475:
6620:
25:
8887:
6794:. The Latin alphabet then became a means to publish Vietnamese popular literature, which was disparaged as vulgar by the Chinese-educated imperial elites. Historian Pamela A. Pears asserted that by instituting the Latin alphabet in Vietnam, the French cut the Vietnamese from their traditional Hán Nôm literature. An important reason why Latin script became the standard writing system in Vietnam but not in
6873:
are necessary for them at the level of their new political and commercial situation. Consequently we are obliged to follow the traditions of our own system of education; it is the only one which can bring close to us the
Annamites of the colony by inculcating in them the principles of European civilization and isolating them from the hostile influence of our neighbors.
6891:, and new Vietnamese terms for new items or words are often calqued from Hán Nôm. Some French had originally planned to replace Vietnamese with French, but this never was a serious project, given the small number of French settlers compared with the native population. The French had to reluctantly accept the use of
8404:
Note 3. "The French had to accept reluctantly the existence of chữ quốc ngữ. The propagation of chữ quốc ngữ in
Cochinchina was, in fact, not without resistance Chữ quốc ngữ was created by Portuguese missionaries according to the phonemic orthography of Portuguese language. The Vietnamese could not
6450:
In syllables where the vowel part consists of more than one vowel (such as diphthongs and triphthongs), the placement of the tone is still a matter of debate. Generally, there are two methodologies, an "old style" and a "new style". While the "old style" emphasizes aesthetics by placing the tone mark
6872:
From the first days it was recognized that the
Chinese language was a barrier between us and the natives; the education provided by means of the hieroglyphic characters was completely beyond us; this writing makes possible only with difficulty transmitting to the population the diverse ideas which
7989:
Frankfurt 2009 Page 126 "6.1.2 French colonial science in
Vietnam: With the colonial era, deep changes took place in education, communication, and ... French colonizers installed a modern European system of education to replace the literary and Confucianism-based model, they promoted a romanized
6930:
declared the traditional writing system abolished in 1918. While traditional nationalists favoured the
Confucian examination system and the use of chữ Hán, Vietnamese revolutionaries, progressive nationalists, and pro-French elites viewed the French education system as a means to "liberate" the
3781:
The correspondence between the orthography and pronunciation is somewhat complicated. In some cases, the same letter may represent several different sounds, and different letters may represent the same sound. This is because the orthography was designed centuries ago and the spoken language has
6054:
There are six distinct tones in the standard northern dialect. The first one ("level tone") is not marked and the other five are indicated by diacritics applied to the vowel part of the syllable. The tone names are chosen such that the name of each tone is spoken in the tone it identifies.
8405:
use chữ quốc ngữ to learn French script. The French would mispronounce chữ quốc ngữ in French orthography, particularly people's names and place names. Thus, the French constantly disparaged chữ quốc ngữ because of its uselessness in helping with the propagation of French script."
6553:
In the past, syllables in multisyllabic words were concatenated with hyphens, but this practice has died out and hyphenation is now reserved for word-borrowings from other languages. A written syllable consists of at most three parts, in the following order from left to right:
7013:
6775:
was used within the
Catholic community. However, works written in the Vietnamese alphabet was in the minority and Catholic works in chữ Nôm were significantly more widespread. Chữ Nôm was the primary writing system used by Vietnamese Catholics.
3828:
when it represents a vowel, the latest being a decision from the
Vietnamese Ministry of Education in 1984. These efforts seem to have had limited effect. In textbooks published by Nhà Xuất bản Giáo dục ('Publishing House of Education'),
7094:
Most keyboards on modern phone and computer operating systems, including iOS, Android and MacOS, have now supported the
Vietnamese language and direct input of diacritics by default. Previously, Vietnamese users had to manually install
6848:). This decree was issued at the same time when other social changes, such as the cutting of long male hair, were occurring. The main reason for the popularisation of the Latin alphabet in Vietnam/Đại Nam during the Nguyễn dynasty (the
6769:, a Vietnamese–Portuguese–Latin dictionary, which was later printed in Rome in 1651, using their spelling system. These efforts led eventually to the development of the present Vietnamese alphabet. For 200 years,
6424:
The hook indicates in
Northern Vietnamese that the speaker should start in the middle range and fall, but in Southern Vietnamese that the speaker should start somewhat low and fall, then rise (as when asking a question in
6451:
as close as possible to the center of the word (by placing the tone mark on the last vowel if an ending consonant part exists and on the next-to-last vowel if the ending consonant does not exist, as in
8388:
2374:
are regarded as separate letters in the modern alphabet and are used in the dictionary, but the author does not regard them as separate letters. In the dictionary, a letter with diacritics, like
394:
despite the limitations of the Roman alphabet. On the other hand, sound changes in the spoken language have led to different letters, digraphs and trigraphs now representing the same sounds.
7024:
has full support for the Latin
Vietnamese writing system, although it does not have a separate segment for it. The required characters that other languages use are scattered throughout the
6513:
In lexical ordering, differences in letters are treated as primary, differences in tone markings as secondary and differences in case as tertiary differences. (Letters include for instance
8208:
6931:
Vietnamese from old Chinese domination and the unsatisfactory "outdated" Confucian examination system, to democratize education and to help bridge Vietnamese to European philosophies.
6760:
6926:, viewed as an aristocratic system linked with the "ancient regime", thereby forcing Vietnamese elites to educate their offspring in the French language education system. Emperor
8524:
6475:). In both styles, when one vowel already has a quality diacritic on it, the tone mark must be applied to it as well, regardless of where it appears in the syllable (thus
7976:
Mon-Khmer Studies 39: 89–104. Translated from: Haudricourt, André-Georges. 1949. "L'origine Des Particularités de L'alphabet Vietnamien." Dân Viêt-Nam 3: 61–68.
6966:
Typesetting and printing Vietnamese has been challenging due to its number of accents/diacritics. This had led to the use of accent and diacritic-less names in
6751:
in Vietnam began using Latin script to transcribe the Vietnamese language as an assistance for learning the language. The work was continued by the Avignonese
3889:
are not "standard", though they are much preferred elsewhere. Most people and the popular media continue to use the spelling that they are most accustomed to.
8499:
8392:
6978:. Contemporary Vietnamese texts sometimes include words which have not been adapted to modern Vietnamese orthography, especially for documents written in
6533:
as base letters.) Ordering according to primary and secondary differences proceeds syllable by syllable. According to this principle, a dictionary lists
444:, languages of other ethnic groups in the country based on Vietnamese phonetics to differentiate the meanings or even Vietnamese dialects, for example:
8720:
Outstanding dissertations in linguistics. New York: Routledge. (Published version of author's 2001 PhD dissertation, University of Florida: Hoa, Pham.
6756:
428:
8058:. Romae, Sacra Congregationis de propaganda fide, năm 1651, trang chứa cột 65, cột 191 trong phần chính văn của sách (sách không được đánh số trang).
6510:, while most people still prefer the old style in casual uses. Among Overseas Vietnamese communities, the old style is predominant for all purposes.
10875:
9684:
6810:
in his 2016 work "Emperor Thành Thái’s Educational Revolution" neither the French nor the revolutionaries had enough power to spread the usage of
9605:
8588:
7973:
6860:
combined with the progressive and scientific policies of the French government in French Indochina, that created the momentum for the usage of
8583:, 135–193. (Published version of the author's MA thesis, University of Washington). (Reprinted 1981, Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics).
7016:
Different ways in which tone marks can be presented on letters that already have diacritic, e.g. (`) on letter ê when computerising Vietnamese
8924:
6765:
2193:
6711:(Simplification of Annamite grammar), a French book about Vietnamese grammar. In this book, the Latinized script of Vietnamese was called "l
7900:. Conference 400 năm hình thành và phát triển chữ Quốc ngữ trong lịch sử loan báo Tin Mừng tại Việt Nam. Ho Chi Minh City: Ủy ban Văn hóa,
6438:
The dot or cross signifies in Northern Vietnamese that the speaker starts low and fall lower in tone, with the voice becoming increasingly
8589:"Origine des particularités de l'alphabet vietnamien (English translation as: The origin of the peculiarities of the Vietnamese alphabet)"
7901:
6417:
The grave accent indicates that the speaker should start somewhat low and drop slightly in tone, with the voice becoming increasingly
8353:
3408:
9589:
6899:
to write Vietnamese since this writing system, created by Portuguese missionaries, is based on Portuguese orthography, not French.
89:
61:
8674:
Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà (1992). "Vietnamese phonology and graphemic borrowings from Chinese: The Book of 3,000 Characters revisited".
7839:
Portuguese Pioneers of Vietnamese Linguistics Prior to 1650 – Pionniers Portugais de la Linguistique Vietnamienne Jusqu'en 1650
8642:
8623:
8482:
8439:
7949:
6802:, which were both dominated by the French for a similar amount of time under the same colonial framework, had to do with the
6699:
a Vietnamese book written in chữ Quốc ngữ about French grammar. In this book, the Latinized script of Vietnamese was called
6545:
because the secondary difference in the first syllable takes precedence over the primary difference in the second syllable.
377:). The complex vowel system and the large number of letters with diacritics, which can stack twice on the same letter (e.g.
10770:
9677:
68:
42:
4526:
can be categorized as "standard" (as used in textbooks published by Nhà Xuất bản Giáo dục) and "non-standard" as follows.
10870:
10865:
8891:
6958:, with the unintentional result of turning the script into the popular medium for the expression for Vietnamese culture.
3646:
3534:
3348:
3088:
2801:
8311:
2782:
3792:
are mostly equivalent, and there is no concrete rule that says when to use one or the other, except in sequences like
3266:
2836:
9610:
8917:
8866:
8785:
8729:
8710:
8695:
8660:
8321:
8254:
8135:
7878:
7846:
7007:
6614:
6085:
491:
108:
75:
4090:
3974:
8243:"The Rise of Christian Nôm Literature in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam: Fusing European Content and Local Expression"
7083:
in inputting Vietnamese. Because in the past some fonts implemented combining characters in a nonstandard way (see
3553:
3450:
3782:
changed, as shown in the chart directly above that contrasts the difference between Middle and Modern Vietnamese.
383:
meaning 'first'), makes it easy to distinguish the Vietnamese orthography from other writing systems that use the
9953:
9670:
7103:
on computers or Laban Key on phones to type Vietnamese diacritics. These keyboards support input methods such as
6934:
The French colonial system then set up another educational system, teaching Vietnamese as a first language using
4782:
3309:
410:
7897:
Từ Nước Mặn đến Roma: Những đóng góp của các giáo sĩ Dòng Tên trong quá trình La tinh hoá tiếng Việt ở thế kỷ 17
7087:), most people use precomposed characters when composing Vietnamese-language documents (except on Windows where
440:. The four remaining letters are not considered part of the Vietnamese alphabet although they are used to write
57:
9738:
9552:
8834:
8760:
8429:
6432:), then start again and rise like a question in tone. In the South, it is realized identically to the Hỏi tone.
46:
6463:), the "new style" emphasizes linguistic principles and tries to apply the tone mark on the main vowel (as in
9728:
9708:
9502:
8944:
8739:
La grammatisation du vietnamien (1615–1919): histoire des grammaires et de l'écriture romanisée du vietnamien
8614:
Kornicki, Peter (2017), "Sino-Vietnamese literature", in Li, Wai-yee; Denecke, Wiebke; Tian, Xiaofen (eds.),
8455:
6610:
6043:, so the meaning of each word depends on the pitch in which it is pronounced. Tones are marked in the IPA as
3440:
3199:
2993:
is now purely etymological in most modern dialects. Realized as in Northern spelling pronunciation. Spelled
2590:
6647:
started around the ninth century. Since the 12th century, several Vietnamese words started to be written in
10855:
10754:
9723:
9006:
8910:
6853:
3632:
3613:
3577:
3568:
3431:
7928:
7068:
were widely used before Unicode became popular. Most new documents now exclusively use the Unicode format
6363:
6359:
6311:
6269:
6265:
6224:
6183:
6142:
6021:
6011:
5995:
5984:
5970:
5960:
5944:
5933:
5918:
5908:
5880:
5864:
5831:
5821:
5803:
5792:
5785:
5768:
5748:
5733:
5729:
5714:
5666:
5655:
5635:
5618:
5601:
5584:
5564:
5558:
5543:
5537:
5522:
5516:
5508:
5497:
5491:
5485:
5479:
5468:
5462:
5456:
5450:
5439:
5433:
5427:
5423:
5417:
5401:
5391:
5380:
5372:
5366:
5355:
5345:
5334:
5326:
5320:
5304:
5298:
5292:
5286:
5217:
5194:
5178:
5165:
5155:
5151:
5131:
5112:
5095:
5065:
5008:
4997:
4976:
4966:
4958:
4950:
4930:
4920:
4912:
4904:
4884:
4876:
4868:
4853:
4845:
4837:
4523:
4504:
4492:
4480:
4460:
4456:
4436:
4432:
4411:
4399:
4391:
4358:
4352:
4341:
4329:
4321:
4292:
4282:
4276:
4265:
4258:
4252:
4233:
4212:
4206:
4178:
4164:
4151:
4145:
4133:
4127:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4064:
4053:
4042:
4031:
4012:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3910:
3834:
3817:
3807:
3360:
3247:
2817:
2774:
2099:
2091:
1994:
1986:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1016:
1011:
1006:
982:
977:
972:
944:
939:
934:
910:
905:
900:
876:
871:
866:
832:
827:
822:
794:
789:
784:
754:
749:
744:
720:
715:
710:
686:
681:
676:
652:
647:
642:
608:
603:
598:
564:
559:
554:
424:
420:
214:
10563:
9902:
7025:
6849:
6631:
rule 111 BC, literature, government papers, scholarly works, and religious scripture were all written in
4760:
This "standard" set by Nhà Xuất bản Giáo dục is not definite. It is unknown why the literature books use
3543:
3400:
3011:
6504:
is considered part of the consonant. Currently, the new style is usually used in textbooks published by
9743:
9718:
6987:
5225:
3838:
3585:
3465:
3392:
3288:
3279:
2966:
2858:
2456:
10693:
10585:
10228:
10096:
10031:
7045:
6878:
In a letter dated January 15, 1866, Paulin Vial, Directeur du Cabinet du Gouverneur de la Cochinchine
3644:
3630:
3611:
3603:
3601:
3583:
3575:
3566:
3551:
3541:
3532:
3514:
3495:
3481:
3472:
3463:
3448:
3438:
3429:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3380:
3373:
3371:
3346:
3337:
3323:
3307:
3286:
3277:
3252:
3238:
3197:
3187:
3178:
3159:
3145:
3136:
3127:
3111:
3102:
3086:
3072:
3060:
3058:
3025:
3009:
2978:
2964:
2957:
2955:
2915:
2901:
2899:
2876:
2856:
2849:
2847:
2822:
2810:
2808:
2799:
2780:
2748:
2739:
2723:
2721:
2451:, are neither upper nor lower case. So according to that orthography, the names of the two provinces
2437:
3820:). There have been attempts since the late 20th century to standardize the orthography by replacing
10860:
10138:
9254:
8975:
6688:
2980:
437:
9662:
2452:
10811:
10654:
10101:
9940:
9760:
9748:
9733:
9584:
8081:
8038:
6807:
3497:
3483:
3027:
2940:
2878:
2741:
82:
35:
10816:
10759:
10718:
10393:
10216:
10003:
9965:
9860:
9203:
8963:
7796:
7671:
3619:
3295:
Only occurs initially in loanwords. Some Vietnamese pronounce it as a "b" sound instead (as in
2917:
2671:
2546:
406:
8792:
Tran, Anh Q. (2022). "Catholicism and the Development of the Vietnamese Alphabet, 1620–1898".
