1093:
1723:(word of the Buddha), they held it was the work of different monks after his death, and that this was the reason different Abhidharma schools varied widely in their doctrines. However, this school still studied and debated on Abhidharma concepts and thus did not seek to question the method of the Abhidharma in its entirety. Indeed, there were numerous Abhidharma texts written from an Abhidharma perspective. According to K.L. Dhammajoti, the commentator Yaśomitra even states that "the Sautrantikas can be said to have an abhidharma collection, i.e., as texts that are declared to be varieties of sutra in which the characteristics of factors are described."
2536:(Pali: sabhāva) to explain the causal workings of dharmas. This term was used in different ways by the different Buddhist schools. This term does not appear in the sutras. The Abhidharmakośabhāṣya states: “dharma means ‘upholding,’ , upholding intrinsic nature (svabhāva)” while the Theravādin commentaries holds that: “dhammas are so called because they bear their intrinsic natures, or because they are borne by causal conditions.” Dharmas were also said to be distinct from each other by their intrinsic/unique characteristics (svalaksana). The examination of these characteristics was held to be extremely important, the Sarvastivada
3657:
1457:
1589:) in their own right. In these post-canonical texts, further doctrinal developments and innovations can be found. As Noa Ronkin writes, "post-canonical Abhidharma texts became complex philosophical treatises employing sophisticated methods of argumentation and independent investigations that resulted in doctrinal conclusions quite far removed from their canonical antecedents." As Frauwallner writes, these later works were attempts to build truly complete philosophical systems out of the various canonical Abhidharma texts.
2600:
exegetical texts, then, svabhāva is used as an atemporal, invariable criterion determining what a dharma is, not necessarily that a dharma exists. The concern here is primarily with what makes categorial types of dharma unique, rather than with the ontological status of dharmas." However, in the later
Sarvastivada texts, like the Mahavibhasa, the term svabhava began to be defined more ontologically as the really existing “intrinsic nature” specifying individual dharmas.
2961:
9267:
9278:
2339:
2896:' which are words for the immortal soul in Hinduism and Jainism respectively. They seemed to have held that the 'self' was part of a fifth category of existence, the “inexpressible”. This was a radically different view than the not-self view held by the mainstream Buddhist schools and this theory was a major point of controversy and was thoroughly attacked by other Buddhist schools such as the Theravadins, Sarvastivadins and later Mahayanists.
6676:
6663:
372:
4176:
1441:. According to Analayo, the beginning of Abhidharma proper was inspired by the desire "to be as comprehensive as possible, to supplement the directives given in the early discourses for progress on the path with a full picture of all aspects of the path in an attempt to provide a complete map of everything in some way related to the path." As Frauwallner explains, due to this scholastic impulse, lists grew in size, different
6653:
2924:"An atom (paramänu) is the smallest rüpa. It cannot be cut, broken, penetrated; it cannot be taken up, abandoned, ridden on, stepped on, struck or dragged. It is neither long nor short, square nor round, regular nor irregular, convex nor concave. It has no smaller parts; it cannot be decomposed, cannot be seen, heard, smelled, touched. It is thus that the paramänu is said to be the finest (sarva-süksma) of all rüpas."
1736:
1761:
2395:, since their goal was to outline, systematize and analyze all of the teachings. Abhidharmic thought also extends beyond the sutras to cover new philosophical and psychological ground which is only implicit in sutras or not present at all. There are certain doctrines which were developed or even invented by the Abhidharmikas and these became grounds for the debates among the different
2350:
1538:. However, these differences did not mean the existence of totally independent sects, as noted by Rupert Gethin, "at least some of the schools mentioned by later Buddhist tradition are likely to have been informal schools of thought in the manner of ‘Cartesians,’ ‘British Empiricists,’ or ‘Kantians’ for the history of modern philosophy." By the 7th-century, Chinese pilgrim
2524:
By carefully watching the coming and going of dhammas, and being able to identify which ones are wholesome and to be cultivated, and which ones are unwholesome and to be abandoned, the
Buddhist meditator makes use of the Abhidharma as a schema to liberate his mind and realize that all experiences are impermanent, not-self, unsatisfactory and therefore not to be clung to.
3855:
2591:. For the Sarvastivadins, a synonym for svabhava is avayaya (a 'part'), the smallest possible unit which cannot be analyzed into smaller parts and hence it is ultimately real as opposed to only conventionally real (such as a chariot or a person). However, the Sarvastivadins did not hold that dharmas were completely independent of each other, as the
2707:, for the Sarvastivada school, 'causal efficacy is the central criterion for the reality/existence (astitva) of a dharma' and hence they were also sometimes called the 'Hetuvada' school. A dharma is real because it is a cause and it has effects, if it had no causal efficacy, it would not exist. The six causes outlined by the Sarvastivada are:
4540:("Ornament of/for Realization") also includes numerous Abhidharma type listings, and according to Karl Brunnholzl, "may be considered as a kind of highly formalized mahāyāna abhidharma presentation of the path and realization (similar to chapters five to eight of the Abhidharmakosa, which are frequently quoted in the AA commentaries)."
2523:
and hence the
Abhidharmikas systematized dhammas into those which are skillful (kusala), purify the mind and lead to liberation, and those which are unskillful and do not. The Abhidharma then has a soteriological purpose, first and foremost and its goal is to support Buddhist practice and meditation.
1477:
just as the combination of the prātimokṣa with its commentary was central for the development of the Vinaya, so too the combination of mātṛkās with a commentary was instrumental in the development of the
Abhidharma. Thus the use of a mātṛkā together with its exegesis is a characteristic common to the
2835:
Vasubandhu initially wrote in favor of Sarvāstivāda, and later critiqued this position. The Sarvāstivāda-Vaibhāṣika also held an atomistic conception of time which divided time into discrete indivisible moments (kṣaṇa) and saw all events as lasting only for a minute instant (and yet also existing in
2543:
According to Peter Harvey, the
Theravadin view of dharmas was that "'They are dhammas because they uphold their own nature . They are dhammas because they are upheld by conditions or they are upheld according to their own nature' (Asl.39). Here 'own-nature' would mean characteristic nature, which is
2434:
The conventional reality of substantial objects and persons is merely a conceptual construct imputed by the mind on a flux of dhammas. However, dhammas are never seen as individually separate entities, but are always dependently conditioned by other dhammas in a stream of momentary constellations of
1472:
According to
Analayo, these various lists were also not presented alone, but included some kind of commentary and explanation which was also part of the oral tradition. Sometimes this commentary included quotations from other sutras, and traces of this can be found in the canonical Abhidharma texts.
1071:
Vinayas all provide different accounts which mention that there was some kind of
Abhidharma to be learned aside from the sūtras and Vinaya. According to Analayo, "the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya does not explicitly mention the Abhidharma, although it reports that on this occasion Mahākāśyapa recited the
4098:
cites this Bahuśrutīya abhidharma as containing a combination of Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna doctrines, and Joseph Walser agrees that this assessment is correct. Ian
Charles Harris also characterizes the text as a synthesis of Hīnayāna and Mahāyāna, and notes that its doctrines are very close to those in
2495:
The
Abhidharma project was thus to provide a completely exhaustive account of every possible type of conscious experience in terms of its constituent factors and their relations. The Theravada tradition holds that there were 82 types of possible dhammas – 82 types of occurrences in the experiential
2832:"Those who hold 'all exists' — the past, the present and the future — belong to the Sarvāstivāda. Those, on the other hand, who hold that some exist, viz., the present and the past karma that has not given fruit but not those that have given fruit or the future, are followers of the Vibhajyaväda."
2442:
Human experience is thus explained by a series of dynamic processes and their patterns of relationships with each other. Buddhist
Abhidhamma philosophers then sought to explain all experience by creating lists and matrices (matikas) of these dhammas, which varied by school. The four categories of
2503:
and there are two ways of looking at reality. One way is the way of everyday experience and of normal worldly persons. This is the category of the nominal and the conceptual (paññatti), and is termed the conventional truth (saṃvṛti-satya). However, the way of the Abhidharma, and hence the way of
1313:
after the death of their leader. The sutta depicts Śāriputra as reciting a list of doctrinal terms and stating that the community will remain "united, unanimous, and in unison we will not dispute" regarding the teaching and also states they will recite together the doctrine. The close connection
2839:
Theravadins also held a theory of momentariness (Khāṇavāda), but it was less ontological than Sarvāstivāda and more focused on the psychological aspects of time. The Theravada divided every dhamma into three different instants of origination (uppādakkhaṇa), endurance (ṭhitikkhaṇa) and cessation
4423:
texts. However, they did not reject the validity of theoretical Abhidharma. Rather they attempted to construct a critical understanding of the consciousness that underlies all meaning, both mystical and theoretical. Their focus was on doctrine, but as it flowed from the practice of meditative
2515:
writes: "Anything the idea of which does not occur upon division or upon mental analysis, such as an object like a pot, that is a 'conceptual fiction'. The ultimately real is otherwise." For Vasubandhu then, something is not the ultimately real if it 'disappears under analysis', but is merely
1200:. What this means is that besides the small number of fundamental doctrinal statements, the Buddha's sermons also contain a quantity of doctrinal concepts. The most suitable form for collecting and preserving these concepts would have been comprehensive lists. Lists of this kind were called
2599:
Svabhava in the early Abhidhamma texts was then not a term which meant ontological independence, metaphysical essence or underlying substance, but simply referred to their characteristics, which are dependent on other conditions and qualities. According to Ronkin: "In the early Sarvāstivāda
2431:. In Abhidhamma literature, these lists of dhammas systematically arranged and they were seen as the ultimate entities or momentary events which make up the fabric of people's experience of reality. The idea was to create an exhaustive list of all possible phenomena that make up the world.
2920:
school, Abhidharmic atoms (paramannu) are not permanent, but momentary. The Vaibhasika held that an atom is the smallest analyzable unit of matter (rupa), hence it is a 'conceptual atom' (prajnapti-paramanu), though this also corresponds to a real existing thing. The Mahabhivasa states:
3641:, was orally transmitted until the 1st century BCE. Due to famines and constant wars, the monks responsible for recording the oral tradition felt that there was a risk of portions of the canon being lost so the Abhidhamma was written down for the first time along with the rest of the
871:
described the Abhidharma as "Doctrine pure and simple, without the intervention of literary development or the presentation of individuals" Compared to the colloquial Buddhist sūtras, Abhidharma texts are much more technical, analytic, and systematic in content and style. The
803:, the Abhidharma method seeks "to avoid the inexactitudes of colloquial conventional language, as is sometimes found in the Suttas, and state everything in psycho-philosophically exact language." In this sense, it is an attempt to best express the Buddhist view of "
1592:
Some of these texts surpassed the canonical Abhidharma in influence and popularity, becoming the orthodox summas of their particular schools' Abhidharma. Two exegetical texts, both from the 5th century, stand above the rest as the most influential. The works of
2774:) of all dhammas. The introduction begins with a detailed list of 24 specific types of conditioned relationships (paccaya) that may pertain between different factors. The majority of these conditions have counterparts in the Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma. The Pali
1519:). As such, the Abhidharma collections of the various Buddhist schools are much more unique to each sect. The various Abhidharmic traditions grew to have very fundamental philosophical disagreements with each other (such as on the status of the person, or
1711:
held that the Buddha and his disciples taught the Abhidharma, but that it was scattered throughout the canon. Only after his death was the Abhidharma compiled systematically by his elder disciples and was recited by Ananda at the first Buddhist council.
1494:
and also by geographic distance. According to Frauwallner, the period of the development of the canonical Abhidharma texts is between 250 and 50 BCE. By the time, the different canons began to be written down, and as a result the Abhidharma texts of the
2887:
and the Shannagarika. These schools posited the existence of a 'person' (pudgala) or self, which had a real existence that was not reducible to streams and collections of dharmas. They also often used other terms to refer to this real 'self', such as
2903:
between death and the next rebirth. The Purvasaila, Sammitiya, Vatsiputriya, and later Mahisasaka schools accepted this view, while the Theravadins, Vibhajyavada, Mahasanghika, and the Sariputrabhidharmasastra of the Dharmaguptakas rejected it.
908:
to specific people, at specific times, depending on specific worldly circumstances. They held that Abhidharma was taught by the Buddha to his most eminent disciples, and that therefore this justified the inclusion of Abhidharma texts into their
2660:
school held "that the mundane factors have arisen from perversion (viparyāsa) and are only nominal (prajñapti)." However, in contrast to the other schools, they also held that the supramundane dharmas (nirvana etc.) were not nominal but real.
2571:, refers to the fact that we often assume unity and compactness in phenomena and functions which are instead made up of various elements, but when one sees that these are merely empty dhammas, one can understand the not-self characteristic:
2656:). They therefore claimed that all factors have no real essence, and that hence the same name applies to all ." This helps to explain their name as “Ekavyavahārika” (those who propound the single meaning). Paramārtha also notes that the
2407:
The "base upon which the entire system rests" is the 'dhamma theory' and this theory 'penetrated all the early schools'. For the Abhidharmikas, the ultimate components of existence, the elementary constituents of experience were called
5720:" in "Birgit Kellner, Patrick McAllister, Horst Lasic, Sara McClintock (eds.) (2020) Reverberations of Dharmakīrti‘s Philosophy, Proceedings of the Fifth International Dharmakīrti Conference Heidelberg August 26 to 30, 2014" p. 21.
843:), or as smaller introductory manuals. They are more developed philosophical works which include many innovations and doctrines not found in the canonical Abhidharma. Abhidharma remains an important field of scholarship among the
1176:
that was expanded over time. Thomas and Frauwallner both argue that while the Abhidharma texts of the different schools were compiled separately and have major differences, they are based on an "ancient core" of common material.
2557:, the most influential classical Theravada treatise, states that not-self does not become apparent because it is concealed by "compactness" when one does not give attention to the various elements which make up the person. The
2435:
dhammas, constantly coming into being and vanishing, always in flux. Perception and thinking is then seen as a combination of various dhammas. Cittas (awareness events) are never experienced on their own, but are always
4386:
While this Yogācārin Abhidharma is based on the Sarvāstivādin system, it also incorporates aspects of other Abhidharma systems and present a complete Abhidharma in accordance with a Mahāyāna Yogācāra view that thought
2864:, or 'life-continuum'. Bhavanga, literally, "the limb on which existence occurs" is 'that substratum which maintains the continuity of the individual throughout that life.' The Sarvastivadins had a similar term,
2603:
The Sautrantika school accepted the doctrine of svabhāva as referring to the distinctive or main characteristic of a dharma, but rejected the view that they exist in all three times . The Buddhist philosopher
2595:
states: "conditioned dharmas are weak in their intrinsic nature, they can accomplish their activities only through mutual dependence" and "they have no sovereignty (aisvarya). They are dependent on others."
1362:. These lists were intended as a basic way of explaining the Buddhist doctrine, and are likely to have been accompanied by oral explanations, which continued to develop and expand and were later written down
4444:
sutras and associated literature are influenced by Abhidharma. These texts make use of Abhidharma categories (like the dharma theory), and adopt them or critique them in different ways. Thus, according to
3866:
In addition to the core Vaibhāṣika Abhidharma literature, a variety of expository texts or treatises were written to serve as overviews and introductions to the Abhidharma. The oldest one of these was the
916:
According to Collett Cox, Abhidharma started as a systematic elaboration of the teachings of the Buddhist sūtras, but later developed independent doctrines. The prominent Western scholar of Abhidharma,
2371:
4020:, for example, records that the Mahāsāṃghikas had no abhidharma. However, other sources indicate that there were such collections of abhidharma. During the early 5th century, the Chinese pilgrim
3698:("Path of Purification") is a comprehensive manual of Buddhist practice that also contains an overview of the Abhidhamma. This text remains one of the most popular Abhidhamma influenced texts in
2612:“The arising of an effect that is inferred by way of a causal complex is characterized as a svabhāva of that causal complex, because the effect’s production does not depend on anything else.”
3812:. According to Frauwallner however, the two Abhidharma collections share an "ancient core", which is basically an early doctrinal list of dharmas. The core canonical work of this school, the
1259:(MĀ 222) contains a similar doctrinal summary listing, which combines three lists into one: a list of eight activities, a list of ten mental qualities and practices, and the twelve links of
3847:" (all exists), which says that all phenomena in the three times (past, present and future) can be said to exist. Another defining Vaibhāṣika doctrine was that of simultaneous causation (
1981:
1670:'s enlightenment. The Theravada tradition is unique in regarding its Abhidharma as having been taught in its complete form by the Buddha as a single teaching, with the exception of the
2809:
tradition held the view (expressed in the Vijñanakaya) that dharmas exist in all three times – past, present, future; hence the name of their school means "theory of all exists". The
1354:. He also points out another such list that occurs in various texts "comprises several groups of elements of import for entanglement in the cycle of existence" and was modeled on the
2416:). This concept has been variously translated as "factors" (Collett Cox), "psychic characteristics" (Bronkhorst), "phenomena" (Nyanaponika) and "psycho-physical events" (Ronkin).
