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1183:. For this translation, Buddhayaśas recited the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya entirely from memory, rather than reading it from a written manuscript. After its translation, the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya became the predominant vinaya in Chinese Buddhist monasticism. The Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, or monastic rules, are still followed today in China, Vietnam and Korea, and its lineage for the ordination of monks and nuns has survived uninterrupted to this day. The name of the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya in the East Asian tradition is the "Vinaya in Four Parts" (
20:
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1083:", the east-west axis of Asia, eastwards across Central Asia and on into China, where they effectively established Buddhism in the second and third centuries A.D. The Mahīśāsakas and Kāśyapīyas appear to have followed them across Asia into China. For the earlier period of Chinese Buddhism it was the Dharmaguptakas who constituted the main and most influential school, and even later their
1062:, and China, and they had great success in doing so. Therefore, most countries which adopted Buddhism from China, also adopted the Dharmaguptaka vinaya and ordination lineage for bhikṣus and bhikṣuṇīs. According to A. K. Warder, in some ways the Dharmaguptaka sect can be considered to have survived to the present in those East Asian countries. Warder further writes:
1144:(the oldest extant Buddhist manuscripts) are attributed to the Dharmaguptaka sect by Richard Salomon, the leading scholar in the field, and the British Library scrolls "represent a random but reasonably representative fraction of what was probably a much larger set of texts preserved in the library of a monastery of the Dharmaguptaka sect in
1095:
Between 250 and 255 CE, the
Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage was established in China when Indian monks were invited to help with ordination in China. No full Vinaya had been translated at this time, and only two texts were available: the Dharmaguptaka Karmavācanā for ordination, and the Mahāsāṃghika
1450:
presents is quite clear. It describes a monastic community in which scriptures concerning the bodhisattva path were accepted as legitimate canonical texts (and their memorization a viable monastic specialty), but in which only a certain subset of monks were involved in the practices associated with
967:
and the not yet systematically plotted Gāndhārī loan words in
Khotanese betray indisputably that the first missions in Khotan included Dharmaguptakas and used a Kharoṣṭhī-written Gāndhārī. Now all other manuscripts from Khotan, and especially all manuscripts written in Khotanese, belong to the
1096:
Prātimokṣa for regulating the life of monks. After the translation of full
Vinayas, the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage was followed by most monks, but temples often regulated monastic life with other Vinaya texts, such as those of the Mahāsāṃghika, the Mahīśāsaka, or the Sarvāstivāda.
1271:
references 250 prātimokṣa rules for monks, which agrees only with the
Dharmaguptaka Vinaya. He also views some of the doctrine as contradicting tenets of the Mahāsāṃghika school, and states that they agree with Dharmaguptaka views currently known. He therefore concludes that the extant
1266:
of the Theravāda school. It was translated into
Chinese by Dharmanandi in 384 CE, and edited by Gautama Saṃghadeva in 398 CE. Some have proposed that the original text for this translation came from the Sarvāstivādins or the Mahāsāṃghikas. However, according to A.K. Warder, the
1412:
doctrines in the northwest of India. Tāranātha wrote that in this region, 500 bodhisattvas attended the council at Jālandhra monastery during the time of Kaniṣka, suggesting some institutional strength for Mahāyāna in the northwest during this period.
936:
According to one scholar, the evidence afforded by the
Gandharan Buddhist texts "suggest that the Dharmaguptaka sect achieved early success under their Indo-Scythian supporters in Gandhāra, but that the sect subsequently declined with the rise of the
1438:
also mentions a fourfold division of the
Buddhist canon which includes a Bodhisattva Piṭaka, and the Dharmaguptaka are known to have had such a collection in their canon. Nattier further describes the type of community depicted in the
640:
They say that although the Buddha is part of the Saṃgha, the fruits of giving to the Buddha are especially great, but not so for the Saṃgha. Making offerings to stūpas may result in many extensive benefits. The Buddha and those of the
1417:
goes further to say that Prajñāpāramitā had great success in the northwest during the Kuṣāṇa period, and may have been the "fortress and hearth" of early Mahāyāna, but not its origin, which he associates with the Mahāsāṃghika branch.
867:
script and tentatively with the
Dharmaguptaka sect. However, there is evidence that other sects and traditions of Buddhism also used Gāndhārī, and further evidence that the Dharmaguptaka sect also used Sanskrit at times:
1091:
During the early period of
Chinese Buddhism, the Indian Buddhist sects recognized as important, and whose texts were studied, were the Dharmaguptakas, Mahīśāsakas, Kāśyapīyas, Sarvāstivādins, and the Mahāsāṃghikas.
1066:
It was the
Dharmaguptakas who were the first Buddhists to establish themselves in Central Asia. They appear to have carried out a vast circling movement along the trade routes from Aparānta north-west into
808:
are reversed. In the earlier source, the Sarvāstivāda are described as wearing deep red robes, while the Dharmaguptaka are described as wearing black robes. The corresponding passage found in the later
917:, the earliest Buddhist texts ever discovered, are apparently dedicated to the teachers of the Dharmaguptaka school. They tend to confirm a flourishing of the Dharmaguptaka school in northwestern
1345:
Piṭaka. According to the fifth-century Dharmaguptaka monk Buddhayaśas, the translator of the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya into Chinese, the Dharmaguptaka school had assimilated the "Mahāyāna Tripiṭaka" (
888:
and drew the conclusion that either the sectarian attribution had to be revised, or the tacit dogma "Gāndhārī equals Dharmaguptaka" is wrong. Conversely, Dharmaguptakas also resorted to
1022:
together as sub-sects of the Sarvāstivāda, and stated that these three were not prevalent in the "five parts of India," but were located in the some parts of Oḍḍiyāna, Khotan, and
1434:
circulated in Dharmaguptaka communities during its early history, but a later translation shows evidence that the text later circulated amongst the Sarvāstivādins as well. The
1587:, unequivocally associates the Dharmaguptaka school with the Mahāyāna, and portrays the Dharmaguptakas as being perhaps the closest to a straightforward Mahāyāna sect.