5238:
seems to be used solely to convey the feel of the Nghệ An/Hà Tĩnh accents. In transcriptions,
5174:. This generally only occurs in recent loanwords or when representing dialectal pronunciation.
250:
10834:
10525:
10316:
10128:
9870:
9855:
9832:
9812:
9807:
8242:
7076:
6995:
3416:
3382:
3254:
3138:
3129:
3113:
3104:
2627:
2058:). However, these letters are often used for foreign loanwords (even partially adapted ones:
6723:
April 15th issue of 1867, when mentioned the French book about Vietnamese grammar, the name
10826:
10726:
10383:
10298:
10188:
10106:
10088:
9975:
7801:
7747:
6923:
6428:
In the North, a perispomeni indicates that the speaker should start mid, break off (with a
6384:
6101:
3240:
2166:
are similar to each other in sound in Vietnamese and can sometimes replace each other e.g.
1636:
521:
506:
189:
171:
7084:
6927:
6331:
8:
10788:
10783:
10613:
10598:
10492:
10343:
10303:
10081:
10053:
10026:
10021:
9998:
9980:
9945:
9930:
9897:
9837:
9825:
9797:
9792:
7811:
7080:
6967:
6752:
5199:
4832:
3516:
3325:
3074:
2690:
2562:
2198:
291:
286:
276:
267:
199:
167:
157:
10360:
10778:
10471:
10458:
10311:
10133:
10113:
10066:
10043:
9935:
9925:
9802:
9782:
9777:
9769:
9697:
8979:
8823:
8809:
8749:
7955:
7867:
Các nhà truyền giáo Bồ Đào Nha và thời kỳ đầu của Giáo hội Công giáo Việt Nam (Quyển 1)
7791:
7739:", former script used to write Vietnamese using Han and Nom (invented characters) words
7729:
7115:
The following table provides Unicode code points for all non-ASCII Vietnamese letters.
7029:
6986:
elsewhere in Asia. French, which left a mark on the Vietnamese language in the form of
6908:
6857:
6803:
6658:
6414:
Unmarked vowels are pronounced with a level voice, in the middle of the speaking range.
5230:
3474:
3189:
3180:
3161:
3147:
2824:
2750:
2550:
474:
9514:
8472:
6435:
The acute accent indicates that the speaker should start mid and rise sharply in tone.
10736:
10731:
10646:
10333:
10323:
10276:
10271:
10266:
10163:
10150:
10048:
9970:
9917:
9907:
9892:
9875:
9787:
8949:
8862:
8830:
8813:
8781:
8756:
8725:
8706:
8691:
8656:
8638:
8619:
8478:
8435:
8317:
8250:
8131:
8102:
7959:
7945:
7874:
7871:
Les missionnaires portugais et les débuts de l'Eglise catholique au Viêt-nam (Tome 1)
7842:
7806:
7750:, the oldest standard input method for the Vietnamese alphabet on electronic devices.
7100:
6950:). Hundreds of thousands of textbooks for primary education began to be published in
6741:
6632:
2868:
318:
303:
299:
2597:
2573:
10659:
10636:
10575:
10570:
10541:
10515:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10413:
10408:
10403:
10388:
10375:
10365:
10290:
10250:
10196:
10173:
10158:
10123:
10118:
10076:
10013:
9990:
9847:
9820:
8801:
8127:
7937:
7718:
7037:
7033:
6991:
6785:
6745:
6562:
2602:
153:
8249:. Ithaca, New York: SEAP Publications, Cornell university Press. pp. 23, 38.
2350:
In this dictionary, there are fewer letters than the modern alphabet. The letters
10803:
10746:
10708:
10682:
10678:
10558:
10546:
10533:
10505:
10500:
10481:
10476:
10418:
10398:
10348:
10338:
10206:
10168:
10061:
9885:
9865:
9418:
8989:
8984:
8780:. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
8121:
8106:
7990:
Vietnamese script (Quốc Ngữ) to replace the Sino-Vietnamese characters (Hán Nôm)"
7708:
6817:
6044:
5228:
from other languages and words "borrowed" from Nghệ An/Hà Tĩnh dialects (such as
4894:
3043:
2430:
391:
390:
The Vietnamese system's use of diacritics produces an accurate transcription for
384:
242:
10553:
10036:
8686:
Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1996). Vietnamese. In P. T. Daniels, & W. Bright (Eds.),
7863:
Bồ Đào Nha và công trình sáng chế chữ quốc ngữ: Phải chăng cần viết lại lịch sử?
2567:
254:
10631:
10593:
10510:
10466:
10443:
10423:
10353:
10328:
10178:
9958:
9880:
9578:
8994:
8014:
6983:
6820:, that parents could decide whether their children will follow a curriculum in
6048:
6040:
4940:
1973:
354:
204:
194:
8954:
8151:
7736:
6979:
6651:
6619:
2619:
10849:
10626:
10603:
10448:
10221:
10201:
8805:
8655:. PALI language texts: Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
8000:
7096:
6418:
5409:
4800:
4735:
3339:
246:
8270:
7862:
2613:
2583:
1631:
10793:
10621:
9615:
8970:
8959:
7088:
7065:
6720:
6443:
6439:
6429:
6196:
6155:
5208:
1641:
526:
295:
209:
7941:
2607:
10698:
10245:
9693:
8902:
8416:
Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism
7104:
6637:
6628:
5312:
5204:
4863:
4795:
4709:
2179:
8500:"Hướng dẫn gõ tiếng Việt trên iOS 15 bằng tính năng lướt phím QuickPath"
6816:
down to the village level. It was by imperial decree in 1906 of Emperor
4785:) and their respective orthographic symbols used in the writing system.
8549:
8347:
8345:
8343:
8341:
8339:
8209:"The Historiography of the Jesuits in Vietnam: 1615–1773 and 1957–2007"
7873:(in Vietnamese & French). Reichstett, France: Định Hướng Tùng Thư.
7713:
6748:
6237:
5572:
4945:
4805:
4781:
The table below matches the vowels of Hanoi Vietnamese (written in the
307:
8897:
8575:
Gregerson, Kenneth J. (1969). A study of Middle Vietnamese phonology.
6982:. The Vietnamese language itself has been likened to a system akin to
10670:
9399:
8737:
8616:
The Oxford Handbook of Classical Chinese Literature (1000 BCE-900 CE)
7786:, character encoding standard for most of the world's writing systems
4899:
322:
8635:
The Chinese Writing System in Asia: An Interdisciplinary Perspective
8336:
7895:
6047:
following the phonemic value. Some tones are also associated with a
24:
10211:
9692:
6806:
of Vietnam heavily promoting its usage. According to the historian
6795:
441:
416:
311:
141:
3592:
In Middle Vietnamese, it was spelled with the now-obsolete letter
1972:(literally, 'Greek i'), referring to the letter's origin from the
10240:
8408:
8039:"The two b's in the Vietnamese dictionary of Alexandre de Rhodes"
7783:
7021:
6667:, but was also supplemented with Vietnamese-invented characters (
1977:
8067:
Kenneth J. Gregerson. "A study of Middle Vietnamese phonology".
10688:
10233:
9620:
8886:
8431:
The Conversion of Scripts, Its Nature, History, and Utilization
8313:
Remnants of Empire in Algeria and Vietnam: Women, Words and War
8296:
Nguyên Tùng, "Langues, écritures et littératures au Viêt-nam",
7987:
Opening Up Knowledge Production Through Participatory Research?
7773:
7061:
6675:, proper Nôm characters) to represent native Vietnamese words.
5017:(a suffix indicating profession, similar to the English suffix
4658:, not followed by any letter, in non-Sino-Vietnamese syllables
3296:
8825:
The conversion of scripts, its nature, history and utilization
6856:) was because of the pioneering efforts by intellectuals from
6661:, each of them representing one word. The system was based on
6525:. Older dictionaries also treated digraphs and trigraphs like
9193:
8829:. Information sciences series (illustrated ed.). Wiley.
8098:
7974:"The Origin of the Peculiarities of the Vietnamese Alphabet."
7069:
7057:
7049:
7012:
6283:
3595:
2588:
516:
8082:“The origin of the peculiarities of the Vietnamese alphabet”
6568:
An ending consonant part, can only be one of the following:
5107:
at the beginning of a word derived from Chinese (written as
2436:, that has fallen out of use. It was used to represents the
353:. There are an additional five diacritics used to designate
9649:" is fully a consonant, it always appears in digraph-form "
7763:
7053:
6799:
6369:Ạ/ạ, Ặ/ặ, Ậ/ậ, Ẹ/ẹ, Ệ/ệ, Ị/ị, Ọ/ọ, Ộ/ộ, Ợ/ợ, Ụ/ụ, Ự/ự, Ỵ/ỵ
6323:Ã/ã, Ẵ/ẵ, Ẫ/ẫ, Ẽ/ẽ, Ễ/ễ, Ĩ/ĩ, Õ/õ, Ỗ/ỗ, Ỡ/ỡ, Ũ/ũ, Ữ/ữ, Ỹ/ỹ
6275:Ả/ả, Ẳ/ẳ, Ẩ/ẩ, Ẻ/ẻ, Ể/ể, Ỉ/ỉ, Ỏ/ỏ, Ổ/ổ, Ở/ở, Ủ/ủ, Ử/ử, Ỷ/ỷ
6229:À/à, Ằ/ằ, Ầ/ầ, È/è, Ề/ề, Ì/ì, Ò/ò, Ồ/ồ, Ờ/ờ, Ù/ù, Ừ/ừ, Ỳ/ỳ
6188:Á/á, Ắ/ắ, Ấ/ấ, É/é, Ế/ế, Í/í, Ó/ó, Ố/ố, Ớ/ớ, Ú/ú, Ứ/ứ, Ý/ý
6147:
A/a, Ă/ă, Â/â, E/e, Ê/ê, I/i, O/o, Ô/ô, Ơ/ơ, U/u, Ư/ư, Y/y
4696:, not followed by any letter, in non-proper-noun syllables
4670:, not followed by any letter, in Sino-Vietnamese syllables
2132:'America'. It may also act as a consonant (when used after
9636:
are officially unrecognized, but in use in some purposes;
9154:
9119:
9114:
9055:
9045:
9025:
9020:
8292:
8290:
7841:(in English and French). Bangkok, Thailand: Orchid Press.
7703:
7699:
7695:
7691:
7687:
7683:
7679:
6942:
in primary school and then the French language (taught in
1461:
1209:
1165:
841:
761:
617:
573:
8690:, (pp. 691–699). New York: Oxford University Press.
8101:. However, the tilde was used for something different in
7753:
6840:, 'Southern sound', the contemporary Vietnamese name for
6727:
was used to indicate the Latinized script of Vietnamese.
6395:) keys are used to remove the mark. For example, in VNI,
6392:
6106:
511:
8071:, Nouvelle Série – Tome XLIV, Nº 2, 1969, page 151, 173.
7930:
The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia
7732:", classical Chinese written in Vietnam (Han characters)
8873:
Quoc Ngu Revolution: A Weapon of Nationalism in Vietnam
8354:"Quốc ngữ và nỗ lực 'thoát Hán' của các vua nhà Nguyễn"
8287:
8162:
6565:
and the tone mark, if needed, applied above or below it
2000:
The Vietnamese alphabet does not contain the 4 letters
6919:
and taught French language to the general population.
6683:
People have called the Latinized script of Vietnamese
281:'Characters/script of the national language',
9182:
9176:
9171:
9165:
9159:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9083:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9061:
9050:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9015:
8618:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 568–578,
8119:
1885:
is to avoid confusion in some contexts, the same for
1803:
1758:
1713:
1668:
1573:
1537:
1503:
1423:
1387:
1353:
1319:
1285:
1251:
1127:
1091:
1057:
1023:
989:
953:
917:
883:
803:
727:
693:
659:
535:
7040:
blocks; those that remain (such as the letters with
2891:
is now purely etymological in most modern dialects.
2467:. In the modern alphabet, the lower case version of
415:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3853:), at the beginning of a syllable when followed by
1981:. The other obsolete French pronunciations include
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8822:
8755:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Intellect Books.
8748:
8389:"Thi cử và giáo dục Việt Nam dưới thời thuộc Pháp"
8123:Vietnamese–English / English–Vietnamese Dictionary
7894:Trần, Quốc Anh; Phạm, Thị Kiều Ly (October 2019).
2513:in the dictionary has two variants: the normal v,
1850:The vowels in the table are bolded and italicized.
8368:
8219:
8184:. The Hague, Mouton Publishers, 1977, page 82–84.
3658:The consonants also called with its phoneme with
397:
16:Modern writing system for the Vietnamese language
10847:
8705:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
8351:
6952:
6944:
6936:
6922:In 1917, the French system suppressed Vietnam's
6913:
6893:
6885:
6862:
6842:
6831:
6821:
6811:
6789:
6770:
6732:
6669:
6662:
6649:
6642:
6623:A page from Alexandre de Rhodes' 1651 dictionary
6540:
6534:
6505:
6482:
6476:
6470:
6464:
6458:
6452:
6351:
6315:
6303:
6257:
6216:
6175:
6134:
6065:
6059:
6025:
6015:
5999:
5974:
5964:
5948:
5921:
5912:
5884:
5868:
5835:
5825:
5815:
5807:
5780:
5249:
5243:
5212:
5169:
5159:
5116:
5099:
5069:
5012:
3884:
3878:
3864:
3858:
3811:
3801:
3751:
3737:
3711:
3689:
3683:
3677:
3671:
3665:
3659:
2421:
2395:
2173:
2167:
2151:
2145:
2127:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2021:
2011:
2005:
1957:
1948:
1942:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1890:
1876:
1870:
1860:
1854:
1809:
1764:
1719:
1674:
1585:
1547:
1513:
1479:
1435:
1397:
1363:
1329:
1295:
1261:
1227:
1183:
1139:
1101:
1067:
1033:
999:
965:
927:
893:
859:
815:
777:
737:
703:
669:
635:
591:
547:
466:
460:
429:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
378:
127:
8577:Bulletin de la Société des Etudes Indochinoises
8309:
8069:Bulletin de la Société des Études Indochinoises
7993:
7908:
6961:
6691:published two grammar books. The first book is
2082:is most commonly treated as a vowel along with
8668:Quốc-ngữ: The modern writing system in Vietnam
8477:. Internet Archive. Oxford : Intellect.
8197:. The Hague, Mouton Publishers, 1977, page 82.
7832:
7830:
7828:
7826:
6998:the preferred European language for commerce.
6990:, is no longer as widespread in Vietnam, with
4546:In one-lettered non-Sino-Vietnamese syllables
3706:This causes some ambiguity with the diphthong
9678:
8918:
8298:Aséanie, Sciences humaines en Asie du Sud-Est
6766:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum
5258:
2194:Dictionarium Annamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum
2186:
1941:in every word and phrase in Vietnamese, e.g.
