 3027: 3020: 3019: 3012: 3003: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2982: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2946: 2942: 2941: 2934: 2918: 2914: 2912:9780199340378 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2875: 2870: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2829: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2803: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2731: 2730: 2724: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2608:teaching, or 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2569: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2517:sent general 2516: 2512: 2502: 2500: 2499:Tang Yongtong 2494: 2489: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2449: 2445: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2347:(compiled by 2346: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2294:Yangtze River 2291: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2276: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2238: 2234: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2207: 2205: 2199: 2195: 2193: 2192: 2187: 2186: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2166:biography of 2165: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2128: 2127:Fayuan Zhulin 2124:The (668 CE) 2121: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2102:Qin Shi Huang 2099: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2043: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1996: 1992: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1948:Serindian art 1941: 1936: 1926: 1923: 1915: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1873: – 1872: 1868: 1867:Find sources: 1861: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1845:This section 1843: 1839: 1834: 1833: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1794:Qocho Kingdom 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1713: 1710: 1702: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1660: – 1659: 1655: 1654:Find sources: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1632:This article 1630: 1626: 1621: 1620: 1612: 1609: 1605: 1600: 1598: 1593: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1353:Central Asian 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1196:Kushan Empire 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1170: 1166: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1141: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1122:Kushan Empire 1120: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 982:Kushan Empire 979: 975: 970: 966: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 839:Mongol Empire 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 813: 810:by the 740s. 809: 805: 801: 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 769:Kushan Empire 