Laos - Knowledge

2740: 3869:-held areas used Lao as their sole language and following the end of the Vietnam War, French began its sharp decline in Laos. Additionally, many elite and French-educated Lao immigrated to nations such as the United States and France to escape government persecution. With the end of isolationism in the early 1990s however, the French language rebounded, thanks to the establishment of French, Swiss and Canadian relations and the opening of French-language centres in central Laos. Today, French has a healthier status in Laos than the other Francophone nations of Asia and about 35% of all students in Laos receive their education in French, with the language being a required course in many schools. French is also used in public works in central and southern Laos and Luang Prabang and is a language of diplomacy and of the elite classes, higher professions and elders. 3077:, and Civil Rights Defenders, along with the US State Department, serious human rights violations such as arbitrary detentions, disappearances, free speech restrictions, prison abuses and other violations are an ongoing problem. Amnesty International raised concerns about the ratification record of the Lao government on human rights standards and its lack of co-operation with the UN human rights mechanisms and legislative measures—both impact negatively upon human rights. The organisation also raised concerns in relation to freedom of expression, poor prison conditions, restrictions on freedom of religions, protection of refugees and asylum-seekers, and the death penalty. Laos has also been cited as an origin country for human trafficking. A number of citizens, primarily women and girls from all 3967: 3427:. Laos's predominantly rural population makes investing in sanitation difficult. In 1990 only 8% of the rural population had access to improved sanitation. Access rose rapidly from 10 per cent in 1995 to 38 per cent in 2008. Between 1995 and 2008 approximately 1,232,900 more people had access to improved sanitation in rural areas. Laos's progress is notable in comparison to similar developing countries. The authorities in Laos have recently developed an innovative regulatory framework for public–private partnership contracts signed with small enterprises, in parallel with more conventional regulation of state-owned water enterprises. 2718: 2908:

government, Laos agreed to repatriate the 60,000 Lao refugees living in Thailand, including several thousand Hmong people. Very few of the Lao refugees, however, were willing to return voluntarily. Pressure to resettle the refugees grew as the Thai government worked to close its remaining refugee camps. While some Hmong people returned to Laos voluntarily, with development assistance from UNHCR, allegations of forced repatriation surfaced. Of those Hmong who did return to Laos, some quickly escaped back to Thailand, describing discrimination and brutal treatment at the hands of Lao authorities.

1517:, rubber, and coffee, but never accounted for more than one percent of French Indochina's exports. By 1940, around 600 French citizens lived in Laos. Under French rule, the Vietnamese were encouraged to migrate to Laos, which was seen by the French colonists as a rational solution to a labour shortage within the confines of an Indochina-wide colonial space. By 1943, the Vietnamese population stood at nearly 40,000, forming the majority in the largest cities of Laos and enjoying the right to elect its own leaders. As a result, 53% of the population of Vientiane, 85% of 1468: 2625: 4441: 3545: 10928: 3100: 171: 1284: 1925: 4573: 2601: 2021: 3535: 2912: 3498: 4061: 1689: 3894: 181: 13374: 11101: 10055: 90: 11113: 3216:(2018), Laos ranks as the 36th hungriest nation in the world out of the list of the 52 nations with the worst hunger situation(s). In 2019, the UN Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights conducted an official visit to Laos and found that the country's top-down approach to economic growth and poverty alleviation "is all too often counterproductive, leading to impoverishment and jeopardising the rights of the poor and marginalised." 3153:. The irrigated areas account for only 28% of the total area under cultivation which, in turn, represents only 12% of all of the agricultural land in 2012. Rice dominates agriculture, with about 80% of the arable land area used for growing rice. Approximately 77% of Lao farm households are self-sufficient in rice. Laos may have the greatest number of rice varieties in the Greater Mekong Subregion. The Lao government has been working with the 3931: 76: 2570: 4325: 1939: 3508: 4427: 3242: 1791: 1634: 1338: 4037: 890: 847: 828: 795: 776: 2961:, for instance, told a Hmong gathering: "I do not enjoy standing up and saying to my government that you are not telling the truth, but if that is necessary to defend truth and justice, I will do that." Republicans called several Congressional hearings on alleged persecution of the Hmong in Laos in an apparent attempt to generate further support for their opposition to the Hmong's repatriation to Laos. 4048: 3302: 4455: 2714:. The revised constitution of 11 May 1957 omitted reference to the French Union, though close educational, health and technical ties with the former colonial power persisted. The 1957 document was abrogated in December 1975, when a communist people's republic was proclaimed. A new constitution was adopted in 1991 and enshrined a "leading role" for the LPRP. 3257:

goods are expected to generate 16% of total exports or US$ 270.3 million in 2010, growing in nominal terms to US$ 484.2 million (12.5% of the total) in 2020. The European Council on Trade and Tourism awarded the country the "World Best Tourist Destination" designation for 2013 for architecture and history.

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The tourism sector has grown rapidly, from 80,000 international visitors in 1990, to 1.876 million in 2010, when tourism had been expected to rise to US$ 1.5857 billion by 2020. In 2010, one in every 11 jobs was in the tourism sector. Export earnings from international visitors and tourism

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and other minerals have been identified, explored and mined. In addition, the country's plentiful water resources and mountainous terrain enable it to produce and export large quantities of hydroelectric energy. Of the potential capacity of approximately 18,000 megawatts, around 8,000 megawatts have

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in northern Laos. Archaeological evidence suggests an agriculturist society developed during the 4th millennium BC. Burial jars and other kinds of sepulchers suggest a complex society in which bronze objects appeared around 1500 BC, and iron tools were known from 700 BC. The proto-historic period is

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In 2016, China was the biggest foreign investor in the Laotian economy, having invested US$ 5.395 billion since 1989, according to the Laos Ministry of Planning and Investment's 1989–2014 report. Thailand (invested US$ 4.489 billion) and Vietnam (invested US$ 3.108 billion) are the

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In a time period where the acquisition of humans was a priority over the ownership of land, the warfare of pre-modern Southeast Asia revolved around the seizing of people and resources from its enemies. A Siamese military campaign in Laos in 1876 was described by a British observer as having been

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Although some accusations of forced repatriation were denied, thousands of Hmong people refused to return to Laos. In 1996 as the deadline for the closure of Thai refugee camps approached, and under mounting political pressure, the United States agreed to resettle Hmong refugees who passed a new

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pattern. There is a distinct rainy season from May to October, followed by a dry season from November to April. Local tradition holds that there are three seasons (rainy, cool and hot) as the latter two months of the climatologically defined dry season are noticeably hotter than the earlier four

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The term "Laotian" does not necessarily refer to the Lao language, ethnic Lao people, language or customs. It is a political term that includes the non-ethnic Lao groups within Laos and identifies them as "Laotian" because of their political citizenship. Laos has the youngest population of any

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and were of non-Lao origin. Following threats of forcible removal by the Thai government, the United States, in a significant victory for the Hmong, agreed to accept 15,000 of the refugees in 2003. Several thousand Hmong people, fearing forced repatriation to Laos if they were not accepted for

2969:, a Buddhist monastery in central Thailand where more than 10,000 Hmong refugees had already been living. The Thai government attempted to repatriate these refugees, but the Wat Tham Krabok Hmong refused to leave and the Lao government refused to accept them, claiming they were involved in the 3419:

According to the World Bank data conducted in 2014, Laos has met the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets on water and sanitation regarding the UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme. However, as of 2018, there are approximately 1.9 million of Lao's population who could not access an

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The Lao National Tourism Administration, related government agencies and the private sector are working together to realise the vision put forth in the country's National Ecotourism Strategy and Action Plan. This includes decreasing the environmental and cultural impact of tourism; increasing

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awareness in the importance of ethnic groups and biological diversity; providing a source of income to conserve, sustain and manage the Lao protected area network and cultural heritage sites; and emphasizing the need for tourism zoning and management plans for sites that will be developed as

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from Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Under the plan, refugee status was evaluated through a screening process. Recognised asylum seekers were given resettlement opportunities, while the remaining refugees were to be repatriated under guarantee of safety. After talks with the UNHCR and the Thai

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Theravada Buddhism is a dominant influence in Lao culture. It is evident throughout the country, expressed in language, temples and the arts and literature. Many elements of Lao culture predate Buddhism. For example, Laotian music is dominated by its national musical instrument, the

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Article 9: The State respects and protects all lawful activities of Buddhists and of followers of other religions, mobilises and encourages Buddhist monks and novices as well as the priests of other religions to participate in activities that are beneficial to the country and

4107:, and sticky rice cultivation and production is thought to have originated in Laos. There are many traditions and rituals associated with rice production in different environments and among many ethnic groups. For example, Khammu farmers in Luang Prabang plant the rice variety 2974:

resettlement in the United States, fled the camp to live elsewhere within Thailand where a sizeable Hmong population has been present since the 19th century. In 2004 and 2005, thousands of Hmong fled from the jungles of Laos to a temporary refugee camp in the Thai province of

4514:"The State respects and protects all lawful activities of Buddhists and of followers of other religions, mobilises and encourages Buddhist monks and novices as well as the priests of other religions to participate in activities that are beneficial to the country and people." 2880:. After the Pathet Lao took over the country in 1975, the conflict continued in isolated pockets. In 1977, a communist newspaper promised the party would hunt down the "American collaborators" and their families "to the last root". As many as 200,000 Hmong went into exile in 8639: 4925: 8249:

Vakulchuk, R., Chan, H.Y., Kresnawan, M.R., Merdekawati, M., Overland, I., Sagbakken, H.F., Suryadi, B., Utama, N.A. and Yurnaidi, Z., 2020. Lao PDR: How to Attract More Investment in Small-Scale Renewable Energy? ASEAN Centre for Energy (ACE) Policy Brief Series, No 7.

158: 157: 4282:. Additionally, the Khao San Pathet Lao, the country's official news agency, publishes English and French versions of its eponymous paper. Laos has nine daily newspapers, 90 magazines, 43 radio stations, and 32 TV stations operating throughout the country. As of 2011, 3857:. The organisation estimated in 2010 that there were 173,800 French speakers in Laos. The French language's decline was slower and occurred later in Laos than in Vietnam and Cambodia, as the monarchy of Laos had close political relations with France. At the eve of the 3729:(lowlands, midlands and upper high lands), as this somewhat correlates with ethnic groupings. More than half of the nation's population is ethnic Lao—the principal lowland inhabitants, and the politically and culturally dominant people of Laos. The Lao belong to the 152: 156: 3445:

Laos's population was estimated at 7.45 million in 2020, dispersed unevenly across the country. Most people live in valleys of the Mekong River and its tributaries. Vientiane prefecture, the capital and largest city, had about 683,000 residents in 2020.

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ascended the throne, Lan Xang further expanded its frontiers. His reign is often regarded as Laos's golden age. When he died without an heir, the kingdom split into three principalities. Between 1763 and 1769, Burmese armies overran northern Laos and annexed

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However, the government of Laos frequently breaches its own constitution and the rule of law, since the judiciary and judges are appointed by the ruling communist party. According to independent non-profit/non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as

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In their opposition of the repatriation plans, Democratic and Republican Members of Congress challenged the Clinton administration's position that the government of Laos was not systematically violating Hmong human rights. US Representative

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were formalised via a treaty signed in 1977, which has since provided direction for Lao foreign policy, and provides the basis for Vietnamese involvement at all levels of Lao political and economic life. Laos was requested in 1979 by

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of Luang Phrabang became ruler of a unified Laos, and Vientiane once again became the capital. Laos never held any importance for France other than as a buffer state between Thailand and the more economically important

1051:. Because of its central geographical location in Southeast Asia, the kingdom became a hub for overland trade and became wealthy economically and culturally. After a period of internal conflict, Lan Xang broke into the 8518: 3764:

minorities remain, particularly in the towns, but many left after independence in the late 1940s, many of whom relocated either to Vietnam, Hong Kong, or to France. Lao Theung constitute about 30% of the population.

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There is limited external and internal telecommunication, but mobile phones have become widespread. 93% of households have a telephone, either fixed line or mobile. Electricity is available to 93% of the population.

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been committed for export to Thailand and Vietnam. As of 2021, despite cheap hydro power available in the country, Laos continues to also rely on fossil fuels, coal in particular, in domestic electricity production.

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nations included in the study. Prominent civil society advocates, human rights defenders, political and religious dissidents, and Hmong refugees have disappeared at the hands of Lao military and security forces.

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The Lao government controls all media channels to prevent critique of its actions. Lao citizens who have criticised the government have been subjected to enforced disappearances, arbitrary arrests and torture.

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was at 62.6 years and female life expectancy was at 66.7 years in 2017. Healthy life expectancy was 54 years in 2007. Government expenditure on health is about four per cent of GDP, about US$ 18 (PPP) in 2006.

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is the principal form of marriage in the country. Polygamy, however, is still customary among some Hmong people. As of 2017, 3.5% of women and 2.1% of men between the ages of 15–49 were in a polygamous union.

8603: 13328: 7808: 4204: 14559: 9271: 3065:, nine years after signing the treaty. The stated policy objectives of both the Lao government and international donors remain focused upon achieving sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction. 2992:, UNHCHR, and international groups have since spoken out about the forced repatriation. The Thai foreign ministry has said that it will halt deportation of Hmong refugees held in Detention Centres in 8561: 5208: 7575: 3192:

has received prominent attention with foreign direct investments. This sector has made significant contributions to the economic condition of Laos. More than 540 mineral deposits of gold, copper,

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was installed as a vassal king of Vientiane by the Siamese. He encouraged a renaissance of Lao fine arts and literature and improved relations with Luang Phrabang. Under Vietnamese pressure,

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Overland, Indra; Sagbakken, Haakon Fossum; Chan, Hoy-Yen; Merdekawati, Monika; Suryadi, Beni; Utama, Nuki Agya; Vakulchuk, Roman (December 2021). "The ASEAN climate and energy paradox".

1853:, and other countries. In 1979, there were 50,000 PAVN troops stationed in Laos and as many as 6,000 civilian Vietnamese officials including 1,000 directly attached to the ministries in 13448: 12783: 1384:

and reigned for 43 years. Lan Xang became an important trade centre during Samsenthai's reign, but after his death in 1421 it collapsed into warring factions for nearly a century.

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where the population was predominantly Lao. As late as 1945, the French drew up an ambitious plan to move a massive number of Vietnamese to three key areas, i.e., the Vientiane Plain,

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speaking peoples have lived in isolated regions of Laos for many years. Mountain/hill tribes of mixed ethno/cultural-linguistic heritage are found in northern Laos, which include the

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In 1968, the PAVN launched a multi-division attack to help the Pathet Lao fight the RLA. The attack resulted in the RLA largely demobilising, leaving the conflict to irregular ethnic

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both appropriated funds for the remaining Thailand-based Hmong to be immediately resettled in the United States; Clinton, however, responded by promising a veto of the legislation.

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still accounts for half of the GDP and provides 80% of employment. Only 4% of the country is arable land and a mere 0.3% used as permanent crop land, the lowest percentage in the

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linguistic group who began migrating south from China in the first millennium CE. Ten per cent belong to other "lowland" groups, which together with the Lao people make up the

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language family. However, only slightly more than half of the population speaks Lao natively. The remainder, particularly in rural areas, speak ethnic minority languages. The

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Lending further support to earlier claims that the government of Laos was persecuting the Hmong, filmmaker Rebecca Sommer documented first-hand accounts in her documentary,

4989: 11958: 10166: 6257: 4524: 2767:, maintaining close ties with the Soviet Union and depending heavily on the Soviets for most of its foreign assistance. Laos also maintained a "special relationship" with 2704: 2681: 2662: 2611: 468: 9703: 3912:) in 2010. Buddhism has long been one of the most important social forces in Laos. Theravada Buddhism coexisted peacefully since its introduction to the country with the 12067: 4855: 4167:

and won three awards at the Berlin International Film Festival. Examples of Lao feature films that have received international recognition include Lao New Wave Cinema's

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from rivers and selling the power to its neighbours, namely Thailand, China and Vietnam, as well as its initiative to become a "land-linked" nation, as evidenced by the

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and mines, kill or maim approximately 50 Laotians every year. Due to the particularly heavy impact of cluster bombs during this war, Laos was a strong advocate of the

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at 2,818 metres (9,245 ft), with some plains and plateaus. The Mekong River forms a large part of the western boundary with Thailand, where the mountains of the

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problem as many educated people migrate to developed countries. It is estimated that about 37% of educated Laotians live outside Laos. Laos was ranked 110th in the

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has also experienced growth based on cross-border trade with Thailand and Vietnam. In 2009, despite the fact that the government is still officially communist, the

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and signed agreements giving Vietnam the right to station armed forces and to appoint advisers to assist in overseeing the country. The close ties between Laos and

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is officially a crime in Laos, though the penalty is minor. The constitution and Family Code bar the legal recognition of polygamous marriages, stipulating that

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in northern Laos; the skull is at least 46,000 years old, making it the oldest modern human fossil found to date in Southeast Asia. Stone artifacts including

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the state religion, and Lan Xang prospered. His ministers, unable to tolerate his ruthlessness, forced him into exile to the present-day Thai province of

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Since the founding of the Lao PDR in 1975, very few films have been made in Laos. The first feature-length film made after the monarchy was abolished is

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is a traditional garment worn by Lao women in daily life. It is a hand-woven silk skirt that can identify the woman who wears it in a variety of ways.

