Buddhism - Knowledge

6433: 5200: 5560: 5423:(non-harming), the Buddha's ethics strongly condemn the harming of all sentient beings, including all animals. He thus condemned the animal sacrifice of the Brahmins as well hunting, and killing animals for food. However, early Buddhist texts depict the Buddha as allowing monastics to eat meat. This seems to be because monastics begged for their food and thus were supposed to accept whatever food was offered to them. This was tempered by the rule that meat had to be "three times clean": "they had not seen, had not heard, and had no reason to suspect that the animal had been killed so that the meat could be given to them". Also, while the Buddha did not explicitly promote vegetarianism in his discourses, he did state that gaining one's livelihood from the meat trade was unethical. In contrast to this, various Mahayana sutras and texts like the 5451: 8520:. p. 33. Bauddha is "a secondary derivative of buddha, in which the vowel's lengthening indicates connection or relation. Things that are bauddha pertain to the buddha, just as things Saiva related to Siva and things Vaisnava belong to Visnu. ... baudda can be both adjectival and nominal; it can be used for doctrines spoken by the buddha, objects enjoyed by him, texts attributed to him, as well as individuals, communities, and societies that offer him reverence or accept ideologies certified through his name. Strictly speaking, Sakya is preferable to bauddha since the latter is not attested at Ajanta. In fact, as a collective noun, bauddha is an outsider's term. The bauddha did not call themselves this in India, though they did sometimes use the word adjectivally (e.g., as a possessive, the buddha's)." 6042: 3801: 2723: 3052: 6002: 4316: 2239: 6158: 6444: 17041:, pp. 362–379: "From Olcott's catechism grew the tradition of Buddhist ambivalence (if not outright hostility) toward the concept of religion, but his catechism had a religious origin in Olcott's own liberal Protestant Christian background. He took his challenge to be one of purifying Buddhism by returning to the fundamental teaching of the founder as recorded in its authoritative scriptures. The teaching he found in these texts had much in common with the liberal Protestantism of the late nineteenth century. It was opposed to 'superstitious' practices, suspicious of miracles and the supernatural, and respectful of the canons of reason." 5708: 12783: 2116: 3763:) beings. Mahāyāna Buddhism holds that these other Buddhas in other realms can be contacted and are able to benefit beings in this world. In Mahāyāna, a Buddha is a kind of "spiritual king", a "protector of all creatures" with a lifetime that is countless of eons long, rather than just a human teacher who has transcended the world after death. Shakyamuni's life and death on earth is then usually understood as a "mere appearance" or "a manifestation skilfully projected into earthly life by a long-enlightened transcendent being, who is still available to teach the faithful through visionary experiences". 6022: 7239:, give different accounts about the life of the Buddha; many include stories of his many rebirths, and some add significant embellishments. Keown and Prebish state, "In the past, modern scholars have generally accepted 486 or 483 BCE for this , but the consensus is now that they rest on evidence which is too flimsy. Scholars are hesitant to make unqualified claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life. Most accept that he lived, taught and founded a monastic order, but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies." 4668: 35: 14390: 1282: 2886: 1916: 1760:. However, these texts were revised over time, and it is unclear what constitutes the earliest layer of Buddhist teachings. One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest extant versions of the Theravadin Pāli Canon and other texts. The reliability of the early sources, and the possibility to draw out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute. According to Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies. 4622: 4443: 1264: 6031: 11342: 6688: 1689: 3185:) nor any other 'transcendent creative principle'. However, Buddhist thought does not understand causality in terms of Newtonian mechanics; rather it understands it as conditioned arising. In Buddhism, dependent arising refers to conditions created by a plurality of causes that necessarily co-originate a phenomenon within and across lifetimes, such as karma in one life creating conditions that lead to rebirth in one of the realms of existence for another lifetime. 6011: 79: 17053:, pp. 30–31: "What was practice in 19th and early 20th century Asia was often considered aberrational, a perversion of what was once a pure practice. The purity of this practice was supposedly lost once Buddhism changed into the religion it now was in Asia. The original dharma could be reconstructed if the teachings were liberated from the 'cultural' and 'local' Asian context In fact, our perception of Buddhism is still colored by these presuppositions." 7426:"The most important evidence – in fact the only evidence – for situating the emergence of the Mahayana around the beginning of the common era was not Indian evidence at all, but came from China. Already by the last quarter of the 2nd century CE, there was a small, seemingly idiosyncratic collection of substantial Mahayana sutras translated into what Erik Zürcher calls 'broken Chinese' by an Indoscythian, whose Indian name has been reconstructed as Lokaksema." 28572: 23308: 2017: 5874: 9183:; Quote: "But the Upanishadic ultimate meaning of the Vedas, was, from the viewpoint of the Vedic canon in general, clearly a new idea.."; p. 95: The Upanishads in particular were part of the Vedic corpus (...) When these various new ideas were brought together and edited, they were added on to the already existing Vedic..."; p. 294: "When early Jainism came into existence, various ideas mentioned in the extant older Upanishads were current,....". 23319: 7020: 28582: 6296: 2802: 5405:

trees. Public group chanting for devotional and ceremonial is common to all Buddhist traditions and goes back to ancient India where chanting aided in the memorization of the orally transmitted teachings. Rosaries called malas are used in all Buddhist traditions to count repeated chanting of common formulas or mantras. Chanting is thus a type of devotional group meditation which leads to tranquility and communicates the Buddhist teachings.

20717: 4860: 2384: 20704: 23607: 11351:, p. 58, Quote: "Buddhism shares with Hinduism the doctrine of Samsara, whereby all beings pass through an unceasing cycle of birth, death and rebirth until they find a means of liberation from the cycle. However, Buddhism differs from Hinduism in rejecting the assertion that every human being possesses a changeless soul which constitutes his or her ultimate identity, and which transmigrates from one incarnation to the next.. 11593:, Quote: "(...) anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps – the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering." 11201:, Quote: "(...) anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of five skandhas or heaps – the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering." 6707: 6270: 2497:. Johannes Bronkhorst states that the esoteric form was attractive because it allowed both a secluded monastic community as well as the social rites and rituals important to laypersons and to kings for the maintenance of a political state during succession and wars to resist invasion. During the Middle Ages, Buddhism slowly declined in India, while it vanished from Persia and Central Asia as Islam became the state religion. 7006: 660: 20694: 1855:. Scholars such as Bronkhorst also think that the four noble truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of "liberating insight". According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. 6051: 3885:("the doctrine of consciousness"). According to Mark Siderits, what classical Yogācāra thinkers like Vasubandhu had in mind is that we are only ever aware of mental images or impressions, which may appear as external objects, but "there is actually no such thing outside the mind". There are several interpretations of this main theory, many scholars see it as a type of Idealism, others as a kind of phenomenology. 12158:, Quote: "This general scheme remained basic to later Hinduism, to Jainism, and to Buddhism. Eternal salvation, to use the Christian term, is not conceived of as world without end; we have already got that, called samsara, the world of rebirth and redeath: that is the problem, not the solution. The ultimate aim is the timeless state of moksha, or as the Buddhists seem to have been the first to call it, nirvana." 23597: 3170:, also called "dependent arising, or dependent origination", is the Buddhist theory to explain the nature and relations of being, becoming, existence and ultimate reality. Buddhism asserts that there is nothing independent, except the state of nirvana. All physical and mental states depend on and arise from other pre-existing states, and in turn from them arise other dependent states while they cease. 3778:

practice. It is likened to a raft which is "for crossing over" (to nirvana) not for holding on to. It also refers to the universal law and cosmic order which that teaching both reveals and relies upon. It is an everlasting principle which applies to all beings and worlds. In that sense it is also the ultimate truth and reality about the universe, it is thus "the way that things really are".

