Austroasiatic languages

3427: 2973:(Sidwell 2006). Acehnese has many basic words that are of Austroasiatic origin, suggesting that either Austronesian speakers have absorbed earlier Austroasiatic residents in northern Sumatra, or that words might have been borrowed from Austroasiatic languages in southern Vietnam – or perhaps a combination of both. Sidwell (2006) argues that Acehnese and Chamic had often borrowed Austroasiatic words independently of each other, while some Austroasiatic words can be traced back to Proto-Aceh-Chamic. Sidwell (2006) accepts that Acehnese and Chamic are related, but that they had separated from each other before Chamic had borrowed most of its Austroasiatic lexicon. 1164: 3530: 2559:(2017) suggests that vocabulary related to aquatic subsistence strategies (such as boats, waterways, river fauna, and fish capture techniques) can be reconstructed for Proto-Austroasiatic. Blench (2017) finds widespread Austroasiatic roots for 'river, valley', 'boat', 'fish', 'catfish sp.', 'eel', 'prawn', 'shrimp' (Central Austroasiatic), 'crab', 'tortoise', 'turtle', 'otter', 'crocodile', 'heron, fishing bird', and 'fish trap'. Archaeological evidence for the presence of agriculture in northern 2098: 200: 2578:, whose speakers had a distinct non-riverine culture. In addition to living an aquatic-based lifestyle, early Austroasiatic speakers would have also had access to livestock, crops, and newer types of watercraft. As early Austroasiatic speakers dispersed rapidly via waterways, they would have encountered speakers of older language families who were already settled in the area, such as Sino-Tibetan. 2553:

into an early and late stratum. The early stratum consists of basic lexicon including body parts, animal names, natural features, and pronouns, while the names of cultural items (agriculture terms and words for cultural artifacts, which are reconstructible in Proto-Austroasiatic) form part of the later stratum.

2469:

A subsequent computational phylogenetic analysis (Sidwell 2015b) suggests that Austroasiatic branches may have a loosely nested structure rather than a completely rake-like structure, with an east–west division (consisting of Munda, Khasic, Palaungic, and Khmuic forming a western group as opposed to

2146:

as an additional branch, and believe that a Vieto-Katuic connection is worth investigating. In general, however, the family is thought to have diversified too quickly for a deeply nested structure to have developed, since Proto-Austroasiatic speakers are believed by Sidwell to have radiated out from

5485:

Gregory D. S. Anderson and Norman H. Zide. 2002. Issues in Proto-Munda and Proto-Austroasiatic Nominal Derivation: The Bimoraic Constraint. In Marlys A. Macken (ed.) Papers from the 10th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University, South East Asian

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area about 4,000-4,500 years before present, instead of the Middle Mekong as he had previously proposed. Austroasiatic dispersed coastal maritime routes and also upstream through river valleys. Khmuic, Palaungic, and Khasic resulted from a westward dispersal that ultimately came from the Red Valley

2552:

Paul Sidwell (2018) considers the Austroasiatic language family to have rapidly diversified around 4,000 years B.P. during the arrival of rice agriculture in Indochina, but notes that the origin of Proto-Austroasiatic itself is older than that date. The lexicon of Proto-Austroasiatic can be divided

609:

followed by a stressed, full syllable. This reduction of presyllables has led to a variety of phonological shapes of the same original Proto-Austroasiatic prefixes, such as the causative prefix, ranging from CVC syllables to consonant clusters to single consonants among the modern languages. As for

2520:

At 4,500 B.P., this "Neolithic package" suddenly arrived in Indochina from the Lingnan area without cereal grains and displaced the earlier pre-Neolithic hunter-gatherer cultures, with grain husks found in northern Indochina by 4,100 B.P. and in southern Indochina by 3,800 B.P. However, Sidwell

941:

these families within Austroasiatic are debated. In addition to the traditional classification, two recent proposals are given, neither of which accepts traditional "Mon–Khmer" as a valid unit. However, little of the data used for competing classifications has ever been published, and therefore

4851:

In our study, we found the sharing of a large amount of ancestry (>50%) among the Vietnam Late Neolithic ancients, Wa_L and Blang_X, indicating the Yunnan Austroasiatic populations had been influenced both linguistically and genetically by the expansion of Austroasiatic groups from mainland

2127:

comparison of 36 languages which are well known enough to exclude loanwords, finds little evidence for internal branching, though he did find an area of increased contact between the Bahnaric and Katuic languages, such that languages of all branches apart from the geographically distant

640:. Vietnamese has been so heavily influenced by Chinese that its original Austroasiatic phonological quality is obscured and now resembles that of South Chinese languages, whereas Khmer, which had more influence from Sanskrit, has retained a more typically Austroasiatic structure. 3018:. As further evidence for his proposal, Blench also cites ethnographic evidence such as musical instruments in Borneo shared in common with Austroasiatic-speaking groups in mainland Southeast Asia. Adelaar (1995) has also noticed phonological and lexical similarities between 2548:

branch (dating to about 3,000 B.P.) underwent more extensive internal diversification. By the Iron Age, all of the Austroasiatic branches were more or less in their present-day locations, with most of the diversification within Austroasiatic taking place during the Iron Age.

3138:

alphabets. Vietnamese divergently had an indigenous script based on Chinese logographic writing. This has since been supplanted by the Latin alphabet in the 20th century. The following are examples of past-used alphabets or current alphabets of Austroasiatic languages.

4165:." In SEALS XII Papers from the 12th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 2002, edited by Ratree Wayland et al.. Canberra, Australia, 113-128. Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University. 2586:

Sidwell (2018) (quoted in Sidwell 2021) gives a more nested classification of Austroasiatic branches as suggested by his computational phylogenetic analysis of Austroasiatic languages using a 200-word list. Many of the tentative groupings are likely

2563:(northern Vietnam, Laos, and other nearby areas) dates back to only about 4,000 years ago (2,000 BC), with agriculture ultimately being introduced from further up to the north in the Yangtze valley where it has been dated to 6,000 B.P. 3434:

A full genomic study by Lipson et al. (2018) identified a characteristic lineage that can be associated with the spread of Austroasiatic languages in Southeast Asia and which can be traced back to remains of Neolithic farmers from

2521:(2015c) found that iron is not reconstructable in Proto-Austroasiatic, since each Austroasiatic branch has different terms for iron that had been borrowed relatively lately from Tai, Chinese, Tibetan, Malay, and other languages. 2960:(the languages of coastal Vietnam before the Chamic migrations). Chamic has various Austroasiatic loanwords that cannot be clearly traced to existing Austroasiatic branches (Sidwell 2006, 2007). Larish (1999) also notes that 670:, which are not well documented. With their demotion from a primary branch, Proto-Mon–Khmer becomes synonymous with Proto-Austroasiatic. Paul Sidwell (2005) reconstructs the consonant inventory of Proto-Mon–Khmer as follows: 3426: 5412: 2473:

Integrating computational phylogenetic linguistics with recent archaeological findings, Paul Sidwell (2015c) further expanded his Mekong riverine hypothesis by proposing that Austroasiatic had ultimately expanded into

3415:, are the carriers of early rice agriculture from southern China. Another study suggests that the haplogroup O1b1 is the major Austroasiatic paternal lineage and O1b2 the "para-Austroasiatic" lineage of the 3865:. Presented at Diversity Linguistics: Retrospect and Prospect, 1–3 May 2015 (Leipzig, Germany), Closing conference of the Department of Linguistics at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. 580:

word for "South" (but idiosyncratically used by Schmidt to refer to the southeast), and "Asia". Despite the literal meaning of its name, only three Austroasiatic branches are actually spoken in South Asia:

3734:

Schmidt, Wilhelm (1906). "Die Mon–Khmer-Völker, ein Bindeglied zwischen Völkern Zentralasiens und Austronesiens ('[The Mon–Khmer Peoples, a Link between the Peoples of Central Asia and Austronesia')".

3518:) predominatly carry the same Mainland Southeast Asian Neolithic farmer ancestry, but with additional geneflow from northern and southern East Asian lineages that can be associated with the spread of 1329:

compares reconstructions of various clades, and attempts to classify them based on shared innovations, though like other classifications the evidence has not been published. As a schematic, we have:

3430:

The Austroasiatic migration route began earlier than the Austronesian expansion, but later migrations of Austronesians resulted in the assimilation of the pre-Austronesian Austroasiatic populations.

3858: 4010: 10122: 5409: 3557:, circa 10,000 years ago. Arunkumar et al., suggest Austroasiatic migrations from Southeast Asia occurred into Northeast India 5.2 ± 0.6 kya and into East India 4.3 ± 0.2 kya. 4617: 2142:

If this would the case, Sidwell & Blench suggest that Khasic may have been an early offshoot of Palaungic that had spread westward. Sidwell & Blench (2011) suggest

2513:. Both the reconstructed lexicon of Proto-Austroasiatic and the archaeological record clearly show that early Austroasiatic speakers around 4,000 B.P. cultivated rice and 4215: 1160:. Indeed, when Sidwell (2009) replicated Peiros's study with languages known well enough to account for loans, he did not find the internal (branching) structure below. 2132:

and Nicobarese show greater similarity to Bahnaric and Katuic the closer they are to those branches, without any noticeable innovations common to Bahnaric and Katuic.

2139:(2011) discuss this proposal in more detail, and note that there is good evidence for a Khasi–Palaungic node, which could also possibly be closely related to Khmuic. 4665: 3832:

Sidwell (2005) casts doubt on Diffloth's Vieto-Katuic hypothesis, saying that the evidence is ambiguous, and that it is not clear where Katuic belongs in the family.

2571:

valley. Based on their current distributions, about half of all Austroasiatic branches (including Nicobaric and Munda) can be traced to coastal maritime dispersals.

5496: 5134: 5472: 2497:, with all the major branches of Austroasiatic formed by 4,000 B.P. Austroasiatic would have had two possible dispersal routes from the western periphery of the 4191: 3391: 5296:"Y-chromosome diversity suggests southern origin and Paleolithic backwave migration of Austro-Asiatic speakers from eastern Asia to the Indian subcontinent" 487:

of sovereign states: Vietnamese in Vietnam, and Khmer in Cambodia. The Mon language is a recognized indigenous language in Myanmar and Thailand, while the

5976: 1156:

classification, based on percentages of shared vocabulary. This means that languages can appear to be more distantly related than they actually are due to

4239: 2135:

He therefore takes the conservative view that the thirteen branches of Austroasiatic should be treated as equidistant on current evidence. Sidwell &

4250: 4801:

Guo, Jianxin; Wang, Weitao; Zhao, Kai; Li, Guangxing; He, Guanglin; Zhao, Jing; Yang, Xiaomin; Chen, Jinwen; Zhu, Kongyang; Wang, Rui; Ma, Hao (2022).

4272: 3855: 3400: 5018: 5579: 5397: 4041: 3999: 3466:

with significant admixture (ca. 30%) from a deeply diverging eastern Eurasian source (modeled by the authors as sharing some genetic drift with the

614:, but suffixes are almost completely non-existent in most branches except Munda, and a few specialized exceptions in other Austroasiatic branches. 6101: 5164: 9320: 4533:

Consortium, the Genographic; Li, Hui; Jin, Li; Huang, Xingqiu; Li, Shilin; Wang, Chuanchao; Wei, Lanhai; Lu, Yan; Wang, Yi (31 August 2011).

4292: 5090:. (2005). "The contribution of linguistic palaeontology and Austro-Asiatic". in Laurent Sagart, Roger Blench and Alicia Sanchez-Mazas, eds. 4158: 2470:

all of the other branches) occurring possibly as early as 7,000 years before present. However, he still considers the subbranching dubious.