1472:, is believed by some scholars to have a Dharmaguptaka origin or background, due to its specific regulations regarding giving to the Buddha and giving to the Saṃgha.
670:
Vasubandhu states that the Dharmaguptakas held, in agreement with Theravada and against Sarvāstivāda, that realization of the four noble truths happens all at once (
1099:
In the 7th century, Yijing wrote that in eastern China, most people followed the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, while the Mahāsāṃghika Vinaya was used in earlier times in
3191:
1111:
area and further south. In the 7th century, the existence of multiple Vinaya lineages throughout China was criticized by prominent Vinaya masters such as
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1298:
text that is thought to come from the Dharmaguptaka sect. The only complete edition of this text is in Chinese. Sanskrit fragments have been found in
4110:
4334:
645:, although they have one and the same liberation, have followed different noble paths. Those of outer paths (i.e. heretics) cannot obtain the
1176:
921:
around the 1st century CE, with Gāndhārī as the canonical language, and this would explain the subsequent influence of the Dharmaguptakas in
2046:, with contributions by Raymond Allchin and Mark Barnard. Seattle: University of Washington Press; London: The British Library, 1999. pg 181
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1631:. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler-Institutes,
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1328:
is said to have contained two extra sections that were not included by some other schools. These included a Bodhisattva Piṭaka and a
485:
4926:
4378:
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1645:
851:, the robes of monastics should be sewn out of no more than 18 pieces of cloth, and the cloth should be fairly heavy and coarse.
1506:
The translator Buddhayaśas was a Dharmaguptaka monk who was known to be a Mahāyānist, and he is recorded as having learned both
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1628:
Chotscho: Facsimile-Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost-Turkistan
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1682:
1364:
The Dharmaguptaka biography of the Buddha is the most exhaustive of all classical biographies of the Buddha, and is entitled
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A Mathematic Expression of Art: Sino-Iranian and Uighur Textile Interactions and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin
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2004:
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Presenters: Patrick Cabouat and Alain Moreau (2004). "Eurasia Episode III - Gandhara, the Renaissance of Buddhism".
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A consensus has grown in scholarship which sees the first wave of Buddhist missionary work as associated with the
5137:
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813:, in contrast, portrays the Sarvāstivāda as wearing black robes and the Dharmaguptaka as wearing deep red robes.
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804:, contains a very similar passage with nearly the same information. However, the colors for Dharmaguptaka and
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The Dharmaguptakas made more efforts than any other sect to spread Buddhism outside India, to areas such as
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1075:, north of Gandhāra, which became one of their main centres). After establishing themselves as far west as
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820:, Chinese Buddhist monastics typically wore grayish-black robes and were even colloquially referred to as
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2714:
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It is unknown when some members of the Dharmaguptaka school began to accept the Mahāyāna sūtras, but the
1310:(MS 2375/08). These manuscripts are thought to have been part of a monastery library of the Mahāsāṃghika
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1141:
649:. The body of an arhat is without outflows. In many other ways, their views are similar to those of the
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The Dharmaguptaka used a twelvefold division of the Buddhist teachings, which has been found in their
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dynasty, dated to 413 CE. It contains 30 sūtras in contrast to the 34 suttas of the Theravadin
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941:(ca. mid-first to third century A.D.), which gave its patronage to the Sarvāstivāda sect."
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1368:. Various Chinese translations of this text date from between the 3rd and 6th century CE.
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1494:(8000 lines) does not. Instead, Guang Xing assesses the view of the Buddha given in the
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1720:《異部宗輪論述記》：謂佛雖在僧中所攝，然別施佛果大，非僧（果大）。於窣堵波興供養業獲廣大果。佛與二乘解脫雖一，而聖道異。無諸外道能得五通。阿羅漢身皆是無漏。餘義多同大眾部執。
1307:
1205:. Ordination under the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya only relates to monastic vows and lineage (
336:
4665:
2029:"The Discovery of 'the Oldest Buddhist Manuscripts'" Review article by Enomoto Fumio.
1911:"The Discovery of 'the Oldest Buddhist Manuscripts'" Review article by Enomoto Fumio.
880:— used some Gāndhārī. Von Hinüber (1982b and 1983) has pointed out incompletely
876:
in Gāndhārī belong to the Dharmaguptakas, but virtually all schools — inclusive
782:
came to China and translated a work which described the color of monastic robes (Skt.
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784:
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of the Dharmaguptaka sect was translated by Buddhayaśas and Zhu Fonian (竺佛念) in the
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900:, there was a large trend toward a type of Gāndhārī which was heavily Sanskritized.
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The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory.
1342:
1262:
1184:
1172:
996:
825:
793:
581:
537:
528:, depending on the source. They are said to have originated from another sect, the
507:
409:
331:
173:
72:
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1311:
601:"law, justice, morality", and, most likely, the set of laws of Northern Buddhism.
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Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhāra: The British Library Kharosthī Fragments
1565:
1409:
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199:
48:
28:
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Jan Nattier writes that available textual evidence suggests that the Mahāyāna
1209:), and does not conflict with the actual Buddhist teachings that one follows (
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rules on the grounds that the original teachings of the Buddha had been lost.
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The Dharmaguptakas were said to have had two extra sections in their canon:
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4776:
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4608:
4403:
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3731:
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158:
104:
68:
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1997:
Dignity & discipline : reviving full ordination for Buddhist nuns
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168:
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1490:(100,000 lines) have a connection with the Dharmaguptaka sect, while the
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873:
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1119:(654–717). In the early 8th century, Dao An gained the support of
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3965:
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1572:, which is designated as the collection of teachings for bodhisattvas.
