456:
125:
1909:
Only a small group of Orang Asli receive formal education in the Aslian languages. Most of the younger Orang Asli use Malay as the medium of instruction in school. There is currently only a total of 5 schools in the state of Pahang and 2 schools in the state of Perak which teach Aslian languages, due
1896:
Aslian languages do not succumb to any great deal of phonological change, yet borrowings from Malay are substantial. This is a result of constant interactions between the Orang Asli and Malays around the region. There is a more significant Malay influence among the nomadic Orang Asli population than
1905:
All Aslian languages are endangered as they are spoken by a small group of people, with contributing factors including speaker deaths and linguistic assimilation with the Malay community. Some efforts are being made to preserve the Aslian languages in
Malaysia. Some radio stations in Malaysia
1876:
Expressives are words which describe sounds, visual phenomena, bodily sensations, emotions, smells, tastes etc., with minute precision and specificity. They are characterized by special morphophonemic patterns, and make extensive use of sound symbolism. Unlike nouns and verbs, expressives are
1892:
The Aslian languages have links with numerous languages. This is evident in the numerous borrowings from early
Austronesian languages, specifically those from Borneo. There was a possibility that migrants from Borneo settled in the Malay Peninsula 3000–4000 years ago and established cultural
1792:
Senoic languages set much store by deictic precision. This manifests itself in their elaborate pronominal systems, which make inclusive/exclusive and dual/plural distinctions, and take the trouble to reflect the person and number of the subject by a prefixal concordpronoun on the verb.
1868:
Lexicon elaboration is particularly great in areas which reflect the interaction of the
Aslians with their natural environment (plant and animal nomenclature, swidden agriculture terminology etc.). The greatest single sweller of the Aslian vocabulary is the class of words called
952:
All Aslian languages that have been thoroughly studied have constructive usage of various morphophonemic devices – prefixation, infixation and reduplication. Also, most Aslian languages preserve fossilized traces of other morphological patterns that are no longer productive.
1893:
dominance over the Aslian speakers. Aslian words also contain words of Chamic, Acehnese and
Malayic origin. For example, several Aslian languages made use of Austronesian classifiers, even though classifiers exist in the Aslian language.
884:. Contrastive length has been lost in the Northern and Southern Aslian branches. The loss of vowel length must have led to complex reorganizations in the vocalic systems of the affected languages, by developing new contrasts elsewhere.
956:
It was also noted that the use of the suffix in Aslian languages was a product of recent use of Malay loan words. For example, the use of the infix 'n' is prominent in various Aslian language and it encompasses a myriad of definition.
191:, the aboriginal inhabitants of the peninsula. The total number of native speakers of Aslian languages is about fifty thousand and all are in danger of extinction. Aslian languages recognized by the Malaysian administration include
282:
of loanwords from linguistic communities that no longer exist on the Malay
Peninsula. Their former residence can be traced from the etymologies and the archaeological evidence for the succession of cultures in the region.
1102:
Aslian languages insert infixes between two consonants. Simple infixation is when the infix is inserted into the root. The most important liquid infix is the causative -r-, which is productive in Semai and Temiar.
901:
Senoic infixes are sensitive to the number of initial consonants in a root. Rising diphthongs like or are ambiguous, since the glide may be interpreted as either a feature of the initial or of the vowel.
1897:
within the farming Orang Asli population, as the farmers tend to be situated in the more remote areas and lead a subsistence lifestyle, and thus are less affected by interaction with the Malay language.
2300:
Adams, L, Karen. 1991. "The
Influence of Non-Austroasiatic Languages on Numeral Classification in Austroasiatic". Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 111, No. 1 (Jan–Mar 1991), pp. 62–81.
2393:
Burenhult, Niclas, Nicole Kruspe & Michael Dunn. 2011. 'Language history and culture groups among
Austroasiatic-speaking foragers of the Malay Peninsula'. In, N. J. Enfield (ed.),
1421:
Aslian syntax is presumably conservative with respect to
Austroasiatic as a whole, though Malay influence is apparent in some details of the grammar (e.g. use of numeral classifiers).
2021:
1218:, count nouns are derived from mass nouns by using a root-external nasal infix and an incopyfix of the final. When the root-initial is simple, the incopyfix precedes the infix:
2282:
Diffloth, Gerard. 1976e. "Relations between the animals and the humans in Semai society." Handout for lecture presented at
Southeast Asian Center, Kyoto University, Nov. 25.
1796:
Locative deixis pays careful attention to the relative position (both horizontal and vertical) of speaker and hearer, even when it may be quite irrelevant to the message:
2400:
Dunn, Michael, Niclas
Burenhult, Nicole Kruspe, Neele Becker & Sylvia Tufvesson. 2011. 'Aslian linguistic prehistory: A case study in computational phylogenetics'.
1880:
For example, in Semai, various noises and movements of flapping wings, thrashing fish etc. are depicted by an open set of morphophonemically related expressives like
2470:
Wnuk, Ewelina & Niclas Burenhult. 2014. 'Contact and isolation in hunter-gatherer language dynamics: Evidence from Maniq phonology (Aslian, Malay Peninsula)'.
1877:
lexically non-discrete, in that they are subject to a virtually unlimited number of semantic nuancings that are conveyed by small changes in their pronunciation.
1906:
broadcast in Aslian languages for nine hours every day. Other media such as newspapers, magazine-type programs and dramas are broadcast in Aslian languages.
4275:
1434:
Senoic sentences are prepositional and seem to fall into two basic types – process (active) and stative. In stative sentences, the predicate comes first:
2348:. London: Endangered Languages Project, School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), pp. 136–230. ISSN 1740-6234 www.elpublishing.org/PID/131.
3878:
275:. There is a possibility the early Monic and Nicobarese people had contact with the migrants who moved into the Malay Peninsula from further north.
2386:
Burenhult, Niclas & Nicole Kruspe. 2016. 'The language of eating and drinking: a window on Orang Asli meaning-making'. In Kirk Endicott (ed.),
337:. Due to its early split from the rest of Austroasiatic, Aslian contains many retentions and has escaped the areal influences that had later swept
4400:
2534:
2049:
Blagden, C. O. 1906. ‘Language.’ In: W. W. Skeat and C. O. Blagden, Pagan races of the Malay Peninsula, volume 2, London: MacMillan, pp. 379-775.
2442:
Kruspe, Nicole. 2009. 'Loanwords in Ceq Wong, an Austroasiatic language of Peninsular Malaysia'. In Martin Haspelmath & Uri Tadmor (eds.),
2018:
705:
may be superimposed upon the vowel midway in its articulation, giving the impression of two identical vowels interrupted by the laryngeals.
652:
Aslian words generally start with a consonant. Words which start with a vowel will be followed by a glottal stop. In most Aslian languages,
3727:
2344:
Benjamin, Geoffrey. 2011. ‘The Aslian languages of Malaysia and Thailand: an assessment.’ In: Peter K. Austin & Stuart McGill (eds),
4280:
2576:
1861:
Austroasiatic languages have a penchant for encoding semantically complex ideas into unanalyzable, monomorphemic lexemes e.g. Semai
4292:
1169:
A reduplication of the final consonant of the root is being infixed to the root. This process occurs in all 3 branches of Aslian.
