Vietnamese language

8301:

lasted from 1975 to 1985. The first half of the program (1975–1980) resulted in 1.3 million people sent to the New Economic Zones (NEZs), most of which were relocated to the southern half of the country in previously uninhabited areas, and 550,000 of them were Northerners. The second half (1981–1985) saw almost 1 million Northerners relocated to the New Economic Zones. Government and military personnel from Northern and North-Central Vietnam are also posted to various locations throughout the country that were often away from their home regions. More recently, the growth of the free market system has resulted in increased interregional movement and relations between distant parts of Vietnam through business and travel. The movements have also resulted in some blending of dialects and more significantly have made the Northern dialect more easily understood in the South and vice versa. Most Southerners, when singing modern/old popular Vietnamese songs or addressing the public, do so in the standardized accent if possible, which uses the Northern pronunciation. That is true in both Vietnam and overseas Vietnamese communities.

3010: 2630: 7058: 2953: 624: 5750: 4124: 4328: 4074: 4277: 4226: 4175: 10944: 844: 4415: 4408: 4387: 4380: 248: 7028: 4527: 4520: 4422: 4394: 4443: 4499: 4492: 4471: 4464: 4534: 10415:) ensures, that a citizen of the Czech Republic, who belongs to a national or an ethnic minority, which traditionally and on long-term basis lives within the territory of the Czech Republic, have right to address an administrative agency and proceed before it in the language of the minority. In the case that the administrative agency doesn't have an employee with knowledge of the language, the agency is bound to obtain a translator at the agency's own expense. According to Act No. 273/2001 ( 4450: 3973: 4506: 4478: 374: 5758: 8219: 7107: 4436: 1534:, but were evidently present in the later Proto-Vietnamese stage. Subsequent loss of the minor-syllable prefixes phonemicized the fricatives. Ferlus 1992 proposes that originally there were both voiced and voiceless fricatives, corresponding to original voiced or voiceless stops, but Ferlus 2009 appears to have abandoned that hypothesis, suggesting that stops were softened and voiced at approximately the same time, according to the following pattern: 10338: 260: 10324: 3085:, with over 1.5 million speakers, who are concentrated in a handful of states. It is the third-most spoken language in Texas and Washington; fourth-most in Georgia, Louisiana, and Virginia; and fifth-most in Arkansas and California. Vietnamese is the third most spoken language in Australia other than English, after Mandarin and Arabic. In France, it is the most spoken Asian language and the eighth most spoken immigrant language at home. 7086: 225: 8039: 1893:, becoming a voiced fricative. The minor syllables were eventually lost, but not until the tone split had occurred. As a result, words in modern Vietnamese with voiced fricatives occur in all six tones, and the tonal register reflects the voicing of the minor-syllable prefix and not the voicing of the main-syllable stop in Proto-Viet–Muong that produced the fricative. For similar reasons, words beginning with 5795: 3125:. In countries with Vietnamese-speaking communities Vietnamese language education largely serves as a role to link descendants of Vietnamese immigrants to their ancestral culture. In neighboring countries and vicinities near Vietnam such as Southern China, Cambodia, Laos, and Thailand, Vietnamese as a foreign language is largely due to trade, as well as recovery and growth of the Vietnamese economy. 7009:

slang in daily conversation among teenagers will affect the formality and cadence of their general speech. Others argue that it is not slang that is the problem, but rather the lack of communication techniques for the instant internet messaging era. They believe slang should not be dismissed, but instead, youth should be adequately informed to recognise when to use it and when it is inappropriate.

425: 6700:. It is estimated that Vietnamese slang originating from Mandarin accounts for a tiny proportion (4.6% of surveyed data in newspapers). On the other hand, slang originating from Indo-European languages accounts for a more significant proportion (12%) and is much more common in today's usage. Slang borrowed from these languages can be either 8313:( in the Northern dialect and in the Central and Southern dialects). Thus, the Central and the Southern dialects can be said to have retained a pronunciation closer to Vietnamese orthography and resemble how Middle Vietnamese sounded, in contrast to the modern Northern (Hanoi) dialect, which has since undergone pronunciation shifts. 790:, with roots consisting of a reduced syllable followed by a full syllable, and featured many consonant clusters. Both of these features are found elsewhere in Austroasiatic and in modern conservative Vietic languages south of the Red River area. The language was non-tonal, but featured glottal stop and voiceless fricative codas. 6094:

words created by Japanese to represent Western concepts that were not readily available in Chinese or Japanese, where by the end of the 19th century they were imported to other Asian languages. This first influx is called Sino-Vietnamese words of Japanese origins. For example, the Vietnamese term for "association club",

6255: 2292:(c. 1259 – 1309). Old Vietnamese used Chinese characters phonetically where each word, monosyllabic in Modern Vietnamese, is written with two Chinese characters or in a composite character made of two different characters. This conveys the transformation of the Vietnamese lexicon from sesquisyllabic to fully 7374:, Gaspar do Amaral and Antonio Barbosa. It reflects a "Middle Vietnamese" dialect close to the Hanoi variety as spoken in the 17th century. Its vowels and final consonants correspond most closely to northern dialects while its initial consonants are most similar to southern dialects. (This is not unlike how 6093:

Japanese loanwords are a more recently studied phenomenon, with a paper by Nguyễn & Lê (2020) classifying three waves of Japanese influence - with the first two waves being the principal influxes and the third wave coming from the Vietnamese who studied Japanese. The first wave consisted of Kanji

8300:

in 1975, Northern and North-Central speakers from the densely-populated Red River Delta and the traditionally-poorer provinces of Nghệ An, Hà Tĩnh, and Quảng Bình have continued to move south to look for better economic opportunities allowed by the new government's New Economic Zones, a program that

7008:

Whilst older slang has been used by previous generations, the prevalence of modern slang used by young people in Vietnam (as teenspeak) has made conversations more difficult for older generations to understand. This has become subject for debate. Some believe that incorporating teenspeak or internet

6176:

romanisation. These loanwords are coined as "new Japanese loanwords". A significant number of new Japanese loanwords were also of Chinese origin. Sometimes the same concept can be described using both Sino-Vietnamese words of Japanese origin (first wave) and new Japanese loanwords (second wave). For

6155:

The second wave was during the brief Japanese occupation of Vietnam from 1940 until 1945. However, Japanese cultural influence in Vietnam started significantly from the 1980s. This newer second wave of Japanese-origin loanwords is distinctive from the Sino-Vietnamese words of Japanese origin in that

8206:

to Northern and Southern speakers. There is less internal variation within the Southern region than the other regions because of its relatively late settlement by Vietnamese-speakers (around the end of the 15th century). The North-Central region is particularly conservative since its pronunciation

3108:

a representative on the Government Council for Nationalities, an advisory body of the Czech Government for matters of policy towards national minorities and their members. It also grants the community the right to use Vietnamese with public authorities and in courts anywhere in the country. It is

2340:

glide, vowel nucleus, tone and final consonant), appears nearly identical between Middle Vietnamese and modern Hanoi pronunciation. On the other hand, the Middle Vietnamese pronunciation of the initial consonant differs greatly from all modern dialects, and in fact is significantly closer to the

8211:

attitudes, the North-Central varieties are often felt to be "peculiar" or "difficult to understand" by speakers of other dialects although their pronunciation fits the written language the most closely; that is typically because of various words in their vocabulary that are unfamiliar to other

7644:

sought to eliminate Chinese writing, Confucianism, and other Chinese influences from Vietnam. French superseded Literary Chinese in administration. Vietnamese written with the alphabet became required for all public documents in 1910 by issue of a decree by the French Résident Supérieur of the

6976:

of the word vô, meaning "in". Slogans when drinking at parties. Usually people in the south of Vietnam will pronounce it as "dô", but people in the north pronounce it as "dzô". The letter "z", which is not usually present in the Vietnamese alphabet, can be used for emphasis or for slang terms.

809:(2nd century BC). At this time, Vietic groups began to expand south from the Red River Delta and into the adjacent uplands, possibly to escape Chinese encroachment. The oldest layer of loans from Chinese into northern Vietic (which would become the Viet–Muong subbranch) date from this period. 8304:

Modern Standard Vietnamese is based on the Hanoi dialect. Nevertheless, the major dialects are still predominant in their respective areas and have also evolved over time with influences from other areas. Historically, accents have been distinguished by how each region pronounces the letters

8989:

Although regional variations developed over time, most of those words can be used interchangeably and be understood well, albeit with more or less frequency then others or with slightly different but often discernible word choices and pronunciations. Some accents may mix, with words such

3290:, whereas the back vowels (u, ô, o) are rounded. The vowels â and ă are pronounced very short, much shorter than the other vowels. Thus, ơ and â are basically pronounced the same except that ơ is of normal length while â is short – the same applies to the vowels long a and short ă . 5897:

and subsequent influence after Vietnam became independent. Early linguists thought that this meant the Vietnamese lexicon had only two influxes of Chinese words, one stemming from the period under actual Chinese rule and a second from afterwards. These words are grouped together as

2296:

under the pressure of Chinese linguistic influence, characterized by linguistic phenomena such as the reduction of minor syllables; loss of affixal morphology drifting towards analytical grammar; simplification of major syllable segments, and the change of suprasegment instruments.

6679:

Other compound words, such as nước non (chữ Nôm: 渃𡽫, "country/nation", lit. "water and mountains"), appear to be of purely Vietnamese origin and used to be inscribed in chữ Nôm characters (compounded, self-coined Chinese characters) but are now written in the Vietnamese alphabet.

8201:

The dialect regions differ mostly in their sound systems (see below) but also in vocabulary (including basic and non-basic vocabulary) and grammar. The North-Central and the Central regional varieties, which have a significant number of vocabulary differences, are generally less

1874:.) Subsequent to this, the plain-voiced stops became voiceless and the allotones became new phonemic tones. The implosive stops were unaffected, and in fact developed tonally as if they were unvoiced. (This behavior is common to all East Asian languages with implosive stops.) 10394:

Citizens belonging to minorities, which traditionally and on long-term basis live within the territory of the Czech Republic, enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities and in front of the courts of law (for the list of recognized minorities see

8260:

The large movements of people between North and South since the mid-20th century has resulted in a sizable number of Southern residents speaking in the Northern accent/dialect and, to a greater extent, Northern residents speaking in the Southern accent/dialect. After the

6870:

A noun whose literal translation is "buffalo kid". It is usually used to describe younger children or people who behave like a child, like putting on airs and acting foolishly to attract other people's attention (with negative actions, words, and thoughts).

8207:

has diverged less from Vietnamese orthography than the other varieties, which tend to merge certain sounds. Along the coastal areas, regional variation has been neutralized to a certain extent, but more mountainous regions preserve more variation. As for

8237: 4625:

Before Vietnamese switched from a Chinese-based script to a Latin-based script, Vietnamese had used the traditional Chinese system of classifying tones. Using this system, Vietnamese has 8 tones, but modern linguists only count 6 phonemic tones.

9908:

in Vietnamese involves disyllabic words in which the last syllable forms the first syllable of the next word in the chain. This game involves two members versing each other until the opponent is unable to think of another word. For instance:

7639:

The romanised script became predominant over the course of the early 20th century, when education became widespread and a simpler writing system was found to be more expedient for teaching and communication with the general population. The

10166:

is played by children. Here a nonsense syllable (chosen by the child) is prefixed onto a target word's syllables, then their initial consonants and rimes are switched with the tone of the original word remaining on the new switched rime.

2789:

de Rhodes' system has two different b letters, a regular b and a "hooked" b in which the upper section of the curved part of the b extends leftward past the vertical bar and curls down again in a semicircle. This apparently represented a

8197:

refers to dialects spoken from the northern Nghệ An Province to the southern (former) Thừa Thiên Province that preserve archaic features (like consonant clusters and undiphthongized vowels) that have been lost in other modern dialects.

9025:

digraphs are pronounced distinctly in the North-Central, Central, and Southern varieties but are merged in Northern varieties, which pronounce them the same way). Many North-Central varieties preserve three distinct pronunciations for

7148:

in Vietnamese) for official purposes. Up to the late 19th century (except for two brief interludes), all formal writing, including government business, scholarship and formal literature, was done in Literary Chinese, written with

883:

series, and a Buddhist sutra recorded in an early form of chu Nom, variously dated to the 12th and 15th centuries. Compared with Proto-Viet–Muong, the language had lost the voicing distinction on stop initials, giving rise to a

2273:

Old Vietnamese/Ancient Vietnamese was a Vietic language which was separated from Viet–Muong around the 9th century, and evolved into Middle Vietnamese by 16th century. The sources for the reconstruction of Old Vietnamese are

8099:

is considered by the Vietnamese government to be a dialect of Vietnamese, however it is also considered a separate Việt-Mường language or the southernmost dialect of Mường language. The Vietnamese language also has several

3797:(like "ph"), and others are written with more than one letter or digraph (the velar stop is written variously as "c", "k", or "q"). In some cases, they are based on their Middle Vietnamese pronunciation; since that period, 3293:

The centering diphthongs are formed with only the three high vowels (i, ư, u). They are generally spelled as ia, ưa, ua when they end a word and are spelled iê, ươ, uô, respectively, when they are followed by a consonant.

5909:

Valley by the 1st century CE, and its vocabulary significantly fused with the co-existing Proto-Viet-Muong language, the immediate ancestor of Vietnamese. He lists three major classes of Sino-Vietnamese borrowings: Early

7963:

as the decimal separator in lieu of dots, and either spaces or dots to group the digits. An example is 1 629,15 (one thousand six hundred twenty-nine point fifteen). Because a comma is used as the decimal separator, a

1901:

occur in both registers. (Thompson 1976 reconstructed voiceless resonants to account for outcomes where resonants occur with a first-register tone, but this is no longer considered necessary, at least by Ferlus.)

759:, with a slightly different proposal on subclassification, within which the term "Viet–Muong" refers to a lower subgrouping (within an eastern Vietic branch) consisting of Vietnamese dialects, Mường dialects, and 5886:) as well as other periods of influence. Besides English and French, which have made some contributions to the Vietnamese language, Japanese loanwords into Vietnamese are also a more recently studied phenomenon. 9559:

The consonant clusters that were originally present in Middle Vietnamese (in the 17th century) have been lost in almost all modern Vietnamese varieties although they have been retained in other closely related

8235: 10800:

Sources on Vietnamese variation include: Alves (forthcoming), Alves & Nguyễn (2007), Emeneau (1947), Hoàng (1989), Honda (2006), Nguyễn, Đ.-H. (1995), Pham (2005), Thompson (1991), Vũ (1982), Vương

6770:, which translates in English to "running shows", but its everyday use has the same connotation as "having to do a lot of tasks within a short amount of time". This is an example of transliteral slang. 4125: 4075: 4329: 960:

After France invaded Vietnam in the late 19th century, French gradually replaced Literary Chinese as the official language in education and government. Vietnamese adopted many French terms, such as

4278: 4227: 4176: 3104:, Vietnamese has been recognized as one of 14 minority languages, on the basis of communities that have resided in the country either traditionally or on a long-term basis. This status grants the 4687:(入; 'entering'). The reason for the extra two tones is that syllables ending in the stops /p/, /t/, /c/ and /k/ are treated as having entering tones, but phonetically they are exactly the same. 13122: 3093:

Vietnamese is the sole official and national language of Vietnam. It is the first language of the majority of the Vietnamese population, as well as a first or second language for the country's

8236: 1854:

distinction developed in the tones, whereby the tones in syllables with voiced initials were pronounced differently from those with voiceless initials. (Approximately speaking, the voiced

7748:

convention, though this is largely unnecessary with the increasing ubiquity of Unicode. There are many software tools that help type Roman-script Vietnamese on English keyboards, such as

1731:

Proto-Viet–Muong did not have tones. Tones developed later in some of the daughter languages from distinctions in the initial and final consonants. Vietnamese tones developed as follows:

652: 7218:

and native words with similar pronunciation or meaning. In addition, thousands of new compound characters were created to write Vietnamese words using a variety of methods, including

19406: 19386: 6251:

Basic vocabulary in Vietnamese has Proto-Vietic origins. Vietnamese shares a large amount of vocabulary with the Mường languages, a close relative of the Vietnamese language.

11019:

Of the approximately 90 millions speakers of Austroasiatic languages, over 70 million speak Vietnamese, nearly ten million speak Khmer and roughly five million speak Santali.

19549: 19411: 10896:, p. 29 gives the following context: "... a collaborator under the French administration was presented with a congratulatory panel featuring the two Chinese characters 12536: 12471:

Ostrowski, Brian Eugene (2010). "The Rise of Christian Nôm Literature in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Fusing European Content and Local Expression". In Wilcox, Wynn (ed.).

4350:

Tonal differences of three speakers as reported in Hwa-Froelich & Hodson (2002). The curves represent temporal pitch variation while two sloped lines (//) indicates a

10385:

The Bureau of Interpreters used Chinese approximations to record Vietnamese rather than use Sino-Vietnamese to record as has been done in Annan Yiyu 安南譯語, a prior work.

6780:. This more modern slang is commonly used in the younger generation's teenspeak in Vietnam. This recent slang is mostly pure Vietnamese, and almost all the words are 16984: 11963:"(Paper presented at the International workshop on the history of Colloquial Chinese – written and spoken, Rutgers University, New Brunswick NJ, 11–12 March 2016.)" 11835: 615:

and some native Vietnamese words that correspond to the meaning of the Chinese character, together with many locally invented characters to represent other words.

13083:, edited by Ratree Wayland et al. Canberra, Australia, 1–7. Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University 6840:-goer in its noun form and to "spilling something over" in its verb form. In slang terms, it is commonly used to emphasize an adjective or a verb - for example, 5893:

phonological and morphological features that original Vietnamese had. The Chinese influence on Vietnamese corresponds to various periods when Vietnam was under

747:, etc. The term "Vietic" was proposed by Hayes (1992), who proposed to redefine Viet–Muong as referring to a subbranch of Vietic containing only Vietnamese and 938:

as the formal medium of government, scholarship and literature. With the dominance of Chinese came wholesale importation of Chinese vocabulary. The resulting

847:

An Nam quốc dịch ngữ 安南國譯語 recorded the pronunciations of 15th century Vietnamese, such as for 天 (sky) - 雷 /luei/ representing blời (Modern Vietnamese: trời).

19401: 13733: 3001:

that is peculiar to the Hanoi dialect to the present day. This diacritic is often mistaken for a tilde in modern reproductions of early Vietnamese writing.

17516: 11875:

Deborah, H.-F., W., H. B., & T., E. H. (2002). Characteristics of Vietnamese Phonology. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 11(3), 264–273.

10560:

This description distinguishes four degrees of vowel height and a rounding contrast (rounded vs. unrounded) between back vowels. The relative shortness of

7733: 2629: 19391: 19376: 19371: 6998:"Lu bu" (from southern Vietnamese) meaning busy. "Lu xu bu" meaning so busy at a particular task or activity that the person cannot do much else - e.g., 828:

when those consonants disappeared. These characteristics have become part of many of the genetically unrelated languages of Southeast Asia; for example,

4016:

tone dot diacritic goes below the vowel). The six tones in the northern varieties (including Hanoi), with their self-referential Vietnamese names, are:

550:. Although it is often mistakenly thought as being an monosyllabic language, Vietnamese words typically consist of from one to many as eight individual 1885:(in addition to, and independent of, initial clusters in the main syllable). When a minor syllable occurred, the main syllable's initial consonant was 13164:

Luong, Hy Van. (1987). "Plural markers and personal pronouns in Vietnamese person reference: An analysis of pragmatic ambiguity and negative models".

11962: 3828:

Not all dialects of Vietnamese have the same consonant in a given word (although all dialects use the same spelling in the written language). See the

17119: 9979:

involves switching, adding or removing the tones in a pair of words and may also involve switching the order of words or the first consonant and the

8228: 13300:

Chamberlain, James (2019), "Vanishing Nomads: Languages and Peoples of Nakai, Laos, and Adjacent Areas", in Brunn, Stanley; Kehrein, Roland (eds.),

10407:

ensures right of the national and ethnic minorities for education and communication with authorities in their own language. Act No. 500/2004 Coll. (

10404: 7728:

character set contains all Vietnamese characters and the Vietnamese currency symbol. On systems that do not support Unicode, many 8-bit Vietnamese

3009: 10971: 17641: 14486: 5761:

A comparison between Sino-Vietnamese (left) vocabulary with Mandarin and Cantonese pronunciations below and native Vietnamese vocabulary (right).

2282:("Sūtra explained by the Buddha on the Great Repayment of the Heavy Debt to Parents"), old inscriptions, and a late 13th-century (possibly 1293) 19630: 1008:), resulting in a language that was Austroasiatic but with major Sino-influences and some minor French influences from the French colonial era. 487:. Vietnamese is spoken natively by around 85 million people, several times as many as the rest of the Austroasiatic family combined. It is the 20374: 20364: 19612: 19207: 13840: 7636:

or 'national language script') gradually expanded from its initial usage in Christian writing to become more popular among the general public.

12058: 11703: 10400: 6692:(tiếng lóng) has changed over time. Vietnamese slang consists of pure Vietnamese words as well as words borrowed from other languages such as 19762: 16977: 12854: 2644: 2322: 904: 12216: 19484: 14695: 942:

makes up about a third of the Vietnamese lexicon in all realms, and may account for as much as 60% of the vocabulary used in formal texts.

13133: 19477: 19396: 12167: 13782: 10957: 6958:

Similar to other particles (nhé, nghe, nhỉ, nhá), it can be used to end sentences. "Rửa chén, nhỉ" can mean "Wash the dishes... yeah?"

727:, and Vietnamese were part of what he termed "Mon–Annam languages" in a paper published in 1856. Later, in 1920, French-Polish linguist 20188: 20080: 12408: 10783:

Comparison note: As such its grammar relies on word order and sentence structure rather than morphology (in which word changes through

6201:

pronunciations, having been brought over by southern Chinese migrants, whereas in Hán-Việt, which has been described as being close to

6071:" (literally meaning "soft part"). Some scientific terms, such as "biological cell", were derived from chữ Hán. For example, the word 2785:

Most of the unusual correspondences between spelling and modern pronunciation are explained by Middle Vietnamese. Note in particular:

17521: 13087: 11718: 7617:

Thus, it is possible for diacritics to be stacked e.g. ể, combining letter with diacritic, ê, with diacritic for tone, ẻ, to make ể.

12670: 11823: 11755: 7174:), Chinese script known as chữ Hán in Vietnamese as well as chữ Nôm (together, Hán-Nôm) is still present in such activities such as 20359: 20129: 19522: 19517: 18968: 17533: 16970: 11686: 3082: 735:

is more closely related to Vietnamese than other Mon–Khmer languages, and a Viet–Muong subgrouping was established, also including

10396: 851:

After the split from Muong around the end of the first millennium AD, the following stages of Vietnamese are commonly identified:

19174: 16590: 14739: 12476: 8243:

The first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights spoken by Nghiem Mai Phuong, native speaker of a northern variety.

4010:

Tone is indicated by diacritics written above or below the vowel (most of the tone diacritics appear above the vowel; except the

3105: 1847: 813: 11736: 19820: 19162: 18997: 13094:(pp. 1–9). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies 12374:

Portuguese Pioneers of Vietnamese Linguistics Prior to 1650 – Pionniers Portugais de la Linguistique Vietnamienne Jusqu'en 1650

7802:, which means "month". Traditional Vietnamese, however, assigns other names to some months; these names are mostly used in the 1526:

The fricatives indicated above in parentheses developed as allophones of stop consonants occurring between vowels (i.e. when a

438: 13800: 2698:(with the difference between the two often indicating differences in the quality or length of the preceding vowel), and after 19554: 19167: 19070: 17112: 13656: 13581: 13468: 13445: 13309: 13290: 13240: 12842: 12785: 12484: 12317: 12243: 11861: 11808: 11604: 11114: 10101: 11948:"Lacquered Words: The Evolution Of Vietnamese Under Sinitic Influences From The 1St Century Bce Through The 17Th Century Ce" 20242: 20151: 19512: 19507: 19212: 17017: 14757: 10863:

is increasingly pronounced among educated speakers. Less educated speakers use more consistently throughout their speech.

10312:

This language game is often used as a "secret" or "coded" language useful for obscuring messages from adult comprehension.

6901:

A noun meaning "chicken". It is also commonly used to refer to someone's lack of ability to complete or compete in a task.

19055: 12138: 10904:

meaning 'all the king's subjects'. But those two syllables, when undergoing commutation of rhyme and tone, would generate

7761: 1016:

The following diagram shows the phonology of Proto–Viet–Muong (the nearest ancestor of Vietnamese and the closely related

19625: 19620: 19607: 19381: 14479: 13250:

Alves, Mark (2020). "Historical Ethnolinguistic Notes on Proto-Austroasiatic and Proto-Vietic Vocabulary in Vietnamese".

7768:

input method is often set as the default for many devices. Besides third-party software tools, operating systems such as

7674:

was still featured on banknotes, but fell out of official and mainstream use shortly thereafter. The education reform by

6803:

Some examples with newer and older slang that originate from northern, central, or southern Vietnamese dialects include:

6019:

In addition, modern Vietnamese pronunciations of French names correspond directly to the original French pronunciations (

2897: 442: 404: 12920: 6943:

as bait for fish. Nowadays it is also used to describe the act of dropping hints to another person one is attracted to.

1621:

It is unclear what this sound was. According to Ferlus 1992, in the Archaic Vietnamese period (c. 10th century AD, when

14884: 13833: 12292: 11033:"The integration of French loanwords into Vietnamese: A corpus-based analysis of tonal, syllabic and segmental aspects" 278: 7340:, unsuccessfully petitioned the Court suggesting the adoption of a script for Vietnamese based on Chinese characters. 6156:

they were borrowed directly from Japanese. This vocabulary includes words representative of Japanese culture, such as

3954: 20294: 19998: 19747: 19703: 19140: 19060: 18981: 12874: 12823: 12804: 12558: 12381: 12097: 11655: 11012: 8082: 7719: 7057: 6081:

in chữ Hán, whilst other scientific names such as "acetylcholine" are unaltered. Words like "peptide" may be seen as

19575: 19065: 19050: 8064: 20005: 19449: 17105: 14688: 13486: 8189:

Vietnamese has traditionally been divided into three dialect regions: North (45%), Central (10%), and South (45%).

7389:

The Vietnamese alphabet contains 29 letters, supplementing the Latin alphabet with an additional consonant letter (

2234: 504: 379: 13273:

Alves, Mark (2021). "Linguistic influence of Chinese in Southeast Asia". In Sidwell, Paul; Jenny, Mathias (eds.).

12120: 10143:

can be used to obscure the original meaning and thus soften the discussion of a socially sensitive issue, as with

10139:

The resulting transformed phrase often has a different meaning but sometimes may just be a nonsensical word pair.

9038:, but the Northern varieties have a three-way merger, and the Central and the Southern varieties have a merger of 2952: 19874: 19757: 19752: 19130: 16993: 14787: 13730: 10125: 6719: 394: 12400:

Từ Nước Mặn đến Roma: Những đóng góp của các giáo sĩ Dòng Tên trong quá trình La tinh hoá tiếng Việt ở thế kỷ 17

7337: 7214:) script to record folk literature in Vietnamese. The script used Chinese characters to represent both borrowed 20349: 20112: 19779: 19735: 19217: 19037: 14472: 14453: 9600:

There are six tones in Vietnamese, with phonetic differences between dialects, mostly in the pitch contour and

8049: 5782:. Austroasiatic origins are so far the most tenable to date, with some of the oldest words in Vietnamese being 4603:

Words with tones belonging to a particular tone group must occur in certain positions within the poetic verse.

3976:

Pitch contours and duration of the six Northern Vietnamese tones as spoken by a male speaker (not from Hanoi).

12747:. University of California publications in linguistics. Vol. 8. Berkeley: University of California Press. 10872:

Gregerson (1981) notes that the variation was present in de Rhodes's time in some initial consonant clusters:

10421:

The right to use language of a national minority in dealing with authorities and in front of the courts of law

7704:

minority in China (descendants of 16th-century migrants from Vietnam) use songbooks and scriptures written in

7307:

writing reached its zenith in the 18th century when many Vietnamese writers and poets composed their works in

2336:). The pronunciation of the "rime" of the syllable, i.e. all parts other than the initial consonant (optional 656: 20344: 20171: 19769: 19592: 19125: 17895: 17214: 13909: 13826: 12139:"What is the difference between "nhé" and "nha, nghe, nhà, nhỉ" ? "nhé" vs "nha, nghe, nhà, nhỉ" ?" 11919:

LaPolla, Randy J. (2010). ""Language Contact and Language Change in the History of the Sinitic Languages."".