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states that the Dharmaguptakas had assimilated the Mahāyāna Tripiṭaka.
1295:
977:
959:
897:
153:
44:
3806:
2802:
2244:
The Maharatnakuta Tradition: A Study of the Ratnarasi Sutra. Volume 1.
2192:
Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations.
2179:
Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations.
4761:
4734:
3901:
3776:
3488:
3404:
3281:
3171:
3144:
3137:
3100:
3057:
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2787:
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2719:
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2649:
1408:(127-151 CE) of the Kuṣāṇa Empire presided over the establishment of
1240:
1100:
1080:
864:
779:
577:
552:) are still in effect in East Asian countries to this day, including
549:
426:
239:
36:
4534:
3370:
3224:
2990:
2772:
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2373:, T'oung Pao, Second Series 88 (4/5), 396-429 – via
976:
A number of scholars have identified three distinct major phases of
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326:
96:
40:
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2812:
1839:
The Eminent Monk: Buddhist Ideals in Medieval Chinese Hagiography.
1652:, Ruprecht-Karls Universität Heidelberg, No 1 (2014), pp 134-163.
1127:
in China should use only the Dharmaguptaka vinaya for ordination.
984:, which are associated with the following sects, chronologically:
677:
The Dharmaguptaka are known to have rejected the authority of the
229:
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4739:
4724:
3871:
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Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
2163:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
2157:
2155:
1529:). The preface written by Buddhayaśas for his translation of the
1380:
1299:
1180:
1108:
1076:
949:
Available evidence indicates that the first Buddhist missions to
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24:
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597:
573:
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64:
56:
2231:
A Few Good Men: Based on the Ugrapariprccha, a Mahayana Sutra.
2218:
A Few Good Men: Based on the Ugraparipṛcchā, a Mahāyāna Sūtra.
2205:
A Few Good Men: Based on the Ugraparipṛcchā, a Mahāyāna Sūtra.
2152:
1807:
1805:
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4709:
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1568:. Asaṅga classifies the Mahāyāna sūtras as belonging to the
1159:, a central practice for bodhisattvas in Mahāyāna doctrine.
1155:, is a fragment in the Kharoṣṭhī script referencing the Six
4886:
3679:
3345:
2842:
2089:
Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, Volume 3.
1802:
1068:
1055:
2168:
1791:
1789:
1770:
1750:
1560:
refers to the collection which contains the Āgamas as the
925:
and then northeastern Asia. According to Buddhist scholar
836:
monk Zanning (919–1001 CE) writes that during the earlier
4544:
3080:
1889:
1735:
Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools
1107:), and that the Sarvāstivāda Vinaya was prominent in the
2286:
Abhidharma Samuccaya: The Compendium of Higher Teaching.
1151:
Among the Dharmaguptaka Gandhāran Buddhist texts in the
1786:
1638:
1480:
According to Joseph Walser, there is evidence that the
788:) utilized in five major Indian Buddhist sects, called
2262:
1010:
both recorded that the Dharmaguptakas were located in
632:) to be separate. A translation and commentary on the
2350:
1871:
Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter, eds. (2007).
67:
as an ethnic minority community during the phases of
2284:
Boin-Webb, Sara (tr). Rahula, Walpola (tr). Asanga.
1235:
of the Theravada school. A complete version of the
1018:. Yijing grouped the Mahīśāsaka, Dharmaguptaka, and
844:
period, the Chinese monks typically wore red robes.
2334:
Rules for Nuns According to the Dharmaguptakavinaya
2280:
2278:
1852:
The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture.
1826:
The Impact of Buddhism on Chinese Material Culture.
1042:ordination is common in the Dharmaguptaka lineage.
884:Gāndhārī words in works heretofore ascribed to the
532:. The Dharmaguptakas had a prominent role in early
2100:Muller, Charles. Digital Dictionary of Buddhism,
2060:. Episode 3. 11:20 minutes in. France 5 / NHK /
1498:(8000 lines) as being that of the Mahāsāṃghikas.
5069:
2275:
1924:Willemen, Charles. Dessein, Bart. Cox, Collett.
1870:
1648:", in Rudolf G. Wagner and Monica Juneja (eds),
800:). Another text translated at a later date, the
1939:Buddhist Monastic Traditions of Southern Asia.
1383:performing a traditional Buddhist ceremony in
1201:), and the equivalent Sanskrit title would be
2410:
2331:
2257:Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations.
1346:
1333:
479:
3192:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
2094:
1994:
1781:The Origins and Nature of Mahāyāna Buddhism.
1552:In the 4th century Mahāyāna abhidharma work
953:were carried out by the Dharmaguptaka sect:
832:), "those of the black robes." However, the
47:, modern scholarship has identified similar
1455:
1371:
1167:In the early 5th century CE, Dharmaguptaka
1135:
1087:remained the basis of the discipline there.
2417:
2403:
1995:Mohr, Thea; Tsedroen, Jampa, eds. (2010).
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1564:, and associates it with the śrāvakas and
1510:and Mahāyāna treatises. He translated the
1483:Pañcaviṃśatisāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
1123:and an imperial edict was issued that the
764:
614:The Dharmaguptakas regarded the path of a
486:
472:
2390:The Gandharan texts and the Dharmaguptaka
2321:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2nd edition, 2010
1475:
1375:
1071:and at the same time into Oḍḍiyāna (the
1033:
604:
18:
4379:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
1990:
1988:
1986:
1857:
1421:
1357:
5070:
4582:List of Buddhist architecture in China
2371:Can We Trace the Early Dharmaguptakas?
1729:
2398:
1317:
1162:
908:
896:Starting in the first century of the
2087:Williams, Jane, and Williams, Paul.
1983:
1926:Sarvastivada Buddhist Scholasticism.