235:
4870:
Inada, Kenneth K; The metaphysics of Buddhist experience and the Whiteheadian encounter, Philosophy East and West Vol. 25/1975.10 P.465-487 (C) by the University of Hawaii Press
1523:). Thus, according to Frauwallner, the different Abhidharma canons contained collections of doctrines which were sometimes unrelated to each other and sometimes contradictory.
1418:) with each other. Over time, the need arose for an overarching way to classify all these terms and doctrinal elements, and the first such framework was to subsume or include (
1636:
have survived as complete collections, each consisting of seven books with accompanying commentarial literature. A small number of other Abhidharma texts are preserved in the
3836:("Great Commentary"), an encyclopedic work which became the central text of the Vaibhāṣika tradition who became the Kasmiri Sarvāstivāda Orthodoxy under the patronage of the
2544:
not something inherent in a dhamma as a separate ultimate reality, but arise due to the supporting conditions both of other dhammas and previous occurrences of that dhamma."
1473:
As time passed, these commentaries and their accompanying lists became inseparable from each other, and the commentaries gained canonical status. Thus, according to Analayo:
2575:"when they are seen after resolving them by means of knowledge into these elements, they disintegrate like froth subjected to compression by the hand. They are mere states (
2825:(only the present moment exists). This argument was so central, that north Indian Buddhist schools were often named according to their philosophical position. According to
1022:, in around the 3rd century BCE. Therefore, the canonical Abhidharma works are generally claimed by scholars not to represent the words of the Buddha himself, but those of
4143:
School taught a progression of twenty-seven stations for cultivating realization, based upon the teachings of this text. They took Harivarman as its founder in India, and
5299:
6501:
6437:
Buddhist Manual of Psychological Ethics, of the Fourth Century B.C., Being a Translation, now made for the First Time, from the Original Pāli, of the First Book of the
5067:
4373:
3988:
These texts contain traditional Abhidharma type lists and doctrines, but they also attempt to expound and defend the unique Pudgalavada doctrine of the "person" (
3827:
1654:. These different traditions have some similarities, suggesting either interaction between groups or some common ground antedating the separation of the schools.
3843:
Despite numerous variations and doctrinal disagreements within the tradition, most Sarvāstivāda-Vaibhāṣikas were united in their acceptance of the doctrine of "
1437:
Over time, the initial scholastic method of listing and categorizing terms was expanded in order to provide a complete and comprehensive systematization of the
2492:). The Sarvastivadas also included three dharmas in the fourth "unconditioned" category instead of just one, the dharma of space and two states of cessation.
2378:
7417:
2644:(provisional designation or fictitious construction). Another school called the Vainasikas also held that all dharmas were without svabhava. According to
1266:
According to Analayo, another important doctrinal list which appears in the early texts is the "thirty seven qualities that are conducive to awakening" (
8332:
6807:
4048:, Joseph Walser concludes that at least some Mahāsāṃghika sects probably had an abhidharma collection, and that it likely contained five or six books.
2608:
uses the concept of svabhāva, though he interprets it as being based on causal powers. For Dharmakirti, the essential nature (or ‘nature-svabhāva’) is:
5930:
Willemen, Charles; Dessein, Bart; Cox, Collett. Sarvastivada Buddhist Scholasticism, Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung. Indien. Brill, 1998
1372:("attribute"), and refers to lists of terms divided by a dyad or triad of attributes. For example, terms could be grouped into those things that are
928:
Two interpretations of the term "Abhi-dharma" are common. According to Analayo, the initial meaning of Abhidharma in the earliest texts (such as the
4036:, he wrote that the monks of this region were Mahāsāṃghikas, and mentions the Pūrvaśailas specifically. Near Dhānyakaṭaka, he met two Mahāsāṃghika
5395:"several schools rejected the authority of Abhidharma and claimed that Abhidharma treatises were composed by fallible, human teachers." Macmillan
2770:, sets out the main Theravada theory on conditioned relations and causality. The Patthana is an exhaustive examination of the conditioned nature (
1240:. Similar lists of numerically arranged doctrinal terms can be found in AN 10.27 and AN 10.28. Tse fu Kuan also argues that certain sūtras of the
1043:
of Gautama Buddha (c. 5th century BCE) offer various and sometimes conflicting narratives regarding the canonical status of Abhidharma. While the
8336:
3728:
Abhidhamma remains a living tradition in Theravāda nations today and modern Abhidhamma works continue to be written in modern languages such as
8560:
6614:
4464:
sutras were meant to be a criticism of the view held by some of the Abhidharmikas which saw dharmas as real. Conze also notes that the later
1825:
6777:
3705:
Sri Lankan Theravādins also composed shorter introductory manuals to the Abhidhamma. The most popular and widely used of these remains the
3575:
2672:
No.807) which survives in Chinese and Tibetan translation, and may have been a scripture of the Purvasailas, which was a sub-school of the
6339:
Gone Beyond (Volume 1): The Prajnaparamita Sutras, The Ornament of Clear Realization, and Its Commentaries in the Tibetan Kagyu Tradition,
6418:
3692:(c. 5th century) a South Indian exegete and philosopher who moved to Sri Lanka and wrote various commentaries and treatises in Pali. His
2508:), sees reality as the constant stream of collections of dharmas, and this way of seeing the world is ultimate truth (paramārtha-satya).
1579:
6594:
4007:
have no parallel in existing Indic languages or Chinese or Tibetan translation, suggesting the former breadth of Abhidharma literature.
6885:
298:
6620:
6642:
4084:
1646). Its authorship is attributed to Harivarman, a third-century monk from central India. This work may belong to the Mahāsāṃghika
4365:
752:
6324:
Lamotte, Etienne (French trans.); Karma Migme Chodron (English trans.); The Treatise on the Great Virtue of Wisdom of Nagarjuna –
5464:
9152:
8604:
2789:) in the mental continuum to explain causal interaction between past and present dharmas, this theory was later developed by the
1318:
and Abhidharma can be seen in the fact that it became the basis for one of the seven canonical Abhidharma texts belonging to the
1445:
were combined with each other to produce new ones, and new concepts and schemas were introduced, such as the differentiation of
1092:
773:
dating from the 3rd century BCE onwards, which contain detailed scholastic presentations of doctrinal material appearing in the
8807:
6787:
1305:. The fact that these lists were seen by the early Buddhists as a way to preserve and memorize the doctrine can be seen in the
291:
175:
4852:
Lusthaus, Dan; Buddhist Phenomenology – A philosophical investigation of Yogacara Buddhism and the cheng wei-shih lun, page 4.
6310:
5314:
5038:
4998:"XV. Un grand disciple du Buddha: Sâriputra. Son rôle dans l'histoire du bouddhisme et dans le développement de l'Abhidharma"
4959:"XV. Un grand disciple du Buddha: Sâriputra. Son rôle dans l'histoire du bouddhisme et dans le développement de l'Abhidharma"
3740:, where it has been the primary subject of study since around the 17th century. One of the most important figures in modern
3719:(circa 8th to 12th century). A further period of medieval Sri Lankan scholarship also produced a series of texts called the
6970:
6812:
6354:
Cox, Collett (2003). "Abidharma", in: Buswell, Robert E. ed. Encyclopedia of Buddhism, New York: Macmillan Reference Lib.
4127:
Various Buddhist schools sprang to life, such as the school based on the three Mādhyamaka śāstras, the school based on the
2747:(sambandhika) causation, in which dependent origination is viewed in reference to the relationship between cause and effect
2364:
5892:
ANKUR BARUA, THE LITERATURE OF THERAVADA ABHIDHAMMA, The Centre of Buddhist Studies, The University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong
5670:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (trans), Buddhaghosa, The Path of Purification: Visuddhimagga, Buddhist Publication Society, 1991, p 668.
9147:
6563:
6551:
5599:
Ronkin, Noa, "Abhidharma", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <
1571:, Abhidharma texts continued to be composed, but now they were either commentaries on the canonical texts (like the Pāli
1026:. Peter Skilling describes the Abhidharma literature as "the end-product of several centuries of intellectual endeavor".
9044:
8594:
6689:
6524:
6472:
Takakusu, J. (1905). "On the Abhidhamma books of the Sarvastivadins", Journal of the Pali Text Society, pp. 67–146
6460:
6432:
4601:
4040:
and studied Mahāsāṃghika abhidharma with them for several months, during which time they also studied various Mahāyāna
2439:
and hence accompanied by various mental factors (cetasikas), in a constantly flowing stream of experience occurrences.
777:. It also refers to the scholastic method itself, as well as the field of knowledge that this method is said to study.
5981:
in Bart Dessein and Weijen Teng (ed) "Text, History, and Philosophy Abhidharma across Buddhist Scholastic Traditions."
3957:
sect. The only complete edition of this text is that in Chinese. Sanskrit fragments from this text have been found in
3050:
2723:
Co-existent cause (sahabhu-hetu) – a cause which arises from the mutuality of all dharmas, a 'simultaneous causality.'
2640:" because of their denial of the ultimate reality of all dharmas and their view that all dharmas are characterized by
6890:
6487:
6456:
6411:
6389:
5094:
4641:
2131:
9137:
6286:
pp. 119–140 dans Harrison Paul (eds.) Setting Out on the Great Way. Essays on Early Mahāyāna Buddhism, Equinox Publ.
4135:. These all vied with each other, producing many wondrous offshoots, each giving rise to its own theoretical system.
3969:(MS 2375/08). The manuscripts at this find are thought to have been part of a monastery library of the Mahāsāṃghika
3919:(ca fifth century CE), "undoubtedly one of the most brilliant Abhidharma masters in India". His two main works, the
8822:
8567:
5300:"Differences and similarities in Gandhāran art production: the case of the modelling school of Haḍḍa (Afghanistan)"
4405:
Yogācārins developed an Abhidharma literature set within a Mahāyāna framework. John Keenan, who has translated the
3568:
2848:
A key problem which the Abhidharmikas wished to tackle was the question of how rebirth and karma works if there is
1005:, the Buddhist sūtras deal with sequences and processes, while the Abhidharma texts describe occasions and events.
3608:
school. It consists of seven sections or books. There are also three Abhidhamma type texts which are found in the
3098:
2201:
9214:
9204:
7033:
2818:
1520:
1080:(and its Sanskrit parallel) which says that a learned monk is one who knows the Dharma, Vinaya, and the mātṛkās.
6003:"Abhidhamma Pitaka." Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.
3721:
3060:
2840:(bhaṅgakkhaṇa). They also held that only mental events were momentary, material events could endure for longer.
1666:
tradition it was held that the Abhidhamma was not a later addition, but rather was taught in the fourth week of
1251:("Discourse on Explaining the Spheres", MĀ 86) which includes a list of thirty one topics to be taught to newly
9159:
8812:
8614:
8505:
8450:
7023:
6359:
5542:
Potter, Buswell, Jaini; Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume VII Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD, page 121.
3995:
Many Abhidharma texts have been lost—likely more than have survived. This includes texts brought from India by
3685:. These post-canonical texts attempted to expand and further clarify the analysis presented in the Abhidhamma.
1693:. The tradition holds that the Buddha gave daily summaries of the teachings given in the heavenly realm to the
1286:
1072:
mātṛkā(s)." Analayo thinks that this reflects an early stage, when what later became Abhidharma was called the
214:
5838:
Potter, Buswell, Jaini; Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume VII Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD, page 115
5796:
Potter, Buswell, Jaini; Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume VII Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD, page 114
2488:
The Sarvastivada Abhidharma also used these, along with a fifth category: "factors dissociated from thought" (
9129:
8827:
8510:
6802:
6635:
5814:
Potter, Buswell, Jaini; Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume VII Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD, page 97
5805:
Potter, Buswell, Jaini; Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume VII Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD, page 96
5750:
The Mahāsāṃghikas and the Origin of Mahayana Buddhism: Evidence Provided in the *Abhidharmamahāvibhāṣāśāstra.
5495:
Potter, Buswell, Jaini; Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume VII Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD, page 82
4788:
Potter, Buswell, Jaini; Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Volume VII Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD, page 74
4228:
Abhidharmikas discussed many concepts not widely found in non-Mahāyāna Abhidharma, such as the theory of the
3372:
2753:(avasthika) causation, in which dependent origination involves twelve distinct periods of the five aggregates
1674:, which contains material relating to later disputes and was held to only have been presented as an outline.
5612:
Ven. Rewata Dhamma, Process of Consciousness and Matter: The Philosophical Psychology of Buddhism, chapter 1
4450:
3681:
includes a variety of Abhidhamma commentaries and introductory manuals written after the compilation of the
1554:
school seems not to have accepted them as part of their Buddhist canon. Another school included most of the
1486:
in different ways. Since this happened in different monastic communities located in different regions, they
9308:
8712:
8584:
8555:
8257:
4633:
4291:
A compendium of doctrine and Buddhist meditation, with a strong influence from the Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma.
3284:
2284:
1868:
1744:
1414:
The explanations of the various elements in these lists also dealt with how these elements were connected (
998:
796:
745:
3884:
1605:
381:
8403:
8312:
7782:
7427:
6940:
6835:
3561:
3178:
2579:) occurring due to conditions and void. In this way the characteristic of not-self becomes more evident."
1132:
have argued that the Abhidharma was based on early and ancient lists of doctrinal terms which are called
7947:
2985:
1499:
were substantially different, as can be seen in how different the canonical Abhidharma texts are in the
410:
9252:
8732:
8208:
7694:
6817:
6650:
3259:
3183:
3130:
968:
783:
calls it "an abstract and highly technical systemization of the doctrine," which is "simultaneously a
8142:
5355:"Buddhism." Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008.
3945:
2741:(ksanika) causation, as when all twelve moments of the chain are realized in a single moment of action
2424:
2314:
2299:
1641:
814:
There are different types of Abhidharma literature. The early canonical Abhidharma works, such as the
9142:
8955:
8945:
8817:
7800:
7380:
7141:
7116:
6519:. The Treasury of Knowledge (book six, parts 1 and 2). Ithaca: Snow Lion. pp. 441–613, 849–874.
5127:
Abhidhamma Interpretations of “Persons” (puggala): with Particular Reference to the Aṅguttara Nikāya.
4326:
2457:
1310:
824:
with their accompanying explanations. These texts developed out of early Buddhist lists or matrices (
7166:
3879:
Dharmasresthin, (c. 1st. century B.C.). This text became the model for most of the later treatises.
3085:
2587:
saw dharmas as the ultimately 'real entities' (sad-dravya), though they also held that dharmas were
1478:
Abhidharma and the Vinaya, whose expositions often take the form of a commentary on a summary list.
921:, has said that these Buddhist systems are "among the major achievements of the classical period of
182:
9247:
8599:
8413:
8391:
8384:
8287:
7820:
7440:
7256:
7201:
6822:
6628:
6568:
4420:
4396:
4004:
3442:
3249:
3020:
2822:
1268:
97:
6575:
www.abhidhamma.org – Numerous books and articles on Abhidhamma by Sujin Boriharnwanaket and others
5600:
4721:
4330:. This is a true compendium of Mahāyāna (Yogācāra) Abhidharma by Asanga. Its main sources are the
3999:
belonging to a variety of Indian schools that were never translated into Chinese. Many Abhidharma
3614:
2166:
9184:
9164:
8495:
8475:
8232:
7962:
7206:
6060:
5072:
4044:
together under Xuanzang's direction. On the basis of textual evidence as well as inscriptions at
3912:
views. This text remains the main source for Abhidharma in Indo-Tibetan and East Asian Buddhism.
3656:
3522:
3447:
3322:
2304:
2176:
1878:
1690:
956:
800:
738:
352:
327:
323:
319:
207:
203:
147:
118:
5871:
Kalupahana, David; A history of Buddhist philosophy, continuities and discontinuities, page 206.
5377:
Gethin, Rupert, 1998: The Foundations of Buddhism, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
4492:
2933:
2669:
1780:
1507:
schools. These differences are much more pronounced than among the other canonical collections (
1018:
Modern scholars generally believe that the canonical Abhidharma texts emerged after the time of
9194:
9034:
8702:
8672:
8445:
8396:
8237:
8185:
8180:
7942:
7763:
7660:
7412:
7407:
7156:
6223:
The Buddhist Yogācārabhūmi Treatise and Its Adaptation in India, East Asia, and Tibet, Volume 1
6191:
A Compendium of the Mahayana: Asanga's Mahayanasamgraha and Its Indian and Tibetan Commentaries
5764:
The Lokānuvartana-sūtra Taisho No.807 (T17,751b12-753c23) Translated into Chinese by Lokaksema.