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 741:Central Asian 738: 735:. Meanwhile, 734: 730: 727: 723: 719: 715: 713: 712:Eastern world 709: 705: 704:Sarvastivadan 701: 697: 693: 692:Kushan Empire 689: 685: 681: 677: 674: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 618:Central Asian 614: 604: 601: 593: 583: 579: 575: 570: 566: 564: 557: 548: 547: 537: 532: 530: 525: 523: 518: 517: 515: 514: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 488: 482: 481: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 440: 434: 433: 426: 423: 422: 416: 415: 408: 405: 403: 400: 399: 393: 392: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 346: 340: 339: 332: 329: 327: 326:Nan Huai-Chin 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 261:Dahui Zonggao 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 246:Daman Hongren 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 137: 134: 133: 130:Major figures 127: 126: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 103:Dharmaguptaka 101: 99: 96: 95: 92: 87: 86: 79: 75: 74: 71: 68: 67: 63: 59: 58: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 32: 31:first entered 29: 26: 21: 7668:Eastern Bloc 7638:Asia Council 7599:Contemporary 7545:Latin Church 7513:Christianity 7442:Confucianism 7314:Collectivism 7128:Architecture 7034:World War II 6960: 6821:Bodhisattvas 6741:Christianity 6736:Baháʼí Faith 6601:Dharmachakra 6591:Prayer wheel 6581:Prayer beads 6349:Architecture 6228:969 Movement 6192: 6012:Saudi Arabia 5990:Central Asia 5983:South Africa 5805: 5788: 5721:Panchen Lama 5626:Buddhapālita 5222:Satipatthana 5217:Mindful Yoga 5130:Recollection 5044:Brahmavihara 4915:Japanese Zen 4910:Chinese Chan 4870:Animal realm 4677:Key concepts 4499:Bodhisattvas 4311:Three Jewels 4200: 4186: 4165: 4148: 4140: 4131: 4100: 4091: 4084: 4068: 4058: 4039: 4022: 4015: 4004: 3993: 3970: 3959: 3935: 3928: 3916:. Retrieved 3912:the original 3907: 3893: 3874: 3868: 3846:(1): 67–71, 3843: 3839: 3833: 3825: 3820: 3799: 3790: 3777: 3768: 3759: 3750: 3738: 3733: 3724: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3680: 3671: 3660:Yang Xuanzhi 3654: 3645: 3636: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3599: 3590: 3581: 3560: 3551: 3542: 3533: 3510: 3504: 3485: 3479: 3460: 3454: 3445: 3436: 3428: 3420: 3412: 3404: 3393: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3317:cite journal 3306: 3295: 3286: 3276: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3225: 3220:. pp. 54–55. 