1583:, a 6th-century CE Indian monk from
1216:
972:, and were translated from Sanskrit.
524:) are one of the eighteen or twenty
1518:, and Mahāyāna texts including the
667:are to be observed simultaneously.
663:, the Dharmaguptakas held that the
13:
4369:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
2112:
1696:Guptaka in the Sanskrit Dictionary
1677:, Oxford University Press, p. 98,
1607:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
1496:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
1492:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
1488:Śatasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra
980:activities seen in the history of
944:
929:, the Dharmaguptaka originated in
572:. They are one of three surviving
14:
5149:
2383:
1813:Three Mountains and Seven Rivers.
1797:Three Mountains and Seven Rivers.
1709:Dharma in the Sanskrit Dictionary
1536:
1256:("Incremental Discourses," 增壹阿含經
1014:and Central Asia, but not in the
963:, some orthographical devices of
576:lineages, along with that of the
5050:
5040:
5039:
4597:Thai temple art and architecture
4342:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
2582:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
2448:
2435:
2425:
2033:, Vol NS32 Issue I, 2000, pg 160
1937:Yijing. Li Rongxi (translator).
1915:, Vol NS32 Issue I, 2000, pg 161
1765:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism.
1446:... he overall picture that the
103:
2449:
2291:
2249:
2236:
2223:
2210:
2197:
2184:
2139:
2106:
2081:
2068:
2049:
2036:
2023:
2014:
1999:. Boston: Wisdom Publications.
1970:
1957:
1944:
1931:
1918:
1905:
1844:
1831:
1818:
1548:Mantra Piṭaka or Dhāraṇī Piṭaka
1276:is that of the Dharmaguptakas.
1029:
847:According to the Dharmaguptaka
687:
4587:Japanese Buddhist architecture
4389:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
3469:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
2660:Places where the Buddha stayed
2351:Ven. Bhikshuni Wu Yin (2001).
2336:. Motilal Barnasidass, Delhi.
1723:
1714:
1701:
1688:
1667:
1664:. (Accessed 3 September 2016.)
1635:. (Accessed 3 September 2016).
1619:
1501:
1260:) (T. 125) corresponds to the
1197:
707:. These twelve divisions are:
520:
1:
4602:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
2308:
1575:
1395:
1279:
968:Mahāyāna, are written in the
660:Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣā Śāstra
31:, 9th–10th century; although
4359:Buddhism and the Roman world
4335:Decline of Buddhism in India
4330:History of Buddhism in India
2430: Topics in
1675:The Silk Road: A New History
1625:von Le Coq, Albert. (1913).
1229:) (T. 1) corresponds to the
774:Between 148 and 170 CE, the
587:
7:
5108:Buddhism in the Philippines
3557:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
3297:
2076:Education in Ancient India.
2062:Point du Jour International
1590:
1341:), also sometimes called a
1287:Śāriputra Abhidharma Śāstra
854:
609:
10:
5154:
4507:The unanswerable questions
2355:. Snow Lion Publications.
2319:Religions of the Silk Road
1737:, Santipada, p. 131,
1306:, and are now part of the
1294:) (T. 1548) is a complete
1175:by the Dharmaguptaka monk
903:
5035:
4987:
4902:
4817:
4592:Buddhist temples in Korea
4515:
4417:
4300:
3997:
3925:
3752:
3625:
3565:
3200:
3155:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
3066:
3058:Three planes of existence
3006:
2851:
2743:
2673:
2665:Buddha in world religions
2527:
2472:
2444:
1644:Gasparini, Mariachiara. "
1347:
1334:
1225:("Long Discourses," 長阿含經
1188:
1121:Emperor Zhongzong of Tang
829:
797:
511:
27:teaching a Chinese monk.
5128:Religion in Central Asia
4374:Persecution of Buddhists
3595:Four stages of awakening
2976:Three marks of existence
2562:Physical characteristics
2122:ekottara.googlepages.com
1673:Hansen, Valerie (2012),
1612:
1597:Buddhism in Central Asia
1464:Ratnarāśivyākaraṇa Sūtra
1457:Ratnarāśivyākaraṇa Sūtra
1451:the Bodhisattva Vehicle.
1372:Relationship to Mahāyāna
1142:Gandhāran Buddhist texts
1136:Gandhāran Buddhist texts
1130:
982:Buddhism in Central Asia
915:Gandharan Buddhist texts
769:
634:Samayabhedoparacanacakra
5123:History of Central Asia
3737:Ten principal disciples
2620:(aunt, adoptive mother)
2378:(subscription required)
1486:(25,000 lines) and the
1466:, which is part of the
1002:In the 7th century CE,
765:Appearance and language
647:five supernormal powers
5138:Early Buddhist schools
4447:Buddhism and democracy
3960:Tibetan Buddhist canon
3955:Chinese Buddhist canon
3187:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
3182:Early Buddhist schools
2332:Heirmann, Ann (2002).
1873:The spread of Buddhism
1453:
1392:
1089:
1051:
974:
894:
790:Da Biqiu Sanqian Weiyi
655:
595:means "preserver" and
526:early Buddhist schools
305:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
296:Early Buddhist schools
259:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
76:
71:(7th–8th century) and
61:Eastern Iranian people
5078:Indian royal advisors
4457:Eight Consciousnesses
2567:Life of Buddha in art
2369:Heirman, Ann (2002).