7018: 3793:

Some consonant sounds are written with only one letter (like "p"), other consonant sounds are written with a

786:

This ancestral Vietic was typologically very different from later Vietnamese. It was polysyllabic, or rather

299: 10603:

The closing diphthongs and triphthongs as described by Thompson can be compared with the description above:

7192:

From around the 13th century, Vietnamese scholars used their knowledge of the Chinese script to develop the

317: 20339: 20329: 19926: 19891: 19472: 19336: 19002: 18961: 18870: 18525: 18486: 17528: 17371: 15820: 14880: 13904: 13741: 12580: 12192:"What is the meaning of "tôi chóng mặt luôn, quá lu bu quá mệt (plz english)"? - Question about Vietnamese" 8286: 5890: 5820:

around the 10th to 11th century and become the Vietnamese we know today. For instance, the Vietnamese word

5802:

on the left means "rice" whilst the character on the right "頗" was used to indicate the sound of the word (

3309:. The closing diphthongs and triphthongs consist of a main vowel component followed by a shorter semivowel 3139: 2912: 2690:

does not occur at the beginning of a syllable, but can occur at the end of a syllable, where it is notated

2193: 2096: 364: 19045: 13321:. University of California publications in linguistics (No. 52). Berkeley: University of California Press. 13143:

Vũ, Thanh Phương. (1982). "Phonetic properties of Vietnamese tones across dialects". In D. Bradley (Ed.),

12076: 10619: 10613: 9889: 9881: 9873: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9790: 9785: 9780: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9753: 9748: 9743: 9738: 9733: 9728: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9589: 8193:

and Nguyễn Tài Cẩn found that there was a separate North-Central dialect for Vietnamese as well. The term

7596: 7576: 7556: 7536: 7516: 6992: 6987: 6968: 6953: 6934: 6911: 6896: 6881: 6865: 6827: 6753: 6734: 4309: 4258: 4207: 4156: 4105: 3930: 3919: 3912: 3905: 3901: 3885: 3874: 3863: 3852: 3508: 3504: 3492: 3488: 3468: 3345: 3339: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 2998: 2994: 2937: 2930: 2926: 2915: 2900: 2893: 2876: 2872: 2865: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2838: 2817: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2775: 2768: 2751: 2739: 2715: 2703: 2699: 2337: 1898: 1894: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1712: 1708: 1645: 1641: 1630: 1626: 1608: 1600: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1475: 1465: 1455: 1445: 1426: 1416: 1406: 1396: 1386: 1369: 1355: 1325: 1298: 1286: 1276: 1257: 1243: 1233: 1214: 1204: 1192: 1182: 1165: 1155: 1145: 1133: 1123: 1099: 1089: 1077: 1067: 820:

and similar syllable structure. Many languages in this area, including Viet–Muong, underwent a process of

623: 20354: 20334: 20254: 19857: 19813: 19693: 19570: 19331: 19272: 19108: 19017: 19012: 19007: 14735: 14681: 14657: 8177: 5043: 3143: 2120: 833: 535: 273: 10972:"Slovakia: Vietnamese community granted national minority status | European Website on Integration" 9456:

can be found even in mainstream Vietnamese in certain words. For example, the numeral "five" appears as

19938: 19921: 19898: 19720: 19527: 19499: 19363: 19227: 19152: 19135: 14379: 8153: 7745: 7627: 7333: 7215: 7119: 7041:

and the modern Vietnamese alphabet. Chinese characters representing Sino-Vietnamese words are shown in

6236: 5943: 5911: 5905:

However, according to linguist John Phan, “Annamese Middle Chinese” was already used and spoken in the

5899: 5894: 4606: 3467:

The correspondence between the orthography and pronunciation is complicated. For example, the offglide

2207: 1704: 1622: 957:

led to an expansion of the Vietnamese people and language, with distinctive local variations emerging.

939: 664: 612: 12003:"Japanese Loanwords Adopted into the Vietnamese Language by Vietnamese Students and Temporary Workers" 10815: 8149: 945:

Vietic languages were confined to the northern third of modern Vietnam until the "southward advance" (

764: 20369: 20107: 19843: 19808: 19444: 19432: 19202: 19197: 19118: 18311: 15729: 14435: 11642: 11051: 7321:(dubbed "the Queen of Nôm poetry"). However, it was only used for official purposes during the brief 5919: 3678: 3676: 3668: 3666: 3121:

Vietnamese is taught in schools and institutions outside of Vietnam, a large part contributed by its

3075: 2923: 2890: 2791: 2153: 2141: 2033: 913: 776: 14111: 13673:. Southeast Asian language series. Northern Illinois University, Center for Southeast Asian Studies. 10943: 8163: 7318: 7301:

is found in a list of names in the Tháp Miếu Temple Inscription, dating from early 13th century AD.

6916:

A noun meaning "crocodile". It is also commonly used to refer to someone's lack of beauty. The word

5749: 20025: 19895: 19838: 19725: 19715: 19698: 19587: 19157: 19027: 18877: 17810: 16210: 15749: 15714: 14815: 12447: 11979:

Phan, John (2010). ""Re-Imagining 'Annam': A New Analysis of Sino–Viet–Muong Linguistic Contact"".

11762: 10151:(above), or when implied (and not overtly spoken), to deliver a hidden subtextual message, as with 8266: 8262: 7649:. In turn, Vietnamese reformists and nationalists themselves encouraged and popularized the use of 7379: 7162: 5058: 5015: 3134:) have been established for youth in many Vietnamese-speaking communities around the world such as 3094: 2165: 1866:

and with lowered pitch. The quality difference predominates in today's northern varieties, e.g. in

1530:

occurred). These fricatives were not present in Proto-Viet–Muong, as indicated by their absence in

539: 358: 12678: 7630:

literature for more than 200 years. Starting from the late 19th century, the Vietnamese alphabet (

2732:

The language also has three clusters at the beginning of syllables, which have since disappeared:

2284: 816:, in which languages from genetically unrelated families converged toward characteristics such as 20247: 20070: 20040: 19958: 19916: 19341: 19326: 19184: 18954: 18101: 17128: 16911: 16605: 15863: 15774: 15656: 15651: 14612: 14528: 14359: 13882: 8060: 7219: 6697: 5783: 5779: 2326:. It reflects the pronunciation of the Vietnamese of Hanoi at that time, a stage commonly termed 680: 676: 628: 125: 10819: 9477: 20210: 19803: 19791: 19710: 19660: 19346: 18884: 18818: 17831: 17805: 16634: 16451: 16133: 14958: 14953: 14924: 14912: 14448: 14334: 14211: 14130: 13150:

Vương, Hữu Lễ. (1981). "Vài nhận xét về đặc diểm của vần trong thổ âm Quảng Nam ở Hội An" . In

12947: 12711: 11849: 11501: 10356: 8101: 7697: 7476: 7367: 7175: 5939: 5775: 3532: 837: 708: 648: 472: 19680: 14299: 13459:, in Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Ilia, Peiros; Lin, Marie (eds.), 13116:

Proceedings of the 11th Australasian International Conference on Speech Science and Technology

13092:

SEALS VIII: Papers from the 8th annual meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 1998

11792: 11002: 2868:

was based on the lack of any such place distinction between the two, with the result that the

20230: 20220: 20195: 20139: 19931: 19456: 19439: 19321: 18927: 18891: 18823: 16923: 16899: 16622: 16585: 15083: 14495: 13081:

SEALS XII Papers from the 12th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 2002

11438:"Spirantisation des obstruantes médiales et formation du système consonantique du vietnamien" 11387:"Histoire abrégée de l'évolution des consonnes initiales du Vietnamien et du Sino-Vietnamien" 10788: 10423:) the same applies for the members of national minorities also in front of the courts of law. 8203: 8145: 8056: 8001: 7977: 7432: 5005: 3977: 3794: 3071: 3038: 2578: 2293: 1969: 1957: 576: 17540: 16797: 14085: 12864: 9853: 9575: 8131: 3503:"ear" is . Similarly, u and o indicate different pronunciations of the main vowel: au = ă + 775:

Austroasiatic is believed to have dispersed around 2000 BC. The arrival of the agricultural

20215: 20205: 20200: 20090: 19993: 19869: 19830: 19798: 19580: 19489: 19427: 19192: 19096: 18898: 18453: 18048: 16570: 16431: 16250: 16230: 16215: 15951: 15916: 15724: 14224: 14173: 13849: 13201: 13184: 10351: 9571: 9564:. However, some speech communities have preserved some of these archaic clusters: "sky" is 8141: 7765: 7326: 6739:

a word borrowed from English used to describe an ex-lover, usually pronounced similarly to

6173: 5054: 3155: 3135: 1981: 1739: 636: 632: 13591:

Haudricourt, André-Georges (1949). "Origine des particularités de l'alphabet vietnamien".

13225: 13147:(Vol. 8, pp. 55–75). Sydney: Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University. 13076: 12405:

400 năm hình thành và phát triển chữ Quốc ngữ trong lịch sử loan báo Tin Mừng tại Việt Nam

11715: 7111: 554:

or syllables; the majority of Vietnamese vocabulary are disyllabic and trisyllabic words.

8: 20225: 20161: 20097: 20030: 20020: 19988: 19976: 19911: 19886: 19774: 19597: 19541: 19309: 19284: 19267: 19262: 19250: 19245: 19147: 18700: 17967: 17346: 17336: 17086: 17025: 16883: 16863: 16627: 16255: 16205: 16200: 15611: 15178: 14762: 14571: 14443: 14354: 13111: 12667: 11766: 10627: 10470: 10432:

There are different descriptions of Hanoi vowels. Another common description is that of (

10361: 8173: 7375: 7363: 7349: 3659: 3637: 3370: 3205: 3174: 3122: 3018: 2934: 2904: 2880: 2852:

was dental. The choice of symbols was based on the dental rather than alveolar nature of

2638: 2514: 2369: 2317: 2178: 2130: 2108: 2084: 2072: 2061: 1313: 909: 889: 558: 508: 454: 195: 59: 53: 46: 39: 20065: 16240: 16225: 14840: 14349: 14329: 13326: 7144: 7133: 20287: 20264: 20259: 20156: 20102: 20057: 19971: 19786: 19742: 19665: 19648: 19113: 18989: 18686: 18579: 18114: 18086: 17868: 17545: 17174: 17141: 17065: 17040: 16828: 16600: 16534: 16483: 16436: 16380: 16110: 16053: 15779: 14935: 14704: 14546: 14319: 14090: 13891: 13550: 13365: 13173: 13057: 13011: 12970: 12764: 12731: 12581:"Repression in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam: Executions and Population Relocation" 11668: 11479: 11081: 10787:). Whereas European languages tend to use morphology to express tense, Vietnamese uses 10366: 8096: 7484: 7150: 7022: 5824:

meaning "management" (noun) or "manage" (verb), likely descended from the same word as

5070: 5027: 5023: 5001: 3985: 3555: 2991: 2860:

in Spanish and other Romance languages. The inconsistency with the symbols assigned to

2842: 2364: 1993: 1925: 1039: 825: 817: 760: 644: 600: 584: 527: 200: 19670: 16235: 14845: 14339: 14201: 13944: 11643:"2021 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics" 11437: 11413: 11386: 756: 350: 20144: 20124: 20085: 20035: 20015: 19966: 19881: 19730: 19688: 18828: 18784: 18774: 18695: 18619: 18494: 18426: 18020: 17932: 17734: 17729: 17433: 17055: 17030: 16807: 16467: 16341: 16286: 16178: 16086: 16081: 16038: 15960: 15691: 15671: 15596: 15573: 15346: 15228: 15198: 15040: 15031: 14983: 14973: 14820: 14752: 14425: 14266: 14106: 14075: 14012: 13652: 13577: 13464: 13441: 13369: 13305: 13286: 13236: 13123:"Strata of standardization: the Phong Nha dialect of Vietnamese (Quảng Bình Province) 13024: 13003: 12974: 12870: 12838: 12819: 12800: 12781: 12752: 12554: 12480: 12377: 12313: 12288: 12239: 11889: 11857: 11804: 11800: 11600: 11110: 11008: 7383: 7371: 7089: 5771: 5077: 5042:

distinction). Also like other languages in the region, Vietnamese syntax conforms to

5031: 5011: 3727: 3575: 3565: 3059: 2384: 2374: 1940: 1930: 1592: 1054: 1044: 935: 917: 692: 523: 492: 484: 480: 383: 373: 170: 97: 83: 18644: 18119: 14116: 13525:

Shorto, Harry L. edited by Sidwell, Paul, Cooper, Doug and Bauer, Christian (2006).

12518: 12285:

A History of East Asia: From the Origins of Civilization to the Twenty-First Century

11161:

Hayes, La Vaughn H (1992). "Vietic and Việt-Mường: a new subgrouping in Mon-Khmer".

6219: 5816:

with Chinese heavily influenced the Vietnamese language, causing it to diverge from

3825:

have collapsed and converged together (into /z/ in the north and /j/ in the south).

2344:

The following diagram shows the orthography and pronunciation of Middle Vietnamese:

400: 20303: 20237: 20178: 20166: 20119: 20045: 19948: 19906: 19279: 19235: 19022: 18727: 18705: 18676: 18629: 18565: 18553: 18530: 18504: 18499: 18476: 18306: 18290: 18280: 18270: 18170: 18038: 17998: 17937: 17907: 17762: 17669: 17620: 17493: 17394: 17305: 17300: 17260: 17240: 16878: 16873: 16843: 16802: 16782: 16671: 16666: 16610: 16580: 16529: 16418: 16291: 16271: 16220: 16187: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16096: 16091: 16073: 15921: 15911: 15815: 15764: 15759: 15734: 15661: 15354: 15331: 15326: 15256: 15251: 15246: 15208: 15148: 15073: 15016: 15011: 14996: 14767: 14718: 14662: 14591: 14405: 14400: 14384: 14324: 14191: 14186: 14040: 13989: 13974: 13542: 13512: 13424: 13401: 13355: 13278: 13259: 13235:. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 221–242. 13202:"Comparison of greetings in the Vietnamese dialects of Ha Noi and Ho Chi Minh City" 13049: 12995: 12983: 12962: 12907: 12723: 12500: 12014: 11928: 11901: 11725:. April 16, 2014. The Government Public Relations Department. Retrieved 2015-01-10. 11449: 11067: 11063: 10998: 10811: 9561: 8181: 8121: 7983: 7641: 7359: 7224: 7123: 7033: 6693: 6637: 6604: 6414: 6381: 6214: 6044: 5906: 5813: 5812:

Although Vietnamese roots are classified as Austroasiatic, Vietic, and Viet-Muong,

5019: 3772: 3611: 3550: 3545: 2979: 2971: 2606: 2359: 2354: 2316:

The writing system used for Vietnamese is based closely on the system developed by

2247: 2010: 1920: 1871: 1035: 1030: 802: 798: 752: 736: 672: 572: 130: 16962: 16426: 13461:

Past human migrations in East Asia: matching archaeology, linguistics and genetics

13025:"Tones and voice quality in modern northern Vietnamese: Instrumental case studies" 13015: 6836:

word that can be a noun or a verb depending on the context. It refers to a female

5503:"He/she/it only eats Vietnamese rice (or food, especially spoken by the elderly)." 843: 20134: 20010: 19943: 19257: 19240: 18761: 18660: 18655: 18609: 18604: 18599: 18594: 18471: 18342: 18260: 18255: 18197: 18124: 18091: 17847: 17815: 17739: 17703: 17610: 17470: 17331: 17265: 17250: 17204: 17199: 17194: 17189: 17169: 17164: 17060: 17050: 17045: 17035: 16858: 16848: 16838: 16787: 16777: 16651: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16403: 16393: 16388: 16356: 16346: 16331: 16321: 16311: 16281: 16245: 16195: 16158: 16123: 16063: 16043: 16023: 15988: 15973: 15968: 15891: 15830: 15810: 15805: 15800: 15744: 15636: 15606: 15555: 15530: 15515: 15489: 15484: 15464: 15449: 15394: 15336: 15321: 15316: 15301: 15296: 15241: 15173: 15153: 15088: 15063: 14991: 14968: 14870: 14835: 14830: 14805: 14777: 14772: 14581: 14576: 14420: 14415: 14304: 14274: 14256: 14251: 14232: 14196: 14163: 14080: 13979: 13964: 13959: 13954: 13934: 13914: 13737: 13129:, Dept. of Linguistics, University of California, 2015, 38 (1), pp. 124–162. 12674: 11947: 11932: 11722: 10665: 10573: 10506: 10343: 8208: 7600: 6837: 6701: 6270: 6232: 6210: 5859: 5039: 4414: 4407: 4386: 4379: 4313: 3570: 3408: 3237: 2883:

nature of the stops does not appear to have had any role in the choice of symbol.

2634: 2391: 2379: 1947: 1935: 1049: 893: 780: 696: 547: 496: 488: 117: 17209: 14344: 13919: 13647:

Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1996). Vietnamese. In P. T. Daniels, & W. Bright (Eds.),

12921:"Northern and Southern Vietnamese Tone Coarticulation: A Comparative Case Study" 12682: 11151:

Ferlus, Michel. 1996. Langues et peuples viet-muong. Mon-Khmer Studies 26. 7–28.

8011: 7690:. Today, only a few scholars and some extremely elderly people are able to read 6213:

in Vietnam. Meanwhile, any new terms calqued from Chinese would be based on the

5770:

Many early studies hypothesized Vietnamese language-origins to have been either

4612: 4526: 4519: 4421: 4393: 3070:. A large number of Vietnamese speakers also reside in neighboring countries of 20308: 20075: 19353: 18921: 18858: 18813: 18797: 18792: 18710: 18650: 18638: 18589: 18584: 18574: 18410: 18405: 18389: 18384: 18374: 18358: 18245: 18222: 18145: 18140: 18071: 18063: 18003: 17982: 17922: 17636: 17449: 17351: 17341: 17321: 17245: 17219: 17184: 17179: 17007: 16868: 16812: 16792: 16595: 16560: 16549: 16544: 16539: 16446: 16398: 16336: 16306: 16301: 16163: 16153: 16118: 16028: 15993: 15978: 15926: 15886: 15881: 15876: 15825: 15769: 15739: 15719: 15709: 15704: 15681: 15601: 15586: 15581: 15550: 15525: 15510: 15505: 15474: 15469: 15459: 15454: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15384: 15359: 15306: 15218: 15203: 15168: 15138: 15133: 15113: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15021: 15006: 14948: 14943: 14850: 14810: 14795: 14632: 14622: 14566: 14556: 14541: 14509: 14410: 14309: 14289: 14284: 14181: 14153: 14148: 14048: 14030: 14022: 14007: 13969: 13949: 13929: 13899: 13569: 13275:

The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia: A Comprehensive Guide

13233:

Papers from the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society

13138:

Toronto working papers in linguistics: Special issue on similarity in phonology

12911: 12146: 11181:

Papers from the First Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society

10688: 10524: 10329: 9877: 9857: 8297: 7803: 7798:". Each month's name is just the ordinal of that month appended after the word 7322: 6318: 6202: 5993: 4533: 4498: 4491: 4470: 4463: 4442: 4435: 3605: 3436: 3260: 3101: 3042: 3041:. Vietnamese has also been officially recognized as a minority language in the 3022: 2869: 2422: 2004: 1882: 1878: 1700: 1531: 1527: 1508:

are not accepted by all researchers. Ferlus 1992 also had additional phonemes *

1112: 1017: 824:, in which distinctions formerly expressed by final consonants became phonemic 787: 748: 732: 728: 720: 712: 700: 684: 668: 543: 515: 500: 253: 184: 160: 135: 14825: 13759: 13428: 13360: 13343: 13282: 12966: 12898:

Brunelle, Marc (2009). "Tone perception in Northern and Southern Vietnamese".

12647: 11905: 11876: 7287: 7276: 7255: 7240: 7187: 7156: 7038: 6776:

With the rise of the Internet, new slang is generated and popularized through

4505: 4477: 4449: 931: 606: 590: 450: 446: 204: 20323: 19080: 19075: 18835: 18379: 18285: 18275: 18250: 18165: 18076: 17927: 17863: 17780: 17719: 17687: 17646: 17594: 17579: 17571: 17561: 17465: 17326: 17295: 17275: 17235: 16853: 16727: 16703: 16646: 16475: 16408: 16366: 16351: 16276: 16128: 16033: 15906: 15901: 15754: 15666: 15646: 15641: 15631: 15621: 15616: 15591: 15545: 15540: 15535: 15520: 15479: 15424: 15419: 15414: 15409: 15404: 15399: 15389: 15379: 15374: 15364: 15311: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15271: 15266: 15261: 15213: 15193: 15188: 15183: 15163: 15143: 15128: 15123: 15118: 15078: 15068: 15053: 15048: 15001: 14963: 14865: 14855: 14637: 14617: 14586: 14561: 14536: 14314: 14294: 14246: 14236: 14219: 14158: 14143: 14138: 14068: 14053: 14002: 13939: 12984:"Final consonants and glottalization: New perspectives from Hanoi Vietnamese" 12935: 12422: 10450: 9980: 9968: 8282: 8278: 8190: 7988: 7675: 7391: 7314: 7096:(1838) represents Vietnamese (then Annamese) words in the Latin alphabet and 7027: 6886:

A noun meaning "bear". It is also commonly used to refer to someone's lover.

6797: 6667: 6348: 3995: 3701: 3358: 3193: 3170: 3050: 3030: 2289: 1859: 829: 794: 744: 740: 716: 13805: 13779:

its layout is compared with US, UK, Canada, France, and Germany's keyboards.

13715:. PALI language texts: Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 13406: 13389: 13154:(pp. 311–320). Hà Nội: Nhà Xuất Bản Ðại Học và Trung Học Chuyên Nghiệp. 12032:

Chung (2001). "Some returned loans, Japanese loanwords in Taiwan Mandarin".

11890:"Linguistic Research on the Origins of the Vietnamese Language: An Overview" 11032: 9392:

In addition to the regional variation described above, there is a merger of

6217:

pronunciation. Additionally, in the southern provinces of Vietnam, the term

5757: 4653:

group. Then, these tones were further divided in several other categorizes:

19289: 18769: 18520: 18109: 18043: 17953: 17724: 17615: 17589: 17584: 17417: 17412: 17255: 17159: 16833: 16698: 16661: 16361: 16326: 16316: 16296: 16168: 16048: 16013: 16003: 15998: 15983: 15871: 15795: 15699: 15676: 15369: 15236: 15158: 15108: 15058: 14860: 14800: 14627: 14551: 14063: 14058: 13997: 13924: 13477: 13140:(Vol. 24, pp. 183–459). Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland. 13007: 11453: 9885: 9861: 7737: 7671: 7540: 7520: 7355: 7171: 6777: 6266: 6059:- such as "TV", borrowed as "tivi" or just TV, but still officially called 5977: 5938:

Vietnam became a French protectorate/colonial territory in 1883 (until the

5927: 5923: 5879: 5050: 4543: 4351: 4160: 4109: 3972: 3814: 2967: 2051: 1886: 1870:, while in the southern varieties the pitch difference predominates, as in 1863: 954: 946: 724: 568: 531: 191: 17097: 13390:"Études sur la phonétique historique de la langue annamite. Les initiales" 12191: 11854:

Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World

10931: 9892:⟩; sub-dialectal variants are separated with commas. (See also the 6067:, translated into Vietnamese. For example, 'software' is translated into " 5946:

into the Indochina region (Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam). Examples include:

797:

in the last millennium BC, which is consistent with genetic evidence from

334: 18265: 18081: 18053: 18028: 17270: 16744: 16720: 16693: 16683: 16656: 16641: 16617: 16441: 16018: 15941: 15936: 15896: 15626: 14279: 13533:

Thompson, Laurence E (1967). "The history of Vietnamese final palatals".

13501:"A Reconstruction of Ancient Vietnamese Initials Using Chữ Nôm Materials" 12835:

Studies on Vietnamese Language and Literature: A Preliminary Bibliography

11130: 10774:

The name of each tone has the corresponding tonal diacritic on the vowel.

10646: 10488: 10445: 9869: 9865: 7106: 6973: 5915: 5035: 4346:

Other dialects of Vietnamese may have fewer tones (typically only five).

3750: 3389: 3353: 3298: 3287: 3221: 3188: 3058:

traditionally residing on three islands (now joined to the mainland) off

3055: 1439: 821: 806: 596: 14464: 13631:

Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (1990). "Graphemic borrowing from Chinese: The case of

13481: 13376:

Gregerson, Kenneth J. (1969). "A study of Middle Vietnamese phonology".

13177: 12768: 11483: 8309:( in the Northern dialect and in the Central and Southern dialect) and 7114:

museum in Hanoi lists rules for visitors in both Vietnamese and English.

6254: 18614: 18033: 16772: 16710: 16688: 16058: 15931: 13818: 13776: 13264: 10936: 10784: 10701: 10543: 10455: 8252: 7701: 7560: 7431:

are not used. The script also represents additional phonemes using ten

6793: 6705: 6056: 5817: 5066: 5046: 4617:, in which each tone is assigned a specific note or sequence of notes. 4211: 3897: 3582: 3441: 3363: 3306: 3265: 3198: 1851: 1843: 1061: 885: 879: 660: 538:

order and modifiers following the words they modify. It also uses noun

13797:

RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)

13753: 13554: 13517: 13500: 13061: 12999: 12735: 8017: 8014: 7996: 7993: 7045:, characters borrowed for similar-sounding native Vietnamese words in 930:

After expelling the Chinese at the beginning of the 10th century, the

378:

Areas within Vietnam with majority Vietnamese speakers, mirroring the

16749: 16737: 16732: 16676: 16008: 14747: 14673: 14228: 13529:. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics. ISBN 12852:

Rhodes, Alexandre de (1991). L. Thanh; X. V. Hoàng; Q. C. Đỗ (eds.).

10163: 9905: 9601: 7965: 7729: 7412: 7062: 6849: 6833: 6789: 6785: 6228: 6198: 6032: 4004: 3695: 3560: 3413: 3302: 3242: 3026: 2857: 2729:

never contrast in any position, suggesting that they are allophones.

2220: 1340: 896:. Most of the minor syllables of Proto-Viet–Muong were still present. 580: 551: 519: 343: 327: 309: 291: 13763: 13304:, Vientiane: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1589–1606, 12551:

Encyclopedia of World Cultures, volume 6: Russia and Eurasia / China

12398: 11107:

The Chinese Writing System in Asia: An Interdisciplinary Perspective

8273:, and the surrounding Red River Delta areas) moved south (mainly to 8067:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 7776:

can also be installed with Vietnamese and Vietnamese keyboard, e.g.

7085: 6141: 2300:

For example, the modern Vietnamese word "trời" (heaven) was read as

949:) from the late 15th century. The conquest of the ancient nation of 18946: 16715: 13637:

Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica

13606: 13546: 13456: 13053: 12727: 12018: 10958:"Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy" 10337: 9480:). In some northern varieties, the numeral appears with an initial 9014: 8270: 7274:'year' was written with a new character 𢆥 that is compounded from 6131: 6113: 6040: 5062: 3310: 3110: 1890: 1855: 688: 412: 265: 13121:

Machaud, Alexis; Ferlus, Michel; & Nguyễn, Minh-Châu. (2015).

13118:(pp. 454–459). Auckland, New Zealand: University of Auckland. 10397:

National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic

7670:

was still in use during the French colonial period and as late as

5878:) in Korean). Instances of Chinese contact include the historical 5010:

Vietnamese, like Thai and many languages in Southeast Asia, is an

3988:, centered on the main vowel or group of vowels. Tones differ in: 3926:, but in such cases are believed to have resulted from an earlier 1636:

The following initial clusters occurred, with outcomes indicated:

18977: 16754: 14240: 13794: 13436:

Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (2009). "Vietnamese". In Comrie, Bernard (ed.).

13344:"Chinese loans in Old Vietnamese with a sesquisyllabic phonology" 12002: 11817: 11704:Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy 10401:Česko má nové oficiální národnostní menšiny. Vietnamce a Bělorusy 7769: 7725: 7358:

of Vietnamese was codified in the 17th century by the Avignonese

6781: 6005: 3843:

in Vietnamese has had different analyses. One analysis has final

3063: 2275: 1707:. These caused the original introduction of the retroflex sounds 707:, southern China and parts of Thailand). In 1850, British lawyer 476: 408: 230: 74: 12649:

Nhạc chế World Cup 2018 | TÂY BÁN NHÀ | Ronaldo còn có nhà mà về

12588: 12168:"Vã mồ hôi "giải mã" tiếng lóng tuổi teen – Xã hội – VietNamNet" 11620: 11179:

Diffloth, Gérard. (1992). "Vietnamese as a Mon-Khmer language".

10568:

would then be a secondary feature. Thompson describes the vowel

7764:

Vietnamese using Telex, VNI or VIQR input methods all included.

3984:

Each Vietnamese syllable is pronounced with one of six inherent

3809:) have evolved from aspirated stops into fricatives (like Greek 3531:

The consonants that occur in Vietnamese are listed below in the

13704:

Lâm, Lý-duc; Emeneau, M. B.; von den Steinen, Diether. (1944).

11183:, 125–128. Tempe, Arizona: Program for Southeast Asian Studies. 8274: 7646: 6852: 6105: 6064: 5883: 3034: 1831:. Both types of syllables could co-occur with a resonant (e.g. 950: 631:(previously known as Mon-Annam languages) by British linguists 11960: 11208: 11206: 11204: 8229:

The first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

7655:. By the middle of the 20th century, most writing was done in 5794: 2918:(as still in much of Spain and some parts of Portugal), while 840:), and Vietnamese each developed tones as a phonemic feature. 20183: 11687:"National Minorities | Government of the Czech Republic" 11597:

Language Power and Hierarchy: Multilingual Education in China

10124:(literal translation "House Dig Bucket", mainly used to mock 7960: 7792: 7773: 7741: 7620:

Despite the missionaries' creation of the alphabetic script,

7580: 6689: 6121: 6024: 5889:

Modern linguists describe modern Vietnamese having lost many

5869: 5799: 4262: 3166: 3067: 2963: 2676: 1867: 793:

Borrowed vocabulary indicates early contact with speakers of

587:

and some phonemes. Vietnamese was historically written using

79: 13607:"The origin of the peculiarities of the Vietnamese alphabet" 13415:

Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (1986). "Alexandre de Rhodes' dictionary".

12338: 12001:

NGUYEN, Danh Hoang Thanh; LE, Trang Thi Huyen (2020-03-31).

11470:

Thompson, Laurence C. (1976), "Proto-Viet–Muong Phonology",

10100:(literal translation "West Sell House", mainly used to mock 5798:

Old Nôm character for rice noodle soup "phở". The character

5209:

Mai seem BE {student (college)} or {student (under-college)}

3487:

also indicate the pronunciation of the main vowel: ay = ă +

571:

and was officially adopted in the early 20th century during

13683:

Hoang, Thinh; Nguyen, Xuan Thu; Trinh, Quynh-Tram; (2000).

