532:
205:
434:). The new vocabularies of these inventions were proven to be derivatives from original verbs rather than borrowed lexical items. The current distribution of Northern Vietic also corresponds to the area of Dong Son culture. Thus, Ferlus concludes that the Northern Vietic (Viet-Muong) is the direct heir of the Dongsonian, who had resided in the southern part of the Red River Delta and North Central Vietnam from the 1st millennium BC.
36:
2968:
Nasreen; Candilio, Francesca; Changmai, Piya; Fernandes, Daniel; Ferry, Matthew; Gamarra, Beatriz; Harney, Eadaoin; Kampuansai, Jatupol; Kutanan, Wibhu; Michel, Megan; Novak, Mario; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Sirak, Kendra; Stewardson, Kristin; Zhang, Zhao; Flegontov, Pavel; Pinhasi, Ron; Reich, David (2018-05-17).
842:. Vietic languages show a typological range from a Chinese or Tai typology to a typical Mon-Khmer Austroasiatic typology, including (a) complex tonal systems, complex phonation systems or blends; (b) C(glide)VC or CCVC syllable templates; monosyllabic or polysyllabic and isolating or agglutinative typology.
2967:
Lipson, Mark; Cheronet, Olivia; Mallick, Swapan; Rohland, Nadin; Oxenham, Marc; Pietrusewsky, Michael; Pryce, Thomas Oliver; Willis, Anna; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Buckley, Hallie; Domett, Kate; Hai, Nguyen Giang; Hiep, Trinh Hoang; Kyaw, Aung Aung; Win, Tin Tin; Pradier, Baptiste; Broomandkhoshbacht,
1520:
animal cycle names are also derived, and were borrowed from a phonologically conservative form of Viet-Muong. Ferlus contends that the animal cycle names were borrowed from a Viet-Muong (Northern Vietic) language rather than from a
Southern Vietic language, since the vowel in the
1314:(1982, 1992, 1997, 2001) and new studies in Muong languages by Phan (2012), Sidwell (2015) pointed out that Muong is a paraphyletic taxon and subgroups with Vietnamese. Sidwell's (2015) proposed internal classification for the Vietic languages is as follows.
3046:
112 (2017):41-56. cited in Alves, Mark (2019-05-10). "Data from
Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture". Conference: "Contact Zones and Colonialism in Southeast Asia and China's South (~221 BCE - 1700 CE)"At: Pennsylvania State
3064:
cited in Alves, Mark (2019-05-10). "Data from
Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture". Conference: "Contact Zones and Colonialism in Southeast Asia and China's South (~221 BCE - 1700 CE)"At: Pennsylvania State
994:& Alves (2021) propose the following classification of the Vietic languages, which was first proposed in Sidwell (2021). Below, the most divergent (basal) branches listed first. Vietic is split into two primary branches,
319:. The time depth of the Vietic branch dates back at least 2,500 years to 2,000 years (Chamberlain 1998); 3,500 years (Peiros 2004); or around 3,000 years (Alves 2020). Even so, archaeogenetics demonstrated that before the
418:
Chamberlain (1998) argues that the Red River Delta region was originally Tai-speaking and became
Vietnamese-speaking only between the seventh and ninth centuries AD as a result of emigration from the south, i.e., modern
953:. These two dialect chains share 75% of their basic vocabulary, and have similar systems of 5–6 contour tones. These are regular reflexes of other Vietic languages: The three low and three high tones correspond to
294:
However, the origin of the Vietic languages remains a controversial topic among linguists. Another theory, based on linguistic diversity, locates the most probable homeland of the Vietic languages in modern-day
423:, where the highly distinctive and conservative North-Central Vietnamese dialects are spoken today. Therefore, the region of origin of Vietnamese (and the earlier Viet–Muong) was well south of the Red River.
838:
The discovery that
Vietnamese was a Mon–Khmer language, and that its tones were a regular reflection of non-tonal features in the rest of the family, is considered a milestone in the development of
1358:
The following classification of the Vietic languages is from
Chamberlain (2003:422), as quoted in Sidwell (2009:145). Unlike past classifications, there is a sixth "South" branch that includes
3542:
3640:
Pain, Frederick (2020). ""Giao Chỉ" (Jiaozhi 交趾) as a
Diffusion Center of Middle Chinese Diachronic Changes: Syllabic Weight Contrast and Phonologisation of Its Phonetic Correlates".
441:
Valley and was then later absorbed into the coexisting Proto-Viet-Muong, one of whose divergent dialects evolved into the
Vietnamese language. Annamese Middle Chinese belonged to a
2945:", in The International Conference on Tai Studies, ed. S. Burusphat, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 97-128. Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University.
718:
The following table lists the lifestyles of various Vietic-speaking ethnic groups. Unlike the neighboring Tai ethnic groups, many Vietic groups are not paddy agriculturalists.
884:): This language makes a four-way distinction between clear and breathy phonation combined with glottalized final consonants. This is very similar to the situation in the
547:, Nhà Làng, and Nguồn. Chamberlain (1998) lists current locations in Laos for the following Vietic peoples. An overview based on first-hand fieldwork has been proposed by
3140:. (Paper presented at the International workshop on the history of Colloquial Chinese – written and spoken, Rutgers University, New Brunswick NJ, 11–12 March 2016.)
3660:
Peiros, Ilia J. 2004. Geneticeskaja klassifikacija aystroaziatskix jazykov. Moskva: Rossijskij gosudarstvennyj gumanitarnyj universitet (doktorskaja dissertacija).
3559:
Chamberlain, J.R. 2003. Eco-Spatial
History: a nomad myth from the Annamites and its relevance for biodiversity conservation. In X. Jianchu and S. Mikesell, eds.
3345:
379:"; therefore, "he likely spread of Vietic was southward from the RRD, not northward. Accounting for southern diversity will require alternative explanations."
4142:
1258:
3137:
3042:
Corny, Julien, et al. 2017. "Dental phenotypic shape variation supports a multiple dispersal model for anatomically modern humans in
Southeast Asia."
604:; taken to Hinboun District during the war, and then later resettled in Nakai Tay (39 households) and in Sop Hia (20 households) on the Nakai Plateau.
3745:
82:
3163:
426:
On the other hand, Ferlus (2009) showed that the inventions of pestle, oar and a pan to cook sticky rice, which is the main characteristic of the
4267:
3075:
272:
systems intermediate between that of Viet–Muong and other branches of Austroasiatic that have not had significant Chinese or Tai influence.
620:: Ban Na Phao and Tha Sang, Boualapha District; others probably also in Pha Song, Vang Nyao, Takaa; originally from Hin Nam No and Vietnam
3527:
Alves, Mark J. 2016. Identifying Early Sino-Vietnamese Vocabulary via Linguistic, Historical, Archaeological, and Ethnological Data, in
3701:
3078:. Conference: "Contact Zones and Colonialism in Southeast Asia and China's South (~221 BCE - 1700 CE)"At: Pennsylvania State University
4147:
3463:"Vietic and Early Chinese Grammatical Vocabulary in Vietnamese: Native Vietic and Austroasiatic Etyma versus Early Chinese Loanwords"
2865:
The cradle of the Vietic branch of Austroasiatic is very likely in north Vietnam, at least 1000km to the south‑west of coastal Fújiàn
961:
initial consonants in the ancestral language; these then split depending on the original final consonants: Level tones correspond to
4159:
3738:
3672:
3362:
Phan, John. 2012. "Mường is not a subgroup: Phonological evidence for a paraphyletic taxon in the Viet-Muong sub-family." In
3388:
Phan, John D. 2012. "Mường is not a subgroup: Phonological evidence for a paraphyletic taxon in the Viet-Muong sub-family."