9455: 5547: 5007:

Alves, Mark J. (2015). Morphological functions among Mon-Khmer languages: beyond the basics. In N. J. Enfield & Bernard Comrie (eds.),

4744:

Lipson, Mark; Loh, Po-Ru; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Ko, Ying-Chin; Stoneking, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David (19 August 2014).

4007: 500: 4512: 10172: 7422: 5506: 5261: 4443: 4134: 636:

However, some Austroasiatic languages have lost the register contrast by evolving more diphthongs or in a few cases, such as Vietnamese,

4838: 5205: 3972: 5981: 3949:

Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society: Papers from the 30th Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (2021)

4876:

Riccio, M. E.; et al. (2011). "The Austroasiatic Munda population from India and Its enigmatic origin: a HLA diversity study".

4601: 3789: 10112: 5993: 5108:. Pacific linguistics, no. 49. Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. 4337: 3906:. Paper presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, held 17–19 May 2018 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. 5279:

van Driem, George. (2007). Austroasiatic phylogeny and the Austroasiatic homeland in light of recent population genetic studies.

3026:. Kaufman (2018) presents dozens of lexical comparisons showing similarities between various Bornean and Austroasiatic languages. 2486:, with the subsequent Mekong riverine dispersal taking place after the initial arrival of Neolithic farmers from southern China. 3925: 3297:

are found between the Hmong-Mien and Austroasiatic language families (Ratliff 2010), some of which had earlier been proposed by

3655: 5539: 4535:"Human Migration through Bottlenecks from Southeast Asia into East Asia during Last Glacial Maximum Revealed by Y Chromosomes" 4212: 5572: 5383: 5235: 617:

The Austroasiatic languages are further characterized as having unusually large vowel inventories and employing some sort of

4472: 8835: 8416: 3294: 8945: 5045:"Population Genetic Structure in Indian Austroasiatic Speakers: The Role of Landscape Barriers and Sex-Specific Admixture" 4649: 4988:. Canberra, A.C.T., Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. 4410: 4050: 4021: 3891:

Integrating inferences about our past: new findings and current issues in the peopling of the Pacific and South East Asia

3110:, and were then absorbed by Indo-Aryan languages at an early date as Indo-Aryan spread east. Peterson notes that eastern 937:

Each of the families that is written in boldface type below is accepted as a valid clade. By contrast, the relationships

4358: 4222:. In P. Bellwood, J.J. Fox and D. Tryon (eds.), The Austronesians, pp. 81-102. Canberra: Australian National University. 3713: 7917: 5131: 4380: 4111: 2945:(2009) also proposes that there might have been other primary branches of Austroasiatic that are now extinct, based on 5469: 4235:. Ronald and Janette Gatty Lecture Series. Kahin Center for Advanced Research on Southeast Asia, Cornell University. ( 4188: 3114:

display many morphosyntactic features similar to those of Munda languages, while western Indo-Aryan languages do not.

9102: 5177: 5113: 5099: 4993: 4659: 4611: 4084: 3710: 2517:, kept livestock such as dogs, pigs, and chickens, and thrived mostly in estuarine rather than coastal environments. 399: 633:. Languages in the Pearic branch and some in the Vietic branch can have a three- or even four-way voicing contrast. 10317: 10195: 9448: 9078: 8317: 5565: 8236: 8172: 7415: 10037: 10025: 945:

In addition, there are suggestions that additional branches of Austroasiatic might be preserved in substrata of

515:, which is poorly attested, as a fourteenth), which have traditionally been grouped into two, as Mon–Khmer, and 8849: 8091: 3546:, followed by extensive sex-specific admixture with local Indian populations." According to Riccio et al., the 2489:

Sidwell (2015c) tentatively suggests that Austroasiatic may have begun to split up 5,000 years B.P. during the

8600: 4236: 10252: 10242: 10237: 10102: 9930: 9714: 9709: 9315: 8962: 8097: 7922: 7708: 7702: 7626: 6355: 5674: 4267: 4247: 3364:

suggested a similarity between the tales from the Austroasiatic realm and the Indian mythological stories of

523:), while another has abandoned Mon–Khmer as a taxon altogether, making it synonymous with the larger family. 520: 5015: 4312:

van Reijn, E. O. (1974). "Some Remarks on the Dialects of North Kerintji: A link with Mon-Khmer Languages."

3601:

subgroup, but Sidwell currently considers Mang and Pakanic to each be independent branches of Austroasiatic.

10257: 10227: 10082: 9325: 9310: 9009: 8310: 8297: 8068: 8029: 7330: 6985: 6946: 5988: 5831: 649: 483:

have lengthy, established presences in the historical record. Only two are presently considered to be the

81: 5354: 3298: 883: 879: 870: 861: 843: 838: 833: 819: 814: 809: 804: 788: 783: 778: 762: 757: 752: 747: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 10205: 10107: 9546: 9441: 9305: 9299: 9084: 8357: 8275: 8248: 7952: 7942: 3994: 3678:

MK in the wider sense including the Munda languages of eastern South Asia is also known as Austroasiatic.

5500: 3553:

According to Zhang et al., Austroasiatic migrations from Southeast Asia into India took place after the

10322: 9874: 8871: 8532: 8329: 8127: 7987: 7957: 7947: 7937: 7643: 7408: 5424: 5161: 4803:"Genomic insights into Neolithic farming-related migrations in the junction of east and southeast Asia" 3387: 3153: 1912: 1494: 559: 4986:

Systems of numeral classification in the Mon–Khmer, Nicobarese and Aslian subfamilies of Austroasiatic

3841:

Sidwell, Paul. 2015a. "Austroasiatic classification." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015).

970: 467:. Approximately 117 million people speak an Austroasiatic language, of which more than two-thirds are 10272: 10267: 10262: 10130: 10052: 10047: 9703: 9689: 9464: 9283: 9090: 9066: 9041: 9014: 8997: 8007: 7962: 7932: 7905: 7476: 7431: 6771: 3542:

According to Chaubey et al., "Austro-Asiatic speakers in India today are derived from dispersal from

3007: 503:. The remainder of the family's languages are spoken by minority groups and have no official status. 98: 4038: 2505:, which would have been either a coastal route down the coast of Vietnam, or downstream through the 10097: 10042: 9813: 9643: 9532: 9330: 9137: 8774: 8762: 8594: 7656: 7649: 7465: 7337: 6270: 3490:). Significant levels of Austroasiatic ancestry were also found in Austronesian-speaking groups of 3309: 3283: 535: 4289: 3074:

language (Thurgood 1992). Jiamao is known for its highly aberrant vocabulary in relation to other

9911: 9735: 9726: 9608: 9525: 9485: 8335: 8260: 7663: 6561: 4189:

Was there an Austroasiatic Presence in Island Southeast Asia prior to the Austronesian Expansion?

4155: 3519: 3321: 3243: 2494: 899: 416: 5544: 4132:

Dating the Separation of Acehnese and Chamic By Etymological Analysis of the Aceh-Chamic Lexicon

610:

word formation, most Austroasiatic languages have a variety of derivational prefixes, many have

10067: 10062: 9827: 9799: 9790: 9749: 9349: 9197: 8992: 8768: 8721: 8351: 8268: 7927: 7911: 7719: 7620: 7483: 7459: 7344: 7278: 6291: 6265: 4509: 4436: 3474:) and which is ancestral to modern Austroasiatic-speaking groups of Southeast Asia such as the 3341: 3317: 3275: 3046: 3003: 2575: 543: 539: 511:

identifies 168 Austroasiatic languages. These form thirteen established families (plus perhaps

20: 8987: 5246: 4131: 2982:(Blench 2010). Blench cites Austroasiatic-origin words in modern-day Bornean branches such as 10219: 10092: 10072: 9820: 9615: 9553: 9395: 9293: 8982: 8785: 8575: 8564: 8526: 8133: 8107: 8012: 8002: 7685: 7601: 7452: 7387: 7351: 7283: 5194: 4802: 3279: 2946: 2588: 531: 24: 9096: 8821: 6000: 3944: 2964:

contain many Austroasiatic loanwords, some of which are similar to the ones found in Chamic.

10200: 10190: 10180: 10030: 9884: 9697: 9581: 9370: 9127: 8935: 8908: 8891: 8859: 8757: 8471: 8396: 8323: 8102: 8079: 8051: 7982: 7893: 7674: 7358: 6913: 6508: 5307: 4757: 4700: 4687:

Lipson M, Cheronet O, Mallick S, Rohland N, Oxenham M, Pietrusewsky M, et al. (2018).

4546: 3610:

Austroasiatic-related ancestry had been detected before also in other ethnic groups of the

3554: 3463: 3333: 3111: 3019: 2983: 2875: 2574:

Hence, this points to a relatively late riverine dispersal of Austroasiatic as compared to

2490: 2421: 2155: 2044: 1770: 1178: 1128: 954: 618: 590: 319: 157: 9255: 8: 10247: 10020: 10005: 9940: 9742: 9664: 9574: 9567: 9518: 9476: 9147: 9051: 8951: 8940: 8902: 8881: 8779: 8738: 8513: 8495: 8489: 8464: 8457: 8450: 8363: 8346: 8085: 7751: 7738: 7632: 7582: 7439: 7160: 6427: 5971: 5806: 5796: 5032: 3820:

Presentation at ICAAL-4, Bangkok, 29–30 October. Summarized in Sidwell and Blench (2011).

3786: 3107: 2819: 2498: 2223: 1987: 1955: 1552: 1233: 1121: 1090: 771: 655: 527: 472: 468: 229: 5311: 4761: 4704: 4550: 4494:

Reid, Lawrence A. (2009). "Austric Hypothesis". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.).

3893:, 22–23 June 2015, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany. 3647: 2991: 9981: 9935: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9061: 9056: 9046: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9003: 8972: 8967: 8920: 8914: 8865: 8810: 8733: 8617: 8581: 8542: 8484: 8291: 8286: 7997: 7756: 7725: 7691: 7679: 7638: 7513: 7146: 7039: 6574: 6546: 6328: 6005: 5634: 5601: 5436: 5389: 5328: 5295: 5071: 5044: 4962: 4909: 4893: 4830: 4778: 4745: 4721: 4688: 4577: 4534: 4334: 4317: 4233:

Between mainland and island Southeast Asia: Evidence for a Mon-Khmer presence in Borneo

4090: 3471: 3396: 2961: 2632: 2545: 2322: 2007: 1684: 1297: 1047: 968:'s widely cited original classification, now abandoned by Diffloth himself, is used in 683: 265: 130: 9158: 9121: 5087: 3392:

Ancient Southern East Asian § Neolithic expansion into Southeast Asia and Oceania

1326: 965: 601:

Regarding word structure, Austroasiatic languages are well known for having an iambic

186: 10185: 10162: 10157: 10135: 10077: 9855: 9778: 9671: 9072: 8977: 8957: 8896: 8876: 8587: 8548: 8519: 8507: 8444: 8390: 8368: 8341: 8281: 8254: 8073: 8034: 8024: 7992: 7865: 7791: 7773: 7767: 7669: 7587: 7501: 7288: 7244: 7234: 7155: 7079: 6954: 6886: 6480: 6392: 6194: 6189: 5893: 5410:

Linguistic clusters of Mainland Southeast Asia: an overview of the language families.

5393: 5379: 5333: 5231: 5173: 5109: 5095: 5076: 4989: 4901: 4834: 4822: 4783: 4726: 4655: 4607: 4582: 4564: 4094: 4080: 3964: 3922: 3594: 3523: 3479: 3271: 3265: 3203: 3087: 2995: 2987: 2977: 2968: 2592: 2277: 2124: 2076: 1941: 1537: 1207: 946: 698: 688: 484: 310: 115: 9163: 9152: 9132: 7470: 7104: 6579: 5482:

E. K. Brown (ed.) Encyclopedia of Languages and Linguistics. Oxford: Elsevier Press.

5159:

Shorto, Harry L. edited by Sidwell, Paul, Cooper, Doug and Bauer, Christian (2006).