5743:" to distinguish them from Mahāyāna sūtras. Mahāyāna traditions mainly see these different classes of texts as being designed for different types of persons, with different levels of spiritual understanding. The Mahāyāna sūtras are mainly seen as being for those of "greater" capacity. Mahāyāna also has a very large literature of philosophical and exegetical texts. These are often called 12609: 4557:"I undertake the training-precept to abstain from false speech." According to Harvey this includes "any form of lying, deception or exaggeration...even non-verbal deception by gesture or other indication...or misleading statements." The precept is often also seen as including other forms of wrong speech such as "divisive speech, harsh, abusive, angry words, and even idle chatter". 2175: 7614:, pp. 1–2); identifies "three broad traditions" as: (1) "The Theravāda tradition of Sri Lanka and South-East Asia, also sometimes referred to as 'southern' Buddhism"; (2) "The East Asian tradition of China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, also sometimes referred to as 'eastern' Buddhism"; and, (3) "The Tibetan tradition, also sometimes referred to as 'northern' Buddhism."; 4708:). Generally, renunciation is the giving up of actions and desires that are seen as unwholesome on the path, such as lust for sensuality and worldly things. Renunciation can be cultivated in different ways. The practice of giving for example, is one form of cultivating renunciation. Another one is the giving up of lay life and becoming a monastic ( 2323:. Sanderson has argued that Buddhist tantras can be shown to have borrowed practices, terms, rituals and more form Shaiva tantras. He argues that Buddhist texts even directly copied various Shaiva tantras, especially the Bhairava Vidyapitha tantras. Ronald M. Davidson meanwhile, argues that Sanderson's claims for direct influence from Shaiva 7358:

BC. It may be substantially the Buddhism of the Buddha himself, although this cannot be proved: at any rate it is a Buddhism presupposed by the schools as existing about a hundred years after the parinirvana of the Buddha, and there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone else than the Buddha and his immediate followers."

1847:, in his study of the Gandharan texts (which are the earliest manuscripts containing early discourses), has confirmed that their teachings are "consistent with non-Mahayana Buddhism, which survives today in the Theravada school of Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, but which in ancient times was represented by eighteen separate schools." 4560:"I undertake the training-precept to abstain from alcoholic drink or drugs that are an opportunity for heedlessness." According to Harvey, intoxication is seen as a way to mask rather than face the sufferings of life. It is seen as damaging to one's mental clarity, mindfulness and ability to keep the other four precepts. 18308:, volume I; NB in the online transcript a little text has been accidentally omitted: in section 4, between "... none of the other contributions in this section envisage a date before 420 B.C." and "to 350 B.C." insert "Akira Hirakawa defends the short chronology and Heinz Bechert himself sets a range from 400 B.C." 7640:

This is a contested number. Official numbers from the Chinese government are lower, while other surveys are higher. According to Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, in non-government surveys, "49 percent of self-claimed non-believers held some religious beliefs, such as believing in soul reincarnation, heaven,

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Exemplary studies are the study on descriptions of "liberating insight" by Lambert Schmithausen, the overview of early Buddhism by Tilmann Vetter, the philological work on the four truths by K.R. Norman, the textual studies by Richard Gombrich, and the research on early meditation methods by Johannes

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Buddhism has faced various challenges and changes during the colonisation of Buddhist states by Christian countries and its persecution under modern states. Like other religions, the findings of modern science have challenged its basic premises. One response to some of these challenges has come to be

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For monks, beg to feed, only possessing what is essential to sustain life. For lay Buddhists, the canonical texts state right livelihood as abstaining from wrong livelihood, explained as not becoming a source or means of suffering to sentient beings by cheating them, or harming or killing them in any

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exchange beliefs of the Hindu Vedic rituals. The "karma merit transfer" concept has been controversial, not accepted in later Jainism and Hinduism traditions, unlike Buddhism where it was adopted in ancient times and remains a common practice. According to Bruce Reichenbach, the "merit transfer" idea

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and non-Brahmanical ascetic groups shared and used several similar ideas, but the Śramaṇa traditions also drew upon already established Brahmanical concepts and philosophical roots, states Wiltshire, to formulate their own doctrines. Brahmanical motifs can be found in the oldest Buddhist texts, using

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According to A.K. Warder, in his 1970 publication "Indian Buddhism", from the oldest extant texts a common kernel can be drawn out. According to Warder, c.q. his publisher: "This kernel of doctrine is presumably common Buddhism of the period before the great schisms of the fourth and third centuries

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While some interpretations state that Buddhism may have originated as a social reform, other scholars state that it is incorrect and anachronistic to regard the Buddha as a social reformer. Buddha's concern was "to reform individuals, help them to leave society forever, not to reform the world... he

6352:. It was also during the 19th century that Asian Buddhist immigrants (mainly from China and Japan) began to arrive in Western countries such as the United States and Canada, bringing with them their Buddhist religion. This period also saw the first Westerners to formally convert to Buddhism, such as 5881:

The Theravada tradition traces its origins as the oldest tradition holding the Pali Canon as the only authority. The Mahayana tradition reveres the Canon but also derivative literature that developed in the 1st millennium CE; its roots are traceable to the 1st century BCE. The Vajrayana tradition is

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include ritual prayer, prostration, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting. Buddhist devotion is usually focused on some object, image or location that is seen as holy or spiritually influential. Examples of objects of devotion include paintings or statues of Buddhas and bodhisattvas, stupas, and bodhi

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was practised in the centuries preceding the Buddha, the meditative methodologies described in the Buddhist texts are some of the earliest among texts that have survived into the modern era. These methodologies likely incorporate what existed before the Buddha as well as those first developed within

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is also important in some Buddhist traditions, and in the Tibetan traditions visualisations of deities and mandalas are important. The value of textual study is regarded differently in the various Buddhist traditions. It is central to Theravada and highly important to Tibetan Buddhism, while the Zen

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Nirvana literally means "blowing out, quenching, becoming extinguished". In early Buddhist texts, it is the state of restraint and self-control that leads to the "blowing out" and the ending of the cycles of sufferings associated with rebirths and redeaths. Many later Buddhist texts describe nirvana