13134:"Vietnamese tonal system in Nghi Loc: A preliminary report" 12755:(1978). "Current developments in Sino-Vietnamese studies". 12326: 11504:[The place of Vietnamese in Austroasiatic (1953)]. 11495: 11493: 11359: 11201: 10922: 9959:

Etc., until someone cannot form the next word or gives up.

9856:

in which 1 represents the lowest pitch, and 5 the highest;

9852:

The table above shows the pitch contour of each tone using

7931:

When written in the short form, "DD/MM/YYYY" is preferred.

7795: 7744:

must be used, Vietnamese letters are often typed using the

6940: 6224: 704: 13104:

Vietnamese in different areas of the country: Dialectology

12376:(in English and French). Bangkok, Thailand: Orchid Press. 12264: 11516: 11502:"La place du Vietnamien dans les langues Austroasiatiques" 11335: 11323: 10759:

in Vietnamese. Tonal language in Vietnamese translates to

8000:), which is often considered the most significant work of 7753: 4542:

In Vietnamese poetry, tones are classed into two groups: (

912:. Another famous dictionary of this period was written by 411:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

13651:, (pp. 691–699). New York: Oxford University Press. 13136:. In C. Frigeni, M. Hirayama, & S. Mackenzie (Eds.), 12217:"Lo ngại thực trạng sử dụng ngôn ngữ mạng trong học sinh" 11716:

More Thai Students Interested in Learning ASEAN Languages

11191: 11189: 9066:, which, in turn, have also partially merged with velars 7789: 7757: 7749: 6762:

which has the same meaning, usually paired with the word

6209:

However, the Cantonese term is the better-known name for

5804: 4609:

practice a distinctive style of prayer recitation called

3980:

is plotted over time. From Nguyễn & Edmondson (1998).

3810: 12679:

itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001788.html

12628: 12587:. Executive Publications, Singapore 1987. Archived from 12077:"Vãi là gì? Tại sao các bạn trẻ lại hay sử dụng từ này?" 11737:"More and more foreigners have need to learn Vietnamese" 11613: 11490: 11301: 11299: 7222:. For example, in the opening lines of the classic poem 7031:

The first two lines of the classic Vietnamese epic poem

6055:

Some English words were incorporated into Vietnamese as

6043:, etc.), whereas pronunciations of other foreign names ( 5960:(lit. "sour milk"), but it is also calqued from French ( 2278:

texts, such as the 12th-century/1486 Buddhist scripture

1595:, the outcome of these sounds was written with a hooked 12059:"Tiếng lóng trên các phương tiện truyền thông hiện nay" 11656:

La dynamique des langues en France au fil du XXe siècle

6939:

A verb used to describe the action of dropping roasted

5942:

of 1954), which resulted in significant influence from

4746:; for words that do end in /p/, /t/, /c/ and /k/), and 4738:; for words that do not end in /p/, /t/, /c/ and /k/), 4730:; for words that do not end in /p/, /t/, /c/ and /k/), 4629:

Vietnamese tones were classified into two main groups,

3324:

cannot occur after a front vowel (i, ê, e) nucleus and

3021:, Vietnamese speakers are also found in other parts of 2718:

it notated, have disappeared from the modern language.

13699:

Read Vietnamese: A graded course in written Vietnamese

13112:"F0 and phonation types in Nghe Tinh Vietnamese tones" 13088:"Notes on Thanh-Chương Vietnamese in Nghệ-An province" 12549:

Friedrich, Paul; Diamond, Norma, eds. (1994). "Jing".

12355: 12353: 11576: 11347: 11311: 11186: 10900:. This Sino-Vietnamese expression could be defined as 6243:), literally "fourteen, fifteen" to mean 'uncertain'. 3286:

Front and central vowels (i, ê, e, ư, â, ơ, ă, a) are

812:

The northern Vietic varieties thus became part of the

13319:

Pronominal reference in Thai, Burmese, and Vietnamese

12616: 11824:

Vietnamese teaching and learning overwhelming Germany

11552: 11540: 11296: 5737:

HORT stay here few minute until when 1.PRO turn again

2341:

modern Saigon dialect than the modern Hanoi dialect.

866: 13605:

Michaud, Alexis; Haudricourt, André-Georges (2010).

11266: 11254: 11242: 11230: 11218: 11030: 10927: 10925: 10319: 7783: 7734:

Vietnamese Standard Code for Information Interchange

7661:, which became the official script on independence. 6832:"Vãi" (predominately from northern Vietnamese) is a 5740:"Please stay here for a few minutes until I return." 542:. Its vocabulary has had significant influence from 16992: 12350: 12252: 11661: 10399:, Belarusian and Vietnamese since 4 July 2013, see 8212:speakers (see the example vocabulary table below). 5734:

Hãy {ở lại} đây ít phút {cho tới} khi tôi quay lại.