3056:
McColl et al. 2018. "Ancient Genomics Reveals Four Prehistoric Migration Waves into Southeast Asia". Preprint. Published in
3418:. 23rd Annual Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, May 2013, Bangkok, Thailand. <halshs-00922842v2>
3197:. Tempe, Arizona: Arizona State University Programme for Southeast Asian Studies Monograph Series Press. pp. 297–313.
3543:
Ruc and Other Minor Vietic Languages: Linguistic Strands Between Vietnamese and the Rest of the Mon-Khmer Language Family
395:
in the mid-nineteenth century, and there is now strong evidence for this classification. Modern Vietnamese has lost many
430:, correspond to the creation of new lexicons for these inventions in Northern Vietic (Việt–Mường) and Central Vietic (
3520:
3320:
3279:
3122:
Lacquered Words: the Evolution of Vietnamese under Sinitic Influences from the 1st Century BCE to the 17th Century CE
3731:
3549:, ed. by Karen L. Adams et al. Tempe, Arizona, 3–19. Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies.
3240:
403:
vocabulary. However, there continues to be resistance to the idea that Vietnamese could be more closely related to
1542:
1517:
543:
Conservation Area of Laos and north-central Vietnam (Chamberlain 1998). Many of these speakers are referred to as
3556:. Vietnam publications microfiche series, no. VP70-62. Huntington Beach, Calif: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
703:
peoples, including the Arem, Rục, Maliêng, and Mày (Cươi), were resettled at Cu Nhái (located either in western
535:
Geographic distribution of the Vietic languages (Fuchsia-shaded area is where Vietnamese is the second language)
977:, which have also disappeared; and glottalized tones to final glottalized consonants, which have deglottalized.
17:
4521:
3840:
291:
The ancestor of the Vietic language is traditionally assumed to have been located in today's North Vietnam.
5496:
5151:
5112:
4154:
3997:
396:
2734:
2725:
2713:
2709:
2672:
2641:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2560:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2473:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2386:
2352:
2347:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2301:
2264:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2218:
2187:
2179:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2133:
2099:
2094:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2048:
2017:
2009:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1963:
1929:
1924:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1878:
1844:
1839:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1793:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1706:
1669:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1623:
1530:
3350:
3706:
407:
than to Chinese or Tai languages among Vietnamese nationalists. The vast majority of scholars attribute
515:
504:
489:
481:
276:
708:
704:
312:
5576:
4937:
3375:
Sidwell, Paul. 2015. "Austroasiatic classification." In Jenny, Mathias and Paul Sidwell, eds (2015).
1169:. Chamberlain (2018:12) provides the following phylogenetic classification for the Vietic languages.
612:(Ahao and Ahlao dialects): several villages near Lak Xao; probably originally from the Na Heuang area
328:
2925:
275:
Vietnamese, today, has had significant Chinese influence especially in vocabulary and tonal system.
5503:
4436:
3496:"Historical Ethnolinguistic Notes on Proto-Austroasiatic and Proto-Vietic Vocabulary in Vietnamese"
61:
3104:
2942:
427:
364:
320:
4727:
3754:
3216:
The following information is taken from Paul Sidwell's lecture series on the Mon–Khmer languages.
2881:
392:
227:
132:
120:
1130:
The Thavung-Malieng group retains the most archaic lexicon and phonological features, while the
5510:
5444:
4457:
4431:
3346:
A Kri-Mol (Vietic) Bestiary: Prolegomena to the Study of Ethnozoology in the Northern Annamites
2665:
839:
687:
side of the Ak Mountain, and now living in Ban Sang, Yommalath District (primarily Yooy people)
335:
burial site (dated 1,800 BC) have close proximity to modern Austroasiatic speakers such as the
78:
2790:
5553:
5517:
5449:
3534:
Alves, Mark J. 2017. Etymological research on Vietnamese with databases and other resources.
2912:
2738:
2705:
2685:
712:
4166:
3717:
3462:
3415:
3149:
Phan, John. "Re-Imagining 'Annam': A New Analysis of Sino–Viet–Muong Linguistic Contact" in
2823:
437:
Furthermore, John Phan (2013, 2016) argues that “Annamese Middle Chinese” was spoken in the
5524:
5079:
4674:
3563:. Lijiand, P. R. China: Center for Biodiversity and Indigenous Knowledge. pp. 421–436.
2989:
2981:
2701:
2653:
911:
628:: Tha Meuang on the Nam Sot (primarily Malang people); originally from the Houay Kanil area
308:
296:
3402:
3195:
Papers from the Eleventh Annual Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 2001
8:
5326:
4593:
4137:
3972:
3962:
1577:
1376:
1187:
1111:
958:
946:
648:: Na Kadok, Khamkeut District (primarily Saek people); originally from the Upper Sot area
540:
408:
388:
300:
258:
159:
3653:
3090:(2010). "Language Contact and Language Change in the History of the Sinitic Languages."
2985:
5312:
5205:
4740:
4712:
4494:
4171:
3800:
3767:
3449:
3326:
3285:
3020:
2969:
1391:
1196:
1161:
to refer to the Vietic languages, and considers there to be two primary splits, namely
925:
915:
684:
663:
556:
469:
87:
3536:
Ngôn Ngữ Học Việt Nam, 30 Năm Đổi Mới và Phát Triển (Kỷ Yếu Hội Thảo Khoa Học Quốc Tế)
2669:
399:
phonological and morphological features. Vietnamese also has large stocks of borrowed
195:
5454:
5410:
5400:
5321:
5245:
5120:
5052:
4646:
4558:
4360:
4355:
4059:
3668:
3482:
3453:
3330:
3316:
3289:
3275:
3025:
3007:
2904:
672:
601:
585:
445:
376:
372:
344:
5270:
4745:
2970:"Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory"
1137:
Sidwell & Alves (2021) propose that the Vietic languages had dispersed from the
5353:
5331:
5302:
5255:
5191:
5179:
5156:
5130:
5125:
5102:
4932:
4916:
4906:
4896:
4796:
4664:
4624:
4563:
4533:
4388:
4295:
4246:
4020:
3931:
3926:
3886:
3866:
3649:
3561:
Landscapes of Diversity: Proceedings of the III MMSEA Conference, 25–28 August 2002
3507:
3474:
3441:
3308:
3267:
3190:
3061:
3015:
2999:
2367:
1403:
1341:
1235:
1146:
1032:
954:
885:
881:
813:
809:
785:
608:
592:
438:
412:
400:
174:
2861:
Past human migrations in East Asia: matching archaeology, linguistics and genetics
5387:
5286:
5281:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5097:
4968:
4886:
4881:
4823:
4750:
4717:
4473:
4441:
4365:
4329:
4236:
4096:
3957:
3891:
3876:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3795:
3790:
3547:
Papers from the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society
3121:
2282:
1944:
1859:
1451:
1289:
1138:
1134:
group merges *-r and *-l finals to *-l, along with the other northern languages.
1028:
921:
907:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
742:
738:
652:
644:
632:
624:
477:
449:
420:
352:
324:
230:
127:
3835:
3179:
Ferlus, Michel. 1996. Langues et peuples viet-muong. Mon-Khmer Studies 26. 7–28.