3208: 3200:the original 3184: 3177: 3168: 3159: 3132: 3126: 3115:. Retrieved 3083: 3061: 3035: 3026: 3016: 3011: 3002: 2986: 2981: 2961: 2952: 2939: 2933: 2921:. Retrieved 2886: 2837: 2828: 2816:Song dynasty 2806: 2757:Tamrashatiya 2752:Sarvastivada 2721: 2717:World War II 2712: 2693: 2571: 2549: 2547: 2510: 2508: 2496: 2491: 2483: 2477: 2458:Emperor Ming 2455: 2446: 2439: 2434:, quoted in 2429: 2419: 2390: 2382: 2379: 2361: 2359: 2354: 2342: 2339:Central Asia 2330: 2324: 2314: 2306: 2290:Paul Pelliot 2286:Liang Qichao 2283: 2274: 2272: 2256: 2248:Emperor Ming 2243: 2241: 2230: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2204:Emperor Ming 2201: 2197: 2189: 2183: 2163: 2161: 2140:Liang Qichao 2125: 2123: 2119: 2097: 2095: 2079: 2040: 2038: 2005:Tamrashatiya 1998: 1972: 1945: 1918: 1909: 1899: 1892: 1885: 1878: 1866: 1854:Please help 1849:verification 1846: 1771: 1759:transmission 1758: 1756: 1742:. After the 1734: 1705: 1696: 1686: 1679: 1672: 1665: 1653: 1641:Please help 1636:verification 1633: 1601: 1588: 1578: 1572: 1557: 1549: 1540: 1536: 1525: 1521: 1508: 1493: 1474: 1422:Yuan dynasty 1414:Dhyānabhadra 1393: 1357:Buddhist art 1349:Yang Xuanzhi 1307:(c. 401), a 1285:Kang Senghui 1218:(all in the 1193: 1144:Missionaries 1116: 1111: 1108:(58–75 CE): 1103: 1074: 1053:established 1049: 1030: 947:Sarvastivada 944: 875: 867:Golden Horde 851:Yuan dynasty 843:Islamization 831:Western Liao 797: 781:Tang dynasty 737:Sarvastivada 729:Tamrashatiya 716: 708:Tamrashatiya 671: 662:Tang Chinese 596: 587: 568: 560: 501:Martial arts 453:Mount Jiuhua 437:Sacred Sites 419:Architecture 291:Miyun Yuanwu 107: 7618:Arab League 7601:integration 7540:Catholicism 7398:Vaishnavism 7172:Esotericism 7039:Pacific War 7012:World War I 6956:Indic world 6951:Sinic world 6934:Foundations 6666:Dharma talk 6495:Asalha Puja 6291:Eschatology 6094:Switzerland 6074:New Zealand 6002:Middle East 5911:Philippines 5831:Afghanistan 5636:Bodhidharma 5621:Buddhaghosa 5541:Householder 5451:Monasticism 5404:Bodhisattva 5259:Prostration 5212:Mindfulness 5140:Anapanasati 5123:Kammaṭṭhāna 4920:Korean Seon 4860:Asura realm 4855:Human realm 4795:Ten Fetters 4750:Parinirvana 4652:Uppalavanna 4617:Mahākaccana 4602:Mahākassapa 4534:Kṣitigarbha 4529:Ākāśagarbha 4426:Suddhodāna 4371:Four sights 4298:Foundations 4018:33.1: 1–14. 3826:Samguk Yusa 2974:endnote #32 2972:. See also 2851:Tarim Basin 2843:Mogao caves 2659:in 384 CE, 2602:Samguk sagi 2598:Samguk yusa 2511:Book of Han 2470:Dharmaratna 2436:Pei Songzhi 2401:Mogao Caves 2344:Book of Han 2082:Qin dynasty 1964:Afghanistan 1952:Tarim Basin 1822:in Mongolia 1752:Tarim Basin 1504:bodhisattva 1457:Eastern Han 1400:Dharmakṣema 1321:Bodhidharma 1299:Dharmarakṣa 1220:Tarim Basin 1198:under king 1188:Tarim Basin 1169:Bodhisattva 1154:Mogao Caves 1126:Tarim Basin 1055:Hellenistic 1041:Han dynasty 974:Tarim Basin 825:. Tang-era 765:Han dynasty 696:Tarim Basin 666:Uyghur rule 636:monk was a 458:Mount Putuo 443:Mount Wutai 316:Yang Wenhui 236:Bodhidharma 231:Amoghavajra 45:during the 39:Han dynasty 7769:Tocharians 7738:Categories 7329:Philippine 7246:Philosophy 7231:Philosophy 7204:Literature 6783:Psychology 6763:Gnosticism 6751:Comparison 6746:Influences 