338:
2502:
1368:
A simple initial is reduplicated for the incopyfixation of the final. In Aslian, this is used to derive the progressive verbs.
2496:
3871:
3361:
2617:
2407:
Dunn, Michael, Nicole Kruspe & Niclas Burenhult. 2013. 'Time and place in the prehistory of the Aslian language family'.
5714:
2251:
Diffloth, Gerard. 1972b. Ambiguïtè morphologique en semai. In J. Thomas and L.Bernot, eds. LTNS I:91-93, Paris: Klincksieck
2527:
2463:
Kruspe, Nicole, Niclas Burenhult & Ewelina Wnuk. 2015. 'Northern Aslian'. In Mathias Jenny & Paul Sidwell (eds),
2294:
2040:
Blench, Roger. 2006. Why are Aslian speakers Austronesian in culture? Papers presented at ICAL-3, Siem Reap, Cambodia.
2453:. Illustrated by Azman Zainal. Oceanic Linguistics special publication no. 36. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
2423:
1626:
Relative clauses, similar verbal modifiers, possessives, demonstratives and attributive nouns follow their head-noun:
1478:
In process sentences, the subject normally comes first, with the object and all other complements following the verb:
910:
Aslian languages are well endowed with final consonants, with most of the languages placing a lot of stress on them.
255:
Aslian languages originally appeared on the western side of the main mountains and eventually spread eastwards into
3864:
3621:
921:
are represented and well-preserved in Aslian. There is also a tendency to shorten long vowels before these finals.
5724:
5719:
3066:
2520:
2260:
Diffloth, Gerard. 1976a. "Minor-syllable vocalism in Senoic languages." In Jenner et al., Vol. I, pp. 229–248.
4654:
3973:
5629:
5284:
5245:
4287:
4130:
3631:
3061:
470:
Phillips (2012:194) lists the following consonant sound changes that each Aslian branch had innovated from
302:
Blagden (1906), Evans (1937) and Blench (2006) note that Aslian languages, especially the Northern Aslian (
2164:
Diffloth, Gerard.1976a. Minor-syllably vocalism in Senoic languages. In Jenner et al., Vol. I, pp 229–2480
934:
895:
845:
840:
835:
830:
812:
807:
795:
790:
785:
780:
716:
712:
702:
314:
also contains many words of unknown origin in addition to words of Austroasiatic and Austronesian origin.
2332:. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications. Vol. 13. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 37–128.
2242:
Shorto, Harry L. 1976. "The vocalism of Proto Mon–Khmer." In Jenner et al., eds., Vol. II, pp. 1041–1067
3101:
2269:
Diffloth, Gerard. 1975. "Les langues mon-khmer de Malaisie: classification historique et innovations."
1695:
The negative morpheme precedes the verb, though the personal prefix may intervene before the verb root:
2322:
2315:
Systems of Numeral Classification in the Mon–Khmer, Nicobarese and Aslian Subfamilies of Austroasiatic
306:) group, contain many words that cannot be traced to any currently known language family. The extinct
5709:
5070:
2956:
2622:
2203:
Diffloth, Gerard. 1976c. "Jah Hut, an Austroasiatic language of Malaysia." In Nguyen Dang Liem, ed.,
2087:
Proto-Aslian: towards an understanding of its historical linguistic systems, principles and processes
484:
423:
87:
2191:
Benjamin, Geoffrey. 1976b. "An outline of Temiar grammar". In Jenner et al, eds., Vol I, pp. 129–87
1910:
to the lack of qualified teachers and teaching aids, which are still in the process of development.
5636:
4569:
2986:
2642:
2418:
Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications No. 13, 2 volumes, Honolulu, University of Hawai'i Press,
1925:
in the early 19th century. Another extinct language is Ple-Temer, which was previously spoken near
1294:, it marks the 'simulfactive aspect'. In both languages, if the root has two consonants, the suffix
1965:
1963:
4860:
3887:
3799:
3712:
3443:
3196:
3146:
3126:
3046:
3031:
2966:
2600:
1942:
1865:'to make fun of elders sexually'. Such lexical specificity makes for a proliferation of lexicon.
178:
48:
2435:
Kruspe, Nicole. 2004. 'Adjectives in Semelai'. In R. M. W. Dixon & A. Y. Aikhenvald (eds.),
2001:
Asmah Hji Omar (volume editor), 2004. 'Aslian languages', 'Aslian: characteristics and usage.',
5643:
5577:
4590:
4564:
3827:
3764:
3290:
2951:
2856:
2811:
2751:
2612:
1960:
944:. In Northern Aslian this has gone further, with final nasals merging with the plosive series.
653:
3261:
2351:
Benjamin, Geoffrey. 2014. ‘Aesthetic elements in Temiar grammar.’ In: Jeffrey Williams (ed.),
853:
The functional load of the nasal/oral contrast is not very high in Aslian languages (not many
5686:
5650:
5582:
3669:
3171:
3051:
2796:
2649:
2543:
2276:
668:
503:
471:
318:
65:
4299:
890:
is not as obvious in Aslian languages as compared to the other branches of Mon–Khmer. Proto-
5657:
5212:
4807:
3822:
3804:
3546:
3525:
3116:
2806:
2637:
2627:
272:
1122:
Nasal infixes are also found in Aslian, especially used as nominalizers of verbal roots.
8:
5729:
5459:
4726:
4270:
4105:
4095:
3774:
3722:
3687:
3520:
3414:
3305:
3151:
3096:
2841:
2696:
2671:
440:
334:
236:
32:
2353:
The Aesthetics of Grammar: Sound and Meaning in the Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia
5445:
5338:
4873:
4845:
4627:
4304:
3933:
3900:
3488:
3394:
3236:
3201:
3166:
3021:
3001:
2971:
2711:
2333:
2291:
Diffloth, Gerard. 1976b. "Expressives in Semai". In Jenner et al., Vol. I, pp. 249–264.
2089:. Ph.D. thesis, Institut Alam Dan Tamadun Melayu Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi.
2072:. SEALS 32 (32nd Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society). Chiang Mai.
1918:
360:
212:
2716:
2173:
Nik Safiah Karim and Ton Dinti Ibrahim. 1979. "Semoq Beri: some preliminary remarks."