8236:
8234:
8056:Dictionarium Anamiticum Lusitanum et Latinum
7927:Sidwell, Paul; Jenny, Mathias, eds. (2021).
7926:
7760:encoding convention for Vietnamese alphabet.
3845:alone (diacritics can still be added, as in
1967:
8586:
8195:Colonialism and Language Policy in Viet Nam
8182:Colonialism and Language Policy in Viet Nam
7889:
7887:
7855:
7823:
7056:and several byte-based encodings including
6883:Since the 1920s, the Vietnamese mostly use
6730:
1901:. (literally, 'strong s' or 'heavy s') and
9685:
9671:
8932:
8925:
8911:
8751:The Acquisition of a Second Writing System
8474:The acquisition of a second writing system
7075:Unicode allows the user to choose between
4554:In one-lettered Sino-Vietnamese syllables
2581:from (Latinised) Greek and Latin (compare
8386:
8240:
8231:
8200:
3893:Spelling and pronunciation in Vietnamese
2076:'base') or may be kept for foreign names.
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
8820:
8613:
8427:
8168:
7893:
7884:
7011:
6618:
6095:
6092:
6089:
6078:
6058:In the south, there is a merging of the
4965:
4949:
4919:
4903:
2429:In the alphabet, there is a letter, the
2106:can have tones as well as other vowels (
1966:is from the French name for the letter:
473:
10876:Writing systems without word boundaries
9606:precomposed Latin characters in Unicode
8746:
8470:
7902:Catholic Bishops' Conference of Vietnam
7836:
6907:Between 1907 and 1908, the short-lived
6755:. Building on previous dictionaries by
5224:being frequently used in onomatopoeia,
4091:Vietnamese phonology#Analysis of final
3975:Vietnamese phonology#Analysis of final
3841:words that are written with one letter
2140:). It can sometimes be used to replace
10848:
8742:(PhD). Université Sorbonne Paris Cité.
8673:
8356:(in Vietnamese). Người Việt Daily News
8352:Nguyễn Quang Duy (12 September 2018).
8271:"Quoc-ngu | Vietnamese writing system"
7110:
6687:at least since 1867. In 1867, scholar
3050:is not allowed in these environments.
2947:is not allowed in these environments.
2787:word-finally following rounded vowels
2502:, is no longer used, and the short s,
2498:. In the modern alphabet, the long s,
9666:
8906:
8703:Vietnamese: Tiếng Việt không son phấn
8097:Mistakenly encoded in Unicode as the
8015:"Do you know How to pronounce Igrec?"
7865:" Translated by Nguyễn Đăng Trúc. In
6492:diphthong, the mark is placed on the
6070:tones, in effect leaving five tones.
3522:
3315:
3177:
2914:
2864:
2545:The alphabet is largely derived from
487:
321:, including seven letters using four
285:
8791:
8735:
8247:Vietnam and the West: New Approaches
8206:
7914:
6558:An optional beginning consonant part
3558:in Northern spelling pronunciation.
3455:in Northern spelling pronunciation.
3261:Multiple phonemic analyses of final
2831:Multiple phonemic analyses of final
2486:There are two variants of minuscule
419:. For the distinction between ,
317:The Vietnamese alphabet contains 29
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
8859:Let's learn the Vietnamese alphabet
8587:Haudricourt, André-Georges (1949).
8497:
8380:
6740:As early as 1620, with the work of
5094:preceded by an orthographic vowel:
3913:( in some dialects) except as below
3490:In Southern Vietnamese, word-final
3389:Variably pronounced as a fricative
3154:In Southern Vietnamese, word-final
2394:, are not separate from the letter
290:) is the modern writing script for
13:
9653:" when in combination with a vowel
8851:
8722:Vietnamese tone: Tone is not pitch
8632:
8374:
8225:
7972:Haudricourt, André-Georges. 2010.
6779:
6693:Mẹo luật dạy học tiếng pha-lang-sa
4562:Syllable-initial, not followed by
3204:word finally after rounded vowels
436:Vietnamese uses 22 letters of the
14:
10887:
8879:
8788:. (Original work published 1965).
8120:Lê Bá Khanh; Lê Bá Kông (1998) .
7008:Vietnamese language and computers
6902:
6615:Vietnamese language and computers
6010:before a consonant or off-glide:
5959:before a consonant or off-glide:
5820:before a consonant or off-glide:
4708:, not followed by any letter, in
4530:Standard spellings in Vietnamese
8885:
8718:Vietnamese tone: A new analysis.
8547:
8241:Ostrowski, Brian Eugene (2010).
8088:, Alexis Michaud dịch, trang 12.
7936:. De Gruyter. pp. 898–899.
6695:(Tips to teach and learn French)
6314:(Northern); slightly lengthened
5901:at the beginning of a syllable (
4753:depending on personal preference
4167:after any vowel letter (= after
3776:
2605:usage of these letters (compare
2420:are just regarded as the letter
452:for southerner pronunciation of
23:
8569:
8541:
8517:
8491:
8464:
8448:
8421:
8391:(in Vietnamese). Archived from
8316:. Lexington Books. p. 18.
8303:
8263:
8187:
8174:
8144:
8126:(7th ed.). New York City:
8112:
8091:
8074:
8061:
8048:
8045:, Alexis Michaud dịch, trang 1.
8031:
5264:
4776:
4470:
4442:
4417:
4381:
4295:before any vowel letter except
4181:before any vowel letter except
3733:
3700:
2760:is used instead when preceding
2191:The Vietnamese alphabet in the
478:Handwritten Vietnamese alphabet
459:In total, there are 12 vowels (
411:International Phonetic Alphabet
34:needs additional citations for
8778:A Vietnamese reference grammar
8776:Thompson, Laurence E. (1991).
8007:
7979:
7966:
7920:
6988:loanwords and other influences
6837:
6827:
6786:French colonial administration
6641:) while indigenous writing in
6030:'to water, irrigate, sprinkle'
4573:Syllable-initial, followed by
4361:after any vowel letter except
398:Letter names and pronunciation
1:
8794:Journal of Vietnamese Studies
8418:. London: Verso. pp. 127-128.
8207:Tran, Anh Q. (October 2018).
7817:
6850:French protectorates of Annam
6611:History of writing in Vietnam
6034:
2540:
287:[t͡ɕɨ˦ˀ˥kuək̚˧˦ŋɨ˦ˀ˥]
9590:Western Latin character sets
8670:. Washington, D. C.: Author.
8213:Jesuit Historiography Online
7091:used combining characters).
7020:The universal character set
7001:
6962:Late 20th century to present
6924:Confucian examination system
6709:Abrégé de grammaire annamite
6548:
6488:is not). In the case of the
6350:
6302:
6256:
6215:
6174:
6133:
5849:of the diphthong changes to
5626:
5609:
5592:
5570:
5549:
5528:
5503:
5474:
5445:
5407:
5400:
5386:
5361:
5340:
5310:
5279:
5266:
5150:in that position represents
4975:
4974:
4957:
4938:
4929:
4928:
4911:
4892:
4883:
4875:
4867:
4861:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4830:
4764:while the history books use
4645:a, ă, â, e, ê, o, ô, ơ, u, ư
2589:
2529:were not different letters,
2517:, and the curving-bottom v,
2506:, is the only variant of s.
2475:, and upper case version of
2150:'bread' can also be written
471:, literally 'extra sound').
7:
10554:Ethiopian Semitic languages
9611:letters used in mathematics
8688:The world's writing systems
8651:Nguyen, Đang Liêm. (1970).
8610:, Hodder Education, London.
8300:, Vol. 2000/5, pp. 135-149.
8080:André-Georges Haudricourt.
8037:André-Georges Haudricourt.
7985:Jakob Rupert Friederichsen
7665:
7052:-based writing convention,
6678:
6627:Since the beginning of the
4771:
3877:; therefore such forms as *
3736:the ambiguity is resolved:
3618:in Southern speech through
1921:(literally, 'short i') and
10:
10892:
10871:Latin-script orthographies
10866:Vietnamese writing systems
9954:Phonology & ortography
9640:is treated as a semi-vowel
8821:Wellisch, Hans H. (1978).
8747:Sassoon, Rosemary (1995).
8736:Pham, Thi Kieu Ly (2018).
8716:Pham, Andrea Hoa. (2003).
8701:Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1997).
8666:Nguyễn, Đình-Hoà. (1955).
8525:"Set up Gboard on Android"
8471:Sassoon, Rosemary (1995).
8428:Wellisch, Hans H. (1978).
8414:Anderson, Benedict. 1991.
7744:Coding and Input Methods:
7054:Vietnamese Quoted Readable
7005:
6608:
6604:
6357:
6330:
6309:
6282:
6263:
6236:
6222:
6195:
6181:
6154:
6140:
6115:
5994:at the end of a syllable:
5943:at the end of a syllable:
5802:at the end of a syllable:
5259:Diphthongs and triphthongs
4227:that is not preceded by a
3040:⟨i, y, e, ê⟩
2985:. The distinction between
2939:, seemingly to follow the
2883:. The distinction between
2762:⟨i, y, e, ê⟩
2187:Middle Vietnamese alphabet
1618:Vietnamese unused letters
10825:
10802:
10768:
10745:
10717:
10668:
10645:
10612:
10584:
10524:
10490:
10457:
10374:
10289:
10259:
10187:
10149:
10012:
9989:
9916:
9846:
9768:
9759:
9704:
9629:
9598:
9581:with Vietnamese extension
9571:
9551:
9501:
9407:
9398:
9252:
9201:
9192:
9005:
8940:
8608:Teach Yourself Vietnamese
8550:"UniKey in macOS and iOS"
8245:. In Wilcox, Wynn (ed.).
7861:Jacques, Roland (2004). "
7776:, another standard 8-bit
7766:, another standard 7-bit
7479:
7411:
7227:
7159:
7046:Latin Extended Additional
6744:, Portuguese and Italian
6084:
6081:
6075:
5763:, where it is written as
5571:
5408:
5311:
5275:
5267:
4970:
4954:
4939:
4924:
4908:
4893:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4792:
4728:
4698:
4686:
4660:
4648:
4633:
4622:
4589:
4578:
4567:
4556:
4548:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4522:to represent the phoneme
4491:, where it is pronounced
4398:, where it is pronounced
4347:
4336:
4271:
4247:
4201:
4140:
4122:
4059:
4048:
4037:
4026:
3905:
3900:
3897:
3771:
3629:
3513:
3462:
3306:
3285:
3276:
3237:
3218:Spelling used instead of
3215:
3186:
3126:
3110:
3101:
3085:
3057:
3024:
3008:
2898:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2720:
2698:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2549:with some influence from
2438:voiced bilabial fricative
2224:
2215:
1815:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1622:
1301:
933:
675:
641:
500:
495:
490:
236:
182:
177:
163:
148:
136:
123:
8871:Shih, Virginia Jing-yi.
8861:. Las Vegas: Viet Baby.
8806:10.1525/vs.2022.17.2-3.9
8653:Vietnamese pronunciation
8310:Pamela A. Pears (2006).
7837:Jacques, Roland (2002).
7780:for Vietnamese alphabet.
7770:for Vietnamese alphabet.
6362:(Northern); low rising,
2579:⟨c, k, qu⟩
2553:, although the usage of
1911:(literally, 'light x'),
456:in standard Vietnamese.
438:ISO basic Latin alphabet
302:originally developed by
8898:Vietnamese Unicode FAQs
8498:Anh, Hao (2021-09-21).
8275:Encyclopedia Britannica
8003:. vietnamesetypography.
6719:(Latin characters). On
6717:, les caractères latins
4726:, followed by a letter
4495:. When not preceded by
4463:when not preceded by a
4402:. When not preceded by
4136:after any vowel letter
3806:'arm, hand' is read as
3224:⟨i, e, ê⟩
3206:⟨u, ô, o⟩
2937:⟨i, e, ê⟩
2789:⟨u, ô, o⟩
2521:. In the 17th century,
407:phonetic transcriptions
152:Portuguese and Italian
8934:Vietnamese orthography
8857:Nguyen, A. M. (2006).
7797:Vietnamese calligraphy
7672:Portuguese orthography
7077:precomposed characters
7017:
6974:instead of the proper
6953:
6945:
6937:
6914:
6894:
6886:
6881:
6863:
6843:
6832:
6822:
6812:
6790:
6771:
6763:, Rhodes compiled the
6733:
6707:). The second book is
6670:
6663:
6650:
6643:
6624:
6541:
6535:
6506:
6484:
6477:
6471:
6465:
6459:
6453:
6352:
6316:
6304:
6258:
6217:
6176:
6135:
6096:Vowels with diacritic
6066:
6060:
6026:
6016:
6000:
5975:
5965:
5949:
5922:
5913:
5885:
5869:
5836:
5826:
5816:
5808:
5781:
5273:Rising-Falling Vowels
5250:
5244:
5229:
5213:
5198:
5170:
5160:
5117:
5100:
5070:
5013:
4724:h, k, l, m, n, s, t, v
4683:ch, gh, kh, nh, ph, th
4073:before syllable-final
3957:before syllable-final
3885:
3879:
3865:
3859:
3812:
3802:
3752:
3738:
3712:
3708:⟨ia, iê⟩
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3666:
3660:
3639:In Middle Vietnamese,
3620:spelling pronunciation
3318:In Middle Vietnamese,
3067:In Middle Vietnamese,
2973:In Middle Vietnamese,
2771:⟨co, cu⟩
2618:
2612:
2606:
2596:
2582:
2572:
2566:
2431:letter b with flourish
2422:
2396:
2174:
2168:
2152:
2146:
2128:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2022:
2012:
2006:
1968:
1958:
1949:
1943:
1937:is always followed by
1931:(literally, 'long y').
1927:
1917:
1907:
1897:
1891:
1877:
1871:
1861:
1855:
1810:
1765:
1720:
1675:
1586:
1548:
1514:
1480:
1436:
1398:
1364:
1330:
1296:
1262:
1228:
1184:
1140:
1102:
1068:
1034:
1000:
966:
928:
894:
860:
816:
778:
738:
704:
670:
636:
592:
548:
479:
467:
461:
404:This article contains
379:
271:
128:
10037:Classical orthography
9871:Standard Written Form
8950:Literary Chinese (古文)
8152:"vietnamese Alphabet"
8054:Alexandre de Rhodes.
7942:10.1515/9783110558142
7015:
6996:International English
6870:
6622:
6609:Further information:
6507:Nhà Xuất bản Giáo dục
6358:glottalized falling,
6268:(Northern); dipping,
5177:Similarly, the vowel
5077:It is always written
4590:y (e.g.: khuyết tật)
3833:is used to represent
3357:⟨co cu⟩
1853:The use of the terms
477:
465:) and 17 consonants (
58:"Vietnamese alphabet"
10107:Montenegrin alphabet
8894:at Wikimedia Commons
8606:Healy, Dana.(2003).
7802:Vietnamese phonology
7676:Special characters:
7081:combining characters
7044:) are placed in the
6481:is acceptable while
6310:glottalized rising,
6020:'irrigation canal';
5713:in all other cases;
4738:, after a consonant
4729:i (e.g.: ngôi miếu)
4623:y (e.g.: xảo quyệt)
3873:and in the sequence
3504:⟨i, ê⟩
3421:in Southern speech.