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have been problematic in the West. In contrast, states Christopher Gowans, for "most ordinary Buddhists, today as well as in the past, their basic moral orientation is governed by belief in karma and rebirth". Most Asian Buddhist laypersons, states Kevin Trainor, have historically pursued Buddhist

5862:. This classification is also used by some scholars and is the one ordinarily used in the English language. An alternative scheme used by some scholars divides Buddhism into the following three traditions or geographical or cultural areas: Theravāda (or "Southern Buddhism", "South Asian Buddhism"), 5207:

Some Buddhist traditions, especially those associated with Tantric Buddhism (also known as Vajrayana and Secret Mantra) use images and symbols of deities and Buddhas in meditation. This is generally done by mentally visualizing a Buddha image (or some other mental image, like a symbol, a mandala, a

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with its "become calm, subdued, quiet, patiently enduring, concentrated, one sees soul in oneself" is most probably a meditative state. The Buddhist discussion of meditation is without the concept of soul and the discussion criticises both the ascetic meditation of Jainism and the "real self, soul"

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suggest that 'all sentient beings contain a Tathagata' as their 'essence, core inner nature, Self'. According to Karl Brunnholzl "the earliest mahayana sutras that are based on and discuss the notion of tathāgatagarbha as the buddha potential that is innate in all sentient beings began to appear in

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In Buddhism, good or bad karma accumulates even if there is no physical action, and just having ill or good thoughts creates karmic seeds; thus, actions of body, speech or mind all lead to karmic seeds. In the Buddhist traditions, life aspects affected by the law of karma in past and current births

2990:. The existence of karma is a core belief in Buddhism, as with all major Indian religions, and it implies neither fatalism nor that everything that happens to a person is caused by karma. (Diseases and suffering induced by the disruptive actions of other people are examples of non-karma suffering.) 8486:

by Caroline Rhys Davids (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, 1931) p. 1. "Put away the word "Buddhism" and think of your subject as "Sakya." This will at once place you for your perspective at a true point. You are now concerned to learn less about 'Buddha' and 'Buddhism,' and more about him whom

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divide their book into two parts: Part One is entitled "The Buddhism of South Asia" (which pertains to Early Buddhism in India); and, Part Two is entitled "The Development of Buddhism Outside of India" with chapters on "The Buddhism of Southeast Asia", "Buddhism in the Tibetan Culture Area", "East

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launched the Navayana tradition – literally, "new vehicle". Ambedkar's Buddhism rejects the foundational doctrines and historic practices of traditional Theravada and Mahayana traditions, such as monk lifestyle after renunciation, karma, rebirth, samsara, meditation, nirvana, Four Noble Truths and

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Mahāyāna sees the arhat's nirvana as being imperfect and inferior or preliminary to full Buddhahood. It sees arhatship as selfish, since bodhisattvas vow to save all beings while arhats save only themselves. Theravāda meanwhile does not accept that the arhat's nirvana is an inferior or preliminary

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In Theravada Buddhism, a Buddha is someone who has become awake through their own efforts and insight. They have put an end to their cycle of rebirths and have ended all unwholesome mental states which lead to bad action and thus are morally perfected. While subject to the limitations of the human

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The nirvana state has been described in Buddhist texts partly in a manner similar to other Indian religions, as the state of complete liberation, enlightenment, highest happiness, bliss, fearlessness, freedom, permanence, non-dependent origination, unfathomable, and indescribable. It has also been

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Mahāyāna initially seems to have remained a small minority movement that was in tension with other Buddhist groups, struggling for wider acceptance. However, during the fifth and sixth centuries CE, there seems to have been a rapid growth of Mahāyāna Buddhism, which is shown by a large increase in

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There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, with a separate monastic code (Vinaya), but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Records written by Chinese monks visiting India indicate that both

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and the Buddhist institutions of these regions. The Kushans patronised Buddhism throughout their lands, and many Buddhist centres were built or renovated (the Sarvastivada school was particularly favored), especially by Emperor Kanishka (128–151 CE). Kushan support helped Buddhism to expand into a

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Although the term Four Noble Truths is well known in English, it is a misleading translation of the Pali term Chattari-ariya-saccani (Sanskrit: Chatvari-arya-satyani), because noble (Pali: ariya; Sanskrit: arya) refers not to the truths themselves but to those who recognize and understand them. A

9289:; Quote: "But he talks about the simultaneous emergence of a Vedic and a non-Vedic asceticism. (...) Thus, the challenge for old Vedic views consisted of a new theology, written down in the early Upanishads like the Brhadaranyaka and the Mundaka Upanishad. The new set of ideas contained the...." 7537:

These descriptions of nirvana in Buddhist texts, states Peter Harvey, are contested by scholars because nirvana in Buddhism is ultimately described as a state of "stopped consciousness (blown out), but one that is not non-existent", and "it seems impossible to imagine what awareness devoid of any

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state that the Buddha promoted vegetarianism out of compassion. Indian Mahayana thinkers like Shantideva promoted the avoidance of meat. Throughout history, the issue of whether Buddhists should be vegetarian has remained a much debated topic and there is a variety of opinions on this issue among

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However, some scholars argue that critical analysis reveals discrepancies among the various doctrines found in these early texts, which point to alternative possibilities for early Buddhism. The authenticity of certain teachings and doctrines have been questioned. For example, some scholars think

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J.W. De Jong: "It would be hypocritical to assert that nothing can be said about the doctrine of earliest Buddhism the basic ideas of Buddhism found in the canonical writings could very well have been proclaimed by him , transmitted and developed by his disciples and, finally, codified in fixed

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175. Olcott's approach to Buddhism and the terminology of Protestant Buddhism and "creolization" (Prothero) is extensively discussed in K.A. McMahan," 'Creolization' in American Religious History. The Metaphysical Nature of Henry Steel Olcott, PhD dissertation, unpublished manuscript (Ann Arbor

12651:, Quote: " that nothing in reality has its own-being and that all phenomena reduce to the relativities of pratitya samutpada. The Buddhist ontological hypothesese deny that there is any ontologically ultimate object such a God, Brahman, the Dao, or any transcendent creative source or principle." 6843:

is a widespread practice in some Buddhist societies. Buddhist monasteries have long existed alongside local shamanic traditions. Lacking an institutional orthodoxy, Buddhists adapted to the local cultures, blending their own traditions with pre-existing shamanic culture. Research into Himalayan

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The third "jewel" which Buddhists take refuge in is the "Sangha", which refers to the monastic community of monks and nuns who follow Gautama Buddha's monastic discipline which was "designed to shape the Sangha as an ideal community, with the optimum conditions for spiritual growth." The Sangha

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The earliest Buddhist biographies of the Buddha mention these Vedic-era teachers. Outside of these early Buddhist texts, these names do not appear, which has led some scholars to raise doubts about the historicity of these claims. According to Alexander Wynne, the evidence suggests that Buddha

4695:, sense restraint is when one "guards the sense doors in order to prevent sense impressions from leading to desires and discontent". This is not an avoidance of sense impression, but a kind of mindful attention towards the sense impressions which does not dwell on their main features or signs ( 3777:

The second of the three jewels is "Dharma" (Pali: Dhamma), which in Buddhism refers to the Buddha's teaching, which includes all of the main ideas outlined above. While this teaching reflects the true nature of reality, it is not a belief to be clung to, but a pragmatic teaching to be put into

5893:(literally "lesser or inferior vehicle") is sometimes used by Mahāyāna followers to name the family of early philosophical schools and traditions from which contemporary Theravāda emerged, but as the Hinayana term is considered derogatory, a variety of other terms are used instead, including: 2146:

The origins of Mahāyāna ("Great Vehicle") Buddhism are not well understood and there are various competing theories about how and where this movement arose. Theories include the idea that it began as various groups venerating certain texts or that it arose as a strict forest ascetic movement.