5547:
5484:
5439:
5423:
5418:
5336:
5276:
5264:
5215:
5210:
5200:
5036:
5031:
5015:
5010:
5000:
4984:
4871:
4848:
4771:
4766:
4697:
4689:
4629:
4608:
4548:
4262:
4075:
3977:
3967:
3947:
3871:
3845:
3810:
3805:
2114:
2029:
1774:
1582:
1569:
1563:
1555:
1548:
1513:
1509:
1381:
1265:
1210:
1192:
1119:
1115:
970:
950:
857:
759:
597:
442:
404:
262:
234:
180:
163:
3445:
3312:
3271:
796:
Swidden cultivators who move every 2–3 years among pre-existing village sites
332:
5570:
5461:
5005:
4911:
4901:
4876:
4791:
4702:
4553:
4489:
4406:
4345:
4313:
4272:
4220:
4205:
4197:
4187:
4091:
3952:
3921:
3901:
3861:
3636:(Textbook of Vietnamese historical phonology). Hà Nội: Nhà Xuất Bản Gíao Dục.
3627:
3617:
3598:
3588:
3570:
3486:
3432:
Alves, Mark J. (2022). "The Ðông Sơn Speech Community: Evidence for Vietic".
3087:
3011:
2199:
1587:
1505:
1440:
1419:
1398:
1328:
1311:
1231:
1223:
1214:
1206:
1142:
1131:
1089:
1085:
1060:
1056:
1051:
962:
939:
935:
931:
903:
899:
895:
891:
877:
871:
867:
863:
850:
846:
825:
821:
817:
750:
616:
580:
570:
564:
548:
473:
461:
431:
336:
168:
51:
3076:"Data from Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture"
3003:
2905:"Data from Multiple Disciplines Connecting Vietic with the Dong Son Culture"
5395:
5146:
4735:
4669:
4579:
4350:
4241:
4215:
4210:
4043:
4038:
3881:
3785:
3478:
3231:
3029:
2980:(6397). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 92–95.
2541:
2454:
1604:
1592:
1560:
1479:
1385:
1359:
1252:
1227:
1219:
1068:
1064:
1024:
991:
799:
789:
746:
691:
679:
544:
519:
508:
356:
71:
3723:
4891:
4707:
4679:
4654:
3896:
3623:
3613:
3603:
3594:
3576:
3566:
2746:
1687:
1102:
1098:
1081:
1040:
1036:
531:
497:
493:
3262:
Sidwell, Paul (2021). "Classification of MSEA Austroasiatic languages".
3235:
5240:
4659:
3665:
Một vài vấn đề nghiên cứu so sánh - lịch sử nhóm ngôn ngữ Việt - Mường
3511:
966:
700:
465:
368:
340:
588:; probably originally from the northern Nghe An / Khamkeut border area
375:
from Thailand, and Austroasiatic speakers from Vietnam, including the
3691:
3679:
Classifying the Austroasiatic languages: history and state of the art
1522:
1337:
East: Mãliềng, Maleng, Arem, Kri, Chứt (Mày, Rụt, Sách, Mụ Già), etc.
974:
853:
637:
269:
189:
3607:
3584:
3495:
1141:, based on evidence from loanwords from early Sinitic and extensive
560:: Ban Pak Phanang, Boualapha District, Khammouane; others in Vietnam
3696:
3217:
2994:
2856:
360:
327:'s inhabitants were predominantly Austroasiatic: genetic data from
204:
3138:
A preliminary investigation into Proto-Southwestern Middle Chinese
3105:
The Origin of the Sek: Implications for Tai and Vietnamese History
1533:
corresponds to Viet-Muong /a/ rather than to Southern Vietic /i/.
279:
accounts for about 30–60% of Vietnamese vocabulary, not including
237:
in Laos and Vietnam. The branch was once referred to by the terms
3681:. LINCOM studies in Asian linguistics, 76. Munich: Lincom Europa.
2717:
1324:
Viet-Muong: Vietnamese, Mường Muốt, Mường Nàbái, Mường Chỏi, etc.
457:
316:
3714:(Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
3711:
675:(primarily Tai Theng people); originally from the Upper Sot area
2765:
453:
280:
3434:
Crossroads: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Asian Interactions
3405:." In The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal, 18-19: 52-59. (in French)
2943:
The origin of Sek: implications for Tai and Vietnamese history
1526:
348:
3571:
Black and white evidence for Vietnamese phonological history
2966:
758:
Originally collectors and traders who have become emergent
304:
253:
was proposed by La Vaughn Hayes, who proposed to redefine
448:
in southwestern China that eventually "diversified into"
3305:
The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia
3303:
Alves, Mark J. (2021). "Typological profile of Vietic".
3264:
The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia
969:; high rising and low falling tones correspond to final
3697:
SEAlang Project: Mon–Khmer languages. The Vietic Branch
3461:
Alves, Mark (2021). Alves, Mark; Sidwell, Paul (eds.).
2824:"Vietic and Việt-Mường: a new subgrouping in Mon-Khmer"
973:, which have since disappeared; dipping tones to final
914:
system is the four-way contrast of Aheu augmented with
484:
borrowings, which were borrowed during different eras:
257:
as referring to a sub-branch of Vietic containing only
3628:
A meaty mystery: did Vietnamese have voiced aspirates?
888:
in which, however, the glottalization is in the vowel.
3416:
The sexagesimal cycle, from China to Southeast Asia
2948:
2565:
2478:
2391:
2306:
2223:
2138:
2053:
1968:
1883:
1798:
1711:
1628:
722:Cultural typology of Vietic-speaking ethnic groups
3500:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society
3467:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society
3207:See Alves 2003 on the typological range in Vietic.
2886:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society
2546:
2459:
2372:
2287:
2204:
2119:
2034:
1949:
1864:
1779:
1692:
1609:
1508:(1992, 2013) notes that the 12-year animal cycle (
77:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
5568:
3667:. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Đại Học Quốc Gia Hà nội.
3538:, 183–211. Hà Nội: Nhà Xuất Bản Khoa Học Xã Hội.
3521:Data for Vietic Native Etyma and Early Loanwords
3226:
3224:
3097:
3062:https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/278374v1
2882:"A Layer of Dongsonian Vocabulary in Vietnamese"
2759:
2729:
2720:
2594:
2507:
2420:
2335:
2252:
2167:
2082:
1997:
1912:
1827:
1740:
1657:
3707:Endangered Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia
3337:
3236:"The Vietic languages: a phylogenetic analysis"
2857:"The expansion of Setaria farmers in East Asia"
856:common to most Vietic languages, but does have
3634:Giáo trình lịch sử ngữ âm tiếng Việt (sơ thảo)
3257:
3255:
3739:
3221:
3136:Phan, John D. & de Sousa, Hilário. 2016.
2937:
2935:
2875:
2873:
2536:
2449:
2362:
2277:
2194:
2109:
2024:
1939:
1854:
1769:
1682:
1599:
986:
596:: originally lived in Na Tane Subdistrict of
27:Subgroup of the Austroasiatic language family
3230:
3092:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2
1145:-Vietic contact possibly dating back to the
1006:(all of the non-Thavung–Malieng languages).
480:全州). Phan (2013) lists three major types of
3753:
3296:
3252:
3132:
3130:
2601:
2571:
2514:
2484:
2427:
2397:
2342:
2312:
2259:
2229:
2174:
2144:
2089:
2059:
2004:
1974:
1919:
1889:
1834:
1804:
1747:
1717:
1664:
1634:
683:: near the Nam One; later relocated to the
268:Many of the Vietic languages have tonal or
3746:
3732:
2932:
2870:
2848:
2758:archaic; still found in the compound-noun
2552:
2465:
2378:
2293:
2210:
2125:
2040:
1955:
1870:
1785:
1698:
1615:
3124:. Ph.D. dissertation: Cornell University.
3019:
2993:
539:Vietic speakers reside in and around the
3127:
3114:
530:
3692:La Vaughn Hayes Vietic Digital Archives
3377:The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages
3261:
2716:(spelt "-uô-") in other dialects, e.g.