4966: 4913: 4689:"Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory" 4468: 3164: 3156:(used for a short period in the early 20th century for indigenous languages in Laos) 3122:

Other than Latin-based alphabets, many Austroasiatic languages are written with the

10147: 10140: 10087: 10015: 10010: 9967: 9960: 9890: 9834: 9772: 9678: 9650: 9636: 9622: 9539: 9511: 9499: 9492: 9380: 9240: 9230: 9225: 9179: 9173: 9142: 9035: 8930: 8854: 8792: 8744: 8679: 8672: 8665: 8658: 8651: 8640: 8624: 8559: 8554: 8537: 8478: 8372: 8304: 8215: 8182: 8150: 8046: 8018: 7967: 7888: 7872: 7858: 7840: 7833: 7819: 7779: 7761: 7745: 7731: 7553: 7536: 7187: 7165: 7136: 7089: 7025: 7013: 6990: 6964: 6959: 6936: 6766: 6750: 6740: 6730: 6630: 6498: 6458: 6397: 6367: 6222: 6129: 6080: 5953: 5854: 5765: 5760: 5720: 5700: 5457: 5371: 5363: 5323: 5315: 5066: 5056: 4952: 4941:"A late Neolithic expansion of Y chromosomal haplogroup O2a1-M95 from east to west" 4885: 4814: 4773: 4765: 4716: 4708: 4572: 4554: 4290:

The aberrancy of the Jiamao dialect of Hlai: speculation on its origins and history

4072: 3956: 3623: 3619: 3353: 3349: 3217: 3207: 3183: 3135: 3082: 3049:

superstrate laid over an Austroasiatic substrate. Blench (2013) calls this branch "

3023: 3015: 3011: 2890: 2804: 2781: 2725: 2670: 2655: 2596: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2437: 2390: 2352: 2307: 2292: 2247: 2208: 2159: 2143: 2059: 2027: 1994: 1978: 1930: 1919: 1792: 1721: 1653: 1637: 1585: 1515: 1290: 1270: 1260: 1240: 1222: 1157: 1153: 1116: 1097: 1061: 1054: 1040: 950: 907: 887: 828: 678: 582: 512: 496: 337: 301: 292: 256: 247: 238: 220: 152: 142: 125: 120: 103: 9220: 9168: 8160: 5092:

The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics.

3316:

related to Austroasiatic speakers, and their languages were heavily influenced by

3106:" ("proto-" in regular terminology) languages may have once dominated the eastern 605:

pattern, with basic nouns and verbs consisting of an initial, unstressed, reduced

9974: 9925: 9879: 9762: 9657: 9629: 9588: 9505: 9375: 9250: 9235: 9204: 8925: 8886: 8751: 8697: 8569: 8431: 8197: 8192: 8057: 7972: 7853: 7846: 7826: 7808: 7713: 7696: 7495: 7221: 7120: 7115: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7054: 6931: 6802: 6720: 6715: 6657: 6584: 6551: 6307: 6275: 6199: 6163: 6070: 5930: 5791: 5725: 5710: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5629: 5624: 5551: 5528: 5519: 5476: 5416: 5168: 5138: 5022: 4559: 4516: 4437:"N4259: Final proposal for encoding the Warang Citi script in the SMP of the UCS" 4432: 4341: 4296: 4276: 4254: 4243: 4219: 4195: 4162: 4138: 4115: 4067:

Sidwell, Paul (9 August 2021). "Classification of MSEA Austroasiatic languages".

4045: 4025: 4014: 4003: 3929: 3862: 3793: 3717: 3615: 3462:

respectively. This Austroasiatic lineage can be modeled as a sister group of the

3447: 3408: 3357: 3237: 3103: 3066: 3042: 3030: 2955: 2914: 2852: 2567: 2375: 2185: 2129: 2067: 2049: 1868: 1807: 1415: 1348: 1280: 1188: 1133: 989: 915: 911: 799: 693: 667: 659: 586: 563: 516: 412: 283: 211: 147: 93: 71: 65: 5669: 5156:

Pacific Linguistics Series C, No. 142. Canberra: Australian National University.

3923:

Waterworld: lexical evidence for aquatic subsistence strategies in Austroasiatic

3529: 1163: 519:. However, one recent classification posits three groups (Munda, Mon-Khmer, and 10152: 9920: 9433: 9385: 9245: 9214: 9185: 8816: 8702: 8685: 8635: 8630: 8501: 8438: 8208: 8202: 8122: 8117: 8063: 8040: 7785: 7607: 7564: 7547: 7541: 7519: 7507: 7381: 7318: 7273: 7257: 7252: 7170: 7110: 7098: 7049: 7044: 7034: 6870: 6865: 6849: 6844: 6834: 6818: 6705: 6682: 6605: 6600: 6531: 6523: 6463: 6442: 6382: 6096: 5909: 5811: 5801: 5781: 5705: 5679: 5644: 5639: 5202:

SEALSXV: papers from the 15th meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society

4999:

Alves, Mark J. (2014). "Mon-Khmer". In Rochelle Lieber; Pavel Stekauer (eds.).

4301:

Papers from the First Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society

3543: 3404: 3361: 3197: 3187: 3159: 3148: 3123: 3095: 3075: 3071: 2999: 2710: 2541: 2528:

about 2,500 B.P., relatively young Austroasiatic branches in Indochina such as

2483: 2337: 2113: 2019: 1983: 1947: 1894: 1706: 1441: 1419: 1369: 1252: 1215: 1198: 1078: 1066: 1032: 903: 606: 602: 476: 464: 274: 136: 50: 5186:. London oriental bibliographies, v. 2. London: Oxford University Press, 1963. 4406: 4076: 4018: 3436: 3143: 3094:, shares many phonological similarities with Austroasiatic languages, such as 898:

Linguists traditionally recognize two primary divisions of Austroasiatic: the

10311: 9269: 9209: 9191: 8707: 8691: 8645: 8402: 8222: 8187: 8177: 8155: 8112: 7977: 7558: 7490: 7295: 6839: 6745: 6735: 6710: 6625: 6536: 6387: 6323: 6240: 6179: 6147: 6106: 6054: 6039: 6031: 6021: 5925: 5786: 5755: 5735: 5695: 4826: 4568: 4354: 3968: 3611: 3590: 3547: 3475: 3247: 3179: 3173: 3127: 2758: 2262: 1384: 1211: 923: 626: 109: 7400: 5230:. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics. Vol. 76. Munich: Lincom Europa. 5061: 4712: 4384: 4108: 10057: 9865: 9599: 8166: 7229: 6980: 6569: 6503: 6413: 6184: 6075: 6049: 6044: 5877: 5872: 5715: 5619: 5510: 5337: 5190: 5126: 5080: 4905: 4787: 4730: 4586: 3960: 3887:

Phylogeny, innovations, and correlations in the prehistory of Austroasiatic

3511: 3487: 3420: 3365: 3213: 3169: 3131: 2942: 2556: 2506: 2136: 2120: 2105: 2101: 2072: 1109: 630: 480: 427:. These languages are natively spoken by the majority of the population in 5557: 5367: 3482:, and partially to the Austroasiatic Munda-speaking groups of South Asia ( 3403:, which is common in Austroasiatic people and some other ethnic groups in 172: 6725: 6541: 6513: 6488: 5730: 4889: 4746:"Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia" 4303:, 417–433. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies. 3467: 3370: 3227: 3223: 2566:

Sidwell (2022) proposes that the locus of Proto-Austroasiatic was in the

637: 622: 488: 4897: 4321: 4176:

The Position of Moken and Moklen Within the Austronesian Language Family

3332:

It is suggested that the Austroasiatic languages have some influence on

3301:(1951). This could imply a relation or early language contact along the 934:. However, no evidence for this classification has ever been published. 10232: 9951: 9901: 9767: 7813: 7074: 6493: 5461: 4857: 4818: 4769: 3818:

2009. Are there four additional unrecognised branches of Austroasiatic?

3451: 927: 919: 507: 456: 420: 54: 5440: 5375: 5319: 4957: 4940: 4156:

The Mon-Khmer Substrate in Chamic: Chamic, Bahnaric and Katuic Contact

3550:

are likely descended from Austroasiatic migrants from Southeast Asia.

1923:: 3 languages of north eastern India and adjacent region of Bangladesh 5227:

Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art

4054: 3507: 2560: 2475: 2097: 1083: 854: 424: 180: 166: 58: 5195:"Proto-Katuic Phonology and the Sub-grouping of Mon–Khmer Languages" 3943:

Sidwell, Paul (28 January 2022). Alves, Mark; Sidwell, Paul (eds.).

3856:

A comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the Austroasiatic languages

3344:

pointed that a specific number of substantives in languages such as

5225: 3459: 3455: 3337: 3193: 2525: 492: 452: 436: 432: 199: 9468: 5545:

Michel Ferlus's recordings of Mon-Khmer (Austroasiatic) languages

5172:. Canberra: Australian National University. Pacific Linguistics. 4109:

Are there four additional unrecognised branches of Austroasiatic?

4039:

Austroasiatic deep chronology and the problem of cultural lexicon

3904:

Austroasiatic deep chronology and the problem of cultural lexicon

3491: 3416: 3412: 3302: 3233: 3091: 2502: 2479: 705: 448: 428: 9909: 5536:(Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) 5533: 5448:

Sidwell, Paul (2013). "Issues in Austroasiatic Classification".

5147:

An Enumerative Bibliography of South Asian Language Dictionaries

4213:

Borneo as a cross-roads for comparative Austronesian linguistics

3711:

The Austroasiatic Urheimat: the Southeastern Riverine Hypothesis

3375: 9560: 9409:

Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.

9390: 9288: 5515: 5470:

Bibliography of Austroasiatic linguistics and related resources

3515: 3499: 3381: 2514: 2510: 2148: 2109: 491:

is a "recognized national language" in the de facto autonomous

2162:, just as how Khasian and Palaungic subgroup with each other. 364: 3503: 3345: 931: 611: 577: 460: 444: 391: 5524: 4686: 4510:

Introduction à la phonologie historique des langues miao-yao

4314:

Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

3041:"). Many words of Austroasiatic origin have been noticed in 1990:, which has the most speakers of any Austroasiatic language. 435:, and by minority populations scattered throughout parts of 4648:

Robbeets, Martine; Savelyev, Alexander (21 December 2017).

3495: 3061:

Other languages with proposed Austroasiatic substrata are:

440: 367: 361: 355: 5009:

Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: the state of the art

4743: 3070:, based on evidence from the register system of Jiamao, a 343: 379: 373: 5486:

Studies Program, Monograph Series Press. pp. 55–74.

5356:

The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia

4335:

The prehistorical spread of Austro-Asiatic in South Asia

4178:. Doctoral dissertation, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa. 4069:

The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia

3945:"Austroasiatic Dispersal: the AA "Water-World" Extended" 3936: 2108:

propose that the Austroasiatic phylum dispersed via the

878:

This is identical to earlier reconstructions except for

5042: 4863: 3270:

Austroasiatic is an integral part of the controversial

4381:"Khmer/Cambodian alphabet, pronunciation and language" 3996:

Austroasiatic Dispersal: the AA "Water-World" Extended

3798: 5290:, The Hague: Mouton (Indo-Iranian monographs, v. 5.). 4600:

Lévi, Sylvain; Przyluski, Jean; Bloch, Jules (1993).