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Sanderson, Alexis. "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period." In: Genesis and Development of Tantrism, edited by Shingo Einoo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, pp. 23, 124,

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The ancient formula which is repeated for taking refuge affirms that "I go to the Buddha as refuge, I go to the Dhamma as refuge, I go to the Sangha as refuge." Reciting the three refuges, according to Harvey, is considered not as a place to hide, rather a thought that "purifies, uplifts and

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The Sangha is seen as important because they preserve and pass down Buddha Dharma. As Gethin states "the Sangha lives the teaching, preserves the teaching as Scriptures and teaches the wider community. Without the Sangha there is no Buddhism." The Sangha also acts as a "field of merit" for

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basket which were texts on detailed scholastic classification, summary and interpretation of the Suttas. The doctrine details in the Abhidharmas of various Buddhist schools differ significantly, and these were composed starting about the third century BCE and through the 1st millennium CE.

9220:. (...) The knowledge and attainment of the Highest Goal had been there from the Vedic times. But in the Upanishads inner awareness, aided by major intellectual breakthroughs, arrived at a language in which Highest Goal could be dealt with directly, independent of ritual and sacred lore". 7481:

entering this world. A layman hears his teachings, decides to leave the life of a householder, starts living according to the moral precepts, guards his sense-doors, practises mindfulness and the four jhanas, gains the three knowledges, understands the Four Noble Truths and destroys the

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comprises 1108 texts – all claimed to have been spoken by the Buddha – and another 3461 texts composed by Indian scholars revered in the Tibetan tradition. The Buddhist textual history is vast; over 40,000 manuscripts – mostly Buddhist, some

5516:, but like all major ancient Indian religions, there is no consensus among the different Buddhist traditions as to what constitutes the scriptures or a common canon in Buddhism. The general belief among Buddhists is that the canonical corpus is vast. This corpus includes the ancient 3033:

was generally absent in early Buddhism and may have emerged with the rise of Mahayana Buddhism; he adds that while major Hindu schools such as Yoga, Advaita Vedanta and others do not believe in merit transfer, some bhakti Hindu traditions later adopted the idea just like Buddhism.

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means "wandering" or "world", with the connotation of cyclic, circuitous change. It refers to the theory of rebirth and "cyclicality of all life, matter, existence", a fundamental assumption of Buddhism, as with all major Indian religions. Samsara in Buddhism is considered to be

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In the Generation Stage, one meditates on emptiness and visualizes oneself as a deity as well as visualizing its mandala. The focus is on developing clear appearance and divine pride (the understanding that oneself and the deity are one). This method is also known as deity yoga

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that karma was not central to the teaching of the historical Buddha, while other disagree with this position. Likewise, there is scholarly disagreement on whether insight was seen as liberating in early Buddhism or whether it was a later addition to the practice of the four

4544:) to abstain from onslaught on breathing beings." This includes ordering or causing someone else to kill. The Pali suttas also say one should not "approve of others killing" and that one should be "scrupulous, compassionate, trembling for the welfare of all living beings". 5208:

syllable, etc.), and using that image to cultivate calm and insight. One may also visualize and identify oneself with the imagined deity. While visualization practices have been particularly popular in Vajrayana, they may also found in Mahayana and Theravada traditions.

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Another related practice to renunciation and sense restraint taught by the Buddha is "restraint in eating" or moderation with food, which for monks generally means not eating after noon. Devout laypersons also follow this rule during special days of religious observance

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as the ultimate spiritual goal, in traditional practice, the primary focus of a vast majority of lay Buddhists has been to seek and accumulate merit through good deeds, donations to monks and various Buddhist rituals in order to gain better rebirths rather than nirvana.

8474:. p. 33. "Donors adopted Sakyamuni Buddha's family name to assert their legitimacy as his heirs, both institutionally and ideologically. To take the name of Sakya was to define oneself by one's affiliation with the buddha, somewhat like calling oneself a Buddhist today. 3622:(Sanskrit). It is the view that there is no unchanging, permanent self, soul or essence in phenomena. The Buddha and Buddhist philosophers who follow him such as Vasubandhu and Buddhaghosa, generally argue for this view by analyzing the person through the schema of the 6569:

Some of these movements have brought internal disputes and strife within regional Buddhist communities. For example, the Dhammakaya movement in Thailand teaches a "true self" doctrine, which traditional Theravada monks consider as heretically denying the fundamental

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groups also eventually split into different Sanghas. Originally, these schisms were caused by disputes over monastic disciplinary codes of various fraternities, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal disagreements too.

5735:. Modern historians generally hold that the first of these texts were composed probably around the 1st century BCE or 1st century CE. In Mahāyāna, these texts are generally given greater authority than the early Āgamas and Abhidharma literature, which are called " 5493:, and many versions appeared thereafter claiming to be the words of the Buddha. Scholarly Buddhist commentary texts, with named authors, appeared in India, around the 2nd century CE. These texts were written in Pali or Sanskrit, sometimes regional languages, as 4588:

form the foundation of the precepts. Undertaking the five precepts is part of regular lay devotional practice, both at home and at the local temple. However, the extent to which people keep them differs per region and time. They are sometimes referred to as the

6594:. "There are huge cover ups in the Catholic church, but what has happened within Tibetan Buddhism is totally along the same lines," says Mary Finnigan, an author and journalist who has been chronicling such alleged abuses since the mid-80s. One notably covered 5961:

as a worthy goal to strive towards. The bodhisattva path is not denied in Theravāda, it is generally seen as a long and difficult path suitable for only a few. Thus the Bodhisattva path is normative in Mahāyāna, while it is an optional path for a heroic few in

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often relies on comparative scholarship using these various early Buddhist sources to identify parallel texts and common doctrinal content. One feature of these early texts are literary structures which reflect oral transmission, such as widespread repetition.

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Giving up home and adopting the life of a religious mendicant in order to follow the path; this concept, states Harvey, aims at peaceful renunciation, into an environment of non-sensuality, non-ill-will (to lovingkindness), away from cruelty (to compassion).