2692:, not from the same root as other words
715:). The Sách are also found in Vietnam.
14:
5569:
3188:
2879:
2854:
806:Combined swidden and paddy sedentists
5482:
5375:
5177:
5077:
4821:
4519:
4386:
4293:
4117:
4018:
3765:
3727:
3493:
3460:
3431:
3302:
2954:
2902:
2821:
2788:
1500:
1353:
1152:
411:similarities with Sinitic and Tai to
3642:Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies
3639:
3403:Sur L’origine Des Langues Việt-Mường
3382:
3351:Kyoto Working Papers on Area Studies
2815:
1384:(according to Phan (2012), Mường is
367:'s Núi Nấp site showed affinity to "
29:
5483:
4520:
3191:"The Origin of Tones in Viet-Muong"
2791:"The mutation of *R in Pre-Thavung"
1157:Chamberlain (2018:9) uses the term
415:rather than to common inheritance.
363:; meanwhile, "mixed genetics" from
24:
5552:Languages between parentheses are
4143:Northern, Thanh Hóa, Huế, Southern
3425:
67:for transliterated languages, and
47:of its non-English content, using
25:
5588:
5450:Western Khmer (Chanthaburi Khmer)
3685:
3353:No. 133. Kyoto: Kyoto University.
3151:Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies
1305:
981:
928:, Pakatan): Tones as in Ruc-Sach.
3307:. De Gruyter. pp. 469–498.
3266:. De Gruyter. pp. 179–206.
3241:Journal of Language Relationship
3164:"Welcome to World Bank Intranet"
1327:Pong-Toum: Đan Lai, Hung, Toum,
1310:Based on comparative studies by
203:
34:
3654:10.6503/THJCS.202009_50(3).0001
3529:Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics
3408:
3395:
3369:
3356:
3210:
3201:
3193:. In Somsonge Burusphat (ed.).
3182:
3173:
3156:
3143:
3081:
3068:
3050:
2752:
2695:
2678:
2659:
2647:
2635:
2626:
526:
5556:of the language on their left.
5078:
3103:*Chamberlain, James R. 1998. "
3036:
2960:
2896:
2782:
1362:, a newly described language.
83:multilingual support templates
13:
1:
2775:
382:
5445:Northern Khmer (Surin Khmer)
3766:
3720:in the RWAAI Digital Archive
3599:What the *-hɛːk is going on?
3554:Articles on Proto-Viet–Muong
3343:Chamberlain, James R. 2018.
2822:Hayes, La Vaughn H. (1992).
2789:Hayes, La Vaughn H. (1982).
2712:would have become diphthong
1288:Atel, Atop, (Makang), Arao,
833:
735:Small-group foraging nomads
720:
500:(ca. 4th century CE) layers)
7:
3109:Journal of the Siam Society
2566:
2547:
2479:
2460:
2392:
2373:
2307:
2288:
2224:
2205:
2139:
2120:
2054:
2035:
1969:
1950:
1884:
1865:
1799:
1780:
1712:
1693:
1629:
1610:
656:: Tha Meuang on the Nam Sot
640:; Ban Soek near the Nam Noy
600:, and Ban Na Va village in
452:, the Jiudu patois 九都土話 of
10:
5593:
5376:
5178:
4387:
4294:
4118:
4019:
3366:, no. 40, pp. 1-18., 2012.
3153:, Volume 4, 2010. pp. 22-3
3074:Alves, Mark (2019-05-10).
3044:Journal of Human Evolution
2903:Alves, Mark (2019-05-10).
987:Sidwell & Alves (2021)
849:: This language lacks the
286:
277:Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary
5538:
5491:
5478:
5432:
5409:
5386:
5382:
5371:
5345:
5311:
5295:
5254:
5190:
5186:
5173:
5139:
5111:
5090:
5086:
5073:
5045:
5024:
4993:
4977:
4961:
4954:
4925:
4864:
4857:
4841:
4834:
4830:
4822:
4817:
4784:
4759:
4726:
4688:
4645:
4638:
4617:
4601:
4592:
4572:
4541:
4532:
4528:
4515:
4482:
4466:
4450:
4424:
4415:
4399:
4395:
4382:
4338:
4322:
4306:
4302:
4289:
4255:
4229:
4196:
4180:
4130:
4126:
4113:
4084:
4068:
4052:
4031:
4027:
4014:
3990:
3940:
3917:
3910:
3854:
3778:
3774:
3761:
3632:Nguyễn, Tài Cẩn. (1995).
3446:10.1163/26662523-bja10002
3379:, 144-220. Leiden: Brill.
3313:10.1515/9783110558142-022
3272:10.1515/9783110558142-011
2941:Chamberlain, J.R. 1998, "
2572:
2553:
2537:
2485:
2466:
2450:
2398:
2379:
2363:
2313:
2294:
2278:
2230:
2211:
2195:
2145:
2126:
2110:
2060:
2041:
2025:
1975:
1956:
1940:
1890:
1871:
1855:
1805:
1786:
1770:
1718:
1699:
1683:
1635:
1616:
1600:
496:(ca. 1st century CE) and
202:
188:
153:
145:
128:Linguistic classification
126:
114:
109:
2880:Ferlus, Michael (2009).
2855:Sagart, Laurent (2008),
1292:, Malang, To-e (Pakatan)
699:In Vietnam, some Vietic
4474:Somray (Northern Chong)
3755:Austroasiatic languages
3541:Alves, Mark J. (2003).
3494:Alves, Mark J. (2020).
3401:Ferlus, Michel. 1992. "
3189:Ferlus, Michel (2004).
3111:86.1 & 86.2: 27-48.
3004:10.1126/science.aat3188
2708:dialectal; old nucleus
2602:
2515:
2428:
2343:
2260:
2175:
2090:
2005:
1920:
1835:
1748:
1665:
707:or in the southwest of
121:Mainland Southeast Asia
3677:Sidwell, Paul (2009).
3552:Barker, M. E. (1977).
3479:10.5281/zenodo.5778105
3234:; Alves, Mark (2021).
2920:Cite journal requires
2760:
2730:
2721:
2595:
2508:
2421:
2336:
2253:
2168:
2083:
1998:
1913:
1828:
1741:
1658:
998:(corresponding to the
840:historical linguistics
536:
522:and post-Ming dynasty)
3663:Trần Trí Dõi (2011).
534:
3581:Soni linguae capitis
2863:, pp. 141–145,
636:: Vang Chang on the
329:Phùng Nguyên culture
307:as well as parts of
297:Bolikhamsai Province
226:are a branch of the
45:specify the language
43:This article should
5497:Proto-Austroasiatic
5152:Southern Nicobarese
4542:Khasi-Pnar-Lyngngam
3518:Alves, Mark. 2020.
2986:2018Sci...361...92L
1373:North (Viet–Muong)
723:
705:Quảng Bình Province
397:Proto-Austroasiatic
389:Vietnamese language
343:from Thailand, the
313:Quảng Bình Province
301:Khammouane Province
3120:Phan, John. 2013.
1501:Animal cycle names
1452:Southwest (Maleng)
1354:Chamberlain (2003)
1153:Chamberlain (2018)
721:
709:Hương Khê District
685:Yommalath District
664:Boualapha District
537:
391:was identified as
373:Tai-Kadai speakers
5564:
5563:
5548:extinct languages
5534:
5533:
5474:
5473:
5470:
5469:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5169:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5060:
4950:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4780:
4779:
4588:
4587:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4378:
4377:
4374:
4373:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4005:
3986:
3985:
3673:978-604-62-0471-8
3608:A 'wind'-ing tour
3531:9 (2016):264-295.