1959:: 21 languages of Burma, southern China, and Thailand 400: 388: 382: 346: 340: 5003:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 520–544. 4532: 4049:. Paper presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the 974:

and—except for the breakup of Southern Mon–Khmer—in

376: 352: 349: 4200:

Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association

3758: 3746: 3705: 3703: 2063:: 19 languages of peninsular Malaysia and Thailand. 370: 4599: 4299:". In Ratliff, Martha S. and Schiller, E. (eds.), 3407:, and haplogroup O1b2, which is common in today's 5407:Mann, Noel, Wendy Smith and Eva Ujlakyova. 2009. 4920: 3340:and middle Indo-Aryan languages. Indian linguist 2154:Subsequently, Sidwell (2015a: 179) proposed that 654:Much work has been done on the reconstruction of 530:in mainland Southeast Asia, with the neighboring 10309: 9463: 5288:Studies in Comparative Austroasiatic Linguistics 5027:Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics 4647: 3700: 1951:: 4 or 5 languages of southern China and Vietnam 526:Austroasiatic languages appear to be the extant 5247:"The Austroasiatic central riverine hypothesis" 5184:Bibliographies of Mon–Khmer and Tai Linguistics 4496:Concise Encyclopaedia of Languages of the World 2544:were formed, while the more internally diverse 471:speakers. Of the Austroasiatic languages, only 5286:Zide, Norman H., and Milton E. Barker. (1966) 5001:The Oxford Handbook of Derivational Morphology 4521:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient 4407:"Santali alphabet, pronunciation and language" 4126: 4124: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3589:Earlier classifications by Sidwell had lumped 2011:: 40 languages of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. 1998:: 19 languages of Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand. 1982:: 10 languages of Vietnam and Laos, including 16:Language family concentrated in Southeast Asia 9449: 7430: 7416: 5573: 4800: 3916: 3914: 3912: 10293:Families with more than 30 languages are in 9419:Families with more than 30 languages are in 5353:Sidwell, Paul; Jenny, Mathias, eds. (2021). 5352: 4606:. Asian Educational Services. p. 4,15. 3502:. Austroasiatic-speaking groups in southern 3450:in northern Vietnam, and to closely related 3382:Austroasiatic migrations and archaeogenetics 2937: 2023:dialects of Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam. 1971:Khmero-Vietic languages (Eastern Mon–Khmer) 5587: 4807:American Journal of Biological Anthropology 4148: 4121: 4060: 3987: 3868: 571: 358: 9456: 9442: 7423: 7409: 5580: 5566: 5497:Swadesh lists for Austro-Asiatic languages 5154:Comparative Linguistics in Southeast Asia. 5037:A Comparative Study of Santali and Bengali 4638:崎谷満『DNA・考古・言語の学際研究が示す新・日本列島史』（勉誠出版　2009年） 4269:Rongic: a vanished branch of Austroasiatic 4168: 3909: 2040:Nico-Monic languages (Southern Mon–Khmer) 893: 5327: 5070: 5060: 4956: 4938: 4777: 4720: 4576: 4558: 3724:, 317–345. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. 3086:: van Reijn (1974) notes that Kerinci, a 5429:Journal of the American Oriental Society 5016:Languages and Language Families in China 3709:Sidwell, Paul, and Roger Blench. 2011. " 3528: 3425: 3102:John Peterson (2017) suggests that "pre- 2096: 1162: 5447: 5244: 5223: 5189: 5132:The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages 4431: 4344:". Presented at ICAAL 7, Kiel, Germany. 4066: 3942: 3843:The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages 3804: 3733: 3537: 3533:Austroasiatic possible migration routes 3327: 629:(lax) voice or between modal voice and 10310: 4875: 4057:, Taiwan. (accessed 16 December 2020). 3933:. Presented at ICAAL 7, Kiel, Germany. 3014:, noting especially resemblances with 2092: 9437: 7404: 7316: 7209: 7011: 6911: 6655: 6353: 6220: 6127: 5951: 5852: 5599: 5561: 5423: 5293: 5011:. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton, 531–557. 4998: 4926: 4654:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 4425: 3828: 3826: 3764: 3752: 3254: 546:having arrived via later migrations. 5403:from the original on 9 October 2022. 5267:from the original on 30 January 2022 4945:Journal of Systematics and Evolution 4603:Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian in India 4493: 4413:from the original on 5 November 2010 4361:from the original on 2 February 2012 3975:from the original on 30 January 2022 3259: 942:cannot be evaluated by peer review. 890:, which Sidwell has specialized in. 7317: 6354: 5211:from the original on 9 October 2022 4939:Arunkumar, G.; et al. (2015). 4841:from the original on 5 January 2022 4498:. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 92–94. 4449:from the original on 9 October 2022 4051:Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 3787:"Proto-Austroasiatic creaky voice." 3098:word structure and vowel inventory. 1934:: 13 languages of Laos and Thailand 666:. Little work has been done on the 501:the 22 scheduled languages of India 13: 7386:Languages between parentheses are 5977:Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern 5346: 5162:A Mon–Khmer comparative dictionary 4668:from the original on 31 March 2023 4620:from the original on 26 March 2023 4508:Haudricourt, André-Georges. 1951. 4475:from the original on 27 April 2021 3889:. Paper presented at the workshop 3823: 3658:from the original on 29 March 2019 3117: 2949:evidence in modern-day languages. 1321: 960: 14: 10334: 7284:Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer) 5490: 5204:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. 5094:77–80. London: Routledge Curzon. 5043:Chaubey, G.; et al. (2010). 4651:Language Dispersal Beyond Farming 3278:, and in some proposals also the 2581: 2151:river valley relatively quickly. 643: 5450:Language and Linguistics Compass 5427:(1854). "The Talaing Language". 5254:Journal of Language Relationship 4071:. De Gruyter. pp. 179–206. 3472:Andamanese hunter-gatherer group 3360:. Additionally, French linguist 3308:According to Cai (et al. 2011), 1147: 664:Mon–Khmer Comparative Dictionary 336: 198: 4932: 4869: 4794: 4737: 4680: 4641: 4632: 4593: 4526: 4502: 4487: 4461: 4399: 4373: 4347: 4327: 4306: 4282: 4260: 4225: 4205: 4181: 4101: 4030: 3896: 3848: 3835: 3810: 3779: 3770: 3604: 3583: 7390:of the language on their left. 6912: 4471:. Omniglot.com. 18 June 1936. 4383:. Omniglot.com. Archived from 3727: 3691: 3682: 3670: 3640: 3567: 3176:, under the name "Pahawh Khmu" 3053:" based on the Lepcha autonym 1974:Vieto-Katuic languages ? 1: 5420:Chiang Mai: Payap University. 4174:Larish, Michael David. 1999. 3633: 3440: 3289: 7279:Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer) 5600: 4560:10.1371/journal.pone.0024282 3295:Several lexical resemblances 2793: Khasi–Palaungic 2197: Khasi–Palaungic 1968:Nuclear Mon–Khmer languages 650:Proto-Austroasiatic language 549: 7: 5516:Mon–Khmer Languages Project 5294:Zhang; et al. (2015). 5145:Peck, B. M., Comp. (1988). 4355:"Vietnamese Chu Nom script" 3722:Dynamics of Human Diversity 1937:Palaungo-Pakanic languages 1607: (Nuclear) 949:in Sumatra (Diffloth), the 886:is better preserved in the 596: 70:One of the world's primary 10: 10339: 10113:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric 7210: 7012: 6221: 6128: 5952: 5853: 5025:", in Rint Sybesma (ed.), 4977: 3454:and Vat Komnou remains in 3388:Peopling of Southeast Asia 3385: 3274:, which also includes the 3263: 2644: Vietic–Katuic 2031:: 6 languages of Cambodia. 2003:Khmero-Bahnaric languages 1926:Palaungo-Khmuic languages 1218:) (perhaps in Northern MK) 957:of Borneo (Adelaar 1995). 647: 18: 10281: 10218: 10171: 10121: 10001: 9994: 9949: 9900: 9864: 9789: 9725: 9688: 9598: 9475: 9404: 9363: 9340: 9279: 9268: 9112: 8845: 8834: 8802: 8729: 8720: 8609: 8426: 8415: 8382: 8244: 8235: 8143: 7901: 7887: 7801: 7596: 7578: 7529: 7447: 7438: 7432:Primary language families 7372: 7325: 7312: 7266: 7243: 7220: 7216: 7205: 7179: 7145: 7129: 7088: 7024: 7020: 7007: 6973: 6945: 6924: 6920: 6907: 6879: 6858: 6827: 6811: 6795: 6788: 6759: 6698: 6691: 6675: 6668: 6664: 6656: 6651: 6618: 6593: 6560: 6522: 6479: 6472: 6451: 6435: 6426: 6406: 6375: 6366: 6362: 6349: 6316: 6300: 6284: 6258: 6249: 6233: 6229: 6216: 6172: 6156: 6140: 6136: 6123: 6089: 6063: 6030: 6014: 5964: 5960: 5947: 5918: 5902: 5886: 5865: 5861: 5848: 5824: 5774: 5751: 5744: 5688: 5612: 5608: 5595: 5200:. In Paul Sidwell (ed.). 4288:Thurgood, Graham. 1992. " 4143:Mon-Khmer Studies Journal 4077:10.1515/9783110558142-011 3785:Diffloth, Gérard (1989). 2938:Possible extinct branches 2912: 2888: 2873: 2866: 2850: 2817: 2802: 2795: 2779: 2772: 2756: 2723: 2708: 2701: 2668: 2653: 2646: 2630: 2623: 2616: 2608: 2434: 2419: 2412: 2388: 2373: 2366: 2364: Aslian–Monic 2350: 2335: 2320: 2305: 2290: 2275: 2260: 2245: 2221: 2206: 2199: 2183: 2176: 2093:Sidwell (2009–2015) 1805: 1790: 1783: 1768: 1761: 1719: 1704: 1697: 1682: 1675: 1651: 1635: 1628: 1621: 1614: 1583: 1550: 1535: 1528: 1513: 1506: 1499: 1454: 1439: 1432: 1413: 1406: 1382: 1367: 1360: 1353: 1341: 853: 827: 798: 704: 675: 621:contrast, either between 197: 179: 165: 87: 77: 66:Linguistic classification 64: 44: 39: 34: 8249:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan 5106:T'in: a historical study 5014:Bradley, David (2012). " 4333:Peterson, John (2017). " 4253:18 February 2023 at the 4242:18 February 2023 at the 4024:17 February 2022 at the 4013:16 December 2021 at the 4002:17 February 2022 at the 3928:14 December 2017 at the 3861:15 December 2017 at the 3736:Archiv für Anthropologie 3716:18 November 2017 at the 3560: 1495:Khasi – Khmuic 1226:(perhaps in Northern MK) 204:Austroasiatic languages 19:Not to be confused with 10318:Austroasiatic languages 10290:have no living members. 10173:East and Southeast Asia 9416:have no living members. 6308:Somray (Northern Chong) 5589:Austroasiatic languages 5550:9 February 2019 at the 5525:Munda Languages Project 4713:10.1126/science.aat3188 4469:"Sorang Sompeng script" 4295:30 January 2018 at the 4231:Kaufman, Daniel. 2018. 4137:8 November 2014 at the 3652:www.languagesgulper.com 3322:Tibeto-Burman languages 3244:Sorang Sompeng alphabet 3172:was once used to write 2495:mainland Southeast Asia 2052:, a territory of India. 971:Encyclopædia Britannica 894:Internal classification 528:autochthonous languages 417:Mainland Southeast Asia 332:Austroasiatic languages 9396:Unclassified languages 9350:list of sign languages 8318:Northeastern Tasmanian 5245:Sidwell, Paul (2010). 5224:Sidwell, Paul (2009). 4187:Blench, Roger. 2010. " 4154:Sidwell, Paul. 2007. " 4130:Sidwell, Paul. 2006. " 4107:Blench, Roger. 2009. " 3961:10.5281/zenodo.5773247 3885:Sidwell, Paul. 2015c. 3854:Sidwell, Paul. 2015b. 3792:25 August 2015 at the 3676:Bradley (2012) notes, 3534: 3431: 3342:Suniti Kumar Chatterji 3276:Austronesian languages 2117: 1913:Khasi–Khmuic languages 1890:North Munda languages 1167: 572: 567: 544:Sino-Tibetan languages 21:Austronesian languages 9371:Constructed languages 5540:RWAAI Digital Archive 5501:Swadesh-list appendix 5475:24 March 2019 at the 5468:Sidwell, Paul. 2016. 5415:24 March 2019 at the 5368:10.1515/9783110558142 5281:Mon-Khmer Studies, 37 5167:9 August 2018 at the 5118:Hemeling, K. (1907). 5062:10.1093/molbev/msq288 5021:30 April 2017 at the 4984:Adams, K. L. (1989). 4750:Nature Communications 4515:22 April 2019 at the 4340:11 April 2018 at the 4275:9 August 2018 at the 4266:Blench, Roger. 2013. 4194:31 March 2023 at the 4044:31 March 2023 at the 4036:Sidwell, Paul. 2018. 3993:Sidwell, Paul. 2021. 3920:Blench, Roger. 2017. 3902:Sidwell, Paul. 2018. 3720:." Enfield, NJ (ed.) 3532: 3429: 2864: Southern 2770: Northern 2100: 2055:Asli-Monic languages 2048:: 6 languages of the 1915:(Northern Mon–Khmer) 1881:Core Munda languages 1166: 25:Afroasiatic languages 7918:Binanderean–Goilalan 5152:Peiros, Ilia. 1998. 5137:5 March 2015 at the 5104:Filbeck, D. (1978). 5033:Chakrabarti, Byomkes 4890:10.3378/027.083.0306 4211:Adelaar, K.A. 1995. 