5400:), 'trustful confidence' or 'faith', as a quality which must be balanced by wisdom, and as a preparation for, or accompaniment of, meditation." Because of this devotion (Sanskrit: bhakti; Pali: bhatti) is an important part of the practice of most Buddhists. 3009:"result". The emphasis on intent in Buddhism marks a difference from the karmic theory of Jainism, where karma accumulates with or without intent. The emphasis on intent is also found in Hinduism, and Buddhism may have influenced karma theories of Hinduism. 2920:

The Buddhist traditions have traditionally disagreed on what it is in a person that is reborn, as well as how quickly the rebirth occurs after death. Some Buddhist traditions assert that "no self" doctrine means that there is no enduring self, but there is

9215:

therefore, thought and inner spiritual awareness started to separate subtler, deeper aspects from the context of ritual performance and myth with which they had been united up to then. This process was then carried further and brought to completion in the

12796:), culminating in the arising of dukkha." (...) "This states the principle of conditionality, that all things, mental and physical, arise and exist due to the presence of certain conditions, and cease once their conditions are removed: nothing (except 1346:

where there were no ranks but where seniority mattered instead. Some of the stories about the Buddha, his life, his teachings, and claims about the society he grew up in may have been invented and interpolated at a later time into the Buddhist texts.

13161: 7367:

Richard Gombrich: "I have the greatest difficulty in accepting that the main edifice is not the work of a single genius. By "the main edifice" I mean the collections of the main body of sermons, the four Nikāyas, and of the main body of monastic

5124:, are virtues or directions for meditation in Buddhist traditions, which helps a person be reborn in the heavenly (Brahma) realm. These are traditionally believed to be a characteristic of the deity Brahma and the heavenly abode he resides in. 4223:

No killing or injuring, no taking what is not given; no sexual acts in monastic pursuit, for lay Buddhists no sensual misconduct such as sexual involvement with someone married, or with an unmarried woman protected by her parents or relatives.

5056:

The various Buddhist traditions generally see Buddhist meditation as being divided into those two main types. Samatha is also called "calming meditation", and focuses on stilling and concentrating the mind i.e. developing samadhi and the four

3020:

A notable aspect of the karma theory in modern Buddhism is merit transfer. A person accumulates merit not only through intentions and ethical living, but also is able to gain merit from others by exchanging goods and services, such as through

12622:

the Buddha that things originate in dependence upon causal conditioning, and this emphasis on causality describes the central feature of Buddhist ontology. All elements of samsara exist in some sense or another relative to their causes and

17047:: "The view that Buddhism is a 'philosophy' and 'not a religion' is a prime example of nineteenth-century Orientalist scholarship entering into the Western public consciousness that persists even now ut such a view is overly reductionist." 4147:

The belief that there is an afterlife and not everything ends with death, that Buddha taught and followed a successful path to nirvana; according to Peter Harvey, the right view is held in Buddhism as a belief in the Buddhist principles of

9898: 3013:

of a being include the form of rebirth, realm of rebirth, social class, character and major circumstances of a lifetime. According to the theory, it operates like the laws of physics, without external intervention, on every being in all

17382: 2150:

The first Mahāyāna works were written sometime between the 1st century BCE and the 2nd century CE. Much of the early extant evidence for the origins of Mahāyāna comes from early Chinese translations of Mahāyāna texts, mainly those of

5969:

Mahāyāna accepts the authority of the many Mahāyāna sutras along with the other Nikaya texts like the Agamas and the Pali canon (though it sees Mahāyāna texts as primary), while Theravāda does not accept that the Mahāyāna sutras are

4957:

methodology, in which mindfulness is maintained. Further, the focus of meditation and the underlying theory of liberation guiding the meditation has been different in Buddhism. For example, states Bronkhorst, the verse 4.4.23 of the

12569:, p. 65 Quote: "For a vast majority of Buddhists in Theravadin countries, however, the order of monks is seen by lay Buddhists as a means of gaining the most merit in the hope of accumulating good karma for a better rebirth." 4057:

According to Rupert Gethin, the path to awakening is also frequently summarized by another a short formula: "abandoning the hindrances, practice of the four establishings of mindfulness, and development of the awakening factors".

11445: 11009: 1407:(Sanskrit: Udraka Ramaputra), learning meditation and philosophy, particularly the meditative attainment of "the sphere of nothingness" from the former, and "the sphere of neither perception nor non-perception" from the latter. 18733: 11102:, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013), Quote: "Anatta in Buddhism, the doctrine that there is in humans no permanent, underlying soul. The concept of anatta, or anatman, is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman ("the self")."; 6139:. They include monastic quarters, stupas and prayer halls with Buddha images. In the modern era, the Buddhist "meditation centre", which is mostly used by laypersons and often also staffed by them, has also become widespread. 6100:) were set up by monks. Whatever structures were built in these locales were made out of wood and were sometimes temporary structures built for the rainy season. Over time, the wandering community slowly adopted more settled 6762:. According to Litian Fang, Buddhism has "permeated a wide range of fields, such as politics, ethics, philosophy, literature, art and customs", in these Asian regions. Buddhist teachings influenced the development of modern 2331:

tantras is by no means so well established" and that the Shaiva tradition also appropriated non-Hindu deities, texts and traditions. Thus while "there can be no question that the Buddhist tantras were heavily influenced by

4647:

is recited every fortnight in a ritual gathering of all monks. Buddhist text with vinaya rules for monasteries have been traced in all Buddhist traditions, with the oldest surviving being the ancient Chinese translations.

4785:

literally meaning "recollection, remembering") is central in Buddhism. According to Analayo, mindfulness is a full awareness of the present moment which enhances and strengthens memory. The Indian Buddhist philosopher

20583: 9521:

Schmithausen (1987) "Part I: Earliest Buddhism," Panels of the VIIth World Sanskrit Conference Vol. II: Earliest Buddhism and Madhyamaka, ed. David Seyfort Ruegg and Lambert Schmithausen, Leiden: Kern Institute, pp.

5470:

in ancient times. The Buddha's words, the early doctrines, concepts, and their traditional interpretations were orally transmitted from one generation to the next. The earliest oral texts were transmitted in Middle

2858:

Buddhist texts assert that rebirth can occur in six realms of existence, namely three good realms (heavenly, demi-god, human) and three evil realms (animal, hungry ghosts, hellish). Samsara ends if a person attains

5900:

Not all traditions of Buddhism share the same philosophical outlook or treat the same concepts as central. Each tradition, however, does have its own core concepts, and some comparisons can be drawn between them:

3817:

laypersons, allowing them to make spiritual merit or goodness by donating to the Sangha and supporting them. In return, they keep their duty to preserve and spread the Dharma everywhere for the good of the world.