6728:Comparison 6611:Bhavacakra 6569:Kushinagar 6544:Pilgrimage 6490:Māgha Pūjā 6445:Bodhi Tree 6261:Buddhology 6251:Abhidharma 6243:Philosophy 6176:Menander I 6044:Costa Rica 5995:Uzbekistan 5836:Bangladesh 5790:Dhammapada 5774:Pali Canon 5736:Ajahn Chah 5716:Dalai Lama 5616:Kumārajīva 5611:Vasubandhu 5586:The Buddha 5494:Zen master 5429:Sakadagami 5409:Buddhahood 5340:Pratimokṣa 5155:Shikantaza 5111:Meditation 5086:Deity yoga 4957:Madhyamaka 4850:Deva realm 4745:Mindstream 4695:Bodhicitta 4607:Aṅgulimāla 4474:Devadatta 4450:Yaśodharā 4353:The Buddha 4343:Middle Way 4170:I.B.Tauris 4016:T'oung Pao 4007:, No. 305. 3918:August 23, 3289:: 185–203. 3248:T'oung Pao 3117:2019-06-23 3018:Hou Hanshu 2865:References 2855:commandery 2733:Pāli Canon 2665:Former Qin 2566:See also: 2519:Huo Qubing 2407:legend of 2335:Zhang Qian 2327:Former Han 2298:Huai River 2273:Since the 2202:In 65 CE, 2025:Pāli Canon 1975:syncretism 1940:terracotta 1882:newspapers 1796:(see also 1669:newspapers 1553:Zhu Zixing 1495:abhidharma 1490:meditation 1434:Paramartha 1428:Guṇabhadra 1374:Jñānagupta 1337:Yijin Jing 1333:apocryphal 1305:Kumārajīva 1186:, eastern 1132:, Kushan, 1045:Zhang Qian 1019:Zhang Qian 889:Vietnamese 779:, and the 722:Pāli Canon 634:red-haired 616:Blue-eyed 448:Mount Emei 343:Traditions 286:Ouyi Zhixu 251:Mazu Daoyi 226:Vajrabodhi 156:Paramartha 141:Kumārajīva 47:Kushan Era 41:) through 7774:Vajrayana 7749:Silk Road 7486:Abrahamic 7381:Vajrayana 7371:Theravada 7226:Mythology 7199:Languages 6987:Silk Road 6946:Old World 6851:Festivals 6831:Buddhists 6793:Theosophy 6596:Symbolism 6586:Hama yumi 6559:Bodh Gaya 6326:Socialism 6301:Evolution 6276:Economics 6114:Venezuela 6029:Australia 6024:Argentina 5948:Sri Lanka 5943:Singapore 5861:Indonesia 5823:Countries 5764:Tripiṭaka 5726:Ajahn Mun 5601:Nagarjuna 5596:Aśvaghoṣa 5479:Anagārika 5474:Śrāmaṇerī 5469:Śrāmaṇera 5464:Bhikkhunī 5424:Sotāpanna 5313:Passaddhi 5254:Offerings 5229:Nekkhamma 5106:Iddhipada 5026:Practices 4996:Theravada 4969:Vajrayana 4962:Yogachara 4932:Pure Land 4845:Six Paths 4832:Cosmology 4612:Anuruddha 4587:Sāriputta 4577:Kaundinya 4569:Disciples 4544:Vajrapāṇi 4396:Footprint 4361:Tathāgata 3745:, p. 402. 3446:Instagram 3385:128490585 3369:0021-9118 3151:883334381 2970:2191-6411 2633:Serindian 2622:Malananta 2580:Buddhism 2337:visiting 2279:Silk Road 2237:Zhai Rong 2219:伊蒲塞) and 2174:黄老 (from 2172:Huang-Lao 2148:Sri Lanka 2067:King Ying 2009:Sri Lanka 1954:, modern 1912:June 2019 1748:Tocharian 1699:June 2019 1604:Vajrayana 1514:Lokakṣema 1481:An Shigao 1361:Barbarian 1253:Lokakṣema 1239:An Shigao 1222:, modern 1085:; "Great 1033:Silk Road 893:Taiwanese 859:Ilkhanate 789:Vajrayana 726:Sri Lanka 684:Silk Road 680:Han China 638:Tocharian 630:blue-eyed 590:June 2024 578:talk page 364:Pure Land 311:Hsuan Hua 216:Chengguan 136:Lokakṣema 43:Silk Road 7479:Yazidism 