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independence organisation. The Pathet Lao began a war against the French colonial forces with the aid of the Vietnamese independence organisation, the

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Some 80 million bombs failed to explode and remain scattered throughout the country, rendering vast swaths of land impossible to cultivate. Currently

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that was promulgated in 1991 and amended in 2003 contains most key safeguards for human rights. For example, Article 8 makes it clear that Laos is a

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In 1993, Vue Mai, a former Hmong soldier and leader of the largest Hmong refugee camp in Thailand, who had been recruited by the US Embassy in

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Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2014). Layers of Chinese Loanwords in Proto-Southwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai

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Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2014). Layers of Chinese Loanwords in Proto-Southwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai

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language affiliation. However, the latter is considered pejorative, meaning 'slave'. They were the indigenous inhabitants of northern Laos. Some

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The First Indochina War took place across French Indochina and eventually led to French defeat and the signing of a peace accord for Laos at the

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in small quantities near the farm house in memory of dead parents, or at the edge of the rice field to indicate that parents are still alive.

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Australian filmmaker Kim Mordount's first feature film was made in Laos and features a Laotian cast speaking their native language. Entitled

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Buddhist, 1.5 percent Christian, 0.1 percent Muslim, 0.1 percent Jewish, and 32.3 percent were other or traditional (mostly practitioners of

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Laos's first French-written and monarchical constitution was promulgated on 11 May 1947, and declared Laos an independent state within the

2012:, the poppy cultivation area was 15 square kilometres (5.8 sq mi), down from 18 square kilometres (6.9 sq mi) in 2006. 901: 8185: 5326: 5036: 13323: 12492: 12324: 11800: 11480: 10648: 7418: 5997: 5803: 5394: 3116: 9059: 7392:"Report on the situation in the Xaysomboun Special Zone and 1100 Hmong-Lao refugees who escaped to Petchabun, Thailand during 2004–2005" 6387: 5463: 14443: 14176: 10203: 9612: 9431: 8168: 7932: 5234: 702: 517: 8704: 7372: 7247:"Reports on results of investigations of allegations concerning the welfare of Hmong refugees and asylum seekers in Thailand and Laos" 5364: 2888:. Other Hmong fighters hid out in mountains in Xiangkhouang Province for many years, with a remnant emerging from the jungle in 2003. 2763:

in December 1975 were characterised by a hostile posture toward the West, with the government of the Lao PDR aligning itself with the

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European Council On Tourism And Trade Delegation Visit To Laos-World Best Tourist Destination – European Council On Tourism And Trade

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in the US declared Laos was no longer a Marxist–Leninist state and lifted bans on Laotian companies receiving financing from the

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Laos traces its history to the kingdom of Lan Xang ('million elephants'), which was founded in the 13th century by a Lao prince,

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or mid-slope Laotians, predominate. Other terms are Khmu, Khamu (Kammu) or Kha as the Lao Loum refer to them to indicate their

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at the southern end. Laos can be considered to consist of three geographical areas: north, central, and south. Laos had a 2019

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The Lao economy depends on investment and trade with its neighbours, Thailand, Vietnam, and, especially in the north, China.

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had impeded Laos's ground transportation development throughout the 20th century. Its first railway line, a short 3-km long

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Laos has no tradition in other team sports. In 2017, the country sent a team for the first time to the team events at the

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as its capital, but on 7 April 1945 two battalions of Japanese troops occupied the city. The Japanese attempted to force

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is a staple food and has cultural and religious significance to the Lao people. Sticky rice is generally preferred over

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is an important industry, and the government hopes to attract foreign investment to develop the substantial deposits of

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characterised by contact with Chinese and Indian civilisations. According to linguistic and other historical evidence,

832: 8264:"Preparing the Cumulative Impact Assessment for the Nam Ngum 3 Hydropower Project: Financed by the Japan Special Fund" 7636: 6959: 6031: 5596: 2985:, and in a comprehensive report that includes summaries of refugee claims, which was submitted to the UN in May 2006. 2965:

screening process. Around 5,000 Hmong people who were not resettled at the time of the camp closures sought asylum at

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are the only foreign media organisations permitted to open offices in Laos—both opened bureaus in Vientiane in 2011.

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railways, are also under planning, in line to meet the Laotian government's vision of becoming a land-linked nation.

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in 1893. The name of the country is spelled the same as the plural of the dominant and most common ethnic group, the

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of Laos, including in Saysaboune Closed Military Zone, Xaisamboune Closed Military Zone near Vientiane Province and

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All newspapers are published by the government, including two foreign language papers: the English-language daily

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became king in 1548, after his father was killed, and ordered the construction of what became the symbol of Laos,

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as poor, citing repeated abuses such as torture, restrictions on civil liberties and persecution of minorities.

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was predominantly shot and produced in Laos with assistance from the Lao government. It was recognised with a

14544: 14137: 12759: 12364: 11774: 11672: 11452: 10340: 9638: 8825: 6414: 5825: 5617: 4503: 4392:

is the top professional league for association football clubs in the country. Since the start of the league,

3078: 1818: 1434: 1207: 976: 13018: 9320: 7798:"Human Rights Watch Concerns on Laos Submitted in advance of the EU-Laos Human Rights Dialogue October 2015" 14236: 13997: 13750: 12628: 12022: 11818: 11517: 11507: 11276: 11044: 10193: 6877: 4769: 4365: 3310: 2900: 2835: 1787:

to ban the weapons and was host to the First Meeting of States Parties to the convention in November 2010.

1185: 942: 198: 8879: 14317: 13992: 13979: 13069: 12633: 12613: 12608: 11863: 11769: 11543: 11137: 10479: 9974: 9908: 6567:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity" 4929: 4893: 4361: 3985: 3970: 3361: 3318: 3128: 2873: 1814: 1678: 1596: 1503: 1458: 1138:, ending the civil war and monarchy, and beginning a period of alignment with the Soviet Union until the 604: 11915: 7894: 7268:

Gunderson, Steve (18 May 1996). "State Department Outlines Resettlement Guidelines for Hmong Refugees".

6686: 14539: 13662: 12623: 12618: 12374: 11629: 11512: 11311: 10634: 10362: 10284: 10085: 8332: 7735: 7677: 6514: 3360:

to Thailand, only opened in 2009. A major breakthrough occurred in December 2021, when the 414-km long

3296: 3112: 2942: 1624: 928: 11093:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.

3865:

was beginning in Laos as political factions between communist Pathet Lao and the government occurred.

1677:

between the Royal Laotian government and the Pathet Lao. The Pathet Lao were backed militarily by the

14584: 14534: 14241: 14102: 14097: 13865: 12598: 12281: 11880: 11752: 10428: 10418: 10355: 10161: 9954: 9888: 6358: 4369: 4328: 4027: 4019: 3544: 3365: 3357: 3136: 2734: 2590: 1611:. France remained in de facto control until 22 October 1953, when Laos gained full independence as a 1177: 1052: 952: 570: 9792: 9138: 9033: 8769: 6217: 14130: 14084: 13583: 12858: 12752: 12603: 12578: 11823: 11747: 11380: 11281: 10359: 10313: 10198: 10075: 8373: 8339: 8225: 4801: 3961: 3942: 3840: 3780: 3373: 3150: 2819: 2814:

were normalised in November 2004 through Congress approved legislation. Laos was admitted into the

1907: 1881: 1584:

as representative to the Japanese. When Japan surrendered, some Lao nationalists (including Prince

1201: 537: 14485: 9725: 9586: 9086: 6656: 3049:

and is committed to equality between ethnic groups. The constitution also contains provisions for

13318: 12744: 12583: 12563: 12553: 12293: 12239: 11943: 11687: 11192: 11002: 10448: 10385: 10279: 10029: 5554:"Archaeological Investigations in northern Laos: New contributions to Southeast Asian prehistory" 4293: 3993: 3792: 3209: 3189: 3146: 3082: 2775: 2717: 1903: 1669:-backed Pathet Lao guerillas. A second Provisional Government of National Unity formed by Prince 1612: 1607:. In 1950, the French were forced to give Laos semi-autonomy as an "associated state" within the 1585: 1168:

connecting Laos and neighbours. Laos has been referred to as one of Southeast Asia and Pacific's

1150: 1091: 1009: 879: 757: 4171:, directed by Anysay Keola, which was screened at the OzAsia Film Festival, and Lao Art Media's 3853:

is used in government and commerce, and Laos is a member of the French-speaking organisation of

14056: 13909: 13809: 13799: 13730: 13706: 13464: 13419: 13308: 13141: 12593: 12588: 12573: 12568: 12558: 12548: 12266: 11905: 11900: 11840: 11291: 11234: 11180: 11175: 10256: 10225: 10220: 10110: 10100: 10054: 9469: 8192: 4159: 4140: 3844: 3618: 3479: 3342: 3132: 2904: 2693: 2635: 2292: 1725: 1701: 1650: 1577: 1380:

in 1373, where he died. Fa Ngum's eldest son, Oun Heuan, ascended to the throne under the name

1227: 1165: 1161: 1115: 1064: 807: 751: 648: 523: 502: 483: 5994: 5386: 1969:. Its thickly forested landscape consists mostly of rugged mountains, the highest of which is 1895:

as its new secretary general, the most powerful post in Laos, succeeding retiring party chief

1564:

occupied Laos. On 9 March 1945, a nationalist group declared Laos once more independent, with

339: 14216: 13946: 13740: 12878: 12329: 12314: 12261: 11415: 11286: 11034: 10080: 9056: 6384: 5939: 5447: 4400: 3654: 3369: 3268: 3070: 2771:

and formalised a 1977 treaty of friendship and cooperation that created tensions with China.

2518: 2427: 2266: 1873: 1697: 1372:. Ngum was descended from a long line of Lao kings that traced back to Khoun Boulom. He made 20: 10517: 7081: 6789: 5230: 3497: 1403:. Settathirath disappeared in the mountains on his way back from a military expedition into 1047:, which existed from the 13th century to the 18th century as one of the largest kingdoms in 13115: 12234: 12137: 11934: 11667: 11577: 11400: 11328: 11296: 11246: 11241: 10902: 10375: 10330: 10294: 10171: 10151: 9964: 9959: 9881: 9057:

Asian Migrations: Social and Geographical Mobilities in Southeast, East, and Northeast Asia

7376: 6578: 6331: 5498: 5356: 4357: 3827:, which evolved sometime between the 13th and 14th centuries, was derived from the ancient 3672: 3564: 3534: 3525: 3436: 3042: 3017: 2946: 2470: 2418: 2166: 2001: 1530: 1494: 1420: 1211: 1060: 1056: 720: 674: 578: 574: 447: 431: 398: 24: 11910: 8464: 8270: 7771: 7302: 7018: 8: 14412: 13735: 13568: 13529: 13473: 13354: 13171: 12309: 12053: 11697: 11405: 11256: 11209: 11197: 10979: 10251: 10176: 9002: 8736: 8432: 7328: 7137: 6751: 4468: 4200: 3600: 3465: 3420:

improved water supply and 2.4 million people without access to improved sanitation.

3271:

sites. Major festivals include Lao New Year celebrated around 13–15 April and involves a

3224: 3213: 3054: 3046: 2975: 2744: 2677: 2606: 2544: 2366: 2240: 2075: 2004:

preservation. The country is one of four in the opium poppy growing region known as the "

1986: 1978: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1892: 1824:

On 2 December 1975, after taking control of the country, the Pathet Lao government under

1776: 1739:

forces of the "Secret Army" backed by the United States and Thailand, and led by General

1592: 1537:, which was only derailed by the Japanese invasion of Indochina. Otherwise, according to 1467: 1462: 474: 14231: 6899: 6582: 6455:. Sri Venkateswara University. Chapter IV: The Metamorphosed Foreign Relations, pg. 154. 5875:"Slavery in Nineteenth-Century Northern Thailand: Archival Anecdotes and Village Voices" 5502: 4883: 3843:) are spoken by minorities, particularly in the midland and highland areas. A number of 3223:, which in 2017 was exported to more than 20 countries worldwide. It is produced by the 89: 14569: 14077: 13987: 13936: 13842: 13829: 13760: 13558: 13509: 13501: 13359: 13156: 12271: 12196: 11692: 11271: 11261: 10958: 10438: 10039: 9632: 9436: 9126: 8926: 8918: 8020: 6607: 6566: 6307: 6280: 6156: 5529: 5486: 4888: 4381: 4289: 3690: 3636: 3582: 3074: 2970: 2778:

has been marked through improved and expanded relations with other countries including

2696: 2689: 2630: 2492: 2349: 2340: 2214: 2192: 1896: 1869: 1861: 1825: 1817:. Between 20,000 and 62,000 Laotians died during the civil war. The royalists set up a 1768: 1238:. In English, the "s" in the name of the country is pronounced, and not silent. In the 1131: 1001: 508: 489: 7520: 7342: 4802:"Lao People's Democratic Republic's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2003" 2624: 14359: 14307: 14246: 14051: 14034: 13657: 13652: 13161: 12898: 12422: 12002: 11599: 11365: 11266: 11112: 10737: 10626: 10335: 10299: 10215: 10156: 10063: 10014: 10004: 9100: 9068: 8930: 8809: 8251: 7862: 7568:"Arbitrary Detention, Physical Abuse, and Suicide inside a Lao Drug Detention Center" 7438: 7226: 7157: 7110:"Laos agrees to voluntary repatriation of refugees in Thailand", U.P.I., 5 June 1991. 6612: 6594: 6426: 6396: 6312: 6043: 6006: 5943: 5932: 5857: 5847: 5819: 5785: 5775: 5749: 5729: 5649: 5534: 5516: 5453: 5089: 4528: 4146: 3955: 3909: 3862: 3753: 3708: 3484: 3349: 3292: 3099: 3058: 2877: 2674: 2615: 2550: 2401: 2375: 2314: 2223: 2103: 2079: 2059: 1919: 1810: 1780: 1759: 1674: 1642: 1628: 1581: 1538: 1099: 689: 661: 464: 392: 284: 14364: 11845: 8705:"Focales n° 8. Energy Efficiency Retrofitting of Buildings – Challenges and Methods" 6186: 5295: 4739: 3275:

similar but more subdued than that of Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries.

75: 14398: 14226: 13966: 13931: 13611: 12536: 12286: 12276: 12203: 12157: 11390: 10997: 10380: 10350: 10134: 10115: 9924: 9092: 8974: 8910: 8312: 8304: 7121: 6602: 6586: 6464: 6302: 6294: 5839: 5524: 5506: 5170: 4955: 4583: 4554: 4460: 4385: 3934: 3888: 3872: 3507: 3330: 2923:

to return to Laos as proof of the repatriation programme's success, disappeared in

2823: 2600: 2586: 2453: 2392: 2249: 2175: 2122: 2042: 1673:

in 1962 was unsuccessful, and the situation steadily deteriorated into large scale

1490: 1299: 1231: 1193: 1135: 859: 441: 404: 386: 294: 14368: 8539: 6385:

Politics in Contemporary Southeast Asia: Authority, Democracy and Political Change

5641: 5416: 5011: 4278: 3161:

to collect seed samples of each of the thousands of rice varieties found in Laos.

1813:

to abdicate on 2 December 1975. He later died under suspicious circumstances in a

1319:

tribes migrated southwestward to the modern territories of Laos and Thailand from

1283: 14417: 14388: 14153: 14046: 14029: 13563: 13541: 13303: 12953: 11432: 10953: 10669: 10472: 10400: 10289: 10274: 10239: 9994: 9916: 9852: 9496: 9401:"Fantastic Fest 2013 Review: Chanthaly is A Haunting Portrait of Modern Day Laos" 9228: 9063: 9009: 8832: 8801: 8678: 8522: 8377: 8142:

Kyophilavong, Phouphet, et al. "Effects of AFTA on poverty: Evidence from Laos."