857:
can be cited). Diffloth states that this phenomenon is unpredictable and irregular in
536:: consist of a major syllable with fully stressed vowel, preceded by a minor syllable
115:
5587:
5543:
5533:
5454:
5378:
5253:
5185:
4779:
4691:
4493:
4488:
4192:
3739:
3717:
3611:
3510:
3505:
3493:
3483:
3448:
3246:
3211:
3041:
3011:
2881:
2781:
2771:
2632:
2571:
2558:
2419:
1914:
941:
672:
428:
288:
232:
5403:
4878:
2991:
2831:
1917:(also called Bila' or Lowland Semang), which was recorded having been spoken on the
894:
is reconstructed with 10-11 long monophthongal vowels, but with only one diphthong,
412:
5486:
5464:
5435:
5388:
5324:
5289:
5263:
5258:
5235:
5065:
5049:
5039:
5029:
4929:
4797:
4757:
4696:
4666:
4521:
4428:
4379:
4252:
4153:
4064:
4059:
4019:
3999:
3734:
3702:
3697:
3556:
3530:
3515:
3458:
3389:
3231:
3191:
3111:
3106:
3086:
3076:
3036:
3026:
3016:
2961:
2931:
2921:
2876:
2846:
2756:
2721:
1947:
887:
491:
478:
464:
447:
432:
395:
355:
326:
307:
303:
292:
240:
228:
148:
99:
93:
82:
77:
2210:
2130:
2013:
2011:
5520:
5419:
5414:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5230:
5101:
5019:
5014:
4956:
4883:
4850:
4606:
4574:
4498:
4462:
4369:
4229:
4090:
4024:
4009:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3928:
3923:
3754:
3744:
3598:
3566:
3561:
3551:
3498:
3436:
3429:
3378:
3221:
3136:
3131:
3071:
2976:
2941:
2936:
2926:
2916:
2871:
2861:
2851:
2791:
2786:
2766:
2761:
2592:
2566:
2025:
656:
consonants are analyzed as sequences of two phonemes, one of which happens to be
455:
416:
404:
388:
384:
380:
376:
322:
311:
296:
268:
220:
204:
196:
192:
182:
43:
3968:
2372:
Burenhult, Niclas. 2008. 'Spatial coordinate systems in demonstrative meaning'.
5680:
5617:
5572:
5556:
5551:
5469:
5409:
5397:
5348:
5343:
5333:
5169:
5164:
5148:
5143:
5133:
5117:
5004:
4981:
4904:
4899:
4830:
4822:
4762:
4741:
4681:
4395:
4208:
4110:
4100:
4080:
4004:
3978:
3943:
3938:
3707:
3424:
3366:
3334:
3329:
3251:
3241:
3226:
3186:
3161:
3156:
3141:
3121:
3091:
3081:
3056:
3006:
2981:
2911:
2906:
2866:
2836:
2776:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2706:
2686:
2666:
2506:
2456:
Kruspe, Nicole. 2015. 'Semaq Beri'. In Mathias Jenny & Paul Sidwell (eds),
2444:
Loanwords in the World’s Languages: A Comparative Handbook of Lexical Borrowing
2160:
2158:
2156:
2008:
1328:
If the consonant initial of the root is simple, it is reduplicated so that the
664:
436:
408:
400:
372:
368:
295:
loanwords, pointing to a former presence of Bornean and Chamic speakers on the
244:
224:
216:
208:
200:
2216:
Diffloth, Gerard. 1977. "Towards a history of Mon–Khmer: proto-Semai vowels."
2197:
5703:
5594:
5138:
5044:
5034:
5009:
4924:
4835:
4686:
4622:
4539:
4478:
4446:
4405:
4353:
4338:
4330:
4320:
4224:
4085:
4054:
4034:
3994:
3784:
3769:
3759:
3584:
3314:
3256:
3216:
3206:
3181:
3176:
2996:
2901:
2891:
2654:
854:
565:
508:
The Proto-Aslian language has been reconstructed by Timothy Phillips (2012).
2432:. Cambridge Grammatical Descriptions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2379:
Burenhult, Niclas. 2008. 'Streams of words: hydrological lexicon in Jahai'.
2153:
5528:
5279:
4868:
4802:
4712:
4483:
4374:
4348:
4343:
4176:
4171:
4014:
3918:
3749:
3659:
3373:
3351:
2946:
2816:
2254:
330:
284:
3856:
5024:
4840:
4812:
4787:
4029:
3679:
3641:
3636:
3346:
3324:
3319:
3295:
2826:
2821:
2746:
2741:
2328:. In Jenner, Philip N.; Thompson, Laurence C.; Starosta, Stanley (eds.).
775:
2512:
2388:
Malaysia’s ‘Original People’: Past, Present and Future of the Orang Asli
2337:
1970:
5373:
4792:
3626:
2801:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2115:
825:
569:
521:
Aslian words may either be monosyllabic, sesquisyllabic or disyllabic:
364:
279:
260:
187:
2493:
RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
2414:
Jenner, Philip N., Laurence C. Thompson, Stanley Starosta eds. (1976)
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
3606:
3419:
3341:
3300:
2484:
802:
636:
624:
109:
2167:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
872:
Phonemic vowel length has been retained in Senoic languages such as
3664:
3616:
2092:
2028:. Paper presented at the Preparatory meeting for ICAL-3, Siem Reap.
2003:
The encyclopedia of Malaysia, volume 12: Languages and literatures,
1525:, all are complements, but the direct object require a preposition:
1230:
When the root-initial is complex, the infix precedes the incopyfix:
256:
124:
36:
2323:"Austroasiatic subgroupings and prehistory in the Malay peninsula"
3356:
2263:
2058:
Evans, I. H. N. 1937. The Negritos of Malaya. London: Frank Cass.
1980:
333:, and was part of an early southern dispersal that also included
2490:
2395:
Dynamics of Human Diversity: The Case of Mainland Southeast Asia
2245:
2233:
Contributing ed., James A. Matisoff. Cambridge University Press.
1971:
Austroasiatic Subgroupings and Prehistory in the Malay Peninsula
1252:
and incopyfixing the final between prefix and the root-initial:
663:
Aslian syllable-initial consonant clusters are rich and varied.
572:. Compounds with unreduced though unstressed vowels also occur:
3692:
2236:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2070:
Proto-Aslian reconstruction: classification, vocalism, homeland
1922:
342:
264:
3453:
2136:
1930:
1926:
1366:
Reduplication of the initial and incopyfixation of the final.
2180:
3463:
1248:
Simple-initialled verbs are formed by inserting the prefix
1153:
1110:(root has 2 initial consonants, infix comes between them):
166:
163:
2223:
586:
Loanwords from Malay are a further source of disyllables:
2497:
http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-6710-4@view
154:
2355:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 36–60.
1849:
I here will give it to you there. (I'll give it to you)
1272:
Reduplication of the initial and a root-external infix.
667:
for example may cluster without restrictions to their
2451:
A Dictionary of Mah Meri, As Spoken at Bukit Bangkong
2365:
Burenhult, Niclas. 2006. 'Body part terms in Jahai'.
564:
more morphologically complex, resulting from various
169:
157:
2439:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 283–305.
2285:
1858:
The Aslian languages have borrowed from each other.
267:. The nearest relatives to the Aslian languages are
160:
1913:Some Aslian languages are already extinct, such as
1787:
151:
2397:, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, pp. 257–277.
1887:
1332:can be inserted between the original and its copy.
490:Proto-Aslian *–N > *–DN in all branches except
2465:The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages, Volume 1
2458:The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages, Volume 1
2346:Language Documentation and Description, Volume 11
5701:
1428:
2019:Why are Aslian speakers Austronesian in culture
940:Throughout the Aslian family, final nasals are
623:in morphological categories such as the middle
487:: loss of Proto-Aslian *-ʔ (final glottal stop)
467:is unclassified, and may or may not be Aslian.
2446:, Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 659–685.