4161:16 June 2015 at the 4114:3 March 2016 at the 3555:Last Glacial Maximum 3538:Migration into India 3464:Austronesian peoples 3334:Indo-Aryan languages 3328:Indo-Aryan languages 3284:Hmong–Mien languages 3112:Indo-Aryan languages 3090:language of central 2614: Eastern 2491:Neolithic transition 1337:Austro‑Asiatic 955:Land Dayak languages 953:of Vietnam, and the 9931:Chukotko-Kamchatkan 9715:Northwest Caucasian 9710:Northeast Caucasian 9200:(Maku-Auari/Jukude) 9103:Tequiraca–Canichana 8946:Harákmbut–Katukinan 7709:Northwest Caucasian 7703:Northeast Caucasian 7627:Chukotko-Kamchatkan 7331:Proto-Austroasiatic 6986:Southern Nicobarese 6376:Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam 5499:(from Wiktionary's 5312:2015NatSR...515486Z 5125:Jenny, Mathias and 5122:. (German language) 5120:Die Nanking Kuanhua 4864:Chaubey et al. 2010 4762:2014NatCo...5.4689L 4705:2018Sci...361...92L 4551:2011PLoSO...624282C 4387:on 13 February 2012 4218:3 July 2018 at the 3356:were borrowed from 3108:Indo-Gangetic Plain 2980:substrate languages 2599:were not included. 2071:: 2 languages, the 1857:Or in more detail, 1229:Northern Mon–Khmer 1105:Southern Mon–Khmer 1074:Northern Mon–Khmer 900:Mon–Khmer languages 625:(normal) voice and 82:Proto-Austroasiatic 10196:Austronesian–Ongan 9995:Proposed groupings 8822:Tarascan/Purépecha 8311:Northern Tasmanian 8069:South Bougainville 8030:North Bougainville 5462:10.1111/lnc3.12038 5300:Scientific Reports 4819:10.1002/ajpa.24434 4770:10.1038/ncomms5689 4316:, 31, 2: 130–138. 3535: 3432: 3272:Austric hypothesis 3255:External relations 2962:Moklenic languages 2118: 2014:Khmeric languages 1248:Central Mon–Khmer 1204:Nuclear Mon–Khmer 1168: 1028:Eastern Mon–Khmer 485:national languages 415:spoken throughout 10323:Language families 10305: 10304: 10214: 10213: 10206:Sino-Austronesian 9990: 9989: 9465:Language families 9431: 9430: 9381:Language isolates 9359: 9358: 9264: 9263: 8830: 8829: 8716: 8715: 8411: 8410: 8358:Western Tasmanian 8276:Eastern Tasmanian 8231: 8230: 7953:East Geelvink Bay 7883: 7882: 7574: 7573: 7398: 7397: 7382:extinct languages 7368: 7367: 7308: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7201: 7200: 7197: 7196: 7003: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6903: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6784: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6647: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6614: 6613: 6422: 6421: 6345: 6344: 6341: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6212: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6119: 6118: 6115: 6114: 5943: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5820: 5819: 5385:978-3-11-055814-2 5320:10.1038/srep15486 5237:978-3-929075-67-0 4958:10.1111/jse.12147 4435:(19 April 2012). 3524:Kra-Dai languages 3280:Kra–Dai languages 3266:Austric languages 3260:Austric languages 3204:Ol Chiki alphabet 2934: 2933: 2925: 2924: 2901: 2900: 2839: 2838: 2830: 2829: 2745: 2744: 2736: 2735: 2690: 2689: 2681: 2680: 2466: 2465: 2457: 2456: 2448: 2447: 2401: 2400: 2234: 2233: 2125:lexicostatistical 2075:of Burma and the 1854: 1853: 1845: 1844: 1836: 1835: 1827: 1826: 1818: 1817: 1750: 1749: 1741: 1740: 1732: 1731: 1664: 1663: 1596: 1595: 1572: 1571: 1563: 1562: 1483: 1482: 1474: 1473: 1465: 1464: 1395: 1394: 876: 875: 774: 744: 712: 328: 327: 72:language families 10330: 10273:Proto-Euphratean 9999: 9998: 9907: 9906: 9875:Great Andamanese 9458: 9451: 9444: 9435: 9434: 9277: 9276: 9231:Huaorani/Waorani 9115:(extant in 2000) 9079:Esmeralda–Yaruro 8850:Andoque–Urequena 8843: 8842: 8727: 8726: 8533:Plateau Penutian 8424: 8423: 8399:(Northern Daly?) 8242: 8241: 8128:Northwest Papuan 8092:Trans–New Guinea 7958:East New Britain 7933:Central Solomons 7899: 7898: 7644:Great Andamanese 7594: 7593: 7445: 7444: 7425: 7418: 7411: 7402: 7401: 7314: 7313: 7218: 7217: 7207: 7206: 7022: 7021: 7009: 7008: 6922: 6921: 6909: 6908: 6793: 6792: 6696: 6695: 6673: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6653: 6652: 6477: 6476: 6433: 6432: 6373: 6372: 6364: 6363: 6351: 6350: 6256: 6255: 6231: 6230: 6218: 6217: 6138: 6137: 6125: 6124: 5985: 5962: 5961: 5949: 5948: 5863: 5862: 5850: 5849: 5749: 5748: 5610: 5609: 5597: 5596: 5582: 5575: 5568: 5559: 5558: 5465: 5444: 5435:: 277, 279–288. 5404: 5402: 5361: 5341: 5331: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5266: 5251: 5241: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5210: 5199: 5142:. Leiden: Brill. 5088:Diffloth, Gérard 5084: 5074: 5064: 5055:(2): 1013–1024. 5004: 4971: 4970: 4960: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4873: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4848: 4846: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4781: 4741: 4735: 4734: 4724: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4645: 4639: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4580: 4562: 4530: 4524: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4448: 4441: 4433:Everson, Michael 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4409:. Omniglot.com. 4403: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4357:. Omniglot.com. 4351: 4345: 4331: 4325: 4310: 4304: 4286: 4280: 4264: 4258: 4229: 4223: 4209: 4203: 4185: 4179: 4172: 4166: 4152: 4146: 4128: 4119: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4064: 4058: 4034: 4028: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3940: 3934: 3918: 3907: 3900: 3894: 3883: 3866: 3852: 3846: 3845:. Leiden: Brill. 3839: 3833: 3830: 3821: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3783: 3777: 3776:Alves 2014, 2015 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3731: 3725: 3707: 3698: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3644: 3627: 3608: 3602: 3597:together into a 3587: 3581: 3571: 3526:, respectively. 3445: 3442: 3397:Mitsuru Sakitani 3368:(Satyavati from 2869: 2868: 2798: 2797: 2775: 2774: 2704: 2703: 2649: 2648: 2626: 2625: 2619: 2618: 2611: 2610: 2603: 2602: 2415: 2414: 2369: 2368: 2202: 2201: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2166: 2165: 2077:Nyahkur language 1786: 1785: 1764: 1763: 1700: 1699: 1678: 1677: 1631: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1610: 1531: 1530: 1509: 1508: 1502: 1501: 1435: 1434: 1409: 1408: 1363: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1344: 1343: 1333: 1332: 1158:language contact 951:Chamic languages 888:Katuic languages 885: 881: 872: 863: 845: 840: 835: 821: 816: 811: 806: 790: 785: 780: 772: 764: 759: 754: 749: 742: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 710: 673: 672: 603:"sesquisyllabic" 575: 495:within Myanmar. 407: 403: 398: 397: 394: 393: 390: 385: 384: 381: 378: 375: 372: 369: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 342: 317: 308: 299: 290: 281: 272: 263: 254: 245: 236: 227: 218: 209: 202: 193: 189: 175: 32: 31: 10338: 10337: 10333: 10332: 10331: 10329: 10328: 10327: 10308: 10307: 10306: 10301: 10300: 10277: 10268:Paleo-Laplandic 10263:Pre-Finno-Ugric 10210: 10167: 10131:Greater Siangic 10117: 10103:Uralic–Yukaghir 10053:Ibero-Caucasian 10048:Elamo-Dravidian 9986: 9945: 9896: 9860: 9785: 9721: 9704:North Caucasian 9684: 9594: 9533:Paleo-Sardinian 9471: 9462: 9432: 9427: 9426: 9400: 9386:Mixed languages 9355: 9336: 9271: 9260: 9114: 9108: 8963:Katembri–Taruma 8837: 8826: 8798: 8712: 8605: 8418: 8407: 8378: 8227: 8139: 8098:Turama–Kikorian 8008:Lower Mamberamo 7963:East Strickland 7891: 7879: 7797: 7585: 7580: 7570: 7525: 7434: 7429: 7399: 7394: 7393: 7364: 7338:Proto-Palaungic 7321: 7319:Proto-languages 7300: 7262: 7239: 7212: 7193: 7175: 7141: 7125: 7084: 7016: 6995: 6969: 6941: 6916: 6891: 6875: 6854: 6823: 6807: 6776: 6755: 6687: 6660: 6635: 6610: 6589: 6556: 6518: 6468: 6447: 6418: 6402: 6358: 6356:Khasi–Palaungic 6333: 6312: 6296: 6280: 6251: 6245: 6225: 6204: 6168: 6152: 6132: 6111: 6085: 6059: 6026: 6010: 5979: 5956: 5935: 5914: 5898: 5882: 5857: 5836: 5816: 5770: 5740: 5684: 5604: 5591: 5586: 5552:Wayback Machine 5493: 5477:Wayback Machine 5417:Wayback Machine 5400: 5386: 5359: 5349: 5347:Further reading 5344: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5249: 5238: 5214: 5212: 5208: 5197: 5169:Wayback Machine 5139:Wayback Machine 5023:Wayback Machine 4980: 4975: 4974: 4937: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4874: 4870: 4866:, p. 1013. 4862: 4858: 4844: 4842: 4799: 4795: 4742: 4738: 4699:(6397): 92–95. 4685: 4681: 4671: 4669: 4662: 4646: 4642: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4614: 4598: 4594: 4531: 4527: 4523:44(2). 555–576. 4517:Wayback Machine 4507: 4503: 4492: 4488: 4478: 4476: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4390: 4388: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4342:Wayback Machine 4332: 4328: 4311: 4307: 4297:Wayback Machine 4287: 4283: 4277:Wayback Machine 4265: 4261: 4255:Wayback Machine 4244:Wayback Machine 4230: 4226: 4220:Wayback Machine 4210: 4206: 4196:Wayback Machine 4186: 4182: 4173: 4169: 4163:Wayback Machine 4153: 4149: 4139:Wayback Machine 4129: 4122: 4116:Wayback Machine 4106: 4102: 4087: 4065: 4061: 4046:Wayback Machine 4035: 4031: 4026:Wayback Machine 4015:Wayback Machine 4004:Wayback Machine 3992: 3988: 3978: 3976: 3941: 3937: 3930:Wayback Machine 3919: 3910: 3901: 3897: 3884: 3869: 3863:Wayback Machine 3853: 3849: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3824: 3815: 3811: 3803: 3799: 3794:Wayback Machine 3784: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3732: 3728: 3718:Wayback Machine 3708: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3661: 3659: 3648:"Austroasiatic" 3646: 3645: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3630: 3609: 3605: 3588: 3584: 3573:Sometimes also 3572: 3568: 3563: 3540: 3448:Red River Delta 3444: 2000 BCE 3443: 3401:Haplogroup O1b1 3394: 3384: 3358:Munda languages 3330: 3292: 3268: 3262: 3257: 3120: 3118:Writing systems 3045:, suggesting a 2940: 2935: 2926: 2902: 2840: 2831: 2746: 2737: 2691: 2682: 2584: 2568:Red River Delta 2467: 2458: 2449: 2402: 2235: 2174: 2171: 2170:Austroasiatic: 2158:subgroups with 2095: 2090: 2050:Nicobar Islands 1869:Munda languages 1855: 1846: 1837: 1828: 1819: 1751: 1742: 1733: 1665: 1612: 1608: 1597: 1573: 1564: 1484: 1475: 1466: 1396: 1324: 1322:Diffloth (2005) 1319: 1154:lexicostatistic 1150: 1145: 1134:Nicobar Islands 963: 961:Diffloth (1974) 916:Munda languages 912:Nicobar Islands 908:Northeast India 896: 668:Munda languages 660:Harry L. Shorto 656:Proto-Mon–Khmer 652: 646: 599: 568:austroasiatisch 560:Wilhelm Schmidt 552: 413:language family 405: 401: 387: 339: 335: 324: 323: 322: 315: 313: 306: 304: 297: 295: 288: 286: 279: 277: 270: 268: 261: 259: 252: 250: 243: 241: 234: 232: 225: 223: 216: 214: 207: 192:(Austroasiatic) 191: 185: 171: 99:Khasi-Palaungic 46: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10336: 10326: 10325: 10320: 10303: 10302: 10299: 10298: 10291: 10283: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10276: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10224: 10222: 10216: 10215: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10208: 10203: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10177: 10175: 10169: 10168: 10166: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10150: 10145: 10144: 10143: 10138: 10127: 10125: 10119: 10118: 10116: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10098:Uralo-Siberian 10095: 10090: 10085: 10083:Serbi–Mongolic 10080: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10043:Dravido-Korean 10040: 10038:Dené–Yeniseian 10035: 10034: 10033: 10028: 10026:Dené–Caucasian 10023: 10013: 10008: 10002: 9996: 9992: 9991: 9988: 9987: 9985: 9984: 9979: 9971: 9964: 9956: 9954: 9947: 9946: 9944: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9917: 9915: 9904: 9898: 9897: 9895: 9894: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9871: 9869: 9862: 9861: 9859: 9858: 9853: 9848: 9843: 9838: 9831: 9824: 9817: 9810: 9803: 9795: 9793: 9787: 9786: 9784: 9783: 9775: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9753: 9746: 9739: 9731: 9729: 9723: 9722: 9720: 9719: 9718: 9717: 9712: 9700: 9694: 9692: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9682: 9675: 9668: 9661: 9654: 9647: 9644:Hurro-Urartian 9640: 9633: 9626: 9619: 9612: 9604: 9602: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9592: 9585: 9578: 9571: 9564: 9557: 9550: 9543: 9536: 9529: 9526:Paleo-Corsican 9522: 9515: 9508: 9503: 9496: 9489: 9481: 9479: 9473: 9472: 9461: 9460: 9453: 9446: 9438: 9429: 9428: 9425: 9424: 9417: 9410: 9406: 9405: 9402: 9401: 9399: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9367: 9365: 9361: 9360: 9357: 9356: 9354: 9353: 9344: 9342: 9338: 9337: 9335: 9334: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9311:Indo-Pakistani 9308: 9303: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9280: 9274: 9266: 9265: 9262: 9261: 9259: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9194: 9189: 9182: 9177: 