5212:"Mai seems to be a college or high school student." 4754:; for words that do end in /p/, /t/, /c/ and /k/). 3479:. In addition, in the diphthongs and the letters 3328:cannot occur after a back vowel (u, ô, o) nucleus. 3301:) and centering diphthongs, Vietnamese has closing 1819:Glottal-ending syllables ended with a glottal stop 1020:), along with the outcomes in the modern language: 13604: 13331:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 13252:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 13185:"Politeness strategies in Hanoi Vietnamese speech" 12397:Trần, Quốc Anh; Phạm, Thị Kiều Ly (October 2019). 12310:Languages, Scripts, and Chinese Texts in East Asia 12238:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 78–79, 82. 11564: 11528: 11418:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 11037:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 8269:, about a million northerners (mainly from Hanoi, 7329:dynasties (1400–1406 and 1778–1802 respectively). 7238:'destiny' was written with its original character 6743:("frog"). This is an example of vernacular slang. 783:at that time may correspond to the Vietic branch. 386:dominating around the lowland pale of the country. 13760:Swadesh list of Vietnamese basic vocabulary words 13692:Colloquial Vietnamese: A complete language course 13100:Tiếng Việt trên các miền đất nước: Phương ngữ học 13086:Alves, Mark J.; & Nguyễn, Duy Hương. (2007). 13040:Thompson, Laurence E (1959). "Saigon phonemics". 12955:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 7987:is an epic narrative poem by the celebrated poet 6197:from 臘腸 (Chinese sausage), primarily keep to the 6152:, resulting in indirect borrowing from Japanese. 5753:Ethnolinguistic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia 703:languages spoken in eastern India, and others in 20321: 13687:, (3rd ed.). Hawthorn, Vic.: Lonely Planet. ISBN 13327:"A Layer of Dongsonian Vocabulary in Vietnamese" 13090:. In M. Alves, M. Sidwell, & D. Gil (Eds.), 12799:(updated ed.). Lincolnwood, Illinois: NTC. 12548: 11414:"A layer of Dongsonian vocabulary in Vietnamese" 10760: 10754: 10748: 10405:Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms 9583: 9565: 9495: 9489: 9471: 9465: 9050:distinct. At the end of syllables, the palatals 8289:. About 180,000 moved in the reverse direction ( 8005: 7705: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7665: 7656: 7650: 7631: 7621: 7606: 7586: 7566: 7546: 7526: 7506: 7308: 7302: 7296: 7280: 7269: 7260: 7248: 7233: 7193: 7161:). Although the writing system is now mostly in 7154: 7138: 7127: 7097: 7076: 7070: 6076: 4690:The tones in the old classification were called 4610: 3320:. There are restrictions on the high offglides: 3129: 2957: 2331: 997: 985: 973: 961: 675:1942) classified Vietnamese as belonging to the 604: 588: 562: 466: 26: 13708:. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley. 13482:"The Vietic languages: a phylogenetic analysis" 13457:"The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia" 13378:Bulletin de la Société des Études Indochinoises 13277:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 649–671. 13145:Papers in Southeast Asian linguistics: Tonation 13022: 12668:www.users.bigpond.com/doanviettrung/noilai.html 11754:Nguyen, Angie; Dao, Lien, eds. (May 18, 2007). 11506:Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 11465: 11463: 9588:in Hanoi Vietnamese (initial single consonants 8004:. It was originally written in chữ Nôm (titled 7483:). Further diacritics are used to indicate the 902:(16th to 19th centuries) The language found in 13625:Quốc-ngữ: The modern writing system in Vietnam 13394:Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 12121:"10 từ lóng thường dùng của giới trẻ ngày nay" 12098:"10 từ lóng thường dùng của giới trẻ ngày nay" 11836:School in Berlin maintains Vietnamese language 10842:are increasingly being merged as . Similarly, 7382:, with many spellings retained even after the 6135: 6125: 6047:excluded) are generally derived from English. 5845: 5839: 4303:creaky low falling constricted (short length) 3535:with the phonetic pronunciation to the right. 3128:Since the 1980s, Vietnamese language schools ( 1823:, while fricative-ending syllables ended with 18962: 17113: 16978: 14689: 14480: 13834: 13810: 13671:Contemporary Vietnamese: An intermediate text 13440:(2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 677–692. 13217: 13023:Nguyễn, Văn Lợi; Edmondson, Jerold A (1998). 12855:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum 12479:, Cornell University Press. pp. 23, 38. 11407: 11405: 11380: 11378: 11376: 11374: 11031:Scholvin, Vera; Meinschaefer, Judith (2018). 8668:"we, us (but not you, colloquial, familiar)" 7959:The Vietnamese prefer writing numbers with a 6099: 5829: 5359:person that.DET BE {older brother} POSS 3.PRO 2645:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum 2323:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum 905:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum 872: 13680:. Teach Yourself. Chicago: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 13476: 12574: 12572: 12570: 12365: 11460: 11365: 11212: 10830: 10828: 10738:+ back offglide (i.e., ) is an apparent gap. 5873: 5863: 5076:Some Vietnamese sentences with English word 3048:As the national language, Vietnamese is the 2978:De Rhodes's orthography also made use of an 2816:de Rhodes' system has a second medial glide 1003: 991: 979: 967: 17127: 13590: 13574:Colonialism and language policy in Viet Nam 13302:Handbook of the Changing World Language Map 13299: 12287:. Cambridge University Press. p. 207. 12007:Asian and African Languages and Linguistics 11877:https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2002/031) 11499: 9074:in the Central and the Southern varieties. 8832:"he/him, that young man (of equal status)" 7295:The oldest example of an early form of the 7199: 6188: 5922:ca. 4th century CE), Late Sino-Vietnamese ( 5206:Mai {có vẻ} là {sinh viên} hoặc {học sinh}. 4620: 3475:; however, it may also be represented with 3131:trường Việt ngữ/ trường ngôn ngữ Tiếng Việt 2642: 1699:A large number of words were borrowed from 711:detected striking similarities between the 647:in the late 19th and early 20th centuries ( 18969: 18955: 17120: 17106: 16985: 16971: 14911: 14696: 14682: 14487: 14473: 13841: 13827: 13114:. In P. Warren & C. I. Watson (Eds.), 11478:, University of Hawai'i Press: 1113–1203, 11429: 11402: 11371: 11050:Thompson, Laurence C. (January 17, 1963). 10162:Another word game somewhat reminiscent of 6758:a word derived from the English word "show 6012:in French) is rendered into Vietnamese as 5952:in Vietnamese was derived from the French 3109:also recognized as a minority language in 3004: 2875:appeared more "normal" than the fricative 372: 14494: 13568: 13516: 13405: 13359: 13263: 12883:Uỷ ban Khoa học Xã hội Việt Nam. (1983). 12751: 12714:(1947). "Homonyms and puns in Annamese". 12567: 12470: 12390: 12344: 12332: 12270: 11961:Phan, John D.; de Sousa, Hilário (2016). 11921:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 11753: 11353: 10908:meaning 'servant in a French household'." 10825: 10417:About The Rights of Members of Minorities 10107:initial consonant, rime, and tone switch 10063:initial consonant, rime, and tone switch 9511:in certain rural varieties in the South: 9494:"twenty-five", instead of the mainstream 9400:in certain rural varieties in the North: 8083:Learn how and when to remove this message 7968:is used to separate two numbers instead. 6205:pronunciation, it is actually pronounced 6177:example, judo can be referred to as both 5475: 5399: 5336: 5318: 5233: 5176: 5096: 4679:are counted twice in the system, once in 2280:Phật thuyết Đại báo phụ mẫu ân trọng kinh 13848: 13532: 13039: 12918: 12897: 12869:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 12862: 12778:Vietnamese Tradition on Trial, 1920–1945 12745:Studies in Vietnamese (Annamese) grammar 12407:. Hochiminh City: Committee on Culture, 12396: 12307: 12301: 12282: 12276: 12000: 11658:Insee, enquête Famille 1999. (in French) 11472:Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications 11469: 11131:"Mon–Khmer languages: The Vietic branch" 11049: 10433: 10183:Intermediate form with prefixed syllable 9460:by itself and in compound numerals like 7259:of the homophonous Sino-Vietnamese word 7105: 7084: 7056: 7026: 6253: 6246: 5793: 5765: 5756: 5748: 3971: 3955:Vietnamese phonology: Analysis of final 3908:that occur after the upper front vowels 3116: 3081:In the United States, Vietnamese is the 3008: 2951: 2903:of the modern language. In 17th-century 2628: 842: 622: 19036: 13498: 13387: 13199: 13182: 13069: 12981: 12742: 12710: 12409:Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam 12371: 12312:. Oxford University Press. p. 63. 11918: 11522: 11341: 11329: 11317: 11052:"The Problem of the Word in Vietnamese" 7366:(1591–1660), based on works of earlier 6000:, a partial derivation from the French 3829: 2824:and appears in some words with initial 814:Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area 443:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 405:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 20322: 14703: 13783:The Free Vietnamese Dictionary Project 13630: 13454: 13435: 13414: 13324: 12928:Journal of Southeast Asian Linguistics 12851: 12832: 12813: 12794: 12634: 12233: 12115: 12113: 12111: 12092: 12090: 12053: 12051: 12049: 12047: 12045: 12043: 11546: 11442:Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 11435: 11411: 11384: 11305: 11292:(in Vietnamese). Vietnam: NXB Đà Nẵng. 11004:Languages of the Himalayas, Volume One 10893: 10734:The lack of diphthong consisting of a 8285:and the surrounding areas) as part of 8021:) and is widely taught in Vietnam (in 7760:on Macintosh, with popular methods of 7343: 4271: 'horse (Sino-Vietnamese), code' 2907:, the common language of the Jesuits, 2651:Vietnamese–Portuguese–Latin dictionary 1519: 1493: 20375:Tonal languages in non-tonal families 19555:National Defense and Security Council 18950: 18856: 18749: 18551: 18451: 18195: 17893: 17760: 17667: 17491: 17392: 17139: 17101: 16966: 15851: 14910: 14677: 14468: 13822: 13809: 13272: 13249: 13226:"What's So Chinese About Vietnamese?" 13223: 13127:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 13097: 12945: 12816:Vietnamese: Tiếng Việt không son phấn 12683:tphcm.blogspot.com/2005/01/ni-li.html 12622: 12610: 12578: 12445: 12031: 11996: 11994: 11887: 11847: 11734: 11594: 11287: 11283: 11281: 11272: 11260: 11248: 11236: 11224: 11195: 11160: 11154: 10997: 10020:(literal translation "vinegar stage") 9362: 9331: 9300: 9265: 9234: 9203: 9168: 8028: 7788:Vietnamese speak date in the format " 7378:is based on the Chancery Standard of 7253:'our' was written with the character 7122:in 939, the Vietnamese state adopted 5229: 5080:and translations are provided below. 3054:in Vietnam. It is also spoken by the 2664:occurs only at the end of a syllable. 1877:As noted above, Proto-Viet–Muong had 58: 52: 45: 38: 18976: 13789:Research projects and data resources 13341: 13077:"A Look At North-Central Vietnamese" 12775: 12553:. New York: G.K. Hall. p. 454. 12501:"French Indochina 500 Piastres 1951" 12473:Vietnam and the West: New Approaches 12359: 12258: 11978: 11945: 11582: 11570: 11558: 11534: 8032: 6848:("very scary"). Similar uses to the 6265:Basic lexemes in Vietnamese, Mường, 5708: 5571: 5512: 5500:3.PRO just eat rice.FAM Vietnam only 5444: 5346: 3173:of Vietnamese from Hanoi (including 2311: 865:) Sources include the Ming glossary 691:, as well as various smaller and/or 19382:Permanent Member of the Secretariat 18857: 17894: 15852: 13801:Vietnamese in RWAAI Digital Archive 13152:Một Số Vấn Ðề Ngôn Ngữ Học Việt Nam 12797:NTC's Vietnamese–English dictionary 12108: 12087: 12040: 11797:Encyclopedia of Bilingual Education 11790: 11500:Haudricourt, André-Georges (2017). 10159:can be used for a humorous effect. 9078:Regional consonant correspondences 7713: 6235:idiom, "xập xí, xập ngầu" (十四, 十五, 6120:), and then in turn from Japanese ( 5429:Con chó này chẳng {bao giờ} sủa cả. 5270: 4012: 3519: 3513: 3106:Vietnamese community in the country 1011: 13: 18926:Languages between parentheses are 17517:Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern 13756:(from the World Loanword Database) 13527:A Mon–Khmer comparative dictionary 12780:. University of California Press. 12423:"Alphabet | Vietnamese Typography" 12415: 11991: 11278: 11104: 10850:are increasingly being merged as . 10816:Vietnamese grammar: Demonstratives 10083:initial consonant and rime switch 8217: 7395:) and 6 additional vowel letters ( 7012: 5956:(coffee). Yogurt in Vietnamese is 5789: 5629: 5603: 5534: 5389: 5371: 5308: 4637:(仄; 'sharp tones'). Tones such as 3088: 2929:. The similarity of apicoalveolar 2666: 1848:mainland Southeast Asian languages 1726: 1640:*pr, *br, *tr, *dr, *kr, *gr > 1614: 1521: 1495: 719:and Vietnamese. He suggested that 639:. Vietnamese is shown as Annamese. 279:Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences 14: 20386: 18824:Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer) 13719: 11981:Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies 11756:"Vietnamese in the United States" 11474:, Austroasiatic Studies Part II, 8772:"they/them (informal, familiar)" 8748:"he/she/it (informal, familiar)" 8322:Regional variation in vocabulary 8267:temporary division of the country 7784:Dates and numbers writing formats 7720:Vietnamese language and computers 6098:which was borrowed from Chinese ( 5650: 5638:1.PRO like FOC CL horse black DET 5362:"That person is his/her brother." 4645:group, while other tones such as 4169: 'cheek, mother (southern)' 3922:; although they also occur after 3297:In addition to single vowels (or 3165:Vietnamese has a large number of 2304:in Old/Ancient Vietnamese and as 2233: 2206: 2192: 2164: 2152: 2140: 2119: 2107: 2095: 2083: 2071: 2050: 2032: 1992: 1980: 1968: 1956: 1905: 618: 19387:History of central officeholders 13701:. Rutland, Vermont: C.E. Tuttle. 13487:Journal of Language Relationship 13348:Journal of Language Relationship 13231:. In Thurgood, Graham W. (ed.). 12661: 12640: 12452:Vietnamese Culture and Tradition 10942: 10887: 10880:"reason" (cf. modern Vietnamese 10866: 10853: 10336: 10322: 9975:is used by Vietnamese speakers. 9872:) is indicated with the ⟨ 9177: 9165: 8724:"you guys (informal, familiar)" 8293:, literally "go to the North".) 8251:Problems playing this file? See 8233: 8037: 7626:remained the dominant script in 7265:'little, few; rather, somewhat'; 6964:dô (South) and dzô or zô (North) 6227:, which may have derived from a 6185:, the Vietnamese reading of 柔道. 5980:was borrowed into Vietnamese as 4532: 4525: 4518: 4504: 4497: 4490: 4476: 4469: 4462: 4448: 4441: 4434: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4392: 4385: 4378: 3855:contrasting with syllable-final 2683: 1858:were pronounced with additional 908:(1651) of the Jesuit missionary 567:). The alphabet is based on the 557:Vietnamese is written using the 423: 258: 246: 223: 20360:Languages of the Czech Republic 20189:Traditional musical instruments 16994:Languages of the Czech Republic 13463:, Routledge, pp. 133–157, 13384:, 135–193. (Reprinted in 1981). 12948:"Vietnamese (Hanoi Vietnamese)" 12891: 12863:Thompson, Laurence C. (1991) . 12707:. Saigon: Bộ Quốc gia Giáo dục. 12692: 12603: 12542: 12529: 12511: 12493: 12464: 12439: 12227: 12209: 12184: 12160: 12131: 12069: 12025: 11972: 11954: 11939: 11912: 11881: 11869: 11841: 11829: 11795:. In González, Josué M. (ed.). 11784: 11747: 11735:Times, Vietnam (May 30, 2020). 11728: 11709: 11697: 11679: 11649: 11635: 11588: 11173: 11145: 11123: 11109:. Routledge. pp. 102–103. 10804: 10794: 10777: 10768: 10741: 10728: 10597: 10584: 10426: 10403:). The article 25 of the Czech 10388: 10379: 10126:Portugal national football team 9058:have merged with the alveolars 9008: 6920:can be pronounced similarly to 6788:. Some slang words may include 6148:) which came from the English " 5926:), and Recent Sino-Vietnamese ( 5712: 5575: 5516: 5448: 5350: 3900:variants of the velar phonemes 3888:. The other analysis has final 3013:Global distribution of speakers 2797:. Within a century or so, both 18930:of the language on their left. 18452: 14454:Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language 13663: 13562: 13106:]. Hanoi: Khoa học xã hội. 12866:A Vietnamese reference grammar 12814:——— (1997). 12757:Journal of Chinese Linguistics 12743:——— (1951). 11098: 11074: 11068:10.1080/00437956.1963.11659787 11043: 11024: 10991: 10978: 10964: 10950: 10590:In Vietnamese, diphthongs are 9608:Regional tone correspondences 8792:"he/him, that gentleman, sir" 8010: 7992: 7678:in 1950 eliminated the use of 7642:French colonial administration 7094:Dictionarium anamitico-latinum 6766:("to run") to make the phrase 6077: 5874: 5864: 5635:Tôi thích cái con ngựa đen đó. 5497:Nó chỉ ăn cơm {Việt Nam} thôi. 5435:"This dog never barks at all." 4683:(去; 'departing') and again in 2668: 2657: 1629:, distinct at that time from * 1616: 1584: 801:sites. Extensive contact with 505:other ethnic groups in Vietnam 1: 20365:Subject–verb–object languages 19407:Central Inspection Commission 13635:, Vietnam's demotic script". 13158: 12818:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 12448:"Vietnamese Language History" 11894:Journal of Vietnamese Studies 11799:. Thousand Oaks, California: 11625:, Modern Language Association 10915: 10201:"beef or chicken noodle soup" 9983:of each word. Some examples: 8624:"I, me (informal, familiar)" 8316: 8170:Southern Vietnamese dialects 8118:Northern Vietnamese dialects 7971: 7118:After ending a millennium of 7049:, and invented characters in 7019:History of writing in Vietnam 5933: 5593: 3526: 2288:glossary by Chinese diplomat 1603:that was still distinct from 859: 681:Austroasiatic language family 18819:Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer) 17140: 13742:Northern Illinois University 13669:Nguyen, Bich Thuan. (1997). 13125:in historical perspective". 12837:. Cornell University Press. 12034:Language Change in East Asia 11933:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.05.036 11765:. p. 82. Archived from 11622:MLA Language Map Data Center 10820:Vietnamese grammar: Pronouns 10102:Spain national football team 9899: 8812:"she/her, that lady, madam" 8287:Operation Passage to Freedom 8138:Central Vietnamese dialects 7595: 7575: 7555: 7535: 7515: 7500: 7496:Vietnamese name and meaning 7069:(1851), Chinese characters ( 6063:. Some other borrowings are 5972:(cheese) is from the French 5432:CL dog DET NEG ever bark all 5061:system. Additionally, it is 4324: 4308: 4273: 4257: 4252:creaky high breaking-rising 4222: 4206: 4171: 4155: 4120: 4104: 4099:low falling (often breathy) 4070: 4059: 3835:Syllable-final orthographic 3149: 2685: 877:, c. 15th century) from the 755:" is used, among others, by 165: 7: 19550:Central Military Commission 19412:Central Military Commission 13711:Nguyễn, Đăng Liêm. (1970). 13649:The world's writing systems 13438:The World's Major Languages 13200:Sophana, Srichampa (2005). 13183:Sophana, Srichampa (2004). 13166:Anthropological Linguistics 12519:"North Vietnam 5 Dong 1946" 12236:Asia's Orthographic Dilemma 11599:. Bloomsbury. p. 188. 10791:or syntactic constructions. 10411:) in its paragraph 16 (4) ( 10315: 10131:word order and tone switch 10043:word order and tone switch 10023:word order and tone switch 9582:in Southern Vietnamese and 9570:with a cluster in Hảo Nho ( 9478:Vietnamese grammar#Cardinal 9464:"fifty", but it appears as 8688:"you (informal, familiar)" 8063:the claims made and adding 7268:the native Vietnamese word 7247:the native Vietnamese word 6088: 1846:occurred, as in many other 867: 855:Ancient (or Old) Vietnamese 10: 20391: 19518:Supreme People's Procuracy 18750: 18552: 17761: 17668: 17492: 17393: 13754:Vietnamese Vocabulary List 13697:Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1967). 13623:Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1955). 13218:Historical and comparative 13132:Pham, Andrea Hoa. (2005). 12912:10.1016/j.wocn.2008.09.003 12833:Nguyen, Dinh Tham (2018). 12703:Dương, Quảng-Hàm. (1941). 12697: 12537:"Ai “bức tử” chữ Hán-Nôm?" 12283:Holcombe, Charles (2017). 11888:Alves, Mark (2006-02-01). 11856:, Springer, p. 1162, 10859:In the southern dialects, 10572:as being slightly higher ( 10031:"pregnancy out of wedlock" 9893: 9595: 9503:There is also a merger of 9193: 7975: 7717: 7347: 7216:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 7185: 7181: 7016: 6050: 5992:. The Vietnamese term for 5900:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 5744: 5641:"I like that black horse." 5057:ordering), and has a noun 5034:(and, as a result, has no 5014:. Vietnamese does not use 4999: 4995: 4762:Traditional tone category 3881:with the syllable-initial 3830:language variation section 3153: 3083:sixth most spoken language 2659: 1705:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 1623:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 1586: 940:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 770: 613:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary 20281: 20056: 19957: 19865: 19856: 19829: 19656: 19647: 19606: 19563: 19540: 19498: 19465: 19420: 19362: 19317: 19308: 19226: 19183: 19104: 19095: 18988: 18912: 18865: 18852: 18806: 18783: 18760: 18756: 18745: 18719: 18685: 18669: 18628: 18564: 18560: 18547: 18513: 18485: 18464: 18460: 18447: 18419: 18398: 18367: 18351: 18335: 18328: 18299: 18238: 18231: 18215: 18208: 18204: 18196: 18191: 18158: 18133: 18100: 18062: 18019: 18012: 17991: 17975: 17966: 17946: 17915: 17906: 17902: 17889: 17856: 17840: 17824: 17798: 17789: 17773: 17769: 17756: 17712: 17696: 17680: 17676: 17663: 17629: 17603: 17570: 17554: 17504: 17500: 17487: 17458: 17442: 17426: 17405: 17401: 17388: 17364: 17314: 17291: 17284: 17228: 17152: 17148: 17135: 17079: 17016: 17000: 16934: 16907:Southern (Shanghai) Sign 16892: 16821: 16765: 16569: 16507: 16460: 16417: 16379: 16264: 16186: 16177: 16109: 16072: 15959: 15950: 15862: 15858: 15847: 15788: 15690: 15572: 15498: 15345: 15227: 15039: 15030: 14982: 14934: 14923: 14919: 14906: 14899: 14879: 14786: 14734: 14727: 14711: 14650: 14605: 14527: 14518: 14502: 14436:Vietnamese sign languages 14434: 14393: 14372: 14265: 14210: 14172: 14129: 14099: 14039: 14021: 13988: 13890: 13881: 13872: 13856: 13816: 13811:Links to related articles 13731:Online Vietnamese lessons 13678:Teach Yourself Vietnamese 13627:. Washington, DC: Author. 13499:Shimizu, Maasaki (2015). 13429:10.1080/08351818609389247 13361:10.31826/jlr-2019-171-209 13317:Cooke, Joseph R. (1968). 13283:10.1515/9783110558142-027 12967:10.1017/S0025100311000181 12887:. Hanoi: Khoa học Xã hội. 12858:. Hanoi: Khoa học Xã hội. 12795:Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (1995). 12063:khoavanhoc-ngonngu.edu.vn 11946:Phan, John (2013-01-28). 11906:10.1525/vs.2006.1.1-2.104 11852:, in Ember, Carol (ed.), 11848:Blanc, Marie-Eve (2004), 10677: 10672: 10618: 10612: 10552: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10442: 10051:"all the king's subjects" 9854:Chao tone number notation 9811: 9789: 9784: 9774: 9624: 9621: 9618: 9615: 9612: 9544: 9433: 9386: 9360: 9340: 9329: 9309: 9298: 9289: 9263: 9243: 9232: 9212: 9201: 9187: 9156: 9154: 9143: 9134: 9132: 9121: 9112: 9110: 9102: 7913: 7905: 7897: 7889: 7881: 7873: 7865: 7857: 7849: 7841: 7814: 7811: 7286: 7275: 7254: 7239: 7232:the Sino-Vietnamese word 7143: 7132: 6136: 6126: 6100: 5846: 5840: 5830: 5562:"I like the black horse." 5559:1.PRO like CL horse black 4946: 4899: 4852: 4837: 4790: 4775: 4761: 3832:for further elaboration. 3778: 3771: 3749: 3694: 3604: 3581: 3542: 3357: 3344: 3338: 3335: 3160: 2940:led to the assignment of 2891:alveolo-palatal fricative 2792:voiced bilabial fricative 2612: 2605: 2577: 2513: 2421: 2390: 2351: 2246: 2219: 2177: 2003: 1946: 1917: 1913:Old Vietnamese phonology 1889:and as a result suffered 1438: 1339: 1312: 1111: 1060: 1034: 1027: 916:in 1773 and published by 914:Pierre Pigneau de Behaine 873: 683:(which also includes the 391: 371: 357: 341: 325: 307: 289: 284: 272: 236: 218:Official language in 216: 211: 181: 153: 114: 104: 93: 67: 47:[tiəŋ˦˧˥viək̚˨˩ʔ] 34: 25: 20: 13713:Vietnamese pronunciation 13455:Sagart, Laurent (2008), 13098:Hoàng, Thị Châu (1989). 12982:Michaud, Alexis (2004). 12946:Kirby, James P. (2011). 12585:Indochina report; no. 11 12427:vietnamesetypography.com 12372:Jacques, Roland (2002). 12308:Kornicki, Peter (2018). 11793:"Vietnamese Immigration" 11763:California State Library 11366:Sidwell & Alves 2021 11213:Sidwell & Alves 2021 10372: 10188:Resulting "secret" word 9933:Tập trung (Concentrate) 7949:Ngày 28 tháng 3 năm 2018 7220:phono-semantic compounds 6949:nha (and other variants) 6683: 6223:can be used to refer to 6189:Modern Chinese influence 4621:Old tonal classification 4555:Tones within tone group 3967: 2832:. These later disappear. 953:and the conquest of the 493:Vietnamese (Kinh) people 60:[tiəŋ˦˥jiək̚˨˩˨] 54:[tiəŋ˦˥viək̚˨˩˨] 40:[tiəŋ˧˦viət̚˧˨ʔ] 17848:Somray (Northern Chong) 17129:Austroasiatic languages 16904:Northern (Beijing) Sign 14613:Cambodian Sign Language 14394:Other foreign languages 13777:The Vietnamese keyboard 13407:10.3406/befeo.1912.2713 13388:Maspero, Henri (1912). 13325:Ferlus, Michel (2009). 13224:Alves, Mark J. (2001). 13110:Honda, Koichi. (2006). 12934:: 49–62. Archived from 12919:Brunelle, Marc (2009). 12776:Marr, David G. (1984). 12705:Việt-nam văn-học sử-yếu 12579:Desbarats, Jacqueline. 12234:Hannas, Wm. C. (1997). 11838:. Retrieved 2015-06-13. 11826:. Retrieved 2015-06-13. 11436:Ferlus, Michel (1982), 11412:Ferlus, Michel (2009), 11385:Ferlus, Michel (1992), 11086:Encyclopedia Britannica 11082:"Vietnamese literature" 10409:The Administrative Rule 9530:"Mainstream" varieties 9419:"Mainstream" varieties 8265:, which called for the 7368:Portuguese missionaries 6698:Indo-European languages 5918:ca. 1st century CE and 5556:Tôi thích con ngựa đen. 5356:Người đó là anh của nó. 5202:student (under-college) 4879:rể 'son-in-law; groom' 4633:(平; 'level tones') and 3933:which diphthongized to 3005:Geographic distribution 2913:apico-alveolar sibilant 978:('train station', from 926:(from the 19th century) 629:Austroasiatic languages 627:A 1906 analysis map of 522:, Vietnamese is highly 514:Like many languages in 19999:Language and computers 19748:Science and Technology 19508:Supreme People's Court 19450:Deputy Prime Ministers 19241:Hong (Red) River Delta 14913:Sino-Tibetan languages 14651:Main foreign languages 14449:Haiphong Sign Language 14373:Main foreign languages 13505:NINJAL Research Papers 13480:; Alves, Mark (2021). 11850:"Vietnamese in France" 11454:10.3406/clao.1982.1105 11007:. BRILL. p. 264. 10834:In southern dialects, 10761: 10755: 10749: 10357:Vietnamese calligraphy 9915:Hậu trường (backstage) 9584: 9566: 9496: 9490: 9472: 9466: 8263:Geneva Accords of 1954 8222: 8006: 7953:Vietnamese short form: 7815:Vietnamese month name 7780:in Microsoft Windows. 7732:are available such as 7706: 7698:Vietnamese calligraphy 7692: 7686: 7680: 7666: 7657: 7651: 7632: 7622: 7607: 7587: 7567: 7547: 7527: 7507: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7281: 7270: 7261: 7249: 7234: 7194: 7176:Vietnamese calligraphy 7155: 7139: 7128: 7115: 7103: 7098: 7082: 7077: 7071: 7054: 6261: 5809: 5762: 5754: 5726: 5718: 5704: 5696: 5688: 5680: 5672: 5664: 5656: 5646: 5625: 5617: 5609: 5599: 5589: 5581: 5567: 5548: 5540: 5530: 5522: 5508: 5489: 5481: 5470: 5462: 5454: 5440: 5421: 5413: 5405: 5395: 5385: 5377: 5367: 5342: 5332: 5324: 5314: 5303: 5295: 5276: 5266: 5258: 5239: 5225: 5217: 5198: 5190: 5182: 5172: 5164: 5156: 5151:"Trí is 13 years old," 5137: 5129: 5121: 5102: 5092: 5084: 4765:Traditional tone name 4665:(去; 'departing'), and 4611: 4322: 'rice seedling' 3981: 3964:for further details.) 3533:Vietnamese orthography 3471:is usually written as 3130: 3095:ethnic minority groups 3014: 2990:, to indicate a final 2975: 2958: 2956:de Rhodes's entry for 2706:, where it is notated 2654: 2643: 2633:The first page of the 2332: 2308:in Middle Vietnamese. 1881:words with an initial 1787:Low (second) register 1758:High (first) register 1703:, forming part of the 1625:was borrowed) it was * 1500:According to Ferlus, * 1004: 998: 992: 986: 980: 974: 968: 962: 848: 709:James Richardson Logan 640: 605: 589: 573:French rule of Vietnam 563: 473:Austroasiatic language 467: 431:This article contains 393:This article contains 27: 20350:Languages of Cambodia 20231:Person Dignity Theory 14496:Languages of Cambodia 13764:Swadesh-list appendix 13690:Moore, John. (1994). 13685:Vietnamese phrasebook 13676:Healy, Dana. (2004). 13603:English translation: 13417:Papers in Linguistics 13075:Alves, Mark J. 2007. 11669:"Vietnamese language" 11595:Tsung, Linda (2014). 11070:– via CrossRef. 10789:grammatical particles 8468:"thus, so, that way" 8221: 8204:mutually intelligible 8102:mutually intelligible 8007:Đoạn Trường Tân Thanh 8002:Vietnamese literature 7978:Vietnamese literature 7947:Vietnamese long form: 7710:in their ceremonies. 7109: 7088: 7060: 7030: 6257: 6247:Pure Vietnamese words 5797: 5766:Austroasiatic origins 5760: 5752: 5053:(displaying modified- 5006:Vietnamese morphology 3978:Fundamental frequency 3975: 3877:and identifies final 3117:As a foreign language 3012: 2955: 2879:. In both cases, the 2632: 1723:) into the language. 846: 626: 534:directionality, with 20345:Languages of Vietnam 19753:Traditional medicine 19631:Self-Defence Militia 19175:World Heritage Sites 19131:Environmental issues 13850:Languages of Vietnam 13694:. London: Routledge. 12900:Journal of Phonetics 12535:Vũ Thế Khôi (2009). 12475:. Ithaca, New York: 12446:admin (2014-02-05). 11803:. pp. 884–887. 10810:Some differences in 10352:Vietnamese Knowledge 9921:Trường học (School) 8104:regional varieties: 7914:Tháng mười một (11) 7415:. The Latin letters 7067:Nhật dụng thường đàm 6844:("very delicious"), 6193:Some words, such as 5290:"Giáp is very tall." 5116:"Minh is a teacher." 