2437:Adjective classes: A Cross-linguistic Typology
2081:
2079:
1900:
728:A typical Aslian vowel system is displayed by
3872:
2528:
2207:II:73-118, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics C-42
287:(2006) notes that Aslian languages have many
16:Subgroup of the Austroasiatic language family
2036:
2034:
1674:
3886:
2076:
861:dialects, especially on vowels preceded by
3879:
3865:
2535:
2521:
2505:(Lund University, News and press release:
2005:Kuala Lumpur. Archipelago Press, pp. 46–49
1308:'lay flat objects into round container' →
345:area and then spread inland and upstream.
2542:
2499:Aslian languages in RWAAI Digital Archive
2390:, Singapore, NUS Press, pp. 175–202.
2031:
1777:why Neg {P (Pfx V} {N (h)} {NP (Obj)} Det
1721:
2320:
1853:
1615:{NP (Subj)} Aux V {N (Obj)} Det Prep Obj
1154:Reduplicative infixation: incopyfixation
528:: either simple CV(C) or complex CCV(C).
454:
185:. They are the languages of many of the
2557:
2067:
1882:parparpar, krkpur, knapurpur, purpurpur
1783:Why didn't you eat that excellent meat?
1290:, it forms resultative verbs, while in
5702:
1846:Pron LOC {P (Pfx)-Prt-V} Prep-pron LOC
341:. Aslian likely arrived at around the
5615:
5508:
5310:
5210:
4954:
4652:
4519:
4426:
4250:
4151:
3898:
3860:
3362:Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien
2516:
1734:
1129:(the agentive nominalizing prefix is
960:
701:Articulation of laryngeal consonants
647:
516:
250:
2131:Aslian: Mon–Khmer of Malay Peninsula
1246:Root-external prefix plus incopyfix.
1079:
5616:
4653:
1774:ʔe-loʔ tɔʔ ha-rɛɲrec sej mɛjmɛj naʔ
1684:{NP (Subj)} {N (H)} Aux {P (Pfx) V}
1312:'be in layers (in round container)'
1212:Root-external infix plus incopyfix.
905:
278:Aslian languages contain a complex
13:
5685:Languages between parentheses are
4276:Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern
2487:(from the World Loanword Database)
2485:Ceq Wong (Chewong) Vocabulary List
2460:, Leiden: Brill, pp. 475–518.
2307:
1618:I INTENT stab boar that with spear
925:It has been reported that Temiar -
631:) and the continuative causative (
14:
5741:
5583:Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer)
2478:
2467:, Leiden: Brill pp. 419–474.
1780:why NEG 2-eat meat excellent that
1690:This is a fruit which we can eat.
497:
348:
177:) are the southernmost branch of
3622:Malay trade and creole languages
2362:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
1788:Deixis, directionality and voice
1621:I'll stab that boar with a spear
147:
123:
2577:comparison with British English
2503:Newly discovered Jedek language
2133:Mon Khmer Studies 33:1–58
1888:Influences from other languages
1612:ʔihãh naʔ cɔp rap tuy han bulus
735:, which has 30 vocalic nuclei.
459:Aslian language classification
5689:of the language on their left.
5211:
2061:
2052:
2043:
1410:'is sticking out one's tongue'
1:
2491:http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai
2144:Tonogenesis in Southeast Asia
1953:
1429:Basic and permuted word order
947:
929:has bilabial friction after -
317:Sidwell (2023) proposed that
5578:Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer)
3899:
2330:Austroasiatic Studies Part I
1843:yēʔ doh ʔi-mʔog {ma hãʔ} naʔ
1282:, which have a verbal infix
511:
481:: Proto-Aslian *sə– > ha–
7:
5715:Languages of Southeast Asia
2321:Benjamin, Geoffrey (1976).
2231:Sino-Tibetan: a Conspectus.
2085:Phillips, Timothy C. 2012.
1936:
1901:Endangerment and extinction
1406:'stick out one's tongue' →
1322:'lie down, sleep, marry' →
10:
5746:
5509:
5311:
4520:
4427:
4251:
4152:
2146:. In Larry M. Hyman, ed.,
2024:February 21, 2011, at the
1416:
1326:'go straight off to sleep'
1298:is inserted between them:
1176:(roots complex by nature):
501:
5671:
5624:
5611:
5565:
5542:
5519:
5515:
5504:
5478:
5444:
5428:
5387:
5323:
5319:
5306:
5272:
5244:
5223:
5219:
5206:
5178:
5157:
5126:
5110:
5094:
5087:
5058:
4997:
4990:
4974:
4967:
4963:
4955:
4950:
4917:
4892:
4859:
4821:
4778:
4771:
4750:
4734:
4725:
4705:
4674:
4665:
4661:
4648:
4615:
4599:
4583:
4557:
4548:
4532:
4528:
4515:
4471:
4455:
4439:
4435:
4422:
4388:
4362:
4329:
4313:
4263:
4259:
4246:
4217:
4201:
4185:
4164:
4160:
4147:
4123:
4073:
4050:
4043:
3987:
3911:
3907:
3894:
3840:
3815:
3792:
3783:
3728:comparison with Malaysian
3678:
3652:
3597:
3577:
3539:
3474:
3407:
3283:
3274:
2890:
2695:
2679:
2665:
2591:
2550:
2358:Burenhult, Niclas. 2005.
2218:Tōnan Azia Kenkyū (Kyoto)
2142:Matisoff, James A, 1973.
1969:Geoffrey Benjamin (1976)
745:
742:
723:
619:Temiar even has phonetic
424:Southern Aslian languages
122:
108:
71:
61:
44:Linguistic classification
42:
26:
21:
3847:Nearly extinct languages
2229:Benedict, Paul K. 1972.
1174:Incopyfix of final alone
937:'speak' pronounced as .
4607:Somray (Northern Chong)
3888:Austroasiatic languages
3800:Malaysian Sign Language
1943:Austroasiatic languages
1513:{NP (Subj)} {P (Pfx)} V
1097:C (C) V C → C-I-(C) V C
339:mainland Southeast Asia
179:Austroasiatic languages
3828:Selangor Sign Language
2947:Bruneian/Kedayan Malay
2752:Kelantan-Pattani Malay
2449:Kruspe, Nicole. 2010.
2428:Kruspe, Nicole. 2004.
2068:Sidwell, Paul (2023).
1687:this fruit can 1PL-eat
1681:ʔidɔh pləʔ kɔm bɔʔ-caʔ
1266:'the act of breathing'
1149:'one who sleeps a lot'
1137:'plait palm leaves' →
967:C(C)VC → (P)(P)–C(C)VC
608:'arrive', from Malay;
460:
5725:Languages of Thailand
5720:Languages of Malaysia
3067:Kota Marudu Talantang
2797:Negeri Sembilan Malay
2544:Languages of Malaysia
2416:Austroasiatic Studies
1854:Lexicon and semantics
1050:'get loose (clothes)'
669:place of articulation
504:Proto-Aslian language
458:
359:("Northern Aslian"):
3823:Penang Sign Language
3805:Manually Coded Malay
2430:A Grammar of Semelai
2129:Matissoff, J. 2003.
1118:'moisten something'.
635:), or in words with
595:'sing', from Malay;
399:("Central Aslian"):
391:(Kentaqbong), Maniq.