8114: 7984: 7665: 7505:. Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. 5 February 2007. Archived from 6471: 6450: 6444:

Renovation in Vietnam since 1988 a study in political, economic and social change

6421: 6391: 6365: 6218:"'My friends were afraid of me': What 80 million unexploded US bombs did to Laos" 6085: 6038: 6001: 5624: 5140: 4699: 4478: 4440: 4272: 4116: 4053: 4023: 4005: 3850: 3757: 3391:, have been significantly upgraded in recent years. Laos's first expressway, the 3388: 3326: 3236: 3124: 3094: 3050: 3028: 2966: 2958: 2933: 2669:) holds ultimate power and authority over state and government and serves as the 2658: 2646: 2501: 2444: 2275: 1990: 1755: 1693: 1670: 1654: 1557: 1534: 1482: 1446: 1411: 1273: 1197: 1087: 643: 544: 451: 299: 170: 8795:

Diller, Anthony; Edmondson, Jerry; Luo, Yongxian (2004). The Tai-Kadai Languages

8308: 7658: 7301:. Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration. 16 January 2004. Archived from 6634: 2020: 1176:

with annual GDP growth averaging 7.4% since 2009, despite being classified as a

14404: 14344: 13792: 13783: 13745: 13621: 13546: 13514: 13481: 13151: 11805: 11370: 10549: 10423: 10345: 10269: 9999: 9814: 9343: 6590: 5669: 4483: 4373: 4191: 4186: 4129: 4100: 3925: 3836: 3272: 2997: 2989: 2670: 2397: 2144: 1982: 1974: 1950: 1924: 1658: 1400: 1303: 1287: 1181: 1048: 1005: 279: 95: 14338: 13941: 8978: 7985:"Chinese marriage proposals become prostitution nightmares for some Lao girls" 7466: 5995:

Creating Laos: The Making of a Lao Space Between Indochina and Siam, 1860–1945

5861: 5552:

White, J.C.; Lewis, H.; Bouasisengpaseuth, B.; Marwick, B.; Arrell, K (2009).

14524: 14518: 14500: 14487: 14393: 14299: 14266: 14186: 14041: 13634: 13551: 13524: 13074: 12923: 12727: 12038: 11992: 11885: 11639: 11395: 11306: 11185: 11105: 10963: 10488: 10453: 10443: 10408: 10390: 10325: 9845: 8394: 6598: 5520: 5067: 4473: 4393: 4377: 4284: 4031: 3898: 3832: 3820: 3749: 3730: 3613: 3260: 3061:, and freedom of press and assembly. On 25 September 2009, Laos ratified the 3033:

Laos was classified as an "authoritarian regime", ranking lowest of the nine

3023: 2911: 2885: 2748: 2297: 1932: 1877: 1850: 1763: 1751: 1721: 1717: 1662: 1569: 1565: 1526: 1416: 1396: 1392: 1316: 1119: 1107: 1095: 969: 493: 354: 274: 236: 223: 137: 10504: 7628: 7249:. United States Embassy (Thailand). Refugee and Migration Affairs Unit. 1992 6951: 5789: 5511: 3988:

is the Lao state's public university. As a low-income country, Laos faces a

14072: 13926: 13918: 13606: 13601: 13596: 13519: 12828: 12191: 11890: 11779: 11759: 11301: 11018: 10897: 10862: 10433: 10370: 9373: 6616: 6316: 5971: 5588: 5538: 4684: 4672: 4660: 4351: 4196: 4178: 4104: 3828: 3824: 3816: 3772: 3667: 3338: 3322: 3250: 2869: 2849: 2711: 2666: 2527: 2323: 2271: 1942: 1928: 1865: 1736: 1666: 1608: 1549: 1498: 1437:. The rebellion failed, and Vientiane was ransacked. Anouvong was taken to 1377: 1361: 1357: 1239: 1154: 1111: 1075: 1033: 934: 333: 309: 289: 269: 256: 81: 51: 9526: 9432:"Laos Selects 'Dearest Sister' as First Foreign-Language Oscar Submission" 7488: 6982: 6076: 2078:, was established on 13 December 2013. Provinces are further divided into 1688: 14256: 13804: 13591: 13463: 13388: 13231: 13033: 13013: 12933: 12717: 12702: 12697: 12505: 12112: 11619: 11604: 11251: 11117: 10847: 10787: 10782: 10677: 10600: 10493: 10413: 10183: 9969: 9939: 9688: 8333:"Briefing note for countries on the 2015 Human Development Report – Laos" 8317: 6182: 5553: 4446: 4432: 4041: 4015: 3989: 3913: 3858: 3807:

or highland Laotians. Lao Soung account for about 10% of the population.

3800: 3788: 3768: 3761: 3559: 3512: 3353: 3158: 3005: 3001: 2807: 2764: 2423: 2000:

In 1993, the Laos government set aside 21% of the nation's land area for

1709: 1638: 1561: 1388: 1381: 1311: 1123: 366: 327: 9293: 9096: 8944: 7419:"Thailand: EU Presidency Declaration on the situation of Hmong refugees" 5774:. Logan, William Stewart, 1942–, Long, Colin, 1966–. London: Routledge. 5703: 4060: 3893: 2699:. Government policies are determined by the party through its 11-member 1157:, and other indigenous hill tribes live in the foothills and mountains. 14455: 14196: 14191: 13778: 13717: 13206: 13201: 13095: 13028: 12968: 12958: 12948: 12853: 12428: 12145: 11129: 10907: 10882: 10797: 10777: 10727: 10697: 10687: 10575: 10009: 9989: 9934: 9929: 8922: 6725: 6485:"Communist party of Laos names PM Thongloun as new leader -state media" 6279:

Obermeyer, Ziad; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Gakidou, Emmanuela (2008).

4389: 4094: 3866: 3796: 3784: 3776: 3745: 3685: 3424: 3280: 3165: 3140: 2760: 2371: 1806: 1794: 1747: 1600: 1424: 1307: 1235: 1173: 1146: 1103: 1086:, until it won autonomy in 1949. It gained independence in 1953 as the 617: 426: 408: 345: 321: 14206: 9264:"Good Good Morning, Luang Prabang – and hello to Laos's film industry" 7120:"Lao Refugees Return Home Under European Union Repatriation Program". 3405:

are used in the country for long-distance and local public transport.

3123:

second and third largest investors respectively. The economy receives

1997:

mean score of 5.59/10, ranking it 98th globally out of 172 countries.

180: 14461: 13191: 13186: 13131: 12973: 12712: 12672: 12647: 12117: 12092: 11160: 11071: 10872: 10867: 10747: 10605: 10580: 8402: 6298: 4845:"Global Religious Landscape; Table: Religious Composition by Country" 4343: 4332: 4324: 4182: 4173: 4080: 3905: 3741: 3726: 3703: 3649: 3520: 3502: 3401: 2993: 2924: 2791: 2650: 2523: 2475: 2345: 2319: 1854: 1798: 1682: 1604: 1573: 1481:

In the late 19th century, Luang Prabang was ransacked by the Chinese

1373: 1369: 1291: 1037: 360: 215: 13639: 8914: 8901:

Benedict, Paul K. (1947). "Languages and Literatures of Indochina".

7552:

Xiong, T (2008). "Bush Signs Law Excluding Hmong From Patriot Act".

7135:

Karen J. (26 April 1994). "House Panel Hears Concerns About Hmong".

4342:, the national sport, is a form of kickboxing similar to Thailand's 4218:

There are some public holidays, festivities and ceremonies in Laos.

3930: 3423:

Laos has made particularly noteworthy progress increasing access to

1497:

and the territory of Vientiane were added to the protectorate. King

1244: 14560:

Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie

13951: 13768: 13333: 13257: 13226: 13221: 12888: 12883: 12843: 12838: 12823: 12722: 12687: 12657: 12122: 12102: 12087: 11321: 11090:

Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.

10948: 10887: 10842: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10712: 10610: 10590: 10570: 10095: 9949: 9944: 8693:

Department of Statistics, Ministry of Planning and Investment, 2009

7525: 7506: 4339: 4312: 4308: 4065: 3978: 3804: 3734: 3631: 3264: 3246: 2881: 2787: 2497: 2219: 2149: 1970: 1740: 1553: 1486: 1430: 1404: 1345: 1332: 1044: 1029: 1025: 964: 916: 557: 13788: 12774: 11973: 5551: 3725:

The people of Laos are often categorised by their distribution by

1938: 14449: 14201: 13837: 13773: 13629: 13573: 13241: 13236: 13211: 13166: 13146: 13136: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13023: 13003: 12988: 12978: 12943: 12868: 12833: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12732: 12692: 12127: 12107: 11634: 10912: 10827: 10807: 10692: 10682: 10615: 10595: 10261: 9328: 9030:"Human Development Report 2009. Lao People's Democratic Republic" 6373:(1980). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Stuides, pg. 191. 5806:. Asianewsnet.net. Archived from the original on 26 November 2010 4539:, Laos's top decision-making bodies, making the officeholder the 4347: 4089: 4011: 3595: 3549: 3334: 3321:

also having a few international flights. The national carrier is

3241: 3220: 3177: 3164:

Laos is rich in mineral resources and imports petroleum and gas.

3022:

Human rights violations remain a significant concern in Laos. In

2920: 2795: 2768: 2569: 2245: 2127: 2029: 1838: 1833: 1790: 1633: 1618: 1518: 1438: 1353: 1341: 1320: 1021: 1013: 912: 418: 9873: 8294: 6869: 4210:

As of 2018, Laos has three theatres dedicated to showing films.

4036: 3376:, was opened. Two new lines connecting with Vietnam, namely the 1337: 13814: 13725: 13534: 13216: 13196: 13181: 13176: 13110: 13105: 13079: 13008: 12983: 12918: 12913: 12903: 12848: 12707: 12652: 12082: 11410: 11202: 10968: 10892: 10857: 10792: 10772: 10762: 10722: 10707: 10702: 10565: 10090: 9868: 9653:"Social Discrimination in the Lao People's Democratic Republic" 9226: 9012:. CIA – The World Factbook. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 28 July 2018. 8407:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

8224:. Institute of Developing Economies. p. 69. Archived from 7709: 4926:"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Laos)" 3185: 2779: 2449: 2171: 1541:, the Lao might well have lost control over their own country. 1507: 1365: 1083: 13908: 8536:"The Lao People's Democratic Republic's Vision for Ecotourism" 7425:. 1 February 2007. Archived from the original on 12 March 2010 4047: 3875:, the language of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( 13956: 13847: 13100: 12998: 12993: 12928: 12908: 12893: 12818: 12677: 12667: 12662: 12253: 11974: 11624: 11594: 11076: 10917: 10877: 10852: 10832: 10767: 10742: 10732: 10717: 10547: 9819: 9465:"Cannes: Southeast Asia Is Ready for Its Big-Screen Close-up" 7902: 7327:. Hmong Resettlement Task Force. 7 March 2012. Archived from 5487:"Anatomically modern human in Southeast Asia (Laos) by 46 ka" 4610: 4592: 4560: 4075: 3876: 3577: 3539: 3108: 3034: 2803: 2799: 2783: 2197: 2028:

The climate is mostly tropical savanna and influenced by the

1846: 1842: 1522: 1017: 957: 194: 8764: 8762: 5889: 3803:

who are indigenous to Laos. Collectively, they are known as

3372:

at the northern border with China, built as part of China's

13038: 12963: 12863: 11533: 11475: 10927: 10837: 10757: 10752: 10661: 9777: 8850:":: Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, R.o.c. ::" 8596:

Lao Social Indicator Survey II 2017, Survey Findings Report

8399:"UN expert: Lao PDR's economic strategy entrenches poverty" 7863:

United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor.

4628: 4595: 3387:

The major roads connecting to urban centres, in particular

3301: 3197: 3193: 3173: 3169: 13705: 9557:"Laos: Crony scheme in control of press and civil society" 7481:"Deportation of Hmong Lao refugees stopped in last minute" 6425:. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, p. 271. 4631: 4613: 3847:

are used in areas with high rates of congenital deafness.

8759: 7765: 7763: 6840:"Laos promotes PM Thongloun as leader of communist party" 6285: 6222: 6075:

Savada, Andrea Matles (editor) (1994). "Events in 1945".

5648:. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. 4525:

General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party

4207:, marking the country's first submission for the Oscars. 3181: 2682:

General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party

1720:

since 1958 for use as a supply route for its war against

1514: 1149:

make up 53.2% of the population, mostly in the lowlands.

981: 9784: 9239:. Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival: 27. 8370: 7925:"Two teenagers rescued from forced prostitution in Laos" 7599:"In charts: How the Philippines fares in Southeast Asia" 6927:""Vietnam, Laos Sign 3 Treaties Solidifying Their Ties"" 6071: 6069: 5586: 3981:

rate for women in 2017 was 62.9%; for adult men, 78.1%.

2759:

The foreign relations of Laos after the takeover by the

1772:

notes this was "nearly a ton for every person in Laos".

116:

Santiphap, Ekalat, Paxathipatai, Ekaphap, Vatthanathavon

8167:

Barclay, Adam and Shrestha, Samjhana (April–June 2006)

7283:"Laos refuses to take back Thai-based Hmong refugees". 7178:"Hmong Leader's Vanishing In Laos Reverberates in U.S." 6952:"OEC – Laos (LAO) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners" 5929: 5846:. Encyclopedia of Warfare Series. London: Amber Books. 5724:

Sanda Simms, ch. 3, "Through Chaos to a New Order", in

3212:(HDI), indicating medium development. According to the 19:

This article is about the country. For other uses, see

10656: 7760: 6657:"Mekong Divides Different Worlds In 'Golden Triangle'" 6278: 4380:, but has participated in minor competitions like the 2931:

and some human rights advocates. In a 23 October 1995

2673:. As of 22 March 2021, the head of state is 1298:

An ancient human skull was recovered in 2009 from the

120:"Peace, Independence, Democracy, Unity and Prosperity" 9213:

Bounchao Pichit, "Laos Cinema", in David Hanan, ed.,

9024: 9022: 9020: 9018: 8602:. Vientiane: Lao Statistics Bureau and UNICEF. 2018. 7769: 6066: 5611: 4643: 4634: 4616: 4598: 4563: 3984:

In 2004 the net primary enrollment rate was 84%. The

1977:

form most of the eastern border with Vietnam and the

8562:"China's BRI and its High-Speed Railways to Nowhere" 8493:. World Travel & Tourism Council. Archived from 7865:"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016" 6025: 6023: 6021: 6019: 4625: 4607: 4589: 4557: 4422: 4199:: ນ້ອງຮັກ), Mattie Do's second feature film, to the 3879:), has become increasingly studied in recent years. 3219:

The country's most widely recognised product may be

3063:

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

7657:Smith, Philip, Washington, D.C. (12 December 2014) 5772:

Vientiane : transformations of a Lao landscape

5744:Sanda Simms, ch. 6, "Seventy Years of Anarchy", in 5591:. In Habu, Junko; Lape, Peter; Olsen, John (eds.). 5587:Marwick, Ben; Bouasisengpaseuth, Bounheung (2017). 4622: 4604: 4586: 3831:and is very similar to Thai script. Languages like 3305:

Rivers are an important means of transport in Laos.