1650:Transcultural Studies
1476:Prajñāpāramitā sūtras
1444:
1379:
1064:
1037:
955:
872:It is true that most
870:
638:
605:Doctrinal development
22:
16:Early Buddhist school
4934:East Asian religions
4364:Buddhism in the West
3935:Early Buddhist texts
3550:Four Right Exertions
3016:Ten spiritual realms
2509:Noble Eightfold Path
2031:The Eastern Buddhist
1913:The Eastern Buddhist
1531:Dharmaguptaka Vinaya
1527:Xūkōngzàng Púsà Jīng
1512:Dharmaguptaka Vinaya
1431:Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra
1423:Ugraparipṛcchā Sūtra
1366:Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra
1359:Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra
1171:was translated into
624:) and the path of a
544:(monastic rules for
178:Tibetan EBTs in the
123:Early Buddhist Texts
53:the same cave temple
5113:Buddhism in Vietnam
5057:Religion portal
4804:Temple of the Tooth
4683:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
3722:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
3215:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
2998:Two truths doctrine
2818:Mahapajapati Gotamī
2618:Mahapajapati Gotamī
2353:Choosing Simplicity
1602:Schools of Buddhism
1554:Abhidharmasamuccaya
1469:Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra
1203:Caturvargika Vinaya
1103:(the region around
1079:they followed the "
1016:Indian subcontinent
811:Śāriputraparipṛcchā
802:Śāriputraparipṛcchā
215:Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī
75:(9th–13th century).
35:(1913) assumed the
4979:Western philosophy
4577:Dzong architecture
4399:Vipassana movement
4394:Buddhist modernism
3822:Emperor Wen of Sui
3590:Pratyekabuddhayāna
3523:Threefold Training
3325:Vipassana movement
3041:Hungry Ghost realm
2861:Avidyā (Ignorance)
2808:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
2557:Great Renunciation
2552:Eight Great Events
2434:
1850:Kieschnick, John.
1837:Kieschnick, John.
1824:Kieschnick, John.
1545:Bodhisattva Piṭaka
1393:
1322:The Dharmaguptaka
1318:Additional piṭakas
1308:Schøyen Collection
1292:Shèlìfú Āpítán Lùn
1163:Vinaya translation
1153:Schøyen Collection
1052:
909:In Northwest India
267:Kingdom of Magadha
77:
55:(No. 9) as ethnic
5103:Buddhism in Korea
5098:Buddhism in Japan
5093:Buddhism in China
5065:
5064:
4703:Om mani padme hum
4409:Women in Buddhism
4325:Buddhist councils
4195:Western countries
3983:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
3744:Shaolin Monastery
3321:Samatha-vipassanā
2931:Pratītyasamutpāda
2735:Metteyya/Maitreya
2653:
2645:
2637:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2605:
2482:Four Noble Truths
2327:978-0-230-62125-1
2288:2001. pp. 199-200
2246:1994. pp. 253-254
2074:Scharfe, Harmut.
2042:Richard Salomon.
1967:2000. pp. 280-281
1875:. Leiden: Brill.
1763:Baruah, Bibhuti.
1683:978-0-19-993921-3
1570:Bodhisattvapiṭaka
1523:Bodhisattva Sūtra
1402:Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa
1217:Āgama collections
861:Gāndhārī language
665:Four Noble Truths
657:According to the
496:
495:
282:Buddhist councils
277:Moggaliputtatissa
33:Albert von Le Coq
5145:
5055:
5054:
5043:
5042:
4882:Sacred languages
4730:Maya Devi Temple
4693:Mahabodhi Temple
4497:Secular Buddhism
4462:Engaged Buddhism
3302:
3150:Tibetan Buddhism
3101:Vietnamese Thiền
2700:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
2651:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2452:
2451:
2439:
2429:
2419:
2412:
2405:
2396:
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2379:
2366:
2347:
2302:
2297:Walser, Joseph.
2295:
2289:
2282:
2273:
2266:
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2255:Williams, Paul.
2253:
2247:
2242:Silk, Jonathan.
2240:
2234:
2227:
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2208:
2201:
2195:
2188:
2182:
2175:
2166:
2161:Walser, Joseph.
2159:
2150:
2147:Indian Buddhism.
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2124:. Archived from
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2104:
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2072:
2066:
2065:
2053:
2047:
2040:
2034:
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2021:
2018:
2012:
2010:
1992:
1981:
1978:Indian Buddhism.
1974:
1968:
1965:Indian Buddhism.
1961:
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1948:
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1779:Williams, Paul.
1777:
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1263:Anguttara Nikāya
1258:Zēngyī Āhán Jīng
1199:
1190:
997:Mūlasarvāstivāda
831:
799:
582:Mūlasarvāstivāda
538:Chinese Buddhism
522:
513:
488:
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410:Mulasarvastivada
174:Śālistamba Sūtra
107:
90:
84:
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78:
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5061:
5049:
5031:
4983:
4898:
4813:
4550:Ordination hall
4511:
4413:
4384:Buddhist crisis
4296:
3993:
3945:Mahayana sutras
3921:
3917:Thích Nhất Hạnh
3748:
3621:
3561:
3511:Bodhisattva vow
3196:
3062:
3002:
2961:Taṇhā (Craving)
2896:Five hindrances
2847:
2739:
2669:
2523:
2468:
2440:
2423:
2386:
2377:
2363:
2344:
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2233:2007. pp. 46-47
2228:
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2207:2007. pp. 46-47
2202:
2198:
2190:Ray, Reginald.
2189:
2185:
2177:Ray, Reginald.