9171: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9118: 9116: 9110: 9109: 9107: 9106: 9100: 9094: 9088: 9082: 9076: 9070: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9010:Piaroa–Saliban 9007: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8911: 8906: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8846: 8840: 8832: 8831: 8828: 8827: 8825: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8806: 8804: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8796: 8789: 8782: 8777: 8775:Tequistlatecan 8772: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8748: 8741: 8736: 8730: 8724: 8718: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8688: 8683: 8676: 8669: 8662: 8655: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8621: 8613: 8611: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8603: 8598: 8591: 8584: 8579: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8523: 8516: 8511: 8504: 8499: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8475: 8468: 8461: 8454: 8447: 8442: 8435: 8427: 8421: 8413: 8412: 8409: 8408: 8406: 8405: 8400: 8394: 8386: 8384: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8366: 8361: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8339: 8333: 8326: 8321: 8314: 8307: 8302: 8298:Marrku–Wurrugu 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8272: 8265: 8257: 8252: 8245: 8239: 8233: 8232: 8229: 8228: 8226: 8225: 8220: 8212: 8206: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8164: 8158: 8153: 8147: 8145: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8137: 8131: 8125: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8088: 8083: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7908: 7902: 7896: 7885: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7877: 7869: 7862: 7856: 7851: 7843: 7838: 7830: 7823: 7816: 7811: 7805: 7803: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7795: 7789: 7783: 7777: 7771: 7765: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7742: 7735: 7728: 7723: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7660: 7657:Hurro-Urartian 7653: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7629: 7624: 7617: 7610: 7605: 7597: 7591: 7576: 7575: 7572: 7571: 7569: 7568: 7562: 7556: 7551: 7544: 7539: 7533: 7531: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7523: 7517: 7511: 7505: 7499: 7493: 7488: 7480: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7456: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7435: 7428: 7427: 7420: 7413: 7405: 7396: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7384: 7374: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7362: 7355: 7348: 7341: 7334: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7310: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7260: 7255: 7249: 7247: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7237: 7232: 7226: 7224: 7214: 7213: 7203: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7191: 7183: 7181: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7152: 7150: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7139: 7133: 7131: 7127: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7101: 7095: 7093: 7086: 7085: 7083: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7031: 7029: 7018: 7017: 7005: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6977: 6975: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6951: 6949: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6939: 6934: 6928: 6926: 6918: 6917: 6905: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6897: 6896: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6873: 6868: 6862: 6860: 6856: 6855: 6853: 6852: 6847: 6842: 6837: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6815: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6799: 6797: 6790: 6786: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6778: 6777: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6763: 6761: 6757: 6756: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6702: 6700: 6693: 6689: 6688: 6686: 6685: 6679: 6677: 6670: 6662: 6661: 6649: 6648: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6633: 6628: 6622: 6620: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6566: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6528: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6485: 6483: 6474: 6473:East Palaungic 6470: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6455: 6453: 6452:West Palaungic 6449: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6439: 6437: 6430: 6424: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6403: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6379: 6377: 6370: 6360: 6359: 6347: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6339: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6262: 6260: 6253: 6250:Western Pearic 6247: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6237: 6235: 6227: 6226: 6214: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6153: 6151: 6150: 6144: 6142: 6134: 6133: 6121: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6093: 6091: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6067: 6065: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6036: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5997: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5968: 5966: 5958: 5957: 5945: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5906: 5904: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5896: 5890: 5888: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5869: 5867: 5859: 5858: 5846: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5616: 5614: 5606: 5605: 5593: 5592: 5585: 5584: 5577: 5570: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5542: 5537: 5531: 5522: 5513: 5504: 5492: 5491:External links 5489: 5488: 5487: 5483: 5480: 5466: 5456:(8): 437–457. 5445: 5425:Mason, Francis 5421: 5405: 5384: 5362:. De Gruyter. 5348: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5242: 5236: 5221: 5187: 5182:Shorto, H. L. 5180: 5157: 5150: 5143: 5129:, eds (2015). 5123: 5116: 5102: 5085: 5040: 5030: 5012: 5005: 4996: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4951:(6): 546–560. 4931: 4919: 4884:(3): 405–435. 4868: 4856: 4813:(2): 328–342. 4793: 4736: 4679: 4660: 4640: 4631: 4612: 4592: 4525: 4501: 4486: 4460: 4424: 4398: 4372: 4346: 4326: 4305: 4281: 4259: 4224: 4204: 4180: 4167: 4147: 4145:, 36: 187–206. 4120: 4100: 4085: 4059: 4029: 3986: 3935: 3908: 3895: 3867: 3847: 3834: 3822: 3816:Roger Blench, 3809: 3807:, p. 196. 3805:Sidwell (2005) 3797: 3778: 3769: 3767:, p. 526. 3757: 3755:, p. 524. 3745: 3726: 3699: 3690: 3681: 3669: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3603: 3582: 3575:Austro-Asiatic 3565: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3544:Southeast Asia 3539: 3536: 3405:southern China 3399:suggests that 3383: 3380: 3362:Jean Przyluski 3329: 3326: 3291: 3288: 3264:Main article: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3252: 3251: 3241: 3231: 3221: 3211: 3201: 3191: 3177: 3167: 3162: 3160:Old Mon script 3157: 3151: 3149:Khmer alphabet 3146: 3119: 3116: 3100: 3099: 3096:sesquisyllabic 3079: 3076:Hlai languages 3059: 3058: 3027: 2974: 2965: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2919: 2918: 2911: 2908: 2907: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2880: 2879: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2833: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2823: 2816: 2813: 2812: 2809: 2808: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2778: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2763: 2762: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2743: 2742: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2687: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2659: 2652: 2647: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2629: 2624: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2609: 2607: 2606:Austroasiatic 2601: 2583: 2582:Sidwell (2018) 2580: 2484:southern China 2464: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2454: 2451: 2450: 2446: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2372: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2342: 2341: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2281: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2244: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2205: 2200: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2182: 2177: 2175: 2169: 2164: 2114:drainage basin 2094: 2091: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2080: 2064: 2053: 2038: 2037: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2032: 2024: 2012: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1991: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1952: 1935: 1924: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1906: 1905: 1904: 1903:: 12 languages 1898: 1888: 1879: 1863:Austro‑Asiatic 1859: 1852: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1774: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1681: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1641: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1622: 1620: 1615: 1613: 1606: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1598: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1557: 1556: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1381: 1378: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1354: 1352: 1342: 1340: 1331: 1323: 1320: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1294: 1286:Katu–Bahnaric 1284: 1274: 1266:Asli-Bahnaric 1264: 1257: 1246: 1245: 1244: 1237: 1227: 1219: 1202: 1192: 1182: 1173:Austro‑Asiatic 1169: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1137: 1125: 1113: 1103: 1102: 1101: 1094: 1087: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1058: 1051: 1044: 1037: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1014: 1006: 1005: 1004: 999: 984:Austro‑Asiatic 980: 962: 959: 904:Southeast Asia 895: 892: 874: 873: 868: 866: 864: 859: 857: 851: 850: 848: 846: 841: 836: 831: 825: 824: 822: 817: 812: 807: 802: 796: 795: 793: 791: 786: 781: 776: 768: 767: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 739: 738: 733: 728: 723: 718: 713: 708: 702: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 648:Main article: 645: 644:Proto-language 642: 607:minor syllable 598: 595: 558:was coined by 551: 548: 465:southern China 411:) are a large 404:-troh-ay-zhee- 326: 325: 314: 305: 296: 287: 278: 269: 260: 251: 242: 233: 224: 215: 206: 205: 203: 195: 194: 183: 177: 176: 169: 163: 162: 161: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 133: 128: 123: 118: 113: 106: 101: 96: 89: 85: 84: 79: 78:Proto-language 75: 74: 68: 62: 61: 48: 42: 41: 40:Austro-Asiatic 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10335: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10315: 10313: 10296: 10292: 10289: 10285: 10284: 10280: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10226: 10225: 10223: 10221: 10217: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10178: 10176: 10174: 10170: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10154: 10151: 10149: 10146: 10142: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10133: 10132: 10129: 10128: 10126: 10124: 10120: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10108:Eskimo–Uralic 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10074: 10071: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10018: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10003: 10000: 9997: 9993: 9983: 9980: 9977: 9976: 9972: 9970: 9969: 9965: 9963: 9962: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9953: 9948: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9912:Paleosiberian 9908: 9905: 9903: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9863: 9857: 9854: 9852: 9849: 9847: 9844: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9836: 9832: 9830: 9829: 9825: 9823: 9822: 9818: 9816: 9815: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9807:Austroasiatic 9804: 9802: 9801: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9792: 9788: 9781: 9780: 9776: 9774: 9771: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9758: 9757:Austroasiatic 9754: 9752: 9751: 9747: 9745: 9744: 9740: 9738: 9737: 9736:Indo-European 9733: 9732: 9730: 9728: 9724: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9707: 9706: 9705: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9691: 