9015: 8252:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341793965 7200: 7198: 7076: 7074: 6558: 5931: 4144:, made in 2008. The 2017 documentary feature film 2688:leader of Laos, since January 2021. The incumbent 1310:types have been found at sites dating to the Late 1063:. In 1893, the three kingdoms were united under a 1043:Laos traces its historic and cultural identity to 9321:"Q&A with director Kim Mordaunt (The Rocket)" 9229:"Starting an Asian Cinema: Laos Past and Present" 8702: 8387: 7834:"Human Rights Abuses in Laos Must be Tackled Now" 6542: 6540: 6350: 6088:. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. 6016: 5327:"10 Things You Need to Know Before Visiting Laos" 4396:has been the most successful club with 8 titles. 3442:country in Asia with a median age of 21.6 years. 2008:". According to the October 2007 UNODC fact book 1471:Local Lao soldiers in the French Colonial guard, 1364:troops, conquered many Lao principalities in the 135: 114: 58: 14516: 12320:Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia 7443:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7231:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7151: 5593:Handbook of East and Southeast Asian Archaeology 4839: 4837: 3309:The main international airports are Vientiane's 1809:overthrew the royalist government, forcing King 1653:. In 1960, amidst a series of rebellions in the 1489:and added Luang Phrabang to the protectorate of 110:ສັນຕິພາບ ເອກະລາດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ເອກະພາບ ວັດທະນະຖາວອນ 12345:ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Program 8741:Central Intelligence Agency: The World Factbook 7213:. Archived from the original on 6 February 2010 7195: 7071: 7049:"Q+A – What is the East Asia Summit all about?" 6376: 5890:Librios Semantic Environment (11 August 2006). 5491:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4770:"Results of Population and Housing Census 2015" 2860:, who are charged with protecting the country. 1961:(a small area is south of 14°), and longitudes 1758:central government, and to deny the use of the 1278: 1264:), both of which literally mean 'Lao Country'. 1160:Laos's strategies for development are based on 1078:and briefly regained independence in 1945 as a 12776:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie 11975:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 9344:"A tale of revenge in Laos challenges censors" 9215:Film in South East Asia: Views from the Region 7325:"History of the Hmong Resettlement Task Force" 7156:. Indiana University Press. pp. xix–xxi. 6537: 5231:"Lao People's Democratic Republic and the WTO" 5193: 5111:"China train project runs roughshod over Laos" 3245:Near the sanctuary on the main upper level of 3143:and mining (most notably of copper and gold). 2755:heads of state in New Delhi on 25 January 2018 2070:), which includes the capital city Vientiane ( 1619:Independence and communist rule (1953–present) 1391:came to the throne and moved the capital from 1356:, whose father had his family exiled from the 701:236,800 km (91,400 sq mi) ( 14138: 13894: 13691: 13449: 13404: 13283:Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique 12760: 12521: 11959: 11145: 10642: 10533: 10509: 9889: 9619:. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014 9217:, Hanoi, Vietnam Film Institute, 2001, 83–91. 9048: 8016:"Communism and Capitalism Are Mixing in Laos" 8013: 7459:"Hmong refugees facing removal from Thailand" 6106: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6094: 5986: 5758:Encyclopaedia of South East and Far East Asia 5589:"History and Practice of Archaeology in Laos" 5141:"Laos approves Xayaburi 'mega' dam on Mekong" 5086:The Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang: Rise and Decline 5079: 5077: 4834: 3325:. Other carriers serving the country include 2893:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 2090:). An "urban" village is essentially a town. 1746:Massive aerial bombardments against the PAVN/ 1323:sometime between the 8th and 10th centuries. 12440:Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award 12209:ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit 9091:. World Intellectual Property Organization. 8731: 8729: 8382:International Food Policy Research Institute 8210: 6687:"Opium Poppy Cultivation in South East Asia" 5769: 5439: 5289: 5287: 4713: 4707: 3135:, and other international sources; and also 2822:in 2016. In 2005, it attended the inaugural 2568: 1525:were Vietnamese, with only the exception of 14288: 13324:Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie 12325:Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership 9704:"Muay Lao, the forgotten art of kickboxing" 8998: 8996: 8589: 8587: 8585: 8583: 7503:"Hmong: UNHCR Protests Refugee Deportation" 7375:. Rebecca Sommer Film Clips. Archived from 6181: 5201:"Laos Securities Exchange to start trading" 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 2566:An updated map of Lao provinces (from 2014) 2047: 1368:river basin, culminating in the capture of 1210:have routinely characterised the country's 14580:States and territories established in 1949 14145: 14131: 13901: 13887: 13698: 13684: 13456: 13442: 13418: 13411: 13397: 13278:Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie 12767: 12753: 12535: 12528: 12514: 11966: 11952: 11152: 11138: 10649: 10635: 10540: 10526: 9896: 9882: 9227:Southiponh, Som Ock; Gerow, Aaron (1999). 9088:Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition 8525:. Ectt.webs.com. Retrieved on 5 July 2015. 7299:"Refugee Admissions Program for East Asia" 6870:"Laos economy set for impressive recovery" 6720: 6718: 6091: 5804:"Let's hope Laos hangs on to its identity" 5083: 5074: 3771:and minority cultures of Laos such as the 3139:for development of the society, industry, 2876:-backed units on the royalist side in the 2580: 2010:Opium Poppy Cultivation in South East Asia 1452: 1395:to Vientiane to avoid a Burmese invasion. 179: 169: 14165: 9755:"Laos Stumbles on Path to Sporting Glory" 9183:"Evaluation Synthesis of Rice in Lao PDR" 8726: 8316: 7597:Cigaral, Ian Nicolas (11 November 2017). 7267: 6837: 6810: 6606: 6306: 5838: 5528: 5510: 5284: 4762: 4692: 2024:Köppen climate classification map of Laos 1259: 1249: 129: 108: 42: 11159: 8993: 8900: 8876:"Khmu people of Laos. OMF International" 8666: 8664: 8662: 8660: 8629:"Water Supply and Sanitation in Lao PDR" 8580: 7659:CPPA – Center for Public Policy Analysis 7413: 7411: 7207:"Acts of Betrayal: Persecution of Hmong" 7134: 6564: 5445: 4911: 4523:The most powerful political position is 4323: 4087:traditionally accompanied the singer in 4059: 4046: 4035: 3965: 3929: 3892: 3300: 3240: 3098: 2910: 2818:(ASEAN) in July 1997 and acceded to the 2738: 2716: 2653:. The only legal political party is the 2019: 1937: 1923: 1884:from Thailand, including 130,000 Hmong. 1789: 1687: 1632: 1466: 1336: 1282: 1145:The politically and culturally dominant 174: 13288:Agence universitaire de la Francophonie 9605: 9462: 9261: 8703:Laponche, Bernard; et al. (2008). 8433:"The Heart of ASEAN sets pulses racing" 8216: 7596: 6715: 6435: 5646:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia 5484: 5417:"Definition of Laos by Merriam-Webster" 4948: 4360:is the most popular sport in Laos. Its 3740:In the central and southern mountains, 1953:, and it lies mostly between latitudes 1949:Laos is the only landlocked country in 1435:he rebelled against the Siamese in 1826 1230:, who united the three Lao kingdoms in 1102:began in 1959, which saw the communist 14517: 9752: 9579: 9429: 8672:Lao PDR's progress in rural sanitation 8467:. World Travel & Tourism Council. 8445:from the original on 23 September 2020 8393: 8340:HDRO (Human Development Report Office) 7389: 6924: 6813:"Laos parliament elects new president" 6406: 6260:from the original on 21 September 2013 6215: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 5894:. Culturalprofiles.net. Archived from 5748:(London: Taylor & Francis, 2013). 5728:(London: Taylor & Francis, 2013). 5640: 5634: 5324: 5318: 5133: 5048:Oxford Dictionaries (American English) 4203:(or the Oscars) for consideration for 3815:The official and majority language is 2816:Association of Southeast Asian Nations 2812:Trade relations with the United States 2645:The Lao PDR is one of the world's few 1902:On 3 December 2021, the 422-kilometre 14287: 14164: 14126: 13882: 13679: 13437: 13392: 12748: 12509: 11947: 11133: 10630: 10521: 10508: 9877: 9430:Frater, Patrick (19 September 2017). 9398: 9325:Melbourne International Film Festival 8776:from the original on 27 December 2016 8657: 8325: 8048:"USA: Obama promotes Laos e Cambogia" 7778:from the original on 30 November 2018 7748:from the original on 25 February 2021 7716:from the original on 20 February 2020 7690:from the original on 25 February 2021 7551: 7533:from the original on 24 February 2021 7408: 7204: 7092:from the original on 12 November 2022 6983:"Laos: Background and U.S. Relations" 6838:Kishimoto, Marimi (15 January 2021). 6565:Grantham, H. S.; et al. (2020). 6495:from the original on 13 November 2023 6042:. Cambridge University Press, p. 51. 5256: 5254: 5252: 5018:from the original on 25 February 2021 4878: 4876: 4818:from the original on 10 December 2017 4750:from the original on 25 February 2021 4704:République démocratique populaire Lao 4671: 4531:. The general secretary controls the 4165:Melbourne International Film Festival 3155:International Rice Research Institute 3081:and foreigners, have been victims of 197: (dark grey) – [ 60:Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao 9855:, FIBA.com, accessed 24 August 2017. 9701: 9411:from the original on 28 October 2020 9341: 9113:from the original on 22 October 2023 9084: 8343:United Nations Development Programme 8089:from the original on 13 October 2021 8076: 7639:from the original on 24 October 2019 6667:from the original on 4 February 2021 6230:from the original on 17 January 2019 6216:Wright, Rebecca (6 September 2016). 5568:from the original on 10 October 2017 5211:from the original on 25 October 2020 5121:from the original on 13 October 2021 5066:. Government of Laos. Archived from 4986:United Nations Development Programme 4962:from the original on 9 February 2015 4936:from the original on 30 October 2023 4489: 4189:. In September 2017, Laos submitted 2941:labelled the Hmong's repatriation a 2728: 14565:Member states of the United Nations 14152: 13861:French colonization of the Americas 9327:. MIFF. August 2013. Archived from 9032:. HDRstats.undp.org. Archived from 8645:from the original on 20 August 2019 8621: 8352:from the original on 1 January 2016 8014:Thomas Fuller (17 September 2009). 7521:"Thailand halts Hmong repatriation" 7183:from the original on 7 October 2016 6980: 6633:. Indochinatrek.com. Archived from 6254:The United Nations Office at Geneva 6134: 5293: 5237:from the original on 12 August 2014 5223: 5108: 4974: 4372:. It has failed to qualify for the 3415:Water supply and sanitation in Laos 3315:Luang Prabang International Airport 1845:, leading to isolation in trade by 13: 9399:Marsh, James (26 September 2013). 9243:from the original on 10 April 2023 8714:from the original on 9 August 2017 8609:from the original on 29 April 2021 8130:About Greater Mekong Subregion at 7770:Amnesty International (May 2010). 7578:from the original on 22 April 2021 7205:Johns, Michael (23 October 1995). 7029:from the original on 10 April 2023 6962:from the original on 13 April 2021 6906:from the original on 30 April 2017 6880:from the original on 11 April 2023 6819:from the original on 24 March 2021 6811:ul Khaliq, Riyaz (22 March 2021). 6752:"East Asia/Southeast Asia ::" 6515:"The Completed China-Laos Railway" 5879:The Kyoto Review of Southeast Asia 5466:from the original on 10 April 2023 5337:from the original on 23 March 2021 5249: 4992:from the original on 19 March 2024 4982:"Human Development Report 2023/24" 4873: 4861:from the original on 23 March 2018 4083:that has prehistoric origins. The 3103:GDP per capita development in Laos 2903:, a programme to stem the tide of 1891:(Communist Party of Laos) elected 518:President of the National Assembly 191:Location of Laos (green) 14: 14596: 9903: 9862: 9827:from the original on 14 July 2022 9795:from the original on 24 June 2021 9765:from the original on 24 June 2021 9753:Fuller, Thomas (5 October 2009). 9734:from the original on 24 June 2021 9687:. Genderindex.org. Archived from 9665:from the original on 8 March 2021 9593:from the original on 24 June 2021 9587:"2012 Human Rights Reports: Laos" 9567:from the original on 3 March 2021 9537:from the original on 15 June 2019 9507:from the original on 8 March 2021 9477:from the original on 24 June 2021 9444:from the original on 24 June 2021 9380:from the original on 24 June 2021 9354:from the original on 24 June 2021 9302:from the original on 24 June 2021 9274:from the original on 3 April 2020 9159:. 28 October 2013. Archived from 8747:from the original on 7 March 2021 8413:from the original on 11 June 2019 8077:Lowe, Sandra (10 December 2016). 8058:from the original on 8 March 2021 8028:from the original on 8 March 2021 7995:from the original on 8 March 2021 7965:from the original on 4 April 2021 7931:. 4 November 2014. Archived from 7875:from the original on 2 March 2021 7814:from the original on 7 March 2021 7609:from the original on 8 March 2021 7487:. 30 January 2007. Archived from 7353:from the original on 10 June 2021 7343:"Hmong refugees pleading to stay" 7059:from the original on 8 March 2021 6999:from the original on 8 March 2021 6762:from the original on 7 March 2021 6703:from the original on 8 March 2021 6256:. United Nations. November 2011. 6197:from the original on 1 March 2017 6163:from the original on 8 March 2021 5680:from the original on 8 March 2021 5427:from the original on 8 March 2021 5397:from the original on 8 March 2021 5367:from the original on 8 March 2021 5306:from the original on 3 March 2021 5272:from the original on 8 March 2021 5181:from the original on 12 July 2018 5088:. White Lotus Press. p. 49. 4782:from the original on 8 March 2021 4689:ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ 4185:, which was screened at the 2013 3286: 3188:, and other valuable metals. The 2895:(UNHCR), with the support of the 2863: 1981:the northwestern border with the 1657:, fighting broke out between the 1166:construction of four new railways 44:ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ 13373: 13372: 12874:Democratic Republic of the Congo 12214:ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit 11111: 11100: 11099: 10926: 10053: 9839: 9807: 9746: 9727:Thailand – Sports and recreation 9718: 9695: 9677: 9645: 9549: 9519: 9503:(in Turkish). 11 November 2016. 9489: 9456: 9423: 9392: 9366: 9342:Catt, Georgia (22 August 2012). 9335: 9313: 9286: 9262:Buncomb, Andrew (10 June 2010). 9255: 9220: 9207: 9175: 9145: 9078: 8963: 8951:from the original on 18 May 2021 8937: 8894: 8868: 8842: 8819: 8788: 8696: 8687: 8568:from the original on 20 May 2021 8554: 8528: 8509: 8483: 8471:from the original on 2 July 2014 8457: 8425: 8364: 8288: 8256: 8243: 8178: 8161: 8156:Rice: The Fabric of Life in Laos 8149: 8136: 8124: 8101: 8070: 8040: 8007: 7977: 7947: 7917: 7887: 7856: 7840:. 31 August 2016. Archived from 7826: 7790: 7728: 7702: 7670: 7651: 7621: 7590: 7560: 7545: 7513: 7495: 7485:Gesellschaft für bedrohte Völker 7473: 6850:from the original on 1 July 2021 6732:from the original on 20 May 2011 6525:from the original on 12 May 2022 6185:; Owen, Taylor (26 April 2015). 6122:from the original on 11 May 2011 5930:Cummings, Joe and Burke (2005). 5599:from the original on 6 July 2019 5485:Demeter, F; et al. (2012). 5387:"Laos – definition and synonyms" 5151:from the original on 1 July 2019 5064:Asia Pacific Parliamentary Forum 5026:– via The Free Dictionary. 4582: 4553: 4453: 4439: 4425: 4163:, the film appeared at the 2013 4136:Gun Voice from the Plain of Jars 3897:Wat Nong Sikhounmuang pagoda in 3543: 3533: 3506: 3496: 2858:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 2854:Lao People's Democratic Republic 2723:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 2655:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 2623: 2599: 2054:Administrative divisions of Laos 1995:Forest Landscape Integrity Index 1889:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 1830:Lao People's Democratic Republic 1128:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 994:Lao People's Democratic Republic 889: 888: 846: 845: 827: 826: 794: 793: 775: 774: 145: 88: 74: 36:Lao People's Democratic Republic 14355:French domains of the Holy Land 12018:Treaty of Amity and Cooperation 9463:Brzeski, Patrick (9 May 2018). 8837:MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities, 8144:Journal of Economic Integration 7633:The Economist Intelligence Unit 7451: 7383: 7365: 7335: 7317: 7291: 7276: 7261: 7239: 7170: 7152:Hamilton-Merritt, Jane (1993). 7145: 7128: 7113: 7104: 7041: 7011: 6981:Lum, Thomas (5 February 2007). 6974: 6944: 6918: 6892: 6862: 6831: 6804: 6774: 6744: 6679: 6649: 6623: 6507: 6477: 6458: 6359:LAOS: The Vietnamese Connection 6324: 6272: 6242: 6209: 6175: 6053: 5970:. 9 August 1960. Archived from 5956: 5923: 5910: 5883: 5868: 5832: 5796: 5763: 5738: 5718: 5692: 5662: 5644:(1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). 5580: 5545: 5478: 5409: 5379: 5349: 5163: 5102: 5052: 5041: 5030: 5004: 4678: 4546: 4276:and the French-language weekly 4240:Boun Bang Fai (Rocket festival) 4152:News and Documentary Emmy Award 3461:Largest cities or towns in Laos 3430: 3408: 3011: 1887:On 15 January 2021, the ruling 1785:Convention on Cluster Munitions 1754:to prevent the collapse of the 1750:forces were carried out by the 1730:Army of the Republic of Vietnam 1294:is the national symbol of Laos. 1140:dissolution of the Soviet Union 1032:to the west and southwest. Its 14350:French domains of Saint Helena 13467:in Africa and the Indian Ocean 13314:International Francophonie Day 12396:ASEAN Human Rights Declaration 11658:Azerbaijan People's Government 11041:British Indian Ocean Territory 8683:Overseas Development Institute 7124:Worldstream. 