3390:Mon-Khmer Studies
3364:Mon-Khmer Studies
3088:LaPolla, Randy J.
2831:Mon-Khmer Studies
2798:Mon-Khmer Studies
2622:
2621:
860:final consonants.
831:
830:
673:Khamkeut District
602:Khamkeut District
586:Khamkeut District
446:dialect continuum
220:
219:
105:
104:
85:may also be used.
16:(Redirected from
5584:
5577:Vietic languages
5480:
5479:
5384:
5383:
5373:
5372:
5188:
5187:
5175:
5174:
5088:
5087:
5075:
5074:
4959:
4958:
4862:
4861:
4839:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4819:
4818:
4643:
4642:
4599:
4598:
4539:
4538:
4530:
4529:
4517:
4516:
4422:
4421:
4397:
4396:
4384:
4383:
4304:
4303:
4291:
4290:
4151:
4128:
4127:
4115:
4114:
4029:
4028:
4016:
4015:
3915:
3914:
3776:
3775:
3763:
3762:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3725:
3724:
3718:Vietic languages
3657:
3515:
3490:
3457:
3419:
3412:
3406:
3399:
3393:
3386:
3380:
3373:
3367:
3360:
3354:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3300:
3294:
3293:
3259:
3250:
3249:
3228:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3160:
3154:
3147:
3141:
3134:
3125:
3118:
3112:
3101:
3095:
3085:
3079:
3072:
3066:
3054:
3048:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3023:
2997:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2908:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2877:
2868:
2867:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2828:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2795:
2786:
2769:
2763:
2756:
2750:
2737:, both from
2736:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2715:
2711:
2699:
2693:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2605:
2598:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2540:
2539:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2482:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2453:
2452:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2366:
2365:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2339:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2281:
2280:
2266:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2113:
2112:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2028:
2027:
2019:
2011:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1943:
1942:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1858:
1857:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1783:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1686:
1685:
1671:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1603:
1602:
1574:Proto-Viet-Muong
1536:
1535:
1532:
1420:Southeast (Chut)
1399:Northwest (Cuoi)
967:nasal consonants
886:Pearic languages
724:
713:Hà Tĩnh Province
464:dialects (e.g.,
428:Đông Sơn culture
413:language contact
365:Đông Sơn culture
309:Nghệ An Province
233:, spoken by the
224:Vietic languages
213:
207:
198:
107:
106:
100:
97:
91:
76:
70:
66:
60:
56:
50:
38:
37:
30:
21:
5592:
5591:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5582:
5581:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5559:
5530:
5504:Proto-Palaungic
5487:
5485:Proto-languages
5466:
5428:
5405:
5378:
5359:
5341:
5307:
5291:
5250:
5182:
5161:
5135:
5107:
5082:
5057:
5041:
5020:
4989:
4973:
4942:
4921:
4853:
4826:
4801:
4776:
4755:
4722:
4684:
4634:
4613:
4584:
4568:
4524:
4522:Khasi–Palaungic
4499:
4478:
4462:
4446:
4417:
4411:
4391:
4370:
4334:
4318:
4298:
4277:
4251:
4225:
4192:
4176:
4145:
4122:
4101:
4080:
4064:
4048:
4023:
4002:
3982:
3936:
3906:
3850:
3770:
3757:
3752:
3688:
3506:(2): xiii–xlv.
3428:
3426:Further reading
3423:
3422:
3414:Michel Ferlus.
3413:
3409:
3400:
3396:
3387:
3383:
3374:
3370:
3361:
3357:
3342:
3338:
3323:
3301:
3297:
3282:
3260:
3253:
3248:(3–4): 166–194.
3229:
3222:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3187:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3166:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3148:
3144:
3135:
3128:
3119:
3115:
3102:
3098:
3094:(5), 6858-6868.
3086:
3082:
3073:
3069:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3037:
2965:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2940:
2933:
2921:
2919:
2910:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2878:
2871:
2853:
2849:
2840:
2838:
2826:
2820:
2816:
2807:
2805:
2793:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2757:
2753:
2700:
2696:
2683:
2679:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2627:
1512:) names in the
1503:
1498:
1497:
1356:
1351:
1340:West: Thavung,
1308:
1303:
1155:
1147:Dong Son period
1139:Red River Delta
1128:
1017:Thavung–Malieng
1000:Thavung–Malieng
989:
984:
908:dialect cluster
836:
662:: Ban Xe Neua,
541:Nakai–Nam Theun
529:
516:Sino-Vietnamese
505:Sino-Vietnamese
490:Sino-Vietnamese
482:Sino-Vietnamese
450:Waxiang Chinese
421:Central Vietnam
385:
353:Nicobar Islands
325:Red River Delta
321:Đông Sơn period
289:
231:language family
216:
215:
211:
208:
194:
116:
101:
95:
92:
86:
74:
68:
64:
62:transliteration
58:
54:
48:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5590:
5580:
5579:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5550:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5521:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5476:
5475:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5436:
5434:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5415:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5392:
5390:
5380:
5379:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5318:
5316:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5267:
5261:
5259:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5197:
5195:
5184:
5183:
5171:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5117:
5115:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5094:
5092:
5084:
5083:
5071:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5049:
5047:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4965:
4963:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4868:
4866:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4845:
4843:
4836:
4828:
4827:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4763:
4761:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4732:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4640:
4639:East Palaungic
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4621:
4619:
4618:West Palaungic
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4596:
4590:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4545:
4543:
4536:
4526:
4525:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4428:
4426:
4419:
4416:Western Pearic
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4403:
4401:
4393:
4392:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4310:
4308:
4300:
4299:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4134:
4132:
4124:
4123:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4056:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4033:
4025:
4024:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3772:
3771:
3759:
3758:
3751:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3728:
3722:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3704:
3702:Sidwell (2003)
3699:
3694:
3687:
3686:External links
3684:
3683:
3682:
3675:
3661:
3658:
3648:(3): 356–437.
3637:
3630:
3621:
3611:
3601:
3592:
3574:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3516:
3491:
3458:
3440:(2): 138–174.
3427:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3407:
3394:
3381:
3368:
3355:
3336:
3321:
3295:
3280:
3251:
3220:
3209:
3200:
3181:
3172:
3155:
3142:
3126:
3113:
3096:
3080:
3067:
3049:
3035:
2995:10.1101/278374
2959:
2957:, p. xix.
2947:
2931:
2922:|journal=
2895:
2869:
2847:
2814:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2751:
2728:vs. Nghệ-Tĩnh
2694:
2677:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2599:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2563:
2558:
2544:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2512:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2476:
2471:
2457:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2425:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2389:
2384:
2370:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2304:
2299:
2285:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2221:
2216:
2202:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2136:
2131:
2117:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2087:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2051:
2046:
2032:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2002:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1966:
1961:
1947:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1917:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1881:
1876:
1862:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1832:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1796:
1791:
1777:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1709:
1704:
1690:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1662:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1626:
1621:
1607:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1514:Khmer calendar
1502:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1404:West (Thavưng)
1401:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1379:
1365:
1364:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1306:Sidwell (2015)
1304:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1217:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1190:
1171:
1154:
1151:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1105:
1092:
1071:
1046:Eastern Vietic
1043:
1021:Western Vietic
1008:
988:
985:
983:
982:Classification
980:
979:
978:
963:open syllables
943:
929:
919:
889:
875:
861:
835:
832:
829:
828:
807:
803:
802:
797:
793:
792:
763:
755:
754:
736:
732:
731:
728:
697:
696:
688:
676:
666:
657:
649:
641:
629:
621:
613:
605:
598:Nakai District
589:
561:
528:
525:
524:
523:
512:
501:
460:, and various
443:Middle Chinese
384:
381:
288:
285:
283:from Chinese.