2176:
2169:
2165:2005. pp. 52-53
2160:
2153:
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2140:
2131:
2129:
2114:Sujato, Bhikkhu
2111:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2082:
2078:2002. pp. 24-25
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2041:
2037:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2007:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1958:
1952:Indian Buddhism
1949:
1945:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1919:
1910:
1906:
1900:Indian Buddhism
1897:
1890:
1883:
1869:
1858:
1854:2003. pp. 91-92
1849:
1845:
1836:
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1828:2003. pp. 89-90
1823:
1819:
1815:2004. pp. 55-56
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1566:pratyekabuddhas
1539:
1504:
1478:
1460:
1441:Ugraparipṛcchā:
1426:
1398:
1391:province, China
1374:
1362:
1352:Dàchéng Sānzàng
1320:
1282:
1227:Cháng Āhán Jīng
1219:
1165:
1138:
1133:
1032:
947:
945:In Central Asia
911:
906:
857:
772:
767:
705:Mahāyāna sūtras
690:
630:bodhisattvayāna
612:
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568:as well as the
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4614:Greco-Buddhist
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4605:
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3989:Abhidharmadīpa
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3942:
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3931:
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3907:B. R. Ambedkar
3904:
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3827:Songtsen Gampo
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3506:Eight precepts
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3476:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3294:
3284:
3279:
3277:Five Strengths
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3072:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2916:Mental factors
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2768:Mahamoggallāna
2765:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2683:Avalokiteśvara
2679:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2422:
2421:
2414:
2407:
2399:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2384:External links
2382:
2381:
2380:
2367:
2361:
2348:
2342:
2329:
2315:Foltz, Richard
2310:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2290:
2274:
2261:
2248:
2235:
2229:Nattier, Jan.
2222:
2216:Nattier, Jan.
2209:
2203:Nattier, Jan.
2196:
2183:
2167:
2151:
2138:
2118:"About the EA"
2105:
2093:
2080:
2067:
2048:
2035:
2022:
2013:
2006:978-0861715886
2005:
1982:
1969:
1956:
1954:. 2000. p. 489
1943:
1930:
1917:
1904:
1902:. 2000. p. 278
1888:
1882:978-9004158306
1881:
1856:
1843:
1830:
1817:
1801:
1785:
1769:
1749:
1743:
1731:Sujato, Bhante
1722:
1713:
1700:
1687:
1666:
1637:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1577:
1574:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1538:
1537:Buddhist canon
1535:
1503:
1500:
1477:
1474:
1459:
1454:
1436:Ugraparipṛcchā
1425:
1420:
1410:Prajñāpāramitā
1397:
1394:
1373:
1370:
1361:
1356:
1319:
1316:
1281:
1278:
1274:Ekottara Āgama
1269:Ekottara Āgama
1253:Ekottara Āgama
1218:
1215:
1164:
1161:
1148:Afghanistan."
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1073:Suvastu valley
1031:
1028:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
946:
943:
910:
907:
905:
902:
886:Sarvāstivādins
856:
853:
771:
768:
766:
763:
703:, and in some
689:
686:
611:
608:
606:
603:
589:
586:
506:: धर्मगुप्तक;
494:
493:
491:
490:
483:
476:
468:
465:
464:
459:
458:
457:
456:
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453:
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451:
450:
436:
429:
419:
418:
417:
412:
407:
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400:
386:
379:
371:
370:
369:
364:
351:
350:
349:
346:
341:
340:
339:
334:
324:
323:
322:
315:Ekavyāvahārika
301:
300:
299:
294:
293:
290:
289:
285:
284:
279:
274:
269:
263:
262:
257:
256:
253:
252:
248:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
210:Mahāmoggallāna
207:
202:
200:Gautama Buddha
196:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
183:
182:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
144:Gandhāran EBTs
141:
136:
131:
126:
119:
118:
113:
112:
109:
108:
100:
99:
92:
91:
63:who inhabited
29:Bezeklik Caves
23:Central Asian
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5150:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5046:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4819:Miscellaneous
4816:
4810:
4809:Vegetarianism
4807:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4631:Buddha in art
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4299:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4285:United States
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3842:Padmasambhava
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3754:Major figures
3751:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3701:
3700:Western tulku
3698:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3501:Five precepts
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3479:Dhamma vicaya
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:Buddhābhiṣeka
3245:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:Enlightenment
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:Dhamma theory
2879:
2877:
2876:Buddha-nature
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2715:Samantabhadra
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2362:1-55939-155-3
2358:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2343:81-208-1800-8
2339:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2313:
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2294:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2271:
2265:
2258:
2252:
2245:
2239:
2232:
2226:
2219:
2213:
2206:
2200:
2193:
2187:
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25:Buddhist monk
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5088:Sthaviravāda
4997:Bodhisattvas
4917:Christianity
4912:Baháʼí Faith
4777:Dharmachakra
4767:Prayer wheel
4757:Prayer beads
4525:Architecture
4404:969 Movement
4188:Saudi Arabia
4166:Central Asia
4159:South Africa
3981:
3964:
3897:Panchen Lama
3802:Buddhapālita
3398:Satipatthana
3393:Mindful Yoga
3306:Recollection
3220:Brahmavihara
3091:Japanese Zen
3086:Chinese Chan
3046:Animal realm
2853:Key concepts
2675:Bodhisattvas
2487:Three Jewels
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2194:1999. p. 426
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2181:1999. p. 410
2178:
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2130:. Retrieved
2126:the original
2121:
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2102:entry on 阿含經
2096:
2091:2004. p. 209
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2016:
1996:
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923:Central Asia
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519:
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422:Vibhajyavāda
396:
374:Sarvāstivāda
363:Vātsīputrīya
310:Mahāsāṃghika
193:Early sangha
69:Tang Chinese
4842:Dharma talk
4671:Asalha Puja
4467:Eschatology
4270:Switzerland
4250:New Zealand
4178:Middle East
4087:Philippines
4007:Afghanistan
3812:Bodhidharma
3797:Buddhaghosa
3717:Householder
3627:Monasticism
3580:Bodhisattva
3435:Prostration
3388:Mindfulness
3316:Anapanasati
3299:Kammaṭṭhāna
3096:Korean Seon
3036:Asura realm
3031:Human realm
2971:Ten Fetters
2926:Parinirvana
2828:Uppalavanna
2793:Mahākaccana
2778:Mahākassapa
2710:Kṣitigarbha
2705:Ākāśagarbha
2602:Suddhodāna
2547:Four sights
2474:Foundations
2301:2005. p. 52
2272:2004. p. 66
2020:pp. 194-195
1941:2000. p. 19
1841:1997. p. 29
1799:2004. p. 55
1767:2008. p. 52
1662:endnote #32
1660:. See also
1521:Ākāśagarbha
1502:Buddhayaśas
1304:Afghanistan
1177:Buddhayaśas
988:Dharmagupta
874:manuscripts
816:During the
626:bodhisattva
621:śrāvakayāna
570:Philippines
530:Mahīśāsakas
405:Sautrāntika
378:(Haimavata)
359:Pudgalavada
348:(Haimavata)
332:Bahuśrutīya
220:Mahakasyapa
73:Uyghur rule
51:figures of
43:monk was a
5072:Categories
4959:Psychology
4939:Gnosticism
4927:Comparison
4922:Influences
4904:Comparison
4787:Bhavacakra
4745:Kushinagar
4720:Pilgrimage
4666:Māgha Pūjā
4621:Bodhi Tree
4437:Buddhology
4427:Abhidharma
4419:Philosophy
4352:Menander I
4220:Costa Rica
4171:Uzbekistan
4012:Bangladesh
3966:Dhammapada
3950:Pali Canon
3912:Ajahn Chah
3892:Dalai Lama
3792:Kumārajīva
3787:Vasubandhu
3762:The Buddha
3670:Zen master
3605:Sakadagami
3585:Buddhahood
3516:Pratimokṣa
3331:Shikantaza
3287:Meditation
3262:Deity yoga
3133:Madhyamaka
3026:Deva realm
2921:Mindstream
2871:Bodhicitta
2783:Aṅgulimāla
2650:Devadatta
2626:Yaśodharā
2529:The Buddha
2519:Middle Way
2309:References
2259:2008. p. 6
2149:2000. p. 6
2132:2013-02-11
1581:Paramārtha
1576:Paramārtha
1396:Kushan era
1296:abhidharma
1280:Abhidharma
1179:(佛陀耶舍) of
1146:Nagarāhāra
1081:silk route
1046:festival,
978:missionary
960:Dharmapada
957:he Khotan
898:Common Era
741:itivṛttaka
682:prātimokṣa
542:Prātimokṣa
440:Mahīśāsaka
415:Vaibhāṣika
390:Mahīśāsaka
154:Abhidharma
149:Prātimokṣa
115:Scriptures
41:red-haired
5027:Festivals
5007:Buddhists
4969:Theosophy
4772:Symbolism
4762:Hama yumi
4735:Bodh Gaya
4502:Socialism
4477:Evolution
4452:Economics
4290:Venezuela
4205:Australia
4200:Argentina
4124:Sri Lanka
4119:Singapore
4037:Indonesia
3999:Countries
3940:Tripiṭaka
3902:Ajahn Mun
3777:Nagarjuna
3772:Aśvaghoṣa
3655:Anagārika
3650:Śrāmaṇerī
3645:Śrāmaṇera
3640:Bhikkhunī
3600:Sotāpanna
3489:Passaddhi
3430:Offerings
3405:Nekkhamma
3282:Iddhipada
3202:Practices
3172:Theravada
3145:Vajrayana
3138:Yogachara
3108:Pure Land
3021:Six Paths
3008:Cosmology
2788:Anuruddha
2763:Sāriputta
2753:Kaundinya
2745:Disciples
2720:Vajrapāṇi
2572:Footprint
2537:Tathāgata
1658:2191-6411
1339:Zhòu Zàng
1325:Tripiṭaka
1290:(舍利弗阿毘曇論
1241:Later Qin
1157:Pāramitās
1101:Guanzhong
1020:Kāśyapīya
965:Khotanese
865:Kharoṣṭhī
780:An Shigao