7462:Tengrism 7413:Smartism 7408:Shaktism 7403:Shaivism 7388:Hinduism 7376:Mahayana 7354:Buddhism 7341:Religion 7324:Japanese 7236:Religion 7187:Japanese 7177:Folklore 7155:Buddhist 7145:Calendar 7116:Cyrillic 7076:Alphabet 7051:Cold War 6966:Islamdom 6869:Category 6798:Violence 6768:Hinduism 6716:Sanskrit 6671:Hinayana 6656:Amitābha 6616:Swastika 6485:Uposatha 6475:Holidays 6460:Calendar 6306:Humanism 6144:Kanishka 6134:Timeline 5958:Thailand 5926:Kalmykia 5921:Buryatia 5906:Pakistan 5891:Mongolia 5886:Maldives 5881:Malaysia 5846:Cambodia 5711:Shamarpa 5706:Nichiren 5656:Xuanzang 5591:Nagasena 5509:Rinpoche 5239:Pāramitā 5081:Devotion 5001:Navayana 4989:Dzogchen 4952:Nichiren 4900:Mahayana 4892:Branches 4770:Saṅkhāra 4519:Mañjuśrī 4476:(cousin) 4468:(cousin) 4436:(mother) 4428:(father) 4416:Miracles 4366:Birthday 4283:Glossary 4256:Buddhism 3863:, pg. 71 3785:pp.72–74 3081:(2015). 2945:Tafel 19 2917:Archived 2847:Dunhuang 2727:See also 2681:Goguryeo 2669:Goguryeo 2641:Gandhara 2629:Buddhist 2606:Buddhist 2578:Mahayana 2535:Jin Midi 2386:Kingdom. 2349:Ban Yong 2253:Sanskrit 2213:upāsakas 2168:Liu Ying 2134:emperor 2114:shramana 2106:Xianyang 2061:(modern 1979:Dunhuang 1968:Pakistan 1960:Gandhāra 1956:Xinjiang 1818:in Tibet 1804:and the 1761:between 1592:diaspora 1575:Xuanzang 1564:Xuanzang 1532:Akṣobhya 1518:Gandhāra 1510:Mahāyāna 1477:Parthian 1315:Fotudeng 1279:Zhi Qian 1261:Mahāyāna 1243:Parthian 1224:Xinjiang 1204:Peshawar 1184:Bezeklik 1158:Dunhuang 1130:Parthian 1002:Shanshan 998:Karasahr 963:Mahayana 951:Sanskrit 901:Thailand 885:Japanese 821:and the 819:Hinduism 815:declined 777:Göktürks 757:Xuanzang 700:Kanishka 682:via the 678:entered 676:Buddhism 673:Mahāyāna 650:Sogdians 572:You may 463:Mount Lu 321:Yin Shun 281:Zhu Hong 171:Woncheuk 161:Xuanzang 146:Sengzhao 62:a series 60:Part of 51:maritime 28:Buddhism 25:Mahāyāna 7643:BIMSTEC 7564:Culture 7559:Judaism 7523:Eastern 7518:Culture 7496:Culture 7469:Iranian 7447:Shenism 7425:Jainism 7420:Sikhism 7393:Culture 7359:Culture 7349:Dharmic 7182:Chinese 7167:Cuisine 7150:Chinese 7138:History 7106:Brahmic 7068:Culture 6975:History 6927:culture 6846:Temples 6826:Buddhas 6788:Science 6778:Judaism 6773:Jainism 6691:Lineage 6651:Abhijñā 6621:Thangka 6564:Sarnath 6549:Lumbini 6470:Funeral 6465:Cuisine 6341:Culture 6316:Reality 6266:Creator 6256:Atomism 6126:History 6099:Ukraine 6059:Germany 5978:Senegal 5968:Vietnam 5896:Myanmar 5696:Shinran 5686:Karmapa 5661:Shandao 5631:Dignāga 5556:Śrāvaka 5536:Donchee 5531:Kappiya 5489:Sayadaw 5459:Bhikkhu 5434:Anāgāmi 5391:Nirvana 5357:Samadhi 5244:Paritta 5185:Tonglen 5180:Mandala 5135:Smarana 5116:Mantras 5064:Upekkha 5034:Bhavana 4984:Shingon 4937:Tiantai 4790:Tathātā 4780:Śūnyatā 4775:Skandha 4765:Saṃsāra 4760:Rebirth 4735:Kleshas 4725:Indriya 4627:Subhūti 4512:Guanyin 4466:Ānanda 4458:Rāhula 4338:Nirvana 