3265:have been proposed (
3168:⟨i, ê⟩
2835:have been proposed (
483:Vietnamese alphabet
190:Egyptian hieroglyphs
172:languages of Vietnam
43:improve this article
10856:Vietnamese language
8460:. Praetorius. 1987.
7812:Alexandre de Rhodes
7111:Unicode code points
6968:Overseas Vietnamese
6753:Alexandre de Rhodes
6715:(European alphabet)
6713:’alphabet européen"
6531:⟨ngh⟩
5242:is preferred (e.g.
5164:'organ (musical)';
4634:i (e.g.: địch thủ)
4531:
4289:or any vowel letter
3894:
3610:Can be realized as
3226:in accordance with
2769:is used instead of
2682:
2675:⟨ngh⟩
2533:being a variant of
2494:, and the short s,
2199:Alexandre de Rhodes
1619:
484:
264:Vietnamese alphabet
219:Vietnamese alphabet
215:Portuguese alphabet
200:Phoenician alphabet
170:, other indigenous
158:Alexandre de Rhodes
124:Vietnamese alphabet
9634:Italicized entries
8892:Vietnamese writing
8019:HowToPronounce.com
8001:"Vietnam Alphabet"
7792:Vietnamese Braille
7412:Lowercase letters
7160:Uppercase letters
7030:Latin-1 Supplement
7018:
6909:Tonkin Free School
6858:French Cochinchina
6659:Chinese characters
6625:
6590:⟨nh⟩
6586:⟨ng⟩
6574:⟨ch⟩
6527:⟨ch⟩
6502:⟨qu⟩
6490:⟨ươ⟩
6008:⟨ươ⟩
5992:⟨ưa⟩
5957:⟨uô⟩
5941:⟨ua⟩
5905:does not change):
5903:⟨ia⟩
5899:⟨yê⟩
5895:⟨iê⟩
5877:⟨yê⟩
5861:⟨ya⟩
5800:⟨ia⟩
5777:⟨ăy⟩
5773:⟨ay⟩
5727:⟨ao⟩
5723:⟨ăw⟩
5719:⟨au⟩
5236:⟨ôô⟩
5222:⟨oo⟩
5191:⟨ng⟩
5183:⟨ôô⟩
5144:⟨ng⟩
5136:⟨oo⟩
5024:sometimes written
4687:i (e.g.: ý nghĩa)
4649:i (e.g.: giữ gìn)
4643:, not followed by
4608:i (e.g.: quí giá)
4605:y (e.g.: quý giá)
4599:, not followed by
4579:y (e.g.: yết hầu)
4568:i (e.g.: im lặng)
4529:
3892:
3875:⟨ay⟩
3798:⟨uy⟩
3794:⟨ay⟩
3762:⟨ía⟩
3758:⟨gi⟩
3744:⟨gi⟩
3730:⟨ia⟩
3726:⟨gi⟩
3718:⟨gi⟩
3622:and in loanwords.
3320:⟨ph⟩
3263:⟨nh⟩
3228:⟨gh⟩
3220:⟨ng⟩
3069:⟨kh⟩
3044:European tradition
2991:⟨gi⟩
2975:⟨gi⟩
2941:Italian convention
2889:⟨gi⟩
2833:⟨ch⟩
2767:⟨qu⟩
2680:
2668:⟨tr⟩
2664:⟨th⟩
2660:⟨qu⟩
2656:⟨ph⟩
2652:⟨nh⟩
2648:⟨ng⟩
2644:⟨kh⟩
2640:⟨gi⟩
2636:⟨gh⟩
2632:⟨ch⟩
2561:was borrowed from
2559:⟨gi⟩
2555:⟨gh⟩
2090:represents 'short
1953:'to attract', etc.
1617:
482:
480:
446:⟨dz⟩
10843:
10842:
10285:
10284:
10134:Cyrillic alphabet
10097:Cyrillic alphabet
10027:Cyrillic alphabet
9876:Kernowek Standard
9698:world's languages
9660:
9659:
9567:
9566:
9394:
9393:
8890:Media related to
8676:Mon-Khmer Studies
8644:978-1-00-069906-7
8625:978-0-199-35659-1
8484:978-1-871516-43-2
8441:978-0-471-01620-5
8103:Middle Vietnamese
7951:978-3-11-055814-2
7807:Francisco de Pina
7725:Historic Writing
7663:
7662:
6742:Francisco de Pina
6633:classical Chinese
6598:⟨t⟩
6594:⟨p⟩
6582:⟨n⟩
6578:⟨m⟩
6570:⟨c⟩
6561:A required vowel
6523:⟨ẳ⟩
6519:⟨ă⟩
6515:⟨a⟩
6498:⟨u⟩
6494:⟨ơ⟩
6409:⟨u⟩
6401:⟨ù⟩
6373:
6372:
5855:⟨u⟩
5851:⟨y⟩
5847:⟨i⟩
5840:'to slope, slant'
5765:⟨y⟩
5761:⟨ă⟩
5757:⟨â⟩
5753:⟨i⟩
5742:⟨y⟩
5738:⟨y⟩
5711:⟨u⟩
5706:⟨e⟩
5702:⟨a⟩
5698:⟨o⟩
5693:⟨q⟩
5689:⟨e⟩
5685:⟨ă⟩
5681:⟨a⟩
5677:⟨o⟩
5673:in this instance)
5671:⟨q⟩
5663:⟨u⟩
5644:
5643:
5240:⟨ô⟩
5187:⟨c⟩
5148:⟨o⟩
5140:⟨c⟩
5109:⟨i⟩
5079:⟨y⟩
5062:⟨x⟩
5058:⟨v⟩
5054:⟨t⟩
5050:⟨s⟩
5046:⟨n⟩
5042:⟨m⟩
5038:⟨l⟩
5034:⟨k⟩
5030:⟨h⟩
5026:⟨y⟩
5005:⟨i⟩
4985:
4984:
4758:
4757:
4676:y (e.g.: kỳ thú)
4673:i (e.g.: kì thú)
4661:i (e.g.: mí mắt)
4520:⟨y⟩
4516:⟨i⟩
4377:
4376:
3871:⟨u⟩
3855:⟨ê⟩
3851:⟨ỷ⟩
3847:⟨ý⟩
3843:⟨y⟩
3831:⟨y⟩
3826:⟨i⟩
3822:⟨y⟩
3816:'ear' is read as
3790:⟨y⟩
3786:⟨i⟩
3748:⟨á⟩
3722:⟨a⟩
3655:
3654:
3641:⟨x⟩
3502:if not following
3492:⟨t⟩
3363:on-glide exists.
3355:Used in place of
3166:if not following
3156:⟨n⟩
3048:⟨c⟩
3036:⟨c⟩
2999:⟨i⟩
2995:⟨g⟩
2987:⟨d⟩
2945:⟨g⟩
2933:⟨g⟩
2885:⟨d⟩
2873:⟨d⟩
2869:Middle Vietnamese
2758:⟨k⟩
2601:), mirroring the
2426:with diacritics.
2348:
2347:
2164:⟨x⟩
2160:⟨s⟩
2142:⟨i⟩
2138:⟨a⟩
2134:⟨â⟩
2124:⟨ỵ⟩
2120:⟨ỷ⟩
2116:⟨ỹ⟩
2112:⟨ỳ⟩
2108:⟨ý⟩
2104:⟨y⟩
2098:represents 'long
2096:⟨y⟩
2088:⟨i⟩
2084:⟨i⟩
2080:⟨y⟩
2050:⟨z⟩
2028:⟨w⟩
2018:⟨j⟩
2002:⟨f⟩
1991:⟨u⟩
1983:⟨e⟩
1964:⟨y⟩
1939:⟨u⟩
1935:⟨q⟩
1923:⟨y⟩
1913:⟨i⟩
1903:⟨x⟩
1887:⟨s⟩
1883:⟨p⟩
1867:⟨b⟩
1847:
1846:
1608:
1607:
454:⟨v⟩
450:⟨z⟩
375:⟨ạ⟩
371:⟨ã⟩
367:⟨ả⟩
363:⟨á⟩
359:⟨à⟩
351:⟨đ⟩
347:⟨ư⟩
343:⟨ơ⟩
339:⟨ô⟩
335:⟨ê⟩
331:⟨â⟩
327:⟨ă⟩
304:Francisco de Pina
300:Romance languages
280:
260:
259:
119:
118:
111:
93:
10883:
9766:
9765:
9687:
9680:
9673:
9664:
9663:
9405:
9404:
9199:
9198:
8927:
8920:
8913:
8904:
8903:
8889:
8847:
8845:
8843:
8828:
8817:
8773:
8771:
8769:
8754:
8743:
8683:
8648:
8628:
8603:
8593:
8564:
8563:
8561:
8560:
8548:Phan, Kim Long.
8545:
8539:
8538:
8536:
8535:
8521:
8515:
8514:
8512:
8511:
8495:
8489:
8488:
8468:
8462:
8461:
8457:Language Monthly
8452:
8446:
8445:
8425:
8419:
8412:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8400:
8384:
8378:
8372:
8366:
8365:
8363:
8361:
8349:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8330:
8307:
8301:
8294:
8285:
8284:
8282:
8281:
8267:
8261:
8260:
8238:
8229:
8223:
8217:
8216:
8204:
8198:
8193:John DeFrancis.
8191:
8185:
8180:John DeFrancis.
8178:
8172:
8166:
8160:
8159:
8148:
8142:
8141:
8128:Hippocrene Books
8118:See for example
8116:
8110:
8105:, the so-called
8095:
8089:
8078:
8072:
8065:
8059:
8052:
8046:
8035:
8029:
8028:
8026:
8025:
8011:
8005:
8004:
7997:
7991:
7983:
7977:
7970:
7964:
7963:
7935:
7924:
7918:
7912:
7906:
7905:
7891:
7882:
7859:
7853:
7852:
7834:
7756:, another input
7719:Horn (diacritic)
7118:
7117:
7038:Latin Extended-B
7034:Latin Extended-A
6956:
6948:
6940:
6917:
6897:
6889:
6879:
6866:
6846:
6839:
6835:
6829:
6825:
6815:
6793:
6774:
6757:Gaspar do Amaral
6736:
6673:
6666:
6657:, using variant
6655:
6646:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6563:syllable nucleus
6544:
6538:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6509:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6487:
6480:
6474:
6468:
6462:
6456:
6442:and ending in a
6410:
6406:
6402:
6398:
6390:
6382:
6365:
6361:
6355:
6348:
6343:
6319:
6313:
6307:
6300:
6295:
6271:
6267:
6261:
6254:
6249:
6226:
6220:
6213:
6208:
6185:
6179:
6172:
6167:
6144:
6138:
6130:
6124:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6063:
6039:Vietnamese is a
6029:
6023:
6019:
6013:
6009:
6003:
5997:
5993:
5986:
5978:
5972:
5969:'ten thousand';
5968:
5962:
5958:
5952:
5946:
5942:
5935:
5925:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5888:
5882:
5878:
5872:
5866:
5862:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5839:
5833:
5829:
5823:
5819:
5811:
5805:
5801:
5794:
5787:
5784:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5728:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5657:
5637:
5620:
5603:
5586:
5566:
5560:
5545:
5539:
5524:
5518:
5510:
5499:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5470:
5464:
5458:
5452:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5425:
5419:
5403:
5393:
5382:
5374:
5368:
5357:
5347:
5336:
5328:
5322:
5306:
5300:
5295:+ V + off-glide
5294:
5288:
5265:
5253:
5247:
5241:
5237:
5223:
5219:
5216:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5173:
5167:
5163:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5120:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5097:
5080:
5073:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5016:
5010:
5006:
5003:usually written
4999:
4978:
4968:
4960:
4952:
4932:
4922:
4914:
4906:
4886:
4878:
4870:
4855:
4847:
4839:
4790:
4789:
4699:i (e.g.: ni cô)
4557:y (e.g.: y học)
4532:
4528:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4508:
4506:
4494:
4482:
4474:
4468:
4462:
4458:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4401:
4393:
4385:
4360:
4354:
4343:
4331:
4323:
4294:
4284:
4278:
4267:
4260:
4254:
4235:
4214:
4208:
4180:
4166:
4153:
4147:
4135:
4129:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4066:
4055:
4044:
4033:
4014:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3912:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3732:. If there is a
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3716:could be either
3715:
3709:
3704:
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3669:
3663:
3650:
3642:
3636:
3617:
3607:
3599:
3589:
3581:
3572:
3557:
3547:
3538:
3520:
3505:
3501:
3493:
3487:
3478:
3469:
3454:
3444:
3435:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3386:
3377:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3343:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3292:
3283:
3264:
3258:
3249:
3244:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3184:
3169:
3165:
3157:
3151:
3142:
3133:
3117:
3108:
3092:
3078:
3070:
3064:
3049:
3041:
3037:
3034:Used instead of
3031:
3015:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2976:
2970:
2961:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2931:Used instead of
2921:
2905:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2862:
2853:
2834:
2828:
2819:
2814:
2805:
2790:
2786:
2777:on-glide exists.
2776:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2745:
2727:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2594:
2580:
2560:
2556:
2425:
2399:
2204:
2203:
2201:has 23 letters:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2051:
2048:'double v') and
2047:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1952:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1620:
1616:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1476:
1471:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1180:
1175:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
984:
979:
974:
969:
946:
941:
936:
931:
912:
907:
902:
897:
878:
873:
868:
863:
856:
851:
834:
829:
824:
819:
796:
791:
786:
781:
774:
769:
756:
751:
746:
741:
722:
717:
712:
707:
688:
683:
678:
673:
654:
649:
644:
639:
632:
627:
610:
605:
600:
595:
588:
583:
566:
561:
556:
551:
485:
481:
470:
464:
455:
451:
447:
426:
422:
382:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
289:
284:
275:
131:
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
10891:
10890:
10886:
10885:
10884:
10882:
10881:
10880:
10861:Latin alphabets
10846:
10845:
10844:
10839:
10821:
10798:
10771:Native American
10764:
10741:
10713:
10664:
10641:
10608:
10580:
10520:
10486:
10453:
10370:
10281:
10255:
10183:
10145:
10093:Serbo-Croatian
10008:
9985:
9912:
9903:Scottish Gaelic
9886:Unified Cornish
9866:Kernewek Kemmyn
9842:
9755:
9700:
9691:
9661:
9656:
9654:
9641:
9625:
9594:
9563:
9547:
9497:
9390:
9248:
9188:
9001:
8936:
8931:
8882:
8854:
8852:Further reading
8841:
8839:
8837:
8767:
8765:
8763:
8645:
8633:Li, Yu (2020).
8626:
8591:
8572:
8567:
8558:
8556:
8546:
8542:
8533:
8531:
8523:
8522:
8518:
8509:
8507:
8506:(in Vietnamese)
8496:
8492:
8485:
8469:
8465:
8454:
8453:
8449:
8442:
8426:
8422:
8413:
8409:
8398:
8396:
8387:Trần Bích San.