4997:
4958:
4077:
3110:
3105:
3080:
2975:
2771:
2617:
2396:
2171:
1903:
1883:
1637:
1535:
1496:
1294:
1260:
1163:
1023:
955:
Some Western scholars have considered the Abhidharma to be the core of what is referred to as "
889:
821:
571:
562:
525:
7524:
3226:
2423:
give various lists of the constituents of the person such as the five skandhas, the six or 18
2151:
1830:
9199:
9169:
8750:
8682:
8515:
8430:
8425:
8349:
8344:
8262:
6792:
4407:
4229:
4211:
4011:
3748:(1846–1923), was well known for his writings on Abhidhamma (especially his commentary on the
3707:
3590:
3527:
3173:
3010:
2872:
doctrine of the storehouse consciousness (alayavijnana), which was later associated with the
2775:
2633:
2588:
2126:
2056:
1686:
1551:
981:
816:
576:
186:
7815:
6599:
3915:
The most mature and refined form of Vaibhāṣika philosophy can be seen in the work of master
3221:
2883:
or "Personalists" which included the Vātsīputrīya, the Dharmottarīya, the Bhadrayānīya, the
9222:
9189:
9174:
8692:
8589:
8535:
8420:
8359:
8327:
8322:
8307:
8292:
8282:
8247:
8160:
7852:
7775:
7078:
7018:
6767:
6734:
6684:
4295:
4286:
3467:
3377:
3269:
3025:
3015:
2980:
2717:
Universal cause (sarvatraga-hetu) – a homogeneous cause, pertaining only to defiled dharmas
2420:
2219:
1351:
1252:
1213:
501:
389:
338:
9062:
7677:
7546:
7472:
7348:
7086:
6234:
Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor) 1996.
5826:
Priestley, Leonard; Pudgalavada Buddhist Philosophy; Internet Encyclopedia of philosophy,
5421:
Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor) 1996.
5364:
Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor) 1996.
5342:
Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor) 1996.
5284:
Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor) 1996.
5258:
Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor) 1996.
5245:
Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor) 1996.
5232:
Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor) 1996.
5109:
Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor) 1996.
5053:
Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor) 1996.
3804:
also consists of seven texts, but they are quite different works, unlike the Sarvāstivāda
2688:, especially of how momentary dharmas relate to each other through causes and conditions.
8:
9303:
9029:
8908:
8742:
8717:
8707:
8667:
8644:
8527:
8500:
8460:
8379:
8369:
8297:
8224:
7655:
7512:
7293:
7271:
7223:
7043:
6843:
6699:
6679:
6396:
4753:"Scriptural Authenticity and the Śrāvaka Schools: An Essay towards an Indian Perspective"
4528:
4446:
4303:. It mainly discusses traditional Abhidharma concepts, with a few Mahāyāna elements added
3790:
3741:
3000:
2960:
2649:
2319:
1923:
1752:
1622:
1483:
1129:
804:
581:
481:
476:
312:
7003:
6930:
6260:
Peter Harvey, "An Introduction to Buddhism." Cambridge University Press, 1993, page 106.
5028:
4270:
4163:(成實宗). This school is known as one of the six great schools of Japanese Buddhism in the
3805:
2889:
2860:
includes the earliest Pali canonical reference to an important answer to this question:
2849:
2484:). This dhamma is unconditioned it neither arises nor ceases due to causal interaction.
1512:
1159:
405:
9092:
8997:
8839:
8802:
8797:
8727:
8677:
8624:
8619:
8490:
8485:
8480:
8470:
8455:
8440:
8435:
8374:
8354:
8317:
8242:
8047:
7748:
7672:
7550:
7492:
7333:
7233:
7161:
7136:
6782:
6712:
6467:
Buddhist Psychology: An Inquiry into the Analysis and Theory of Mind in Pali Literature
6172:
4764:
4586:
3966:
3699:
3452:
3387:
3317:
3240:
3231:
3168:
3163:
2942:
2806:
2802:
2759:(prakarsika) causation, in which that sequence of causation occurs over three lifetimes
2637:
2540:
states "Abhidharma is the analysis of the svalaksana and samanya-laksana of dharmas".
2496:
world, while the general Sarvastivada tradition eventually enumerated 75 dharma types.
2477:
1976:
1958:
1953:
1893:
1800:
1719:
school ('those who rely on the sutras') rejected the status of the Abhidharma as being
1685:, where he meditated and delivered the Abhidharma teachings to gathered deities in the
1543:
1487:
1456:
972:
603:
8891:
4516:
4512:
4308:
4025:
3609:
3357:
1556:
1056:
940:
has the meaning of "about" or "concerning," and can also be seen in the parallel term
868:
706:
656:
620:
9270:
9232:
8928:
8913:
8876:
8861:
8634:
8550:
8465:
8302:
8267:
8252:
7979:
7969:
7650:
7497:
7482:
7353:
7276:
7196:
7131:
7063:
6950:
6707:
6609:
6520:
6483:
6452:
6407:
6385:
6355:
5939:
Frauwallner, Erich. Kidd, Sophie Francis (translator). Steinkellner, Ernst (editor).
5916:
The Birth of Insight: Meditation, Modern Buddhism, and the Burmese Monk Ledi Sayadaw,
5903:
The Birth of Insight: Meditation, Modern Buddhism, and the Burmese Monk Ledi Sayadaw,
5310:
5090:
5034:
4978:
4678:
4637:
4560:
4536:
4520:
3905:
3771:
3650:
3618:
3497:
3472:
3332:
3289:
3279:
3145:
3120:
3005:
2990:
2354:
2274:
1913:
1531:
1491:
1237:
1225:
1121:
960:
922:
918:
548:
543:
140:
8214:
7008:
6908:
5517:
Poussin, Louis de La Vallee (fr. trans.); Sangpo, Gelong Lodro (eng. trans.) (2012)
4187:
Another complete system of Abhidharma thought is elaborated in certain works of the
3774:
3765:
1785:
1708:
699:
681:
649:
415:
8918:
8871:
8866:
8722:
8687:
8662:
8657:
8408:
8364:
8277:
7952:
7608:
7601:
7385:
7375:
7261:
6925:
6797:
6236:
Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems.
5941:
Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems.
5859:
5847:
5732:
5691:
5679:
5646:
5621:
5423:
Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems.
5366:
Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems.
5344:
Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems.
5286:
Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems.
5260:
Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems.
5247:
Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems.
5234:
Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems.
5111:
Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems.
5055:
Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems.
5009:
4970:
4485:
4351:
4112:
4085:
4081:
4073:
4065:
3916:
3794:
3733:
3729:
3624:
3492:
3477:
3462:
3457:
3075:
2995:
2279:
2121:
2011:
1938:
1618:
1247:
Another text which contains a similar list that acts as a doctrinal summary is the
1117:
1109:
676:
598:
440:
268:
252:
228:
111:
85:
65:
7997:
6604:
4808:
Studies in Abhidharma Literature and the Origins of Buddhist Philosophical Systems
4468:
sutras have been expanded by the insertion of various doctrinal Abhidharma lists.
3970:
2657:
2141:
1805:
633:
586:
9282:
9227:
9179:
9107:
8977:
8775:
8755:
8697:
8609:
8272:
8170:
8017:
7753:
7736:
7721:
7699:
7251:
7121:
6955:
6935:
6546:
6542:
6508:
6475:
4500:
4215:
3678:
3532:
3432:
3352:
3337:
3264:
3038:
2853:
2704:
2554:
2343:
2324:
2309:
2249:
2156:
1873:
1678:
1614:
1547:
1302:
944:(which just means discussions about the vinaya). The other interpretation, where
196:
8027:
7181:
7171:
5749:
4806:
Sophie Francis Kidd, translator; Ernst Steinkellner, editor; Erich Frauwallner;
2814:
2046:
1908:
1775:
688:
9237:
8940:
8790:
8572:
8152:
8132:
8052:
7741:
7731:
7665:
7502:
6988:
6851:
6377:
4508:
4480:
4045:
3813:
3422:
3407:
2584:
2436:
2269:
2244:
2229:
2096:
1667:
1508:
1482:
Therefore, the different Buddhist Abhidharma texts were developed over time as
1324:
1290:, where it is said to have been taught by the Buddha just before passing away.
1019:
905:
770:
466:
168:
5979:
The Contribution of Saṃghabhadra to Our Understanding of Abhidharma Doctrines,
4089:
2810:
2782:
2652:
held "that both the mundane and the supramundane factors are merely nominal (
1790:
1716:
1113:
880:
Abhidharmikas generally considered the Abhidharma to be the pure and literal (
831:
Later post-canonical Abhidharma works were written as either large treatises (
671:
9297:
9007:
8856:
8165:
8067:
7925:
7726:
7704:
7640:
7311:
7106:
7101:
6993:
6662:
6569:
Readable online HTML book of the Dhammasangani (first book of the Abhidhamma)
5956:, Handbuch der Orientalistik. Zweite Abteilung. Indien. Brill, 1998, page XII
4982:
4625:
4621:
4570:
4524:
4392:
4278:
4264:
4225:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4180:
4120:
4115:, and even lead to the formation of its own school of Buddhism in China, the
4104:
3954:
3837:
3694:
3669:
3637:
3507:
3502:
3367:
3216:
3070:
2913:
2873:
2763:
The Sarvastivada Vibhasa-sastrins accepted only static dependent origination
2625:
2567:
2549:
2294:
2254:
2196:
2181:
2161:
1948:
1647:
1599:
1568:
1453:
and new ways of connecting or relating the various elements with each other.
1178:
1125:
1064:
1034:
1002:
976:
933:
910:
780:
774:
713:
663:
511:
395:
284:
7465:
7455:
6827:
6365:
Dutt, Nalinaksha (1978). Buddhist Sects in India, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
6193:(Tsadra), Volume 1, Translator's Introduction. Boulder, Colorado: Snow Lion.
5013:
4974:
4100:
3642:
3347:
2146:
2031:
1681:
built a beautiful jeweled residence for the Buddha to the north-east of the
1301:. The use of lists containing doctrinal statements can similarly be seen in
9097:
9082:
9052:
9002:
8992:
8834:
8629:
8122:
7957:
7835:
7623:
7618:
7445:
7316:
7191:
6652:
6512:
4565:
4473:
4457:
4152:
4060:
4033:
4010:
According to some sources, abhidharma was not accepted as canonical by the
3953:) (T. 1548) is a complete abhidharma text that is thought to come from the
3745:
3482:
3417:
3392:
3294:
3274:
3125:
3115:
3065:
2880:
2684:
Another important project for the Abhidharmikas was to outline a theory of
2673:
2392:
2264:
2224:
2061:
2001:
1720:
1704:
1629:
1500:
1461:
1319:
1168:
1068:
964:
877:
640:
425:
371:
7880:
7865:
7825:
7522:
7186:
6762:
6444:
6438:
4834:
See, for instance, Rhys Davids (1900), Trungpa (1975), and Goleman (2004).
4453:, "only makes sense against the historical background of the Abhidharma."
4194:
tradition (which mainly evolved out of the Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma). This
3664:
3599:
3241:
3232:
2504:
enlightened persons like the Buddha, who have developed the true insight (
2051:
820:, are not philosophical treatises but mainly summaries and expositions of
471:
435:
9067:
8896:
8037:
8022:
7805:
7613:
7541:
7321:
7151:
7053:
6900:
6772:
6559:
4471:
There is also plenty of Abhidharma material (mainly Sarvāstivāda) in the
4164:
3977:
3962:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3831:
3689:
3660:
3542:
3512:
3487:
3342:
3327:
2917:
2879:
This problem was also taken up by a group of Buddhist schools termed the
2731:
2714:
Homogeneous cause (sabhäga-hetu) – dharma A(1) causes another dharma A(2)
2605:
2592:
2537:
2041:
2026:
2021:
1795:
1671:
1651:
1594:
1465:
1039:
625:
486:
9057:
7517:
6589:
6584:
6311:
The Perfection of Wisdom in Eight Thousand Lines & Its Verse Summary
5399:(2004), page 2. (A similar statement can be found on pages 112 and 756.)
4768:
4752:
3808:, which are very close, often identical, to the suttas of the Theravada
3402:
2533:
1526:
These different Abhidharmic theories were (together with differences in
9012:
8970:
8846:
8577:
8191:
8175:
8137:
8117:
8012:
7987:
7895:
7830:
7810:
7556:
7487:
7358:
7241:
7211:
7146:
7096:
6754:
6744:
6717:
4428:), rather than as it was understood in acts of conceptual apprehension.
4360:
4207:
4203:
4144:
4095:
3893:
3876:
3595:
3537:
3437:
3427:
3254:
3201:
3055:
3045:
2826:
2734:
treatment of dependent origination, four different types are outlined:
2645:
2621:
2562:
2512:
2500:
2289:
2186:
2066:
2006:
1943:
1918:
1815:
1682:
1610:
1573:
1146:
990:
986:
839:
788:
784:
8032:
7028:
6580:
www.abhidhamma.com – Abhidhamma the Buddhist Philosophy and Psychology
6249:"A Note on Abhidharma-samuccaya-bhasya and its Author (Sthiramati?),"
6102:
The Continuity of Madhyamaka and Yogacara in Indian Mahayana Buddhism.
4676:
4307:
According to Frauwallner, this text is based on the Abhidharma of the
4262:), the Mahāyāna buddhology of the three bodies of the Buddha, the ten
3649:
were translated into English in the 20th century and published by the
2036:
1333:
218:
8987:
8960:
8127:
8002:
7714:
7630:
7507:
7397:
7370:
7363:
7326:
7283:
7246:
7013:
6978:
6945:
6920:
6875:
6504:, Hamburg Buddhist Studies 2, Hamburg: Hamburg University Press, 2014
5753:
The Eastern Buddhist 40/1&2: 25–61. The Eastern Buddhist Society.
4416:
4251:
4243:
4238:
4179:
Statue of Xuanzang, the Chinese monk who brought and translated many
4016:
3716:
3605:
3412:
3362:
3140:
3135:
2950:
2884:
2793:
school in their theory of “storehouse consciousness” (ālayavijñāna).
2685:
2505:
2259:
1991:
1820:
1697:
1663:
1633:
1603:, remains the main reference work of the Theravāda school, while the
1504:
1101:
1060:
873:
852:
844:
693:
506:
16:
Buddhist traditions and texts dating from the 3rd century BCE onwards
8760:
7596:
7450:
7216:
6998:
6867:
6859:
4677:
The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica (2008). "Abhidhamma Pitaka".
3206:
2899:
The Sarvastivadin Abhidharmikas also developed the novel idea of an
1898:
1244:(AN 3.25, AN 4.87–90, AN 9.42–51) illustrates an Abhidharma method.
491:
154:
9277:
9117:
9072:
9017:
8982:
8886:
8545:
8112:
8107:
8057:
7992:
7910:
7875:
7870:
7531:
7402:
7390:
7301:
6960:
6657:
6225:
Harvard University, Department of South Asian studies, 2013, p. 45.
5827:
4555:
4356:
4219:
4175:
4029:
3996:
3786:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2790:
2767:
2338:
2239:
2081:
2071:
1996:
1986:
1933:
1850:
1810:
1539:
1534:, which resulted in the fragmented early Buddhist landscape of the
1438:
1298:
1297:
since they served as aids for the memorization and teaching of the
1173:
856:
848:
593:
363:
37:
8102:
8092:
8077:
7900:
7770:
7038:
6076:
Mind in Dispute: The Section on Mind in Harivarman’s *Tattvasiddhi
5728:
5726:
5557:
4024:
is said to have found a Mahāsāṃghika Abhidharma at a monastery in
3892:, 5th century), a series of verses and accompanying commentary by
3882:
The most influential of these treatises however, is certainly the
2136:
2116:
2111:
1293:
Analayo notes that these various lists served a useful purpose in
1204:, and it was from these lists that the Abhidharma later developed.
496:
302:
9022:
8965:
8950:
8097:
8087:
8062:
7937:
7932:
7890:
7860:
7792:
7758:
7645:
7586:
7581:
7435:
7338:
7176:
7126:
6913:
6739:
6089:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
6048:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
6019:
Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture.