5630:Proto-Austroasiatic
5285:Southern Nicobarese
4675:Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam
3306:Malaysian Cantonese
3062:Klias River Kadazan
2472:Studies in Language
2374:Linguistic Typology
2017:Blench, R. (2006):
1360:'sit down suddenly'
1274:This is present in
1236:'swidden' (mass) →
321:had arrived in the
33:Peninsular Malaysia
3653:Mixed & Others
3395:Malaysian Mandarin
2360:A Grammar of Jahai
2313:Adams, Karen Lee.
1977:Part I, pp. 37–128
1919:Province Wellesley
1141:'one who plaits';
961:Simple prefixation
648:Initial consonants
641:barhalab ~ behalab
517:Syllable structure
461:
251:History and origin
5697:
5696:
5681:extinct languages
5667:
5666:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5302:
5301:
5298:
5297:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5083:
5082:
5079:
5078:
4946:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4913:
4912:
4721:
4720:
4644:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4635:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4242:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4119:
4118:
3854:
3853:
3844:Extinct languages
3836:
3835:
3593:
3592:
3270:
3269:
3102:Mainstream Kenyah
2587:
2586:
2381:Language Sciences
2367:Language Sciences
1467:VP {NP (Subject)}
1080:Simple infixation
1077:
1076:
851:
850:
367:(Mos); (Eastern)
139:
138:
5737:
5710:Aslian languages
5613:
5612:
5517:
5516:
5506:
5505:
5321:
5320:
5308:
5307:
5221:
5220:
5208:
5207:
5092:
5091:
4995:
4994:
4972:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4952:
4951:
4776:
4775:
4732:
4731:
4672:
4671:
4663:
4662:
4650:
4649:
4555:
4554:
4530:
4529:
4517:
4516:
4437:
4436:
4424:
4423:
4284:
4261:
4260:
4248:
4247:
4162:
4161:
4149:
4148:
4048:
4047:
3909:
3908:
3896:
3895:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3858:
3857:
3790:
3789:
3390:Mandarin Chinese
3281:
3280:
2877:Terengganu Malay
2677:
2676:
2555:
2554:
2537:
2530:
2523:
2514:
2513:
2341:
2327:
2301:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2227:
2221:
2214:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2178:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2151:
2140:
2134:
2127:
2090:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2029:
2015:
2006:
1999:
1978:
1967:
1948:Kenaboi language
1736:
1723:
1676:
1553:
1224:'river' (mass) →
1166:
1165:
1161:
1092:
1091:
1087:
979:
978:
936:
906:Final consonants
897:
888:Diphthongization
847:
842:
837:
832:
814:
809:
797:
792:
787:
782:
738:
737:
718:
714:
704:
643:'go downriver').
465:Kenaboi language
396:Senoic languages
356:Jahaic languages
329:region prior to
327:Gulf of Thailand
308:Kenaboi language
176:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
143:Aslian languages
132:
127:
118:
19:
18:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5734:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5692:
5663:
5637:Proto-Palaungic
5620:
5618:Proto-languages
5599:
5561:
5538:
5511:
5492:
5474:
5440:
5424:
5383:
5315:
5294:
5268:
5240:
5215:
5190:
5174:
5153:
5122:
5106:
5075:
5054:
4986:
4959:
4934:
4909:
4888:
4855:
4817:
4767:
4746:
4717:
4701:
4657:
4655:Khasi–Palaungic
4632:
4611:
4595:
4579:
4550:
4544:
4524:
4503:
4467:
4451:
4431:
4410:
4384:
4358:
4325:
4309:
4278:
4255:
4234:
4213:
4197:
4181:
4156:
4135:
4115:
4069:
4039:
3983:
3903:
3890:
3885:
3855:
3850:
3832:
3811:
3779:
3674:
3648:
3589:
3573:
3535:
3476:
3470:
3430:Malaysian Tamil
3403:
3276:
3266:
2987:Eastern Kadazan
2967:Coastal Kadazan
2893:
2886:
2698:
2691:
2670:
2661:
2583:
2546:
2541:
2481:
2325:
2310:
2308:Further reading
2305:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2224:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2154:
2141:
2137:
2128:
2093:
2084:
2077:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2032:
2026:Wayback Machine
2016:
2009:
2000:
1981:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1939:
1921:coast opposite
1903:
1890:
1856:
1851:
1841:
1833:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1801:
1790:
1785:
1772:
1761:
1750:
1739:
1725:
1712:
1701:
1692:
1679:
1665:
1654:
1643:
1632:
1623:
1610:
1599:
1588:
1577:
1566:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1531:
1518:
1516:The dog growls.
1510:Cwəʔ yəh- mʔmus
1508:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1475:
1462:
1451:
1440:
1431:
1419:
1327:
1229:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1005:'put to sleep'
963:
950:
908:
726:
650:
519:
514:
506:
500:
485:Southern Aslian
479:Northern Aslian
351:
323:Malay Peninsula
312:Negeri Sembilan
297:Malay Peninsula
253:
183:Malay Peninsula
150:
146:
135:
134:
130:
114:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5743:
5733:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5683:
5673:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5654:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5609:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5597:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5569:
5567:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5548:
5546:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5536:
5531:
5525:
5523:
5513:
5512:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5451:
5449:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5432:
5430:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5400:
5394:
5392:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5330:
5328:
5317:
5316:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5276:
5274:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5250:
5248:
5242:
5241:
5239:
5238:
5233:
5227:
5225:
5217:
5216:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5188:
5182:
5180:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5167:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5154:
5152:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5098:
5096:
5089:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5001:
4999:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4978:
4976:
4969:
4961:
4960:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4865:
4863:
4857:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4827:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4784:
4782:
4773:
4772:East Palaungic
4769:
4768:
4766:
4765:
4760:
4754:
4752:
4751:West Palaungic
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4738:
4736:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4678:
4676:
4669:
4659:
4658:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4603:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4561:
4559:
4552:
4549:Western Pearic
4546:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4536:
4534:
4526:
4525:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4433:
4432:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4335:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4267:
4265:
4257:
4256:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4205:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4195:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4179:
4174:
4168:
4166:
4158:
4157:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4127:
4125:
4121:
4120:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4051:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3905:
3904:
3892:
3891:
3884:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3861:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3807:
3796:
3794:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3603:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3433:
3432:
3422:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3367:Penang Hokkien
3364:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3317:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3287:
3285:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3197:Selungai Murut
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3147:Punan Bah-Biau
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3127:Nonukan Tidong
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3047:Keningau Murut
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2703:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2674:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2507:Jedek language
2500:
2494:
2488:
2480:
2479:External links
2477:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2318:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2222:
2209:
2196:
2179:
2166:
2152:
2135:
2091:
2075:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2030:
2007:
1979:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1902:
1899:
1889:
1886:
1855:
1852:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1810:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1789:
1786:
1762:
1751:
1740:
1726:
1713:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1666:
1655:
1644:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1600:
1589:
1578:
1567:
1556:
1543:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1501:
1493:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1452:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1397:
1383:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1347:
1333:
1313:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1231:
1228:'id.' (count).