9687: 9681: 9680: 9676: 9674: 9673: 9669: 9667: 9666: 9662: 9660: 9659: 9655: 9653: 9652: 9648: 9646: 9645: 9641: 9639: 9638: 9634: 9632: 9631: 9627: 9625: 9624: 9620: 9618: 9617: 9613: 9611: 9610: 9609:Indo-European 9606: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9597: 9591: 9590: 9586: 9584: 9583: 9579: 9577: 9576: 9572: 9570: 9569: 9565: 9563: 9562: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9551: 9549: 9548: 9544: 9542: 9541: 9537: 9535: 9534: 9530: 9528: 9527: 9523: 9521: 9520: 9516: 9514: 9513: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9501: 9497: 9495: 9494: 9490: 9488: 9487: 9486:Indo-European 9483: 9482: 9480: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9459: 9454: 9452: 9447: 9445: 9440: 9439: 9436: 9422: 9418: 9415: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9403: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9362: 9352: 9351: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9339: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9321:Original Thai 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9301: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9267: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9187: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9175: 9172: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9123: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9111: 9104: 9101: 9098: 9095: 9092: 9089: 9086: 9085:Hibito–Cholón 9083: 9080: 9077: 9074: 9071: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9037: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9005: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8953: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8916: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8904: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8867: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8847: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8833: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8812: 8808: 8807: 8805: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8790: 8788: 8787: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8770: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8753: 8749: 8747: 8746: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8719: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8693: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8681: 8677: 8675: 8674: 8670: 8668: 8667: 8663: 8661: 8660: 8656: 8654: 8653: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8626: 8622: 8620: 8619: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8608: 8602: 8601:Yuman–Cochimí 8599: 8597: 8596: 8592: 8590: 8589: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8577: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8550: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8528: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8509: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8497: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8480: 8476: 8474: 8473: 8469: 8467: 8466: 8462: 8460: 8459: 8455: 8453: 8452: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8436: 8434: 8433: 8429: 8428: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8414: 8404: 8401: 8398: 8395: 8393: 8392: 8388: 8387: 8385: 8381: 8374: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8359: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8337: 8336:Southern Daly 8334: 8332: 8331: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8319: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8300: 8299: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8277: 8273: 8271: 8270: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8261:Darwin Region 8258: 8256: 8253: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8234: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8213: 8210: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8168: 8165: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8142: 8135: 8132: 8129: 8126: 8124: 8121: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8093: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8081: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8059: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8042: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8020: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7943:Demta–Sentani 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7913: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7903: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7890: 7886: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7868: 7867: 7863: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7835: 7831: 7829: 7828: 7824: 7822: 7821: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7800: 7793: 7790: 7787: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7775: 7772: 7769: 7766: 7763: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7747: 7743: 7741: 7740: 7736: 7734: 7733: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7721: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7704: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7687: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7665: 7664:Indo-European 7661: 7659: 7658: 7654: 7652: 7651: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7634: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7622: 7618: 7616: 7615: 7614:Austroasiatic 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7603: 7599: 7598: 7595: 7592: 7589: 7584: 7577: 7566: 7563: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7549: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7528: 7521: 7518: 7515: 7512: 7509: 7506: 7503: 7500: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7481: 7479: 7478: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7461: 7457: 7455: 7454: 7450: 7449: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7426: 7421: 7419: 7414: 7412: 7407: 7406: 7403: 7389: 7385: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7371: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7354: 7353: 7349: 7347: 7346: 7345:Proto-Khmeric 7342: 7340: 7339: 7335: 7333: 7332: 7328: 7327: 7324: 7320: 7315: 7311: 7297: 7294: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7276: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7265: 7259: 7258:Bugan (Pakan) 7256: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7208: 7204: 7190: 7189: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7178: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7144: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7132: 7128: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7106: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7087: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7010: 7006: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6972: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6944: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6925:Chaura-Teresa 6923: 6919: 6915: 6910: 6906: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6861: 6857: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6843: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6820: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6758: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6694: 6690: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6654: 6650: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6621: 6617: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6596: 6592: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6559: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6471: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6425: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6352: 6348: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6293: 6292:Western Chong 6290: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6266:Central Chong 6264: 6263: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6219: 6215: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6126: 6122: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6062: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6037: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6023: 6020: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5983: 5978: 5975: 5974: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5950: 5946: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5851: 5847: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5823: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5578: 5576: 5571: 5569: 5564: 5563: 5560: 5553: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5507:Mon–Khmer.com 5505: 5502: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5414: 5411: 5406: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5358: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5229: 5228: 5222: 5207: 5203: 5196: 5192: 5191:Sidwell, Paul 5188: 5185: 5181: 5179: 5178:0-85883-570-3 5175: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5115: 5114:0-85883-172-4 5111: 5107: 5103: 5101: 5100:0-415-32242-1 5097: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5049:Mol Biol Evol 5046: 5041: 5038: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4995: 4994:0-85883-373-5 4991: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4968: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4878:Human Biology 4872: 4865: 4860: 4853: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4797: 4789: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4667: 4663: 4661:9789027264640 4657: 4653: 4652: 4644: 4635: 4619: 4615: 4613:9788120607729 4609: 4605: 4604: 4596: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4545:(8): e24282. 4544: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4505: 4497: 4490: 4474: 4470: 4464: 4445: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4330: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4285: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4263: 4256: 4252: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4221: 4217: 4214: 4208: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4184: 4177: 4171: 4164: 4160: 4157: 4151: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4127: 4125: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4104: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4086:9783110558142 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4033: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3990: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3955:(3): 95–111. 3954: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3905: 3899: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3851: 3844: 3838: 3829: 3827: 3819: 3813: 3806: 3801: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3782: 3773: 3766: 3761: 3754: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3712: 3706: 3704: 3694: 3688:Diffloth 2005 3685: 3679: 3673: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3639: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3612:Sunda Islands 3607: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3556: 3551: 3549: 3548:Munda peoples 3545: 3531: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3520:Tibeto-Burman 3517: 3513: 3509: 3506:(such as the 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3438: 3428: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3325: 3323: 3320:, especially 3319: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3267: 3249: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3080: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3062: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 3000:Central Dusun 2997: 2993: 2992:Dayak Bakatiq 2989: 2985: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2963: 2959: 2957: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2930: 2929: 2921: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2905: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2863: 2862: 2859: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2835: 2834: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2807: 2806: 2800: 2799: 2792: 2791: 2788: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2769: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2741: 2740: 2732: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2695: 2694: 2686: 2685: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2621: 2620: 2613: 2612: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2579: 2577: 