3724:

body in certain ways (for example, in the early texts, the Buddha suffers from backaches), a Buddha is said to be "deep, immeasurable, hard-to-fathom as is the great ocean", and also has immense psychic powers (

4894:

is a calm, undistracted, unified and concentrated state of awareness. It is defined by Asanga as "one-pointedness of mind on the object to be investigated. Its function consists of giving a basis to knowledge

4006:) to explain rebirth is viewed as the 'middle way' between the doctrines that a being has a "permanent soul" involved in rebirth (eternalism) and "death is final and there is no rebirth" (annihilationism). 3719:

While all varieties of Buddhism revere "Buddha" and "buddhahood", they have different views on what these are. Regardless of their interpretation, the concept of Buddha is central to all forms of Buddhism.

11122:(Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence."; 5340:. Overcoming this ignorance is part of the path to awakening. This overcoming includes the contemplation of impermanence and the non-self nature of reality, and this develops dispassion for the objects of 4076:. These eight factors are: Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration. 16760: 4360:

also state that hearing the Dharma and study of the Buddhist discourses is necessary "if one wants to learn and practice the Buddha Dharma." Likewise, in Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, the "Stages of the Path"

17591: 4547:"I undertake the training-precept to abstain from taking what is not given." According to Harvey, this also covers fraud, cheating, forgery as well as "falsely denying that one is in debt to someone". 1790:

According to Mitchell, certain basic teachings appear in many places throughout the early texts, which has led most scholars to conclude that Gautama Buddha must have taught something similar to the

3873:

One of these is the unique interpretation of emptiness and dependent origination found in the Madhyamaka school. Another very influential doctrine for Mahāyāna is the main philosophical view of the

4655:

has its own rules. A monk abides by these institutionalised rules, and living life as the vinaya prescribes it is not merely a means, but very nearly the end in itself. Transgressions by a monk on

4687:). In the various graduated paths, this is usually presented as a practice which is taught prior to formal sitting meditation, and which supports meditation by weakening sense desires that are a 4464:

One of the most basic forms of ethics in Buddhism is the taking of "precepts". This includes the Five Precepts for laypeople, Eight or Ten Precepts for monastic life, as well as rules of Dhamma (

2413:

to China is most commonly thought to have started in the late 2nd or the 1st century CE, though the literary sources are all open to question. The first documented translation efforts by foreign

5305:(Sanskrit), which is often translated as "insight". In Buddhist texts, the faculty of insight is often said to be cultivated through the four establishments of mindfulness. In the early texts, 1572:

in the form of the Upanishads, and outside of the Vedic tradition through the Śramaṇa movements. The term Śramaṇa refers to several Indian religious movements parallel to but separate from the

17374: 3870:

Mahāyāna Buddhism also differs from Theravada and the other schools of early Buddhism in promoting several unique doctrines which are contained in Mahāyāna sutras and philosophical treatises.

16729: 4826:("clear comprehension"). This faculty is the ability to comprehend what one is doing and is happening in the mind, and whether it is being influenced by unwholesome states or wholesome ones. 4461:(Pāli) is the concept of "moral virtues", that is the second group and an integral part of the Noble Eightfold Path. It generally consists of right speech, right action and right livelihood. 3813:

consists of those who have chosen to follow the Buddha's ideal way of life, which is one of celibate monastic renunciation with minimal material possessions (such as an alms bowl and robes).

4554:, as well as rape and incest. It also applies to sex with those who are legally under the protection of a guardian. It is also interpreted in different ways in the varying Buddhist cultures. 3244:(old age, death, sorrow, and pain). By breaking the circuitous links of the Twelve Nidanas, Buddhism asserts that liberation from these endless cycles of rebirth and dukkha can be attained. 13620:; Quote: "These five trades, O monks, should not be taken up by a lay follower: trading with weapons, trading in living beings, trading in meat, trading in intoxicants, trading in poison." 9907:, p. 5, Quote: hey do not teach that one is released by knowing the four noble truths, but by practising the fourth noble truth, the eightfold path, which culminates in right samadhi. 6107:

There are many different forms of Buddhist structures. Classic Indian Buddhist institutions mainly made use of the following structures: monasteries, rock-hewn cave complexes (such as the

4699:). This is said to prevent harmful influences from entering the mind. This practice is said to give rise to an inner peace and happiness which forms a basis for concentration and insight. 17326: 8348: 1511:

containing different interpretations and authentic teachings of the Buddha; these over time evolved into many traditions of which the more well known and widespread in the modern era are

3683:(literally "own-nature" or "self-nature"), and are thus without any underlying essence, and so are "empty" of being independent. This doctrine sought to refute the heterodox theories of 4281:

Never be absent-minded, conscious of what one is doing; this, states Harvey, encourages mindfulness about impermanence of the body, feelings and mind, as well as to experience the five

18752: 6817:, which were some of the first Westerners to take Buddhism seriously as a spiritual tradition. More recently, Buddhist meditation practices have influenced the development of modern 6618:

scholars that Buddhism is a religion. However, Buddhism has posed problems to Western scholars of religion who define religion based solely on a "theistic conception". Further, some

2171:

Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks could be found in the same monasteries, with the difference that Mahāyāna monks worshipped figures of Bodhisattvas, while non-Mahayana monks did not.

1299:

but are inconsistent. His social background and life details are difficult to prove, and the precise dates are uncertain, although the 5th century BCE seems to be the best estimate.

4025:

In the early texts, numerous different sequences of the gradual path can be found. One of the most important and widely used presentations among the various Buddhist schools is The

3907:

written form in the late second and early third century." For some, the doctrine seems to conflict with the Buddhist anatta doctrine (non-Self), leading scholars to posit that the

11146: 3840:, "noble ones" or "holy ones") who are spiritually attained beings. Aryas have attained the fruits of the Buddhist path. Becoming an arya is a goal in most forms of Buddhism. The 831:–movement in the 5th century BCE, and gradually spread throughout much of Asia. It has subsequently played a major role in Asian culture and spirituality, eventually spreading to 16698: 5966:

attainment, nor that it is a selfish deed to attain arhatship since not only are arhats described as compassionate but they have destroyed the root of greed, the sense of "I am".

2935:(a person's consciousness) though evolving, exists as a continuum and is the mechanistic basis of what undergoes the rebirth process. The quality of one's rebirth depends on the 1620:

as concepts such as Truth, Rite, Tranquility or Restraint. Buddhist texts also refer to the three Vedic sacrificial fires, reinterpreting and explaining them as ethical conduct.