4607:Vietnamese Catholics 4220: 'tomb, grave' 3175:centering diphthongs 3156:Vietnamese phonology 3136:in the United States 2681:, is no longer used. 2333:tiếng Việt trung đại 1599:(ꞗ), representing a 892:initials had become 818:isolating morphology 777:Phùng Nguyên culture 637:Charles Otto Blagden 633:Walter William Skeat 507:, and still used by 475:spoken primarily in 20340:Isolating languages 20330:Vietnamese language 20226:Ho Chi Minh Thought 19402:Central Secretariat 18871:Proto-Austroasiatic 18526:Southern Nicobarese 17916:Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam 17087:Czech Sign Language 16947:NM = Inner Mongolia 14444:Hanoi Sign Language 13762:(from Wiktionary's 12885:Ngữ-pháp tiếng Việt 12591:on 17 February 2015 12347:, pp. 101–105. 11675:. 29 November 2023. 11525:, pp. 143–155. 11344:, pp. 141–142. 11332:, pp. 151–152. 11288:Vương, Lộc (1995). 10413:Procedural Language 10362:Vietnamese pronouns 10303:choan hìm chanh kỉm 10295:chim hoàn chim cảnh 9947:Tâm lí (Mentality) 9609: 9523: 9412: 9079: 8323: 8174:South Central Coast 7922:Tháng mười hai (12) 7628:Vietnamese Catholic 7380:Late Middle English 7376:English orthography 7364:Alexandre de Rhodes 7350:Vietnamese alphabet 7344:Vietnamese alphabet 7334:Vietnamese Catholic 7209:Southern characters 7075:) are explained in 6807: 6712: 6273: 6002:volant directionnel 5964:) into Vietnamese ( 5891:Proto-Austroasiatic 5834:) in Chinese (also 5110:Minh là {giáo viên} 5044:subject–verb–object 4758: 4355: 4201:mid dipping-rising 3998:(i.e. pitch melody) 2841:was (and still is) 2639:Alexandre de Rhodes 2318:Alexandre de Rhodes 1914: 910:Alexandre de Rhodes 765:Quảng Bình Province 687:language spoken in 559:Vietnamese alphabet 546:and loanwords from 536:subject–verb–object 509:Vietnamese diaspora 238:Recognised minority 196:Vietnamese alphabet 20355:Languages of China 20335:Analytic languages 20265:Vietnamese studies 19977:Overseas community 19770:Telecommunications 19523:Procurator-General 19478:Standing Committee 19168:Endangered species 17018:Minority languages 16484:Formosan languages 14705:Languages of China 13736:2009-10-10 at the 13706:An Annamese reader 13342:Gong, Xun (2019). 13070:Language variation 12753:Hashimoto, Mantaro 12685:for more examples. 12673:2008-02-22 at the 12335:, pp. 32, 38. 12221:baoninhbinh.org.vn 11721:2015-01-10 at the 11585:, pp. 55, 59. 11133:. SEAlang Projects 10367:Vietnamese studies 10003:Structural change 9941:Trung tâm (Centre) 9607: 9576:Ninh Bình Province 9514: 9448:Variation between 9403: 9077: 8321: 8223: 8128:Thanh Hóa dialect 8048:possibly contains 8029:Language variation 8025:transliteration). 7812:English month name 7487:of each syllable: 7151:Chinese characters 7116: 7104: 7083: 7055: 7023:Vietnamese Braille 6806: 6711: 6643:*k-jɔːʔ ~ *kʰjɔːʔ 6264: 6262: 5988:, from the French 5850:) in Japanese and 5810: 5763: 5755: 5250:Tài PRES.CONT talk 5071:verb serialization 5002:Vietnamese grammar 4757: 4349: 3982: 3851:as being phonemes 3517:"brass" is while 3015: 2997:, an allophone of 2992:labial-velar nasal 2976: 2933:to the Vietnamese 2655: 1912: 1850:. Essentially, an 1744:Initial consonant 849: 826:tonal distinctions 693:regional languages 641: 601:Chinese characters 201:Vietnamese Braille 63:(Hồ Chí Minh City) 20317: 20316: 20277: 20276: 20273: 20272: 20243:Traditional games 19927:Human trafficking 19852: 19851: 19643: 19642: 19639: 19638: 19536: 19535: 19473:National Assembly 19392:National Congress 19377:General Secretary 19372:Central Committee 19337:Foreign relations 19304: 19303: 19300: 19299: 19273:Central Highlands 19091: 19090: 19056:Chinese dominated 18944: 18943: 18938: 18937: 18922:extinct languages 18908: 18907: 18848: 18847: 18844: 18843: 18741: 18740: 18737: 18736: 18543: 18542: 18539: 18538: 18443: 18442: 18439: 18438: 18435: 18434: 18324: 18323: 18320: 18319: 18187: 18186: 18183: 18182: 18179: 18178: 18154: 18153: 17962: 17961: 17885: 17884: 17881: 17880: 17877: 17876: 17752: 17751: 17748: 17747: 17659: 17658: 17655: 17654: 17483: 17482: 17479: 17478: 17384: 17383: 17380: 17379: 17360: 17359: 17095: 17094: 17001:Official language 16960: 16959: 16503: 16502: 16499: 16498: 16495: 16494: 16488: 16480: 16472: 16375: 16374: 16105: 16104: 15843: 15842: 15839: 15838: 15568: 15567: 15564: 15563: 14895: 14894: 14671: 14670: 14646: 14645: 14503:Official language 14462: 14461: 14368: 14367: 14125: 14124: 13857:Official language 13657:978-0-19-507993-7 13611:Mon-Khmer Studies 13583:978-90-279-7643-7 13518:10.15084/00000465 13470:978-0-415-39923-4 13447:978-0-415-35339-7 13311:978-3-03002-437-6 13292:978-3-11-055606-3 13242:978-1-881044-27-7 13206:Mon–Khmer Studies 13189:Mon–Khmer Studies 13029:Mon–Khmer Studies 13000:10.1159/000082560 12844:978-1-501-71882-3 12787:978-0-520-90744-7 12677:, Language Log's 12637:, pp. 28–29. 12486:978-0-87727-782-8 12477:SEAP Publications 12319:978-0-192-51869-9 12245:978-0-8248-1892-0 11863:978-0-306-48321-9 11810:978-1-4129-3720-7 11801:SAGE Publications 11606:978-1-4411-4235-1 11561:, pp. 58–59. 11391:Mon–Khmer Studies 11163:Mon-Khmer Studies 11116:978-1-00-069906-7 10999:Driem, George van 10940:(27th ed., 2024) 10812:grammatical words 10723: 10722: 10556: 10555: 10308: 10307: 10175:Nonsense syllable 10135: 10134: 9965: 9964: 9876:⟩ symbol; 9850: 9849: 9592:, respectively). 9557: 9556: 9446: 9445: 9390: 9389: 9103:syllable-initial 9083:Syllable position 8987: 8986: 8604:"I, me (polite)" 8408:"thus, this way" 8238: 8187: 8186: 8178:Central Highlands 8093: 8092: 8085: 8050:original research 7929: 7928: 7700:. Priests of the 7615: 7614: 7503: 7384:Great Vowel Shift 7372:Francisco de Pina 7090:Jean-Louis Taberd 7037:, written in the 7006: 7005: 6774: 6773: 6708:. Some examples: 6677: 6676: 6241:thập tứ, thập ngũ 5253:"Tài is talking." 5186:student (college) 5012:analytic language 4993: 4992: 4768:Modern tone name 4669:(入; 'entering'). 4601: 4600: 4580:"oblique, sharp" 4540: 4539: 4344: 4343: 4289:U+0342 or U+0303 4187:U+0341 or U+0301 4136:U+0340 or U+0300 4062: 4022:Name and meaning 3992:length (duration) 3789: 3788: 3730: 3704: 3662: 3640: 3614: 3499:"hand" is while 3463: 3462: 3282: 3281: 2982:diacritic, as in 2625: 2624: 2549: 2521: 2491: 2463: 2429: 2328:Middle Vietnamese 2312:Middle Vietnamese 2269: 2268: 2185: 2133: 2064: 2013: 1842:At some point, a 1815: 1814: 1753:Fricative ending 1668:*kl, *gl > MV 1654:*pl, *bl > MV 1607:(then pronounced 1593:Middle Vietnamese 1489: 1488: 1382: 1347: 1272: 1229: 1178: 1119: 936:Classical Chinese 923:Modern Vietnamese 918:Jean-Louis Taberd 899:Middle Vietnamese 834:Malayo-Polynesian 832:(a member of the 485:official language 439:rendering support 419: 418: 401:rendering support 397:phonetic symbols. 384:ethnic Vietnamese 274:Regulated by 171:Middle Vietnamese 110:85 million (2019) 84:Dongxing, Guangxi 20382: 20370:Vietic languages 20297: 20290: 19955: 19954: 19863: 19862: 19694:Renewable energy 19684: 19676: 19654: 19653: 19561: 19560: 19360: 19359: 19332:Fatherland Front 19315: 19314: 19181: 19180: 19102: 19101: 19034: 19033: 18971: 18964: 18957: 18948: 18947: 18854: 18853: 18758: 18757: 18747: 18746: 18562: 18561: 18549: 18548: 18462: 18461: 18449: 18448: 18333: 18332: 18236: 18235: 18213: 18212: 18206: 18205: 18193: 18192: 18017: 18016: 17973: 17972: 17913: 17912: 17904: 17903: 17891: 17890: 17796: 17795: 17771: 17770: 17758: 17757: 17678: 17677: 17665: 17664: 17525: 17502: 17501: 17489: 17488: 17403: 17402: 17390: 17389: 17289: 17288: 17150: 17149: 17137: 17136: 17122: 17115: 17108: 17099: 17098: 16987: 16980: 16973: 16964: 16963: 16916: 16486: 16478: 16470: 16184: 16183: 15957: 15956: 15860: 15859: 15849: 15848: 15037: 15036: 14932: 14931: 14921: 14920: 14908: 14907: 14904: 14903: 14732: 14731: 14719:Standard Chinese 14698: 14691: 14684: 14675: 14674: 14525: 14524: 14489: 14482: 14475: 14466: 14465: 14401:Mandarin Chinese 13888: 13887: 13879: 13878: 13843: 13836: 13829: 13820: 13819: 13807: 13806: 13795:rwaai | Projects 13644: 13618: 13600: 13587: 13558: 13522: 13520: 13511:(1–2): 135–158. 13495: 13473: 13451: 13432: 13411: 13409: 13373: 13363: 13338: 13314: 13296: 13269: 13267: 13246: 13230: 13213: 13196: 13107: 13065: 13036: 13019: 12994:(2–3): 119–146. 12978: 12952: 12942: 12940: 12925: 12915: 12880: 12859: 12848: 12829: 12810: 12791: 12772: 12748: 12739: 12686: 12665: 12659: 12658: 12657: 12656: 12644: 12638: 12632: 12626: 12620: 12614: 12609:Table data from 12607: 12601: 12600: 12598: 12596: 12576: 12565: 12564: 12546: 12540: 12533: 12527: 12526: 12515: 12509: 12508: 12497: 12491: 12490: 12468: 12462: 12461: 12459: 12458: 12443: 12437: 12436: 12434: 12433: 12419: 12413: 12412: 12394: 12388: 12387: 12369: 12363: 12357: 12348: 12342: 12336: 12330: 12324: 12323: 12305: 12299: 12298: 12280: 12274: 12273:, p. 24–26. 12268: 12262: 12256: 12250: 12249: 12231: 12225: 12224: 12213: 12207: 12206: 12204: 12203: 12188: 12182: 12181: 12179: 12178: 12164: 12158: 12157: 12155: 12154: 12145:. Archived from 12135: 12129: 12128: 12117: 12106: 12105: 12094: 12085: 12084: 12073: 12067: 12066: 12055: 12038: 12037: 12029: 12023: 12022: 11998: 11989: 11988: 11976: 11970: 11969: 11967: 11958: 11952: 11951: 11943: 11937: 11936: 11927:(5): 6858–6868. 11916: 11910: 11909: 11900:(1–2): 104–130. 11885: 11879: 11873: 11867: 11866: 11845: 11839: 11833: 11827: 11821: 11815: 11814: 11791:Lam, Ha (2008). 11788: 11782: 11781: 11779: 11777: 11772:on March 4, 2016 11771: 11760: 11751: 11745: 11744: 11732: 11726: 11713: 11707: 11701: 11695: 11694: 11683: 11677: 11676: 11665: 11659: 11653: 11647: 11646: 11639: 11633: 11632: 11631: 11630: 11617: 11611: 11610: 11592: 11586: 11580: 11574: 11568: 11562: 11556: 11550: 11544: 11538: 11532: 11526: 11520: 11514: 11513: 11497: 11488: 11486: 11467: 11458: 11456: 11433: 11427: 11425: 11409: 11400: 11398: 11382: 11369: 11363: 11357: 11351: 11345: 11339: 11333: 11327: 11321: 11315: 11309: 11303: 11294: 11293: 11285: 11276: 11270: 11264: 11258: 11252: 11246: 11240: 11234: 11228: 11222: 11216: 11210: 11199: 11198:, p. xviii. 11193: 11184: 11177: 11171: 11170: 11158: 11152: 11149: 11143: 11142: 11140: 11138: 11127: 11121: 11120: 11102: 11096: 11095: 11093: 11092: 11078: 11072: 11071: 11047: 11041: 11040: 11028: 11022: 11021: 10995: 10989: 10982: 10976: 10975: 10968: 10962: 10961: 10954: 10948: 10947: 10946: 10929: 10909: 10891: 10885: 10870: 10864: 10857: 10851: 10832: 10823: 10808: 10802: 10798: 10792: 10781: 10775: 10772: 10766: 10764: 10758: 10752: 10745: 10739: 10732: 10726: 10621: 10615: 10607: 10606: 10601: 10595: 10588: 10582: 10440: 10439: 10430: 10424: 10392: 10386: 10383: 10346: 10341: 10340: 10332: 10327: 10326: 10325: 10172: 10171: 10091:"Spain (España)" 9988: 9987: 9927:Học tập (Study) 9912: 9911: 9904:A basic form of 9891: 9883: 9875: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9755: 9750: 9745: 9740: 9735: 9730: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9631: Vinh 9610: 9606: 9591: 9587: 9569: 9562:Vietic languages 9533:Rural varieties 9524: 9513: 9499: 9493: 9475: 9469: 9422:Rural varieties 9413: 9402: 9384: 9358: 9327: 9287: 9261: 9230: 9080: 9076: 8324: 8320: 8240: 8239: 8220: 8182:Southern Vietnam 8122:Northern Vietnam 8107: 8106: 8088: 8081: 8077: 8074: 8068: 8065:inline citations 8041: 8040: 8033: 8020: 8009: 7999: 7984:The Tale of Kiều 7906:Tháng mười (10) 7809: 7808: 7778:Vietnamese Telex 7714:Computer support 7709: 7695: 7689: 7683: 7669: 7660: 7654: 7645:protectorate of 7635: 7625: 7610: 7598: 7590: 7578: 7570: 7558: 7550: 7538: 7530: 7518: 7510: 7501: 7490: 7489: 7338:Nguyễn Trường Tộ 7312: 7306: 7300: 7290: 7284: 7279: 7273: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7243: 7237: 7225:The Tale of Kiều 7213: 7210: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7197: 7160: 7147: 7142: 7136: 7131: 7124:Literary Chinese 7101: 7080: 7074: 7052: 7048: 7044: 7034:The Tale of Kiều 6994: 6989: 6970: 6955: 6936: 6913: 6898: 6883: 6867: 6829: 6808: 6805: 6784:or some form of 6755: 6736: 6713: 6710: 6274: 6263: 6139: 6138: 6129: 6128: 6103: 6102: 6080: 6079: 5930:and afterwards) 5877: 5876: 5867: 5866: 5849: 5848: 5843: 5842: 5833: 5832: 5814:language contact 5714: 5710: 5652: 5631: 5605: 5595: 5577: 5573: 5536: 5518: 5514: 5477: 5450: 5446: 5401: 5391: 5373: 5352: 5348: 5338: 5320: 5310: 5272: 5235: 5231: 5178: 5113:Minh BE teacher. 5098: 4759: 4756: 4616: 4549: 4548: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4508: 4501: 4494: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4368:Central dialect 4365:Southern dialect 4362:Northern dialect 4356: 4348: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4311: 4285: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4260: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4209: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4158: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4107: 4082: 4081: 4080: 4078: 4060: 4019: 4018: 4014: 3932: 3921: 3914: 3907: 3903: 3887: 3876: 3865: 3854: 3726: 3700: 3682: 3672: 3658: 3636: 3610: 3540: 3539: 3523:"raw silk" is . 3521: 3515: 3510: 3506: 3494: 3490: 3470: 3347: 3341: 3333: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3182: 3181: 3133: 3064:Guangxi Province 3000: 2996: 2961: 2939: 2932: 2928: 2917: 2902: 2896:rather than the 2895: 2878: 2874: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2840: 2820:that is written 2819: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2777: 2770: 2753: 2741: 2717: 2705: 2701: 2689: 2680: 2672: 2663: 2648: 2547: 2519: 2489: 2461: 2427: 2349: 2348: 2339: 2335: 2237: 2210: 2196: 2183: 2168: 2156: 2144: 2129: 2123: 2111: 2099: 2087: 2075: 2060: 2054: 2036: 2009: 1996: 1984: 1972: 1960: 1915: 1911: 1900: 1896: 1872:Ho Chi Minh City 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1736: 1735: 1714: 1710: 1647: 1643: 1632: 1628: 1620: 1610: 1602: 1590: 1580: 1576: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1525: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1477: 1467: 1457: 1447: 1428: 1418: 1408: 1398: 1388: 1380: 1371: 1357: 1345: 1327: 1300: 1288: 1278: 1270: 1259: 1245: 1235: 1227: 1216: 1206: 1194: 1184: 1176: 1167: 1157: 1147: 1135: 1125: 1117: 1101: 1091: 1079: 1069: 1025: 1024: 1012:Proto–Viet–Muong 1007: 1001: 995: 989: 983: 977: 971: 965: 876: 875: 870: 864: 861: 799:Dong Son culture 610: 594: 566: 479:where it is the 470: 445: instead of 427: 426: 382:of Vietnam with 380:ethnic landscape 376: 367: 353: 337: 330: 321: 320: 312: 303: 302: 294: 264: 262: 261: 252: 250: 249: 240:language in 229: 227: 226: 187: 120: 62: 56: 49: 42: 30: 18: 17: 20390: 20389: 20385: 20384: 20383: 20381: 20380: 20379: 20320: 20319: 20318: 20313: 20300: 20293: 20286: 20269: 20052: 19953: 19939:Public holidays 19922:Sex trafficking 19848: 19825: 19721:Five-Year Plans 19682: 19674: 19635: 19610: 19608:Public Security 19602: 19559: 19532: 19528:Military Courts 19494: 19461: 19416: 19364:Communist Party 19358: 19296: 19222: 19218:Electoral units 19179: 19136:Protected areas 19087: 19066:French colonial 19032: 18984: 18975: 18945: 18940: 18939: 18934: 18933: 18904: 18878:Proto-Palaungic 18861: 18859:Proto-languages 18840: 18802: 18779: 18752: 18733: 18715: 18681: 18665: 18624: 18556: 18535: 18509: 18481: 18456: 18431: 18415: 18394: 18363: 18347: 18316: 18295: 18227: 18200: 18175: 18150: 18129: 18096: 18058: 18008: 17987: 17958: 17942: 17898: 17896:Khasi–Palaungic 17873: 17852: 17836: 17820: 17791: 17785: 17765: 17744: 17708: 17692: 17672: 17651: 17625: 17599: 17566: 17550: 17519: 17496: 17475: 17454: 17438: 17422: 17397: 17376: 17356: 17310: 17280: 17224: 17144: 17131: 17126: 17096: 17091: 17075: 17012: 16996: 16991: 16961: 16956: 16930: 16910: 16888: 16817: 16761: 16572: 16565: 16491: 16471:(Indo-European) 16456: 16413: 16371: 16260: 16173: 16101: 16068: 15946: 15854: 15853:Other languages 15835: 15784: 15715:Central Tibetan 15686: 15560: 15494: 15341: 15223: 15026: 14978: 14926: 14915: 14891: 14875: 14782: 14723: 14707: 14702: 14672: 14667: 14642: 14601: 14520: 14514: 14498: 14493: 14463: 14458: 14430: 14389: 14364: 14261: 14206: 14168: 14121: 14095: 14035: 14017: 13984: 13874: 13868: 13852: 13847: 13812: 13738:Wayback Machine 13722: 13666: 13584: 13570:DeFrancis, John 13565: 13494:(3–4): 166–194. 13471: 13448: 13312: 13293: 13258:(2): xiii–xlv. 13243: 13228: 13220: 13161: 13072: 12950: 12938: 12923: 12894: 12877: 12845: 12826: 12807: 12788: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12689: 12675:Wayback Machine 12666: 12662: 12654: 12652: 12646: 12645: 12641: 12633: 12629: 12621: 12617: 12608: 12604: 12594: 12592: 12577: 12568: 12561: 12547: 12543: 12534: 12530: 12517: 12516: 12512: 12499: 12498: 12494: 12487: 12469: 12465: 12456: 12454: 12444: 12440: 12431: 12429: 12421: 12420: 12416: 12395: 12391: 12384: 12370: 12366: 12358: 12351: 12343: 12339: 12331: 12327: 12320: 12306: 12302: 12295: 12281: 12277: 12269: 12265: 12257: 12253: 12246: 12232: 12228: 12215: 12214: 12210: 12201: 12199: 12190: 12189: 12185: 12176: 12174: 12166: 12165: 12161: 12152: 12150: 12137: 12136: 12132: 12119: 12118: 12109: 12096: 12095: 12088: 12075: 12074: 12070: 12057: 12056: 12041: 12030: 12026: 11999: 11992: 11977: 11973: 11965: 11959: 11955: 11944: 11940: 11917: 11913: 11886: 11882: 11874: 11870: 11864: 11846: 11842: 11834: 11830: 11822: 11818: 11811: 11789: 11785: 11775: 11773: 11769: 11758: 11752: 11748: 11733: 11729: 11723:Wayback Machine 11714: 11710: 11702: 11698: 11685: 11684: 11680: 11667: 11666: 11662: 11654: 11650: 11641: 11640: 11636: 11628: 11626: 11619: 11618: 11614: 11607: 11593: 11589: 11581: 11577: 11569: 11565: 11557: 11553: 11545: 11541: 11533: 11529: 11521: 11517: 11498: 11491: 11468: 11461: 11434: 11430: 11410: 11403: 11383: 11372: 11364: 11360: 11352: 11348: 11340: 11336: 11328: 11324: 11316: 11312: 11304: 11297: 11290:An Nam dịch ngữ 11286: 11279: 11271: 11267: 11259: 11255: 11247: 11243: 11235: 11231: 11223: 11219: 11211: 11202: 11194: 11187: 11178: 11174: 11159: 11155: 11150: 11146: 11136: 11134: 11129: 11128: 11124: 11117: 11105:Li, Yu (2020). 11103: 11099: 11090: 11088: 11080: 11079: 11075: 11048: 11044: 11029: 11025: 11015: 10996: 10992: 10983: 10979: 10970: 10969: 10965: 10956: 10955: 10951: 10941: 10930: 10923: 10918: 10913: 10912: 10892: 10888: 10871: 10867: 10858: 10854: 10833: 10826: 10809: 10805: 10799: 10795: 10782: 10778: 10773: 10769: 10762:ngôn ngữ âm sắc 10747:Tone is called 10746: 10742: 10733: 10729: 10715: 10710: 10679: 10674: 10602: 10598: 10589: 10585: 10431: 10427: 10419:) paragraph 9 ( 10393: 10389: 10384: 10380: 10375: 10344:Language portal 10342: 10335: 10328: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10274:loan hà lanh cả 10266:la hoàn la cảnh 9991:Original phrase 9953:Lí do (Reason) 9902: 9637: 9598: 9476:"fifteen" (see 9371: 9370: 9349: 9348: 9318: 9317: 9274: 9273: 9252: 9251: 9221: 9220: 9194:syllable-final 9011: 8319: 8277:and heavily to 8258: 8257: 8249: 8247: 8246: 8245: 8244: 8241: 8234: 8231: 8224: 8218: 8209:sociolinguistic 8110:Dialect region 8089: 8078: 8072: 8069: 8054: 8042: 8038: 8031: 7980: 7974: 7898:Tháng chín (9) 7806:and in poetry. 7786: 7756:on Windows, or 7722: 7716: 7475:) and a single 7370:, particularly 7352: 7346: 7313:, most notably 7211: 7208: 7205: 7202: 7190: 7184: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7025: 7017:Main articles: 7015: 7013:Writing systems 6983:lu bu, lu xu bu 6838:Buddhist temple 6686: 6249: 6237:Sino-Vietnamese 6211:Chinese sausage 6191: 6118:keoi1 lok6 bou6 6091: 6053: 5990:note de musique 5936: 5912:Sino-Vietnamese 5792: 5790:Chinese contact 5768: 5747: 5742: 5732: 5724: 5716: 5702: 5694: 5686: 5678: 5670: 5662: 5654: 5643: 5633: 5623: 5615: 5607: 5597: 5587: 5579: 5564: 5554: 5546: 5538: 5528: 5520: 5505: 5495: 5487: 5479: 5468: 5460: 5452: 5437: 5427: 5419: 5411: 5403: 5393: 5383: 5375: 5364: 5354: 5340: 5330: 5322: 5312: 5301: 5292: 5282: 5274: 5264: 5255: 5245: 5237: 5223: 5214: 5204: 5196: 5188: 5180: 5170: 5162: 5153: 5143: 5135: 5127: 5118: 5108: 5100: 5090: 5008: 5000:Main articles: 4998: 4661:(上; 'rising'), 4623: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4076: 4073: 4072: 3970: 3896:as predictable 3554: 3529: 3455: 3450: 3440: 3427: 3422: 3412: 3274: 3264: 3251: 3241: 3163: 3158: 3152: 3119: 3091: 3089:Official status 3017:As a result of 3007: 2962:shows distinct 2682: 2674: 2665: 2363: 2314: 1908: 1750:Glottal ending 1729: 1727:Origin of tones 1014: 990:('shirt', from 862: 805:began from the 781:Red River Delta 773: 757:Gérard Diffloth 645:linguistic work 621: 611:) to represent 495:, as well as a 489:native language 460: 459: 458: 437:Without proper 428: 424: 399:Without proper 387: 363: 349: 333: 326: 316: 315: 308: 298: 297: 290: 268: 259: 257: 256: 247: 245: 241: 239: 224: 222: 219: 212:Official status 203: 199: 188: 183: 177: 156: 149: 121: 118:Language family 116: 107: 106:Native speakers 89: 51: 44: 12: 11: 5: 20388: 20378: 20377: 20372: 20367: 20362: 20357: 20352: 20347: 20342: 20337: 20332: 20315: 20314: 20312: 20311: 20306: 20299: 20298: 20291: 20283: 20282: 20279: 20278: 20275: 20274: 20271: 20270: 20268: 20267: 20262: 20257: 20252: 20251: 20250: 20245: 20235: 20234: 20233: 20228: 20223: 20218: 20213: 20208: 20203: 20193: 20192: 20191: 20186: 20176: 20175: 20174: 20169: 20164: 20159: 20149: 20148: 20147: 20137: 20132: 20127: 20122: 20117: 20116: 20115: 20110: 20100: 20095: 20094: 20093: 20083: 20078: 20073: 20068: 20062: 20060: 20054: 20053: 20051: 20050: 20049: 20048: 20043: 20038: 20033: 20028: 20026:Folk religions 20018: 20013: 20008: 20003: 20002: 20001: 19996: 19991: 19981: 19980: 19979: 19974: 19963: 19961: 19952: 19951: 19946: 19941: 19936: 19935: 19934: 19929: 19924: 19919: 19914: 19904: 19903: 19902: 19901:hybrid variant 19889: 19879: 19878: 19877: 19866: 19860: 19854: 19853: 19850: 19849: 19847: 19846: 19844:Rail transport 19841: 19835: 19833: 19827: 19826: 19824: 19823: 19818: 19817: 19816: 19811: 19806: 19796: 19795: 19794: 19784: 19783: 19782: 19777: 19767: 19766: 19765: 19760: 19755: 19745: 19740: 19739: 19738: 19733: 19723: 19718: 19713: 19708: 19707: 19706: 19704:Power stations 19701: 19696: 19686: 19678: 19675:("Renovation") 19668: 19663: 19657: 19651: 19645: 19644: 19641: 19640: 19637: 19636: 19634: 19633: 19628: 19623: 19617: 19615: 19604: 19603: 19601: 19600: 19595: 19590: 19585: 19584: 19583: 19578: 19567: 19565: 19558: 19557: 19552: 19546: 19544: 19538: 19537: 19534: 19533: 19531: 19530: 19525: 19520: 19515: 19510: 19504: 19502: 19496: 19495: 19493: 19492: 19487: 19482: 19481: 19480: 19469: 19467: 19463: 19462: 19460: 19459: 19454: 19453: 19452: 19445:Prime Minister 19442: 19437: 19436: 19435: 19433:Vice President 19424: 19422: 19418: 19417: 19415: 19414: 19409: 19404: 19399: 19394: 19389: 19384: 19379: 19374: 19368: 19366: 19357: 19356: 19351: 19350: 19349: 19339: 19334: 19329: 19324: 19318: 19312: 19306: 19305: 19302: 19301: 19298: 19297: 19295: 19294: 19293: 19292: 19287: 19277: 19276: 19275: 19270: 19265: 19255: 19254: 19253: 19248: 19243: 19232: 19230: 19224: 19223: 19221: 19220: 19215: 19210: 19208:District-level 19205: 19200: 19198:Municipalities 19195: 19189: 19187: 19178: 19177: 19172: 19171: 19170: 19165: 19160: 19155: 19145: 19144: 19143: 19141:National parks 19133: 19128: 19123: 19122: 19121: 19119:Climate change 19111: 19105: 19099: 19093: 19092: 19089: 19088: 19086: 19085: 19084: 19083: 19078: 19068: 19063: 19058: 19053: 19048: 19042: 19040: 19031: 19030: 19025: 19020: 19015: 19010: 19005: 19000: 18994: 18992: 18986: 18985: 18974: 18973: 18966: 18959: 18951: 18942: 18941: 18936: 18935: 18932: 18931: 18924: 18914: 18913: 18910: 18909: 18906: 18905: 18903: 18902: 18895: 18888: 18881: 18874: 18866: 18863: 18862: 18850: 18849: 18846: 18845: 18842: 18841: 18839: 18838: 18833: 18832: 18831: 18826: 18821: 18810: 18808: 18804: 18803: 18801: 18800: 18795: 18789: 18787: 18781: 18780: 18778: 18777: 18772: 18766: 18764: 18754: 18753: 18743: 18742: 18739: 18738: 18735: 18734: 18732: 18731: 18723: 18721: 18717: 18716: 18714: 18713: 18708: 18703: 18698: 18692: 18690: 18683: 18682: 18680: 18679: 18673: 18671: 18667: 18666: 18664: 18663: 18658: 18653: 18648: 18641: 18635: 18633: 18626: 18625: 18623: 18622: 18617: 18612: 18607: 18602: 18597: 18592: 18587: 18582: 18577: 18571: 18569: 18558: 18557: 18545: 18544: 18541: 18540: 18537: 18536: 18534: 18533: 18528: 18523: 18517: 18515: 18511: 18510: 18508: 18507: 18502: 18497: 18491: 18489: 18483: 18482: 18480: 18479: 18474: 18468: 18466: 18458: 18457: 18445: 18444: 18441: 18440: 18437: 18436: 18433: 18432: 18430: 18429: 18423: 18421: 18417: 18416: 18414: 18413: 18408: 18402: 18400: 18396: 18395: 18393: 18392: 18387: 18382: 18377: 18371: 18369: 18365: 18364: 18362: 18361: 18355: 18353: 18349: 18348: 18346: 18345: 18339: 18337: 18330: 18326: 18325: 18322: 18321: 18318: 18317: 18315: 18314: 18309: 18303: 18301: 18297: 18296: 18294: 18293: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18263: 18258: 18253: 18248: 18242: 18240: 18233: 18229: 18228: 18226: 18225: 18219: 18217: 18210: 18202: 18201: 18189: 18188: 18185: 18184: 18181: 18180: 18177: 18176: 18174: 18173: 18168: 18162: 18160: 18156: 18155: 18152: 18151: 18149: 18148: 18143: 18137: 18135: 18131: 18130: 18128: 18127: 18122: 18117: 18112: 18106: 18104: 18098: 18097: 18095: 18094: 18089: 18084: 18079: 18074: 18068: 18066: 18060: 18059: 18057: 18056: 18051: 18046: 18041: 18036: 18031: 18025: 18023: 18014: 18013:East Palaungic 18010: 18009: 18007: 18006: 18001: 17995: 17993: 17992:West Palaungic 17989: 17988: 17986: 17985: 17979: 17977: 17970: 17964: 17963: 17960: 17959: 17957: 17956: 17950: 17948: 17944: 17943: 17941: 17940: 17935: 17930: 17925: 17919: 17917: 17910: 17900: 17899: 17887: 17886: 17883: 17882: 17879: 17878: 17875: 17874: 17872: 17871: 17866: 17860: 17858: 17854: 17853: 17851: 17850: 17844: 17842: 17838: 17837: 17835: 17834: 17828: 17826: 17822: 17821: 17819: 17818: 17813: 17808: 17802: 17800: 17793: 17790:Western Pearic 17787: 17786: 17784: 17783: 17777: 17775: 17767: 17766: 17754: 17753: 17750: 17749: 17746: 17745: 17743: 17742: 17737: 17732: 17727: 17722: 17716: 17714: 17710: 17709: 17707: 17706: 17700: 17698: 17694: 17693: 17691: 17690: 17684: 17682: 17674: 17673: 17661: 17660: 17657: 17656: 17653: 17652: 17650: 17649: 17644: 17639: 17633: 17631: 17627: 17626: 17624: 17623: 17618: 17613: 17607: 17605: 17601: 17600: 17598: 17597: 17592: 17587: 17582: 17576: 17574: 17568: 17567: 17565: 17564: 17558: 17556: 17552: 17551: 17549: 17548: 17543: 17538: 17537: 17536: 17531: 17526: 17508: 17506: 17498: 17497: 17485: 17484: 17481: 17480: 17477: 17476: 17474: 17473: 17468: 17462: 17460: 17456: 17455: 17453: 17452: 17446: 17444: 17440: 17439: 17437: 17436: 17430: 17428: 17424: 17423: 17421: 17420: 17415: 17409: 17407: 17399: 17398: 17386: 17385: 17382: 17381: 17378: 17377: 17375: 17374: 17368: 17366: 17362: 17361: 17358: 17357: 17355: 17354: 17349: 17344: 17339: 17334: 17329: 17324: 17318: 17316: 17312: 17311: 17309: 17308: 17303: 17298: 17292: 17286: 17282: 17281: 17279: 17278: 17273: 17268: 17263: 17258: 17253: 17248: 17243: 17238: 17232: 17230: 17226: 17225: 17223: 17222: 17217: 17212: 17207: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17182: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17156: 17154: 17146: 17145: 17133: 17132: 17125: 17124: 17117: 17110: 17102: 17093: 17092: 17090: 17089: 17083: 17081: 17080:Sign languages 17077: 17076: 17074: 17073: 17068: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17022: 17020: 17014: 17013: 17011: 17010: 17004: 17002: 16998: 16997: 16990: 16989: 16982: 16975: 16967: 16958: 16957: 16955: 16954: 16951: 16948: 16945: 16942: 16941:HK = Hong Kong 16939: 16935: 16932: 16931: 16929: 16928: 16921: 16920: 16919: 16918: 16917: 16912:Hong Kong Sign 16905: 16896: 16894: 16890: 16889: 16887: 16886: 16881: 16876: 16871: 16866: 16861: 16856: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16831: 16825: 16823: 16819: 16818: 16816: 16815: 16810: 16805: 16800: 16795: 16790: 16785: 16780: 16775: 16769: 16767: 16763: 16762: 16760: 16759: 16758: 16757: 16752: 16742: 16741: 16740: 16735: 16725: 16724: 16723: 16718: 16708: 16707: 16706: 16701: 16696: 16691: 16686: 16681: 16680: 16679: 16674: 16669: 16654: 16649: 16644: 16639: 16638: 16637: 16632: 16631: 16630: 16620: 16615: 16614: 16613: 16603: 16598: 16593: 16588: 16577: 16575: 16567: 16566: 16564: 16563: 16558: 16552: 16547: 16542: 16537: 16532: 16527: 16522: 16517: 16511: 16509: 16505: 16504: 16501: 16500: 16497: 16496: 16493: 16492: 16490: 16489: 16487:(Austronesian) 16481: 16479:(Austronesian) 16473: 16464: 16462: 16458: 16457: 16455: 16454: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16423: 16421: 16415: 16414: 16412: 16411: 16406: 16401: 16396: 16391: 16385: 16383: 16377: 16376: 16373: 16372: 16370: 16369: 16364: 16359: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16268: 16266: 16262: 16261: 16259: 16258: 16253: 16248: 16243: 16238: 16233: 16228: 16223: 16218: 16213: 16208: 16203: 16198: 16192: 16190: 16181: 16175: 16174: 16172: 16171: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16115: 16113: 16107: 16106: 16103: 16102: 16100: 16099: 16094: 16089: 16084: 16078: 16076: 16070: 16069: 16067: 16066: 16061: 16056: 16051: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16006: 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15981: 15976: 15971: 15965: 15963: 15954: 15948: 15947: 15945: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15919: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15874: 15868: 15866: 15856: 15855: 15845: 15844: 15841: 15840: 15837: 15836: 15834: 15833: 15828: 15823: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15798: 15792: 15790: 15786: 15785: 15783: 15782: 15777: 15772: 15767: 15762: 15757: 15752: 15747: 15742: 15737: 15732: 15727: 15722: 15717: 15712: 15707: 15702: 15696: 15694: 15688: 15687: 15685: 15684: 15679: 15674: 15669: 15664: 15659: 15657:Southern Qiang 15654: 15652:Northern Qiang 15649: 15644: 15639: 15634: 15629: 15624: 15619: 15614: 15609: 15604: 15599: 15594: 15589: 15584: 15578: 15576: 15570: 15569: 15566: 15565: 15562: 15561: 15559: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15543: 15538: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15502: 15500: 15496: 15495: 15493: 15492: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15422: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15382: 15377: 15372: 15367: 15362: 15357: 15351: 15349: 15343: 15342: 15340: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15233: 15231: 15225: 15224: 15222: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15181: 15176: 15171: 15166: 15161: 15156: 15151: 15146: 15141: 15136: 15131: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15045: 15043: 15034: 15028: 15027: 15025: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14988: 14986: 14980: 14979: 14977: 14976: 14971: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14940: 14938: 14929: 14917: 14916: 14901: 14897: 14896: 14893: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14877: 14876: 14874: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14828: 14823: 14818: 14813: 14808: 14803: 14798: 14792: 14790: 14784: 14783: 14781: 14780: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14744: 14742: 14729: 14725: 14724: 14722: 14721: 14715: 14713: 14709: 14708: 14701: 14700: 14693: 14686: 14678: 14669: 14668: 14666: 14665: 14660: 14654: 14652: 14648: 14647: 14644: 14643: 14641: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14609: 14607: 14603: 14602: 14600: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14533: 14531: 14522: 14516: 14515: 14513: 14512: 14506: 14504: 14500: 14499: 14492: 14491: 14484: 14477: 14469: 14460: 14459: 14457: 14456: 14451: 14446: 14440: 14438: 14432: 14431: 14429: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14408: 14403: 14397: 14395: 14391: 14390: 14388: 14387: 14382: 14376: 14374: 14370: 14369: 14366: 14365: 14363: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14342: 14337: 14332: 14327: 14322: 14317: 14312: 14307: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14287: 14282: 14277: 14271: 14269: 14263: 14262: 14260: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14222: 14216: 14214: 14208: 14207: 14205: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14178: 14176: 14170: 14169: 14167: 14166: 14161: 14156: 14151: 14146: 14141: 14135: 14133: 14127: 14126: 14123: 14122: 14120: 14119: 14114: 14109: 14103: 14101: 14097: 14096: 14094: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14072: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14045: 14043: 14037: 14036: 14034: 14033: 14027: 14025: 14019: 14018: 14016: 14015: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13994: 13992: 13986: 13985: 13983: 13982: 13977: 13972: 13967: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13932: 13927: 13922: 13917: 13912: 13907: 13902: 13896: 13894: 13885: 13876: 13870: 13869: 13867: 13866: 13860: 13858: 13854: 13853: 13846: 13845: 13838: 13831: 13823: 13817: 13814: 13813: 13804: 13803: 13798: 13786: 13785: 13780: 13773: 13772: 13771:Language tools 13768: 13767: 13757: 13750: 13749: 13745: 13744: 13727: 13726: 13725:Online lessons 13721: 13720:External links 13718: 13717: 13716: 13709: 13702: 13695: 13688: 13681: 13674: 13665: 13662: 13661: 13660: 13645: 13628: 13621: 13620: 13619: 13588: 13582: 13564: 13561: 13560: 13559: 13547:10.2307/411402 13541:(1): 362–371. 