243:Annamese–Muong
235:Vietic peoples
218:
217:
210:
209:
200:
199:
192:
186:
185:
184:
183:
178:
171:
166:
155:
151:
150:
147:
146:Proto-language
143:
142:
141:
140:
130:
124:
123:
118:
112:
111:
103:
102:
81:. Knowledge's
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5589:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5555:
5551:
5549:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5537:
5527:
5526:
5522:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5513:
5512:
5511:Proto-Khmeric
5508:
5506:
5505:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5486:
5481:
5477:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5431:
5425:
5424:Bugan (Pakan)
5422:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5374:
5370:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5348:
5344:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5298:
5294:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5253:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5176:
5172:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5110:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5091:Chaura-Teresa
5089:
5085:
5081:
5076:
5072:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4992:
4986:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4957:
4953:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4518:
4514:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4458:Western Chong
4456:
4455:
4453:
4449:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4432:Central Chong
4430:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4254:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4017:
4013:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3749:
3744:
3742:
3737:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3618:Muong rhotics
3615:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3429:
3417:
3411:
3404:
3398:
3391:
3385:
3378:
3372:
3365:
3359:
3352:
3348:
3347:
3340:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3322:9783110558142
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3299:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3281:9783110558142
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3258:
3256:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3232:Sidwell, Paul
3227:
3225:
3218:
3213:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3176:
3165:
3159:
3152:
3146:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3123:
3117:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3045:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2956:
2951:
2944:
2938:
2936:
2927:
2914:
2906:
2899:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2803:
2799:
2792:
2785:
2781:
2767:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2732:
2723:
2719:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2655:
2650:
2638:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2535:
2534:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2375:
2371:
2369:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2023:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1952:
1948:
1946:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1782:
1778:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1761:
1756:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1695:
1691:
1689:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1612:
1608:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1516:, from which
1515:
1511:
1507:
1506:Michel Ferlus
1489:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
942:, Khong-Kheng
941:
937:
933:
930:
927:
923:
920:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
890:
887:
883:
879:
876:
873:
870:in Laos, and
869:
865:
862:
859:
855:
852:
848:
845:
844:
843:
841:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
808:
805:
804:
801:
798:
795:
794:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
764:
761:
757:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:
734:
733:
730:Vietic group
729:
726:
725:
719:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
694:
693:
689:
686:
682:
681:
677:
674:
670:
667:
665:
661:
658:
655:
654:
650:
647:
646:
642:
639:
635:
634:
630:
627:
626:
622:
619:
618:
614:
611:
610:
606:
603:
599:
595:
594:
590:
587:
583:
582:
577:
573:
572:
567:
566:
562:
559:
558:
554:
553:
552:
550:
549:Michel Ferlus
546:
542:
533:
521:
517:
513:
510:
506:
502:
499:
495:
491:
487:
486:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:Xiang Chinese
459:
455:
451:
447:
444:
440:
435:
433:
429:
424:
422:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
393:Austroasiatic
390:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
292:
284:
282:
278:
273:
271:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
229:
228:Austroasiatic
225:
206:
201:
197:
193:
191:
187:
182:
179:
177:
176:
172:
170:
167:
165:
161:
158:
157:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
136:
135:
134:
133:Austroasiatic
131:
129:
125:
122:
119:
113:
108:
99:
89:
84:
80:
73:
63:
53:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
5543:
5523:
5518:Proto-Aslian
5516:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5352:
5346:unclassified
5269:
4366:Phong-Kniang
4119:
3678:
3664:
3645:
3641:
3633:
3624:Miyake, Marc
3614:Miyake, Marc
3604:Miyake, Marc
3595:Miyake, Marc
3580:
3577:Miyake, Marc
3567:Miyake, Marc
3560:
3553:
3546:
3535:
3528:
3519:
3503:
3499:
3473:(3): 41–63.
3470:
3466:
3437:
3433:
3410:
3397:
3389:
3384:
3376:
3371:
3363:
3358:
3344:
3339:
3304:
3298:
3263:
3245:
3239:
3212:
3203:
3194:
3184:
3175:
3158:
3150:
3145:
3116:
3108:
3099:
3091:
3083:
3070:
3057:
3052:
3043:
3038:
2977:
2973:
2962:
2950:
2913:cite journal
2898:
2889:
2885:
2864:
2860:
2850:
2839:. Retrieved
2834:
2830:
2817:
2806:. Retrieved
2801:
2797:
2784:
2754:
2742:
2739:Proto-Vietic
2697:
2689:
2686:Proto-Vietic
2680:
2661:
2649:
2637:
2628:
1504:
1386:paraphyletic
1368:
1357:
1319:
1309:
1282:Atel-Maleng
1244:
1179:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1136:
1129:
1107:
1094:
1077:
1073:
1050:
1045:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1003:
1002:branch) and
999:
995:
990:
945:Việt–Mường:
837:
717:
698:
690:
678:
671:: Na Thone,
668:
659:
651:
643:
631:
623:
615:
607:
591:
579:
575:
569:
563:
555:
538:
527:Distribution
520:Ming dynasty
509:Tang dynasty
436:
425:
417:
386:
371:from China,
293:
290:
274:
267:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
223:
221:
214: Vietic
173:
154:Subdivisions
149:Proto-Vietic
137:
117:distribution
93:
79:ISO 639 code
75:}}
69:{{
65:}}
59:{{
55:}}
49:{{
44:
5525:Proto-Munda
4675:Muak Sa-aak
4146: [
4032:West Katuic
3512:10524/52472
2747:paddy field
1480:South (Kri)
1277:Ahlao, Ahao
1271:Ahoe-Ahlao
1249:Kri-Phoong
1245:Nrong-Theun
1184:Việt-Mường
1167:Nrong-Theun
858:glottalized
762:sedentists
498:Jin dynasty
494:Han dynasty
456:, Southern
409:typological
355:), and the
270:phonational
249:; the term
247:Vietnamuong
5327:Semaq Beri
5315:(Southern)
5194:(Northern)
5080:Nicobarese
5025:Gutob-Remo
4994:Sora-Gorum
4858:Kherwarian
4256:Phong–Liha
4138:Vietnamese
4131:Viet-Muong
3973:Mel-Khaonh
3065:University
3047:University
2955:Alves 2020
2841:2019-09-28
2808:2019-09-28
2776:References
1578:Vietnamese
1525:name for "
1377:Vietnamese
1188:Vietnamese
1112:Vietnamese
1108:Viet–Muong
1074:Phong–Liha
1037:Ahao/Ahlao
975:fricatives
947:Vietnamese
874:in Vietnam
727:Lifestyle
701:hill-tribe
695:: Ban Maka
466:Xiangxiang
383:Vietnamese
345:Nicobarese
259:Vietnamese
255:Việt–Mường
239:Việt–Mường
115:Geographic
18:Viet–Muong
5554:varieties
5546:indicate
5455:Khmer Khe
5258:(Central)
5206:Cheq Wong
4741:Quang Lam
4728:Bit-Khang
4713:Meung Yum
4594:Palaungic
4339:Phay-Pram
3583:. (Parts
3487:1836-6821
3454:247915528
3331:240883280
3290:242599355
3012:0036-8075
2837:: 211–228
2726:/ʐuəŋ˨˩ʔ/
2684:from
2675:in Ferlus
2668:dialect;
2644:in Ferlus
1561:Angkorian
1523:Old Khmer
1490:Mlengbrou
1259:Mlengbrou
1203:Toum-Ruc
1078:Pong–Toum
965:or final
959:voiceless
854:phonation
834:Languages
747:Mlengbrou
680:Mlengbrou
638:Nam Theun
439:Red River
432:Cuoi-Toum
190:Glottolog
96:July 2021
5571:Category
5401:Nyah Kur
5322:Mah Meri
5313:Semelaic
5140:Southern
5121:Nancowry
4926:Santalic
4865:Mundaric
4559:Lyngngam
4483:Southern
4467:Northern
4356:Ksingmul
4155:in China
4053:Ta'oihic
3768:Bahnaric
3626:. 2010.