5658:
Harvey, in his excellent INTRODUCTION TO BUDDHISM, page 87 wrote:
4591:
4504:
4159:
School was transmitted to Japan in 625 CE, where it was known as
4041:
4037:
3958:
3782:
3778:
3770:
The most influential Indian Abhidharma tradition was that of the
3737:
3547:
3517:
3382:
2520:
2428:
2191:
1835:
1694:
1585:
1484:
Buddhist monks and philosophers expanded their analytical methods
1402:(indetermined). An early form of this method can be found in the
1345:
1340:
1331:
Frauwallner notes that basic fundamental concepts such as the 12
952:
means "higher teaching", seems to have been a later development.
833:
610:
533:
446:
430:
400:
7709:
7477:
6029:
6027:
5705:
Emptiness Appraised: A Critical Study of Nāgārjuna's Philosophy,
5089:. Vol. 1. New York: MacMillan Reference USA. pp. 1–7.
2786:
2620:
did not accept the svabhava concept, instead positing a kind of
2467:
1374:
9102:
9087:
8923:
8785:
8765:
8540:
8202:
8082:
8072:
8007:
7635:
7591:
7576:
7566:
7536:
7460:
7343:
7111:
6983:
6727:
6722:
6419:"The Dhamma Theory Philosophical Cornerstone of the Abhidhamma"
6382:
Destructive Emotions: A Scientific Dialogue with the Dalai Lama
6013:
6011:
6009:
5723:
5601:
http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2014/entries/abhidharma/
4300:
4199:
4021:
4000:
3299:
2912:
Some Abhidharmikas such as the Sarvastivadins also defended an
2101:
2091:
2076:
2016:
1840:
1760:
1735:
1527:
1516:
1185:
are from an earlier date than the Abhidharma texts themselves.
1097:
1030:
994:
792:
538:
126:
5521:. pp. 1200. Motilal Banarsidass. Delhi. ISBN 978-81-208-3609-9
4519:, have questioned this, holding that the author was instead a
3904:
perspective. The Sautrantikas were a dissent group within the
2664:
This view that dharmas are empty or void is also found in the
9242:
9077:
8935:
8901:
8881:
8851:
8780:
8197:
8042:
7920:
7915:
7885:
7840:
7687:
7682:
7561:
7266:
7091:
7058:
7048:
6610:
Unravelling the Mysteries of Mind and Body through Abhidhamma
6579:
6574:
6480:
Glimpses of Abhidharma: From a Seminar on Buddhist Psychology
6297:
Studies in the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā and Other Essays.
6024:
5129:
J Indian Philos (2015) 43:31–60 DOI 10.1007/s10781-014-9228-5
4658:
An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices
4395:
Abhidharma texts served as the foundations of the East Asian
4379:
3854:
3211:
2900:
2720:
Retribution cause (vipäka-hetu) – leads to karmic retribution
2447:
2391:
The Abhidharma texts' field of inquiry extends to the entire
2234:
2106:
2086:
6006:
5994:; Theravāda doctrine, Volume 2, p. 86. Taylor & Francis.
5718:
Consciousness and Causality: Dharmakīrti Against Physicalism
1530:) some of the various causes for the splits in the monastic
9112:
7905:
7571:
7068:
6271:
The Scripture on the Explication of the Underlying Meaning.
5792:
5790:
3980:
Abhidharma type texts also survive in Chinese, such as the
3663:(c. 5th century), the most important Abhidhamma scholar of
3397:
2893:
948:
is interpreted as meaning "higher" or "superior", and thus
51:
6517:
Indo-Tibetan Classical Learning and Buddhist Phenomenology
5992:
Buddhism: The early Buddhist schools and doctrinal history
5545:
2801:
A prominent argument between the Abhidharmikas was on the
1613:
remains the primary source for Abhidharma studies in both
1546:. These various Abhidharma works were not accepted by all
8770:
7306:
6201:
6199:
6185:
6183:
5446:
5444:
4355:("Discourse on the Perfection of Consciousness-only") by
3935:阿毘達磨顯宗論), are key sources of late Vaibhāṣika Abhidharma.
2711:
Efficient cause (karana-hetu) – dharma A, causes dharma B
1845:
6605:
Books results for Abdhidhamma search on Internet Archive
6600:
Online excerpt of a well-known book about the Abhidhamma
6062:
The Korean Buddhist Canon: A Descriptive Catalog (K 966)
5787:
4672:
4670:
4668:
4666:
3688:
The most influential of these commentaries are those of
5524:
4317:
a commentary on the work above, possibly by Sthiramati.
6196:
6180:
5441:
4527:
and wrote this text. It is a very influential text in
3789:. This is the Abhidharma tradition that is studied in
3777:
school, which was dominant in North India, especially
2679:
932:
and its parallels) was simply a discussion concerning
257:
5874:
4663:
4198:
Abhidharma can be found in the works of figures like
4119:(成實宗), which was founded in 412 CE. As summarized by
4072:), is an extant Abhidharma text which was popular in
3862:
is a major source in Tibetan and East Asian Buddhism.
997:, all integrated into the framework of a program for
795:, all integrated into the framework of a program for
242:
6395:
Horner, I.B. (1963). The book of discipline Vol. V (
5784:
Dhammajoti, K.L. Sarvastivada Abhidharma, page 189-.
5452:
The literature of the Personalists of early Buddhism
4895:, ed Denwood and Piatigorski, Curzon, London, 1982/3
4882:
Bodhi, A comprehensive manual of Abhidhamma, page 3.
4289:(Treatise on the Foundation for Yoga Practitioners).
1628:
In the modern era, only the Abhidharma texts of the
1311:
Jain community became divided over doctrinal matters
896:), while the sutras were considered 'conventional' (
6141:
6139:
6125:
6123:
5775:
Dhammajoti, K.L. Sarvastivada Abhidharma, page 183.
2462:
mental factors, mental events, associated mentality
6328:, Vol. III Chapters XXXI–XLII , 2001, pp. 876–877.
3736:. Abhidhamma studies are particularly stressed in
2691:The Sarvastivadin analysis focused on six causes (
1328:, which is effectively a commentary on the sūtra.
971:while Noa Ronkin and Kenneth Inada equate it with
6595:Access to Insight – description of the Abhidhamma
4680:Encyclopædia Britannica. Ultimate Reference Suite
4378:a commentary on the above, by Xuanzang's student
1309:and its various parallels, which mention how the
1083:
9295:
6136:
6120:
5952:Willemen, Charles; Dessein, Bart; Cox, Collett.
3800:Like the Theravada Abhidharma, the Sarvāstivāda
2843:
317:
4878:
4876:
4511:(c. 2nd century), but various scholars such as
1542:could reportedly collect Abhidharma texts from
1492:various schisms in the early Buddhist community
1263:. These two do not have any parallels in Pali.
1076:. The term appears in some sūtras, such as the
1047:does not speak of an Abhidharma apart from the
5002:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient
4963:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient
4343:by Vasubandhu, a commentary on the work above.
3938:
3725:(which are commentaries to the commentaries).
1490:. This divergence was perhaps enhanced by the
936:, or talking about the Dharma. In this sense,
775:canonical Buddhist scriptures and commentaries
158:
145:
42:
32:higher teaching, meta-teaching, about dharmas
6636:
6507:
5926:
5924:
4725:(Summer 2018 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).
3569:
2372:
1172:, likely began as a condensed version of the
746:
273:
233:
130:
116:
101:
90:
72:
70:
7418:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna
5822:
5820:
5465:"Abhidharma – Tibetan Buddhist Encyclopedia"
4873:
1640:and also in Sanskrit fragments, such as the
201:
6160:Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen.
6147:Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen.
6131:Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen.
5519:Abhidharmakośa-Bhāṣya of Vasubandhu Vol. II
5450:Thích, Thiện Châu, Boin-Webb, Sara (1999).
4620:
4258:, the fundamental revolution of the basis (
4151:School is counted among the ten schools of
4064:("the treatise that accomplishes reality";
3984:(Taisho no. 1506 pp. 15c-30a) and the
3818:('Foundation of Knowledge'), also known as
3645:in the first century BCE. The books of the
2668:(‘The Sutra of Conformity with the World’,
1422:) all main terms into the schema of the 12
1368:Another related early method is called the
173:
6643:
6629:
6416:
5921:
5766:Journal of Buddhist Studies, VolI V, 2006.
5563:
5551:
5530:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4076:. This Abhidharma is now contained in the
3759:
3713:Compendium of the Topics of the Abhidharma
3576:
3562:
2817:and Theravada schools argued against this
2766:The last book of the Pali Abhidhamma, the
2379:
2365:
1488:developed in separate doctrinal directions
753:
739:
289:
56:
6585:BuddhaNet – description of the Abhidhamma
5817:
5595:
5593:
5591:
5589:
5587:
5585:
5033:. Courier Corporation. pp. 159–160.
3908:tradition that rejected many of the core
3677:In addition to the canonical Abhidharma,
2443:dhammas in the Theravada Abhidhamma are:
6404:The Heart Sutra: The Womb of the Buddhas
6251:J Bihar Res. Society, XXXV, 1949, p. 45.
5694:, Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma, page 187-188.
5297:
4843:Nyanaponika, Abhidhamma studies, page 35
4750:
4523:monk learned in Abhidharma who became a
4174:
3853:
3655:
1455:
1091:
959:". Other scholars on the topic, such as
8605:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal
5918:pp. 50–63. University of Chicago Press.
5480:
5438:, pp. 55 – 56. Oxford University Press.
4861:Ronkin, Noa; Early Buddhist metaphysics
4729:
4723:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4432:
3594:is the third pitaka, or basket, of the
2927:
2519:The ultimate goal of the Abhidharma is
9296:
8808:List of Buddhist architecture in China
6482:. Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications.
6368:
6205:
5973:
5971:
5880:
5582:
5121:
5119:
5026:
4170:
4147:as the school's founder in China. The
4051:
2632:). This view was widespread among the
2565:, a later Theravada commentary on the
2532:The Abhidharmikas often used the term
1928:
1689:heaven, including his deceased mother
6624:
6219:The Foundation for Yoga Practitioners
5743:
5741:
5666:
5664:
5508:, pp. 48–49. Oxford University Press.
5309:. Archaeopress Archaeology: 143–163.
5228:
5226:
5078:
4995:
4956:
4817:
4815:
2778:reduces them all to four main types.
1192:The oldest Buddhist tradition has no
1140:). Migot points to the mention of a "
1013:
1008:
6615:A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma
6465:Rhys Davids, Caroline A. F. (1914).
5577:A comprehensive manual of Abhidhamma
4921:pp. 17–19. Hamburg University Press.
4908:pp. 16–17. Hamburg University Press.
4825:pp. 70–71. Hamburg University Press.
4716:
4714:
4708:pp. 79–83. Hamburg University Press.
4700:
4698:
4660:, p. 90. Cambridge University Press.
4630:A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma
2726:Conjoined cause (samprayuktaka-hetu)
2636:Nikaya. One school was even called "
1657:
1276:appears in various sūtras, like the
967:, describe Abhidharma as a Buddhist
6564:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
6552:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
6449:(Compendium of States or Phenomena)
5968:
5954:Sarvastivada Buddhist Scholasticism
5905:p. 63. University of Chicago Press.
5862:, Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma, page 260
5850:, Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma, page 259
5457:
5116:
5085:Cox, Collett (2004). "Abhidharma".
5084:
5047:
4507:. The work claims it is written by
4415:The Yogācāra masters inherited the
2680:Causality and dependent origination
2559:Paramatthamañjusa Visuddhimaggatika
2472:physical occurrences, material form
1597:(5th century CE), particularly the
1544:seven different Buddhist traditions
1100:, a painting at the Nava Jetavana,
1033:accounts on the compilation of the
13:
8595:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
6540:
6494:
5738:
5735:, Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma, page 66
5661:
5649:, Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma, page 25
5624:, Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma, page 24
5223:
5087:MacMillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism
4812:
4683:. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica
4602:Index of Buddhism-related articles
4391:) alone is ultimately "real." The
3826:was said to be composed by master
1650:school and various texts from the
1284:(and their parallels), and in the
1150:as the precursor to the canonical
1096:Depiction of the First Council at
14:
9320:
6534:
6078:, p. 23, University of Washington
5682:, Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma, page32
5412:, p. 55. Oxford University Press.
5275:p. 168. Hamburg University Press.
4711:
4695:
3667:, presenting three copies of the
3635:, like the rest of the Theravāda
2785:school used a theory of 'seeds' (
884:) description of ultimate truth (
9276:
9266:
9265:
8823:Thai temple art and architecture
8568:Huichang persecution of Buddhism
6808:Iconography in Laos and Thailand
6674:
6661:
6651:
6331:
6318:
6302:
6299:p. 30. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
6289:
6276:
6263:
6254:
6241:
6228:
6211:
6189:Brunnholzl, Karl (2019) trans.,
6165:
6152:
6107:
6094:
6081:
6068:
6053:
6040:
6035:Buddhist Sects and Sectarianism.
5828:http://www.iep.utm.edu/pudgalav/
5333:p. 83. Hamburg University Press.
5220:p. 31. Hamburg University Press.
5207:p. 27. Hamburg University Press.
5194:p. 24. Hamburg University Press.
5181:p. 49. Hamburg University Press.
5168:p. 15. Hamburg University Press.
5155:p. 48. Hamburg University Press.
5142:p. 41. Hamburg University Press.
4947:p. 21. Hamburg University Press.
4934:p. 20. Hamburg University Press.
4299:("Compendium of Abhidharma") by
3830:. This became the basis for the
2959:
2402:
2348:
2337:
1759:
1734:
370:
6675:
6590:BuddhaNet – Abhidhamma articles
6428:. Buddhist Publication Society.
5997:
5984:
5959:
5946:
5933:
5908:
5895:
5886:
5865:
5853:
5841:
5832:
5808:
5799:
5778:
5769:
5756:
5710:
5697:
5685:
5673:
5652:
5640:
5627:
5615:
5606:
5569:
5536:
5511:
5498:
5489:
5471:
5428:
5415:
5402:
5389:
5380:
5371:
5358:
5349:
5336:
5323:
5291:
5278:
5265:
5252:
5239:
5210:
5197:
5184:
5171:
5158:
5145:
5132:
5103:
5060:
5020:
4989:
4950:
4937:
4924:
4911:
4898:
4885:
4864:
4855:
4846:
4837:
4828:
4499:was translated into Chinese by
4222:(Hsüan-tsang), and Vinītadeva.
4111:maintained great popularity in
2868:This concept is similar to the
2648:(499–569), another school, the
1550:as canonical; for example, the
1158:, said to have been recited by
888:) and an expression of perfect
8813:Japanese Buddhist architecture
8615:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
7695:Seven Factors of Enlightenment
6886:Places where the Buddha stayed
6341:p. 94. Shambhala Publications.
4800:
4791:
4782:
4650:
4614:
4131:, and the school based on the
2796:
2452:Mind, Consciousness, awareness
1677:According to their tradition,
1409:
1350:often occur as a group in the
979:writes that the system of the
822:early Buddhist doctrinal lists
1:
8828:Tibetan Buddhist architecture
6284:Abhidharma in early Mahāyāna,
6217:Ulrich Timme Kragh (editor),
5307:The Geography of Gandhara Art
4607:
4503:(344–413 CE) and his student
4397:"Consciousness Only school" (
4315:Abhidharma-samuccaya-bhasyam,
3833:Abhidharma Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra
2844:Rebirth and personal identity
1583:), or independent treatises (
862:
8585:Buddhism and the Roman world
8561:Decline of Buddhism in India
8556:History of Buddhism in India
6656: Topics in
5454:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass
5298:Vanleene, Alexandra (2019).
4634:Buddhist Publication Society
4451:Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā
3890:Treasury of Higher Knowledge
2852:to be reborn apart from the
1869:Buddhist logico-epistemology
1569:foundational Buddhist canons
7:
7783:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar
7523:
6469:, London: G. Bell and Sons.
6445:
6439:
6433:Rhys Davids, Caroline A. F.
6282:Bronkhorst Johannes, 2018.
5506:The Foundations of Buddhism
5436:The Foundations of Buddhism
5410:The Foundations of Buddhism
5030:History of Buddhist Thought
4891:"Pali oral literature", in
4720:Ronkin, Noa, "Abhidharma",
4543:
4236:) which includes the novel
3946:Śāriputra Abhidharma Śāstra
3939:Other Abhidharma traditions
3600:
3242:
3233:
3179:Sri Lankan Forest Tradition
2916:. However unlike the Hindu
2527:
1726:
1643:Śāriputra Abhidharma Śāstra
303:
243:
219:
187:
159:
131:
102:
10:
9325:
8733:The unanswerable questions
6348:
6174:What is and isn't Yogacara
5027:Thomas, Edward J. (1953).