4278:Outline 3984:Sources 3860:3248029 3377:2057311 3268:4528970 2849:in the 2649:Chimnyu 2543:Shaanxi 2523:Xiongnu 2366:Vietnam 2360:In the 2225:sangmen 2221:śramaṇa 2217:yipusai 2185:fangshi 2132:Mauryan 2075:Jiangsu 2059:Luoyang 2021:Burmese 1896:scholar 1814:Kalmyks 1683:scholar 1527:samādhi 1500:An Xuan 1485:Luoyang 1465:Shaanxi 1461:Kushans 1418:Nalanda 1404:Magadha 1341:Shaolin 1309:Kuchean 1289:Jiaozhi 1273:Zhi Yao 1267:An Xuan 1232:Nanjing 1216:Yarkand 1208:Kashgar 1200:Kaniṣka 1180:Sogdian 1138:Kuchean 1134:Sogdian 1087:Ionians 1079:Chinese 1075:Ta-yuan 1061:). The 986:Kashgar 953:to the 877:Chinese 761:Xiongnu 496:Cuisine 485:Culture 354:Tiantai 331:Nenghai 306:Hsu Yun 241:Huineng 206:Zhanran 196:Shandao 191:Daochuo 186:Tanluan 181:Huiyuan 176:Daoxuan 91:History 7581:Baháʼí 7571:Bábism 7452:Shinto 7437:Taoism 7319:Values 7192:Korean 7111:Arabic 7096:Hangul 6841:Sutras 6836:Suttas 6701:Siddhi 6686:Koliya 6661:Brahmā 6576:Poetry 6522:Mantra 6512:Kasaya 6384:Pagoda 6364:Kyaung 6359:Vihāra 6354:Temple 6296:Ethics 6139:Ashoka 6089:Sweden 6084:Poland 6079:Norway 6069:Mexico 6054:France 6039:Canada 6034:Brazil 5973:Africa 5953:Taiwan 5916:Russia 5841:Bhutan 5801:Vinaya 5681:Naropa 5671:Saraha 5606:Asanga 5362:Prajñā 5271:Refuge 5234:Nianfo 5195:Tertön 5190:Tantra 5175:Ganana 5165:Tukdam 5091:Dhyāna 5059:Mudita 5054:Karuṇā 4947:Risshū 4942:Huayan 4875:Naraka 4815:Anattā 4810:Dukkha 4805:Anicca 4710:Dharma 4662:Channa 4597:Ānanda 4582:Assaji 4549:Skanda 4452:(wife) 4421:Family 4401:Relics 4326:Sangha 4321:Dharma 4316:Buddha 4207: 4193: 4176: 4108: 4077: 4047: 4029: 3947: 3881: 3858: 3686:Weilüe 3521: 3492: 3467: 3383: 3375: 3367: 3266: 3216: 3192: 3149: 3139: 3091: 2993: 2968: 2923:30 May 2909: 2891:Oxford 2845:(near 2812:Fusang 2735:& 2700:Joseon 2696:Goryeo 2653:Baekje 2626:Indian 2610:Dharma 2596:. The 2576:, the 2488:says, 2462:Buddha 2431:Weilüe 2422:Yuezhi 2302:Yuezhi 2150:, and 2108:(near 2047:Fan Ye 1898: 1891: 1884: 1877: 1869: 1810:Oirats 1729:, and 1685: 1678: 1671: 1664: 1656: 1608:Tantra 1568:Hyecho 1560:Faxian 1506:path. 1438:Ujjain 1380:Prajñā 1368:Fusang 1257:Kushan 1247:Nikāya 1228:Loyang 1212:Khotan 1081:: 1071:Dayuan 1025:, and 1006:Turfan 994:Khotan 939:, and 881:Korean 865:, and 837:. The 802:(e.g. 785:tantra 775:, the 771:, the 753:Faxian 698:under 658:Turfan 374:Sanlun 369:Weishi 359:Huayan 271:Zongmi 211:Fazang 151:Jizang 7718:SEATO 7708:SAARC 7663:CPTPP 7648:CAREC 7623:ASEAN 7588:Druze 7576:Azali 7501:Sunni 7491:Islam 7457:Muism 7432:Taoic 7214:Chant 7209:Music 7160:Hindu 7121:Latin 7101:Hanja 7086:Kanji 7081:Hanzi 6813:Lists 6681:Kalpa 6676:Iddhi 6539:Music 6534:Mudra 6500:Vassa 6480:Vesak 6450:Budai 6396:Candi 6379:Stupa 6311:Logic 6064:Italy 5963:Tibet 5901:Nepal 5871:Korea 5866:Japan 5856:India 5851:China 5796:Sutra 5751:Texts 5701:Dōgen 5691:Hōnen 5676:Atiśa 