8385:
8381:
8373:
8369:
8359:
8357:
8350:
8337:
8328:
8326:
8324:
8308:
8304:
8295:
8288:
8279:
8277:
8269:
8268:
8264:
8257:
8239:
8232:
8224:
8220:
8205:
8201:
8192:
8188:
8179:
8175:
8167:
8163:
8150:
8149:
8145:
8138:
8117:
8113:
8107:Vietnamese apex
8096:
8092:
8079:
8075:
8066:
8062:
8053:
8049:
8036:
8032:
8023:
8021:
8013:
8012:
8008:
7999:
7998:
7994:
7984:
7980:
7971:
7967:
7952:
7933:
7925:
7921:
7913:
7909:
7892:
7885:
7860:
7856:
7849:
7835:
7824:
7820:
7709:Dot (diacritic)
7668:
7113:
7010:
7004:
6984:ruby characters
6964:
6905:
6880:
6877:
6804:Nguyễn Emperors
6782:
6780:Colonial period
6761:António Barbosa
6738:
6681:
6617:
6607:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6569:
6551:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6501:
6497:
6493:
6489:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6388:
6380:
6346:
6341:
6338:
6320:tone (Southern)
6298:
6293:
6290:
6252:
6247:
6244:
6211:
6206:
6203:
6170:
6165:
6162:
6128:
6122:
6045:suprasegmentals
6037:
6007:
5991:
5956:
5940:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5876:
5873:'late at night'
5860:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5799:
5776:
5772:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5741:
5737:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5710:
5705:
5701:
5697:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5662:
5276:Falling Vowels
5261:
5239:
5235:
5221:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5147:
5143:
5139:
5135:
5108:
5078:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5004:
4944:
4898:
4779:
4774:
4549:i (e.g.: í ới)
4541:"Non-standard"
4519:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4475:
4471:
4455:are pronounced
4447:
4443:
4431:are pronounced
4422:
4418:
4386:
4382:
4356:
4355:except as below
4324:if preceded by
4307:
4290:
4280:
4279:except as below
4256:
4255:except as below
4231:
4223:except after a
4210:
4209:except as below
4176:
4162:
4149:
4148:except as below
4131:
4130:except as below
4100:
4088:
4068:
4067:except as below
4010:
3984:
3972:
3952:
3914:
3874:
3870:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3839:Sino-Vietnamese
3830:
3825:
3821:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3768:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3743:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3643:was pronounced
3640:
3609:
3593:
3503:
3494:is realized as
3491:
3356:
3319:
3262:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3205:
3167:
3158:is realized as
3155:
3068:
3047:
3039:
3035:
2998:
2997:before another
2994:
2990:
2986:
2974:
2944:
2936:
2932:
2888:
2884:
2872:
2832:
2788:
2778:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2674:
2670:, and only one
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2578:
2577:) and that for
2558:
2554:
2543:
2189:
2163:
2159:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2049:
2027:
2017:
2001:
1990:
1982:
1963:
1938:
1934:
1922:
1912:
1902:
1886:
1882:
1866:
1627:
1474:
1469:
1222:
1217:
1178:
1173:
854:
849:
772:
767:
630:
625:
586:
581:
497:
453:
449:
445:
434:
433:
432:
400:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
306:(1585–1625), a
282:
243:Bahnar alphabet
239:
232:
185:
178:Related scripts
144:
132:
125:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10889:
10879:
10878:
10873:
10868:
10863:
10858:
10841:
10840:
10838:
10837:
10831:
10829:
10823:
10822:
10820:
10819:
10814:
10812:Haitian Creole
10808:
10806:
10800:
10799:
10797:
10796:
10791:
10786:
10781:
10775:
10773:
10766:
10765:
10763:
10762:
10757:
10751:
10749:
10743:
10742:
10740:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10723:
10721:
10715:
10714:
10712:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10675:
10673:
10666:
10665:
10663:
10662:
10657:
10651:
10649:
10643:
10642:
10640:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10624:
10618:
10616:
10610:
10609:
10607:
10606:
10601:
10596:
10590:
10588:
10582:
10581:
10579:
10578:
10573:
10568:
10567:
10566:
10556:
10551:
10550:
10549:
10544:
10536:
10530:
10528:
10522:
10521:
10519:
10518:
10513:
10508:
10503:
10497:
10495:
10488:
10487:
10485:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10469:
10463:
10461:
10455:
10454:
10452:
10451:
10446:
10441:
10436:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10380:
10378:
10372:
10371:
10369:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10357:
10356:
10351:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10320:
10319:
10314:
10306:
10301:
10295:
10293:
10287:
10286:
10283:
10282:
10280:
10279:
10274:
10269:
10263:
10261:
10257:
10256:
10254:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10237:
10236:
10226:
10225:
10224:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10193:
10191:
10185:
10184:
10182:
10181:
10176:
10171:
10166:
10161:
10155:
10153:
10147:
10146:
10144:
10143:
10142:
10141:
10139:Latin alphabet
10136:
10126:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10110:
10109:
10104:
10102:Latin alphabet
10099:
10091:
10086:
10085:
10084:
10079:
10071:
10070:
10069:
10064:
10056:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10040:
10039:
10034:
10032:Latin alphabet
10029:
10018:
10016:
10010:
10009:
10007:
10006:
10001:
9995:
9993:
9987:
9986:
9984:
9983:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9963:
9962:
9961:
9956:
9948:
9943:
9941:Istro-Romanian
9938:
9933:
9928:
9922:
9920:
9914:
9913:
9911:
9910:
9905:
9900:
9895:
9890:
9889:
9888:
9883:
9881:Modern Cornish
9878:
9873:
9868:
9858:
9852:
9850:
9844:
9843:
9841:
9840:
9835:
9830:
9829:
9828:
9823:
9815:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9790:
9785:
9780:
9774:
9772:
9763:
9757:
9756:
9754:
9753:
9752:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9716:
9711:
9705:
9702:
9701:
9690:
9689:
9682:
9675:
9667:
9658:
9657:
9643:
9642:
9630:
9627:
9626:
9624:
9623:
9618:
9613:
9608:
9602:
9600:
9596:
9595:
9593:
9592:
9587:
9582:
9579:ISO/IEC 8859-1
9575:
9573:
9569:
9568:
9565:
9564:
9562:
9561:
9557:
9555:
9549:
9548:
9546:
9545:
9542:
9539:
9536:
9533:
9530:
9527:
9524:
9521:
9518:
9511:
9507:
9505:
9499:
9498:
9496:
9495:
9490:
9485:
9482:
9477:
9474:
9471:
9468:
9465:
9462:
9459:
9456:
9453:
9450:
9447:
9442:
9439:
9436:
9431:
9428:
9425:
9422:
9415:
9411:
9409:
9402:
9396:
9395:
9392:
9391:
9389:
9388:
9385:
9382:
9379:
9376:
9372:
9371:
9368:
9365:
9362:
9359:
9356:
9353:
9350:
9347:
9343:
9342:
9338:
9337:
9333:
9332:
9329:
9324:
9321:
9318:
9315:
9312:
9308:
9307:
9304:
9301:
9297:
9296:
9292:
9291:
9286:
9282:
9281:
9278:
9274:
9273:
9270:
9267:
9264:
9260:
9258:
9250:
9249:
9247:
9246:
9243:
9240:
9237:
9234:
9231:
9228:
9225:
9222:
9219:
9216:
9213:
9209:
9207:
9196:
9190:
9189:
9187:
9186:
9179:
9174:
9169:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9012:
9010:
9003:
9002:
9000:
8999:
8998:
8997:
8992:
8982:
8973:
8968:
8967:
8966:
8957:
8952:
8941:
8938:
8937:
8930:
8929:
8922:
8915:
8907:
8901:
8900:
8895:
8881:
8880:External links
8878:
8877:
8876:
8869:
8853:
8850:
8849:
8848:
8835:
8818:
8789:
8774:
8761:
8744:
8733:
8714:
8699:
8684:
8671:
8664:
8649:
8643:
8630:
8624:
8611:
8604:
8584:
8571:
8568:
8566:
8565:
8540:
8529:Google Support
8516:
8490:
8483:
8463:
8447:
8440:
8420:
8407:
8379:
8377:, p. 107.
8367:
8335:
8322:
8302:
8286:
8262:
8255:
8230:
8228:, p. 106.
8218:
8199:
8186:
8173:
8171:, p. 568.
8161:
8143:
8136:
8111:
8090:
8073:
8060:
8047:
8030:
8006:
7992:
7978:
7965:
7950:
7919:
7907:
7883:
7854:
7847:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7788:
7787:
7781:
7771:
7761:
7751:
7742:
7741:
7740:
7733:
7723:
7722:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7674:
7667:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7657:
7654:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7641:
7640:
7637:
7634:
7631:
7628:
7625:
7621:
7620:
7617:
7614:
7611:
7608:
7605:
7601:
7600:
7597:
7594:
7591:
7588:
7585:
7581:
7580:
7577:
7574:
7571:
7568:
7565:
7561:
7560:
7557:
7554:
7551:
7548:
7545:
7541:
7540:
7537:
7534:
7531:
7528:
7525:
7521:
7520:
7517:
7514:
7511:
7508:
7505:
7501:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7491:
7488:
7485:
7481:
7480:
7478:
7474:
7473:
7470:
7467:
7464:
7461:
7458:
7454:
7453:
7450:
7447:
7444:
7441:
7438:
7434:
7433:
7430:
7427:
7424:
7421:
7418:
7414:
7413:
7409:
7408:
7405:
7402:
7399:
7396:
7393:
7389:
7388:
7385:
7382:
7379:
7376:
7373:
7369:
7368:
7365:
7362:
7359:
7356:
7353:
7349:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7339:
7336:
7333:
7329:
7328:
7325:
7322:
7319:
7316:
7313:
7309:
7308:
7305:
7302:
7299:
7296:
7293:
7289:
7288:
7285:
7282:
7279:
7276:
7273:
7269:
7268:
7265:
7262:
7259:
7256:
7253:
7249:
7248:
7245:
7242:
7239:
7236:
7233:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7222:
7221:
7218:
7215:
7212:
7209:
7206:
7202:
7201:
7198:
7195:
7192:
7189:
7186:
7182:
7181:
7178:
7175:
7172:
7169:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7157:
7156:
7153:
7150:
7147:
7144:
7141:
7138:
7137:
7134:
7131:
7128:
7125:
7122:
7112:
7109:
7006:Main article:
7003:
7000:
6963:
6960:
6904:
6903:Mass education
6901:
6875:
6781:
6778:
6737:
6729:
6689:Trương Vĩnh Ký
6680:
6677:
6606:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6566:
6559:
6550:
6547:
6448:
6447:
6436:
6433:
6426:
6422:
6415:
6412:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6356:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6308:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6281:
6277:
6276:
6273:
6262:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6235:
6231:
6230:
6227:
6221:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6194:
6190:
6189:
6186:
6180:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6153:
6149:
6148:
6145:
6139:
6132:
6126:
6120:
6117:
6114:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6094:
6093:IPA diacritic
6091:
6088:
6083:
6080:
6077:
6049:glottalization
6041:tonal language
6036:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6005:
5983:The diphthong
5981:
5980:
5954:
5932:The diphthong
5930:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5926:'weak, feeble'
5892:
5891:
5890:
5874:
5842:
5841:
5813:
5791:The diphthong
5771:is written as
5751:is written as
5747:The off-glide
5745:
5744:
5736:is written as
5717:is written as
5708:
5695:
5674:
5646:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5624:
5622:
5616:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5605:
5599:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5569:
5568:
5562:
5556:
5554:
5552:
5548:
5547:
5541:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5520:
5514:
5512:
5506:
5502:
5501:
5495:
5489:
5483:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5454:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5437:
5431:
5421:
5415:
5412:
5406:
5405:
5399:
5397:
5395:
5389:
5385:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5370:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5353:
5351:
5349:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5332:
5330:
5324:
5318:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5302:
5296:
5290:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5270:Rising Vowels
5268:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5251:ắc-coóc-đê-ông
5226:transcriptions
5220:). But unlike
5175:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5105:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5022:
4987:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4969:
4964:
4961:
4956:
4953:
4948:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4927:
4926:
4923:
4918:
4915:
4910:
4907:
4902:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4882:
4879:
4874:
4871:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4851:
4848:
4843:
4840:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4756:
4755:
4742:
4739:
4736:personal names
4734:In Vietnamese
4731:
4730:
4727:
4719:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4689:
4688:
4685:
4678:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4625:
4624:
4621:
4617:, followed by
4610:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4510:
4509:
4503:is pronounced
4479:is pronounced
4469:
4441:
4416:
4410:is pronounced
4390:is pronounced
4379:
4378:
4375:
4374:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4249:
4245:
4244:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4142:
4138:
4137:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4061:
4057:
4056:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4028:
4024:
4023:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3766:
3710:, for example
3698:
3697:
3696:
3695:
3653:
3652:
3637:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3590:
3573:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3548:
3539:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3488:
3479:
3470:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3445:
3436:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3397:, approximant
3387:
3378:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3353:
3344:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3316:
3314:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3293:
3284:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3259:
3250:
3245:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3194:
3185:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3152:
3143:
3134:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3109:
3100:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3065:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3042:to follow the
3032:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3007:
3003:
3002:
2971:
2962:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2913:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2865:
2863:
2854:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2829:
2820:
2815:
2806:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2755:
2746:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2689:Word-initial (
2687:
2542:
2539:
2490:: the long s,
2346:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2157:
2077:
1998:
1954:
1932:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1456:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1316:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
997:
995:
993:
986:
985:
980:
975:
970:
963:
961:
959:
948:
947:
942:
937:
932:
925:
923:
921:
914:
913:
908:
903:
898:
891:
889:
887:
880:
879:
874:
869:
864:
857:
852:
847:
836:
835:
830:
825:
820:
813:
811:
809:
798:
797:
792:
787:
782:
775:
770:
765:
758:
757:
752:
747:
742:
735:
733:
731:
724:
723:
718:
713:
708:
701:
699:
697:
690:
689:
684:
679:
674:
667:
665:
663:
656:
655:
650:
645:
640:
633:
628:
623:
612:
611:
606:
601:
596:
589:
584:
579:
568:
567:
562:
557:
552:
545:
543:
541:
530:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
503:
502:
499:
494:
489:
427:⟩, see
403:
402:
401:
399:
396:
294:. It uses the
258:
257:
240:
237:
234:
233:
231:
230:
229:
228:
227:
226:
225:
224:
223:
222:
221:
220:
210:Latin alphabet
205:Greek alphabet
195:Proto-Sinaitic
188:
186:
184:Parent systems
183:
180:
179:
175:
174:
165:
161:
160:
150:
146:
145:
140:
138:
134:
133:
126:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10888:
10877:
10874:
10872:
10869:
10867:
10864:
10862:
10859:
10857:
10854:
10853:
10851:
10836:
10833:
10832:
10830:
10828:
10824:
10818:
10815:
10813:
10810:
10809:
10807:
10805:
10801:
10795:
10792:
10790:
10787:
10785:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10776:
10774:
10772:
10767:
10761:
10758:
10756:
10753:
10752:
10750:
10748:
10744:
10738:
10735:
10733:
10730:
10728:
10725:
10724:
10722:
10720:
10716:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10684:
10680:
10677:
10676:
10674:
10672:
10667:
10661:
10658:
10656:
10653:
10652:
10650:
10648:
10644:
10638:
10635:
10633:
10630:
10628:
10625:
10623:
10620:
10619:
10617:
10615:
10611:
10605:
10602:
10600:
10597:
10595:
10592:
10591:
10589:
10587:
10583:
10577:
10574:
10572:
10569:
10565:
10562:
10561:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10548:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10539:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10531:
10529:
10527:
10523:
10517:
10514:
10512:
10509:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10498:
10496:
10494:
10489:
10483:
10480:
10478:
10475:
10473:
10470:
10468:
10465:
10464:
10462:
10460:
10459:Tungus—Manchu
10456:
10450:
10447:
10445:
10442:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10381:
10379:
10377:
10373:
10367:
10364:
10362:
10359:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10346:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10318:
10315:
10313:
10310:
10309:
10307:
10305:
10302:
10300:
10297:
10296:
10294:
10292:
10288:
10278:
10275:
10273:
10270:
10268:
10265:
10264:
10262:
10258:
10252:
10249:
10247:
10244:
10242:
10239:
10235:
10232:
10231:
10230:
10227:
10223:
10220:
10219:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10194:
10192:
10190:
10186:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10156:
10154:
10152:
10148:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10131:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10108:
10105:
10103:
10100:
10098:
10095:
10094:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10083:
10080:
10078:
10075:
10074:
10072:
10068:
10065:
10063:
10060:
10059:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10038:
10035:
10033:
10030:
10028:
10025:
10024:
10023:
10020:
10019:
10017:
10015:
10011:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9996:
9994:
9992:
9988:
9982:
9979:
9977:
9974:
9972:
9969:
9967:
9964:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9951:
9949:
9947:
9944:
9942:
9939:
9937:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9923:
9921:
9919:
9915:
9909:
9906:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9894:
9891:
9887:
9884:
9882:
9879:
9877:
9874:
9872:
9869:
9867:
9864:
9863:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9853:
9851:
9849:
9845:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9818:
9816:
9814:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9801:
9799:
9796:
9794:
9791:
9789:
9786:
9784:
9781:
9779:
9776:
9775:
9773:
9771:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9761:Indo-European
9758:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9721:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9714:Orthographies
9712:
9710:
9707:
9706:
9703:
9699:
9695:
9694:Orthographies
9688:
9683:
9681:
9676:
9674:
9669:
9668:
9665:
9655:
9652:
9648:
9645:even though "
9639:
9635:
9632:
9631:
9628:
9622:
9619:
9617:
9614:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9603:
9601:
9597:
9591:
9588:
9586:
9583:
9580:
9577:
9576:
9574:
9570:
9559:
9558:
9556:
9554:
9550:
9543:
9540:
9537:
9534:
9531:
9528:
9525:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9516:
9512:
9509:
9508:
9506:
9504:
9500:
9494:
9491:
9489:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9475:
9472:
9469:
9466:
9463:
9460:
9457:
9454:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9429:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9420:
9416:
9413:
9412:
9410:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9397:
9386:
9383:
9380:
9377:
9374:
9373:
9369:
9366:
9363:
9360:
9357:
9354:
9351:
9348:
9345:
9344:
9340:
9339:
9335:
9334:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9322:
9319:
9316:
9313:
9310:
9309:
9305:
9302:
9299:
9298:
9294:
9293:
9290:
9287:
9284:
9283:
9279:
9276:
9275:
9271:
9268:
9265:
9262:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9253:Combinative (
9251:
9244:
9241:
9238:
9235:
9232:
9229:
9226:
9223:
9220:
9217:
9214:
9211:
9210:
9208:
9205:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9191:
9185:
9184:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9167:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9085:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9063:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9049:
9047:
9044:
9042:
9039:
9037:
9034:
9032:
9029:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9017:
9014:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9004:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8987:
8986:
8983:
8981:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8958:
8956:
8953:
8951:
8948:
8947:
8946:
8943:
8942:
8939:
8935:
8928:
8923:
8921:
8916:
8914:
8909:
8908:
8905:
8899:
8896:
8893:
8888:
8884:
8883:
8874:
8870:
8868:
8867:0-9776482-0-6
8864:
8860:
8856:
8855:
8838:
8832:
8827:
8826:
8819:
8815:
8811:
8807:
8803:
8800:(2–3): 9–37.