4490:Mahāprajñāpāramitāupadeśa*
4479:The Treatise on the Great
4281:Abhidharma works include:
4183:Abhidharma texts to China.
4155:Buddhism. From China, the
3965:, and are now part of the
3929:*Abhidharmasamayapradīpikā
3763:
3184:Southern Esoteric Buddhism
2931:
2907:
1904:Interdependent origination
1188:According to Frauwallner,
9261:
9213:
9128:
9043:
8818:Buddhist temples in Korea
8741:
8643:
8526:
8223:
8151:
7978:
7851:
7791:
7426:
7381:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
7292:
7284:Three planes of existence
7232:
7077:
6969:
6899:
6891:Buddha in world religions
6753:
6698:
6670:
6373:, Oxford University Press
6337:Brunnholzl, Karl (2011).
5331:"The Dawn of Abhidharma,"
5273:"The Dawn of Abhidharma,"
5218:"The Dawn of Abhidharma,"
5205:"The Dawn of Abhidharma,"
5192:"The Dawn of Abhidharma,"
5179:"The Dawn of Abhidharma,"
5166:"The Dawn of Abhidharma,"
5153:"The Dawn of Abhidharma,"
5140:"The Dawn of Abhidharma,"
4945:"The Dawn of Abhidharma,"
4932:"The Dawn of Abhidharma,"
4919:"The Dawn of Abhidharma,"
4906:"The Dawn of Abhidharma,"
4823:"The Dawn of Abhidharma,"
4706:"The Dawn of Abhidharma,"
2421:early Buddhist scriptures
1567:After the closing of the
1154:. Migot argues that this
337:
318:
311:
290:
283:
274:
267:
258:
251:
234:
227:
202:
195:
174:
167:
146:
139:
117:
110:
91:
84:
73:
71:
64:
50:
43:
36:
28:
21:
8600:Persecution of Buddhists
7821:Four stages of awakening
7202:Three marks of existence
6788:Physical characteristics
6451:. Kessinger Publishing.
6326:Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra
5965:Dhammajoti (2009) p. 59.
5943:SUNY Press. pp. 18, 100.
5397:Encyclopedia of Buddhism
5346:SUNY Press. pp. 124–125.
5057:SUNY Press. pp. 18, 100.
4751:Skilling, Peter (2010).
4366:Triṃśikā-vijñaptimātratā
4341:Mahāyānasaṃgraha-bhāṣya,
4332:Abhidharmamahāyānasūtra,
4080:, in sixteen fascicles (
4005:Gandharan Buddhist texts
3869:Abhidharma-hṛdaya-sastra
1255:. The last sutra of the
7963:Ten principal disciples
6846:(aunt, adoptive mother)
6417:Karunadasa, Y. (1996).
6371:Foundations of Buddhism
6369:Gethin, Rupert (1998),
5990:Williams, Paul (2005).
5566:, p. Introduction.
5504:Gethin, Rupert (1998).
5434:Gethin, Rupert (1998).
5408:Gethin, Rupert (1998).
5073:Oxford University Press
5068:Foundations of Buddhism
5014:10.3406/befeo.1954.5607
5008:(2): 524–524, 537–540.
4975:10.3406/befeo.1954.5607
4347:Vijñapti-mātratā-siddhi
4321:Abhidharmamahāyānasūtra
4014:school. The Theravādin
3873:The Heart of Abhidharma
3760:Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma
3523:Varanggana Vanavichayen
3260:Seven Aids to Awakening
2511:As the Indian Buddhist
2499:For the Abhidharmikas,
2490:cittaviprayuktasaṃskāra
2305:Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo
1971:Pre-modern philosophers
1879:Buddhism and psychology
1548:Indian Buddhist schools
1460:Seated Buddha from the
1024:later Buddhist thinkers
957:Buddhism and psychology
867:The Belgian Indologist
8673:Buddhism and democracy
8186:Tibetan Buddhist canon
8181:Chinese Buddhist canon
7413:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
7408:Early Buddhist schools
6502:The Dawn of Abhidharma
6406:, Shoemaker 7 Hoard.
6308:Conze, Edward (1973).
6295:Mäll, Linnart (2005).
6269:Keenan, John P. (tr).
5747:Dessein, Bart (2009).
5703:Burton, David (1999).
5635:Buddhism as philosophy
4656:Harvey, Peter (2013).
4430:
4411:into English, writes:
4374:Cheng weishi lun shuji
4184:
4137:
4078:Chinese Buddhist canon
3986:Sammatiyanikayasastra.
3863:
3750:Abhidhammatthasangaha,
3674:
3612:(‘Minor Collection’):
3106:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
3081:Abhidhammattha-sangaha
2618:early Buddhist schools
2614:
2589:dependently originated
2581:
2397:early Buddhist schools
1884:Buddhist vegetarianism
1700:, who passed them on.
1609:(4–5th century CE) of
1536:early Buddhist schools
1497:early Buddhist schools
1480:
1469:
1206:
1105:
1084:The ancient core (the
904:) teachings, given by
572:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
563:Early Buddhist schools
526:Pre-sectarian Buddhism
57:
8683:Eight Consciousnesses
6793:Life of Buddha in art
6100:Harris, Ian Charles.
5288:SUNY Press. pp. 9–11.
4996:Migot, André (1954).
4957:Migot, André (1954).
4413:
4408:Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra
4230:eight consciousnesses
4178:
4125:
4003:discovered among the
3933:Apidamo xian zong lun
3896:. It often critiques
3857:
3708:Abhidhammatthasangaha
3659:
3528:Dhammananda Bhikkhuni
3174:Thai Forest Tradition
2776:Abhidhammatthasangaha
2610:
2573:
2482:Extinction, cessation
2464:), there are 52 types
2355:Philosophy portal
2057:Dharmapala of Nalanda
1652:Pudgalavāda tradition
1475:
1459:
1287:Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra
1212:can be found in some
1208:The extensive use of
1190:
1181:also writes that the
1095:
985:is "simultaneously a
9160:East Asian religions
8590:Buddhism in the West
8161:Early Buddhist texts
7776:Four Right Exertions
7242:Ten spiritual realms
6735:Noble Eightfold Path
5914:Braun, Erik (2013).
5901:Braun, Erik (2013).
4757:The Eastern Buddhist
4296:Abhidharma-samuccaya
4287:Yogācārabhūmi-Śāstra
3885:Abhidharmakośabhāsya
3860:Abhidharmakośabhāsya
3754:Paramatthadipanitika
3604:), the canon of the
3378:Anagarika Dharmapala
3285:Enlightenment Stages
3270:Noble Eightfold Path
2934:Theravāda Abhidhamma
2928:Theravāda Abhidhamma
2699:) and five effects (
2695:), four conditions (
2220:Anagarika Dharmapala
1378:(form, physical) or
1352:early Buddhist texts
1269:bodhipākṣikā dharmāḥ
1214:early Buddhist texts
1108:Western scholars of
837:), as commentaries (
828:) of key teachings.
769:are a collection of
445:Tibetan EBTs in the
390:Early Buddhist Texts
339:Glossary of Buddhism
9309:Buddhist literature
9283:Religion portal
9030:Temple of the Tooth
8909:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
7948:Upāsaka and Upāsikā
7441:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā
7224:Two truths doctrine
7044:Mahapajapati Gotamī
6844:Mahapajapati Gotamī
6384:. NY: Bantam Dell.
6238:SUNY Press. p. 144.
5716:Christian Coseru, "
5425:SUNY Press. p. 130.
5368:SUNY Press. p. 127.
4529:East Asian Buddhism
4447:Johannes Bronkhorst
4244:the three natures (
4171:Mahāyāna Abhidharma
4061:Tattvasiddhi Śāstra
4053:Tattvasiddhi Śāstra
3791:East Asian Buddhism
3086:Yogāvacara's manual
3051:Paracanonical texts
2666:Lokānuvartana-sūtra
2344:Religion portal
2214:Modern philosophers
1924:Two truths doctrine
1753:Buddhist philosophy
1623:East Asian Buddhism
1521:temporal eternalism
1130:Johannes Bronkhorst
1045:Mahāsāṅghika Vinaya
482:Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī
9205:Western philosophy
8803:Dzong architecture
8625:Vipassana movement
8620:Buddhist modernism
8048:Emperor Wen of Sui
7816:Pratyekabuddhayāna
7749:Threefold Training
7551:Vipassana movement
7267:Hungry Ghost realm
7087:Avidyā (Ignorance)
7034:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta
6783:Great Renunciation
6778:Eight Great Events
6660:
6617:(Amazon book link)
6500:Anālayo, Bhikkhu,
6247:Prahlad Pradhan,
4587:Pratitya-samutpada
4359:– a commentary on
4185:
4133:Satyasiddhi Śāstra
4109:Satyasiddhi Śāstra
3982:Traidharmakasastra
3967:Schøyen Collection
3951:Shèlìfú Āpítán Lùn
3864:
3675:
3453:K. Sri Dhammananda
3388:Vajirananavarorasa
3318:Moggaliputta-Tissa
3275:Four Divine Abodes
3169:Vipassana movement
3164:Buddhist modernism
2952:Theravāda Buddhism
2901:intermediate state
2836:all three times).
2803:Philosophy of time
2563:Acariya Dhammapala
2429:twelve sense bases
1977:Moggaliputta-Tissa
1959:Buddhist modernism
1470:
1398:(unwholesome), or
1253:ordained monastics
1106:
1078:Mahāgopālaka-sutta
1014:Modern scholarship
1009:Origin and history
973:process philosophy
900:) and figurative (
534:Kingdom of Magadha
9291:
9290:
8929:Om mani padme hum
8635:Women in Buddhism
8551:Buddhist councils
8421:Western countries
8209:Madhyamakālaṃkāra
7970:Shaolin Monastery
7547:Samatha-vipassanā
7157:Pratītyasamutpāda
6961:Metteyya/Maitreya
6879:
6871:
6863:
6855:
6847:
6839:
6831:
6708:Four Noble Truths
6440:Abhidhamma-Piṭaka
6402:Red Pine (2004).
6050:2005. pp. 212–213
6033:Baruah, Bibhuti.
5486:Pine 2004, pg. 12
5316:978-1-78969-186-3
5262:SUNY Press. p. 6.
5249:SUNY Press. p. 5.
5236:SUNY Press. p. 4.
5113:SUNY Press. p. 3.
5040:978-0-486-42104-9
4797:Cox 2003, pp. 1–7
4581:Buddhist concepts
4561:Abhidhamma Pitaka
4537:Abhisamayālaṅkāra
4369:("Thirty Verses")
4252:mere cognizance (
4234:aṣṭa vijñānakāyāḥ
4088:school or to the
3802:Abhidharma Pitaka
3683:Abhidhamma Piṭaka
3651:Pāli Text Society
3647:Abhidhamma Piṭaka
3633:Abhidhamma Piṭaka
3615:Paṭisambhidāmagga
3591:Abhidhamma Piṭaka
3586:
3585:
3280:Four Noble Truths
3146:Pali Text Society
3121:Buddhist councils
2821:view in favor of
2501:truth was twofold
2389:
2388:
2275:K. N. Jayatilleke
2172:Acariya Anuruddha
1658:Traditional views
1562:Abhidhamma Piṭaka
1439:Buddhist doctrine
1390:and the triad of
1386:(constructed) or
1299:Buddhist doctrine
1261:dependent arising
1228:, as well as the
1174:Buddhist doctrine
1166:according to the
1122:Erich Frauwallner
982:Abhidhamma Piṭaka
961:Nyanaponika Thera
930:Mahāgosiṅga-sutta
923:Indian philosophy
919:Erich Frauwallner
817:Abhidhamma Piṭaka
763:
762:
549:Buddhist councils
544:Moggaliputtatissa
344:
343:
9316:
9281:
9280:
9269:
9268:
9108:Sacred languages
8956:Maya Devi Temple
8919:Mahabodhi Temple
8723:Secular Buddhism
8688:Engaged Buddhism
7528:
7376:Tibetan Buddhism
7327:Vietnamese Thiền
6926:Mahāsthāmaprāpta
6877:
6869:
6861:
6853:
6845:
6837:
6829:
6678:
6677:
6665:
6655:
6645:
6638:
6631:
6622:
6621:
6556:
6547:Zalta, Edward N.
6530:
6509:Kongtrul, Jamgon
6476:Trungpa, Chogyam
6461:Internet Archive
6448:
6442:
6429:
6423:
6399:), London Luzac.
6374:
6342:
6335:
6329:
6322:
6316:
6306:
6300:
6293:
6287:
6280:
6274:
6267:
6261:
6258:
6252:
6245:
6239:
6232:
6226:
6215:
6209:
6203:
6194:
6187:
6178:
6169:
6163:
6158:Nan, Huai-Chin.
6156:
6150:
6145:Nan, Huai-Chin.
6143:
6134:
6129:Nan, Huai-Chin.
6127:
6118:
6111:
6105:
6098:
6092:
6087:Walser, Joseph.
6085:
6079:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6057:
6051:
6046:Walser, Joseph.
6044:
6038:
6031:
6022:
6017:Walser, Joseph.
6015:
6004:
6001:
5995:
5988:
5982:
5975:
5966:
5963:
5957:
5950:
5944:
5937:
5931:
5928:
5919:
5912:
5906:
5899:
5893:
5890:
5884:
5878:
5872:
5869:
5863:
5860:K. L. Dhammajoti
5857:
5851:
5848:K. L. Dhammajoti
5845:
5839:
5836:
5830:
5824:
5815:
5812:
5806:
5803:
5797:
5794:
5785:
5782:
5776:
5773:
5767:
5760:
5754:
5745:
5736:
5733:K. L. Dhammajoti
5730:
5721:
5714:
5708:
5701:
5695:
5692:K. L. Dhammajoti
5689:
5683:
5680:K. L. Dhammajoti
5677:
5671:
5668:
5659:
5656:
5650:
5647:K. L. Dhammajoti
5644:
5638:
5631:
5625:
5622:K. L. Dhammajoti
5619:
5613:
5610:
5604:
5597:
5580:
5573:
5567:
5561:
5555:
5549:
5543:
5540:
5534:
5528:
5522:
5515:
5509:
5502:
5496:
5493:
5487:
5484:
5478:
5475:
5469:
5468:
5461:
5455:
5448:
5439:
5432:
5426:
5419:
5413:
5406:
5400:
5393:
5387:
5386:Dutt 1978, p. 58
5384:
5378:
5375:
5369:
5362:
5356:
5353:
5347:
5340:
5334:
5327:
5321:
5320:
5304:
5295:
5289:
5282:
5276:
5269:
5263:
5256:
5250:
5243:
5237:
5230:
5221:
5214:
5208:
5201:
5195:
5188:
5182:
5175:
5169:
5162:
5156:
5149:
5143:
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5130:
5123:
5114:
5107:
5101:
5100:
5082:
5076:
5064:
5058:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5024:
5018:
5017:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4954:
4948:
4941:
4935:
4928:
4922:
4915:
4909:
4902:
4896:
4893:Buddhist Studies
4889:
4883:
4880:
4871:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4853:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4835:
4832:
4826:
4819:
4810:
4804:
4798:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4748:
4727:
4718:
4709:
4702:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4674:
4661:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4622:Dhamma, U Rewata
4618:
4493:Taishō Tripiṭaka
4419:approach of the
4352:Cheng Weishi Lun
4327:Mahāyānasaṃgraha
4260:āśraya-parāvṛtti
4113:Chinese Buddhism
4082:Taishō Tripiṭaka
4074:Chinese Buddhism
3925:Shun zhengli lun
3795:Tibetan Buddhism
3742:Myanmar Buddhism
3722:sub-commentaries
3603:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3463:Asoka Weeraratna
3458:Narada Mahathera
3245:
3236:
3076:Abhidhammavatara
3061:Sub-commentaries
2963:
2953:
2938:
2937:
2866:nikayasabhagata.