13530: 13523: 13496: 13474: 13469: 13452: 13446: 13433: 13412: 13385: 13374: 13354:(1–2): 55–72. 13339: 13322: 13315: 13310: 13297: 13291: 13270: 13247: 13241: 13219: 13216: 13215: 13214: 13197: 13180: 13160: 13157: 13156: 13155: 13148: 13141: 13130: 13119: 13108: 13095: 13084: 13071: 13068: 13067: 13066: 13054:10.2307/411232 13048:(3): 454–476. 13037: 13020: 12979: 12961:(3): 381–392. 12943: 12941:on 2018-11-13. 12916: 12893: 12890: 12889: 12888: 12881: 12875: 12860: 12849: 12843: 12830: 12824: 12811: 12805: 12792: 12786: 12773: 12749: 12740: 12728:10.2307/409878 12722:(3): 239–244. 12712:Emeneau, M. B. 12708: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12688: 12687: 12660: 12639: 12627: 12625:, p. 382. 12615: 12602: 12566: 12559: 12541: 12528: 12510: 12492: 12485: 12463: 12438: 12414: 12389: 12382: 12364: 12362:, p. 145. 12349: 12345:DeFrancis 1977 12337: 12333:DeFrancis 1977 12325: 12318: 12300: 12294:978-1107544895 12293: 12275: 12271:DeFrancis 1977 12263: 12261:, p. 141. 12251: 12244: 12226: 12208: 12183: 12159: 12130: 12107: 12086: 12068: 12039: 12024: 12019:10.15026/94521 11990: 11971: 11953: 11938: 11911: 11880: 11868: 11862: 11840: 11828: 11816: 11809: 11783: 11746: 11727: 11708: 11696: 11678: 11660: 11648: 11634: 11612: 11605: 11587: 11575: 11563: 11551: 11549:, p. 162. 11539: 11527: 11515: 11489: 11459: 11428: 11401: 11370: 11368:, p. 187. 11358: 11354:DeFrancis 1977 11346: 11334: 11322: 11320:, p. 136. 11310: 11308:, p. 678. 11295: 11277: 11275:, p. 659. 11265: 11263:, p. 663. 11253: 11251:, p. xix. 11241: 11239:, p. 662. 11229: 11227:, p. 661. 11217: 11215:, p. 189. 11200: 11185: 11172: 11153: 11144: 11122: 11115: 11097: 11073: 11042: 11023: 11013: 10990: 10977: 10974:. 7 June 2023. 10963: 10960:. 3 July 2013. 10949: 10920: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10911: 10910: 10886: 10865: 10852: 10824: 10803: 10793: 10776: 10767: 10740: 10727: 10725: 10724: 10721: 10720: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10704: 10698: 10697: 10694: 10691: 10685: 10684: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10668: 10662: 10661: 10658: 10655: 10652: 10649: 10643: 10642: 10639: 10636: 10633: 10630: 10624: 10623: 10617: 10611: 10596: 10583: 10558: 10557: 10554: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10540: 10539: 10536: 10533: 10530: 10527: 10521: 10520: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10503: 10502: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10485: 10484: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10467: 10466: 10463: 10459: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10425: 10387: 10377: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10370: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10348: 10347: 10333: 10330:Vietnam portal 10317: 10314: 10310: 10309: 10306: 10305: 10300: 10297: 10292: 10289: 10283: 10277: 10276: 10271: 10268: 10263: 10260: 10254: 10248: 10247: 10242: 10239: 10234: 10231: 10225: 10219: 10218: 10213: 10210: 10205: 10202: 10196: 10190: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10137: 10136: 10133: 10132: 10129: 10119: 10116: 10109: 10108: 10105: 10095: 10092: 10085: 10084: 10081: 10075: 10072: 10065: 10064: 10061: 10055: 10052: 10045: 10044: 10041: 10035: 10032: 10025: 10024: 10021: 10015: 10012: 10005: 10004: 10001: 10000:transformation 9994: 9992: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9954: 9951: 9948: 9945: 9942: 9938: 9937: 9934: 9931: 9928: 9925: 9922: 9919: 9916: 9901: 9898: 9878:murmured voice 9858:glottalization 9848: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9816: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9794: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9757: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9720: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9683: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9646: 9645: 9640: 9633: 9627: 9626: 9623: 9620: 9619:North-central 9617: 9614: 9597: 9594: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9546: 9545: 9543: 9541: 9535: 9534: 9531: 9528: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9435: 9434: 9432: 9430: 9424: 9423: 9420: 9417: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9342: 9341: 9339: 9333: 9332: 9330: 9328: 9311: 9310: 9308: 9302: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9291: 9290: 9288: 9267: 9266: 9264: 9262: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9236: 9235: 9233: 9231: 9214: 9213: 9211: 9205: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9195: 9191: 9190: 9188: 9186: 9180: 9179: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9158: 9157: 9155: 9153: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9136: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9109: 9104: 9100: 9099: 9096: 9093: 9090: 9087: 9084: 9010: 9007: 8985: 8984: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8965: 8964: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8945: 8944: 8941: 8933: 8928: 8922: 8921: 8918: 8913: 8908: 8902: 8901: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8878: 8877: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8858: 8857: 8854: 8845: 8840: 8834: 8833: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8794: 8793: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8774: 8773: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8750: 8749: 8746: 8741: 8732: 8726: 8725: 8722: 8709: 8700: 8690: 8689: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8670: 8669: 8666: 8653: 8644: 8626: 8625: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8586: 8585: 8582: 8577: 8568: 8558: 8557: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8538: 8537: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8518: 8517: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8498: 8497: 8496:"that yonder" 8494: 8489: 8480: 8470: 8469: 8466: 8457: 8448: 8434: 8433: 8430: 8425: 8416: 8410: 8409: 8406: 8401: 8392: 8382: 8381: 8378: 8373: 8364: 8358: 8357: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8338: 8337: 8336:English gloss 8334: 8331: 8328: 8318: 8315: 8298:Fall of Saigon 8291:Tập kết ra Bắc 8248: 8242: 8232: 8227: 8226: 8225: 8216: 8215: 8214: 8185: 8184: 8171: 8167: 8166: 8164:Thừa Thiên Huế 8161: 8157: 8156: 8139: 8135: 8134: 8129: 8125: 8124: 8119: 8115: 8114: 8111: 8097:Nguồn language 8091: 8090: 8045: 8043: 8036: 8030: 8027: 7976:Main article: 7973: 7970: 7957: 7956: 7950: 7944: 7927: 7926: 7923: 7920: 7916: 7915: 7912: 7908: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7899: 7896: 7892: 7891: 7890:Tháng tám (8) 7888: 7884: 7883: 7882:Tháng bảy (7) 7880: 7876: 7875: 7874:Tháng sáu (6) 7872: 7868: 7867: 7866:Tháng năm (5) 7864: 7860: 7859: 7856: 7852: 7851: 7848: 7844: 7843: 7842:Tháng hai (2) 7840: 7836: 7835: 7832: 7829: 7825: 7824: 7821: 7817: 7816: 7813: 7804:lunar calendar 7785: 7782: 7718:Main article: 7715: 7712: 7664:Nevertheless, 7613: 7612: 7604: 7593: 7592: 7584: 7573: 7572: 7571:'questioning' 7564: 7553: 7552: 7544: 7533: 7532: 7524: 7513: 7512: 7504: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7411:) formed with 7348:Main article: 7345: 7342: 7293: 7292: 7266: 7245: 7186:Main article: 7183: 7180: 7110:A sign at the 7092:'s dictionary 7014: 7011: 7004: 7003: 6996: 6985: 6979: 6978: 6971: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6956: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6937: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6914: 6909: 6903: 6902: 6899: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6884: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6868: 6863: 6857: 6856: 6830: 6825: 6819: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6772: 6771: 6756: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6737: 6732: 6726: 6725: 6722: 6717: 6685: 6682: 6675: 6674: 6671: 6661: 6656: 6654: 6649: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6631: 6626: 6621: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6557: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6532: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6510: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6488: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6475: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6444: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6385: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6356: 6355: 6352: 6342: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6319:Middle Chinese 6315: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6248: 6245: 6203:Middle Chinese 6190: 6187: 6172:from modified 6090: 6087: 6052: 6049: 5994:steering wheel 5940:Geneva Accords 5935: 5932: 5791: 5788: 5767: 5764: 5746: 5743: 5725: 5717: 5703: 5695: 5687: 5679: 5671: 5663: 5655: 5645: 5644: 5624: 5616: 5608: 5598: 5588: 5580: 5566: 5565: 5547: 5539: 5529: 5521: 5507: 5506: 5488: 5480: 5469: 5461: 5453: 5439: 5438: 5420: 5412: 5404: 5394: 5384: 5376: 5366: 5365: 5341: 5331: 5323: 5313: 5302: 5294: 5293: 5275: 5265: 5257: 5256: 5238: 5224: 5216: 5215: 5197: 5189: 5181: 5171: 5163: 5155: 5154: 5136: 5128: 5120: 5119: 5101: 5091: 5083: 5082: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4987: 4982: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4966: 4960: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4935: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4919: 4913: 4897: 4896: 4893: 4888: 4881: 4880: 4877: 4872: 4866: 4851: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4826: 4819: 4818: 4815: 4810: 4804: 4789: 4773: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4649:belong to the 4641:belong to the 4622: 4619: 4599: 4598: 4581: 4574: 4573: 4564: 4563:"level, flat" 4557: 4556: 4553: 4538: 4537: 4530: 4523: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4474: 4467: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4446: 4439: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4418: 4411: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4342: 4341: 4338: 4323: 4317: 4307: 4304: 4301: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4272: 4266: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4240: 4239: 4236: 4221: 4215: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4198:'questioning' 4189: 4188: 4185: 4170: 4164: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4119: 4113: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4069: 4068: 'ghost' 4063: 4058: 4055: 4052: 4042: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4008: 4007: 4002: 3999: 3993: 3969: 3966: 3791: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3723: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3687: 3685: 3683: 3673: 3663: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3548: 3543: 3528: 3525: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3433: 3432: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3416: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3276: 3271: 3268: 3257: 3256: 3253: 3248: 3245: 3234: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3162: 3159: 3154:Main article: 3151: 3148: 3118: 3115: 3102:Czech Republic 3090: 3087: 3043:Czech Republic 3023:Southeast Asia 3006: 3003: 2950: 2949: 2924:palatoalveolar 2884: 2870:stop consonant 2833: 2814: 2805:had merged as 2783: 2782: 2763: 2746: 2627: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2593: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2538: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2357: 2352: 2313: 2310: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2200: 2198: 2186: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2158: 2146: 2134: 2131:Implosive stop 2126: 2125: 2113: 2101: 2089: 2077: 2065: 2057: 2056: 2044: 2038: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2007: 2001: 2000: 1998: 1986: 1974: 1962: 1950: 1944: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1907: 1906:Old Vietnamese 1904: 1883:minor syllable 1879:sesquisyllabic 1817: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1805: 1798: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1776: 1769: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1747:Smooth ending 1745: 1742: 1728: 1725: 1701:Middle Chinese 1697: 1696: 1690: 1676: 1666: 1658:> Northern 1652: 1611:). See below. 1582: 1581: 1572: 1563: 1554: 1545: 1528:minor syllable 1491: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1472: 1462: 1452: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1433: 1423: 1413: 1403: 1393: 1383: 1377: 1376: 1366: 1364: 1362: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1334: 1332: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1295: 1293: 1283: 1273: 1267: 1266: 1264: 1254: 1252: 1250: 1240: 1230: 1224: 1223: 1221: 1211: 1201: 1199: 1189: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1162: 1152: 1142: 1140: 1130: 1120: 1115: 1109: 1108: 1106: 1096: 1086: 1084: 1074: 1064: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1033: 1028: 1018:Mường language 1013: 1010: 1002:('doll', from 966:('dame', from 928: 927: 924: 921: 900: 897: 856: 788:sesquisyllabic 772: 769: 729:Jean Przyluski 713:Korku language 695:, such as the 679:branch of the 620: 619:Classification 617: 544:Middle Chinese 516:Southeast Asia 511:in the world. 441:, you may see 429: 422: 421: 420: 417: 416: 403:, you may see 389: 388: 377: 369: 368: 361: 355: 354: 347: 339: 338: 331: 323: 322: 313: 305: 304: 295: 287: 286: 285:Language codes 282: 281: 276: 270: 269: 254:Czech Republic 244: 242: 237: 234: 233: 220: 217: 214: 213: 209: 208: 189: 185:Writing system 182: 179: 178: 176: 175: 174: 173: 166:Old Vietnamese 159: 157: 154: 151: 150: 148: 147: 146: 145: 144: 143: 124: 122: 115: 112: 111: 108: 105: 102: 101: 95: 91: 90: 88: 87: 77: 71: 69: 68:Native to 65: 64: 36: 32: 31: 23: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20387: 20376: 20373: 20371: 20368: 20366: 20363: 20361: 20358: 20356: 20353: 20351: 20348: 20346: 20343: 20341: 20338: 20336: 20333: 20331: 20328: 20327: 20325: 20310: 20307: 20305: 20302: 20301: 20296: 20292: 20289: 20285: 20284: 20280: 20266: 20263: 20261: 20258: 20256: 20253: 20249: 20246: 20244: 20241: 20240: 20239: 20236: 20232: 20229: 20227: 20224: 20222: 20219: 20217: 20214: 20212: 20209: 20207: 20204: 20202: 20199: 20198: 20197: 20194: 20190: 20187: 20185: 20182: 20181: 20180: 20177: 20173: 20170: 20168: 20165: 20163: 20160: 20158: 20155: 20154: 20153: 20150: 20146: 20143: 20142: 20141: 20138: 20136: 20133: 20131: 20128: 20126: 20123: 20121: 20118: 20114: 20111: 20109: 20106: 20105: 20104: 20101: 20099: 20096: 20092: 20089: 20088: 20087: 20084: 20082: 20079: 20077: 20074: 20072: 20069: 20067: 20064: 20063: 20061: 20059: 20055: 20047: 20044: 20042: 20039: 20037: 20034: 20032: 20029: 20027: 20024: 20023: 20022: 20019: 20017: 20014: 20012: 20009: 20007: 20006:Ethnic groups 20004: 20000: 19997: 19995: 19992: 19990: 19987: 19986: 19985: 19982: 19978: 19975: 19973: 19970: 19969: 19968: 19965: 19964: 19962: 19960: 19956: 19950: 19947: 19945: 19942: 19940: 19937: 19933: 19930: 19928: 19925: 19923: 19920: 19918: 19915: 19913: 19910: 19909: 19908: 19905: 19900: 19897: 19893: 19890: 19888: 19885: 19884: 19883: 19880: 19876: 19873: 19872: 19871: 19868: 19867: 19864: 19861: 19859: 19855: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19839:Air transport 19837: 19836: 19834: 19832: 19828: 19822: 19819: 19815: 19812: 19810: 19807: 19805: 19802: 19801: 19800: 19797: 19793: 19790: 19789: 19788: 19785: 19781: 19778: 19776: 19773: 19772: 19771: 19768: 19764: 19761: 19759: 19756: 19754: 19751: 19750: 19749: 19746: 19744: 19741: 19737: 19734: 19732: 19729: 19728: 19727: 19726:Manufacturing 19724: 19722: 19719: 19717: 19716:Foreign trade 19714: 19712: 19709: 19705: 19702: 19700: 19699:Nuclear power 19697: 19695: 19692: 19691: 19690: 19687: 19685: 19679: 19677: 19673: 19669: 19667: 19664: 19662: 19659: 19658: 19655: 19652: 19650: 19646: 19632: 19629: 19627: 19624: 19622: 19619: 19618: 19616: 19614: 19609: 19605: 19599: 19596: 19594: 19591: 19589: 19586: 19582: 19579: 19577: 19574: 19573: 19572: 19569: 19568: 19566: 19562: 19556: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19547: 19545: 19543: 19539: 19529: 19526: 19524: 19521: 19519: 19516: 19514: 19513:Chief Justice 19511: 19509: 19506: 19505: 19503: 19501: 19497: 19491: 19488: 19486: 19483: 19479: 19476: 19475: 19474: 19471: 19470: 19468: 19464: 19458: 19455: 19451: 19448: 19447: 19446: 19443: 19441: 19438: 19434: 19431: 19430: 19429: 19426: 19425: 19423: 19419: 19413: 19410: 19408: 19405: 19403: 19400: 19398: 19395: 19393: 19390: 19388: 19385: 19383: 19380: 19378: 19375: 19373: 19370: 19369: 19367: 19365: 19361: 19355: 19352: 19348: 19345: 19344: 19343: 19340: 19338: 19335: 19333: 19330: 19328: 19325: 19323: 19320: 19319: 19316: 19313: 19311: 19307: 19291: 19288: 19286: 19283: 19282: 19281: 19278: 19274: 19271: 19269: 19268:South Central 19266: 19264: 19263:North Central 19261: 19260: 19259: 19256: 19252: 19249: 19247: 19244: 19242: 19239: 19238: 19237: 19234: 19233: 19231: 19229: 19225: 19219: 19216: 19214: 19213:Commune-level 19211: 19209: 19206: 19204: 19201: 19199: 19196: 19194: 19191: 19190: 19188: 19186: 19182: 19176: 19173: 19169: 19166: 19164: 19161: 19159: 19156: 19154: 19151: 19150: 19149: 19146: 19142: 19139: 19138: 19137: 19134: 19132: 19129: 19127: 19124: 19120: 19117: 19116: 19115: 19112: 19110: 19107: 19106: 19103: 19100: 19098: 19094: 19082: 19081:South Vietnam 19079: 19077: 19076:North Vietnam 19074: 19073: 19072: 19069: 19067: 19064: 19062: 19059: 19057: 19054: 19052: 19049: 19047: 19044: 19043: 19041: 19039: 19035: 19029: 19026: 19024: 19021: 19019: 19016: 19014: 19011: 19009: 19006: 19004: 19001: 18999: 18996: 18995: 18993: 18991: 18987: 18983: 18979: 18972: 18967: 18965: 18960: 18958: 18953: 18952: 18949: 18929: 18925: 18923: 18919: 18916: 18915: 18911: 18901: 18900: 18896: 18894: 18893: 18889: 18887: 18886: 18885:Proto-Khmeric 18882: 18880: 18879: 18875: 18873: 18872: 18868: 18867: 18864: 18860: 18855: 18851: 18837: 18834: 18830: 18827: 18825: 18822: 18820: 18817: 18816: 18815: 18812: 18811: 18809: 18805: 18799: 18798:Bugan (Pakan) 18796: 18794: 18791: 18790: 18788: 18786: 18782: 18776: 18773: 18771: 18768: 18767: 18765: 18763: 18759: 18755: 18748: 18744: 18730: 18729: 18725: 18724: 18722: 18718: 18712: 18709: 18707: 18704: 18702: 18699: 18697: 18694: 18693: 18691: 18688: 18684: 18678: 18675: 18674: 18672: 18668: 18662: 18659: 18657: 18654: 18652: 18649: 18647: 18646: 18642: 18640: 18637: 18636: 18634: 18631: 18627: 18621: 18618: 18616: 18613: 18611: 18608: 18606: 18603: 18601: 18598: 18596: 18593: 18591: 18588: 18586: 18583: 18581: 18578: 18576: 18573: 18572: 18570: 18567: 18563: 18559: 18555: 18550: 18546: 18532: 18529: 18527: 18524: 18522: 18519: 18518: 18516: 18512: 18506: 18503: 18501: 18498: 18496: 18493: 18492: 18490: 18488: 18484: 18478: 18475: 18473: 18470: 18469: 18467: 18465:Chaura-Teresa 18463: 18459: 18455: 18450: 18446: 18428: 18425: 18424: 18422: 18418: 18412: 18409: 18407: 18404: 18403: 18401: 18397: 18391: 18388: 18386: 18383: 18381: 18378: 18376: 18373: 18372: 18370: 18366: 18360: 18357: 18356: 18354: 18350: 18344: 18341: 18340: 18338: 18334: 18331: 18327: 18313: 18310: 18308: 18305: 18304: 18302: 18298: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18243: 18241: 18237: 18234: 18230: 18224: 18221: 18220: 18218: 18214: 18211: 18207: 18203: 18199: 18194: 18190: 18172: 18169: 18167: 18164: 18163: 18161: 18157: 18147: 18144: 18142: 18139: 18138: 18136: 18132: 18126: 18123: 18121: 18118: 18116: 18113: 18111: 18108: 18107: 18105: 18103: 18099: 18093: 18090: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18078: 18075: 18073: 18070: 18069: 18067: 18065: 18061: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18042: 18040: 18037: 18035: 18032: 18030: 18027: 18026: 18024: 18022: 18018: 18015: 18011: 18005: 18002: 18000: 17997: 17996: 17994: 17990: 17984: 17981: 17980: 17978: 17974: 17971: 17969: 17965: 17955: 17952: 17951: 17949: 17945: 17939: 17936: 17934: 17931: 17929: 17926: 17924: 17921: 17920: 17918: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17905: 17901: 17897: 17892: 17888: 17870: 17867: 17865: 17862: 17861: 17859: 17855: 17849: 17846: 17845: 17843: 17839: 17833: 17832:Western Chong 17830: 17829: 17827: 17823: 17817: 17814: 17812: 17809: 17807: 17806:Central Chong 17804: 17803: 17801: 17797: 17794: 17788: 17782: 17779: 17778: 17776: 17772: 17768: 17764: 17759: 17755: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17717: 17715: 17711: 17705: 17702: 17701: 17699: 17695: 17689: 17686: 17685: 17683: 17679: 17675: 17671: 17666: 17662: 17648: 17645: 17643: 17640: 17638: 17635: 17634: 17632: 17628: 17622: 17619: 17617: 17614: 17612: 17609: 17608: 17606: 17602: 17596: 17593: 17591: 17588: 17586: 17583: 17581: 17578: 17577: 17575: 17573: 17569: 17563: 17560: 17559: 17557: 17553: 17547: 17544: 17542: 17539: 17535: 17532: 17530: 17527: 17523: 17518: 17515: 17514: 17513: 17510: 17509: 17507: 17503: 17499: 17495: 17490: 17486: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17463: 17461: 17457: 17451: 17448: 17447: 17445: 17441: 17435: 17432: 17431: 17429: 17425: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17411: 17410: 17408: 17404: 17400: 17396: 17391: 17387: 17373: 17370: 17369: 17367: 17363: 17353: 17350: 17348: 17345: 17343: 17340: 17338: 17335: 17333: 17330: 17328: 17325: 17323: 17320: 17319: 17317: 17313: 17307: 17304: 17302: 17299: 17297: 17294: 17293: 17290: 17287: 17283: 17277: 17274: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17262: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17233: 17231: 17227: 17221: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17157: 17155: 17151: 17147: 17143: 17138: 17134: 17130: 17123: 17118: 17116: 17111: 17109: 17104: 17103: 17100: 17088: 17085: 17084: 17082: 17078: 17072: 17069: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17023: 17021: 17019: 17015: 17009: 17006: 17005: 17003: 16999: 16995: 16988: 16983: 16981: 16976: 16974: 16969: 16968: 16965: 16952: 16950:XJ = Xinjiang 16949: 16946: 16943: 16940: 16937: 16936: 16933: 16927: 16925: 16922: 16915: 16913: 16909: 16908: 16906: 16903: 16902: 16901: 16898: 16897: 16895: 16891: 16885: 16882: 16880: 16877: 16875: 16872: 16870: 16867: 16865: 16862: 16860: 16857: 16855: 16852: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16826: 16824: 16820: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16791: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16770: 16768: 16764: 16756: 16753: 16751: 16748: 16747: 16746: 16743: 16739: 16736: 16734: 16731: 16730: 16729: 16726: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16713: 16712: 16709: 16705: 16702: 16700: 16697: 16695: 16692: 16690: 16687: 16685: 16682: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16664: 16663: 16660: 16659: 16658: 16655: 16653: 16650: 16648: 16645: 16643: 16640: 16636: 16633: 16629: 16626: 16625: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16612: 16609: 16608: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16583: 16582: 16579: 16578: 16576: 16574: 16568: 16562: 16559: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16536: 16533: 16531: 16528: 16526: 16523: 16521: 16518: 16516: 16513: 16512: 16510: 16506: 16485: 16482: 16477: 16474: 16469: 16466: 16465: 16463: 16459: 16453: 16452:Western Yugur 16450: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16424: 16422: 16420: 16416: 16410: 16407: 16405: 16402: 16400: 16397: 16395: 16392: 16390: 16387: 16386: 16384: 16382: 16378: 16368: 16365: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16355: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16269: 16267: 16263: 16257: 16254: 16252: 16249: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16193: 16191: 16189: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16176: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16134:Eastern Yugur 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16116: 16114: 16112: 16108: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16079: 16077: 16075: 16071: 16065: 16062: 16060: 16057: 16055: 16054:Small Flowery 16052: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15980: 15977: 15975: 15972: 15970: 15967: 15966: 15964: 15962: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15949: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15869: 15867: 15865: 15864:Austroasiatic 15861: 15857: 15850: 15846: 15832: 15829: 15827: 15824: 15822: 15819: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15797: 15794: 15793: 15791: 15787: 15781: 15778: 15776: 15773: 15771: 15768: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15741: 15738: 15736: 15733: 15731: 15728: 15726: 15723: 15721: 15718: 15716: 15713: 15711: 15708: 15706: 15703: 15701: 15698: 15697: 15695: 15693: 15689: 15683: 15680: 15678: 15675: 15673: 15670: 15668: 15665: 15663: 15660: 15658: 15655: 15653: 15650: 15648: 15645: 15643: 15640: 15638: 15635: 15633: 15630: 15628: 15625: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15603: 15600: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15585: 15583: 15580: 15579: 15577: 15575: 15571: 15557: 15554: 15552: 15549: 15547: 15544: 15542: 15539: 15537: 15534: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15503: 15501: 15497: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15352: 15350: 15348: 15344: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15234: 15232: 15230: 15226: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15170: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15160: 15157: 15155: 15152: 15150: 15147: 15145: 15142: 15140: 15137: 15135: 15132: 15130: 15127: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15046: 15044: 15042: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15029: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14989: 14987: 14985: 14981: 14975: 14972: 14970: 14967: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14941: 14939: 14937: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14922: 14918: 14914: 14909: 14905: 14902: 14898: 14888: 14886: 14882: 14878: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14827: 14824: 14822: 14819: 14817: 14814: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14793: 14791: 14789: 14785: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14745: 14743: 14741: 14737: 14733: 14730: 14726: 14720: 14717: 14716: 14714: 14710: 14706: 14699: 14694: 14692: 14687: 14685: 14680: 14679: 14676: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14655: 14653: 14649: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14610: 14608: 14604: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14534: 14532: 14530: 14526: 14523: 14517: 14511: 14508: 14507: 14505: 14501: 14497: 14490: 14485: 14483: 14478: 14476: 14471: 14470: 14467: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14441: 14439: 14437: 14433: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14407: 14404: 14402: 14399: 14398: 14396: 14392: 14386: 14383: 14381: 14378: 14377: 14375: 14371: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14338: 14336: 14335:Tai Hang Tong 14333: 14331: 14328: 14326: 14323: 14321: 14318: 14316: 14313: 14311: 14308: 14306: 14303: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14272: 14270: 14268: 14264: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14242: 14238: 14234: 14230: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14217: 14215: 14213: 14209: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14179: 14177: 14175: 14171: 14165: 14162: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14145: 14142: 14140: 14137: 14136: 14134: 14132: 14128: 14118: 14115: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14104: 14102: 14098: 14092: 14089: 14087: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14051: 14050: 14047: 14046: 14044: 14042: 14038: 14032: 14029: 14028: 14026: 14024: 14020: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 13999: 13996: 13995: 13993: 13991: 13987: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13897: 13895: 13893: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13883:Austroasiatic 13880: 13877: 13871: 13865: 13862: 13861: 13859: 13855: 13851: 13844: 13839: 13837: 13832: 13830: 13825: 13824: 13821: 13815: 13808: 13802: 13799: 13796: 13793: 13792: 13791: 13790: 13784: 13781: 13778: 13775: 13774: 13770: 13769: 13765: 13761: 13758: 13755: 13752: 13751: 13747: 13746: 13743: 13739: 13735: 13732: 13729: 13728: 13724: 13723: 13714: 13710: 13707: 13703: 13700: 13696: 13693: 13689: 13686: 13682: 13679: 13675: 13672: 13668: 13667: 13658: 13654: 13650: 13646: 13642: 13638: 13634: 13629: 13626: 13622: 13616: 13612: 13608: 13602: 13601: 13598: 13594: 13589: 13585: 13579: 13575: 13571: 13567: 13566: 13556: 13552: 13548: 13544: 13540: 13536: 13531: 13528: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13510: 13506: 13502: 13497: 13493: 13489: 13488: 13483: 13479: 13478:Sidwell, Paul 13475: 13472: 13466: 13462: 13458: 13453: 13449: 13443: 13439: 13434: 13430: 13426: 13422: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13399: 13395: 13391: 13386: 13383: 13379: 13375: 13371: 13367: 13362: 13357: 13353: 13349: 13345: 13340: 13336: 13332: 13328: 13323: 13320: 13316: 13313: 13307: 13303: 13298: 13294: 13288: 13284: 13280: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13257: 13253: 13248: 13244: 13238: 13234: 13227: 13222: 13221: 13211: 13207: 13203: 13198: 13194: 13190: 13186: 13181: 13179: 13175: 13171: 13167: 13163: 13162: 13153: 13149: 13146: 13142: 13139: 13135: 13131: 13128: 13124: 13120: 13117: 13113: 13109: 13105: 13101: 13096: 13093: 13089: 13085: 13082: 13078: 13074: 13073: 13063: 13059: 13055: 13051: 13047: 13043: 13038: 13034: 13030: 13026: 13021: 13017: 13013: 13009: 13005: 13001: 12997: 12993: 12989: 12985: 12980: 12976: 12972: 12968: 12964: 12960: 12956: 12949: 12944: 12937: 12933: 12929: 12922: 12917: 12913: 12909: 12905: 12901: 12896: 12895: 12886: 12882: 12878: 12876:0-8248-1117-8 12872: 12868: 12867: 12861: 12857: 12856: 12850: 12846: 12840: 12836: 12831: 12827: 12825:90-272-3809-X 12821: 12817: 12812: 12808: 12806:0-8442-8357-6 12802: 12798: 12793: 12789: 12783: 12779: 12774: 12770: 12766: 12762: 12758: 12754: 12750: 12746: 12741: 12737: 12733: 12729: 12725: 12721: 12717: 12713: 12709: 12706: 12702: 12701: 12684: 12680: 12676: 12672: 12669: 12664: 12651: 12650: 12643: 12636: 12631: 12624: 12619: 12612: 12606: 12590: 12586: 12582: 12575: 12573: 12571: 12562: 12560:0-8161-1810-8 12556: 12552: 12545: 12538: 12532: 12524: 12523:art-hanoi.com 12520: 12514: 12506: 12505:art-hanoi.com 12502: 12496: 12488: 12482: 12478: 12474: 12467: 12453: 12449: 12442: 12428: 12424: 12418: 12410: 12406: 12403:. Conference 12402: 12401: 12393: 12385: 12383:974-8304-77-9 12379: 12375: 12368: 12361: 12356: 12354: 12346: 12341: 12334: 12329: 12321: 12315: 12311: 12304: 12296: 12290: 12286: 12279: 12272: 12267: 12260: 12255: 12247: 12241: 12237: 12230: 12223:. 