719:vyākaraṇa
588:Etymology
578:Theravāda
550:bhikṣuṇīs
521:Fǎzàng bù
433:Kāśyapīya
427:Theravāda
383:Kāśyapīya
367:Saṃmitīya
354:Sthaviras
240:Devadatta
205:Sāriputta
169:Mahāvastu
129:Tripiṭaka
49:Caucasoid
45:Tocharian
37:blue-eyed
5118:Gandhara
5045:Category
4974:Violence
4944:Hinduism
4892:Sanskrit
4847:Hinayana
4832:Amitābha
4792:Swastika
4661:Uposatha
4651:Holidays
4636:Calendar
4482:Humanism
4320:Kanishka
4310:Timeline
4134:Thailand
4102:Kalmykia
4097:Buryatia
4082:Pakistan
4067:Mongolia
4062:Maldives
4057:Malaysia
4022:Cambodia
3887:Shamarpa
3882:Nichiren
3832:Xuanzang
3767:Nagasena
3685:Rinpoche
3415:Pāramitā
3257:Devotion
3177:Navayana
3165:Dzogchen
3128:Nichiren
3076:Mahayana
3068:Branches
2946:Saṅkhāra
2695:Mañjuśrī
2652:(cousin)
2644:(cousin)
2612:(mother)
2604:(father)
2592:Miracles
2542:Birthday
2459:Glossary
2432:Buddhism
1733:(2012),
1633:Tafel 19
1591:See also
1525:(虛空藏菩薩經
1508:Hīnayāna
1389:Zhejiang
1385:Hangzhou
1332:Piṭaka (
1198:Sìfēn Lǜ
1105:Chang'an
1040:bhikṣuṇī
1012:Oḍḍiyāna
1004:Xuanzang
931:Aparānta
890:Sanskrit
878:Mahāyāna
863:and the
855:Language
776:Parthian
745:vaipulya
699:, their
610:Overview
580:and the
504:Sanskrit
327:Gokulika
164:Avadanas
97:Buddhism
86:a series
57:Sogdians
5022:Temples
5002:Buddhas
4964:Science
4954:Judaism
4949:Jainism
4867:Lineage
4827:Abhijñā
4797:Thangka
4740:Sarnath
4725:Lumbini
4646:Funeral
4641:Cuisine
4517:Culture
4492:Reality
4442:Creator
4432:Atomism
4302:History
4275:Ukraine
4235:Germany
4154:Senegal
4144:Vietnam
4072:Myanmar
3872:Shinran
3862:Karmapa
3837:Shandao
3807:Dignāga
3732:Śrāvaka
3712:Donchee
3707:Kappiya
3665:Sayadaw
3635:Bhikkhu
3610:Anāgāmi
3567:Nirvana
3533:Samadhi
3420:Paritta
3361:Tonglen
3356:Mandala
3311:Smarana
3292:Mantras
3240:Upekkha
3210:Bhavana
3160:Shingon
3113:Tiantai
2966:Tathātā
2956:Śūnyatā
2951:Skandha
2941:Saṃsāra
2936:Rebirth
2911:Kleshas
2901:Indriya
2803:Subhūti
2688:Guanyin
2642:Ānanda
2634:Rāhula
2514:Nirvana
2454:Outline
2058:Eurasia
1406:Kaniṣka
1381:Bhikṣus
1343:Dhāraṇī
1300:Bamiyan
1185:Chinese
1181:Kashmir
1173:Chinese
1109:Yangtze
1077:Parthia
904:History
826:Chinese
798:大比丘三千威儀
794:Chinese
759:upadeśa
754:avadāna
694:Dīrgha
636:reads:
616:śrāvaka
593:Guptaka
558:Vietnam
546:bhikṣus
508:Chinese
344:Caitika
180:Kangyur
159:Jatakas
134:Nikayas
83:Part of
5133:Vinaya
5017:Sutras
5012:Suttas
4877:Siddhi
4862:Koliya
4837:Brahmā
4752:Poetry
4698:Mantra
4688:Kasaya
4560:Pagoda
4540:Kyaung
4535:Vihāra
4530:Temple
4472:Ethics
4315:Ashoka
4265:Sweden
4260:Poland
4255:Norway
4245:Mexico
4230:France
4215:Canada
4210:Brazil
4149:Africa
4129:Taiwan
4092:Russia
4017:Bhutan
3977:Vinaya
3857:Naropa
3847:Saraha
3782:Asanga
3538:Prajñā
3447:Refuge
3410:Nianfo
3371:Tertön
3366:Tantra
3351:Ganana
3341:Tukdam
3267:Dhyāna
3235:Mudita
3230:Karuṇā
3123:Risshū
3118:Huayan
3051:Naraka
2991:Anattā
2986:Dukkha
2981:Anicca
2886:Dharma
2838:Channa
2773:Ānanda
2758:Assaji
2725:Skanda
2628:(wife)
2597:Family
2577:Relics
2502:Sangha
2497:Dharma
2492:Buddha
2359:
2340:
2325:
2003:
1879:
1741:
1681:
1656:
1585:Ujjain
1558:Asaṅga
1514:, the
1330:Mantra
1314:sect.
1211:Dharma
1207:Vinaya
1195::
1193:pinyin
1187::
1169:Vinaya
1125:sangha
1117:Dao An
1113:Yijing
1085:Vinaya
1048:Taiwan
1008:Yijing
951:Khotan
849:vinaya
828::
796::
785:kāṣāya
757:, and
737:jātaka
733:nidāna
701:Vinaya
598:dharma
574:Vinaya
564:, and
518::
516:pinyin
510::
272:Ashoka
225:Ānanda
139:Āgamas
95:Early
65:Turfan
4989:Lists
4857:Kalpa
4852:Iddhi
4715:Music
4710:Mudra
4676:Vassa
4656:Vesak
4626:Budai
4572:Candi
4555:Stupa
4487:Logic
4240:Italy
4139:Tibet
4077:Nepal
4047:Korea
4042:Japan
4032:India
4027:China
3972:Sutra
3927:Texts
3877:Dōgen
3867:Hōnen
3852:Atiśa
3817:Zhiyi
3727:Achar
3695:Tulku
3690:Geshe
3675:Rōshi
3660:Ajahn
3615:Arhat
3575:Bodhi
3545:Vīrya
3462:Sacca
3457:Satya
3452:Sādhu
3440:Music
3383:Merit
3376:Terma
3336:Zazen
3272:Faith
3225:Mettā
2906:Karma
2866:Bardo
2833:Asita
2823:Khema
2813:Upāli
2798:Nanda
2636:(son)
2610:Māyā
2587:Films
2464:Index
2375:JSTOR
1613:Notes
1131:Texts
1044:Vesak
1038:Full
1024:Kucha
919:India
778:monk
770:Robes
729:udāna
724:gāthā
710:sūtra
696:Āgama
566:Japan
562:Korea
554:China
230:Upāli
125:(EBT)
59:, an
4887:Pāḷi
4872:Māra
4782:Flag
4183:Iran
4107:Tuva
4052:Laos
3680:Lama
3528:Śīla
3496:Śīla
3484:Pīti
3474:Sati
3425:Puja
3346:Koan
3252:Dāna
2843:Yasa
2730:Tārā
2357:ISBN
2338:ISBN
2323:ISBN
2001:ISBN
1877:ISBN
1739:ISBN
1679:ISBN
1654:ISSN
1448:Ugra
1348:大乘三藏
1284:The
1250:The
1221:The
1140:The
1115:and
1069:Iran
1056:Iran
1006:and
913:The
822:Zīyī
715:geya
548:and
536:and
498:The
4609:Art
4545:Wat
3081:Zen
1354:).
1213:).
1189:四分律
842:Wei
838:Han
674:).
512:法藏部
5074::
4111:ru
2317:,
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2170:^
2154:^
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1859:^
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1556:,
1387:,
1335:咒藏
1302:,
1247:.
1191:;
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830:緇衣
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