2703:). According to
2381:
2374:
2367:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2342:
2341:
2280:David Kalupahana
1939:Buddhist atomism
1763:
1738:
1731:
1730:
1619:Tibetan Buddhism
1468:, 2nd century CE
1242:Aṅguttara Nikāya
1216:, including the
1194:Abhidharmapitaka
1118:Edward J. Thomas
1110:Buddhist studies
1001:." According to
911:scriptural canon
890:spiritual wisdom
886:paramattha sacca
809:paramārtha-satya
805:ultimate reality
799:." According to
755:
748:
741:
677:Mulasarvastivada
441:Śālistamba Sūtra
374:
357:
351:
346:
345:
333:
332:
306:
295:
294:
279:
278:
263:
262:
261:
260:ཆོས་མངོན་པ་མཛོད།
246:
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18:
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9315:
9314:
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9294:
9293:
9292:
9287:
9275:
9257:
9209:
9124:
9039:
8776:Ordination hall
8737:
8639:
8610:Buddhist crisis
8522:
8219:
8171:Mahayana sutras
8147:
8143:Thích Nhất Hạnh
7974:
7847:
7787:
7737:Bodhisattva vow
7422:
7288:
7228:
7187:Taṇhā (Craving)
7122:Five hindrances
7073:
6965:
6895:
6749:
6694:
6666:
6649:
6537:
6527:
6497:
6495:Further reading
6421:
6378:Goleman, Daniel
6362:; pp. 1–7.
6351:
6346:
6345:
6336:
6332:
6323:
6319:
6307:
6303:
6294:
6290:
6281:
6277:
6268:
6264:
6259:
6255:
6246:
6242:
6233:
6229:
6216:
6212:
6204:
6197:
6188:
6181:
6171:Lusthaus, Dan.
6170:
6166:
6157:
6153:
6144:
6137:
6128:
6121:
6115:Indian Buddhism
6112:
6108:
6099:
6095:
6086:
6082:
6073:
6069:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6045:
6041:
6032:
6025:
6016:
6007:
6002:
5998:
5989:
5985:
5977:KL Dhammajoti.
5976:
5969:
5964:
5960:
5951:
5947:
5938:
5934:
5929:
5922:
5913:
5909:
5900:
5896:
5891:
5887:
5879:
5875:
5870:
5866:
5858:
5854:
5846:
5842:
5837:
5833:
5825:
5818:
5813:
5809:
5804:
5800:
5795:
5788:
5783:
5779:
5774:
5770:
5761:
5757:
5746:
5739:
5731:
5724:
5715:
5711:
5702:
5698:
5690:
5686:
5678:
5674:
5669:
5662:
5657:
5653:
5645:
5641:
5632:
5628:
5620:
5616:
5611:
5607:
5598:
5583:
5574:
5570:
5564:Karunadasa 1996
5562:
5558:
5554:, p. Ch.I.
5552:Karunadasa 1996
5550:
5546:
5541:
5537:
5531:Karunadasa 1996
5529:
5525:
5516:
5512:
5503:
5499:
5494:
5490:
5485:
5481:
5476:
5472:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5449:
5442:
5433:
5429:
5420:
5416:
5407:
5403:
5394:
5390:
5385:
5381:
5376:
5372:
5363:
5359:
5354:
5350:
5341:
5337:
5329:Anālayo (2014)
5328:
5324:
5317:
5302:
5296:
5292:
5283:
5279:
5271:Anālayo (2014)
5270:
5266:
5257:
5253:
5244:
5240:
5231:
5224:
5216:Anālayo (2014)
5215:
5211:
5203:Anālayo (2014)
5202:
5198:
5190:Anālayo (2014)
5189:
5185:
5177:Anālayo (2014)
5176:
5172:
5164:Anālayo (2014)
5163:
5159:
5151:Anālayo (2014)
5150:
5146:
5138:Anālayo (2014)
5137:
5133:
5124:
5117:
5108:
5104:
5097:
5083:
5079:
5075:, 1998, page 48
5065:
5061:
5052:
5048:
5041:
5025:
5021:
4994:
4990:
4955:
4951:
4943:Anālayo (2014)
4942:
4938:
4930:Anālayo (2014)
4929:
4925:
4917:Anālayo (2014)
4916:
4912:
4904:Anālayo (2014)
4903:
4899:
4890:
4886:
4881:
4874:
4869:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4842:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4821:Anālayo (2014)
4820:
4813:
4805:
4801:
4796:
4792:
4787:
4783:
4773:
4771:
4749:
4730:
4719:
4712:
4704:Anālayo (2014)
4703:
4696:
4686:
4684:
4675:
4664:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4619:
4615:
4610:
4598:
4546:
4517:Paul Demiéville
4513:Étienne Lamotte
4495:no. 1509). The
4438:
4173:
4117:Chéngshí school
4056:
3941:
3768:
3762:
3679:Pali literature
3610:Khuddaka Nikāya
3582:
3553:
3552:
3533:Ayya Tathaaloka
3433:Maha Ghosananda
3373:Sumangala Thera
3358:Sāriputta Thera
3353:Parakramabahu I
3313:
3305:
3304:
3197:
3189:
3188:
3159:
3151:
3150:
3101:
3091:
3090:
3041:
3031:
3030:
2971:
2951:
2936:
2930:
2910:
2854:five aggregates
2846:
2799:
2772:Paticcasamupada
2705:K.L. Dhammajoti
2682:
2650:Ekavyavahārikas
2530:
2405:
2385:
2349:
2347:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2325:14th Dalai Lama
2310:Jamgon Kongtrul
2300:Thích Nhất Hạnh
2250:Keiji Nishitani
2215:
2207:
2206:
2157:Abhayakaragupta
1972:
1964:
1963:
1874:Buddhist ethics
1864:
1856:
1855:
1771:
1729:
1660:
1557:Khuddaka Nikāya
1412:
1404:Dasuttara Sutta
1303:Jain literature
1234:Daśottara Sūtra
1222:Dasuttara Sutta
1090:
1016:
1011:
869:Étienne Lamotte
865:
759:
730:
729:
728:
727:
565:
555:
554:
553:
528:
518:
517:
516:
461:
453:
452:
451:
384:
355:
349:
330:
326:
322:
296:
277:Abahidahaalamaa
276:
259:
240:
212:
206:
180:
152:
124:
95:
77:
23:
22:Translations of
17:
12:
11:
5:
9322:
9312:
9311:
9306:
9289:
9288:
9286:
9285:
9273:
9262:
9259:
9258:
9256:
9255:
9250:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9230:
9225:
9219:
9217:
9211:
9210:
9208:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9156:
9155:
9150:
9140:
9134:
9132:
9126:
9125:
9123:
9122:
9121:
9120:
9115:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9060:
9055:
9049:
9047:
9041:
9040:
9038:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9026:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9010:
9005:
8995:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
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8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8943:
8938:
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8931:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8905:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8843:
8842:
8840:Greco-Buddhist
8832:
8831:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8794:
8793:
8791:Burmese pagoda
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8758:
8747:
8745:
8739:
8738:
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8735:
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8695:
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8655:
8649:
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8641:
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8627:
8622:
8617:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8597:
8592:
8587:
8582:
8581:
8580:
8573:Greco-Buddhism
8570:
8565:
8564:
8563:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8532:
8530:
8524:
8523:
8521:
8520:
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8506:United Kingdom
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8451:Czech Republic
8448:
8443:
8438:
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8428:
8418:
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8389:
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8295:
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8280:
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8270:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
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8229:
8227:
8221:
8220:
8218:
8217:
8215:Abhidharmadīpa
8212:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8188:
8183:
8178:
8173:
8168:
8163:
8157:
8155:
8149:
8148:
8146:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8133:B. R. Ambedkar
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8053:Songtsen Gampo
8050:
8045:
8040:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7990:
7984:
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7955:
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7868:
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7849:
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7756:
7746:
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7732:Eight precepts
7729:
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7707:
7702:
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7680:
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7554:
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7534:
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7505:
7503:Five Strengths
7500:
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7194:
7189:
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7169:
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7144:
7142:Mental factors
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7083:
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7046:
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7011:
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7001:
6996:
6994:Mahamoggallāna
6991:
6986:
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6909:Avalokiteśvara
6905:
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6607:
6602:
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6587:
6582:
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6557:
6536:
6535:External links
6533:
6532:
6531:
6526:978-1559393898
6525:
6505:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6491:
6478:(1975, 2001).
6473:
6470:
6463:
6446:Dhamma-Sangaṇi
6430:
6414:
6400:
6393:
6375:
6366:
6363:
6350:
6347:
6344:
6343:
6330:
6317:
6301:
6288:
6275:
6262:
6253:
6240:
6227:
6210:
6208:, p. 207.
6195:
6179:
6164:
6151:
6135:
6119:
6117:. 2000. p. 398
6106:
6093:
6080:
6067:
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6039:
6023:
6005:
5996:
5983:
5967:
5958:
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5907:
5894:
5885:
5883:, p. 205.
5873:
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5605:
5581:
5568:
5556:
5544:
5535:
5523:
5510:
5497:
5488:
5479:
5477:Cox 2003, p. 2
5470:
5456:
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5427:
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5401:
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5370:
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5348:
5335:
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4827:
4811:
4799:
4790:
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4694:
4662:
4649:
4642:
4626:Bodhi, Bhikkhu
4612:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4582:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4551:
4550:Buddhist texts
4547:
4545:
4542:
4481:Prajñāpāramitā
4466:Prajñāpāramitā
4462:Prajñāpāramitā
4442:Prajñāpāramitā
4437:
4434:Prajñāpāramitā
4431:
4421:Prajñāpāramitā
4384:
4383:
4370:
4344:
4338:
4336:Yogācārabhūmi.
4323:
4318:
4312:
4292:
4254:vijñapti-mātra
4172:
4169:
4167:(710–794 CE).
4129:Abhidharmakośa
4055:
4050:
4046:Nāgārjunakoṇḍā
3940:
3937:
3927:順正理論) and the
3828:Kātyāyanīputra
3815:Jñānaprasthāna
3764:Main article:
3761:
3758:
3584:
3583:
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3573:
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3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3468:Walpola Rahula
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3423:Mun Bhuridatta
3420:
3415:
3410:
3408:Mahasi Sayadaw
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
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3307:
3306:
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3302:
3297:
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3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
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3214:
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3204:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3187:
3186:
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3176:
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3166:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3088:
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3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
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3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2956:
2955:
2947:
2946:
2932:Main article:
2929:
2926:
2909:
2906:
2845:
2842:
2798:
2795:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2681:
2678:
2585:Sarvastivadins
2529:
2526:
2516:conventional.
2486:
2485:
2475:
2465:
2455:
2404:
2401:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2320:Gendün Chöphel
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2270:Mahasi Sayadaw
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2245:Kitaro Nishida
2242:
2237:
2232:
2230:B. R. Ambedkar
2227:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2152:Ratnākaraśānti
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2097:Guifeng Zongmi
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1982:Katyāyāniputra
1979:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
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1881:
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1871:
1865:
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1858:
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1813:
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1803:
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1769:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1756:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1739:
1728:
1725:
1668:Gautama Buddha
1659:
1656:
1630:Sarvāstivādins
1606:Abhidharmakośa
1411:
1408:
1360:Samyuttanikaya
1325:Saṅgītiparyāya
1295:early Buddhism
1282:Sāmagāma-sutta
1278:Pāsādika-sutta
1257:Madhyama-āgama
1249:Madhyama-āgama
1142:Mātṛkā Piṭaka"
1089:
1082:
1037:following the
1035:Buddhist Canon
1020:Gautama Buddha
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
906:Gautama Buddha
864:
861:
771:Buddhist texts
761:
760:
758:
757:
750:
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631:
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589:
582:Ekavyāvahārika
568:
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477:Mahāmoggallāna
474:
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467:Gautama Buddha
463:
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450:
449:
443:
438:
433:
428:
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411:Gandhāran EBTs
408:
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48:
47:
44:𑀅𑀪𑀺𑀥𑀭𑁆𑀫
40:
34:
33:
30:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9321:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9272:
9264:
9263:
9260:
9254:
9251:
9249:
9246:
9244:
9241:
9239:
9236:
9234:
9231:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9220:
9218:
9216:
9212:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9145:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9135:
9133:
9131:
9127:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9110:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9051:
9050:
9048:
9046:
9045:Miscellaneous
9042:
9036:
9035:Vegetarianism
9033:
9031:
9028:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9014:
9011:
9009:
9006:
9004:
9001:
9000:
8999:
8996:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8984:
8981:
8979:
8976:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8948:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8930:
8927:
8926:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8879:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8857:Buddha in art
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8841:
8838:
8837:
8836:
8833:
8829:
8826:
8824:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8814:
8811:
8809:
8806:
8804:
8801:
8799:
8796:
8792:
8789:
8788:
8787:
8784:
8782:
8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
8767:
8764:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8753:
8752:
8749:
8748:
8746:
8744:
8740:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8724:
8721:
8719:
8716:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8689:
8686:
8684:
8681:
8679:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8669:
8666:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8654:
8651:
8650:
8648:
8646:
8642:
8636:
8633:
8631:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8621:
8618:
8616:
8613:
8611:
8608:
8606:
8603:
8601:
8598:
8596:
8593:
8591:
8588:
8586:
8583:
8579:
8576:
8575:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8566:
8562:
8559:
8558:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8533:
8531:
8529:
8525:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8511:United States
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8423:
8422:
8419:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8406:
8405:
8402:
8398:
8395:
8394:
8393:
8390:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8377:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8338:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8320:
8319:
8316:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8304:
8301:
8299:
8296:
8294:
8291:
8289:
8286:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8230:
8228:
8226:
8222:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8210:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8193:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8172:
8169:
8167:
8164:
8162:
8159:
8158:
8156:
8154:
8150:
8144:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8074:
8071:
8069:
8068:Padmasambhava
8066:
8064:
8061:
8059:
8056:
8054:
8051:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8041:
8039:
8036:
8034:
8031:
8029:
8026:
8024:
8021:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7985:
7983:
7981:
7980:Major figures
7977:
7971:
7968:
7964:
7961:
7960:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7951:
7949:
7946:
7944:
7941:
7939:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7927:
7926:Western tulku
7924:
7923:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7854:
7850:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7823:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7798:
7796:
7794:
7790:
7784:
7781:
7777:
7774:
7773:
7772:
7769:
7765:
7762:
7760:
7757:
7755:
7752:
7751:
7750:
7747:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7727:Five precepts
7725:
7724:
7723:
7720:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7705:Dhamma vicaya
7703:
7701:
7698:
7697:
7696:
7693:
7689:
7686:
7685:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7552:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7527:
7526:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7474:
7473:Buddhābhiṣeka
7471:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7431:
7429:
7425:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7372:
7369:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7309:
7308:
7305:
7304:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7295:
7291:
7285:
7282:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7235:
7231:
7225:
7222:
7218:
7215:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7117:Enlightenment
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7107:Dhamma theory
7105:
7103:
7102:Buddha-nature
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7076:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6974:
6972:
6968:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6941:Samantabhadra
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6915:
6912:
6911:
6910:
6907:
6906:
6904:
6902:
6898:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6880:
6874:
6872:
6866:
6864:
6858:
6856:
6850:
6848:
6842:
6840:
6834:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6752:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6697:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6673:
6672:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6654:
6646:
6641:
6639:
6634:
6632:
6627:
6626:
6623:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6561:
6558:
6554:
6553:
6548:
6544:
6541:Ronkin, Noa.
6539:
6538:
6528:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6513:Dorje, Gyurme
6510:
6506:
6503:
6499:
6498:
6489:
6488:1-57062-764-9
6485:
6481:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6468:
6464:
6462:
6458:
6457:0-7661-4702-9
6454:
6450:
6447:
6441:
6434:
6431:
6427:
6420:
6415:
6413:
6412:1-59376-009-4
6409:
6405:
6401:
6398:
6394:
6391:
6390:0-553-38105-9
6387:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6372:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6352:
6340:
6334:
6327:
6321:
6314:
6312:
6305:
6298:
6292:
6285:
6279:
6272:
6266:
6257:
6250:
6244:
6237:
6231:
6224:
6220:
6214:
6207:
6202:
6200:
6192:
6186:
6184:
6177:
6175:
6168:
6161:
6155:
6148:
6142:
6140:
6132:
6126:
6124:
6116:
6113:Warder, A.K.
6110:
6103:
6097:
6090:
6084:
6077:
6071:
6064:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6043:
6036:
6030:
6028:
6020:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6000:
5993:
5987:
5980:
5974:
5972:
5962:
5955:
5949:
5942:
5936:
5927:
5925:
5917:
5911:
5904:
5898:
5889:
5882:
5877:
5868:
5861:
5856:
5849:
5844:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5821:
5811:
5802:
5793:
5791:
5781:
5772:
5765:
5759:
5752:
5751:
5744:
5742:
5734:
5729:
5727:
5719:
5713:
5706:
5700:
5693:
5688:
5681:
5676:
5667:
5665:
5655:
5648:
5643:
5636:
5630:
5623:
5618:
5609:
5602:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5578:
5572:
5565:
5560:
5553:
5548:
5539:
5532:
5527:
5520:
5514:
5507:
5501:
5492:
5483:
5474:
5466:
5460:
5453:
5447:
5445:
5437:
5431:
5424:
5418:
5411:
5405:
5398:
5392:
5383:
5374:
5367:
5361:
5352:
5345:
5339:
5332:
5326:
5318:
5312:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5281:
5274:
5268:
5261:
5255:
5248:
5242:
5235:
5229:
5227:
5219:
5213:
5206:
5200:
5193:
5187:
5180:
5174:
5167:
5161:
5154:
5148:
5141:
5135:
5128:
5125:Tse-fu Kuan.