2018-12-07. 12222: 12218: 12212: 12197: 12193: 12187: 12173: 12172:vietnamnet.vn 12169: 12163: 12149:on 2022-06-17 12148: 12144: 12140: 12134: 12127:. 2016-06-25. 12126: 12125:vnexpress.net 12122: 12116: 12114: 12112: 12104:. 2016-06-25. 12103: 12102:vnexpress.net 12099: 12093: 12091: 12083:. 2020-07-18. 12082: 12078: 12072: 12064: 12060: 12054: 12052: 12050: 12048: 12046: 12044: 12035: 12028: 12020: 12016: 12012: 12008: 12004: 11997: 11995: 11986: 11982: 11975: 11964: 11957: 11949: 11942: 11934: 11930: 11926: 11922: 11915: 11907: 11903: 11899: 11895: 11891: 11884: 11878: 11872: 11865: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11844: 11837: 11832: 11825: 11820: 11812: 11806: 11802: 11798: 11794: 11787: 11768: 11764: 11757: 11750: 11742: 11741:Vietnam Times 11738: 11731: 11724: 11720: 11717: 11712: 11705: 11700: 11692: 11688: 11682: 11674: 11670: 11664: 11657: 11652: 11644: 11638: 11624: 11623: 11616: 11608: 11602: 11598: 11591: 11584: 11579: 11573:, p. 58. 11572: 11567: 11560: 11555: 11548: 11543: 11537:, p. 60. 11536: 11531: 11524: 11519: 11512:(1): 122–128. 11511: 11507: 11503: 11496: 11494: 11485: 11481: 11477: 11473: 11466: 11464: 11455: 11451: 11448:(1): 83–106, 11447: 11443: 11439: 11432: 11423: 11419: 11415: 11408: 11406: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11381: 11379: 11377: 11375: 11367: 11362: 11355: 11350: 11343: 11338: 11331: 11326: 11319: 11314: 11307: 11302: 11300: 11291: 11284: 11282: 11274: 11269: 11262: 11257: 11250: 11245: 11238: 11233: 11226: 11221: 11214: 11209: 11207: 11205: 11197: 11192: 11190: 11182: 11176: 11168: 11164: 11157: 11148: 11132: 11126: 11118: 11112: 11108: 11101: 11087: 11083: 11077: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11046: 11038: 11034: 11027: 11020: 11016: 11014:90-04-12062-9 11010: 11006: 11005: 11000: 10994: 10987: 10981: 10973: 10967: 10959: 10953: 10945: 10939: 10938: 10933: 10928: 10926: 10921: 10907: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10890: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10869: 10862: 10856: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10831: 10829: 10821: 10817: 10814:are noted in 10813: 10807: 10797: 10790: 10786: 10780: 10771: 10763: 10757: 10751: 10744: 10737: 10731: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10699: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10686: 10682: 10669: 10667: 10664: 10663: 10659: 10656: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10644: 10640: 10637: 10634: 10631: 10629: 10626: 10625: 10609: 10608: 10605: 10604: 10600: 10593: 10587: 10581: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10549: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10541: 10537: 10534: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10522: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10504: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10486: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10468: 10464: 10461: 10460: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10441: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10434:Thompson 1991 10429: 10422: 10418: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10391: 10382: 10378: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10349: 10345: 10339: 10334: 10331: 10320: 10313: 10304: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10290: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10275: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10261: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10249: 10246: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10232: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10217: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10203: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10191: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10174: 10173: 10170: 10169: 10168: 10165: 10160: 10158: 10155:. Naturally, 10154: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10130: 10127: 10123: 10120: 10117: 10114: 10111: 10110: 10106: 10103: 10099: 10096: 10093: 10090: 10087: 10086: 10082: 10079: 10076: 10073: 10070: 10067: 10066: 10062: 10060:"west waiter" 10059: 10056: 10053: 10050: 10047: 10046: 10042: 10040:"scared yet?" 10039: 10036: 10033: 10030: 10027: 10026: 10022: 10019: 10016: 10013: 10011:"(child) pee" 10010: 10007: 10006: 10002: 9999: 9996:Phrase after 9995: 9993: 9990: 9989: 9986: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9978: 9974: 9970: 9969:language game 9961: 9958: 9955: 9952: 9949: 9946: 9943: 9940: 9939: 9935: 9932: 9929: 9926: 9923: 9920: 9917: 9914: 9913: 9910: 9907: 9897: 9895: 9888:with ⟨ 9887: 9880:with ⟨ 9879: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9859: 9855: 9843: 9838: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9817: 9806: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9795: 9779: 9769: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9721: 9715: 9710: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9684: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9647: 9644: 9641: 9639: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9611: 9605: 9603: 9593: 9586: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9547: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9536: 9532: 9529: 9526: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9512: 9510: 9506: 9501: 9498: 9492: 9491:hai mươi nhăm 9487: 9483: 9479: 9474: 9468: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9436: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9425: 9421: 9418: 9415: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9401: 9399: 9395: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9357: 9353: 9347: 9344: 9343: 9338: 9335: 9334: 9326: 9322: 9316: 9313: 9312: 9307: 9304: 9303: 9296: 9293: 9292: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9272: 9269: 9268: 9260: 9256: 9250: 9247: 9246: 9241: 9238: 9237: 9229: 9225: 9219: 9216: 9215: 9210: 9207: 9206: 9199: 9196: 9192: 9189: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9163: 9160: 9159: 9152: 9149: 9148: 9145: 9141: 9138: 9137: 9130: 9127: 9126: 9123: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9108: 9105: 9101: 9097: 9094: 9092:North-central 9091: 9088: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9075: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9006: 9005: 9002:being created 9001: 8997: 8993: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8946: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8923: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8883: 8880: 8879: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8855: 8853: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8835: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8795: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8775: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8723: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8695: 8692: 8691: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8671: 8667: 8665: 8661: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8631: 8628: 8627: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8607: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8587: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8563: 8560: 8559: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8539: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8519: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8499: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8475: 8472: 8471: 8467: 8465: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8436: 8435: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8420: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8411: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8339: 8335: 8332: 8329: 8326: 8325: 8314: 8312: 8308: 8302: 8299: 8294: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8256: 8254: 8230: 8213: 8210: 8205: 8199: 8196: 8192: 8191:Michel Ferlus 8183: 8179: 8175: 8172: 8169: 8168: 8165: 8162: 8159: 8158: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8143: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8133: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8123: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8098: 8087: 8084: 8076: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8052: 8051: 8046:This section 8044: 8035: 8034: 8026: 8024: 8019: 8016: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7995: 7990: 7986: 7985: 7979: 7969: 7967: 7962: 7954: 7951: 7948: 7945: 7943:28 March 2018 7942: 7939: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7932: 7924: 7921: 7918: 7917: 7910: 7909: 7902: 7901: 7894: 7893: 7886: 7885: 7878: 7877: 7870: 7869: 7862: 7861: 7858:Tháng tư (4) 7854: 7853: 7850:Tháng ba (3) 7846: 7845: 7838: 7837: 7833: 7831:Tháng một (1) 7830: 7827: 7826: 7822: 7819: 7818: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7794: 7791: 7781: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7767: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7721: 7711: 7708: 7703: 7699: 7696:or use it in 7694: 7688: 7682: 7677: 7676:North Vietnam 7673: 7668: 7662: 7659: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7637: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7618: 7609: 7605: 7602: 7594: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7574: 7569: 7565: 7562: 7554: 7549: 7545: 7542: 7534: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7514: 7509: 7505: 7499: 7495: 7492: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7351: 7341: 7339: 7335: 7330: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7319:Hồ Xuân Hương 7316: 7311: 7305: 7299: 7289: 7283: 7278: 7272: 7267: 7263: 7257: 7251: 7246: 7242: 7236: 7231: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7217: 7196: 7189: 7179: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7152: 7146: 7141: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7121: 7113: 7112:Hỏa Lò Prison 7108: 7100: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7079: 7073: 7068: 7064: 7059: 7040: 7036: 7035: 7029: 7024: 7020: 7010: 7001: 6997: 6995: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6975: 6972: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6957: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6904: 6900: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6798:play on words 6795: 6792:swear words ( 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6715: 6714: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6681: 6672: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6554: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6445: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6419: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6320: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6292:Proto-Vietic 6291: 6288: 6285: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6272: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6244: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6133: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6097: 6086: 6084: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6048: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5931: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5901: 5896: 5892: 5887: 5885: 5881: 5871: 5861: 5857: 5853: 5837: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5787: 5785: 5784:Austroasiatic 5781: 5780:Austroasiatic 5777: 5773: 5759: 5751: 5741: 5738: 5735: 5731: 5728: 5723: 5720: 5715: 5706: 5701: 5698: 5693: 5690: 5685: 5682: 5677: 5674: 5669: 5666: 5661: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5619: 5614: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5583: 5578: 5569: 5563: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5550: 5545: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5524: 5519: 5510: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5486: 5483: 5478: 5472: 5467: 5464: 5459: 5456: 5451: 5442: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5426: 5423: 5418: 5415: 5410: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5353: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5328:older brother 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5305: 5300: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5287:Giáp INT tall 5285: 5284:Giáp rất cao. 5281: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5260: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5247:Tài đang nói. 5244: 5241: 5236: 5227: 5222: 5219: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5195: 5192: 5187: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5166: 5161: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5142: 5139: 5134: 5131: 5126: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5086: 5081: 5079: 5074: 5072: 5069:, and allows 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5016:morphological 5013: 5007: 5003: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4942:lạ 'strange' 4941: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4760: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4657:(平; 'even'), 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4608: 4604: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4575: 4572: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4367: 4364: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4270: 4267: 4264: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4203: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4184: 4180: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4133: 4129: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4067: 4064: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4037:Sample vowel 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3996:pitch contour 3994: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3979: 3974: 3965: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3911: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3831: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3724: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3703: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3686: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3670: 3664: 3661: 3657: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3524: 3522: 3516: 3502: 3498: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3410: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3289: 3277: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3179: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3171:vowel diagram 3169:. Below is a 3168: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3126: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3107: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3051:lingua franca 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3031:North America 3028: 3024: 3020: 3011: 3002: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2954: 2947: 2943: 2936: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2899: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2871: 2859: 2848: 2844: 2837: 2834: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2815: 2812: 2809:, spelled as 2793: 2788: 2787: 2786: 2781: 2774: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2713: 2709: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2687: 2678: 2673:This letter, 2671: 2670: 2662: 2661: 2652: 2647: 2646: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2488: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2460: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2345: 2342: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2320:for his 1651 2319: 2309: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2281: 2277: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2078: 2074: 2069: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1903: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860:breathy voice 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1810: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1639: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1624: 1619: 1618: 1612: 1606: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1588: 1573: 1564: 1555: 1546: 1537: 1536: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1498: 1497: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1473: 1471: 1463: 1461: 1453: 1451: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1432: 1424: 1422: 1414: 1412: 1404: 1402: 1394: 1392: 1384: 1379: 1378: 1375: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1361: 1353: 1351: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1331: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1284: 1282: 1274: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1241: 1239: 1231: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1212: 1210: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1190: 1188: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1163: 1161: 1153: 1151: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1131: 1129: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1097: 1095: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1075: 1073: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1019: 1009: 1006: 1000: 994: 988: 982: 976: 970: 964: 958: 956: 952: 948: 943: 941: 937: 933: 925: 922: 919: 915: 911: 907: 906: 901: 898: 895: 891: 887: 882: 881: 869: 868:Ānnánguó yìyǔ 857: 854: 853: 852: 845: 841: 839: 836:group within 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 795:Tai languages 791: 789: 784: 782: 778: 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 717:Central India 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 638: 634: 630: 625: 616: 614: 609: 608: 602: 599:script using 598: 593: 592: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 565: 560: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 512: 510: 506: 503:language for 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 469: 464: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 434: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 396: 390: 385: 381: 375: 370: 366: 362: 360: 356: 352: 348: 346: 345: 340: 336: 332: 329: 324: 319: 314: 311: 306: 301: 296: 293: 288: 283: 280: 277: 275: 271: 267: 255: 243: 235: 232: 221: 215: 210: 206: 202: 197: 193: 190: 186: 180: 172: 169: 168: 167: 164: 163: 162: 158: 152: 142: 139: 138: 137: 134: 133: 132: 129: 128: 127: 126:Austroasiatic 123: 119: 113: 109: 103: 99: 96: 92: 85: 81: 78: 76: 73: 72: 70: 66: 61: 55: 48: 41: 37: 35:Pronunciation 33: 29: 24: 19: 16: 20248:Martial arts 20071:Architecture 20041:Christianity 19983: 19959:Demographics 19917:Prostitution 19875:Universities 19821:Water supply 19671: 19581:Border Guard 19576:Ground Force 19564:Armed forces 19342:Human rights 19327:Constitution 19290:Mekong Delta 18917: 18897: 18892:Proto-Aslian 18890: 18883: 18876: 18869: 18726: 18720:unclassified 18643: 17740:Phong-Kniang 17511: 17070: 16938:GX = Guangxi 16926: 16924:Tibetan Sign 16914: 16900:Chinese Sign 16766:Creole/Mixed 16635:Southeastern 16623:Southwestern 16586:Northeastern 16571:Varieties of 16554: 14596: 14212:Sino-Tibetan 14131:Austronesian 13863: 13788: 13787: 13712: 13705: 13698: 13691: 13684: 13677: 13670: 13648: 13640: 13636: 13632: 13624: 13614: 13610: 13596: 13593:Dân Việt-Nam 13592: 13573: 13538: 13534: 13526: 13508: 13504: 13491: 13485: 13460: 13437: 13420: 13416: 13400:(1): 1–124. 13397: 13393: 13381: 13377: 13351: 13347: 13334: 13330: 13318: 13301: 13274: 13255: 13251: 13232: 13209: 13205: 13192: 13188: 13172:(1), 49–70. 13169: 13165: 13151: 13144: 13137: 13126: 13115: 13103: 13099: 13091: 13080: 13045: 13041: 13032: 13028: 12991: 12987: 12958: 12954: 12936:the original 12931: 12927: 12906:(1): 79–96. 12903: 12899: 12892:Sound system 12884: 12865: 12853: 12834: 12815: 12796: 12777: 12760: 12756: 12744: 12719: 12715: 12704: 12693:Bibliography 12663: 12653:, retrieved 12648: 12642: 12630: 12623:Kirby (2011) 12618: 12611:Hoàng (1989) 12605: 12593:. Retrieved 12589:the original 12584: 12550: 12544: 12531: 12522: 12513: 12504: 12495: 12472: 12466: 12455:. Retrieved 12451: 12441: 12430:. Retrieved 12426: 12417: 12404: 12399: 12392: 12373: 12367: 12340: 12328: 12309: 12303: 12284: 12278: 12266: 12254: 12235: 12229: 12220: 12211: 12200:. Retrieved 12198:. 2019-12-05 12195: 12186: 12175:. Retrieved 12171: 12162: 12151:. Retrieved 12147:the original 12143:hinative.com 12142: 12133: 12124: 12101: 12080: 12071: 12062: 12033: 12027: 12010: 12006: 11984: 11980: 11974: 11956: 11941: 11924: 11920: 11914: 11897: 11893: 11883: 11871: 11853: 11843: 11831: 11819: 11796: 11786: 11774:. Retrieved 11767:the original 11749: 11740: 11730: 11711: 11699: 11691:www.vlada.cz 11690: 11681: 11672: 11663: 11651: 11637: 11627:, retrieved 11621: 11615: 11596: 11590: 11578: 11566: 11554: 11542: 11530: 11523:Shimizu 2015 11518: 11509: 11505: 11475: 11471: 11445: 11441: 11431: 11421: 11417: 11394: 11390: 11361: 11356:, p. 8. 11349: 11342:Shimizu 2015 11337: 11330:Shimizu 2015 11325: 11318:Shimizu 2015 11313: 11289: 11268: 11256: 11244: 11232: 11220: 11180: 11175: 11166: 11162: 11156: 11147: 11135:. Retrieved 11125: 11106: 11100: 11089:. Retrieved 11085: 11076: 11062:(1): 39–52. 11059: 11055: 11045: 11036: 11026: 11018: 11003: 10993: 10988:(2009, 2013) 10985: 10980: 10966: 10952: 10935: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10889: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10868: 10860: 10855: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10806: 10796: 10779: 10770: 10743: 10735: 10730: 10599: 10591: 10586: 10577: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10559: 10428: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10390: 10381: 10311: 10302: 10294: 10285: 10280: 10273: 10265: 10256: 10251: 10244: 10236: 10227: 10222: 10215: 10207: 10198: 10193: 10161: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10138: 10121: 10112: 10097: 10088: 10077: 10068: 10057: 10048: 10037: 10028: 10017: 10008: 9997: 9976: 9972: 9966: 9903: 9894:tone section 9886:glottal stop 9851: 9819: 9797: 9760: 9723: 9686: 9649: 9642: 9635: 9630: 9599: 9579: 9558: 9549: 9538: 9527:Orthography 9519: 9515: 9508: 9504: 9502: 9497:hai mươi lăm 9485: 9481: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9447: 9438: 9427: 9416:Orthography 9408: 9404: 9397: 9393: 9391: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9367: 9355: 9351: 9345: 9336: 9324: 9320: 9314: 9305: 9294: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9270: 9258: 9254: 9248: 9239: 9227: 9223: 9217: 9208: 9197: 9183: 9173: 9161: 9150: 9139: 9128: 9117: 9106: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9027: 9022: 9018: 9012: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8988: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8958: 8953: 8948: 8938: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8881: 8876:"rice bowl" 8871: 8866: 8861: 8851: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8753: 8743: 8738: 8734: 8729: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8706: 8702: 8697: 8693: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8650: 8646: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8599: 8594: 8589: 8579: 8574: 8570: 8565: 8561: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8491: 8486: 8482: 8477: 8473: 8463: 8459: 8454: 8450: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8427: 8422: 8418: 8413: 8403: 8398: 8394: 8389: 8385: 8375: 8370: 8366: 8361: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8310: 8306: 8303: 8295: 8290: 8259: 8250: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8160:Huế dialect 8094: 8079: 8070: 8047: 8023:chữ Quốc ngữ 8022: 7982: 7981: 7958: 7952: 7946: 7940: 7934: 7933: 7930: 7834:Tháng giêng 7823:Traditional 7799: 7787: 7777: 7738:Windows-1258 7723: 7672:World War II 7663: 7658:chữ Quốc ngữ 7652:chữ Quốc ngữ 7638: 7633:chữ Quốc ngữ 7619: 7616: 7541:acute accent 7521:grave accent 7480: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7440: 7436: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7390: 7388: 7356:romanisation 7353: 7331: 7294: 7223: 7191: 7172:Latin script 7166: 7163: 7120:Chinese rule 7117: 7093: 7066: 7032: 7007: 6999: 6991: 6982: 6963: 6948: 6929: 6921: 6917: 6906: 6891: 6876: 6860: 6845: 6841: 6822: 6817:Description 6802: 6796:) or just a 6778:social media 6775: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6748: 6740: 6735:/ɛk̚/,/ejk̚/ 6729: 6724:Description 6702:transliteral 6687: 6678: 6663: 6658: 6651: 6633: 6628: 6623: 6618: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6568: 6563: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6521: 6516: 6499: 6494: 6477: 6472: 6455: 6450: 6433: 6428: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6289:Comparative 6258: 6250: 6240: 6218: 6206: 6194: 6192: 6182: 6178: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6149: 6145: 6117: 6109: 6095: 6092: 6082: 6072: 6068: 6060: 6054: 6036: 6028: 6020: 6018: 6013: 6009: 6001: 5997: 5989: 5985: 5981: 5978:Musical note 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5948: 5937: 5928:Ming dynasty 5924:Tang dynasty 5904: 5895:Chinese rule 5888: 5855: 5851: 5835: 5825: 5821: 5811: 5803: 5776:Sino-Tibetan 5769: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5729: 5721: 5707: 5699: 5691: 5683: 5675: 5667: 5659: 5649: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5628: 5620: 5612: 5602: 5592: 5584: 5570: 5561: 5558: 5555: 5551: 5543: 5533: 5525: 5511: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5492: 5484: 5473: 5465: 5457: 5443: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5416: 5408: 5398: 5388: 5380: 5370: 5361: 5358: 5355: 5345: 5335: 5327: 5317: 5306: 5298: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5279: 5269: 5261: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5242: 5228: 5220: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5201: 5193: 5185: 5175: 5167: 5159: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5132: 5124: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5095: 5087: 5075: 5051:head-initial 5009: 4984: 4978: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4952: 4948: 4947: 4937: 4931: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4890: 4885:Dương thượng 4884: 4874: 4868: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4853: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4838: 4828: 4822: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4716:Dương thượng 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4689: 4684: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4628: 4624: 4605: 4602: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4577: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4544:tone pattern 4541: 4513: 4485: 4457: 4429: 4401: 4373: 4352:glottal stop 4345: 4325: 4319: 4295: 4294: 4274: 4268: 4244: 4243: 4223: 4217: 4193: 4192: 4172: 4166: 4161:acute accent 4150:high rising 4142: 4141: 4121: 4118: 'but' 4115: 4110:grave accent 4091: 4090: 4071: 4065: 4046: 4045: 4025:Description 4011: 4009: 4001:pitch height 3983: 3960: 3956: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3909: 3893: 3889: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3856: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3834: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3530: 3518: 3512: 3500: 3496: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3299:monophthongs 3296: 3292: 3285: 3164: 3127: 3120: 3099: 3092: 3080: 3062:in southern 3049: 3047: 3016: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2945: 2941: 2919: 2908: 2886: 2846: 2835: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2810: 2784: 2779: 2778:> modern 2772: 2765: 2759: 2758:(Northern), 2755: 2754:> modern 2748: 2743: 2742:> modern 2736: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2720: 2711: 2707: 2695: 2691: 2684: 2667: 2658: 2656: 2650: 2613: 2595: 2588: 2583: 2569: 2564: 2557: 2552: 2540: 2533: 2528: 2499: 2494: 2480: 2471: 2466: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2413: 2408: 2401: 2396: 2343: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2305: 2301: 2299: 2294:monosyllabic 2283: 2279: 2272: 2257: 2252: 2229: 2202: 2188: 2160: 2148: 2136: 2115: 2103: 2091: 2079: 2067: 2046: 2040: 2028: 2022: 2016: 1988: 1976: 1964: 1952: 1887:intervocalic 1876: 1864:creaky voice 1841: 1818: 1808: 1801: 1794: 1779: 1772: 1765: 1730: 1720: 1716: 1698: 1693: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1678:*ml > MV 1673: 1669: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1649: 1635: 1615: 1613: 1604: 1596: 1585: 1583: 1520: 1518: 1494: 1492: 1479: 1469: 1459: 1449: 1430: 1420: 1410: 1400: 1390: 1373: 1359: 1329: 1302: 1290: 1280: 1261: 1247: 1237: 1218: 1208: 1196: 1186: 1169: 1159: 1149: 1137: 1127: 1103: 1093: 1081: 1071: 1015: 959: 955:Mekong Delta 944: 929: 903: 878: 850: 838:Austronesian 811: 792: 785: 774: 751:. The term " 642: 569:Latin script 564:chữ Quốc ngữ 556: 532:head-initial 513: 462: 461: 455:chữ Quốc ngữ 432: 430: 392: 359:Linguasphere 342: 207:(historical) 140: 15: 20211:Nationalism 20162:News Agency 20113:Ingredients 19804:Expressways 19792:Visa policy 19758:Measurement 19711:Foreign aid 19661:Agriculture 19598:Coast Guard 19466:Legislative 19061:Monarchical 19046:Prehistoric 18899:Proto-Munda 18049:Muak Sa-aak 17520: [ 17406:West Katuic 16432:Fuyu Kyrgyz 16231:Tai Hongjin 15917:Muak Sa-aak 14257:Mantsi Lolo 13664:Pedagogical 13563:Orthography 13265:10524/52472 12763:(1): 1–26. 