4002:

that was a 'middle way' between the extremes of asceticism and hedonistic sense pleasures. In Buddhism, states Harvey, the doctrine of "dependent arising" (conditioned arising,

6344:

in the West. The English words such as Buddhism, "Boudhist", "Bauddhist" and Buddhist were coined in the early 19th-century in the West, while in 1881, Rhys Davids founded the

18377: 17351: 17558: 6649:

lens and viewed Buddhism in Asia as representing a debased religious form of what was originally non-religious and rational. Some Buddhist teachers and commentators, such as

3966:, but a wide variety of paths and models of progress have been used and described in the different Buddhist traditions. However, they generally share basic practices such as 5076:

There are numerous doctrinal positions and disagreements within the different Buddhist traditions regarding these qualities or forms of meditation. For example, in the Pali

5689:

works from other schools survive in Chinese translation, as part of the Chinese Buddhist Canon. According to some sources, some early schools of Buddhism had five or seven

1889:

was held to collectively recite the teachings to ensure that no errors occurred in oral transmission. Many modern scholars question the historicity of this event. However,

11138:, p. 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism"; 16807:

Marion Dapsance (28 September 2014). "When Fraud Is Part of a Spiritual Path: A Tibetan Lama's Plays on Reality and Illusion". In Amanda van Eck Duymaer van Twist (ed.).

11393: 3643:, is a related concept with many different interpretations throughout the various Buddhisms. In early Buddhism, it was commonly stated that all five aggregates are void ( 3931:". Various interpretations of the concept have been advanced by Buddhist thinkers throughout the history of Buddhist thought and most attempt to avoid anything like the 1893:

states that the monastic assembly recitations of the Buddha's teaching likely began during Buddha's lifetime, and they served a similar role of codifying the teachings.

8158: 15456: 11598:, p. 47), Quote: "(...) Buddha's teaching that beings have no soul, no abiding essence. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) he expounded in his second sermon." 11081:, p. 47), Quote: "(...) Buddha's teaching that beings have no soul, no abiding essence. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) he expounded in his second sermon." 7547:

Scholars note that better rebirth, not nirvana, has been the primary focus of a vast majority of lay Buddhists. This they attempt through merit accumulation and good

7824:, Quote: "Buddhism and Jainism, two religions which, together with Hinduism, constitute the three pillars of Indic religious tradition in its classical formulation." 4651:

Monastic communities in the Buddhist tradition cut normal social ties to family and community and live as "islands unto themselves". Within a monastic fraternity, a

1285:

Ancient kingdoms and cities of South Asia and Central Asia during the time of the Buddha (c. 500 BCE) – modern-day India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan

5219:, and other elements) are considered to be much more effective than non-tantric meditations and they are one of the most popular meditation methods. The methods of 1912:. While most scholars accept that this happened at some point, there is no agreement on the dating, especially if it dates to before or after the reign of Ashoka. 1767:"Stress on the fundamental homogeneity and substantial authenticity of at least a considerable part of the Nikayic materials". Proponents of this position include 14687: 8920: 5103:. However, other scholars such as Analayo and Rupert Gethin have disagreed with this "two paths" thesis, instead seeing both of these practices as complementary. 3626:, and then attempting to show that none of these five components of personality can be permanent or absolute. This can be seen in Buddhist discourses such as the 2212:

to 820) becoming quite powerful and influential. During this period of Late Mahāyāna, four major types of thought developed: Mādhyamaka, Yogācāra, Buddha-nature (

1616:

them to introduce and explain Buddhist ideas. For example, prior to Buddhist developments, the Brahmanical tradition internalised and variously reinterpreted the

10304: 8753: 6844:

religion has shown that Buddhist and shamanic traditions overlap in many respects: the worship of localized deities, healing rituals and exorcisms. The shamanic

5585:

are generally considered to be among the earliest material. Apart from these, there are also fragmentary collections of EBT materials in other languages such as

4790:

defined mindfulness thus: "It is non-forgetting by the mind with regard to the object experienced. Its function is non-distraction." According to Rupert Gethin,

4637:, a set of 227 offences including 75 rules of decorum for monks, along with penalties for transgression, in the Theravadin tradition. The precise content of the 3982:(wisdom), which are known as the three trainings. An important additional practice is a kind and compassionate attitude toward every living being and the world. 2101:

with Islam as the state religion in Central Asia between the 10th- and 12th-century led to the decline and disappearance of Buddhism from most of these regions.

16783: 16752: 6324:

with Buddhist cultures, it was not until the 19th century that Buddhism began to be studied by Western scholars. It was the work of pioneering scholars such as

5957:

to Buddhahood which it sees as universal and to be practiced by all persons, while Theravāda does not focus on teaching this path and teaches the attainment of

1982:(triple basket of texts). In their Tripiṭaka, each school included the Suttas of the Buddha, a Vinaya basket (disciplinary code) and some schools also added an 18963: 7660:"Indian religions" is a term used by scholars to describe those religions that originated on the Indian subcontinent. Early Buddhism originated on the eastern 2281:(8th–12th centuries). Under the Guptas and Palas, Tantric Buddhism or Vajrayana developed and rose to prominence. It promoted new practices such as the use of 19936: 18005: 17923: 17657: 9811: 7459:

Earlier Buddhist texts refer to five realms rather than six realms; when described as five realms, the god realm and demi-god realm constitute a single realm.

6862:

Buddhism is practised by an estimated 488 million, 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 7% to 8% of the world's total population.

17587: 16855: 4353:

the first step on the path is hearing the Buddha teach the Dharma. This then said to lead to the acquiring of confidence or faith in the Buddha's teachings.

7389:] maintained and transmitted, we have little confidence that much, if any, of surviving Buddhist scripture is actually the word of the historic Buddha." 6076:) they would gather together in one place for a period of intense practice and then depart again. Some of the earliest Buddhist monasteries were at groves ( 5095:, a series of scholars have argued that these two meditation types reflect a tension between two different ancient Buddhist traditions regarding the use of 4643:(scriptures on the Vinaya) differs in different schools and tradition, and different monasteries set their own standards on its implementation. The list of 2312:

has suggested that Buddhist tantra employed various elements of a "pan-Indian religious substrate" which is not specifically Buddhist, Shaiva or Vaishnava.

10638:

Zürcher, Erik. 2007 (1959). The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China. 3rd ed. Leiden: Brill. pp. 32–34

8149: 21458: 11018:, p. 47, Quote: "All phenomenal existence is said to have three interlocking characteristics: impermanence, suffering and lack of soul or essence.". 7507:. They do so, states Mun-Keat Choong, in three ways: first, in the common sense of a monk's meditative state of emptiness; second, with the main sense of 7408:

Bronkhorst: "This position is to be preferred to (ii) for purely methodological reasons: only those who seek nay find, even if no success is guaranteed."

1350:

Various details about the Buddha'a background are contested in modern scholarship. For example, Buddhist texts assert that Buddha described himself as a

5487:

techniques. The first Buddhist canonical texts were likely written down in Sri Lanka, about 400 years after the Buddha died. The texts were part of the

2013:

kingdoms of the Mediterranean. It is a matter of disagreement among scholars whether or not these emissaries were accompanied by Buddhist missionaries.