1209:
1208:
1207:
1193:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1120:
1119:
1100:
1099:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1000:
994:
990:
989:
986:
983:
970:
969:
962:
959:
949:
946:
923:
922:
915:-r, -l, -s, -h
907:
904:
849:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
822:
821:
818:
815:
810:
805:
799:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
772:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
748:
747:
744:
741:
725:
722:
721:
720:
699:
698:
689:'bamboo rat',
649:
646:
645:
644:
616:
615:
614:
613:
600:
584:
583:
582:
566:reduplications
558:
557:
556:
555:
546:
534:Sesquisyllabic
530:
529:
518:
515:
513:
510:
502:Main article:
499:
498:Reconstruction
496:
495:
494:
488:
482:
453:
452:
444:
420:
392:
350:
349:Classification
347:
252:
249:
181:spoken on the
137:
136:
129:
128:
120:
119:
112:
106:
105:
104:
103:
97:
90:
85:
80:
73:
69:
68:
63:
62:Proto-language
59:
58:
57:
56:
46:
40:
39:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5742:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5688:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5670:
5660:
5659:
5655:
5653:
5652:
5648:
5646:
5645:
5644:Proto-Khmeric
5641:
5639:
5638:
5634:
5632:
5631:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5610:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5564:
5558:
5557:Bugan (Pakan)
5555:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5507:
5503:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5481:
5477:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5386:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5309:
5305:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5271:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5243:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5226:
5224:Chaura-Teresa
5222:
5218:
5214:
5209:
5205:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5177:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5109:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5086:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5061:
5057:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4953:
4949:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4783:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4591:Western Chong
4589:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4565:Central Chong
4563:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4547:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4518:
4514:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4425:
4421:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4200:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3882:
3877:
3875:
3870:
3868:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3713:East Timorese
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3473:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3444:Indo-European
3442:
3438:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3273:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3182:Sarawak Malay
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Brunei Bisaya
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2857:Southern Thai
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2812:Orang Seletar
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:North Bornean
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2601:Austroasiatic
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2473:
2469:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2425:
2424:0-8248-0280-2
2421:
2417:
2413:
2411:85: 383– 399.
2410:
2409:Human Biology
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2297:
2288:
2279:
2272:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2232:
2226:
2220:14(4):463-495
2219:
2213:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2176:
2170:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2071:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1894:
1885:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1866:
1864:
1859:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1823:P (Pfx)-Prt-V
1821:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1797:
1794:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1396:'is pounding'
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1346:'be torn off'
1345:
1342:'tear off' →
1341:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1240:'id.' (count)
1239:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1073:'put inside'
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
991:
987:
984:
981:
980:
977:
975:
968:
965:
964:
958:
954:
945:
943:
938:
932:
928:
920:
916:
913:
912:
911:
903:
899:
893:
889:
885:
883:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:minimal pairs
844:
839:
834:
829:
827:
824:
823:
819:
816:
811:
806:
804:
801:
800:
794:
789:
784:
779:
777:
774:
773:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
749:
740:
739:
736:
734:
731:
711:
708:
707:
706:
696:
692:
688:
684:
681:
678:
677:
676:
674:
670:
666:
661:
659:
655:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:
611:
607:
604:
601:
598:
594:
591:
588:
587:
585:
580:
577:
574:
573:
571:
567:
563:
560:
559:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
537:
535:
532:
531:
527:
524:
523:
522:
509:
505:
493:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
476:
475:
473:
468:
466:
457:
450:
449:
445:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
425:
421:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
397:
393:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:
353:
352:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:Mon dominance
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
174:
144:
126:
121:
117:
113:
111:
107:
101:
98:
96:
95:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
75:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
55:
52:
51:
50:
49:Austroasiatic
47:
45:
41:
38:
35:and Southern
34:
31:
25:
20:
5676:
5656:
5651:Proto-Aslian
5649:
5642:
5635:
5628:
5485:
5479:unclassified
5402:
5312:
4499:Phong-Kniang
3632:Chetty Malay
3374:Chaoshan Min
3352:Southern Min
3291:Sino-Tibetan
3172:Sabah Bisaya
3052:Kinabatangan
2957:Bukar–Sadong
2817:Pahang Malay
2613:Austronesian
2605:
2474:38: 956–981.
2471:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2415:
2408:
2404:28: 291–323.
2401:
2394:
2387:
2383:30: 182–199.
2380:
2373:
2369:28: 162–180.
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2329:
2314:
2296:
2287:
2278:
2270:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2230:
2225:
2217:
2212:
2204:
2199:
2192:
2174:
2169:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2086:
2069:
2063:
2054:
2045:
2002:
1974:
1929:in northern
1912:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1457:NP (Subject)
1456:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1420:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1389:
1388:(S.Aslian):
1385:
1382:'is grating'
1379:
1375:
1374:(N.Aslian):
1371:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1262:'breathe' →
1259:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1202:'whistle' →
1199:
1195:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1168:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1096:
1070:
1064:
1053:
1047:
1036:
1030:
1019:
1013:
1002:
996:
973:
971:
966:
955:
951:
939:
930:
926:
924:
918:
914:
909:
900:
891:
886:
881:
877:
873:
871:
866:
862:
858:
852:
768:
763:
758:
753:
732:
729:
727:
709:
700:
694:
690:
686:
682:
679:
662:
657:
651:
640:
632:
628:
621:trisyllables
620:
609:
605:
602:
596:
592:
589:
578:
575:
561:
551:
548:
545:'caudal fin'
542:
539:
533:
526:Monosyllabic
525:
520:
507:
472:Proto-Aslian
469:
463:The extinct
462:
446:
427:(Semelaic):
422:
394:
383:; (Western)
354:
319:Proto-Aslian
316:
301:
285:Roger Blench
277:
254:
186:
142:
140:
133: Aslian
92:
72:Subdivisions
66:Proto-Aslian
53:
29:distribution
5658:Proto-Munda
4808:Muak Sa-aak
4279: [
4165:West Katuic
3642:Sabah Malay
3637:Cocos Malay
3526:Minangkabau
3477:archipelago
3347:Pu-Xian Min
3325:Eastern Min
3275:Significant
3117:Murik Kayan
2827:Reman Malay
2822:Perak Malay
2807:Orang Kanaq
2747:Kedah Malay
2742:Judeo-Malay
2623:Kayan–Murik
2402:Diachronica
2376:12: 99–142.
1206:'whistling'
1067:'be inside'
1022:'frighten'
1016:'be afraid'
976:causatives
942:pre-stopped
570:infixations
562:Disyllabic:
554:'centipede'
5730:Orang Asli
5704:Categories
5460:Semaq Beri
5448:(Southern)
5327:(Northern)
5213:Nicobarese
5158:Gutob-Remo
5127:Sora-Gorum
4991:Kherwarian
4389:Phong–Liha
4271:Vietnamese
4264:Viet-Muong
4106:Mel-Khaonh
3775:Vietnamese
3765:Sri Lankan
3723:Indonesian
3680:Immigrants
3627:Baba Malay
3547:Philippine
3540:Philippine
3521:Mandailing
3475:Indonesian
3262:Umaʼ Lasan
3152:Punan Batu
3097:Lun Bawang
2842:Semaq Beri
2697:Peninsular
2680:Nationwide
2672:Indigenous
2643:Sama–Bajaw
2638:Philippine
2628:Land Dayak
2273:6(4):1-19.