12635:Nguyễn 1997 12595:28 November 11776:January 10, 11547:Nguyen 2018 11306:Nguyễn 2009 11137:November 8, 10894:Nguyễn 1997 10288:"situation" 10259:"situation" 10178:Target word 10098:Tây Bán Nhà 10089:Tây Ban Nha 9670:˧˥35,˧˥˧353 9484:instead of 9086:Orthography 8113:Localities 7925:Tháng chạp 7736:(VSCII) or 7591:'tumbling' 7362:missionary 7065:dictionary 7002:(so busy). 6993:/lu:su:bu:/ 6974:Eye dialect 6969:/zo:/,/jow/ 6935:/tʰǎːtʰíŋ̟/ 6688:Vietnamese 6280:Vietnamese 6207:lạp trường. 6096:câu lạc bộ, 6061:truyền hình 5920:Jin dynasty 5916:Han dynasty 5872:: 5862:: 5786:in origin. 5145:Trí 13 tuổi 5018:marking of 4989:mặt 'face' 4817:ma 'ghost' 4552:Tone group 4249:'tumbling' 3751:Approximant 3507:, ao = a + 3491:, ai = a + 3307:triphthongs 3056:Jing people 2828:and hooked 2637:section in 2579:Approximant 2285:Annan Jishi 1811:"tumbling" 1662:, Southern 1440:Approximant 932:Ngô dynasty 863: 1500 822:tonogenesis 807:Han dynasty 731:found that 597:logographic 540:classifiers 471:) is is an 407:instead of 155:Early forms 20324:Categories 20221:Trotskyism 20196:Philosophy 20172:Newspapers 20157:Television 20152:Mass media 20140:Literature 19932:Corruption 19780:Censorship 19763:Inventions 19736:Automotive 19683:(currency) 19440:Government 19322:Censorship 19126:Ecoregions 18701:Semaq Beri 18689:(Southern) 18568:(Northern) 18454:Nicobarese 18399:Gutob-Remo 18368:Sora-Gorum 18232:Kherwarian 17630:Phong–Liha 17512:Vietnamese 17505:Viet-Muong 17347:Mel-Khaonh 17071:Vietnamese 17026:Belarusian 16953:XZ = Tibet 16944:MC = Macau 16884:Zhangzhung 16628:Sichuanese 16555:Vietnamese 15952:Hmong-Mien 15831:Waxianghua 15612:Khroskyabs 14900:Indigenous 14788:Prefecture 14763:Portuguese 14597:Vietnamese 14519:Indigenous 14174:Hmong-Mien 13873:Indigenous 13864:Vietnamese 13748:Vocabulary 13643:: 383–432. 13576:. Mouton. 13195:: 137–157. 13159:Pragmatics 12655:2023-08-30 12457:2021-01-30 12432:2023-06-24 12202:2023-06-07 12177:2021-04-06 12153:2021-03-14 12036:: 161–179. 11706:(in Czech) 11673:Britannica 11629:2018-01-20 11273:Alves 2021 11261:Alves 2021 11249:Alves 2020 11237:Alves 2021 11225:Alves 2021 11196:Alves 2020 11169:: 211–228. 11091:2019-04-13 10986:Ethnologue 10937:Ethnologue 10932:Vietnamese 10916:References 10884:"reason"). 10785:inflection 10750:thanh điệu 10462:unrounded 10149:hoảng chưa 10122:Nhà Đào Bô 10115:"Portugal" 10113:Bồ Đào Nha 10038:hoảng chưa 10029:chửa hoang 9884:⟩; 9739:˩11,˩˧̰13̰ 9522:variation 9411:variation 9009:Consonants 8994:combining 8317:Vocabulary 8296:After the 8253:media help 8195:Haut-Annam 8150:Quảng Bình 8095:Currently 8073:April 2021 8057:improve it 7972:Literature 7730:code pages 7561:hook above 7493:Diacritic 7413:diacritics 7039:Nôm script 6794:derogatory 6706:vernacular 6335:mốch, môch 6317:N/A, from 6057:loan words 5986:"nốt nhạc" 5968:/j/a ua). 5958:"sữa chua" 5934:French era 5818:Viet-Muong 5148:Trí 13 age 5067:wh-in-situ 5059:classifier 5047:word order 4979:Dương nhập 4973:mắt 'eye' 4926:lá 'leaf' 4895:rễ 'root' 4823:Dương bình 4748:Dương nhập 4700:Dương bình 4212:hook above 4054:mid level 4031:Diacritic 3898:allophonic 3527:Consonants 3303:diphthongs 3019:emigration 2905:Portuguese 2845:, whereas 2762:(Southern) 2721:Note that 2714:, and the 1852:allophonic 1844:tone split 1761:Voiceless 886:tone split 880:Huayi yiyu 671:1924, and 581:diacritics 575:. It uses 468:tiếng Việt 463:Vietnamese 433:Vietnamese 161:Viet–Muong 141:Vietnamese 136:Viet–Muong 98:Vietnamese 28:Tiếng Việt 21:Vietnamese 20216:Socialism 20206:Communism 20201:Anarchism 20130:Festivals 20091:Animation 19994:Phonology 19870:Education 19831:Transport 19799:Transport 19731:Standards 19593:Air Force 19500:Judiciary 19490:Elections 19457:Ministers 19428:President 19421:Executive 19397:Politburo 19285:Southeast 19251:Northwest 19246:Northeast 19193:Provinces 19185:Divisions 19097:Geography 19003:Dynasties 18928:varieties 18920:indicate 18829:Khmer Khe 18632:(Central) 18580:Cheq Wong 18115:Quang Lam 18102:Bit-Khang 18087:Meung Yum 17968:Palaungic 17713:Phay-Pram 17066:Ukrainian 17041:Hungarian 16864:Tocharian 16798:Qoqmončaq 16750:Cantonese 16704:Shaojiang 16677:Hainanese 16606:Zhongyuan 16601:Jiao-Liao 16535:Esperanto 16437:Ili Turki 16144:Khamnigan 16009:Kiong Nai 15780:Zitsadegu 14758:Mongolian 14748:Cantonese 14633:Tai Phuan 14529:Mon–Khmer 14521:languages 14320:Tai Daeng 14229:Cantonese 14112:Quảng Lâm 13875:languages 13617:: 89–104. 13370:212689052 13337:: 95–108. 12988:Phonetica 12975:144227569 12360:Marr 1984 12259:Marr 1984 12081:tbtvn.org 11583:Gong 2019 11571:Gong 2019 11559:Gong 2019 11535:Gong 2019 11397:: 111–125 10898:quần thần 10666:Close-mid 10628:Centering 10622:offglide 10616:offglide 10574:upper low 10507:Close-mid 10471:Centering 10286:hoàn cảnh 10257:hoàn cảnh 10164:pig latin 10071:"secrets" 9971:known as 9906:word play 9900:Word play 9625:Southern 9616:Northern 9602:phonation 9098:Southern 9046:but keep 9017:-initial 8983:"father" 8694:chúng mày 8638:chúng tôi 8630:chúng tao 8154:Quảng Trị 8132:Thanh Hoá 8061:verifying 7989:Nguyễn Du 7966:semicolon 7955:28/3/2018 7895:September 7601:dot below 7502:(no mark) 7315:Nguyễn Du 7063:bilingual 7000:quá lu bu 6930:thả thính 6912:/káːʂə́w/ 6866:/ʈɛ̌ːʈəw/ 6850:expletive 6834:profanity 6790:profanity 6321:空 /kʰuŋ/ 6229:Cantonese 6199:Cantonese 6195:lạp xưởng 6037:"Boóc-đô" 6033:Marseille 6029:"Mác-xây" 5998:"vô lăng" 5970:"Phô mai" 5907:Red River 5199:học sinh. 5183:sinh viên 5103:giáo viên 5040:nonfinite 4932:Dương khứ 4908:departing 4869:Âm thượng 4833:mà 'but' 4732:Dương khứ 4708:Âm thượng 4402:Huyền (à) 4374:Ngang (a) 4314:dot below 4061:(no mark) 4005:phonation 3817:), while 3805:(but not 3702:voiceless 3696:Fricative 3660:implosive 3638:aspirated 3561:Retroflex 3409:Close-mid 3371:Centering 3348:offglide 3342:offglide 3288:unrounded 3238:Close-mid 3206:Centering 3150:Phonology 3039:Australia 3027:East Asia 2948:as above. 2935:retroflex 2881:implosive 2858:allophone 2520:voiceless 2515:Fricative 2490:implosive 2462:aspirated 2370:Retroflex 2221:Affricate 2179:Fricative 2062:aspirated 1856:allotones 1782:"asking" 1692:*kj > 1566:*c,*ɟ,*tʃ 1346:voiceless 1341:Fricative 1314:Affricate 1271:implosive 1228:aspirated 890:implosive 677:Mon–Khmer 669:Przyluski 552:morphemes 530:. It has 520:East Asia 344:Glottolog 328:ISO 639-3 310:ISO 639-2 292:ISO 639-1 94:Ethnicity 20304:Category 20098:Clothing 20031:Buddhism 20021:Religion 19989:Alphabet 19984:Language 19912:Gambling 19892:COVID-19 19887:HIV/AIDS 19814:Airports 19809:Railways 19775:Internet 19626:Security 19542:Military 19485:Chairman 19310:Politics 19280:Southern 19236:Northern 19163:Molluscs 19148:Wildlife 19071:Republic 19038:Timeline 19018:Monarchs 19013:Military 19008:Economic 18998:Capitals 18982:articles 18775:Nyah Kur 18696:Mah Meri 18687:Semelaic 18514:Southern 18495:Nancowry 18300:Santalic 18239:Mundaric 17933:Lyngngam 17857:Southern 17841:Northern 17730:Ksingmul 17529:in China 17427:Ta'oihic 17142:Bahnaric 17056:Silesian 17031:Croatian 16808:Tangwang 16788:Macanese 16783:Lingling 16716:Northern 16699:Northern 16662:Southern 16581:Mandarin 16508:Minority 16468:Sarikoli 16381:Tungusic 16342:Naxi Yao 16287:Cao Miao 16211:Ningming 16111:Mongolic 16087:Dzao Min 16082:Biao Min 16039:Qo Xiong 16034:Pingtang 15730:Dongwang 15672:Tshobdun 15597:Guiqiong 15199:Sangkong 14974:Muangphe 14936:Mondzish 14890:numerous 14881:Counties 14728:Regional 14712:Official 14426:Japanese 14315:Tày Sapa 13945:Maa (Mạ) 13892:Bahnaric 13734:Archived 13599:: 61–68. 13572:(1977). 13535:Language 13423:: 1–18. 13212:: 83–99. 13178:30028089 13042:Language 13008:15662108 12769:23752818 12716:Language 12671:Archived 12196:HiNative 11719:Archived 11484:20019198 11424:: 95–109 11001:(2001). 10689:Open-mid 10525:Open-mid 10465:rounded 10316:See also 10230:"to eat" 10080:"reveal" 9967:Another 9896:below.) 9825:˨˩̰ʔ21̰ʔ 9781:˧˩̰ʔ31̰ʔ 9766:˧˩˧̰31̰3 9622:Central 9473:mười lăm 9462:năm mươi 9089:Northern 9015:syllable 8963:"spoon" 8900:"ladle" 8856:"field" 8754:chúng nó 8651:bọn choa 8590:tôi, tui 8575:mần răng 8536:"which" 8516:"where" 8333:Southern 8327:Northern 8283:Vũng Tàu 8279:Biên Hòa 8271:Haiphong 7941:English: 7935:Example: 7919:December 7911:November 7839:February 7762:encoding 7758:MacVNKey 7750:WinVNKey 7740:. Where 7611:'heavy' 7551:'sharp' 7511:'level' 7477:trigraph 7433:digraphs 7167:Quốc ngữ 7129:văn ngôn 7126:(called 6988:/lu:bu:/ 6924:(ugly). 6861:trẻ trâu 6842:ngon vãi 6786:wordplay 6782:homonyms 6694:Mandarin 6486:*p-ruːʔ 6456:đằm, đăm 6277:English 6259:nước non 6215:Mandarin 6132:katakana 6114:jyutping 6089:Japanese 6069:phần mềm 6041:Bordeaux 6014:"cà vạt" 5950:"Cà phê" 5880:Nam Việt 5822:quản lý, 5482:Việt Nam 5106:teacher. 5063:pro-drop 5055:modifier 4955:entering 4771:Example 4613:đọc kinh 4514:Nặng (ạ) 4300:'heavy' 4147:'sharp' 4051:'level' 4040:Unicode 4034:Example 4028:Contour 3953:). (See 3598:ng/ngh 3556:Alveolar 3511:. Thus, 3495:. Thus, 3437:Open-mid 3311:offglide 3261:Open-mid 3123:diaspora 3111:Slovakia 3072:Cambodia 3060:Dongxing 2911:was the 2889:was the 2856:and its 2843:alveolar 2679:⟩ 2675:⟨ 2365:Alveolar 1926:Alveolar 1891:lenition 1804:"heavy" 1775:"sharp" 1768:"level" 1740:Register 1715:(modern 1040:Alveolar 947:Nam tiến 934:adopted 920:in 1838. 689:Cambodia 673:Benedict 583:to mark 577:digraphs 524:analytic 481:national 413:Help:IPA 351:viet1252 266:Slovakia 43:(Hà Nội) 20288:Outline 20260:Theater 20255:Symbols 20103:Cuisine 20058:Culture 19972:Eunuchs 19858:Society 19787:Tourism 19743:Poverty 19672:Doi Moi 19666:Banking 19649:Economy 19613:Militia 19258:Central 19228:Regions 19153:Mammals 19114:Climate 19109:Borders 19051:Ancient 18990:History 18978:Vietnam 18918:Italics 18785:Pakanic 18728:Kenaboi 18706:Semelai 18677:Jah Hut 18670:Jah Hut 18615:Ten'edn 18531:Shompen 18505:Katchal 18500:Camorta 18487:Central 18477:Teressa 18307:Santali 18291:Agariya 18281:Majhwar 18271:Mundari 18171:Tai Loi 18039:Man Met 18021:Angkuic 17999:Palaung 17938:Maharam 17825:Western 17799:Central 17792:(Chong) 17621:Thavưng 17306:Tampuan 17301:Tariang 17285:Central 17261:Nyaheun 16879:Xianbei 16874:Tuyuhun 16844:Old Yue 16822:Extinct 16803:Sanqiao 16694:Central 16684:Eastern 16667:Hokkien 16611:Lan-Yin 16591:Beijing 16573:Chinese 16530:Russian 16292:Chadong 16272:Ai-Cham 16241:Tai Nüa 16226:Tai Dón 16221:Tai Dam 16179:Kra-Dai 16149:Monguor 16139:Kangjia 16097:Kim Mun 16092:Iu Mien 16014:Luobohe 16004:Huishui 15984:Guiyang 15961:Hmongic 15922:Palaung 15912:Man Met 15816:Longjia 15765:Ladakhi 15760:Kyirong 15750:Khalong 15735:Drugchu 15692:Tibetic 15662:Shixing 15574:Qiangic 15355:Alingpo 15347:Nisoish 15332:Yangliu 15327:Xuzhang 15257:Laizisi 15252:Kuamasi 15247:Kua-nsi 15229:Lisoish 15209:Tsukong 15149:Laomian 15074:Baihong 15041:Hanoish 15032:Loloish 15017:Lhao Vo 15012:Chashan 14997:Xiandao 14984:Burmish 14927:Burmese 14885:Banners 14841:Tai Nüa 14768:Tibetan 14753:English 14663:English 14592:Tampuan 14406:Russian 14385:English 14360:Lao Bóc 14355:Thu Lao 14350:Tày Tac 14330:Tai Dón 14325:Tai Dam 14267:Kra-Dai 14241:Hokkien 14233:Teochew 14225:Chinese 14192:Kim Mun 14187:Iu Mien 13975:Tariang 13633:chữ nôm 13035:: 1–18. 12698:General 11987:: 3–24. 10906:bồi tây 10902:bầy tôi 10801:(1981). 10719: 10706: 10610: 10576:) than 10483:ua~uô 10480:ưa~ươ 10475:ia~iê 10451:Central 10157:nói lái 10153:bồi tây 10145:dấm đài 10141:Nói lái 10058:bồi tây 10049:bầy tôi 10018:dấm đài 10009:đái dầm 9998:nói lái 9977:Nói lái 9973:nói lái 9643:Hà Tĩnh 9590:/ʈ/,/z/ 9178:Varies 9166:Varies 9095:Central 8992:dạ vâng 8920:"head" 8720:bọn mày 8716:tụi bây 8712:tụi mầy 8707:bọn bây 8698:bọn mày 8664:bọn tui 8660:tụi tui 8656:tụi tao 8642:bọn tôi 8634:bọn tao 8580:làm sao 8566:như nào 8562:thế nào 8552:tại sao 8542:tại sao 8446:thế đấy 8432:"that" 8404:như vầy 8390:như này 8386:thế này 8380:"this" 8330:Central 8146:Hà Tĩnh 8142:Nghệ An 8055:Please 7903:October 7828:January 7770:Windows 7726:Unicode 7707:chữ Nôm 7693:chữ Nôm 7687:chữ Nôm 7681:chữ Hán 7667:chữ Hán 7623:chữ Nôm 7531:'deep' 7327:Tây Sơn 7291:'year'. 7203: 7195:chữ Nôm 7188:Chữ Nôm 7182:Chữ Nôm 7157:chữ Hán 7140:Hán văn 7099:chữ Nôm 7078:chữ Nôm 7072:chữ Nho 7061:In the 6882:/ɣə̆́w/ 6768:chạy sô 6638:Mundari 6605:Mundari 6555:*ciːnʔ 6530:*saːmʔ 6442:*poːnʔ 6415:Santali 6382:Santali 6233:Teochew 6220:xí ngầu 6183:nhu đạo 6174:Hepburn 6166:samurai 6065:calques 6051:English 6045:Chinese 6021:"Pa-ri" 6010:cravate 6006:necktie 5974:fromage 5966:da ua - 5856:gwan+ri 5772:Kra-Dai 5745:Lexicon 5689:cho tới 5485:Vietnam 5406:bao giờ 5078:glosses 4996:Grammar 4963:Âm nhập 4807:Âm bình 4740:Âm nhập 4692:Âm bình 4486:Ngã (ã) 4458:Hỏi (ả) 4430:Sắc (á) 4340:U+0323 4238:U+0309 4096:'deep' 3875:/n/,/ŋ/ 3864:/t/,/k/ 3853:/c/,/ɲ/ 3795:digraph 3629:c/k/q 3576:Glottal 3566:Palatal 3359:Central 3336: 3216:ua/uô 3213:ưa/ươ 3210:ia/iê 3194:Central 3185: 3140:Germany 3100:In the 2710:. This 2385:Glottal 2375:Palatal 2290:Chen Fu 1941:Glottal 1931:Palatal 1797:"deep" 1790:Voiced 1055:Glottal 1045:Palatal 996:), and 993:chemise 803:Chinese 779:in the 771:History 737:Thavung 665:Schmidt 607:chữ Hán 591:chữ Nôm 526:and is 491:of the 477:Vietnam 451:chữ Hán 447:chữ Nôm 409:Unicode 231:Vietnam 205:Chữ Nôm 75:Vietnam 20309:Portal 20238:Sports 20145:Poetry 20125:Emblem 20108:Dishes 20086:Cinema 20081:Awards 20066:Anthem 20036:Taoism 20016:Racism 19967:People 19882:Health 19689:Energy 19621:Police 19203:Cities 18980: 18807:Others 18751:Others 18661:Temiar 18656:Semnam 18630:Senoic 18610:Mintil 18605:Minriq 18600:Kintaq 18595:Kensiu 18566:Jahaic 18554:Aslian 18472:Chaura 18343:Kharia 18336:Kharia 18261:Birhor 18256:Birjia 18159:Others 18125:Bumang 18092:Savaiq 17908:Khasic 17869:Sa'och 17816:Kasong 17763:Pearic 17704:Mlabri 17697:Mlabri 17670:Khmuic 17611:Maleng 17494:Vietic 17471:Phuong 17395:Katuic 17337:Ra’ong 17332:Stieng 17266:Sapuan 17205:Rengao 17200:Bahnar 17195:Sedang 17190:Todrah 17170:Kayong 17165:Halang 17061:Slovak 17051:Romany 17046:Polish 17036:German 16859:Tangut 16849:Rouran 16839:Khitan 16829:Ba–Shu 16793:Maojia 16778:Hezhou 16689:Puxian 16672:Teoswa 16557:(Kinh) 16525:Kyrgyz 16520:Korean 16515:Kazakh 16419:Turkic 16404:Oroqen 16394:Manchu 16389:Evenki 16357:Qabiao 16347:Ong Be 16332:Maonan 16322:Lakkja 16312:Jiamao 16282:Buyang 16246:Tai Ya 16236:Tai Lü 16196:Bouyei 16188:Zhuang 16169:Torgut 16124:Buryat 16074:Mienic 16064:Younuo 16044:Raojia 16024:Pa-Hng 16019:Mashan 15989:Hm Nai 15974:Bu-Nao 15969:A-Hmao 15892:Bumang 15811:Jingpo 15806:Derung 15801:Caijia 15775:Zhongu 15745:Gserpa 15637:Namuyi 15607:Japhug 15556:Zauzou 15531:Namuyi 15516:Kucong 15490:Zokhuo 15485:Thopho 15465:Phupha 15450:Phukha 15395:Khlula 15337:Zibusi 15322:Toloza 15317:Sonaga 15302:Mangdi 15297:Lolopo 15242:Hlersu 15179:Phana’ 15174:Nuomei 15154:Laopin 15089:Bukong 15064:Angluo 14992:Achang 14969:Mondzi 14871:Zhuang 14846:Tai Lü 14836:Kazakh 14831:Kyrgyz 14816:Korean 14806:Bouyei 14778:Zhuang 14773:Uyghur 14658:French 14582:Stieng 14577:Somray 14572:Sa’och 14421:Korean 14416:German 14380:French 14340:Tai Lü 14305:Qabiao 14275:Caolan 14202:Ná-Meo 14197:Mo Piu 14164:Roglai 14081:Maleng 14041:Vietic 13990:Katuic 13980:Todrah 13965:Stieng 13960:Sedang 13955:Rengao 13935:Kayong 13915:Halang 13655: 13580: 13555:411402 13553: 13467: 13444: 13368: 13308: 13289: 13239: 13176: 13062:411232 13060: 13016:462578 13014: 13006: 12973: 12873: 12841: 12822: 12803: 12784: 12767: 12736:409878 12734: 12681:, and 12557: 12483: 12380: 12316: 12291: 12242: 12013:: 21. 11860: 11807: 11603: 11482: 11113: 11011: 10592:âm đôi 10216:lơ phả 10208:la phở 10078:bật mí 10069:bí mật 9862:creaky 9845:˨˩˨212 9808:˩˧̰13̰ 9803:˧ʔ˥3ʔ5 9791:˨˩˦214 9786:˧˩˨312 9749:˩˧̰13̰ 9744:˩˧̰13̰ 9692:˨˩̤21̤ 9638:Chương 9604:type. 9578:) but 9572:Yên Mô 9372:after 9350:after 9319:after 9275:after 9253:after 9222:after 9034:, and 8943:"car" 8939:(ô tô) 8936:xe hơi 8823:anh nớ 8818:anh ấy 8783:ông nớ 8778:ông ấy 8768:tụi nó 8763:bọn nớ 8758:bọn nó 8584:"how" 8556:"why" 8464:vậy đó 8455:rứa tê 8442:thế ấy 8395:như ri 8356:"yes" 8275:Saigon 7887:August 7820:Normal 7754:Unikey 7647:Tonkin 7471:, and 7360:Jesuit 7047:purple 6907:cá sấu 6853:bloody 6846:sợ vãi 6828:/vǎːj/ 6610:*k-ma 6577:*maːl 6513:eight 6491:seven 6392:three 6387:*haːr 6354:*moːc 6283:Mường 6170:bonsai 6168:, and 6158:kimono 6146:kurabu 6142:rōmaji 6110:jùlèbù 6106:pinyin 6083:peptit 6073:tế bào 5962:yaourt 5944:French 5884:Nanyue 5868:; 5860:Korean 5852:gwalli 5826:guǎnlǐ 5684:minute 5299:person 5036:finite 5028:number 5024:gender 4916:Âm khứ 4861:rising 4855:thượng 4724:Âm khứ 4659:thượng 4594:, and 4298: 4247: 4196: 4145: 4094: 4049: 3773:Rhotic 3743:g/gh 3736:d/gi 3728:voiced 3612:tenuis 3551:Dental 3546:Labial 3167:vowels 3161:Vowels 3144:France 3037:, and 3035:Europe 2972:apices 2968:acutes 2964:breves 2922:was a 2898:dental 2607:Rhotic 2548:voiced 2428:tenuis 2414:ng/ngh 2360:Dental 2355:Labial 2248:Liquid 2184:voiced 2011:tenuis 1989:ng/ngh 1921:Labial 1381:voiced 1177:voiced 1118:tenuis 1104:ng/ngh 1036:Dental 1031:Labial 1005:poupée 999:búp bê 969:madame 951:Champa 894:nasals 888:, and 753:Vietic 667:1905, 663:1889, 659:1888, 657:Müller 655:1881, 653:Forbes 651:1852, 643:Early 548:French 497:second 365:46-EBA 263: 251: 228: 131:Vietic 100:(Kinh) 20295:Index 20184:V-pop 20179:Music 20167:Voice 20120:Dance 20046:Islam 19949:Women 19907:Crime 19896:Delta 19681:Đồng 19158:Birds 19028:Naval 19023:Names 18814:Khmer 18793:Bolyu 18762:Monic 18711:Temoq 18651:Semai 18645:Sabüm 18639:Lanoh 18620:Wila' 18590:Jedek 18585:Jahai 18575:Batek 18411:Gutob 18406:Bonda 18390:Lodhi 18385:Juray 18375:Gorum 18359:Juang 18352:Juang 18329:South 18246:Korwa 18223:Korku 18216:Korku 18209:North 18198:Munda 18146:Kiorr 18141:Lamet 18134:Lamet 18120:Kháng 18072:Blang 18004:Riang 17983:Danau 17976:Danau 17923:Khasi 17811:Samre 17637:Phong 17546:Nguồn 17541:Mường 17534:in US 17524:] 17450:Pacoh 17443:Pacoh 17434:Ta'Oi 17352:Thmon 17342:Mnong 17322:Chrau 17315:South 17246:Laven 17220:Katua 17185:Monom 17180:Takua 17175:Kaco’ 17153:North 17008:Czech 16869:Tuoba 16813:Wutun 16728:Xiang 16721:Auish 16647:Hakka 16596:Ji-Lu 16561:Wakhi 16550:Uzbek 16545:Tuvan 16540:Tatar 16461:Other 16447:Salar 16399:Nanai 16337:Mulam 16302:Gelao 16265:Other 16164:Santa 16159:Ordos 16154:Oirat 16119:Bonan 16059:Xixiu 16029:Pa Na 15994:Hmong 15979:Gejia 15927:Riang 15887:Bugan 15882:Bolyu 15877:Blang 15826:Tujia 15789:Other 15770:Tseku 15755:Khams 15740:Groma 15720:Choni 15710:Basum 15705:Baima 15682:Zhaba 15602:Horpa 15587:Choyo 15582:Baima 15551:Sanie 15526:Naruo 15511:Katso 15506:Gokhy 15499:Other 15475:Samei 15470:Phuza 15460:Phupa 15455:Phuma 15445:Phowa 15440:Phola 15435:Phala 15430:Nuosu 15385:Bokha 15360:Alugu 15307:Micha 15219:Yiche 15204:Suobi 15169:Nuobi 15139:Kaduo 15134:Kabie 15114:Habei 15104:Duota 15099:Duoni 15094:Cosao 15022:Zaiwa 15007:Lashi 14959:Mango 14954:Manga 14949:Maang 14944:Kathu 14925:Lolo- 14851:Zaiwa 14821:Qiang 14811:Tujia 14796:Hmong 14623:Jarai 14606:Other 14567:Samre 14557:Mnong 14547:Kaco’ 14542:Chong 14510:Khmer 14411:Czech 14290:Lachi 14285:Gelao 14252:Xapho 14237:Hakka 14182:Hmong 14154:Jarai 14149:Haroi 14117:Kháng 14100:Other 14091:Nguồn 14086:Mường 14031:Khmer 14023:Khmer 14013:Ta'Oi 14008:Pacoh 13970:Takua 13950:Monom 13930:Katua 13900:Chrau 13740:from 13551:JSTOR 13366:S2CID 13229:(PDF) 13174:JSTOR 13102:[ 13058:JSTOR 13012:S2CID 12971:S2CID 12951:(PDF) 12939:(PDF) 12924:(PDF) 12765:JSTOR 12732:JSTOR 11966:(PDF) 11770:(PDF) 11759:(PDF) 11480:JSTOR 10984:From 10756:thanh 10647:Close 10641:uôi 10638:ươi 10635:ươu 10632:iêu 10489:Close 10446:Front 10373:Notes 10245:lăn a 10237:la ăn 9870:harsh 9866:stiff 9840:˨̰22̰ 9835:˨̰22̰ 9813:˨̰22̰ 9687:huyền 9650:ngang 9636:Thanh 9613:Tone 9596:Tones 9000:vâng, 8959:muỗng 8848:ruộng 8843:nương 8838:ruộng 8803:bà nớ 8798:bà ấy 7961:comma 7855:April 7847:March 7800:tháng 7793:month 7774:macOS 7766:Telex 7742:ASCII 7581:tilde 7528:huyền 7508:ngang 7401:â/ê/ô 7051:brown 7043:green 6954:/ɲaː/ 6897:/ɣàː/ 6811:Word 6754:/ʂoː/ 6716:Word 6690:slang 6684:Slang 6673:*miː 6615:wind 6582:rain 6535:nine 6508:*pəs 6464:*ɗam 6447:five 6425:four 6306:không 6301:không 6297:zero 6271:Munda 6150:club" 6122:kanji 6025:Paris 5982:"nốt" 5882:(aka 5870:Hanja 5836:kanri 5778:, or 5730:again 5692:until 5657:ở lại 5621:black 5613:horse 5582:thích 5552:black 5544:horse 5523:thích 5490:thôi. 5474:rice. 5396:chẳng 5307:that. 5296:Người 5165:có vẻ 5049:, is 5032:tense 4846:sharp 4829:huyền 4813:ngang 4784:level 4704:huyền 4696:ngang 4639:ngang 4571:huyền 4567:ngang 4263:tilde 4255:˧ˀ˦˥ 4092:huyền 4047:ngang 3986:tones 3968:Tones 3949:from 3941:from 3937:(cf. 3765:u/o 3762:y/i 3681:] 3677:[ 3671:] 3667:[ 3583:Nasal 3571:Velar 3390:Close 3384:uôi 3381:ươi 3378:ươu 3375:iêu 3354:Front 3226:i/y 3222:Close 3189:Front 3068:China 2995:/ŋ͡m/ 2959:dĕóu᷄ 2771:> 2596:y/i/ĕ 2584:v/u/o 2392:Nasal 2380:Velar 2302:*plời 2041:c/k/q 2029:ch/gi 1948:Nasal 1936:Velar 1868:Hanoi 1795:huyền 1766:ngang 1686:> 1682:> 1672:> 1648:> 1644:> 1642:/kʰr/ 1577:> 1575:*k,*ɡ 1568:> 1559:> 1550:> 1548:*t,*d 1541:> 1539:*p,*b 1532:Mường 1512:and * 1504:and * 1478:> 1468:> 1458:> 1448:> 1429:> 1419:> 1409:> 1399:> 1389:> 1372:> 1358:> 1328:> 1301:> 1289:> 1279:> 1260:> 1246:> 1236:> 1219:k/c/q 1217:> 1207:> 1195:> 1185:> 1168:> 1160:k/c/q 1158:> 1148:> 1136:> 1126:> 1102:> 1092:> 1080:> 1070:> 1062:Nasal 1050:Velar 987:sơ mi 874:安南國譯語 761:Nguồn 749:Mường 733:Mường 721:Korku 701:Khasi 697:Munda 685:Khmer 649:Logan 585:tones 528:tonal 501:first 435:text. 192:Latin 80:China 50:(Huế) 20135:Flag 20011:Name 19944:Time 19899:cron 19894:and 19611:and 19588:Navy 19571:Army 19347:LGBT 18836:Mang 18427:Gta’ 18420:Gta’ 18380:Sora 18286:Turi 18276:Koda 18251:Asur 18166:Kuan 18077:Lawa 18064:Waic 17928:Pnar 17864:Suoi 17781:Pear 17774:Pear 17735:O’du 17720:Prai 17688:Khmu 17681:Khmu 17647:Liha 17642:Tuom 17595:Sach 17580:Arem 17572:Chứt 17562:Cuoi 17555:Cuoi 17466:Katu 17459:Katu 17365:East 17327:Koho 17296:Alak 17276:Brao 17241:Jru' 17236:Lavi 17229:West 17215:Duan 16893:Sign 16854:Saka 16755:Ping 16476:Tsat 16427:Äynu 16409:Xibe 16367:Then 16352:Paha 16307:Hlai 16277:Biao 16251:Yang 16216:Nong 16129:Daur 15907:Mang 15902:Kuan 15821:Nung 15700:Amdo 15667:Situ 15647:Pumi 15642:Naxi 15632:Muya 15622:Lizu 15617:Laze 15592:Ersu 15546:Samu 15541:Nusu 15536:Naxi 15521:Lahu 15480:Sani 15425:Nisu 15420:Nasu 15415:Muzi 15410:Muji 15405:Moji 15400:Lope 15390:Gepo 15380:Azhe 15375:Azha 15365:Aluo 15312:Mili 15292:Lisu 15287:Lipo 15282:Limi 15277:Lawu 15272:Lavu 15267:Lamu 15262:Lalo 15214:Woni 15194:Sadu 15189:Qidi 15184:Piyo 15164:Muda 15144:Lami 15129:Jino 15124:Honi 15119:Hani 15084:Budu 15079:Bisu 15069:Asuo 15054:Akha 15049:Akeu 15002:Pela 14964:Maza 14866:Hani 14856:Lisu 14740:SARs 14638:Thai 14618:Cham 14587:Suoy 14562:Pear 14537:Brao 14310:Padi 14300:Nùng 14295:Laha 14247:Hani 14220:Akha 14159:Rade 14144:Chru 14139:Cham 14107:Mảng 14076:Cuối 14069:Sach 14054:Arem 14049:Chut 14003:Katu 13940:Koho 13910:Duan 13653:ISBN 13578:ISBN 13465:ISBN 13442:ISBN 13306:ISBN 13287:ISBN 13237:ISBN 13004:PMID 12871:ISBN 12839:ISBN 12820:ISBN 12801:ISBN 12782:ISBN 12597:2013 12555:ISBN 12481:ISBN 12378:ISBN 12314:ISBN 12289:ISBN 12240:ISBN 11858:ISBN 11805:ISBN 11778:2015 11601:ISBN 11139:2006 11111:ISBN 11056:WORD 11009:ISBN 10878:mnhẽ 10846:and 10838:and 10716:ay 10711:au 10702:Open 10696:oi 10693:eo 10683:ôi 10680:ây 10675:âu 10670:êu 10660:ui 10657:ưi 10654:ưu 10651:iu 10564:and 10544:Open 10456:Back 10281:chim 10147:and 9981:rime 9820:nặng 9776:˧˩31 9771:˧˩31 9754:˧˥35 9729:˧˥35 9717:˨˩21 9675:˧˥35 9665:˧˥35 9660:˧˥35 9585:giời 9580:trời 9567:blời 9507:and 9452:and 9396:and 9070:and 9062:and 9054:and 9042:and 9021:and 9013:The 8998:and 8954:thìa 8949:thìa 8931:ô tô 8926:ô tô 8911:trốc 8882:muôi 8872:chén 8647:choa 8571:răng 8547:răng 8399:a ri 8342:vâng 8281:and 8180:and 7879:July 7871:June 7796:year 7752:and 7746:VIQR 7724:The 7702:Jing 7684:and 7608:nặng 7485:tone 7427:and 7325:and 7317:and 7285:and 7235:mệnh 7200:lit. 7021:and 6941:bran 6814:IPA 6764:chạy 6668:Sora 6664:amen 6659:tami 6648:you 6634:hɔjɔ 6629:kuzo 6601:gama 6596:kuma 6569:mườl 6564:mười 6560:ten 6544:chỉn 6539:chín 6522:thảm 6478:khảu 6469:six 6420:*pa 6373:haːl 6359:two 6349:Sora 6326:one 6311:kħǒŋ 6286:May 6269:and 6225:dice 6181:and 6179:judo 6162:sumo 6039:for 6031:for 6023:for 6004:. A 5954:café 5727:lại. 5722:turn 5719:quay 5700:when 5681:phút 5668:here 5660:stay 5651:HORT 5610:ngựa 5585:like 5549:đen. 5541:ngựa 5526:like 5493:only 5458:just 5417:bark 5409:ever 5337:POSS 5280:tall 5277:cao. 5262:Giáp 5259:Giáp 5243:talk 5240:nói. 5234:CONT 5230:PRES 5226:đang 5191:hoặc 5168:seem 5138:tuổi 5088:Minh 5085:Minh 5020:case 5004:and 4985:nặng 4949:nhập 4938:nặng 4840:trắc 4799:even 4793:bình 4778:bằng 4752:nặng 4750:陽入 ( 4742:陰入 ( 4736:nặng 4734:陽去 ( 4726:陰去 ( 4718:陽上 ( 4710:陰上 ( 4702:陽平 ( 4694:陰平 ( 4685:nhập 4677:nặng 4675:and 4667:nhập 4655:bình 4651:trắc 4643:bằng 4635:trắc 4631:bằng 4596:nặng 4578:trắc 4569:and 4561:bằng 4359:Tone 4306:˨˩ˀ 4296:nặng 4204:˧˩˧ 4013:nặng 3951:aing 3915:and 3904:and 3892:and 3866:and 3839:and 3821:and 3813:and 3801:and 3718:kh 3707:ph 3645:th 3626:ch 3623:tr 3606:Stop 3595:nh 3520:thao 3514:thau 3483:and 3459:oi 3456:ay 3451:au 3446:eo 3442:Open 3431:ôi 3428:ây 3418:êu 3403:ui 3400:ưi 3397:ưu 3394:iu 3364:Back 3305:and 3266:Open 3199:Back 3142:and 3076:Laos 3074:and 2986:and 2980:apex 2970:and 2944:and 2931:/s̺/ 2916:/s̺/ 2864:vs. 2801:and 2776:/mɲ/ 2769:/ml/ 2752:/ɓl/ 2740:/tl/ 2725:and 2702:and 2570:g/gh 2423:Stop 2306:blời 2005:Stop 1897:and 1802:nặng 1711:and 1646:/kʂ/ 1561:/r̝/ 1510:/dʒ/ 1502:/tʃ/ 1431:g/gh 1407:(r̝) 1113:Stop 981:gare 858:(to 830:Tsat 763:(of 745:Cuoi 741:Chut 705:Laos 699:and 661:Kuhn 635:and 595:, a 579:and 518:and 483:and 453:and 20076:Art 19354:Law 18770:Mon 18521:Car 18312:Kol 18110:Bit 18044:Mok 17954:War 17947:War 17725:Mal 17616:Kri 17604:Kri 17590:Ruc 17585:May 17418:Bru 17413:Kuy 17372:Cua 17256:Juk 17251:Su' 17210:Hrê 17160:Jeh 16834:Jie 16745:Yue 16738:Old 16733:New 16657:Min 16652:Hui 16642:Gan 16618:Jin 16442:Lop 16362:Sui 16327:Mak 16317:Kam 16297:Cun 16256:Yei 16206:Min 16201:Dai 16049:She 15999:Hmu 15872:Bit 15796:Bai 15725:Dao 15677:Zbu 15370:Axi 15237:Eka 15159:Mpi 15109:Enu 15059:Amu 14861:Bai 14801:Kam 14736:ARs 14628:Lao 14552:Kuy 14345:Tày 14064:Ruc 14059:May 13998:Bru 13925:Jeh 13920:Hrê 13905:Cua 13543:doi 13513:doi 13425:doi 13402:doi 13356:doi 13279:doi 13260:hdl 13079:In 13050:doi 12996:doi 12963:doi 12908:doi 12724:doi 12015:doi 11929:doi 11902:doi 11450:doi 11064:doi 10934:at 10874:mlẽ 10753:or 10714:ai 10709:ao 10678:ơi 10620:/j/ 10614:/w/ 10550:a 10538:o 10535:â 10532:ă 10529:e 10519:ô 10516:ơ 10511:ê 10501:u 10498:ư 10493:i 10436:): 10199:phở 9830:˨22 9798:ngã 9761:hỏi 9734:˩11 9724:sắc 9712:˧33 9707:˧33 9702:˧33 9697:˧33 9680:˧33 9655:˧33 9470:in 9467:lăm 9458:năm 8916:đầu 8906:đầu 8891:môi 8886:môi 8867:đọi 8862:bát 8852:rẫy 8828:ảnh 8788:ổng 8739:hấn 8735:hắn 8703:bây 8684:mày 8674:mày 8620:tao 8615:tau 8610:tao 8600:tui 8595:tui 8532:nào 8522:nào 8512:đâu 8502:đâu 8478:kìa 8474:kia 8460:vậy 8451:rứa 8438:thế 8414:đấy 8362:này 8059:by 7991:, ( 7863:May 7790:day 7772:or 7588:ngã 7568:hỏi 7548:sắc 7481:ngh 7386:.) 7310:Nôm 7304:Nôm 7298:Nôm 7282:nam 7271:năm 7164:chữ 7137:or 6922:xấu 6918:sấu 6877:gấu 6823:vãi 6741:ếch 6720:IPA 6704:or 6696:or 6652:mày 6619:gió 6591:mưa 6586:mưa 6549:cin 6517:tám 6500:páy 6495:bảy 6473:sáu 6451:năm 6434:pổn 6429:bốn 6378:bar 6368:hal 6363:hai 6345:mɨy 6340:muc 6330:một 6267:May 6231:or 6137:クラブ 6127:倶楽部 6101:俱乐部 6075:is 5996:is 5984:or 5847:かんり 5805:phở 5713:PRO 5705:tôi 5697:khi 5676:few 5665:đây 5647:Hãy 5630:DET 5626:đó. 5618:đen 5600:con 5594:FOC 5590:cái 5576:PRO 5568:Tôi 5531:con 5517:PRO 5509:Tôi 5476:FAM 5471:cơm 5466:eat 5455:chỉ 5449:PRO 5425:all 5422:cả. 5414:sủa 5400:NEG 5390:DET 5386:này 5381:dog 5378:chó 5368:Con 5351:PRO 5343:nó. 5333:của 5325:anh 5309:DET 5271:INT 5267:rất 5221:Tài 5218:Tài 5160:Mai 5157:Mai 5141:age 5125:Trí 5122:Trí 5030:or 4981:陽入 4969:sắc 4965:陰入 4934:陽去 4922:sắc 4918:陰去 4902:khứ 4891:ngã 4887:陽上 4875:hỏi 4871:陰上 4825:陽平 4809:陰平 4744:sắc 4728:sắc 4722:), 4720:ngã 4714:), 4712:hỏi 4706:), 4698:), 4681:khứ 4673:Sắc 4663:khứ 4647:ngã 4592:ngã 4588:hỏi 4584:sắc 4245:ngã 4194:hỏi 4153:˧˥ 4143:sắc 4102:˨˩ 3947:anh 3943:aic 3939:ach 3931:/ɛ/ 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