5122:
5120:
5112:
5106:
5098:
5096:0-02-865719-5
5092:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5070:
5069:
5063:
5056:
5050:
5042:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5023:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4992:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4965:(in French).
4964:
4960:
4953:
4946:
4940:
4933:
4927:
4920:
4914:
4907:
4901:
4894:
4888:
4879:
4877:
4867:
4858:
4849:
4840:
4831:
4824:
4818:
4816:
4809:
4803:
4794:
4785:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4735:
4733:
4726:
4724:
4717:
4715:
4707:
4701:
4699:
4682:
4681:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4659:
4653:
4645:
4643:1-928706-02-9
4639:
4636:. p. 2.
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4613:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4572:
4571:Vinaya Pitaka
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4541:
4539:
4538:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4469:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4456:According to
4454:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4422:
4418:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4394:
4390:
4381:
4377:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4280:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4190:
4182:
4177:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4136:
4134:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4121:Nan Huai-Chin
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4054:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3972:
3971:Lokottaravāda
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3955:Dharmaguptaka
3952:
3948:
3947:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3900:views from a
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3886:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3861:
3858:Vasubandhu's
3856:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3839:
3838:Kushan empire
3835:
3834:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3798:
3796:
3792:
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3767:
3757:
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3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3695:Visuddhimagga
3691:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3672:
3671:
3670:Visuddhimagga
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3621:
3620:
3619:Nettipakaraṇa
3616:
3611:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3593:
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3579:
3574:
3572:
3567:
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3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
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3509:
3508:Ajahn Sumedho
3506:
3504:
3503:Bhikkhu Bodhi
3501:
3499:
3496:
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3491:
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3486:
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3409:
3406:
3404:
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3399:
3396:
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3391:
3389:
3386:
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3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3368:Ram Khamhaeng
3366:
3364:
3361:
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3356:
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3315:
3309:
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3301:
3298:
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3258:
3256:
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3251:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3217:Five precepts
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
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3155:
3154:
3147:
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3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3111:Early schools
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3071:Visuddhimagga
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:Pāli Tipiṭaka
3044:
3043:
3040:
3035:
3034:
3027:
3026:Western world
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2966:
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2958:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2915:
2914:atomic theory
2905:
2902:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2882:
2881:Pudgalavadins
2877:
2875:
2874:Buddha nature
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2807:Sarvāstivādin
2804:
2794:
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2779:
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2702:
2698:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2659:
2658:Lokottaravāda
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2638:Prajñaptivada
2635:
2631:
2630:prajñaptivada
2627:
2626:conceptualism
2623:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2607:
2601:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2568:Visuddhimagga
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2550:Visuddhimagga
2545:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2509:
2507:
2502:
2497:
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2445:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2403:Dhamma theory
2400:
2398:
2394:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2356:
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2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2295:P. A. Payutto
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
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2258:
2256:
2255:Hajime Tanabe
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
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2211:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:Sakya Chokden
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:Je Tsongkhapa
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:Sakya Pandita
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:Jñanasrimitra
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1949:Buddha-nature
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:Dharma theory
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
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1872:
1870:
1867:
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1837:
1834:
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1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:Lokottaravāda
1804:
1802:
1801:Prajñaptivāda
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
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1773:
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1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1649:
1648:Dharmaguptaka
1645:
1644:
1639:
1638:Chinese Canon
1635:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1600:Visuddhimagga
1596:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:Sarvāstivādin
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1474:
1467:
1464:monastery of
1463:
1462:Sarvāstivādin
1458:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1394:(wholesome),
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1316:Saṅgīti Sūtra
1312:
1308:
1307:Saṅgīti Sūtra
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:Saṅgīti Sūtra
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:Saṅgīti Sutta
1215:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1179:Rupert Gethin
1175:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1164:First Council
1161:
1157:
1156:Mātṛkā Piṭaka
1153:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:Rupert Gethin
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1065:Dharmaguptaka
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:Vinaya Piṭaka
1050:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1006:
1004:
1003:L. S. Cousins
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:
978:
977:Bhikkhu Bodhi
974:
970:
969:phenomenology
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
914:
912:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:Sarvāstivādin
875:
870:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:
836:
835:
829:
827:
823:
819:
818:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
781:Bhikkhu Bodhi
778:
776:
772:
768:
756:
751:
749:
744:
742:
737:
736:
734:
733:
715:
714:Dharmaguptaka
711:
710:
708:
704:
701:
697:
695:
692:
691:
690:
687:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
665:
664:Dharmaguptaka
661:
660:
658:
654:
651:
647:
644:
643:
642:
639:
635:
632:
629:
628:
627:
624:
623:
622:
619:
614:
612:
609:
605:
604:Prajñaptivāda
602:
600:
597:
596:
595:
592:
588:
587:Lokottaravāda
585:
584:
583:
580:
579:
578:
575:
574:
573:
570:
569:
564:
559:
558:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
527:
522:
521:
513:
512:Anāthapiṇḍika
510:
508:
505:
503:
502:Mahākātyāyana
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
457:
456:
448:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
391:
388:
387:
383:
378:
377:
373:
369:
368:
365:
361:
360:
354:
348:
347:
340:
336:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
305:
300:
293:
288:
286:
282:
272:
270:
266:
256:
254:
250:
245:
237:
232:
230:
226:
221:
216:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
189:
184:
177:
172:
170:
166:
161:
156:
149:
144:
142:
138:
133:
128:
121:(T) / 阿毗达磨(S)
120:
115:
113:
109:
104:
99:
89:
87:
83:
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
53:
49:
41:
39:
35:
31:
27:
20:
9223:Bodhisattvas
9143:Christianity
9138:Baháʼí Faith
9003:Dharmachakra
8993:Prayer wheel
8983:Prayer beads
8751:Architecture
8652:
8630:969 Movement
8414:Saudi Arabia
8392:Central Asia
8385:South Africa
8207:
8190:
8123:Panchen Lama
8028:Buddhapālita
7624:Satipatthana
7619:Mindful Yoga
7532:Recollection
7446:Brahmavihara
7317:Japanese Zen
7312:Chinese Chan
7272:Animal realm
7079:Key concepts
6901:Bodhisattvas
6713:Three Jewels
6550:
6543:"Abhidharma"
6516:
6479:
6466:
6436:
6425:
6403:
6381:
6370:
6338:
6333:
6325:
6320:
6309:
6304:
6296:
6291:
6283:
6278:
6270:
6265:
6256:
6248:
6243:
6235:
6230:
6222:
6218:
6213:
6190:
6173:
6167:
6162:1997. p. 112
6159:
6154:
6146:
6130:
6114:
6109:
6101:
6096:
6088:
6083:
6075:
6070:
6061:
6055:
6047:
6042:
6037:2008. p. 437
6034:
6021:2005. p. 213
6018:
5999:
5991:
5986:
5978:
5961:
5953:
5948:
5940:
5935:
5915:
5910:
5902:
5897:
5888:
5876:
5867:
5855:
5843:
5834:
5810:
5801:
5780:
5771:
5763:
5762:Guang Xing.
5758:
5748:
5717:
5712:
5704:
5699:
5687:
5675:
5654:
5642:
5634:
5629:
5617:
5608:
5576:
5571:
5559:
5547:
5538:
5533:, p. 7.
5526:
5518:
5513:
5505:
5500:
5491:
5482:
5473:
5459:
5451:
5435:
5430:
5422:
5417:
5409:
5404:
5396:
5391:
5382:
5373:
5365:
5360:
5351:
5343:
5338:
5330:
5325:
5306:
5293:
5285:
5280:
5272:
5267:
5259:
5254:
5246:
5241:
5233:
5217:
5212:
5204:
5199:
5191:
5186:
5178:
5173:
5165:
5160:
5152:
5147:
5139:
5134:
5126:
5110:
5105:
5086:
5080:
5066:
5062:
5054:
5049:
5029:
5022:
5005:
5001:
4991:
4966:
4962:
4952:
4944:
4939:
4931:
4926:
4918:
4913:
4905:
4900:
4892:
4887:
4866:
4857:
4848:
4839:
4830:
4822:
4807:
4802:
4793:
4784:
4772:. Retrieved
4760:
4756:
4722:
4705:
4685:. Retrieved
4679:
4657:
4652:
4629:
4616:
4566:Sutta Pitaka
4535:
4533:
4521:Sarvāstivāda
4497:Dà zhìdù lùn
4496:
4489:
4478:
4474:Dà zhìdù lùn
4472:
4470:
4465:
4461:
4458:Edward Conze
4455:
4441:
4439:
4433:
4425:
4414:
4406:
4404:
4398:
4388:
4385:
4372:
4364:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4320:
4314:
4304:
4294:
4285:
4276:
4269:
4268:and the ten
4263:
4259:
4253:
4245:
4239:ālayavijñāna
4237:
4233:
4224:
4186:
4160:
4156:
4153:Tang dynasty
4148:
4140:
4138:
4132:
4128:
4126:
4116:
4108:
4094:
4069:
4059:
4057:
4052:
4034:Dhānyakaṭaka
4015:
4012:Mahāsāṃghika
4009:
3994:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3975:
3950:
3944:
3942:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3921:*Nyāyānusāra
3920:
3917:Saṃghabhadra
3914:
3906:Sarvāstivāda
3889:
3883:
3881:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3859:
3849:sahabhū-hetu
3848:
3844:
3842:
3832:
3824:Aṣṭagrantha,
3823:
3819:
3814:
3810:Sutta Pitaka
3809:
3801:
3799:
3793:and also in
3781:and also in
3772:Sarvāstivāda
3769:
3753:
3749:
3746:Ledi Sayadaw
3727:
3720:
3712:
3706:
3704:
3693:
3687:
3682:
3676:
3668:
3646:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3625:Peṭakopadesa
3623:
3613:
3589:
3587:
3483:U Dhammaloka
3418:S. N. Goenka
3393:Ledi Sayadaw
3295:Three Jewels
3126:Vibhajjavada
3066:Vimuttimagga
3056:Commentaries
2923:
2911:
2898:
2878:
2865:
2847:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2815:Vibhajyavāda
2800:
2780:
2765:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2729:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2690:
2683:
2674:Mahasamghika
2665:
2663:
2653:
2641:
2634:Mahasamghika
2629:
2615:
2611:
2602:
2598:
2582:
2576:
2574:
2566:
2558:
2548:
2546:
2542:
2531:
2518:
2510:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2471:
2461:
2451:
2441:
2433:
2418:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2393:Buddhadharma
2390:
2335:
2265:D. T. Suzuki
2225:Ledi Sayadaw
2127:Śāntarakṣita
2062:Chandrakirti
2047:Buddhapālita
2012:Saṃghabhadra
1888:
1776:Vibhajyavāda
1721:Buddhavacana
1714:
1705:Sarvāstivāda
1702:
1687:Trāyastriṃśa
1676:
1661:
1642:
1627:
1604:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1561:
1555:
1552:Mahāsāṃghika
1525:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1431:
1430:, and the 5
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:(formless),
1379:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1346:
1344:, and the 5
1339:
1332:
1330:
1323:
1322:school, the
1320:Sarvāstivāda
1315:
1314:between the
1306:
1292:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1256:
1248:
1246:
1241:
1238:Dīrgha Āgama
1233:
1229:
1226:Dīgha Nikāya
1221:
1217:
1209:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1169:Ashokavadana
1167:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1107:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1069:Sarvāstivāda
1052:
1049:Sūtra Piṭaka
1048:
1044:
1038:
1028:
1017:
980:
965:Dan Lusthaus
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
929:
927:
915:
901:
897:
893:
885:
881:
866:
838:
832:
830:
825:
815:
813:
808:
801:Peter Harvey
779:
766:
764:
689:Vibhajyavāda
641:Sarvāstivāda
630:Vātsīputrīya
577:Mahāsāṃghika
460:Early sangha
420:
331:Vi Diệu Pháp
244:abhidharmaya
9068:Dharma talk
8897:Asalha Puja
8693:Eschatology
8496:Switzerland
8476:New Zealand
8404:Middle East
8313:Philippines
8233:Afghanistan
8038:Bodhidharma
8023:Buddhaghosa
7943:Householder
7853:Monasticism
7806:Bodhisattva
7661:Prostration
7614:Mindfulness
7542:Anapanasati
7525:Kammaṭṭhāna
7322:Korean Seon
7262:Asura realm
7257:Human realm
7197:Ten Fetters
7152:Parinirvana
7054:Uppalavanna
7019:Mahākaccana
7004:Mahākassapa
6936:Kṣitigarbha
6931:Ākāśagarbha
6828:Suddhodāna
6773:Four sights
6700:Foundations
6443:, entitled
6206:Gethin 1998
6149:1997. p. 90
6133:1997. p. 91
6104:1991. p. 99
6091:2005. p. 52
6074:Lin, Qian.
5881:Gethin 1998
4774:25 February
4763:(2): 1–47.
4424:centering (
4399:Wéishí-zōng
4246:trisvabhāva
4165:Nara period
4161:Jōjitsu-shu
4107:works. The
4090:Sautrāntika
4086:Bahuśrutīya
4070:Chéngshílun
4026:Pāṭaliputra
3978:Pudgalavada
3963:Afghanistan
3902:Sautrantika
3845:sarvāstitva
3820:Aṣṭaskandha
3752:called the
3690:Buddhaghosa
3661:Buddhaghosa
3598:(Sanskrit:
3543:Kee Nanayon
3513:Ajahn Brahm
3498:Nyanaponika
3488:Nyanatiloka
3473:Jayatilleke
3448:Pragyananda
3343:Buddhadatta
3338:Buddhaghoṣa
3328:Sanghamitta
3312:Key figures
3265:Mindfulness
3227:Kammaṭṭhāna
2918:Vaisheshika
2811:Sautrāntika
2797:Temporality
2783:Sautrāntika
2732:Mahavibhasa
2606:Dharmakirti
2593:Mahavibhasa
2555:Buddhaghosa
2538:Mahavibhasa
2474:), 28 types
2437:intentional
2202:Mikyö Dorje
2122:Jñānagarbha
2042:Dharmakirti
2027:Buddhadatta
2022:Buddhaghosa
1826:Pramāṇavāda
1796:Pudgalavada
1791:Sautrāntika
1717:Sautrāntika
1672:Kathavatthu
1634:Theravādins
1595:Buddhaghosa
1580:Mahāvibhāṣa
1574:Aṭṭhakathās
1560:within the
1466:Tapa Shotor
1410:Development
1388:asaṃskṛtam,
1160:Mahākāśyapa
1136:(Sanskrit:
1114:André Migot
1040:parinirvāṇa
882:nippariyaya
855:schools of
672:Sautrāntika
645:(Haimavata)
626:Pudgalavada
615:(Haimavata)
599:Bahuśrutīya
487:Mahakasyapa
324:A-tì-đạt-ma
78:ôbhidhôrmmô
9304:Abhidharma
9298:Categories
9185:Psychology
9165:Gnosticism
9153:Comparison
9148:Influences
9130:Comparison
9013:Bhavacakra
8971:Kushinagar
8946:Pilgrimage
8892:Māgha Pūjā
8847:Bodhi Tree
8663:Buddhology
8653:Abhidharma
8645:Philosophy
8578:Menander I
8446:Costa Rica
8397:Uzbekistan
8238:Bangladesh
8192:Dhammapada
8176:Pali Canon
8138:Ajahn Chah
8118:Dalai Lama
8018:Kumārajīva
8013:Vasubandhu
7988:The Buddha
7896:Zen master
7831:Sakadagami
7811:Buddhahood
7742:Pratimokṣa
7557:Shikantaza
7513:Meditation
7488:Deity yoga
7359:Madhyamaka
7252:Deva realm
7147:Mindstream
7097:Bodhicitta
7009:Aṅgulimāla
6876:Devadatta
6852:Yaśodharā
6755:The Buddha
6745:Middle Way
6560:Abhidharma
6435:(, 2003).
6397:Cullavagga
6360:0028657187
6273:2000. p. 1
5633:Siderits,
4969:(2): 524.
4608:References
4525:Mahāyānist
4501:Kumārajīva
4361:Vasubandhu
4311:tradition.