1954:References
1871:expressive
1402:(Senoic):
1392:'pound' →
1378:'grate' →
1145:'sleep' →
1114:'be wet',
1056:'undress'
1039:'release'
988:Causative
948:Morphology
685:'palate',
637:proclitics
441:Semaq Beri
431:(Besisi),
280:palimpsest
273:Nicobarese
261:Terengganu
237:Semaq Beri
188:Orang Asli
102:(possibly)
27:Geographic
5687:varieties
5679:indicate
5588:Khmer Khe
5391:(Central)
5339:Cheq Wong
4874:Quang Lam
4861:Bit-Khang
4846:Meung Yum
4727:Palaungic
4472:Phay-Pram
3816:By states
3670:Esperanto
3607:Chavacano
3420:Malayalam
3415:Dravidian
3342:Hainanese
3301:Cantonese
3237:Tombonuwo
3202:Sembakung
3022:Kalabakan
2972:Daro-Matu
2712:Cheq Wong
2650:Tai-Kadai
2567:Malaysian
2317:. , 1982.
2175:FMJ (n.s)
1831:Prep-pron
1759:excellent
1728:ha-rɛɲrec
1671:P (Pfx) V
1638:NP (Subj)
1537:NP (Subj)
1490:NP (Subj)
1473:It's big.
1464:Mənūʔ ʔəh
1196:Che' Wong
1192:'singing'
1188:'sing' →
972:Example:
654:aspirated
633:tərɛwkɔ̄w
625:causative
581:'shelter'
512:Phonology
361:Cheq Wong
335:Nicobaric
325:from the
213:Cheq Wong
110:Glottolog
5534:Nyah Kur
5455:Mah Meri
5446:Semelaic
5273:Southern
5254:Nancowry
5059:Santalic
4998:Mundaric
4692:Lyngngam
4616:Southern
4600:Northern
4489:Ksingmul
4288:in China
4186:Ta'oihic
3901:Bahnaric
3755:Nepalese
3740:Japanese
3718:Filipino
3665:Tanglish
3617:Manglish
3612:Kristang
3511:Javanese
3506:Buginese
3494:Madurese
3484:Acehnese
3449:Gujarati
3277:minority
3247:Tringgus
3212:Serudung
3042:Kendayan
3012:Jangkang
2894:Malaysia
2782:Mah Meri
2772:Kristang
2699:Malaysia
2593:Families
2559:Official
2338:20019154
2177:24:17–31
2022:Archived
1937:See also
1756:NP (Obj)
1731:P (Pfx V
1356:'sit' →
1033:'escape'
933:-, e.g.
846:ɛ̃ːãːɔ̃ː
730:Northern
715:'bone',
697:'goiter'
693:'gray',
629:tərakɔ̄w
612:'arrive'
429:Mah Meri
257:Kelantan
233:Mah Meri
116:asli1243
88:Southern
37:Thailand
5677:Italics
5544:Pakanic
5487:Kenaboi
5465:Semelai
5436:Jah Hut
5429:Jah Hut
5374:Ten'edn
5290:Shompen
5264:Katchal
5259:Camorta
5246:Central
5236:Teressa
5066:Santali
5050:Agariya
5040:Majhwar
5030:Mundari
4930:Tai Loi
4798:Man Met
4780:Angkuic
4758:Palaung
4697:Maharam
4584:Western
4558:Central
4551:(Chong)
4380:Thavưng
4065:Tampuan
4060:Tariang
4044:Central
4020:Nyaheun
3735:Persian
3703:Burmese
3698:Bengali
3688:African
3599:Creoles
3557:Maranao
3516:Kerinci
3459:Punjabi
3379:Teochew
3357:Hokkien
3284:Chinese
3232:Timugon
3192:Sekapan
3112:Momogun
3107:Melanau
3087:Lengilu
3077:Lahanan
3037:Kelabit
3027:Kanowit
3017:Kajaman
2962:Bukitan
2932:Bintulu
2922:Berawan
2847:Semelai
2757:Kenaboi
2722:Jah Hut
2667:Natives
2633:Malayic
2572:English
1973:Jenner
1820:ʔi-mʔog
1668:bɔʔ-caʔ
1572:N (Obj)
1523:Jah Hut
1498:P (Pfx)
1417:Grammar
1386:Semelai
1344:cacɛ̃ːs
1238:snylaːy
1127:Jah Hut
999:'sleep'
985:Simplex
982:Affixes
974:Jah Hut
796:ĩːʉ̃ːũː
717:/ɲhɔːʡ/
710:Jah Hut
680:Jah Hut
673:voicing
599:'voice'
590:Jah Hut
579:diŋ-rəb
492:Jah Hut
448:Jah Hut
433:Semelai
365:Ten'edn
289:Bornean
241:Semelai
229:Jah Hut
100:Shompen
94:Jah Hut
5566:Others
5510:Others
5420:Temiar
5415:Semnam
5389:Senoic
5369:Mintil
5364:Minriq
5359:Kintaq
5354:Kensiu
5325:Jahaic
5313:Aslian
5231:Chaura
5102:Kharia
5095:Kharia
5020:Birhor
5015:Birjia
4918:Others
4884:Bumang
4851:Savaiq
4667:Khasic
4628:Sa'och
4575:Kasong
4522:Pearic
4463:Mlabri
4456:Mlabri
4429:Khmuic
4370:Maleng
4253:Vietic
4230:Phuong
4154:Katuic
4096:Ra’ong
4091:Stieng
4025:Sapuan
3964:Rengao
3959:Bahnar
3954:Sedang
3949:Todrah
3929:Kayong
3924:Halang
3745:Korean
3693:Arabic
3578:Others
3562:Molbog
3552:Iranun
3499:Bawean
3489:Banjar
3437:Telugu
3408:Indian
3335:Fuzhou
3330:Fuqing
3222:Sungai
3167:Sa'ban
3137:Paluan
3132:Okolod
3072:Kuijau
3002:Ida'an
2977:Dumpas
2942:Bookan
2937:Bonggi
2927:Biatah
2917:Belait
2872:Temuan
2862:Temiar
2852:Semnam
2792:Mintil
2787:Minriq
2767:Kintaq
2762:Kensiu
2717:Duanoʼ
2606:Aslian
2422:
2336:
1923:Penang
1828:ma hãʔ
1753:mɛjmɛj
1704:ʔe-loʔ
1552:INTENT
1470:big it
1408:lllaal
1394:tmtʰəm
1350:Temiar
1316:Temiar
1310:salɔːr
1292:Temiar
1280:Temiar
1226:twneːw
1182:Kensiw
1158:": -->
1147:mʔcyɛk
1139:mlayɛp
1116:krʔā:c
1084:": -->
1037:pntlas
1020:prbhec
878:Temiar
836:ɛːaːɔː
813:eːəːoː
786:iːʉːuː
746:Nasal
733:Temiar
724:Vowels
719:'tree'
713:/jʔaŋ/
606:tiba:ʔ
576:Temiar
540:Temiar
417:Semnam
405:Temiar
389:Kintaq
385:Kensiu
381:Mintil
377:Minriq
343:Pahang
304:Jahaic
293:Chamic
265:Pahang
221:Temiar
205:Minriq
197:Kintaq
193:Kensiu
131:
83:Senoic
78:Jahaic
54:Aslian
22:Aslian
5573:Khmer
5552:Bolyu
5521:Monic
5470:Temoq
5410:Semai
5404:Sabüm
5398:Lanoh
5379:Wila'
5349:Jedek
5344:Jahai
5334:Batek
5170:Gutob
5165:Bonda
5149:Lodhi
5144:Juray
5134:Gorum
5118:Juang
5111:Juang
5088:South
5005:Korwa
4982:Korku
4975:Korku
4968:North
4957:Munda
4905:Kiorr
4900:Lamet
4893:Lamet
4879:Kháng
4831:Blang
4763:Riang
4742:Danau
4735:Danau
4682:Khasi
4570:Samre
4396:Phong
4305:Nguồn
4300:Mường
4293:in US
4283:]
4209:Pacoh
4202:Pacoh
4193:Ta'Oi
4111:Thmon
4101:Mnong
4081:Chrau
4074:South
4005:Laven
3979:Katua
3944:Monom
3939:Takua
3934:Kaco’
3912:North
3785:Signs
3708:Khmer
3660:Rojak
3567:Suluk
3454:Hindi
3425:Tamil
3315:Hakka
3252:Tutoh
3242:Tring
3227:Tagol
3187:Sebop
3162:Remun
3157:Penan
3142:Papar
3122:Narom
3092:Lotud
3082:Lelak
3057:Kiput
3032:Kayan
3007:Jagoi
2992:Ganaʼ
2982:Dusun
2912:Bajau
2907:Bahau
2882:Wila'
2867:Temoq
2837:Semai
2832:Sabüm
2777:Lanoh
2737:Jedek
2732:Jakun
2727:Jahai
2707:Batek
2687:Malay
2669:&
2334:JSTOR
2326:(PDF)
2271:ASEMI
2193:(OTG)
2150:71-95
1975:et al
1931:Perak
1927:Gerik
1915:Wila'
1884:etc.