8799:
8795:
8790:
8787:
8786:0-8248-1117-8
8783:
8779:
8775:
8764:
8758:
8753:
8752:
8745:
8741:
8740:
8734:
8731:
8730:0-415-96762-7
8727:
8723:
8719:
8715:
8712:
8711:1-55619-733-0
8708:
8704:
8700:
8697:
8696:0-19-507993-0
8693:
8689:
8685:
8681:
8677:
8672:
8669:
8665:
8662:
8661:0-87022-462-X
8658:
8654:
8650:
8646:
8640:
8637:. Routledge.
8636:
8631:
8627:
8621:
8617:
8612:
8609:
8605:
8601:
8597:
8590:
8585:
8582:
8578:
8574:
8573:
8555:
8551:
8544:
8530:
8526:
8520:
8505:
8501:
8494:
8486:
8480:
8476:
8475:
8467:
8459:
8458:
8451:
8443:
8437:
8433:
8432:
8424:
8417:
8411:
8395:on 2020-09-24
8394:
8390:
8383:
8376:
8371:
8355:
8348:
8346:
8344:
8342:
8340:
8325:
8323:0-7391-2022-0
8319:
8315:
8314:
8306:
8299:
8293:
8291:
8276:
8272:
8266:
8258:
8256:9780877277828
8252:
8248:
8244:
8237:
8235:
8227:
8222:
8214:
8210:
8203:
8196:
8190:
8183:
8177:
8170:
8169:Kornicki 2017
8165:
8157:
8153:
8147:
8139:
8137:0-87052-924-2
8133:
8129:
8125:
8124:
8115:
8108:
8104:
8100:
8094:
8087:
8083:
8077:
8070:
8064:
8057:
8051:
8044:
8040:
8034:
8020:
8016:
8010:
8002:
7996:
7988:
7982:
7975:
7969:
7961:
7957:
7953:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7932:
7931:
7923:
7916:
7911:
7903:
7899:
7898:
7890:
7888:
7880:
7879:2-912554-26-8
7876:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7858:
7850:
7848:974-8304-77-9
7844:
7840:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7827:
7822:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7785:
7782:
7779:
7775:
7772:
7769:
7765:
7762:
7759:
7755:
7752:
7749:
7746:
7745:
7743:
7738:
7734:
7731:
7727:
7726:
7724:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7678:
7677:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7658:
7655:
7652:
7649:
7646:
7643:
7642:
7638:
7635:
7632:
7629:
7626:
7623:
7622:
7618:
7615:
7612:
7609:
7606:
7603:
7602:
7598:
7595:
7592:
7589:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7578:
7575:
7572:
7569:
7566:
7563:
7562:
7558:
7555:
7552:
7549:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7538:
7535:
7532:
7529:
7526:
7523:
7522:
7518:
7515:
7512:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7498:
7495:
7492:
7489:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7476:
7475:
7471:
7468:
7465:
7462:
7459:
7456:
7455:
7451:
7448:
7445:
7442:
7439:
7436:
7435:
7431:
7428:
7425:
7422:
7419:
7416:
7415:
7410:
7406:
7403:
7400:
7397:
7394:
7391:
7390:
7386:
7383:
7380:
7377:
7374:
7371:
7370:
7366:
7363:
7360:
7357:
7354:
7351:
7350:
7346:
7343:
7340:
7337:
7334:
7331:
7330:
7326:
7323:
7320:
7317:
7314:
7311:
7310:
7306:
7303:
7300:
7297:
7294:
7291:
7290:
7286:
7283:
7280:
7277:
7274:
7271:
7270:
7266:
7263:
7260:
7257:
7254:
7251:
7250:
7246:
7243:
7240:
7237:
7234:
7231:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7219:
7216:
7213:
7210:
7207:
7204:
7203:
7199:
7196:
7193:
7190:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7179:
7176:
7173:
7170:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7158:
7154:
7151:
7148:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7139:
7135:
7132:
7129:
7126:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7116:
7108:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7097:free software
7092:
7090:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7073:
7071:
7067:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7014:
7009:
6999:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6959:
6957:
6955:
6949:
6947:
6941:
6939:
6932:
6929:
6925:
6920:
6918:
6916:
6910:
6900:
6898:
6896:
6890:
6888:
6874:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6845:
6834:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6784:In 1910, the
6777:
6773:
6768:
6767:
6762:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6747:
6743:
6735:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6676:
6674:
6672:
6671:chữ thuần nôm
6665:
6660:
6656:
6654:
6653:
6645:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6630:
6621:
6616:
6612:
6600:, or nothing.
6567:
6564:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6546:
6543:
6537:
6511:
6508:
6486:
6479:
6473:
6467:
6461:
6455:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6434:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6420:
6416:
6413:
6403:, then press
6394:
6386:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6368:
6354:
6345:
6340:
6335:
6333:
6327:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6306:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6285:
6279:
6278:
6274:
6264:mid falling,
6260:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6223:low falling,
6219:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6198:
6192:
6191:
6187:
6182:high rising,
6178:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6157:
6151:
6150:
6146:
6137:
6127:
6121:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6087:
6074:
6071:
6068:
6062:
6056:
6052:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6028:
6018:
6006:
6002:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5977:
5967:
5955:
5951:
5939:
5938:
5937:
5924:
5915:
5907:
5906:
5893:
5887:
5875:
5871:
5859:
5858:
5844:
5843:
5838:
5828:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5789:
5783:
5755:except after
5709:
5696:
5691:except after
5675:
5661:
5660:
5659:
5652:
5650:
5640:
5634:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5623:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5606:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5563:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5542:
5536:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5521:
5515:
5513:
5507:
5504:
5496:
5490:
5484:
5478:
5475:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5449:
5446:
5438:
5432:
5422:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5398:
5396:
5390:
5387:
5379:
5377:
5371:
5365:
5362:
5354:
5352:
5350:
5344:
5341:
5333:
5331:
5325:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5272:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5254:'accordion').
5252:
5248:'cardboard',
5246:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5215:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5201:
5176:
5172:
5162:
5129:
5128:
5119:
5106:
5102:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5088:
5076:
5075:
5072:
5023:
5020:
5015:
5002:
5001:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4980:
4962:
4947:
4942:
4934:
4916:
4901:
4896:
4888:
4880:
4872:
4865:
4862:
4857:
4849:
4841:
4834:
4831:
4826:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4737:
4733:
4732:
4725:
4721:
4720:
4717:y (e.g.: Vy)
4716:
4714:i (e.g.: Vi)
4713:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4668:h, k, l, m, t
4665:
4664:
4657:
4656:h, k, l, m, t
4653:
4652:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4631:
4630:b, d, đ, r, x
4627:
4626:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4576:
4572:
4571:
4565:
4561:
4560:
4553:
4552:
4545:
4544:
4533:
4527:
4502:
4498:
4490:
4486:
4478:
4473:
4466:
4454:
4450:
4445:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4409:
4405:
4397:
4389:
4384:
4380:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4350:
4346:
4339:
4335:
4327:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4308: Before
4306:
4302:
4298:
4288:
4274:
4270:
4264:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4240:except after
4239:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4174:
4170:
4161:
4157:
4143:
4139:
4125:
4121:
4115:
4108:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4083:
4076:
4062:
4058:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4036:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4019:except after
4018:
4006:
3999:
3992:
3983:
3982:
3978:
3967:
3960:
3947:
3940:
3929:
3922:
3908:
3904:
3896:
3890:
3887:
3881:
3867:
3861:
3840:
3814:
3804:
3783:
3777:Pronunciation
3754:
3740:
3735:
3714:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3648:
3638:
3634:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3605:
3600:to represent
3597:
3591:
3587:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3555:
3549:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3518:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3489:
3485:
3480:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3459:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3394:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3317:
3311:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3281:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3233:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3201:
3195:
3191:
3182:
3174:
3173:
3163:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3106:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3066:
3062:
3054:
3053:
3045:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3005:
3004:
2982:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2942:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2895:
2894:
2880:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2784:
2756:
2752:
2743:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2725:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2692:
2684:
2678:
2673:
2629:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2443:Two letters,
2441:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2130:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2024:
2014:
2008:
1999:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1933:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1893:
1879:
1873:
1863:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1621:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1591:
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251:Nùng alphabet
248:
247:Cham alphabet
244:
241:
238:Child systems
235:
218:
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70:
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63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
10755:Massachusett
10719:Austronesian
10703:
9833:West Frisian
9739:Prepositions
9713:
9650:
9646:
9644:
9637:
9633:
9616:Palaeography
9513:
9492:
9487:
9479:
9444:
9433:
9417:
9326:
9288:
9181:
9164:
9082:
9060:
8971:Latinization
8955:Hán-Nôm (漢喃)
8933:
8872:
8858:
8840:. Retrieved
8824:
8797:
8793:
8777:
8766:. Retrieved
8750:
8738:
8721:
8717:
8702:
8687:
8679:
8675:
8667:
8652:
8634:
8615:
8607:
8599:
8596:Dân Việt-Nam
8595:
8580:
8576:
8570:Bibliography
8557:. Retrieved
8553:
8543:
8532:. Retrieved
8528:
8519:
8508:. Retrieved
8503:
8493:
8473:
8466:
8456:
8450:
8430:
8423:
8415:
8410:
8397:. Retrieved
8393:the original
8382:
8370:
8360:15 September
8358:. Retrieved
8327:. Retrieved
8312:
8305:
8297:
8278:. Retrieved
8274:
8265:
8246:
8221:
8212:
8202:
8194:
8189:
8181:
8176:
8164:
8156:Omniglot.com
8155:
8146:
8122:
8114:
8093:
8085:
8076:
8068:
8063:
8055:
8050:
8042:
8033:
8022:. Retrieved
8018:
8009:
7995:
7986:
7981:
7968:
7929:
7922:
7910:
7896:
7870:
7866:
7857:
7838:
7777:
7768:input method
7767:
7757:
7114:
7093:
7089:Windows-1258
7085:Verdana font
7074:
7066:Windows-1258
7058:VSCII (TCVN)
7041:
7019:
6975:
6971:
6965:
6954:chữ Quốc ngữ
6951:
6946:chữ Quốc ngữ
6943:
6938:chữ Quốc ngữ
6935:
6933:
6921:
6915:chữ Quốc ngữ
6912:
6911:promulgated
6906:
6895:chữ Quốc ngữ
6892:
6887:chữ Quốc ngữ
6884:
6882:
6871:
6864:chữ Quốc ngữ
6861:
6844:chữ Quốc ngữ
6841:
6813:chữ Quốc ngữ
6791:chữ Quốc ngữ
6783:
6772:chữ Quốc ngữ
6764:
6749:missionaries
6739:
6734:chữ Quốc ngữ
6731:Creation of
6725:chữ quốc ngữ
6724:
6721:Gia Dinh Bao
6716:
6712:
6708:
6704:
6701:chữ quốc ngự
6700:
6696:
6692:
6685:chữ Quốc ngữ
6684:
6682:
6668:
6648:
6636:
6626:
6552:
6512:
6449:
6444:glottal stop
6430:glottal stop
6376:
6197:grave accent
6156:acute accent
6057:
6053:
6038:
5987:is written:
5982:
5936:is written:
5931:
5812:'sugar cane'
5795:is written:
5790:
5775:instead of *
5746:
5732:), and that
5721:instead of *
5679:in front of
5658:is written:
5653:
5648:
5647:
5426:oai/(q)uai,
5283:nucleus (V)
5111:otherwise):
5104:'to advise';
5018:
4989:
4988:
4780:
4777:Vowel nuclei
4765:
4761:
4759:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4723:
4710:proper nouns
4705:
4693:
4682:
4667:
4655:
4644:
4640:
4629:
4618:
4614:
4600:
4596:
4585:
4574:
4563:
4514:The uses of
4513:
4500:
4496:
4488:
4484:
4476:
4472:
4464:
4452:
4448:
4444:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4407:
4403:
4395:
4387:
4383:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4286:
4262:
4241:
4237:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4172:
4168:
4159:
4155:
4113:
4106:
4096:
4092:
4081:
4074:
4020:
4016:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3980:
3976:
3965:
3958:
3945:
3938:
3927:
3920:
3784:
3780:
3702:
3550:Realized as
3447:Realized as
3322:represented
3267:main article
3196:Realized as
3071:represented
2977:represented
2875:represented
2837:main article
2779:Realized as
2625:
2544:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2433:
2428:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2349:
2192:
2190:
2064:'fluorine',
2036:'double u',
1976:
1974:Greek letter
1947:'trousers',
1881:to refer to
1865:to refer to
1628:pronounced)
1572:
1571:
1460:
1459:
1422:
1421:
1208:
1207:
1164:
1163:
1126:
1125:
952:
951:
840:
839:
802:
801:
616:
615:
572:
571:
534:
533:
498:pronounced)
458:
435:
423:and ⟨
405:
389:
385:Latin script
316:
296:Latin script
272:chữ Quốc ngữ
263:
261:
255:Tày alphabet
129:chữ Quốc ngữ
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
10827:Constructed
10586:Niger–Congo
10526:Afroasiatic
10384:Azerbaijani
10317:orthography
10082:orthography
10067:orthography
9826:orthography
9729:Determiners
9709:Phonologies
9255:Multigraphs
9202:Elemental (
7915:Tran (2022)
7659:ỵ (U+1EF5)
7639:ự (U+1EF1)
7619:ụ (U+1EE5)
7599:ợ (U+1EE3)
7579:ộ (U+1ED9)
7559:ọ (U+1ECD)
7539:ị (U+1ECB)
7519:ệ (U+1EC7)
7499:ẹ (U+1EB9)
7472:ậ (U+1EAD)
7452:ặ (U+1EB7)
7432:ạ (U+1EA1)
7407:Ỵ (U+1EF4)
7387:Ự (U+1EF0)
7367:Ụ (U+1EE4)
7347:Ợ (U+1EE2)
7327:Ộ (U+1ED8)
7307:Ọ (U+1ECC)
7287:Ị (U+1ECA)
7267:Ệ (U+1EC6)
7247:Ẹ (U+1EB8)
7220:Ậ (U+1EAC)
7200:Ặ (U+1EB6)
7180:Ạ (U+1EA0)
7155:̣ (U+0323)
7130:Perispomeni
7026:Basic Latin
6868:to spread.