22 November 1994. 6925:Simons, Lewis (19 July 1977). 5629:MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities 4794: 4740:"The Languages spoken in Laos" 4732: 4517: 4508: 4504:over 100 smaller ethnic groups 4496: 4246:Pi Mai/Songkran (Lao New Year) 1985:. There are two plateaus, the 1441:as a prisoner, where he died. 1423:eventually came under Siamese 1208:Non-governmental organisations 1: 9527:"Laos Festivals & Events" 7736:"Constitution of the Lao PDR" 6332:"#KYR: Laos - Special Issues" 5892:"Laos: Laos under the French" 5702:. History.com. Archived from 5631:, Special Issue No 20: 47–64. 5325:Ragusa, Nina (4 April 2019). 4725: 4261:Lao National Day (2 December) 2884:, with many ending up in the 2612:general secretary of the LPRP 1472: 14085:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa) 8465:"International visitor data" 7955:"Trafficking Racket Smashed" 7712:. World Bank. 14 July 2011. 7465:. March 2007. Archived from 7390:Sommer, Rebecca (May 2006). 7270:Congressional Press Releases 6550:. Nsc.gov.la. Archived from 5756:; see also P.C. Sinha, ed., 5357:"Meaning of Laos in English" 5233:. World Trade Organization. 5171:"Lao PDR [Overview]" 4366:Asian Football Confederation 4296:is the state owned service. 4213: 3949: 3904:66 percent of Laotians were 3810: 3720: 3311:Wattay International Airport 2901:Comprehensive Plan of Action 2684:, a position making him the 1913: 1645:in Luang Prabang, 4 May 1953 1279:Prehistory and early history 1217: 1186:Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement 7: 14530:1949 establishments in Laos 14325: and Antarctic Lands 13070:French Community of Belgium 12340:ASEAN–India Free Trade Area 12335:ASEAN–China Free Trade Area 11698:Kurdish Republic of Mahabad 10548:Countries and territory in 9730:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 8839:Special Issue No 20: 47–64. 8309:10.1016/j.egycc.2020.100019 8052:La Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno 6474:. U.S. Department of State. 6369:. In Suryadinata, L (Ed.), 6356:Stuart-Fox, Martin (1980). 6029:Stuart-Fox, Martin (1997). 5920:, Karthala, 1999, pp. 69–72 5449:Culture and customs of Laos 5084:Stuart-Fox, Martin (1998). 4930:International Monetary Fund 4894:Central Intelligence Agency 4418: 4303: 3986:National University of Laos 3971:National University of Laos 3882: 3744:-speaking groups, known as 3364:that runs from the capital 3319:Pakse International Airport 3249:, looking back towards the 3129:International Monetary Fund 2856:and the institution of the 2829: 2747:with Indian Prime Minister 2036: 1828:renamed the country as the 1708:Laos was a key part of the 1597:Indochinese Communist Party 1459:French protectorate of Laos 1326: 136: 115: 59: 10: 14601: 11045:British Overseas Territory 10658:Countries and dependencies 9869:Official Laos tourism site 9815:"Laos – List of Champions" 8770:"UN Demographic Yearbooks" 6591:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 6412:Savada, Andrea M. (1995). 6382:Kingsbury, Damien (2016). 5938:. Lonely Planet. pp. 4415:in the eighth place game. 4409:2017 Southeast Asian Games 4205:Best Foreign Language Film 4127: 4009: 4003: 3999: 3959: 3953: 3923: 3886: 3532: 3495: 3452: 3434: 3412: 3393:Vientiane–Boten Expressway 3297:Telecommunications in Laos 3290: 3234: 3230: 3092: 3088: 3015: 2833: 2732: 2584: 2051: 2040: 2015: 1917: 1843:People's Republic of China 1841:to end relations with the 1625:History of Laos since 1945 1622: 1456: 1330: 1271: 1267: 1184:. Laos is a member of the 18: 14575:Southeast Asian countries 14550:Least developed countries 14438: 14377: 14333: 14316: 14298: 14294: 14283: 14255: 14242:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 14215: 14175: 14171: 14160: 14119: 14103:French East India Company 14093: 14065: 14013: 13965: 13917: 13878: 13866:French West India Company 13856: 13828: 13759: 13716: 13675: 13648: 13620: 13582: 13500: 13472: 13433: 13426: 13368: 13347: 13296: 13270: 13250: 13124: 13088: 13063:National/regional members 13062: 12791: 12782: 12642: 12544: 12415: 12383: 12360: 12353: 12302: 12252: 12222: 12184: 12177: 12136: 12075: 12066: 12031: 11988: 11981: 11932: 11793: 11725: 11650: 11557: 11526: 11440: 11429: 11358: 11337: 11168: 11085: 11058: 11027: 11011: 10990: 10977: 10935: 10924: 10668: 10556: 10515: 10510:Links to related articles 10466: 10399: 10321: 10312: 10247: 10238: 10142: 10133: 10071: 10062: 10051: 9915: 9637:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 9153:"Global Innovation Index" 8903:The Far Eastern Quarterly 8878:. Omf.org. Archived from 8297:Energy and Climate Change 7019:"Laos – Trade Agreements" 5824:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 4775:. Lao Statistics Bureau. 4693: 4688: 4664: 4370:ASEAN Football Federation 4329:New Laos National Stadium 4123: 4028:List of festivals in Laos 4020:Dance and theatre of Laos 3919: 3137:foreign direct investment 2915:Hmong girls in Laos, 1973 2842:Lao People's Armed Forces 2836:Lao People's Armed Forces 2735:Foreign relations of Laos 2591:Foreign relations of Laos 2113: 2110: 2107: 2102: 2099: 1876:. From 1975 to 1996, the 1712:since parts of Laos were 1651:Geneva Conference of 1954 1576:to represent Laos to the 1260: 1250: 1170:fastest growing economies 1053:Kingdom of Luang Phrabang 975: 963: 951: 941: 923: 908: 878: 858: 839: 820: 806: 787: 768: 750: 746:26.7/km (69.2/sq mi) 740: 726: 719: 709: 695: 688: 684: 671: 658: 640: 627: 614: 601: 588: 567: 554: 550: 543: 533: 529: 514: 499: 480: 461: 457: 440: 417: 378: 308: 262: 252: 208: 166: 130: 124: 109: 104: 70: 43: 34: 16:Country in Southeast Asia 14381: the Indian Ocean 12859:Central African Republic 12370:Disaster Relief Exercise 10147:Administrative divisions 9376:. Fantastic Fest. 2013. 8670:O'Meally, Simon (2010). 8371:2015 Global Hunger Index 8108:Field Listing – Land use 7869:U.S. Department of State 7678:"2003 Laos Constitution" 7088:. London. 30 July 2006. 6191:The Asia-Pacific Journal 5992:Ivarsson, Søren (2008). 5452:. ABC-CLIO. p. 20. 4907:(Archived 2022 edition.) 4405:national basketball team 4319: 4265: 4222:Hmong New Year (Nopejao) 4181:: ຈັນທະລີ), directed by 4093:, the dominant style of 3962:National Library of Laos 3943:life expectancy at birth 3374:Belt and Road Initiative 3151:Greater Mekong Subregion 2951:House of Representatives 2820:World Trade Organization 2300:(Luang Prabang district) 2058:Laos is divided into 17 2048:Administrative divisions 1908:Belt and Road Initiative 1702:American bombing of Laos 1679:People's Army of Vietnam 1661:(RLA) and the communist 1643:Prince Sisavang Vatthana 1242:, the country's name is 1202:World Trade Organization 1130:established a one-party 1082:but was re-colonised by 143:"Hymn of the Lao People" 14289:Uninhabited territories 13800:Saint Kitts & Nevis 13319:Jeux de la Francophonie 12365:Centre for Biodiversity 11708:North Korea (1947–1948) 11703:North Korea (1946–1947) 11003:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 9054:Fielding, Tony (2015). 8677:17 January 2012 at the 8219:"Mining Sector in Laos" 8217:Kyophilvong, Phouphet. 7285:Deutsche Presse-Agentur 6990:CRS Report for Congress 6470:24 October 2020 at the 6395:. Taylor & Francis; 6371:Southeast Asian Affairs 6364:13 October 2021 at the 6116:Encyclopædia Britannica 5844:Imperial Wars 1815–1914 5760:, vol. 3 (Anmol, 2006). 5674:Encyclopædia Britannica 5512:10.1073/pnas.1208104109 5446:Kislenko, Arne (2009). 5060:"About Laos: Geography" 4294:Lao National Television 4288:('The People') and the 4064:Lao dancers during the 3994:Global Innovation Index 3362:Boten–Vientiane railway 3210:Human Development Index 3190:mining industry of Laos 3147:Subsistence agriculture 3083:sex trafficking in Laos 2776:international isolation 2581:Politics and government 2478:(Chanthabouly district) 2072:Nakhon Louang Viangchan 1904:Boten-Vientiane railway 1762:to attack US forces in 1613:constitutional monarchy 1453:French Laos (1893–1953) 1360:. Fa Ngum, with 10,000 1178:least developed country 1092:constitutional monarchy 253:Official languages 14555:Member states of ASEAN 14219: collectivities 14057:Sanjak of Alexandretta 13910:Former French colonies 13707:Former French colonies 13465:Former French colonies 13420:French overseas empire 13309:UN French Language Day 13142:Bosnia and Herzegovina 11430:Current and historical 11061:Special administrative 11037:(Sovereign Base Areas) 9685:"Lao PDR: Family Code" 9497:"Laos'un Festivalleri" 9470:The Hollywood Reporter 8376:31 August 2018 at the 8132:Asian Development Bank 7838:Civil Rights Defenders 7629:"Democracy Index 2016" 6005:. NIAS Press, p. 102. 5770:Askew, Marc. (2010) . 4714: 4708: 4703: 4362:national football team 4335: 4141:Sabaidee Luang Prabang 4069: 4057: 4044: 3974: 3938: 3901: 3845:Laotian sign languages 3356:railway that connects 3343:China Eastern Airlines 3306: 3253: 3133:Asian Development Bank 3104: 2943:Clinton administration 2929:American conservatives 2916: 2774:Laos's emergence from 2756: 2725: 2573: 2130:(Samakkhixay district) 2066:) and one prefecture ( 2025: 1946: 1935: 1870:continued in key areas 1821:in the United States. 1802: 1705: 1646: 1485:. France rescued King 1478: 1349: 1295: 1162:generating electricity 1116:Royal Lao Armed Forces 1028:to the southeast, and 1012:, Laos is bordered by 1008:. At the heart of the 831:$ 14.244 billion ( 779:$ 74.205 billion ( 524:Saysomphone Phomvihane 14166:Inhabited territories 14098:France–Asia relations 13653:Somaliland (Djibouti) 13019:São Tomé and Príncipe 12879:Republic of the Congo 12330:ASEAN Free Trade Area 12315:Chiang Mai Initiative 12287:Football Championship 11035:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 9985:Japanese puppet state 9851:23 March 2021 at the 9613:"Off the air in Laos" 9062:10 April 2023 at the 8800:10 April 2023 at the 8186:"A Race Against Time" 8113:26 March 2014 at the 7373:"Hunted like animals" 6728:. Countrystudies.us. 6571:Nature Communications 6449:19 April 2018 at the 6420:19 April 2018 at the 6415:Laos: a country study 6390:10 April 2023 at the 6078:A Country Study: Laos 6000:10 April 2023 at the 4809:constituteproject.org 4401:Southeast Asian Games 4327: 4063: 4050: 4039: 3969: 3933: 3896: 3304: 3269:UNESCO World Heritage 3244: 3204:In 2018, the country 3117:US Export-Import Bank 3102: 3071:Amnesty International 2914: 2742: 2720: 2572: 2428:Khanthabouly District 2086:) and then villages ( 2023: 1989:in the north and the 1941: 1927: 1874:Xiangkhouang Province 1793: 1698:Xiangkhouang province 1691: 1636: 1493:. Shortly after, the 1470: 1340: 1286: 1080:Japanese puppet state 1010:Indochinese Peninsula 711:• Water (%) 21:Laos (disambiguation) 14545:Landlocked countries 14444:overseas departments 14379:Scattered Islands in 14260: collectivity 13718:French North America 13116:United Arab Emirates 12478:Cities by population 12375:Smart Cities Network 12235:ASEAN Regional Forum 11935:History of socialism 10903:United Arab Emirates 10121:World Heritage Sites 9085:WIPO (28 May 2024). 9067:. Routledge, p. 77. 9008:7 March 2021 at the 8831:27 June 2015 at the 8743:. 17 February 2019. 8521:24 June 2021 at the 7991:. 13 February 2017. 7664:6 April 2008 at the 7509:on 25 February 2021. 7491:on 24 February 2012. 6900:"Laos – Foreign Aid" 6631:"Laos travel guides" 6521:. 21 December 2021. 6441:Prayaga, M. (2005). 6084:21 July 2015 at the 6037:5 April 2023 at the 5746:The Kingdoms of Laos 5726:The Kingdoms of Laos 5623:27 June 2015 at the 5391:Macmillan Dictionary 5361:Cambridge Dictionary 4854:. 2010. p. 47. 4358:Association football 3835:(Austroasiatic) and 3819:, a language of the 3437:Demographics of Laos 3113:Obama administration 3043:Constitution of Laos 3018:Human rights in Laos 2905:Indochinese refugees 2661:status of Laos, the 2471:Vientiane Prefecture 2002:habitat conservation 1906:, a flagship of the 1882:250,000 Lao refugees 1726:incursions into Laos 1714:invaded and occupied 1696:, former capital of 1546:World War II in Laos 1495:Kingdom of Champasak 1114:, fight against the 1061:Kingdom of Champasak 1057:Kingdom of Vientiane 1036:and largest city is 728:• 2022 estimate 675:Current constitution 25:Lao (disambiguation) 14497: / 14413:Juan de Nova Island 14300:North Pacific Ocean 13912:in Asia and Oceania 13355:Francophone economy 12453:Subdivisions by GDP 12310:Asian Monetary Unit 12282:Football Federation 12240:Asia–Europe Meeting 11871:Estonia (1918–1919) 11765:Hungary (1949–1989) 10938:States with limited 10020:Vietnamese invasion 9975:French protectorate 9561:index on censorship 9163:on 2 September 2021 9097:10.34667/tind.46596 8971:"Languages of Laos" 8947:. La Francophonie. 8542:on 22 November 2010 7961:. 14 October 2010. 7935:on 24 February 2021 7603:The Philippine Star 7574:. 11 October 2011. 7529:. 30 January 2007. 7469:on 13 October 2007. 7331:on 21 October 2008. 7138:States News Service 7055:. 24 October 2009. 6931:The Washington Post 6637:on 10 November 2010 6583:2020NatCo..11.5978G 6554:on 23 January 2012. 6519:ASEAN Business News 6491:. 15 January 2021. 6293:(7659): 1482–1486. 5974:on 25 February 2021 5503:2012PNAS..10914375D 5497:(36): 14375–14380. 5296:"How to Say "Laos"" 5207:. 10 January 2011. 5147:. 5 November 2012. 5037:Oxford Dictionaries 4932:. 10 October 2023. 4469:Drug policy in Laos 4364:is a member of the 4338:The martial art of 4201:90th Academy Awards 4079:, a type of bamboo 3382:Savannakhet–Lao Bao 3225:Lao Brewery Company 3214:Global Hunger Index 3055:freedom of religion 3047:multinational state 2983:Hunted Like Animals 2745:Thongloun Sisoulith 2721:Flag of the ruling 2678:Thongloun Sisoulith 2607:Thongloun Sisoulith 2152:(Houayxay district) 2076:Xaisomboun province 2074:). A new province, 1979:Luang Prabang Range 1910:(BRI), was opened. 1893:Thongloun Sisoulith 1819:government in exile 1777:unexploded ordnance 1700:, destroyed by the 1593:First Indochina War 1463:First Indochina War 1449:on a large scale". 1447:slave-hunting raids 1212:human rights record 1126:ended in 1975, the 1118:, supported by the 1065:French protectorate 605:French protectorate 569:• Kingdoms of 558:Kingdom of Lan Xang 475:Thongloun Sisoulith 233: / 14318:Overseas territory 13843:France Antarctique 13830:Equinoctial France 13793:Dominican Republic 13360:Senghor University 13157:Dominican Republic 11836:Byelorussia (1919) 10285:Telecommunications 10035:History since 1945 10030:History until 1945 9759:The New York Times 9331:on 5 October 2013. 8981:on 27 October 2012 8882:on 9 November 2007 8491:"Laos – Key Facts" 8438:. 14 August 2017. 8158:. Lao_IRRI Project 8119:CIA World Factbook 8079:"Out of obscurity" 8021:The New York Times 7805:Human Rights Watch 7572:Human Rights Watch 7379:on 5 January 2011. 6815:. Anadolu Agency. 6782:"ABOUT XAYSOMBOUN" 6756:The World Factbook 6338:. 25 February 2022 6159:. 9 January 2018. 4889:The World Factbook 4382:AFC Solidarity Cup 4336: 4290:Xinhua News Agency 4252:Haw Khao Padap Din 4070: 4058: 4051:Lao women wearing 4045: 3975: 3939: 3902: 3737:(lowland people). 3378:Vientiane–Vũng Áng 3358:southern Vientiane 3307: 3254: 3105: 3075:Human Rights Watch 2971:illegal drug trade 2917: 2757: 2726: 2697:Sonexay Siphandone 2690:head of government 2631:Sonexay Siphandone 2574: 2493:Vientiane Province 2350:Phongsaly District 2026: 1947: 1936: 1826:Kaysone Phomvihane 1803: 1769:The New York Times 1706: 1647: 1531:Savannakhet region 1479: 1445:"transformed into 1374:Theravada Buddhism 1350: 1304:Annamite Mountains 1296: 1226:was coined by the 1132:socialist republic 1020:to the northwest, 1002:landlocked country 816:2023 estimate 764:2023 estimate 662:Monarchy abolished 590:• Vassals of 509:Sonexay Siphandone 490:Bounthong Chitmany 452:socialist republic 310:Ethnic groups 237:17.967°N 102.600°E 14540:Countries in Asia 14480: 14479: 14474: 14473: 14470: 14469: 14434: 14433: 14430: 14429: 14426: 14425: 14369:Amsterdam Islands 14360:Kerguelen Islands 14308:Clipperton Island 14279: 14278: 14275: 14274: 14247:Wallis and Futuna 14115: 14114: 14111: 14110: 14015:Mandate for Syria 14005:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan 13967:Indochinese Union 13874: 13873: 13671: 13670: 13584:Equatorial Africa 13386: 13385: 13266: 13265: 13251:Suspended members 13089:Associate members 12899:Equatorial Guinea 12742: 12741: 12503: 12502: 12411: 12410: 12294:Armies Rifle Meet 12248: 12247: 12173: 12172: 12062: 12061: 12013:Secretary General 12003:Founding document 11941: 11940: 11928: 11927: 11924: 11923: 11721: 11720: 11463:Congo-Brazzaville 11359:Regional variants 11127: 11126: 11054: 11053: 10624: 10623: 10502: 10501: 10462: 10461: 10308: 10307: 10234: 10233: 10211:Political parties 10199:National Assembly 10167:General Secretary 10162:Foreign relations 10129: 10128: 10045:2007 coup attempt 10015:Laotian Civil War 10005:Ho Chi Minh trail 9980:Japanese invasion 9714:on 15 April 2018. 9617:Asia Times Online 9473:. Valence Media. 9106:978-92-805-3432-0 9073:978-1-317-95208-4 8856:on 4 January 2011 8397:(28 March 2019). 8231:on 6 January 2013 7844:on 5 October 2017 7287:. 20 August 1998. 6876:. 11 April 2023. 6401:978-1-317-49628-1 6112:"Laos – Overview" 6048:978-0-521-59746-3 6032:A History of Laos 6011:978-8-776-94023-2 5964:"History of Laos" 5949:978-1-74104-086-9 5853:978-1-78274-125-1 5840:Showalter, Dennis 5781:978-0-415-59662-6 5655:978-0-8248-0368-1 5459:978-0-313-33977-6 5070:on 16 April 2016. 4988:. 13 March 2024. 4892:(2024 ed.). 