1745:N (h)
1652:fruit
1649:N (H)
1635:ʔidɔh
1608:spear
1602:bulus
1534:ʔihãh
1503:mʔmus
1443:Mənūʔ
1400:Semai
1380:kckɯc
1372:Batek
1358:gagəl
1340:cɛ̃ːs
1336:Semai
1324:salɔg
1306:slɔːr
1302:Semai
1288:Semai
1286:. In
1276:Semai
1264:nkjɯk
1256:Batek
1234:slaːy
1216:Semai
1204:hcwæc
1190:pɲlɔɲ
1112:kʔā:c
1108:Semai
1071:krlʉy
1054:trhus
1003:pcyɛk
935:/tuh/
892:Semai
882:Sabum
874:Semai
859:Semai
841:ɛ̃ãɔ̃
776:Close
764:short
754:short
703:/h,ʔ/
665:Stops
603:Semai
597:suara
593:suraʔ
552:kʔɛːp
549:Semai
543:ləpud
437:Temoq
413:Sabüm
409:Lanoh
401:Semai
373:Jahai
369:Batek
269:Monic
245:Temoq
225:Semai
217:Lanoh
209:Batek
201:Jahai
5595:Mang
5186:Gta’
5179:Gta’
5139:Sora
5045:Turi
5035:Koda
5010:Asur
4925:Kuan
4836:Lawa
4823:Waic
4687:Pnar
4623:Suoi
4540:Pear
4533:Pear
4494:O’du
4479:Prai
4447:Khmu
4440:Khmu
4406:Liha
4401:Tuom
4354:Sach
4339:Arem
4331:Chứt
4321:Cuoi
4314:Cuoi
4225:Katu
4218:Katu
4124:East
4086:Koho
4055:Alak
4035:Brao
4000:Jru'
3995:Lavi
3988:West
3974:Duan
3793:Main
3770:Thai
3760:Urdu
3585:Cham
3531:Rawa
3464:Urdu
3257:Ukit
3217:Sian
3207:Seru
3177:Sama
2997:Iban
2902:Abai
2892:East
2551:Main
2420:ISBN
2205:SALS
1863:thãʔ
1807:Pron
1770:that
1748:meat
1737:-eat
1677:-eat
1646:pləʔ
1641:this
1597:with
1594:Prep
1586:that
1575:boar
1564:stab
1495:yəh-
1487:Cwəʔ
1404:laal
1390:tʰəm
1320:slɔg
1278:and
1222:teːw
1200:hwæc
1186:plɔɲ
1160:edit
1143:cyɛk
1135:lyɛp
1086:edit
1031:tlas
1014:bhec
997:cyɛk
917:and
896:/iə/
880:and
865:- or
826:Open
820:N/A
791:ĩʉ̃ũ
769:long
759:long
743:Oral
695:bgɔk
691:bkul
687:dkaŋ
683:tkak
610:tiba
568:and
291:and
271:and
263:and
243:and
141:The
5529:Mon
5280:Car
5071:Kol
4869:Bit
4803:Mok
4713:War
4706:War
4484:Mal
4375:Kri
4363:Kri
4349:Ruc
4344:May
4177:Bru
4172:Kuy
4131:Cua
4015:Juk
4010:Su'
3969:Hrê
3919:Jeh
3750:Lao
3320:Min
3296:Yue
2802:Mos
2655:Tai
2148:CTT
1839:LOC
1836:naʔ
1815:LOC
1812:doh
1804:yēʔ
1800:(6)
1767:Det
1764:naʔ
1742:sej
1722:NEG
1718:Neg
1715:tɔʔ
1710:why
1707:why
1700:(5)
1675:1PL
1663:can
1660:Aux
1657:kɔm
1631:(4)
1605:Obj
1591:han
1583:Det
1580:tuy
1569:rap
1558:cɔp
1548:Aux
1545:naʔ
1530:(3)
1521:In
1483:(2)
1454:ʔəh
1449:big
1439:(1)
1376:kɯc
1354:gəl
1330:-a-
1296:-a-
1284:-a-
1260:jɯk
1214:In
1133:):
1131:mʔ-
1065:lʉy
1061:kr-
1048:hus
1044:tr-
1027:pn-
1010:pr-
869:-.
831:ɛaɔ
817:N/A
808:eəo
803:Mid
781:iʉu
671:or
411:, *
310:of
5706::
5025:Ho
4841:Wa
4813:Va
4788:Hu
4281:vi
4030:Oi
2182:^
2155:^
2094:^
2078:^
2033:^
2010:^
1982:^
1962:^
1933:.
1873:.
1460:it
1446:VP
1352::
1338::
1318::
1304::
1258::
1250:n-
1198::
1184::
993:p-
919:-ʔ
898:.
876:,
675::
660:.
474:.
439:,
435:,
415:,
407:,
403:,
387:,
379:,
375:,
371:,
363:;
299:.
259:,
247:.
239:,
235:,
231:,
227:,
223:,
219:,
215:,
211:,
207:,
203:,
199:,
195:,
4793:U
3880:e
3873:t
3866:v
2536:e
2529:t
2522:v
2509:)
2340:.
1735:2
1561:V
1540:I
1506:V
1164:]
1090:]
931:u
927:h
867:ʔ
863:h
658:h
639:(
627:(
451:.
443:.
419:.
173:/
170:n
167:ə
164:i
161:l
158:s
155:æ
152:ˈ
149:/
145:(
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