6808:Liam Kelley
6141:mid level,
5897:changes to
5889:'to advise'
5459:oay/(q)uay*
5430:oao/(q)uao*
5329:oeo/(q)ueo*
5307:off-glides
5301:off-glides
5211:variant of
5181:is written
5134:is written
4538:"Standard"
2696:Word-final
2681:Consonants
2281:Lower case
2207:Upper case
2180:grass jelly
1593:ʔi˧˧za̤ːj˨˩
1109:ʔɛn˧˧nə̤ː˨˩
1075:ʔɛm˧˧mə̤ː˨˩
137:Script type
10850:Categories
10817:Papiamento
10704:Vietnamese
10671:East Asian
10308:Hungarian
10217:Hindustani
10189:Indo-Aryan
10054:Macedonian
10022:Belarusian
10004:Lithuanian
9966:Portuguese
9724:Adjectives
9400:Consonants
9009:of letters
8980:Tone marks
8976:Intonation
8964:Portuguese
8836:0471016209
8762:1871516439
8682:: 163–182.
8559:2022-03-20
8534:2022-03-20
8510:2022-03-20
8504:VietNamNet
8399:2020-09-24
8329:2010-11-28
8280:2019-04-13
8024:2017-10-30
7818:References
7714:Hook above
7656:ý (U+00FD)
7653:ỹ (U+1EF9)
7650:ỷ (U+1EF7)
7647:ỳ (U+1EF3)
7636:ứ (U+1EE9)
7633:ữ (U+1EEF)
7630:ử (U+1EED)
7627:ừ (U+1EEB)
7624:ư (U+01B0)
7616:ú (U+00FA)
7613:ũ (U+0169)
7610:ủ (U+1EE7)
7607:ù (U+00F9)
7596:ớ (U+1EDB)
7593:ỡ (U+1EE1)
7590:ở (U+1EDF)
7587:ờ (U+1EDD)
7584:ơ (U+01A1)
7576:ố (U+1ED1)
7573:ỗ (U+1ED7)
7570:ổ (U+1ED5)
7567:ồ (U+1ED3)
7564:ô (U+00F4)
7556:ó (U+00F3)
7553:õ (U+00F5)
7550:ỏ (U+1ECF)
7547:ò (U+00F2)
7536:í (U+00ED)
7533:ĩ (U+0129)
7530:ỉ (U+1EC9)
7527:ì (U+00EC)
7516:ế (U+1EBF)
7513:ễ (U+1EC5)
7510:ể (U+1EC3)
7507:ề (U+1EC1)
7504:ê (U+00EA)
7496:é (U+00E9)
7493:ẽ (U+1EBD)
7490:ẻ (U+1EBB)
7487:è (U+00E8)
7477:đ (U+0111)
7469:ấ (U+1EA5)
7466:ẫ (U+1EAB)
7463:ẩ (U+1EA9)
7460:ầ (U+1EA7)
7457:â (U+00E2)
7449:ắ (U+1EAF)
7446:ẵ (U+1EB5)
7443:ẳ (U+1EB3)
7440:ằ (U+1EB1)
7437:ă (U+0103)
7429:á (U+00E1)
7426:ã (U+00E3)
7423:ả (U+1EA3)
7420:à (U+00E0)
7404:Ý (U+00DD)
7401:Ỹ (U+1EF8)
7398:Ỷ (U+1EF6)
7395:Ỳ (U+1EF2)
7384:Ứ (U+1EE8)
7381:Ữ (U+1EEE)
7378:Ử (U+1EEC)
7375:Ừ (U+1EEA)
7372:Ư (U+01AF)
7364:Ú (U+00DA)
7361:Ũ (U+0168)
7358:Ủ (U+1EE6)
7355:Ù (U+00D9)
7344:Ớ (U+1EDA)
7341:Ỡ (U+1EE0)
7338:Ở (U+1EDE)
7335:Ờ (U+1EDC)
7332:Ơ (U+01A0)
7324:Ố (U+1ED0)
7321:Ỗ (U+1ED6)
7318:Ổ (U+1ED4)
7315:Ồ (U+1ED2)
7312:Ô (U+00D4)
7304:Ó (U+00D3)
7301:Õ (U+00D5)
7298:Ỏ (U+1ECE)
7295:Ò (U+00D2)
7284:Í (U+00CD)
7281:Ĩ (U+0128)
7278:Ỉ (U+1EC8)
7275:Ì (U+00CC)
7264:Ế (U+1EBE)
7261:Ễ (U+1EC4)
7258:Ể (U+1EC2)
7255:Ề (U+1EC0)
7252:Ê (U+00CA)
7244:É (U+00C9)
7241:Ẽ (U+1EBC)
7238:Ẻ (U+1EBA)
7235:È (U+00C8)
7225:Đ (U+0110)
7217:Ấ (U+1EA4)
7214:Ẫ (U+1EAA)
7211:Ẩ (U+1EA8)
7208:Ầ (U+1EA6)
7205:Â (U+00C2)
7197:Ắ (U+1EAE)
7194:Ẵ (U+1EB4)
7191:Ẳ (U+1EB2)
7188:Ằ (U+1EB0)
7185:Ă (U+0102)
7177:Á (U+00C1)
7174:Ã (U+00C3)
7171:Ả (U+1EA2)
7168:À (U+00C0)
7152:́ (U+0301)
7149:̃ (U+0303)
7146:̉ (U+0309)
7143:̀ (U+0300)
7048:block. An
6970:, such as
6818:Thành Thái
6366:(Southern)
6272:(Southern)
6238:hook above
6086:Input keys
6079:Diacritic
6035:Tone marks
5700:following
5654:The glide
5388:ia/iê/yê*
5289:on-glides
5171:kính coong
5130:The vowel
5121:'to love'.
5074:'America'
4996:The vowel
4483:except in
4394:except in
4332:otherwise
4185:(= before
3694:and so on.
2547:Portuguese
2541:Consonants
1626:Name (when
1603:ʔi˧˧jaːj˨˩
1598:ʔi˧˥zaːj˧˧
1555:ʔik˧˥si̤˨˩
1371:ʔɛt˧˥si̤˨˩
1337:ʔɛ˧˧zə̤ː˨˩
1119:ʔɛŋ˧˧nəː˨˩
1114:ʔɛn˧˥nəː˧˧
1085:ʔɛm˧˧məː˨˩
1080:ʔɛm˧˥məː˧˧
1041:ʔɛ˧˧lə̤ː˨˩
496:Name (when
492:Input keys
323:diacritics
308:missionary
292:Vietnamese
268:Vietnamese
168:Vietnamese
99:April 2018
69:newspapers
10835:Esperanto
10784:Inuktitut
10694:Mongolian
10637:Malayalam
10614:Dravidian
10344:Mordvinic
10229:Maldivian
10129:Ukrainian
10044:Bulgarian
9926:Aromanian
9813:Norwegian
9808:Icelandic
9778:Afrikaans
9572:Standards
9553:Trigraphs
9408:Unigraphs
9204:Unigraphs
8814:250513843
8434:. Wiley.
7960:242359233
7002:Computing
6928:Khải Định
6788:enforced
6549:Structure
6542:tuần chay
6425:English).
6332:dot below
6116:unmarked
6051:pattern.
6004:'to rain'
5830:'piece';
5669:(spelled
5453:oă/(q)uă*
5420:oa/(q)ua*
5404:iêu/yêu*
5323:oe/(q)ue*
5166:/kǐŋkɔ̄ŋ/
4895:Close-mid
4833:Centering
4827:Spelling
4821:Spelling
4815:Spelling
4423:However,
4365:(= after
3898:Spelling
3869:), after
3734:tone mark
3664:, except
3413:or trill
2713:Southern
2710:Northern
2707:Southern
2704:Northern
2686:Grapheme
2630:consist:
2598:quō vādis
2565:(compare
2175:sương sáo
2169:sương xáo
2070:'joule',
1956:The name
1792:je˧˧kɛp˧˥
1782:ve˧˥kɛp˩˩
1772:ve˧˧kɛp˧˥
1565:ʔɨt˧˥si˨˩
1560:ʔik˩˩si˧˧
1381:ʔɛk˧˥ʂi˨˩
1376:ʔɛt˩˩si˧˧
1347:ʔɛ˧˧ɹəː˨˩
1342:ʔɛ˧˥ɹəː˧˧
1051:ʔɛ˧˧ləː˨˩
1046:ʔɛ˧˥ləː˧˧
462:nguyên âm
442:loanwords
298:based on
164:Languages
10779:Cherokee
10732:Hawaiian
10727:Filipino
10660:Okinawan
10655:Japanese
10564:Biblical
10538:Aramaic
10516:Georgian
10493:European
10334:Livonian
10324:Karelian
10312:alphabet
10299:Estonian
10272:Armenian
10267:Albanian
10212:Gurmukhi
10207:Gujarati
10089:Silesian
10077:alphabet
10073:Russian
10062:alphabet
9976:Sicilian
9971:Romanian
9959:alphabet
9821:alphabet
9817:Swedish
9770:Germanic
9744:Pronouns
9719:Grammars
9503:Digraphs
8985:Numerals
8842:24 April
8768:24 April
8602:: 61–68.
8215:. Brill.
7778:encoding
7666:See also
7121:Unmarked
7099:such as
6876:—
6796:Cambodia
6679:The name
6536:tuân thủ
6521:but not
6022:/tɨ̌ə̯j/
6012:/mɨ̄ə̯ŋ/
5953:'to buy'
5917:'calm';
5881:/xwīə̯n/
5394:uyê/uya*
5245:các-tông
5218:/ʔə̆̄wŋ/
5096:/xwīə̯n/
4941:Open-mid
4772:Spelling
4535:Context
3837:only in
3688:will be
3676:will be
3598:⟩
3594:⟨
3213:Ngh ngh
2672:trigraph
2628:digraphs
2574:Giuseppe
2465:Lâm đồng
2461:đồng Nai
2459:will be
2457:Lâm Đồng
2453:Đồng Nai
1959:i-cờ-rét
1950:quyến rũ
1663:Phoneme
1657:Phoneme
1651:Phoneme
421:/ /
417:Help:IPA
312:Portugal
142:Alphabet
10789:Nahuatl
10679:Chinese
10647:Japonic
10632:Kannada
10571:Maltese
10542:Aramaic
10434:Turkmen
10429:Turkish
10394:Crimean
10389:Bashkir
10304:Finnish
10241:Marathi
10197:Bengali
10174:Persian
10164:Kurdish
10159:Avestan
10151:Iranian
10124:Sorbian
10119:Slovene
10058:Polish
9999:Latvian
9981:Spanish
9946:Italian
9931:Catalan
9918:Romance
9861:Cornish
9838:Yiddish
9798:Faroese
9793:English
9696:of the
9599:Related
9585:Unicode
8945:History
8875:. 1991.
8375:Li 2020
8226:Li 2020
8158:. 2014.
7784:Unicode
7737:Chữ Nôm
7730:Chữ Hán
7060:, VNI,
7042:dau hoi
7022:Unicode
6992:English
6980:chữ Hán
6823:Hán văn
6664:chữ Hán
6652:chữ Nôm
6644:chữ Hán
6638:chữ Hán
6629:Chinese
6605:History
6539:before
6419:breathy
6317:dấu hỏi
6082:Symbol
5996:/mɨ̄ə̯/
5971:/sūə̯j/
5961:/mūə̯n/
5865:/xwīə̯/
5832:/sīə̯w/
5822:/mǐə̯ŋ/
5628:ua/uô*
5551:ưa/ươ*
5410:central
5209:Hà Tĩnh
5205:Nghệ An
5185:before
5146:(since
5138:before
5113:/ʔīə̯w/
4858:uô/ua*
4850:ươ/ưa*
4842:iê/ia*
4801:Central
4706:n, s, v
4694:n, s, v
4493:/kwə̆w/
4215:before
4154:before
3857:(as in
3405:, flap
3222:before
3038:before
2935:before
2603:English
2591:kinesis
2563:Italian
2509:Normal
2153:bánh mỳ
2147:bánh mì
2144:, e.g.
2126:) e.g.