4309:Mahīśāsaka
4216:Śīlabhadra
4212:Dharmapāla
4208:Sthiramati
4204:Vasubandhu
4145:Kumārajīva
4101:Mādhyamaka
4096:Paramārtha
3910:Vaibhāṣika
3898:Vaibhāṣika
3894:Vasubandhu
3875:), by the
3775:Vaibhāṣika
3766:Vaibhāṣika
3643:Pāli Canon
3538:Ayya Khema
3478:Kalupahana
3443:Mahapragya
3438:Kripasaran
3428:Ajahn Chah
3348:Dhammapāla
3255:Middle Way
3250:Meditation
3202:Abhidhamma
3131:Mahāvihāra
2976:Bangladesh
2876:doctrine.
2827:Vasubandhu
2823:presentism
2819:eternalist
2646:Paramārtha
2622:nominalism
2513:Vasubandhu
2427:, and the
2290:Buddhadasa
2187:Longchenpa
2147:Ratnakīrti
2132:Haribhadra
2067:Shantideva
2032:Dhammapāla
2007:Vasubandhu
2002:Harivarman
1919:Middle Way
1889:Abhidharma
1816:Madhyamaka
1786:Vaibhāṣika
1770:Traditions
1709:Vaibhāṣika
1683:bodhi tree
1611:Vasubandhu
1505:Theravādin
1451:caitasikās
1424:āyatanāni,
1416:saṃprayoga
1152:Abhidharma
1147:Cullavagga
1057:Mahīśāsaka
999:liberation
991:psychology
987:philosophy
950:Abhidharma
942:abhivinaya
934:the Dharma
874:Theravādin
863:Definition
840:aṭṭhakathā
797:liberation
789:psychology
785:philosophy
767:Abhidharma
707:Mahīśāsaka
682:Vaibhāṣika
657:Mahīśāsaka
421:Abhidharma
416:Prātimokṣa
382:Scriptures
313:Vietnamese
275:ᜀᜊᜑᜒᜇᜑᜀᜎᜋᜀ
160:abidatsuma
58:Abhidhamma
24:abhidhamma
9253:Festivals
9233:Buddhists
9195:Theosophy
8998:Symbolism
8988:Hama yumi
8961:Bodh Gaya
8728:Socialism
8703:Evolution
8678:Economics
8516:Venezuela
8431:Australia
8426:Argentina
8350:Sri Lanka
8345:Singapore
8263:Indonesia
8225:Countries
8166:Tripiṭaka
8128:Ajahn Mun
8003:Nagarjuna
7998:Aśvaghoṣa
7881:Anagārika
7876:Śrāmaṇerī
7871:Śrāmaṇera
7866:Bhikkhunī
7826:Sotāpanna
7715:Passaddhi
7656:Offerings
7631:Nekkhamma
7508:Iddhipada
7428:Practices
7398:Theravada
7371:Vajrayana
7364:Yogachara
7334:Pure Land
7247:Six Paths
7234:Cosmology
7014:Anuruddha
6989:Sāriputta
6979:Kaundinya
6971:Disciples
6946:Vajrapāṇi
6798:Footprint
6763:Tathāgata
5579:, page 3.
4983:0336-1519
4509:Nāgārjuna
4017:Dīpavaṃsa
3949:(舍利弗阿毘曇論
3877:Tocharian
3717:Anuruddha
3700:Theravada
3665:Theravāda
3606:Theravāda
3601:Tripiṭaka
3413:U Ba Khin
3363:Anawrahta
3141:Mahavamsa
3136:Dipavamsa
3116:Sthaviras
3011:Sri Lanka
2970:Countries
2885:Sammitiya
2757:Prolonged
2739:Momentary
2686:causality
2654:prajñapti
2642:prajñapti
2506:vipassana
2315:Ju Mipham
2285:Ñāṇananda
2260:Masao Abe
2052:Bhāviveka
1992:Nagarjuna
1944:Suffering
1909:Emptiness
1831:Vajrayana
1821:Yogachara
1781:Theravāda
1698:Sariputta
1664:Theravāda
1400:avyākṛtam
1384:saṃskṛtam
1356:Oghavagga
1334:āyatanāni
1196:but only
1102:Shravasti
1061:Theravāda
853:Vajrayāna
845:Theravāda
700:Kāśyapīya
694:Theravāda
650:Kāśyapīya
634:Saṃmitīya
621:Sthaviras
507:Devadatta
472:Sāriputta
436:Mahāvastu
396:Tripiṭaka
188:âphĭthômm
74:অভিধর্ম্ম
9271:Category
9200:Violence
9170:Hinduism
9118:Sanskrit
9073:Hinayana
9058:Amitābha
9018:Swastika
8887:Uposatha
8877:Holidays
8862:Calendar
8708:Humanism
8546:Kanishka
8536:Timeline
8360:Thailand
8328:Kalmykia
8323:Buryatia
8308:Pakistan
8293:Mongolia
8288:Maldives
8283:Malaysia
8248:Cambodia
8113:Shamarpa
8108:Nichiren
8058:Xuanzang
7993:Nagasena
7911:Rinpoche
7641:Pāramitā
7483:Devotion
7403:Navayana
7391:Dzogchen
7354:Nichiren
7302:Mahayana
7294:Branches
7172:Saṅkhāra
6921:Mañjuśrī
6878:(cousin)
6870:(cousin)
6838:(mother)
6830:(father)
6818:Miracles
6768:Birthday
6685:Glossary
6658:Buddhism
6515:(2013).
6380:(2004).
6315:Preface.
4769:44362554
4628:(2000).
4556:Tipitaka
4544:See also
4488:: 大智度論,
4417:mystical
4393:Yogācāra
4389:vijñapti
4357:Xuanzang
4334:and the
4279:Yogācāra
4265:pāramitā
4226:Yogācāra
4220:Xuanzang
4196:Yogācāra
4192:Yogācāra
4189:Mahāyāna
4181:Yogācāra
4157:Chéngshí
4149:Chéngshí
4141:Chéngshí
4105:Yogācāra
4092:school.
4032:visited
4030:Xuanzang
3997:Xuanzang
3976:Several
3787:Gandhara
3638:Tipiṭaka
3622:and the
3596:Tipitaka
3493:Nanamoli
3403:U Nārada
3290:Precepts
3196:Doctrine
3016:Thailand
2981:Cambodia
2943:a series
2941:Part of
2870:Yogacara
2862:bhavanga
2858:Patthana
2791:Yogacara
2768:Patthana
2697:pratyaya
2534:svabhāva
2528:Svabhāva
2458:Cetasika
2240:Yin Shun
2082:Xuanzang
2072:Sengzhao
1997:Aryadeva
1987:Nagasena
1934:Svabhava
1899:Not-self
1851:Dzogchen
1846:Zen/Chán
1811:Mahayana
1745:a series
1743:Part of
1727:Doctrine
1632:and the
1577:and the
1540:Xuanzang
1432:skandhāh
1428:dhatāvah
1420:saṃgraha
1396:akuśalam
1347:skandhāh
1341:dhatāvah
1272:). This
1112:such as
1051:and the
902:pariyaya
857:Buddhism
849:Mahāyāna
594:Gokulika
431:Avadanas
364:Buddhism
353:a series
304:aphitham
236:අභිධර්මය
220:abidalma
141:Japanese
92:အဘိဓမ္မာ
38:Sanskrit
9248:Temples
9228:Buddhas
9190:Science
9180:Judaism
9175:Jainism
9093:Lineage
9053:Abhijñā
9023:Thangka
8966:Sarnath
8951:Lumbini
8872:Funeral
8867:Cuisine
8743:Culture
8718:Reality
8668:Creator
8658:Atomism
8528:History
8501:Ukraine
8461:Germany
8380:Senegal
8370:Vietnam
8298:Myanmar
8098:Shinran
8088:Karmapa
8063:Shandao
8033:Dignāga
7958:Śrāvaka
7938:Donchee
7933:Kappiya
7891:Sayadaw
7861:Bhikkhu
7836:Anāgāmi
7793:Nirvana
7759:Samadhi
7646:Paritta
7587:Tonglen
7582:Mandala
7537:Smarana
7518:Mantras
7466:Upekkha
7436:Bhavana
7386:Shingon
7339:Tiantai
7192:Tathātā
7182:Śūnyatā
7177:Skandha
7167:Saṃsāra
7162:Rebirth
7137:Kleshas
7127:Indriya
7029:Subhūti
6914:Guanyin
6868:Ānanda
6860:Rāhula
6740:Nirvana
6680:Outline
6562:at the
6549:(ed.).
6349:Sources
5707:p. 113.
5575:Bodhi,
4687:18 June
4592:Skandha
4505:Sengrui
4486:Chinese
4068:: 成實論,
4066:Chinese
4042:śāstras
4038:bhikṣus
4028:. When
4001:sastras
3990:pudgala
3959:Bamiyan
3783:Bactria
3779:Kashmir
3738:Myanmar
3734:Sinhala
3730:Burmese
3548:Dipa Ma
3518:Analayo
3383:Mongkut
3323:Mahinda
3243:Nibbāna
3234:Saṃsāra
3158:Schools
3099:History
3021:Vietnam
3001:Myanmar
2908:Atomism
2892:' and '
2850:no self
2730:In the
2521:Nirvana
2478:Nibbāna
2414:dhammas
2412:(Pali:
2410:dhammas
2192:Gorampa
2177:Dolpopa
2167:Rongzom
2037:Dignāga
1954:Nirvana
1836:Tiāntāi
1695:bhikkhu
1662:In the
1646:of the
1443:mātṛkās
1426:the 18
1392:kuśalam
1358:of the
1338:the 18
1236:of the
1224:of the
1183:mātikās
1162:at the
1144:in the
1134:mātikās
1086:mātṛkās
1074:mātṛkās
993:and an
898:sammuti
826:mātṛkās
791:and an
611:Caitika
447:Kangyur
426:Jatakas
401:Nikayas
350:Part of
292:อภิธรรม
269:Tagalog
253:Tibetan
229:Sinhala
176:អភិធម្ម
132:āpídámó
112:Chinese
103:əbḭdəmà
86:Burmese
66:Bengali
29:English
9243:Sutras
9238:Suttas
9103:Siddhi
9088:Koliya
9063:Brahmā
8978:Poetry
8924:Mantra
8914:Kasaya
8786:Pagoda
8766:Kyaung
8761:Vihāra
8756:Temple
8698:Ethics
8541:Ashoka
8491:Sweden
8486:Poland
8481:Norway
8471:Mexico
8456:France
8441:Canada
8436:Brazil
8375:Africa
8355:Taiwan
8318:Russia
8243:Bhutan
8203:Vinaya
8083:Naropa
8073:Saraha
8008:Asanga
7764:Prajñā
7673:Refuge
7636:Nianfo
7597:Tertön
7592:Tantra
7577:Ganana
7567:Tukdam
7493:Dhyāna
7461:Mudita
7456:Karuṇā
7349:Risshū
7344:Huayan
7277:Naraka
7217:Anattā
7212:Dukkha
7207:Anicca
7112:Dharma
7064:Channa
6999:Ānanda
6984:Assaji
6951:Skanda
6854:(wife)
6823:Family
6803:Relics
6728:Sangha
6723:Dharma
6718:Buddha
6523:
6486:
6455:
6426:bps.lk
6410:
6388:
6358:
5637:, 112.
5313:
5093:
5037:
4981:
4767:
4640:
4460:, the
4449:, the
4349:, Ch.
4301:Asanga
4200:Asanga
4022:Faxian
3973:sect.
3806:Agamas
3300:Vinaya
3207:Anattā
2856:. The
2805:. The
2751:Static
2745:Serial
2670:Taisho
2616:Other
2577:dhamma
2425:dhatus
2102:Wonhyo
2092:Fazang
2077:Jizang
2017:Asanga
1894:Ahimsa
1863:Themes
1841:Huayan
1586:śāstra
1532:Saṃgha
1528:Vinaya
1517:Vinaya
1515:, and
1509:Sūtras
1447:cittas
1370:mātṛkā
1280:, the
1274:mātṛkā
1210:mātṛkā
1202:mātṛkā
1198:mātṛkā
1138:mātṛkā
1128:, and
1098:Rajgir
1067:, and
1055:, the
1031:Vinaya
995:ethics
894:prajñā
851:, and
834:śāstra
793:ethics
539:Ashoka
492:Ānanda
406:Āgamas
362:Early
197:Korean
183:UNGEGN
155:Rōmaji
127:Pinyin
9215:Lists
9083:Kalpa
9078:Iddhi
8941:Music
8936:Mudra
8902:Vassa
8882:Vesak
8852:Budai
8798:Candi
8781:Stupa
8713:Logic
8466:Italy
8365:Tibet
8303:Nepal
8273:Korea
8268:Japan
8258:India
8253:China
8198:Sutra
8153:Texts
8103:Dōgen
8093:Hōnen
8078:Atiśa
8043:Zhiyi
7953:Achar
7921:Tulku
7916:Geshe
7901:Rōshi
7886:Ajahn
7841:Arhat
7801:Bodhi
7771:Vīrya
7688:Sacca
7683:Satya
7678:Sādhu
7666:Music
7609:Merit
7602:Terma
7562:Zazen
7498:Faith
7451:Mettā
7132:Karma
7092:Bardo
7059:Asita
7049:Khema
7039:Upāli
7024:Nanda
6862:(son)
6836:Māyā
6813:Films
6690:Index
6545:. In
6422:(PDF)
5603:>.
5303:(PDF)
4765:JSTOR
4436:texts
4380:Kuiji
4277:Main
4271:bhūmi
3715:) by
3333:Tissa
3222:Jhana
3212:Arhat
3039:Texts
3006:Nepal
2991:India
2986:China
2890:Atman
2701:phala
2448:Citta
2235:Taixu
2137:Atiśa
2117:Dōgen
2112:Kūkai
2107:Jinul
2087:Zhiyi
1914:Karma
1679:devas
1513:Āgama
1380:arūpa
497:Upāli
392:(EBT)
169:Khmer
98:MLCTS
9113:Pāḷi
9098:Māra
9008:Flag
8409:Iran
8333:Tuva
8278:Laos
7906:Lama
7754:Śīla
7722:Śīla
7710:Pīti
7700:Sati
7651:Puja
7572:Koan
7478:Dāna
7069:Yasa
6956:Tārā
6521:ISBN
6484:ISBN
6453:ISBN
6408:ISBN
6386:ISBN
6356:ISBN
5311:ISBN
5091:ISBN
5035:ISBN
4979:ISSN
4776:2020
4689:2021
4638:ISBN
4534:The
4515:and
4440:The
4426:yoga
4139:The
4103:and
4058:The
3943:The
3785:and
3732:and
3631:The
3588:The
3398:U Nu
2996:Laos
2894:Jiva
2787:bīja
2781:The
2693:hetu
2583:The
2547:The
2468:Rūpa
2419:The
1715:The
1703:The
1691:Māyā
1621:and
1615:Indo
1503:and
1449:and
1375:rūpa
1232:and
1220:and
1029:The
989:, a
963:and
946:abhi
938:abhi
876:and
787:, a
765:The
328:阿毗達磨
320:阿毗達磨
299:RTGS
285:Thai
208:阿毗達磨
204:아비달마
148:阿毘達磨
119:阿毗達磨
52:Pali
8835:Art
8771:Wat
7307:Zen
5010:doi
4971:doi
4363:'s
3992:).
3822:or
3756:).
2624:or
2561:of
2553:of
2480:— (
2470:— (
925:."
811:).
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9300::
8337:ru
6511:;
6459:.
6424:.
6221::
6198:^
6182:^
6138:^
6122:^
6026:^
6008:^
5970:^
5923:^
5819:^
5789:^
5740:^
5725:^
5663:^
5584:^
5443:^
5305:.
5225:^
5118:^
5071:,
5006:46
5004:.
5000:.
4977:.
4967:46
4961:.
4875:^
4814:^
4761:41
4759:.
4755:.
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4713:^
4697:^
4665:^
4632:.
4624:;
4531:.
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4274:.
4250:,
4242:,
4218:,
4214:,
4210:,
4206:,
4202:,
4123::
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3851:).
3840:.
3797:.
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3702:.
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2676:.
2399:.
1747:on
1625:.
1564:.
1511:,
1434:.
1406:.
1124:,
1120:,
1116:,
1063:,
1059:,
975:.
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859:.
847:,
709:)
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356:on
301::
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215:RR
185::
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129::
100::
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6571:.
6555:.
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6490:.
6392:.
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5467:.
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5016:.
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4985:.
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