3616:. 2010.
3606:. 2013.
3597:. 2014.
3579:. 2014.
3569:. 2014.
3392:40:1-18.
3030:29773666
2804:: 83–100
2766:pig-fish
2735:/ʐɔːŋ˨˨/
2666:Hòa Bình
2632:squirrel
1840:/kʰaːl³/
1823:*k.haːlˀ
1459:Thémarou
1443: ?)
1285:Thémarou
1255:, Phoong
1180:Mol-Toum
1163:Mol-Toum
1095:Cuoi–Tho
912:register
824:(Cham),
743:Thémarou
660:"Salang"
633:Thémarou
609:Thaveung
478:Quanzhou
476:祁東, and
361:Cambodia
196:viet1250
5544:Italics
5411:Pakanic
5354:Kenaboi
5332:Semelai
5303:Jah Hut
5296:Jah Hut
5241:Ten'edn
5157:Shompen
5131:Katchal
5126:Camorta
5113:Central
5103:Teressa
4933:Santali
4917:Agariya
4907:Majhwar
4897:Mundari
4797:Tai Loi
4665:Man Met
4647:Angkuic
4625:Palaung
4564:Maharam
4451:Western
4425:Central
4418:(Chong)
4247:Thavưng
3932:Tampuan
3927:Tariang
3911:Central
3887:Nyaheun
3058:Science
3021:6476732
2990:bioRxiv
2982:Bibcode
2974:Science
2745: '
2656:dialect
2654:Nghệ An
2642:/klu:¹/
2607:/kuːj³/
2561:kao/kol
2503:*ʔ.cɔːˀ
2368:Rooster
2348:/vɔːk⁸/
2248:*m.ɓɛːˀ
2163:*m.ŋǝːˀ
2095:/tʰaɲ³/
2078:*m.səɲˀ
2010:/roːŋ²/
1993:*m.roːŋ
1925:/tʰɔː⁵/
1753:/tluː¹/
1670:/cuot⁸/
1554:Modern
1531:/m.saɲ/
1436:Malieng
1342:Pakatan
1236:Malieng
1175:Kri-Mol
1159:Kri-Mol
1041:Thavung
1033:Malieng
1004:Eastern
996:Western
992:Sidwell
882:Thavung
851:breathy
760:swidden
578:), and
514:Recent
458:Pinghua
401:Chinese
333:Mán Bạc
317:Vietnam
287:Origins
281:calques
175:Thavung
88:See why
5433:Others
5377:Others
5287:Temiar
5282:Semnam
5256:Senoic
5236:Mintil
5231:Minriq
5226:Kintaq
5221:Kensiu
5192:Jahaic
5180:Aslian
5098:Chaura
4969:Kharia
4962:Kharia
4887:Birhor
4882:Birjia
4785:Others
4751:Bumang
4718:Savaiq
4534:Khasic
4495:Sa'och
4442:Kasong
4389:Pearic
4330:Mlabri
4323:Mlabri
4296:Khmuic
4237:Maleng
4120:Vietic
4097:Phuong
4021:Katuic
3963:Ra’ong
3958:Stieng
3892:Sapuan
3831:Rengao
3826:Bahnar
3821:Sedang
3816:Todrah
3796:Kayong
3791:Halang
3671:
3485:
3452:
3329:
3319:
3288:
3278:
3028:
3018:
3010:
2992:
2892:: 105.
2761:cá cúi
2743:*rɔːŋʔ
2673:/saŋ³/
2670:Sơn La
2590:*kuːrˀ
2520:/cɔː³/
2433:/kaː¹/
2416:*r.kaː
2387:rə̆kaː
2283:Monkey
2265:/ɓɛ:³/
2219:mə̆mɛː
2188:măŋəː⁴
2180:/ŋɨa⁴/
2134:mə̆miː
2127:มะเมีย
2061:ម្សាញ់
2049:mə̆saɲ
2042:มะเส็ง
2036:Maseng
1988:m.roːŋ
1983:marooŋ
1951:Marong
1945:Dragon
1860:Rabbit
1845:kʰaːl³
1763:săluː²
1736:*c.luː
1539:Animal
1510:zodiac
1471:Maleng
1468:Malang
1465:Makang
1446:(Kata)
1369:Vietic
1344:, etc.
1331:, etc.
1320:Vietic
1312:Ferlus
1290:Maleng
1268:-Atel
1029:Maleng
1012:Vietic
955:voiced
922:Maleng
910:; the
902:, and
778:Makang
774:Malang
770:Maleng
653:Malang
645:Makang
488:Early
474:Qidong
454:Hezhou
337:Mlabri
323:, the
251:Vietic
245:, and
212:
181:Chutic
138:Vietic
110:Vietic
5440:Khmer
5419:Bolyu
5388:Monic
5337:Temoq
5277:Semai
5271:Sabüm
5265:Lanoh
5246:Wila'
5216:Jedek
5211:Jahai
5201:Batek
5037:Gutob
5032:Bonda
5016:Lodhi
5011:Juray
5001:Gorum
4985:Juang
4978:Juang
4955:South
4872:Korwa
4849:Korku
4842:Korku
4835:North
4824:Munda
4772:Kiorr
4767:Lamet
4760:Lamet
4746:Kháng
4698:Blang
4630:Riang
4609:Danau
4602:Danau
4549:Khasi
4437:Samre
4263:Phong
4172:Nguồn
4167:Mường
4160:in US
4150:]
4076:Pacoh
4069:Pacoh
4060:Ta'Oi
3978:Thmon
3968:Mnong
3948:Chrau
3941:South
3872:Laven
3846:Katua
3811:Monom
3806:Takua
3801:Kaco’
3779:North
3712:RWAAI
3545:. In
3450:S2CID
3327:S2CID
3286:S2CID
3167:(PDF)
2827:(PDF)
2794:(PDF)
2741:
2731:roọng
2722:ruộng
2710:/*ɔː/
2690:*-teː
2688:
2617:kuːl⁴
2612:kuːl⁴
2411:r.kaː
2406:rakaa
2374:Rakaa
2353:vɔːk⁸
2331:*vɔːk
2243:m.ɓɛː
2238:mamɛɛ
2206:Mamɛɛ
2158:m.ŋɨa
2153:mamia
2121:Mamia
2115:Horse
2091:thẳnh
2073:m.saɲ
2068:masaɲ
2055:msāñ'
2030:Snake
2018:roːŋ¹
1957:มะโรง
1930:tʰɔː³
1908:*tʰɔh
1818:kʰa:l
1813:kʰaal
1794:kʰaːl
1775:Tiger
1758:kluː¹
1731:c.luː
1726:caluu
1719:ឆ្លូវ
1713:chlūv
1707:cʰlou
1694:Chalu
1666:chuột
1659:chuột
1653:*ɟuot
1611:Chuat
1583:Mường
1570:Khmer
1564:Khmer
1556:Khmer
1549:Khmer
1527:snake
1487:Phóng
1424:Cheut
1414:Ahlao
1392:Nguồn
1382:Mường
1334:Chut
1266:Ahlao
1211:Phong
1197:Nguồn
1193:Mường
1120:Nguon
1116:Muong
1082:Phong
971:stops
951:Mường
916:pitch
822:Phong
814:Ahlao