5641:Zhiyi 5551:Achar 5519:Tulku 5514:Geshe 5499:Rōshi 5484:Ajahn 5439:Arhat 5399:Bodhi 5369:Vīrya 5286:Sacca 5281:Satya 5276:Sādhu 5264:Music 5207:Merit 5200:Terma 5160:Zazen 5096:Faith 5049:Mettā 4730:Karma 4690:Bardo 4657:Asita 4647:Khema 4637:Upāli 4622:Nanda 4460:(son) 4434:Māyā 4411:Films 4288:Index 3856:JSTOR 3381:S2CID 3373:JSTOR 3264:JSTOR 2820:Kabul 2798:Notes 2677:Silla 2661:Sundo 2624:– an 2614:Korea 2612:, to 2586:Tibet 2531:Gansu 2527:Xiutu 2233:Anhui 2180:Laozi 2152:Nepal 2110:Xi'an 2063:Henan 1903:JSTOR 1889:books 1690:JSTOR 1676:books 1597:Islam 1469:China 1388:Kūkai 1384:Kabul 1293:Hanoi 990:Kucha 978:China 688:China 652:, an 580:, or 396:Texts 301:Tanxu 296:Taixu 266:Linji 201:Zhiyi 166:Kuiji 7703:RCEP 7678:EAEU 7658:CSTO 7608:APEC 7506:Shia 7219:Folk 7091:Kana 6925:and 6711:Pāḷi 6696:Māra 6606:Flag 6007:Iran 5931:Tuva 5876:Laos 5504:Lama 5352:Śīla 5320:Śīla 5308:Pīti 5298:Sati 5249:Puja 5170:Koan 5076:Dāna 4667:Yasa 4554:Tārā 4205:ISBN 4191:ISBN 4174:ISBN 4106:ISBN 4075:ISBN 4045:ISBN 4027:ISBN 3945:ISBN 3920:2006 3879:ISBN 3519:ISBN 3490:ISBN 3465:ISBN 3365:ISSN 3330:help 3214:ISBN 3190:ISBN 3147:OCLC 3137:ISBN 3089:ISBN 2991:ISBN 2966:ISSN 2925:2021 2907:ISBN 2685:Gaya 2600:and 2509:The 2296:and 2288:and 2227:桑門). 2191:xian 2178:and 2162:The 2039:The 2017:Thai 2013:Pali 1993:and 1966:and 1875:news 1820:and 1780:and 1765:and 1662:news 1492:and 1325:Chan 1255:, a 1241:, a 1214:and 1106:Ming 1037:silk 957:and 895:and 749:Tang 743:and 706:and 506:Diyu 349:Chan 33:the 7723:TCO 7713:SCO 7698:OTS 7693:GCC 7688:ECO 7653:CAU 7133:Art 6433:Art 6369:Wat 4905:Zen 3848:doi 3357:doi 3256:doi 2899:doi 2673:Ado 2651:of 2639:or 2539:Jin 2383:chi 2104:in 2071:Chu 1858:by 1782:Zen 1645:by 1329:Zen 1136:or 907:). 873:). 724:in 644:of 7740:: 5935:ru 4185:, 4168:. 4164:, 4083:. 4014:. 4003:. 3943:. 3939:. 3906:. 3854:, 3844:23 3842:, 3808:^ 3569:^ 3513:. 3444:. 3427:, 3411:, 3379:. 3371:. 3363:. 3353:49 3351:. 3347:. 3321:: 3319:}} 3315:{{ 3285:. 3262:. 3252:90 3250:. 3246:. 3145:. 3103:^ 3070:^ 3044:^ 2915:. 2905:. 2897:. 2893:: 2889:. 2885:. 2873:^ 2620:: 2281:. 2265:. 2019:, 1970:. 1824:. 1725:, 1498:. 1467:, 1210:, 1156:, 1140:. 1101:. 1083:大宛 1077:; 1021:, 1004:, 1000:, 996:, 992:, 988:, 984:: 935:, 931:, 927:, 923:, 919:, 891:, 887:, 883:, 879:, 861:, 767:, 763:, 714:. 632:, 64:on 6915:e 6908:t 6901:v 5937:) 5933:( 5151:) 5147:( 4242:e 4235:t 4228:v 4114:. 4053:. 4033:. 3953:. 3922:. 3901:. 3887:. 3850:: 3692:. 3527:. 3498:. 3473:. 3387:. 3359:: 3332:) 3328:( 3270:. 3258:: 3153:. 3120:. 3097:. 2997:. 2927:. 2901:: 2683:( 2223:( 2215:( 1925:) 1919:( 1914:) 1910:( 1900:· 1893:· 1886:· 1879:· 1852:. 1712:) 1706:( 1701:) 1697:( 1687:· 1680:· 1673:· 1666:· 1639:. 1410:. 1327:( 1073:( 1008:. 853:( 787:( 603:) 597:( 592:) 588:( 535:e 528:t 521:v 37:(

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