2572: 2569: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2501:watershed of 2500: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2471: 2462: 2461: 2453: 2452: 2444: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2432: 2431: 2428: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2417: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2397: 2396: 2393: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2382: 2381: 2378: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2355: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2258: 2257: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2238: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2196: 2195: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2152: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2126: 2123:(2009), in a 2122: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2046: 2042: 2041: 2039: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2009: 2005: 2004: 2002: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1958: 1957: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1887:: 2 languages 1886: 1885:Kharian–Juang 1883: 1882: 1880: 1878:: 7 languages 1877: 1874: 1873: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1850: 1849: 1841: 1840: 1832: 1831: 1823: 1822: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1788: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1754: 1746: 1745: 1737: 1736: 1728: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1686: 1680: 1679: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1576: 1568: 1567: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1526: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1511: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1479: 1478: 1470: 1469: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1437: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1411: 1410: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1328: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1277: 1276:Mon–Bahnaric 1275: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1190: 1186: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1165: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1148:Peiros (2004) 1135: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1092: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1073: 1068: 1065:(Vietnamese, 1064: 1063: 1059: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1035: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1027: 1026: 1024: 1018: 1017:Koraput Munda 1015: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1007: 1003: 1000: 997: 996: 994: 993: 992: 991: 987: 986: 985: 982: 981: 979: 977: 973: 972: 967: 958: 956: 952: 948: 943: 940: 935: 933: 929: 926:and parts of 925: 924:Central India 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 891: 889: 869: 867: 865: 860: 858: 856: 852: 849: 847: 842: 837: 832: 830: 826: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 801: 797: 794: 792: 787: 782: 777: 775: 770: 769: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 740: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 707: 703: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 674: 671: 669: 665: 661: 657: 651: 641: 639: 634: 632: 628: 624: 620: 615: 613: 608: 604: 594: 592: 588: 584: 579: 574: 569: 565: 561: 557: 556:Austroasiatic 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 524: 522: 518: 514: 510: 509: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 409: 396: 333: 321: 312: 303: 294: 285: 276: 267: 258: 249: 240: 231: 222: 213: 201: 196: 188: 184: 182: 178: 174: 170: 168: 164: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 138: 134: 132: 129: 127: 124: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 111: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 91: 90: 86: 83: 80: 76: 73: 69: 67: 63: 60: 56: 52: 49: 43: 38: 35:Austroasiatic 33: 30: 26: 22: 10294: 10287: 10286:Families in 10243:Pre-Goidelic 10238:Pre-Germanic 10068:Indo-Semitic 10063:Indo-Pacific 10058:Indo-Hittite 9973: 9966: 9959: 9889: 9866:Indian Ocean 9833: 9828:Austronesian 9826: 9819: 9812: 9806: 9805: 9800:Sino-Tibetan 9798: 9777: 9756: 9755: 9750:Sino-Tibetan 9748: 9741: 9734: 9702: 9677: 9670: 9663: 9656: 9649: 9642: 9635: 9628: 9621: 9614: 9607: 9587: 9580: 9573: 9566: 9559: 9554:North Picene 9552: 9545: 9538: 9531: 9524: 9517: 9510: 9498: 9491: 9484: 9420: 9413: 9412:Families in 9347: 9298: 9196: 9184: 9034: 9002: 8993:Pano-Tacanan 8950: 8913: 8901: 8872:Arutani–Sape 8864: 8809: 8791: 8784: 8769:Oto-Manguean 8767: 8750: 8743: 8690: 8678: 8671: 8664: 8657: 8650: 8623: 8616: 8593: 8586: 8574: 8547: 8525: 8518: 8506: 8494: 8477: 8470: 8463: 8456: 8449: 8437: 8430: 8389: 8356: 8352:Western Daly 8330:Pama–Nyungan 8328: 8316: 8309: 8296: 8274: 8269:Eastern Daly 8267: 8259: 8214: 8090: 8078: 8056: 8039: 8017: 7988:Kaure–Kosare 7948:Doso–Turumsa 7938:Chimbu–Wahgi 7928:Bulaka River 7912:Austronesian 7910: 7871: 7864: 7845: 7832: 7825: 7818: 7744: 7737: 7730: 7720:Sino-Tibetan 7718: 7701: 7684: 7662: 7655: 7648: 7631: 7621:Austronesian 7619: 7613: 7612: 7600: 7546: 7484:Nilo-Saharan 7482: 7475: 7460:Austronesian 7458: 7451: 7377: 7357: 7352:Proto-Aslian 7350: 7343: 7336: 7329: 7186: 7180:unclassified 7103: 6200:Phong-Kniang 5588: 5511:Paul Sidwell 5509:Lectures by 5453: 5449: 5432: 5428: 5408: 5355: 5303: 5299: 5287: 5280: 5269:. Retrieved 5257: 5253: 5226: 5213:. Retrieved 5201: 5183: 5160: 5153: 5146: 5130: 5127:Paul Sidwell 5119: 5105: 5091: 5052: 5048: 5036: 5026: 5008: 5000: 4985: 4948: 4944: 4934: 4922: 4881: 4877: 4871: 4859: 4850: 4843:. Retrieved 4810: 4806: 4796: 4753: 4749: 4739: 4696: 4692: 4682: 4670:. Retrieved 4650: 4643: 4634: 4622:. Retrieved 4602: 4595: 4542: 4538: 4528: 4520: 4504: 4495: 4489: 4477:. Retrieved 4463: 4451:. Retrieved 4427: 4415:. Retrieved 4401: 4389:. Retrieved 4385:the original 4375: 4363:. Retrieved 4349: 4329: 4313: 4308: 4300: 4284: 4268: 4262: 4232: 4227: 4207: 4199: 4183: 4175: 4170: 4150: 4142: 4103: 4068: 4062: 4037: 4032: 3995: 3989: 3977:. Retrieved 3952: 3948: 3938: 3921: 3903: 3898: 3890: 3886: 3850: 3842: 3837: 3817: 3812: 3800: 3781: 3772: 3760: 3748: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3721: 3697:Sidwell 2009 3693: 3684: 3677: 3672: 3660:. Retrieved 3651: 3642: 3606: 3598: 3585: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3552: 3541: 3483: 3433: 3421:Yayoi people 3395: 3369: 3366:Matsyagandha 3331: 3318:Sino-Tibetan 3313: 3307: 3293: 3269: 3214:Mundari Bani 3170:Pahawh Hmong 3121: 3101: 3081: 3065: 3060: 3054: 3050: 3047:Sino-Tibetan 3037: 3036: 3029: 2976: 2967: 2953: 2943:Roger Blench 2941: 2913: 2889: 2874: 2851: 2818: 2803: 2780: 2757: 2724: 2709: 2669: 2654: 2631: 2585: 2576:Sino-Tibetan 2573: 2565: 2557:Roger Blench 2555: 2551: 2523: 2519: 2507:Mekong River 2488: 2472: 2468: 2435: 2420: 2389: 2374: 2351: 2336: 2321: 2306: 2291: 2276: 2261: 2246: 2222: 2207: 2184: 2153: 2147:the central 2141: 2134: 2121:Paul Sidwell 2119: 2106:Roger Blench 2102:Paul Sidwell 2079:of Thailand. 2073:Mon language 2066: 2058: 2043: 2026: 2018: 2006: 1993: 1977: 1954: 1946: 1940: 1929: 1918: 1900: 1893: 1884: 1875: 1867: 1862: 1856: 1806: 1791: 1769: 1720: 1705: 1683: 1652: 1636: 1584: 1551: 1536: 1514: 1455: 1440: 1414: 1383: 1368: 1336: 1325: 1296: 1289: 1279: 1269: 1259: 1251: 1239: 1232: 1221: 1197: 1187: 1184:Munda–Khmer 1177: 1172: 1152:Peiros is a 1151: 1127: 1115: 1108: 1096: 1089: 1077: 1060: 1053: 1046: 1039: 1031: 1016: 1012:Kharia–Juang 1011: 1008:South Munda 1001: 995:North Munda 988: 983: 975: 969: 964: 944: 938: 936: 897: 877: 663: 653: 635: 631:creaky voice 616: 600: 555: 553: 540:Austronesian 525: 521:Khasi–Khmuic 506: 505: 331: 329: 135: 108: 88:Subdivisions 47:distribution 29: 10093:Ural-Altaic 10073:Indo-Uralic 9885:Sentinelese 9616:Afroasiatic 9582:Eteocypriot 9306:Germanosign 9210:Mura-Pirahã 9091:Lule–Vilela 9067:Bora-Witoto 9042:Uru–Chipaya 9015:Ticuna–Yuri 8998:Peba–Yaguan 8983:Nambikwaran 8786:Uto-Aztecan 8722:Mesoamerica 8576:Uto-Aztecan 8565:Tsimshianic 8527:Palaihnihan 8397:Malak-Malak 8134:Papuan Gulf 8108:West Papuan 8013:Lower Sepik 8003:Lakes Plain 7906:Arai–Samaia 7894:the Pacific 7602:Afroasiatic 7477:Niger–Congo 7453:Afroasiatic 7359:Proto-Munda 6509:Muak Sa-aak 5980: [ 5866:West Katuic 5260:: 117–134. 3979:14 February 3579:Austroasian 3470:, a modern 3371:Mahabharata 3314:genetically 3312:people are 3299:Haudricourt 3224:Warang Citi 3154:Khom script 2524:During the 2499:Pearl River 1456:Kherwarian 1036:(Cambodian) 638:tonogenesis 570:) based on 489:Wa language 10312:Categories 10233:Pre-Celtic 10201:East Asian 10191:Austro-Tai 10181:Andamanese 10031:Eurasiatic 9952:North Asia 9902:North Asia 9814:Hmong–Mien 9768:Burushaski 9727:South Asia 9698:Kartvelian 9665:Philistine 9575:Eteocretan 9519:Tartessian 9300:Francosign 9148:Chiquitano 9128:Alacalufan 8936:Guaicuruan 8909:Chapacuran 8892:Cahuapanan 8860:Araucanian 8763:Mixe–Zoque 8758:Misumalpan 8472:Comecrudan 8324:Nyulnyulan 8103:Upper Yuat 8080:Torricelli 8052:Senu River 7983:Foja Range 7889:New Guinea 7814:Burushaski 7675:Kartvelian 7650:Hmong–Mien 7466:Khoe–Kwadi 7161:Semaq Beri 7149:(Southern) 7028:(Northern) 6914:Nicobarese 6859:Gutob-Remo 6828:Sora-Gorum 6692:Kherwarian 6090:Phong–Liha 5972:Vietnamese 5965:Viet-Muong 5807:Mel-Khaonh 5376:2262/97064 5271:28 October 5035:. (1994). 4927:Zhang 2015 4672:15 October 4624:15 October 4202:, Vol. 30. 4141:." In The 4008:SEALS 2021 3765:Alves 2014 3753:Alves 2014 3662:15 October 3634:References 3480:Nicobarese 3452:Ban Chiang 3386:See also: 3374:) and the 3336:including 3310:Hmong–Mien 3290:Hmong-Mien 3165:Mon script 3033:substratum 3020:Land Dayak 2984:Land Dayak 2971:substratum 2876:Nicobarese 2422:Nicobarese 2156:Nicobarese 2045:Nicobarese 1988:Vietnamese 1901:Kherwarian 1771:Nicobarese 1194:Mon–Khmer 1179:Nicobarese 1129:Nicobarese 1025:Mon–Khmer 1002:Kherwarian 976:Ethnologue 928:Bangladesh 914:, and the 591:Nicobarese 536:Hmong-Mien 508:Ethnologue 499:is one of 473:Vietnamese 469:Vietnamese 457:Bangladesh 421:South Asia 408:-ik, AWSS- 320:Nicobarese 158:Nicobarese 45:Geographic 10258:Pre-Vedic 10248:Pre-Greek 10220:Substrata 10123:Arunachal 10021:Nostratic 10006:Alarodian 9941:Yeniseian 9791:East Asia 9743:Dravidian 9600:West Asia 9568:Tyrsenian 9331:Tanzanian 9272:languages 9169:Hodï/Joti 9113:Isolates 9052:Yanomaman 8988:Otomákoan 8952:Jirajaran 8941:Guajiboan 8903:Catacaoan 8882:Barbacoan 8811:Cuitlatec 8780:Totonacan 8739:Jicaquean 8618:Chimariko 8514:Muskogean 8496:Kalapuyan 8490:Iroquoian 8465:Chumashan 8458:Chinookan 8451:Chimakuan 8369:Yangmanic 8364:Worrorran 8347:Wagaydyic 8237:Australia 8086:Trans-Fly 7752:Yeniseian 7739:Tyrsenian 7633:Dravidian 7388:varieties 7380:indicate 7289:Khmer Khe 7092:(Central) 7040:Cheq Wong 6575:Quang Lam 6562:Bit-Khang 6547:Meung Yum 6428:Palaungic 6173:Phay-Pram 5394:242359233 4845:5 January 4835:244155341 4827:2692-7691 4569:1932-6203 4453:20 August 4095:242599355 4055:Kaohsiung 3969:1836-6821 3742:: 59–109. 3624:Manggarai 3620:Sundanese 3446:) in the 3250:alphabet) 3240:alphabet) 3230:alphabet) 3220:alphabet) 3210:alphabet) 3006:, etc.), 2994:, etc.), 2958:languages 2947:substrate 2820:Palaungic 2561:Indochina 2478:from the 2476:Indochina 2224:Palaungic 2172:Mon–Khmer 1956:Palaungic 1609:Mon–Khmer 1553:Palaungic 1234:Palaungic 1091:Palaungic 1084:Meghalaya 855:Fricative 773:implosive 711:voiceless 554:The name 550:Etymology 425:East Asia 230:Palaungic 181:Glottolog 167:ISO 639-5 59:East Asia 51:Southeast 10253:Vasconic 10228:Atlantic 9982:Eskaleut 9936:Yukaghir 9851:Koreanic 9846:Tungusic 9841:Mongolic 9779:Harappan 9690:Caucasus 9672:Sumerian 9547:Ligurian 9364:See also 9341:Isolates 9316:Japanese 9256:Yuracaré 9138:Candoshi 9097:Macro-Jê 9062:Zaparoan 9057:Zamucoan 9047:Witotoan 9030:Tucanoan 9025:Tiniguan 9020:Timotean 9004:Quechuan 8973:Matacoan 8968:Mascoian 8958:Jivaroan 8921:Chibchan 8915:Charruan 8866:Arawakan 8803:Isolates 8734:Chibchan 8610:Isolates 8582:Wakashan 8543:Salishan 8485:Eskaleut 8391:Giimbiyu 8383:Isolates 8292:Jarrakan 8287:Iwaidjan 8144:Isolates 7998:Kutubuan 7866:Sumerian 7802:Isolates 7757:Yukaghir 7726:Tungusic 7692:Mongolic 7680:Koreanic 7639:Eskaleut 7530:Isolates 7514:Ubangian 7235:Nyah Kur 7156:Mah Meri 7147:Semelaic 6974:Southern 6955:Nancowry 6760:Santalic 6699:Mundaric 6393:Lyngngam 6317:Southern 6301:Northern 6190:Ksingmul 5989:in China 5887:Ta'oihic 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