4490:Explanatory notes 3956:Education in Laos 3717: 3716: 3350:geography of Laos 3293:Transport in Laos 3059:freedom of speech 2899:, instituted the 2878:Laotian Civil War 2872:groups fought as 2729:Foreign relations 2705:Central Committee 2663:General Secretary 2657:(LPRP). With the 2649:openly endorsing 2578: 2577: 2563: 2562: 2551:Anouvong district 2502:Phonhong District 2376:Xayabury District 1920:Geography of Laos 1897:Bounnhang Vorachi 1815:re-education camp 1781:cluster munitions 1779:(UXO), including 1760:Ho Chi Minh Trail 1704:in the late 1960s 1629:Laotian Civil War 1539:Martin Stuart-Fox 1344:, founder of the 1072:occupied by Japan 992:, officially the 987: 986: 872:medium inequality 841:• Per capita 789:• Per capita 618:Free Lao Movement 538:National Assembly 469:General Secretary 393:Tai folk religion 185:Show map of ASEAN 159: 14592: 14585:One-party states 14535:Communist states 14512: 14511: 14509: 14508: 14507: 14502: 14498: 14495: 14494: 14493: 14490: 14399:Glorioso Islands 14380: 14331: 14330: 14324: 14320: 14296: 14295: 14285: 14284: 14259: 14232:Saint Barthélemy 14227:French Polynesia 14218: 14178: 14173: 14172: 14162: 14161: 14147: 14140: 14133: 14124: 14123: 13932:Coromandel Coast 13903: 13896: 13889: 13880: 13879: 13761:French Caribbean 13741:Terre Neuve 13700: 13693: 13686: 13677: 13676: 13458: 13451: 13444: 13435: 13434: 13431: 13430: 13413: 13406: 13399: 13390: 13389: 13376: 13375: 12789: 12788: 12769: 12762: 12755: 12746: 12745: 12537:East Asia Summit 12530: 12523: 12516: 12507: 12506: 12468:Science Olympiad 12463:Countries by HDI 12448:Countries by GDP 12358: 12357: 12267:University Games 12230:ASEAN Plus Three 12204:East Asia Summit 12182: 12181: 12158:Papua New Guinea 12073: 12072: 11986: 11985: 11968: 11961: 11954: 11945: 11944: 11791: 11790: 11648: 11647: 11438: 11437: 11433:socialist states 11312:African-American 11154: 11147: 11140: 11131: 11130: 11115: 11103: 11102: 11063:regions of China 10998:Christmas Island 10988: 10987: 10930: 10670:Sovereign states 10651: 10644: 10637: 10628: 10627: 10558:Sovereign states 10542: 10535: 10528: 10519: 10518: 10506: 10505: 10482: 10475: 10319: 10318: 10265: 10245: 10244: 10140: 10139: 10069: 10068: 10057: 9898: 9891: 9884: 9875: 9874: 9856: 9843: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9832: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9802: 9800: 9781: 9775: 9774: 9772: 9770: 9750: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9739: 9722: 9716: 9715: 9710:. Archived from 9708:GoAbroad Network 9699: 9693: 9692: 9691:on 9 March 2011. 9681: 9675: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9664: 9657: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9636: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9609: 9603: 9602: 9600: 9598: 9583: 9577: 9576: 9574: 9572: 9553: 9547: 9546: 9544: 9542: 9523: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9493: 9487: 9486: 9484: 9482: 9460: 9454: 9453: 9451: 9449: 9427: 9421: 9420: 9418: 9416: 9396: 9390: 9389: 9387: 9385: 9370: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9339: 9333: 9332: 9317: 9311: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9290: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9259: 9253: 9252: 9250: 9248: 9224: 9218: 9211: 9205: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9194: 9188:. Archived from 9187: 9179: 9173: 9172: 9170: 9168: 9157:INSEAD Knowledge 9149: 9143: 9142: 9136: 9132: 9130: 9122: 9120: 9118: 9082: 9076: 9052: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9026: 9013: 9000: 8991: 8990: 8988: 8986: 8977:. Archived from 8975:Laval University 8967: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8941: 8935: 8934: 8898: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8872: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8852:. Archived from 8846: 8840: 8823: 8817: 8806:Routledge (2004) 8792: 8786: 8785: 8783: 8781: 8766: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8733: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8709: 8700: 8694: 8691: 8685: 8668: 8655: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8644: 8633: 8625: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8614: 8608: 8601: 8591: 8578: 8577: 8575: 8573: 8558: 8552: 8551: 8549: 8547: 8538:. Archived from 8532: 8526: 8513: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8487: 8481: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8461: 8455: 8454: 8452: 8450: 8444: 8437: 8429: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8391: 8385: 8368: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8351: 8337: 8329: 8323: 8322: 8320: 8292: 8286: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8275: 8269:. Archived from 8268: 8260: 8254: 8247: 8241: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8230: 8223: 8214: 8208: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8197: 8191:. Archived from 8190: 8182: 8176: 8165: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8146:(2016): 353–376. 8140: 8134: 8128: 8122: 8105: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8094: 8074: 8068: 8067: 8065: 8063: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8033: 8011: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8000: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7970: 7951: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7940: 7921: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7910: 7901:. Archived from 7895:"LAO PDR UN ACT" 7891: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7813: 7802: 7794: 7788: 7787: 7785: 7783: 7767: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7747: 7740: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7721: 7706: 7700: 7699: 7697: 7695: 7689: 7682: 7674: 7668: 7655: 7649: 7648: 7646: 7644: 7625: 7619: 7618: 7616: 7614: 7594: 7588: 7587: 7585: 7583: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7549: 7543: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7517: 7511: 7510: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7477: 7471: 7470: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7442: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7415: 7406: 7405: 7404:on 6 April 2012. 7403: 7397:. Archived from 7396: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7369: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7349:. 28 July 2005. 7339: 7333: 7332: 7321: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7310: 7295: 7289: 7288: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7265: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7243: 7237: 7236: 7230: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7202: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7188: 7174: 7168: 7167: 7154:Tragic Mountains 7149: 7143: 7142: 7132: 7126: 7125: 7122:Associated Press 7117: 7111: 7108: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7078: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7034: 7015: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7004: 6998: 6987: 6978: 6972: 6971: 6969: 6967: 6948: 6942: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6922: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6896: 6890: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6797: 6788:. Archived from 6778: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6748: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6726:"Laos – Climate" 6722: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6708: 6702: 6696:. October 2007. 6691: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6672: 6653: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6642: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6610: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6544: 6535: 6534: 6532: 6530: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6481: 6475: 6462: 6456: 6439: 6433: 6410: 6404: 6380: 6374: 6354: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6343: 6328: 6322: 6320: 6310: 6299:10.1136/bmj.a137 6276: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6246: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6213: 6207: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6153: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6108: 6089: 6073: 6064: 6061:Histoire du Laos 6057: 6051: 6027: 6014: 5990: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5960: 5954: 5953: 5937: 5927: 5921: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5887: 5881: 5872: 5866: 5865: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5823: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5767: 5761: 5742: 5736: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5685: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5638: 5632: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5606: 5604: 5584: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5532: 5514: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5413: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5322: 5316: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5291: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5262:"Laos 2017/2018" 5258: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5186: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5109:Janssen, Peter. 5106: 5100: 5099: 5081: 5072: 5071: 5056: 5050: 5045: 5039: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5008: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4922: 4909: 4904: 4902: 4900: 4880: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4866: 4860: 4849: 4841: 4832: 4831: 4825: 4823: 4817: 4806: 4798: 4792: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4781: 4774: 4766: 4760: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4736: 4719: 4717: 4711: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4682: 4676: 4675: 4666: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4619: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4601: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4576: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4550: 4544: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4463: 4461:Geography portal 4458: 4457: 4456: 4449: 4444: 4443: 4435: 4430: 4429: 4428: 4407:competed at the 4386:AFF Championship 4231:Chinese New Year 3935:Mahosot Hospital 3914:local polytheism 3889:Religion in Laos 3547: 3537: 3510: 3500: 3462: 3450: 3449: 3348:The mountainous 3331:Vietnam Airlines 3041:Ostensibly, the 2824:East Asia Summit 2647:socialist states 2627: 2603: 2587:Politics of Laos 2402:Salavan District 2250:Thakhek District 2224:Xamneua District 2200:(Pakse District) 2176:Paksane District 2097: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2043:Wildlife of Laos 1931:flowing through 1868:rebels and Laos 1663:North Vietnamese 1491:French Indochina 1477: 1474: 1300:Tam Pa Ling Cave 1263: 1262: 1253: 1252: 1232:French Indochina 1194:East Asia Summit 1136:Marxism-Leninism 932: 899: 898: 892: 891: 885: 874: 873: 865: 849: 848: 830: 829: 813: 797: 796: 778: 777: 761: 448:Marxist–Leninist 263:Spoken languages 248: 247: 245: 244: 243: 238: 234: 231: 230: 229: 226: 211:and largest city 186: 183: 176: 173: 161: 160: 141: 133: 132: 118: 112: 111: 92: 78: 62: 55: 47: 46: 45: 32: 31: 14600: 14599: 14595: 14594: 14593: 14591: 14590: 14589: 14515: 14514: 14505: 14503: 14499: 14496: 14491: 14488: 14486: 14484: 14483: 14481: 14476: 14475: 14466: 14448:Claimed by the 14422: 14418:Tromelin Island 14389:Bassas da India 14373: 14323:French Southern 14312: 14290: 14271: 14251: 14211: 14179: regions 14167: 14156: 14154:Overseas France 14151: 14107: 14089: 14061: 14047:Greater Lebanon 14017:and the Lebanon 14016: 14009: 13961: 13913: 13907: 13870: 13852: 13824: 13755: 13712: 13710:in the Americas 13704: 13667: 13644: 13616: 13578: 13496: 13468: 13462: 13422: 13417: 13387: 13382: 13364: 13343: 13304:French language 13292: 13262: 13246: 13120: 13084: 13058: 12954:North Macedonia 12778: 12773: 12743: 12738: 12737: 12638: 12540: 12534: 12504: 12499: 12473:Stock exchanges 12407: 12403:Rights of Women 12379: 12349: 12298: 12244: 12218: 12169: 12132: 12058: 12027: 11977: 11972: 11942: 11937: 11920: 11901:Slovakia (1919) 11801:Alsace-Lorraine 11789: 11717: 11646: 11553: 11522: 11431: 11425: 11354: 11333: 11164: 11158: 11128: 11123: 11096: 11081: 11065: 11062: 11050: 11023: 11007: 10984: 10981: 10973: 10954:Northern Cyprus 10942: 10939: 10931: 10922: 10664: 10655: 10625: 10620: 10552: 10546: 10511: 10503: 10498: 10485: 10478: 10471: 10458: 10449:Public holidays 10395: 10386:Sex trafficking 10304: 10263: 10230: 10189:Law enforcement 10125: 10106:Protected areas 10058: 10049: 9995:Kingdom of Laos 9911: 9902: 9865: 9860: 9859: 9853:Wayback Machine 9844: 9840: 9830: 9828: 9813: 9812: 9808: 9798: 9796: 9783: 9782: 9778: 9768: 9766: 9751: 9747: 9737: 9735: 9724: 9723: 9719: 9700: 9696: 9683: 9682: 9678: 9668: 9666: 9662: 9655: 9651: 9650: 9646: 9630: 9629: 9622: 9620: 9611: 9610: 9606: 9596: 9594: 9585: 9584: 9580: 9570: 9568: 9563:. 12 May 2014. 9555: 9554: 9550: 9540: 9538: 9525: 9524: 9520: 9510: 9508: 9495: 9494: 9490: 9480: 9478: 9461: 9457: 9447: 9445: 9428: 9424: 9414: 9412: 9397: 9393: 9383: 9381: 9372: 9371: 9367: 9357: 9355: 9340: 9336: 9319: 9318: 9314: 9305: 9303: 9292: 9291: 9287: 9277: 9275: 9268:The Independent 9260: 9256: 9246: 9244: 9233:Documentary Box 9225: 9221: 9212: 9208: 9198: 9196: 9192: 9185: 9181: 9180: 9176: 9166: 9164: 9151: 9150: 9146: 9134: 9133: 9124: 9123: 9116: 9114: 9107: 9083: 9079: 9064:Wayback Machine 9053: 9049: 9039: 9037: 9028: 9027: 9016: 9010:Wayback Machine 9001: 8994: 8984: 8982: 8969: 8968: 8964: 8954: 8952: 8943: 8942: 8938: 8915:10.2307/2049433 8899: 8895: 8885: 8883: 8874: 8873: 8869: 8859: 8857: 8848: 8847: 8843: 8833:Wayback Machine 8824: 8820: 8802:Wayback Machine 8793: 8789: 8779: 8777: 8768: 8767: 8760: 8750: 8748: 8735: 8734: 8727: 8717: 8715: 8707: 8701: 8697: 8692: 8688: 8679:Wayback Machine 8669: 8658: 8648: 8646: 8642: 8631: 8627: 8626: 8622: 8612: 8610: 8606: 8599: 8593: 8592: 8581: 8571: 8569: 8560: 8559: 8555: 8545: 8543: 8534: 8533: 8529: 8523:Wayback Machine 8514: 8510: 8500: 8498: 8489: 8488: 8484: 8474: 8472: 8463: 8462: 8458: 8448: 8446: 8442: 8435: 8431: 8430: 8426: 8416: 8414: 8392: 8388: 8378:Wayback Machine 8369: 8365: 8355: 8353: 8349: 8335: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8293: 8289: 8279: 8277: 8273: 8266: 8262: 8261: 8257: 8248: 8244: 8234: 8232: 8228: 8221: 8215: 8211: 8201: 8199: 8198:on 14 June 2007 8195: 8188: 8184: 8183: 8179: 8169:"Genuinely Lao" 8166: 8162: 8154: 8150: 8141: 8137: 8129: 8125: 8115:Wayback Machine 8106: 8102: 8092: 8090: 8075: 8071: 8061: 8059: 8046: 8045: 8041: 8031: 8029: 8012: 8008: 7998: 7996: 7989:Radio Free Asia 7983: 7982: 7978: 7968: 7966: 7959:Radio Free Asia 7953: 7952: 7948: 7938: 7936: 7929:Thanh Nien News 7923: 7922: 7918: 7908: 7906: 7905:on 29 July 2020 7893: 7892: 7888: 7878: 7876: 7861: 7857: 7847: 7845: 7832: 7831: 7827: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7800: 7796: 7795: 7791: 7781: 7779: 7768: 7761: 7751: 7749: 7745: 7738: 7734: 7733: 7729: 7719: 7717: 7708: 7707: 7703: 7693: 7691: 7687: 7680: 7676: 7675: 7671: 7666:Wayback Machine 7656: 7652: 7642: 7640: 7627: 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5483: 5479: 5469: 5467: 5460: 5444: 5440: 5430: 5428: 5421:Merriam-Webster 5415: 5414: 5410: 5400: 5398: 5385: 5384: 5380: 5370: 5368: 5355: 5354: 5350: 5340: 5338: 5323: 5319: 5309: 5307: 5294:Rodgers, Greg. 5292: 5285: 5275: 5273: 5260: 5259: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5214: 5212: 5205:Financial Times 5199: 5198: 5194: 5184: 5182: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5154: 5152: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5107: 5103: 5096: 5082: 5075: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5010: 5009: 5005: 4995: 4993: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4963: 4954: 4953: 4949: 4939: 4937: 4924: 4923: 4912: 4898: 4896: 4882: 4881: 4874: 4864: 4862: 4858: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4835: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4804: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4753: 4751: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4722: 4698: 4683: 4679: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4621: 4603: 4585: 4581: 4572: 4571: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4543:leader of Laos. 4522: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4501: 4497: 4492: 4479:Outline of Laos 4459: 4454: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4431: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4322: 4306: 4273:Vientiane Times 4268: 4234:Boun Khoun Khao 4216: 4132: 4126: 4034: 4024:Laotian society 4008: 4006:Culture of Laos 4002: 3964: 3958: 3952: 3928: 3922: 3891: 3885: 3855:La Francophonie 3813: 3758:Laotian Chinese 3723: 3718: 3548: 3542: 3538: 3511: 3505: 3501: 3469: 3468: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3439: 3433: 3417: 3411: 3327:Bangkok Airways 3299: 3291:Main articles: 3289: 3239: 3237:Tourism in Laos 3233: 3125:development aid 3097: 3095:Economy of Laos 3091: 3051:gender equality 3029:Democracy Index 3020: 3014: 2967:Wat Tham Krabok 2959:Steve Gunderson 2934:National Review 2866: 2838: 2832: 2743:Prime Minister 2737: 2731: 2659:one-party state 2643: 2642: 2641: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2628: 2620: 2619: 2610: 2604: 2593: 2585:Main articles: 2583: 2567: 2454:Lamarm District 2276:Namtha District 2068:kampheng nakhon 2056: 2050: 2045: 2039: 2018: 2006:Golden Triangle 1991:Bolaven Plateau 1922: 1916: 1880:resettled some 1811:Savang Vatthana 1756:Kingdom of Laos 1681:(PAVN) and the 1671:Souvanna Phouma 1655:Kingdom of Laos 1631: 1623:Main articles: 1621: 1582:Prince Sisavang 1535:Bolaven Plateau 1483:Black Flag Army 1475: 1465: 1457:Main articles: 1455: 1412:Sourigna Vongsa 1335: 1329: 1281: 1276: 1274:History of Laos 1270: 1220: 1198:La Francophonie 1106:, supported by 1088:Kingdom of Laos 1000:), is the only 927: 896: 895: 894: 883: 871: 870: 869: 863: 842: 823: 811: 790: 771: 755: 743: 732:7,749,595 ( 729: 712: 698: 677: 667:2 December 1975 664: 654:22 October 1953 651: 646: 633: 631:Unified Kingdom 620: 607: 594: 581: 560: 520: 505: 492: 486: 471: 436: 413: 374: 314: 304: 242:17.967; 102.600 241: 239: 235: 232: 227: 224: 222: 220: 219: 218: 212: 204: 203: 188: 187: 184: 177: 162: 146: 142: 134: 119: 113: 100: 99: 98: 93: 85: 84: 79: 66: 65: 49: 37: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14598: 14588: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14547: 14542: 14537: 14532: 14527: 14478: 14477: 14472: 14471: 14468: 14467: 14465: 14464: 14458: 14452: 14446: 14442:Also known as 14439: 14436: 14435: 14432: 14431: 14428: 14427: 14424: 14423: 14421: 14420: 14415: 14410: 14409: 14408: 14405:Banc du Geyser 14396: 14391: 14385: 14383: 14375: 14374: 14372: 14371: 14362: 14357: 14352: 14347: 14345:Crozet Islands 14342: 14334: 14328: 14314: 14313: 14311: 