790:Phóng
751:Cheut
617:Cheut
571:Phong
557:Nguồn
545:Mường
503:Late
405:Khmer
359:from
357:Khmer
349:India
347:from
263:Mường
164:Muong
5462:Mang
5053:Gta’
5046:Gta’
5006:Sora
4912:Turi
4902:Koda
4877:Asur
4792:Kuan
4703:Lawa
4690:Waic
4554:Pnar
4490:Suoi
4407:Pear
4400:Pear
4361:O’du
4346:Prai
4314:Khmu
4307:Khmu
4273:Liha
4268:Tuom
4221:Sach
4206:Arem
4198:Chứt
4188:Cuoi
4181:Cuoi
4092:Katu
4085:Katu
3991:East
3953:Koho
3922:Alak
3902:Brao
3867:Jru'
3862:Lavi
3855:West
3841:Duan
3669:ISBN
3483:ISSN
3317:ISBN
3276:ISBN
3026:PMID
3008:ISSN
2926:help
2714:/uə/
2706:Tĩnh
2702:Nghệ
2530:cɔː³
2525:cɔː³
2443:kaː¹
2438:kaː¹
2393:rakā
2380:ระกา
2344:voọc
2337:voọc
2326:vɔːk
2321:vɔɔk
2302:vɔːk
2289:Wɔɔk
2225:mamæ
2212:มะแม
2200:Goat
2176:ngữa
2169:ngựa
2140:mamī
2100:siŋ³
2006:rồng
1999:rồng
1964:roːŋ
1903:tʰɔh
1898:tʰɔh
1885:thoḥ
1879:tʰɑh
1872:เถาะ
1836:khảl
1829:khái
1800:khāl
1781:Khan
1742:trâu
1648:ɟuot
1643:ɟuot
1624:cuːt
1593:Kari
1588:Pong
1568:Old
1545:name
1543:Thai
1518:Thai
1462:Arao
1456:Atel
1441:Arem
1430:Sách
1411:Ahao
1408:Ahoe
1329:Cuôi
1274:Ahoe
1232:Sach
1224:Chứt
1215:Liha
1207:Toum
1165:and
1132:Chut
1099:Cuoi
1090:Liha
1086:Toum
1061:Sach
1057:Arem
1052:Chut
957:and
949:and
936:Hung
932:Pong
906:: A
904:Chưt
896:Sach
878:Aheu
868:Hung
864:Cuôi
847:Arem
826:Toum
818:Liha
810:Ahao
786:Ahoe
766:Arao
739:Atel
669:Atop
625:Atel
593:Ahoe
581:Toum
576:Cham
565:Liha
472:瀘溪,
470:Luxi
468:湘鄉,
387:The
377:Kinh
339:and
311:and
305:Laos
299:and
261:and
222:The
169:Cuoi
160:Viet
52:lang
5396:Mon
5147:Car
4938:Kol
4736:Bit
4670:Mok
4580:War
4573:War
4351:Mal
4242:Kri
4230:Kri
4216:Ruc
4211:May
4044:Bru
4039:Kuy
3998:Cua
3882:Juk
3877:Su'
3836:Hrê
3786:Jeh
3650:doi
3589:2-4
3508:hdl
3475:doi
3442:doi
3309:doi
3268:doi
3107:".
3016:PMC
3000:doi
2978:361
2718:Huế
2603:củi
2596:cúi
2585:kur
2580:kur
2573:កុរ
2567:kur
2554:กุน
2548:Kun
2542:Pig
2516:chỏ
2509:chó
2498:cɔː
2493:cɔɔ
2474:cɑː
2461:Jɔɔ
2455:Dog
2399:រកា
2308:vak
2295:วอก
2231:មមែ
2146:មមី
2084:rắn
1976:រោង
1970:roṅ
1921:thó
1914:thỏ
1891:ថោះ
1866:Thɔ
1806:ខាល
1787:ขาล
1749:tlu
1700:ฉลู
1636:ជូត
1630:jūt
1617:ชวด
1605:Rat
1551:IPA
1484:Kri
1474:Tơe
1433:Mày
1427:Rục
1360:Kri
1253:Kri
1228:May
1220:Ruc
1143:Tai
1103:Tho
1080:):
1069:May
1065:Ruc
1025:Kri
1023:):
940:Tum
900:May
892:Ruc
872:Thô
800:Kri
782:Tơe
753:?)
749:, (
711:in
692:Kri
369:Dai
341:Lua
331:'s
315:in
303:in
72:IPA
5573::
4892:Ho
4708:Wa
4680:Va
4655:Hu
4148:vi
3897:Oi
3646:50
3644:.
3591:.)
3587:,
3504:13
3502:.
3498:.
3481:.
3471:15
3469:.
3465:.
3448:.
3438:19
3436:.
3349:.
3325:.
3315:.
3284:.
3274:.
3254:^
3246:19
3244:.
3238:.
3223:^
3129:^
3060:.
3024:.
3014:.
3006:.
2998:.
2988:.
2976:.
2972:.
2934:^
2917::
2915:}}
2911:{{
2888:.
2884:.
2872:^
2859:,
2835:21
2833:.
2829:.
2802:11
2800:.
2796:.
2480:ca
2467:จอ
2429:ca
2422:gà
2357:-
2314:វក
2272:-
2261:bẻ
2254:dê
2104:-
1934:-
1849:-
1688:Ox
1677:-
1529:"
1234:,
1230:,
1226:,
1222:,
1213:,
1209:,
1195:,
1149:.
1118:,
1114:,
1110::
1101:,
1097::
1088:,
1084:,
1067:,
1063:,
1059:;
1055::
1039:,
1035:;
1031:,
1027:,
938:,
934:,
926:Bo
898:,
894:,
866::
820:,
816:,
812:,
788:,
784:,
780:,
776:,
772:,
768:,
745:,
741:,
584::
568:,
551:.
265:.
241:,
57:,
4660:U
3747:e
3740:t
3733:v
3656:.
3652::
3620:.
3610:.
3585:1
3573:.
3524:.
3514:.
3510::
3489:.
3477::
3456:.
3444::
3333:.
3311::
3292:.
3270::
3169:.
3032:.
3002::
2984::
2928:)
2924:(
2907:.
2890:1
2844:.
2811:.
2768:'
2764:'
2749:'
2704:-
2576:)
2570:(
2557:)
2551:(
2538:豬
2489:)
2486:ច
2483:(
2470:)
2464:(
2451:狗
2402:)
2396:(
2383:)
2377:(
2364:雞
2317:)
2311:(
2298:)
2292:(
2279:猴
2269:-
2234:)
2228:(
2215:)
2209:(
2196:羊
2184:-
2149:)
2143:(
2130:)
2124:(
2111:馬
2064:)
2058:(
2045:)
2039:(
2026:蛇
2014:-
1979:)
1973:(
1960:)
1954:(
1941:龍
1894:)
1888:(
1875:)
1869:(
1856:兔
1809:)
1803:(
1790:)
1784:(
1771:虎
1722:)
1716:(
1703:)
1697:(
1684:牛
1674:-
1639:)
1633:(
1620:)
1614:(
1601:鼠
1439:(
1388:)
1076:(
1019:(
924:(
918:.
880:(
574:(
518:(
511:)
507:(
492:(
351:(
162:–
98:)
94:(
90:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