1978:upsilon
1898:sờ nặng
1892:sờ mạnh
1869:and as
1642:Sài Gòn
1637:Nghệ An
1623:Letter
527:Sài Gòn
522:Nghệ An
488:Letter
409:in the
357:(as in
319:letters
279:
154:Jesuits
149:Creator
83:scholar
10804:Creole
10769:other
10760:Ojibwe
10689:Korean
10683:Dungan
10669:other
10627:Telugu
10576:Somali
10559:Hebrew
10547:Syriac
10534:Arabic
10511:Dargwa
10506:Basque
10501:Abkhaz
10491:other
10477:Manchu
10472:Evenki
10439:Uyghur
10414:Kyrgyz
10409:Khakas
10404:Kazakh
10399:Gagauz
10376:Turkic
10366:Udmurt
10354:Erzyan
10349:Moksha
10291:Uralic
10251:Romani
10234:Thaana
10202:Chakma
10169:Pashto
10114:Slovak
10014:Slavic
9991:Baltic
9950:Latin
9936:French
9856:Breton
9848:Celtic
9803:German
9783:Danish
9621:QWERTY
9194:Vowels
8865:
8833:
8812:
8784:
8759:
8728:
8709:
8694:
8659:
8641:
8622:
8554:UniKey
8481:
8438:
8320:
8253:
8134:
7958:
7948:
7877:
7845:
7774:VISCII
7101:Unikey
7062:VISCII
6854:Tonkin
6833:Nam âm
6746:Jesuit
6496:. The
6440:creaky
6387:) and
6076:Order
5979:'down'
5945:/mūə̯/
5919:/ǐə̯w/
5909:/īə̯n/
5886:khuyên
5853:after
5804:/mǐə̯/
5740:after
5665:after
5636:/uə̯j/
5565:/ɨə̯w/
5559:/ɨə̯j/
5486:/wə̆j/
5402:/iə̯w/
5392:/wiə̯/
5156:/ʔɔ̌k/
5101:khuyên
5028:after
4824:Sound
4818:Sound
4812:Sound
4745:either
4722:After
4704:After
4692:After
4681:After
4666:After
4654:After
4639:After
4628:After
4613:After
4595:After
4584:After
4461:/uə̯k/
4457:/uə̯ŋ/
4357:
4351:
4340:
4291:
4285:after
4281:
4275:
4257:
4251:
4232:
4211:
4205:
4177:
4163:
4150:
4144:
4132:
4126:
4101:
4089:
4069:
4063:
4052:
4041:
4030:
4011:
3985:
3973:
3953:
3915:
3909:
3901:Sound
3810:while
3808:/tă̄j/
3800:(i.e.
3772:Vowels
3529:Tr tr
3511:Th th
3334:Qu qu
3304:Ph ph
3297:Arabic
3235:Nh nh
3175:Ng ng
3055:Kh kh
2952:Gi gi
2928:Gh gh
2796:Ch ch
2699:Notes
2568:ghetto
2551:French
2416:, and
2390:, and
2370:, and
2094:' and
2045:vê đúp
2039:vê kép
2013:ép-phờ
1989:) and
1969:i grec
1918:i ngắn
1908:xờ nhẹ
1766:vê kép
1632:Hà Nội
1549:ích-xì
945:haːk˧˥
940:haːt˩˩
935:haːt˧˥
468:phụ âm
425:
373:, and
349:, and
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
10794:Osage
10747:Algic
10737:Malay
10709:Nivkh
10622:Tamil
10599:Sotho
10482:Udege
10449:Yakut
10444:Uzbek
10424:Tatar
10419:Nogai
10339:Mansi
10277:Greek
10260:other
10179:Tajik
10049:Czech
9908:Welsh
9893:Irish
9788:Dutch
9749:Verbs
9734:Nouns
8995:Roman
8960:Latin
8810:S2CID
8592:(PDF)
8099:tilde
7956:S2CID
7934:(PDF)
7748:Telex
7133:Acute
7124:Grave
7105:Telex
7070:UTF-8
7050:ASCII
6830:) or
6703:(not
6483:*
6385:TELEX
6284:tilde
6218:huyền
6136:ngang
6102:TELEX
6090:Name
6017:mương
5985:/ɨə̯/
5934:/uə̯/
5870:khuya
5827:miếng
5793:/iə̯/
5779:(cf.
5725:(cf.
5687:, or
5649:Notes
5498:/ə̆w/
5492:/ə̆j/
5480:/wə̆/
5457:/wăj/
5428:/waw/
5424:/waj/
5373:/wiw/
5327:/wɛw/
5313:front
5195:/ʔōŋ/
5081:when:
5066:/mǐˀ/
5009:/sǐˀ/
4990:Notes
4873:i, y
4864:Close
4854:/uə̯/
4846:/ɨə̯/
4838:/iə̯/
4796:Front
4619:ê, nh
4601:ê, nh
4505:/uə̯/
4485:quông
4481:/kwo/
4412:/uə̯/
4400:/kwă/
4392:/kwa/
4266:/ɨə̯/
4213:/ə̆w/
4117:/iə̯/
4110:/iə̯/
4087:, see
4071:/ə̆j/
4008:/iə̯/
4001:/iə̯/
3994:/ɨə̯/
3971:, see
3933:(but
3883:and *
3824:with
3818:/tāj/
3670:. So
3649:]
3645:[
3616:]
3612:[
3606:]
3602:[
3556:]
3552:[
3500:]
3496:[
3453:]
3449:[
3419:]
3415:[
3411:]
3407:[
3403:]
3399:[
3395:]
3391:[
3359:if a
3328:]
3324:[
3202:]
3198:[
3164:]
3160:[
3077:]
3073:[
2785:]
2781:[
2773:if a
2620:queen
2584:canis
2440:/β/.
2033:u kép
1995:/wi˧/
1987:/əː˧/
1928:y dài
1837:jɛk˧˥
1827:zɛt˩˩
1817:zɛt˧˥
1727:zi̤˧˧
1702:ʔɛp˧˥
1692:ʔɛp˩˩
1682:ʔɛp˧˥
1611:Notes
1587:i dài
1365:ét-sì
1308:kwi˧˥
1303:kwi˧˧
1245:ʔəː˧˧
1240:ʔəː˧˥
1235:ʔəː˧˧
1103:en-nờ
1069:em-mờ
1017:kaː˧˧
1012:kaː˧˥
1007:kaː˧˧
795:ʔɗe˧˧
790:ʔɗe˧˥
785:ʔɗe˧˧
687:ʔɓe˧˧
682:ʔɓe˧˥
677:ʔɓe˧˧
653:ʔəː˧˥
648:ʔəː˩˩
643:ʔəː˧˥
609:ʔaː˧˥
604:ʔaː˩˩
599:ʔaː˧˥
565:ʔaː˧˧
560:ʔaː˧˥
555:ʔaː˧˧
517:Hanoi
507:TELEX
413:(IPA)
392:tones
310:from
90:JSTOR
76:books
10699:Thai
10594:Fula
10467:Even
10361:Sámi
10329:Komi
10246:Odia
10222:Urdu
9898:Manx
9007:List
8990:Arab
8863:ISBN
8844:2014
8831:ISBN
8782:ISBN
8770:2014
8757:ISBN
8726:ISBN
8707:ISBN
8692:ISBN
8657:ISBN
8639:ISBN
8620:ISBN
8479:ISBN
8436:ISBN
8362:2021
8318:ISBN
8251:ISBN
8132:ISBN
7946:ISBN
7875:ISBN
7843:ISBN
7764:VIQR
7136:Dot
7127:Hook
7079:and
7064:and
7036:and
6976:Việt
6972:Viet
6852:and
6800:Laos
6798:and
6759:and
6613:and
6529:and
6517:and
6485:thúê
6478:thuế
6391:(in
6383:(in
6353:nặng
6119:N/A
6064:and
6027:tưới
5976:xuôi
5966:muôn
5845:The
5837:xiêu
5786:/aj/
5769:/ăj/
5759:and
5730:/aw/
5715:/ăw/
5704:and
5619:/uj/
5602:/oj/
5585:/ɔj/
5573:back
5567:ươu
5544:/ɨw/
5538:/ɨj/
5523:/əw/
5517:/əj/
5509:/wə/
5469:/ăw/
5463:/ăj/
5451:/wă/
5440:/aw/
5434:/aj/
5418:/wa/
5381:/iw/
5367:/wi/
5356:/ew/
5346:/we/
5335:/ɛw/
5321:/wɛ/
5231:voọc
5200:ôông
5152:/ăw/
5000:is:
4946:Open
4931:/ə̆/
4806:Back
4518:and
4489:quôc
4487:and
4459:and
4451:and
4449:uông
4437:/ɔk/
4435:and
4433:/ɔŋ/
4427:and
4425:oong
4396:quay
4369:and
4316:and
4303:and
4259:/ə̯/
4234:/ə̯/
4219:and
4158:and
4152:/ăw/
4112:and
4103:/ə̯/
4080:and
4043:/ə̆/
4013:/ə̯/
4003:and
3987:/ə̯/
3964:and
3955:/ăj/
3949:/aj/
3944:and
3942:/aw/
3931:/ăj/
3926:and
3924:/ăw/
3796:and
3788:and
3750:and
3627:X x
3563:V v
3460:T t
3426:S s
3368:R r
3274:P p
3248:/ʲŋ/
3124:N n
3099:M m
3083:L l
3022:K k
3006:H h
2989:and
2912:G g
2896:Đ đ
2887:and
2844:D d
2818:/ʲk/
2736:C c
2718:B b
2614:kite
2557:and
2525:and
2463:and
2455:and
2447:and
2338:v/u
2332:ſ/s
2162:and
2136:and
2100:/i˧/
2092:/i˧/
2073:bazơ
2055:giét
1962:for
1944:quần
1811:giét
1806:, z
1761:, w
1747:ji˧˧
1737:ji˧˥
1716:, j
1671:, f
1660:IPA
1654:IPA
1648:IPA
1540:, x
1531:je˧˧
1526:ve˧˥
1521:ve˧˧
1506:, v
1497:ʔɨ˧˧
1492:ʔɨ˧˥
1487:ʔɨ˧˧
1470:UW/W
1453:ʔu˧˧
1448:ʔu˧˥
1443:ʔu˧˧
1415:te˧˧
1410:te˧˥
1405:te˧˧
1390:, t
1356:, s
1331:e-rờ
1322:, r
1313:wi˧˧
1288:, q
1279:pe˧˧
1274:pe˧˥
1269:pe˧˧
1254:, p
1201:ʔo˧˧
1196:ʔo˧˥
1191:ʔo˧˧
1157:ʔɔ˧˧
1152:ʔɔ˧˥
1147:ʔɔ˧˧
1094:, n
1060:, m
1035:e-lờ
1026:, l
992:, k
983:ʔi˧˧
978:ʔi˧˥
973:ʔi˧˧
920:, h
911:jə˧˧
906:zə˧˥
901:zə˧˧
886:, g
877:ʔe˧˧
872:ʔe˧˥
867:ʔe˧˧
833:ʔɛ˧˧
828:ʔɛ˧˥
823:ʔɛ˧˧
764:, đ
755:je˧˧
750:ze˧˥
745:ze˧˧
730:, d
721:se˧˧
716:se˧˥
711:se˧˧
696:, c
662:, b
501:IPA
380:nhất
355:tone
283:IPA:
277:lit.
262:The
156:and
62:news
10604:Vai
9560:ngh
9387:ươi
9370:uyê
9367:uôi
9331:oai
9306:iêu
8802:doi
8724:).
8086:HAL
8043:HAL
7938:doi
7758:and
7754:VNI
6994:or
6705:ngữ
6500:in
6472:huỷ
6466:hoá
6460:hủy
6454:hóa
6393:VNI
6360:˧˨ˀ
6312:˧˥ˀ
6305:ngã
6270:˨˩˥
6259:hỏi
6177:sắc
6107:VNI
6067:ngã
6061:hỏi
6001:mưa
5950:mua
5923:yếu
5914:yên
5809:mía
5788:).
5749:/j/
5734:/i/
5667:/k/
5656:/w/
5638:uôi
5561:ươi
5546:ưu
5525:ơu
5500:âu
5488:uây
5471:au
5442:ao
5383:iu
5375:uyu
5358:êu
5337:eo
5305:/w/
5299:/j/
5293:/w/
5287:/w/
5234:),
5214:ông
5189:or
5179:/o/
5161:oóc
5154:):
5142:or
5132:/ɔ/
5118:yêu
5019:-er
4998:/i/
4977:/ă/
4967:/ɔ/
4959:/a/
4951:/ɛ/
4921:/o/
4913:/ə/
4905:/e/
4900:Mid
4885:/u/
4877:/ɨ/
4869:/i/
4783:IPA
4751:y,
4524:/i/
4477:quô
4453:uôc
4429:ooc
4388:qua
4359:/j/
4353:/i/
4342:/ɨ/
4330:/u/
4322:/w/
4293:/w/
4283:/w/
4277:/u/
4261:in
4253:/ə/
4236:in
4207:/o/
4193:or
4179:/w/
4171:or
4165:/w/
4146:/ɔ/
4134:/j/
4128:/i/
4105:in
4085:/k/
4078:/ŋ/
4065:/e/
4054:/ɛ/
4032:/ă/
4015:in
3989:in
3969:/k/
3962:/ŋ/
3937:in
3935:/a/
3919:in
3917:/ă/
3911:/a/
3866:yết
3860:yếm
3835:/i/
3813:tai
3803:tay
3756:is
3753:gía
3742:is
3739:giá
3724:or
3713:gia
3361:/w/
3299:).
3269:).
3200:ŋ͡m
2867:In
2839:).
2783:k͡p
2775:/w/
2691:IPA
2626:10
2623:).
2608:cat
2479:is
2471:is
2197:of
2172:or
2102:'.
2067:jun
2061:flo
2026:),
2016:),
1925:as
1915:as
1905:as
1895:or
1889:as
1875:or
1859:or
1842:/j/
1832:/z/
1822:/z/
1797:/w/
1787:/w/
1777:/w/
1752:/j/
1742:/z/
1732:/z/
1707:/f/
1697:/f/
1687:/f/
1576:, y
1464:, ư
1426:, u
1297:quy
1212:, ơ
1168:, ô
1130:, o
956:, i
929:hát
895:giê
844:, ê
806:, e
620:, â
576:, ă
538:, a
512:VNI
448:or
45:by
10852::
9651:qu
9544:tr
9541:th
9538:qu
9535:ph
9532:nh
9529:ng
9526:kh
9523:gi
9520:gh
9515:dz
9510:ch
9384:ưu
9381:ươ
9378:ưi
9375:ưa
9364:uy
9361:uơ
9358:uô
9355:ui
9352:uê
9349:uâ
9346:ua
9341:ơi
9336:ôi
9327:oy
9323:oo
9320:oi
9317:oe
9314:oă
9311:oa
9303:iu
9300:iê
9295:êu
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9285:eo
9280:ây
9277:âu
9272:ay
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9183:Zz
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9166:Ww
9160:Vv
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9130:Qq
9125:Pp
9120:Ơơ
9115:Ôô
9110:Oo
9105:Nn
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9095:Ll
9090:Kk
9084:Jj
9078:Ii
9073:Hh
9068:Gg
9062:Ff
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9051:Ee
9046:Đđ
9041:Dd
9036:Cc
9031:Bb
9026:Ââ
9021:Ăă
9016:Aa
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8796:.
8680:20
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8594:.
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8579:,
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8211:.
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7869:–
7825:^
7702:,
7698:,
7694:,
7690:,
7686:,
7682:,
7107:.
7072:.
7032:,
7028:,
6838:南音
6828:漢文
6596:,
6592:,
6588:,
6584:,
6580:,
6576:,
6572:,
6469:,
6457:,
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