14310: 14304: 14302: 14292: 14291: 14281: 14280: 14277: 14276: 14273: 14272: 14270: 14269: 14263: 14261: 14253: 14252: 14250: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14223: 14221: 14213: 14212: 14210: 14209: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14183: 14181: 14169: 14168: 14158: 14157: 14150: 14149: 14142: 14135: 14127: 14121: 14117: 14116: 14113: 14112: 14109: 14108: 14106: 14105: 14100: 14094: 14091: 14090: 14088: 14087: 14082: 14081: 14080: 14069: 14067: 14063: 14062: 14060: 14059: 14054: 14052:Jabal al-Druze 14049: 14044: 14039: 14038: 14037: 14032: 14025:State of Syria 14021: 14019: 14011: 14010: 14008: 14007: 14002: 14001: 14000: 13995: 13990: 13982: 13977: 13971: 13969: 13963: 13962: 13960: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13923: 13921: 13915: 13914: 13906: 13905: 13898: 13891: 13883: 13876: 13875: 13872: 13871: 13869: 13868: 13863: 13857: 13854: 13853: 13851: 13850: 13845: 13840: 13834: 13832: 13826: 13825: 13823: 13822: 13820:Virgin Islands 13817: 13812: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13796: 13795: 13784:Saint-Domingue 13781: 13779:The Grenadines 13776: 13771: 13765: 13763: 13757: 13756: 13754: 13753: 13748: 13746:French Florida 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13722: 13720: 13714: 13713: 13703: 13702: 13695: 13688: 13680: 13673: 13672: 13669: 13668: 13666: 13665: 13663:Isle de France 13660: 13655: 13649: 13646: 13645: 13643: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13626: 13624: 13618: 13617: 13615: 13614: 13609: 13604: 13599: 13594: 13588: 13586: 13580: 13579: 13577: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13555: 13554: 13544: 13539: 13538: 13537: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13512: 13506: 13504: 13498: 13497: 13495: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13478: 13476: 13470: 13469: 13461: 13460: 13453: 13446: 13438: 13428: 13424: 13423: 13416: 13415: 13408: 13401: 13393: 13384: 13383: 13381: 13380: 13369: 13366: 13365: 13363: 13362: 13357: 13351: 13349: 13345: 13344: 13342: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13300: 13298: 13294: 13293: 13291: 13290: 13285: 13280: 13274: 13272: 13268: 13267: 13264: 13263: 13261: 13260: 13254: 13252: 13248: 13247: 13245: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13152:Czech Republic 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13128: 13126: 13122: 13121: 13119: 13118: 13113: 13108: 13103: 13098: 13092: 13090: 13086: 13085: 13083: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13066: 13064: 13060: 13059: 13057: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12795: 12793: 12786: 12780: 12779: 12772: 12771: 12764: 12757: 12749: 12740: 12739: 12736: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12644: 12643: 12640: 12639: 12637: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12545: 12542: 12541: 12533: 12532: 12525: 12518: 12510: 12501: 12500: 12498: 12497: 12496: 12495: 12490: 12485: 12480: 12475: 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12442: 12437: 12432: 12425: 12419: 12417: 12413: 12412: 12409: 12408: 12406: 12405: 12400: 12399: 12398: 12387: 12385: 12381: 12380: 12378: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12361: 12355: 12351: 12350: 12348: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12306: 12304: 12300: 12299: 12297: 12296: 12291: 12290: 12289: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12258: 12256: 12250: 12249: 12246: 12245: 12243: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12226: 12224: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12200: 12199: 12188: 12186: 12179: 12175: 12174: 12171: 12170: 12168: 12167: 12166: 12165: 12155: 12154: 12153: 12142: 12140: 12134: 12133: 12131: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12079: 12077: 12070: 12064: 12063: 12060: 12059: 12057: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12035: 12033: 12029: 12028: 12026: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11989: 11983: 11979: 11978: 11971: 11970: 11963: 11956: 11948: 11939: 11938: 11933: 11930: 11929: 11926: 11925: 11922: 11921: 11919: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11881:Hungary (1919) 11878: 11873: 11868: 11867: 11866: 11861: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11827: 11826: 11821: 11813: 11808: 11803: 11797: 11795: 11788: 11787: 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11756: 11755: 11750: 11748:Czech Republic 11743:Czechoslovakia 11740: 11735: 11729: 11727: 11723: 11722: 11719: 11718: 11716: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11683:Inner Mongolia 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11663:East Turkestan 11660: 11654: 11652: 11645: 11644: 11643: 11642: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11591: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11572: 11567: 11561: 11559: 11555: 11554: 11552: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11530: 11528: 11524: 11523: 11521: 11520: 11515: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11484: 11483: 11478: 11470: 11465: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11444: 11442: 11435: 11427: 11426: 11424: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11362: 11360: 11356: 11355: 11353: 11352: 11347: 11345:United Kingdom 11341: 11339: 11335: 11334: 11332: 11331: 11326: 11325: 11324: 11316: 11315: 11314: 11304: 11302:United Kingdom 11299: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11264: 11259: 11254: 11249: 11244: 11239: 11238: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11226: 11225: 11212: 11207: 11206: 11205: 11195: 11190: 11189: 11188: 11178: 11172: 11170: 11166: 11165: 11157: 11156: 11149: 11142: 11134: 11125: 11124: 11122: 11121: 11109: 11095: 11094: 11091: 11087: 11086: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11079: 11074: 11068: 11066: 11059: 11056: 11055: 11052: 11051: 11049: 11048: 11038: 11031: 11029: 11028:United Kingdom 11025: 11024: 11022: 11021: 11015: 11013: 11009: 11008: 11006: 11005: 11000: 10994: 10992: 10985: 10978: 10975: 10974: 10972: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10945: 10943: 10936: 10933: 10932: 10925: 10923: 10921: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10674: 10672: 10666: 10665: 10654: 10653: 10646: 10639: 10631: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10618: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10562: 10560: 10554: 10553: 10550:Southeast Asia 10545: 10544: 10537: 10530: 10522: 10516: 10513: 10512: 10500: 10499: 10497: 10496: 10491: 10484: 10483: 10476: 10468: 10467: 10464: 10463: 10460: 10459: 10457: 10456: 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10405: 10403: 10397: 10396: 10394: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10367: 10366: 10365:hybrid variant 10353: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10322: 10316: 10310: 10309: 10306: 10305: 10303: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10280:Stock exchange 10277: 10272: 10267: 10259: 10254: 10248: 10242: 10236: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10228: 10226:Prime Minister 10223: 10221:Vice President 10218: 10213: 10208: 10207: 10206: 10196: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10180: 10179: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10143: 10137: 10131: 10130: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10072: 10066: 10060: 10059: 10052: 10050: 10048: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 10000:Indochina Wars 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9955:Luang Phrabang 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9921: 9919: 9913: 9912: 9901: 9900: 9893: 9886: 9878: 9872: 9871: 9864: 9863:External links 9861: 9858: 9857: 9846:FIBA LiveStats 9838: 9806: 9776: 9745: 9717: 9694: 9676: 9644: 9604: 9578: 9548: 9531:visit-laos.com 9518: 9488: 9455: 9422: 9391: 9365: 9334: 9312: 9285: 9254: 9219: 9206: 9195:on 2 July 2007 9174: 9144: 9135:|website= 9105: 9077: 9047: 9036:on 7 July 2010 9014: 8992: 8962: 8936: 8909:(4): 379–389. 8893: 8867: 8841: 8818: 8787: 8758: 8725: 8695: 8686: 8656: 8620: 8579: 8553: 8527: 8508: 8497:on 11 May 2011 8482: 8456: 8424: 8395:Alston, Philip 8386: 8363: 8324: 8287: 8276:on 15 May 2011 8255: 8242: 8209: 8177: 8160: 8148: 8135: 8123: 8100: 8069: 8039: 8006: 7976: 7946: 7916: 7886: 7855: 7825: 7789: 7759: 7727: 7701: 7669: 7650: 7620: 7589: 7559: 7544: 7512: 7494: 7472: 7450: 7407: 7382: 7364: 7334: 7316: 7290: 7275: 7260: 7238: 7194: 7169: 7162: 7144: 7127: 7112: 7103: 7070: 7040: 7010: 6973: 6943: 6917: 6891: 6861: 6830: 6803: 6773: 6743: 6714: 6678: 6648: 6622: 6557: 6536: 6506: 6476: 6457: 6434: 6405: 6375: 6349: 6323: 6271: 6241: 6208: 6174: 6157:"Laos profile" 6133: 6090: 6065: 6052: 6015: 5985: 5955: 5948: 5922: 5909: 5882: 5867: 5852: 5842:, ed. (2013). 5831: 5795: 5780: 5762: 5737: 5717: 5691: 5661: 5654: 5642:Coedès, George 5633: 5610: 5579: 5544: 5477: 5458: 5438: 5408: 5378: 5348: 5317: 5283: 5248: 5222: 5192: 5177:. March 2018. 5162: 5132: 5101: 5094: 5073: 5051: 5040: 5029: 5003: 4973: 4958:. World Bank. 4947: 4910: 4872: 4833: 4793: 4761: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4677: 4673:[láːw] 4545: 4516: 4507: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4484:Energy in Laos 4481: 4476: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4450: 4436: 4420: 4417: 4411:where it beat 4374:FIFA World Cup 4350:and Cambodian 4321: 4318: 4305: 4302: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4215: 4212: 4192:Dearest Sister 4187:Fantastic Fest 4169:At the Horizon 4130:Cinema of Laos 4128:Main article: 4125: 4122: 4040:An example of 4004:Main article: 4001: 3998: 3954:Main article: 3951: 3948: 3926:Health in Laos 3924:Main article: 3921: 3918: 3887:Main article: 3884: 3881: 3812: 3809: 3791:, and several 3722: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3679: 3678: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3657: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3621: 3616: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3570: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3553: 3552: 3531: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3515: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3448: 3435:Main article: 3432: 3429: 3413:Main article: 3410: 3407: 3288: 3287:Transportation 3285: 3283:destinations. 3273:water festival 3235:Main article: 3232: 3229: 3093:Main article: 3090: 3087: 3016:Main article: 3013: 3010: 2998:George W. Bush 2990:European Union 2947:US Senate 2865: 2864:Hmong conflict 2862: 2834:Main article: 2831: 2828: 2733:Main article: 2730: 2727: 2703:and 61-member 2694:Prime Minister 2680:. He has been 2671:supreme leader 2636:prime minister 2629: 2622: 2621: 2605: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2534: 2531: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2495: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2479: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2395: 2390: 2386: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2353: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2301: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2131: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2101: 2052:Main article: 2049: 2046: 2041:Main article: 2038: 2035: 2017: 2014: 1983:Thai highlands 1975:Annamite Range 1951:Southeast Asia 1918:Main article: 1915: 1912: 1659:Royal Lao Army 1620: 1617: 1558:Imperial Japan 1513:Laos produced 1454: 1451: 1410:In 1637, when 1331:Main article: 1328: 1325: 1288:Pha That Luang 1280: 1277: 1272:Main article: 1269: 1266: 1219: 1216: 1182:United Nations 1049:Southeast Asia 1006:Southeast Asia 985: 984: 979: 973: 972: 967: 961: 960: 955: 949: 948: 945: 939: 938: 925: 921: 920: 910: 906: 905: 886: 876: 875: 866: 856: 855: 843: 840: 837: 836: 824: 821: 818: 817: 814: 804: 803: 791: 788: 785: 784: 772: 769: 766: 765: 762: 748: 747: 744: 742:• Density 741: 738: 737: 730: 727: 724: 723: 717: 716: 713: 710: 707: 706: 699: 696: 693: 692: 686: 685: 682: 681: 680:14 August 1991 678: 672: 669: 668: 665: 659: 656: 655: 652: 641: 638: 637: 634: 628: 625: 624: 621: 615: 612: 611: 608: 602: 599: 598: 595: 589: 586: 585: 582: 568: 565: 564: 561: 555: 552: 551: 548: 547: 541: 540: 535: 531: 530: 527: 526: 521: 515: 512: 511: 506: 503:Prime Minister 500: 497: 496: 487: 484:Vice President 481: 478: 477: 472: 462: 459: 458: 455: 454: 444: 438: 437: 435: 434: 429: 423: 421: 415: 414: 412: 411: 401: 395: 389: 382: 380: 376: 375: 373: 372: 369: 363: 357: 351: 348: 342: 336: 330: 324: 317: 315: 312: 306: 305: 303: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 266: 264: 260: 259: 254: 250: 249: 213: 210: 206: 205: 190: 189: 178: 168: 167: 164: 163: 144: 122: 121: 102: 101: 94: 87: 86: 80: 73: 72: 71: 68: 67: 64: 63: 56: 39: 38: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14597: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14526: 14523: 14522: 14520: 14513: 14510: 14463: 14459: 14457: 14453: 14451: 14447: 14445: 14441: 14440: 14437: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14407: 14406: 14402: 14401: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14394:Europa Island 14392: 14390: 14387: 14386: 14384: 14382: 14376: 14370: 14366: 14363: 14361: 14358: 14356: 14353: 14351: 14348: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14340: 14336: 14335: 14332: 14329: 14326: 14319: 14315: 14309: 14306: 14305: 14303: 14301: 14297: 14293: 14286: 14282: 14268: 14267:New Caledonia 14265: 14264: 14262: 14258: 14254: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14224: 14222: 14220: 14214: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14187:French Guiana 14185: 14184: 14182: 14180: 14174: 14170: 14163: 14159: 14155: 14148: 14143: 14141: 14136: 14134: 14129: 14128: 14125: 14122: 14118: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14095: 14092: 14086: 14083: 14079: 14076: 14075: 14074: 14071: 14070: 14068: 14064: 14058: 14055: 14053: 14050: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14042:Alawite State 14040: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14027: 14026: 14023: 14022: 14020: 14018: 14012: 14006: 14003: 13999: 13996: 13994: 13991: 13989: 13986: 13985: 13983: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13972: 13970: 13968: 13964: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13924: 13922: 13920: 13916: 13911: 13904: 13899: 13897: 13892: 13890: 13885: 13884: 13881: 13877: 13867: 13864: 13862: 13859: 13858: 13855: 13849: 13846: 13844: 13841: 13839: 13836: 13835: 13833: 13831: 13827: 13821: 13818: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13810:Saint Vincent 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13794: 13790: 13787: 13786: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13770: 13767: 13766: 13764: 13762: 13758: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13723: 13721: 13719: 13715: 13711: 13708: 13701: 13696: 13694: 13689: 13687: 13682: 13681: 13678: 13674: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13650: 13647: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13635:Grande Comore 13633: 13631: 13628: 13627: 13625: 13623: 13619: 13613: 13610: 13608: 13605: 13603: 13600: 13598: 13595: 13593: 13590: 13589: 13587: 13585: 13581: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13553: 13552:Four Communes 13550: 13549: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13536: 13535:Arguin Island 13533: 13532: 13531: 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13510:Côte d'Ivoire 13508: 13507: 13505: 13503: 13499: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13479: 13477: 13475: 13471: 13466: 13459: 13454: 13452: 13447: 13445: 13440: 13439: 13436: 13432: 13429: 13425: 13421: 13414: 13409: 13407: 13402: 13400: 13395: 13394: 13391: 13379: 13371: 13370: 13367: 13361: 13358: 13356: 13353: 13352: 13350: 13346: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13301: 13299: 13295: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13275: 13273: 13269: 13259: 13256: 13255: 13253: 13249: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13129: 13127: 13123: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13093: 13091: 13087: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13075:New Brunswick 13073: 13071: 13068: 13067: 13065: 13061: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12935: 12932: 12930: 12927: 12925: 12924:Guinea-Bissau 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12796: 12794: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12781: 12777: 12770: 12765: 12763: 12758: 12756: 12751: 12750: 12747: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12728:United States 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12645: 12641: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12546: 12543: 12538: 12531: 12526: 12524: 12519: 12517: 12512: 12511: 12508: 12494: 12493:Universities 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12445: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12436: 12433: 12430: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12420: 12418: 12414: 12404: 12401: 12397: 12394: 12393: 12392: 12389: 12388: 12386: 12382: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12362: 12359: 12356: 12352: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12307: 12305: 12301: 12295: 12292: 12288: 12285: 12284: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12255: 12251: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12227: 12225: 12221: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12198: 12195: 12194: 12193: 12190: 12189: 12187: 12183: 12180: 12176: 12164: 12161: 12160: 12159: 12156: 12152: 12149: 12148: 12147: 12144: 12143: 12141: 12139: 12135: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12080: 12078: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12065: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12036: 12034: 12030: 12024: 12023:Visa policies 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12008:Organisations 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11998:Customs union 11996: 11994: 11991: 11990: 11987: 11984: 11980: 11976: 11969: 11964: 11962: 11957: 11955: 11950: 11949: 11946: 11936: 11931: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11856: 11854: 11852: 11851:Crimea (1919) 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11816: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11798: 11796: 11792: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11745: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11730: 11728: 11724: 11714: 11713:South Vietnam 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11649: 11641: 11640:North Vietnam 11638: 11637: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11575: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11562: 11560: 11556: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11531: 11529: 11525: 11519: 11516: 11514: 11511: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11445: 11443: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11428: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11364: 11363: 11361: 11357: 11351: 11350:United States 11348: 11346: 11343: 11342: 11340: 11336: 11330: 11327: 11323: 11320: 11319: 11317: 11313: 11310: 11309: 11308: 11307:United States 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11253: 11250: 11248: 11245: 11243: 11240: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11224: 11221: 11220: 11219: 11216: 11215: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11204: 11201: 11200: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11187: 11186:New Australia 11184: 11183: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11173: 11171: 11167: 11162: 11155: 11150: 11148: 11143: 11141: 11136: 11135: 11132: 11120: 11119: 11114: 11110: 11108: 11107: 11098: 11097: 11092: 11089: 11088: 11084: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11057: 11046: 11042: 11039: 11036: 11033: 11032: 11030: 11026: 11020: 11017: 11016: 11014: 11010: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10995: 10993: 10989: 10986: 10983: 10976: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10964:South Ossetia 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10946: 10944: 10941: 10934: 10929: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10861: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10789: 10786: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10696: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10675: 10673: 10671: 10667: 10663: 10659: 10652: 10647: 10645: 10640: 10638: 10633: 10632: 10629: 10617: 10614: 10612: 10609: 10607: 10604: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10563: 10561: 10559: 10555: 10551: 10543: 10538: 10536: 10531: 10529: 10524: 10523: 10520: 10514: 10507: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10486: 10481: 10477: 10474: 10470: 10469: 10465: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10419:Dramatic arts 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10406: 10404: 10402: 10398: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10364: 10361: 10357: 10354: 10352: 10349: 10348: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10341:Ethnic groups 10339: 10337: 10334: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10323: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10311: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10260: 10258: 10255: 10253: 10250: 10249: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10237: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10205: 10202: 10201: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10144: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10132: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10081:Deforestation 10079: 10077: 10074: 10073: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10061: 10056: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9918: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9899: 9894: 9892: 9887: 9885: 9880: 9879: 9876: 9870: 9867: 9866: 9854: 9850: 9847: 9842: 9826: 9822: 9821: 9816: 9810: 9794: 9790: 9789:laoleague.com 9786: 9780: 9764: 9760: 9756: 9749: 9733: 9729: 9728: 9721: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9698: 9690: 9686: 9680: 9661: 9654: 9648: 9640: 9634: 9618: 9614: 9608: 9592: 9589:. State.gov. 9588: 9582: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9552: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9522: 9506: 9502: 9498: 9492: 9476: 9472: 9471: 9466: 9459: 9443: 9439: 9438: 9433: 9426: 9410: 9406: 9405:ScreenAnarchy 9402: 9395: 9379: 9375: 9369: 9353: 9349: 9345: 9338: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9316: 9301: 9297: 9296: 9289: 9273: 9269: 9265: 9258: 9242: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9223: 9216: 9210: 9191: 9184: 9178: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9148: 9140: 9128: 9112: 9108: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9089: 9081: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9065: 9061: 9058: 9051: 9035: 9031: 9025: 9023: 9021: 9019: 9011: 9007: 9004: 8999: 8997: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8966: 8950: 8946: 8940: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8897: 8881: 8877: 8871: 8855: 8851: 8845: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8827: 8822: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8796: 8791: 8775: 8771: 8765: 8763: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8732: 8730: 8713: 8706: 8699: 8690: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8673: 8667: 8665: 8663: 8661: 8641: 8637: 8636:worldbank.org 8630: 8624: 8605: 8598: 8597: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8567: 8563: 8557: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8524: 8520: 8517: 8512: 8496: 8492: 8486: 8470: 8466: 8460: 8441: 8434: 8428: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8390: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8372: 8367: 8348: 8344: 8341: 8334: 8328: 8319: 8318:11250/2734506 8314: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8291: 8272: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8246: 8227: 8220: 8213: 8194: 8187: 8181: 8174: 8170: 8164: 8157: 8152: 8145: 8139: 8133: 8127: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8109: 8104: 8088: 8084: 8080: 8073: 8057: 8053: 8049: 8043: 8027: 8023: 8022: 8017: 8010: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7980: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7950: 7934: 7930: 7926: 7920: 7904: 7900: 7896: 7890: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7859: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7829: 7810: 7806: 7799: 7793: 7777: 7773: 7766: 7764: 7744: 7737: 7731: 7715: 7711: 7705: 7686: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7663: 7660: 7654: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7624: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7593: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7563: 7555: 7548: 7532: 7528: 7527: 7522: 7516: 7508: 7504: 7498: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7476: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7454: 7446: 7440: 7424: 7420: 7414: 7412: 7400: 7393: 7386: 7378: 7374: 7368: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7330: 7326: 7320: 7304: 7300: 7294: 7286: 7279: 7271: 7264: 7248: 7242: 7234: 7228: 7212: 7208: 7201: 7199: 7182: 7179: 7173: 7165: 7159: 7155: 7148: 7140: 7139: 7131: 7123: 7116: 7107: 7091: 7087: 7083: 7077: 7075: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7044: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7014: 6995: 6991: 6984: 6977: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6947: 6932: 6928: 6921: 6905: 6901: 6895: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6865: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6834: 6818: 6814: 6807: 6792:on 7 May 2019 6791: 6787: 6783: 6777: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6747: 6731: 6727: 6721: 6719: 6699: 6695: 6688: 6682: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6652: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6618: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6561: 6553: 6549: 6548:"Nsc Lao Pdr" 6543: 6541: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6510: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6480: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6461: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6445: 6438: 6432: 6431:0-8444-0832-8 6428: 6424: 6423: 6419: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6379: 6372: 6368: 6367: 6363: 6360: 6353: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6318: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6287: 6282: 6275: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6250:"Disarmament" 6245: 6229: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6212: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6162: 6158: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6079: 6072: 6070: 6062: 6056: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6026: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6003: 5999: 5996: 5989: 5973: 5969: 5968:Lonely Planet 5965: 5959: 5951: 5945: 5941: 5936: 5935: 5926: 5919: 5916:Carine Hahn, 5913: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5880: 5876: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5849: 5845: 5841: 5835: 5827: 5821: 5805: 5799: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5777: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5755: 5754:9781136863370 5751: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5734:9781136863370 5731: 5727: 5721: 5705: 5701: 5695: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5665: 5657: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5637: 5630: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5614: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5481: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5442: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5321: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5288: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5196: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5105: 5097: 5095:974-8434-33-8 5091: 5087: 5080: 5078: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5044: 5038: 5033: 5017: 5013: 5007: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4908: 4895: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4879: 4877: 4857: 4853: 4846: 4840: 4838: 4830: 4814: 4810: 4803: 4797: 4778: 4771: 4765: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4735: 4731: 4716: 4710: 4705: 4701: 4686: 4681: 4674: 4670: 4662: 4658: 4657: 4639: 4575: 4568: 4549: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4520: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4495: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4474:Laos Memorial 4472: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4462: 4451: 4448: 4442: 4437: 4434: 4423: 4416: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4397: 4395: 4394:Lao Army F.C. 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4378:AFC Asian Cup 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4301: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4281: 4280: 4279:Le Rénovateur 4275: 4274: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4219: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4161: 4155: 4153: 4149: 4148: 4143: 4142: 4137: 4131: 4121: 4119: 4118: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4077: 4067: 4062: 4056: 4055: 4049: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4032:Music of Laos 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4007: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3957: 3947: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3899:Luang Prabang 3895: 3890: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3793:Tibeto-Burman 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3750:Austroasiatic 3747: 3743: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3674: 3671: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3620: 3619:Luang Prabang 3617: 3615: 3614:Luang Prabang 3612: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3406: 3404: 3403: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3303: 3298: 3294: 3284: 3282: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3261:Luang Prabang 3258: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3228: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3101: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3080: 3079:ethnic groups 3076: 3072: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3036: 3032: 3030: 3025: 3024:The Economist 3019: 3009: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2960: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2939:Michael Johns 2936: 2935: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2913: 2909: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2897:US government 2894: 2891:In 1989, the 2889: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2861: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2749:Narendra Modi 2746: 2741: 2736: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2713: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2637: 2632: 2626: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2602: 2592: 2588: 2571: 2565: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2380: 2377: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2298:Luang Prabang 2296: 2294: 2293:Luang Prabang 2291: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2139: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2105: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2044: 2034: 2031: 2022: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1940: 1934: 1933:Luang Prabang 1930: 1926: 1921: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1878:United States 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1851:United States 1848: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1805:In 1975, the 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1764:South Vietnam 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752:United States 1749: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1733: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1722:South Vietnam 1719: 1718:North Vietnam 1715: 1711: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1644: 1640: 1639:General Salan 1635: 1630: 1626: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1578:Allied forces 1575: 1571: 1570:Sisavang Vong 1567: 1566:Luang Prabang 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1527:Luang Prabang 1524: 1521:, and 62% of 1520: 1516: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1450: 1448: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1431:Chao Anouvong 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1417:Luang Prabang 1413: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1397:Setthathirath 1394: 1393:Luang Prabang 1390: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1324: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1275: 1265: 1257: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1120:United States 1117: 1113: 1109: 1108:North Vietnam 1105: 1101: 1097: 1096:Sisavang Vong 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1024:to the east, 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 983: 980: 978: 974: 971: 968: 966: 965:ISO 3166 code 962: 959: 956: 954: 950: 946: 944: 940: 936: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 911: 907: 903: 887: 881: 877: 867: 861: 857: 853: 850:$ 1,878 ( 844: 838: 834: 825: 819: 815: 809: 805: 801: 798:$ 9,787 ( 792: 786: 782: 773: 767: 763: 759: 753: 749: 745: 739: 735: 731: 725: 722: 718: 714: 708: 704: 700: 694: 691: 687: 683: 679: 676: 670: 666: 663: 657: 653: 650: 645: 639: 635: 632: 626: 622: 619: 613: 609: 606: 600: 596: 593: 587: 583: 580: 576: 572: 571:Luang Prabang 566: 562: 559: 553: 549: 546: 542: 539: 536: 532: 528: 525: 522: 519: 513: 510: 507: 504: 498: 495: 494:Pany Yathotou 491: 488: 485: 479: 476: 473: 470: 466: 460: 456: 453: 449: 445: 443: 439: 433: 430: 428: 425: 424: 422: 420: 416: 410: 406: 402: 400: 396: 394: 390: 388: 384: 383: 381: 377: 370: 368: 364: 362: 358: 356: 352: 349: 347: 343: 341: 337: 335: 331: 329: 325: 323: 319: 318: 316: 311: 307: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 267: 265: 261: 258: 255: 251: 246: 217: 214: 207: 202: 200: 196: 182: 172: 165: 140: 139: 138:Pheng Xat Lao 127: 123: 117: 107: 103: 97: 91: 83: 77: 69: 61: 57: 53: 41: 40: 33: 30: 26: 22: 14482: 14403: 14337: 14237:Saint Martin 14073:New Hebrides 13927:Chandernagor 13919:French India 13751:French Texas 13607:Ubangi-Shari 13602:Middle Congo 13569:James Island 13474:North Africa 13271:Organization 12938: 12829:Burkina Faso 12682: 12458:Minimum wage 12435:EU relations 12391:Human Rights 12272:School Games 12192:ASEAN Summit 12097: 11811:Baranya–Baja 11780:Soviet Union 11760:East Germany 11609: 11458:Burkina Faso 11116: 11104: 11019:Kastellorizo 10898:Turkmenistan 10863:Saudi Arabia 10802: 10585: 10376:Prostitution 10331:Demographics 10295:Trade unions 10257:Central bank 10172:Human rights 10152:Constitution 9904: 9841: 9829:. Retrieved 9818: 9809: 9797:. Retrieved 9788: 9785:"Lao League" 9779: 9767:. Retrieved 9758: 9748: 9736:. Retrieved 9726: 9720: 9712:the original 9707: 9697: 9689:the original 9679: 9667:. Retrieved 9647: 9621:. Retrieved 9616: 9607: 9595:. Retrieved 9581: 9569:. Retrieved 9560: 9551: 9539:. Retrieved 9530: 9521: 9509:. Retrieved 9500: 9491: 9479:. Retrieved 9468: 9458: 9446:. Retrieved 9435: 9425: 9413:. Retrieved 9404: 9394: 9382:. Retrieved 9368: 9356:. Retrieved 9347: 9337: 9329:the original 9324: 9315: 9304:, retrieved 9294: 9288: 9276:. Retrieved 9267: 9257: 9245:. Retrieved 9236: 9232: 9222: 9214: 9209: 9197:. Retrieved 9190:the original 9177: 9165:. Retrieved 9161:the original 9156: 9147: 9115:. Retrieved 9087: 9080: 9055: 9050: 9038:. Retrieved 9034:the original 8983:. Retrieved 8979:the original 8965: 8953:. Retrieved 8939: 8906: 8902: 8896: 8884:. Retrieved 8880:the original 8870: 8860:23 September 8858:. Retrieved 8854:the original 8844: 8836: 8821: 8805: 8790: 8778:. 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