25039: 23565: 22373: 20848: 19429:

Yoga: Discipline of Freedom: the Yoga Sutra Attributed to Patanjali; a Translation of the Text, with Commentary, Introduction, and Glossary of Keywords

18088:

The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism: A Comparative Study Based on the Sutranga Portion of the Pali Samyutta-Nikaya and the Chinese Samyuktagama

7769:, Quote: "The three other major Indian religions – Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism – originated in India as an alternative to Brahmanic/Hindu philosophy" 7089: 7907: 6970:

Buddhism is also growing by conversion. In India, more than 85% of the total Buddhists have converted from Hinduism to Buddhism, and they are called

3938:

These Indian Buddhist ideas, in various synthetic ways, form the basis of subsequent Mahāyāna philosophy in Tibetan Buddhism and East Asian Buddhism.

2375:(10th to 12th century), further damaged and destroyed many Buddhist institutions, leading to its eventual near disappearance from India by the 1200s. 20649: 17624: 10720:

Heng-Ching Shih (1987). Yung-Ming's Syncretism of Pure Land and Chan, The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 10 (1), p. 117

6802:

preserved various disciplines of classical Indian knowledge such as grammar, astronomy/astrology and medicine and taught foreign students from Asia.

6070:) and temples. Buddhist monastics originally followed a life of wandering, never staying in one place for long. During the three-month rainy season ( 17479: 16721: 7725: 3101:

of "the path" can also be found in the Nikayas. In some passages in the Pali Canon, a distinction is being made between right knowledge or insight (

1464:

on awakening, the Buddha gained insight into the workings of karma and his former lives, as well as achieving the ending of the mental defilements (

27525: 11267: 7722:"buddhism noun - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com" 2005:, the Mauryan emperor sent emissaries to various countries west of India to spread "Dharma", particularly in eastern provinces of the neighbouring 5536:. Each Buddhist tradition has its own collection of texts, much of which is translation of ancient Pali and Sanskrit Buddhist texts of India. The 5080:(AN 4.170), it is said that one can develop calm and then insight, or insight and then calm, or both at the same time. Meanwhile, in Vasubandhu's 3119:

with complete "emptiness, nothingness". In some texts, the state is described with greater detail, such as passing through the gate of emptiness (

2024:

In central and west Asia, Buddhist influence grew, through Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs and ancient Asian trade routes, a phenomenon known as

1908:("elders") sought to modify the Vinaya (monastic rule), and this caused a split with the conservatives who rejected this change, they were called 27374: 22377: 18626: 6247:(between 1924 and 1990) had a strong negative impact on Buddhist institutions, though the situation has improved somewhat since the 80s and 90s. 1844: 17323: 15162: 8332: 6866:

is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18% of its total population. They are mostly followers of

5424: 28431: 22601: 19365:

Matthews, Bruce (1986), "Post-Classical Developments In The Concepts of Karma and Rebirth in Theravada Buddhism", in Ronald W. Neufeldt (ed.),

17528: 2368: 2190:

Mahāyāna Buddhist institutions continued to grow in influence during the following centuries, with large monastic university complexes such as

1175: 141: 20155: 5574:

The Early Buddhist Texts refers to the literature which is considered by modern scholars to be the earliest Buddhist material. The first four

13109: 2217: 1778:"Scepticism with regard to the possibility of retrieving the doctrine of earliest Buddhism". Ronald Davidson is a proponent of this position. 1654:

and therefore more committed to a strongly atheist stance. These developments were historic and epistemological as documented in verses from

20: 18427:

History of Indian Philosophy: The philosophy of the Veda and of the epic. The Buddha and the Jina. The Sāmkhya and the classical Yoga-system

8145:"Delusional Mitigation in Religious and Psychological Forms of Self-Cultivation: Buddhist and Clinical Insight on Delusional Symptomatology" 7929: 28383: 25736: 23430: 20818: 8487:

India has ever known as Sakya-muni, and about his men who, as their records admit, were spoken of as the Sakya-sons, or men of the Sakyas."

4072:

The Eightfold Path consists of a set of eight interconnected factors or conditions, that when developed together, lead to the cessation of

3917:, which state that Buddha-nature is taught to help those who have fear when they listen to the teaching of anatta. Buddhist texts like the 20639: 20093: 5199: 20619: 17717: 5559: 2372: 18888: 18451: 17501: 17412: 13607: 13056: 11580: 11188: 11143: 10972: 8294: 8257: 6586:

Buddhism has not been immune from sexual abuse and misconduct scandals, with victims coming forward in various Buddhist schools such as

6515:

others. Ambedkar's Navayana Buddhism considers these as superstitions and re-interprets the original Buddha as someone who taught about

6189:(1864–1933) reinterpreted and promoted Buddhism as a scientific and rational religion which they saw as compatible with modern science. 3962:). Each list is a short summary of the Buddhist path, and the seven lists substantially overlap. The best-known list in the West is the 27419: 27346: 24564: 23665: 23472: 20926: 16690: 15707: 13774: 12185: 10277: 1302:

Early texts have the Buddha's family name as "Gautama" (Pali: Gotama), while some texts give Siddhartha as his surname. He was born in

20661: 10278:"Abstract: Sects & Sectarianism. The Origin of the three existing Vinaya lineages: Theravada, Dharmaguptaka, and Mulasarvastivada" 4874:

A wide range of meditation practices has developed in the Buddhist traditions, but "meditation" primarily refers to the attainment of

3025:(charity to monks or nuns). The theory also states a person can transfer one's own good karma to living family members and ancestors. 2939:

or demerit gained by one's karma (i.e., actions), as well as that accrued on one's behalf by a family member. Buddhism also developed

1553:

around the middle of the first millennium BCE. This was a period of great intellectual ferment and socio-cultural change known as the

27224: 23643: 20683: 6848:

people have adopted some of the Buddhist beliefs such and rebirth but maintain the shamanic rites of "guiding the soul" after death.

6432: 27670: 18396: 17343: 1935:(304–232 BCE), who was a public supporter of the religion. The support of Aśoka and his descendants led to the construction of more 1354:(warrior class), but Gombrich writes that little is known about his father and there is no proof that his father even knew the term 27510: 27384: 27369: 23356: 17562: 19897: 18803:

Hayes, Richard P. (2013), "The Internet as Window onto American Buddhism", in Queen, Christopher; Williams, Duncan Ryuken (eds.),

13170:, pp. 104–105, 108–109, Quote: "... refers to the Buddha using the term "Self" in order to win over non-Buddhist ascetics.". 10121:

Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks: Mobility and Exchange Within and Beyond the Northwestern Borderlands of South Asia

2187:

epigraphic and manuscript evidence in this period. However, it still remained a minority in comparison to other Buddhist schools.

2050:, after which Menander abdicates and himself goes into monastic life in the pursuit of nirvana. Some scholars have questioned the 23193: 22645: 19881: 19272:

Ledgerwood, Judy (2008), "Buddhist practice in rural Kandal province 1960 and 2003", in Kent, Alexandra; Chandler, David (eds.),

15916: 7134: 6123:. East Asian Buddhist institutions also use various structures including monastic halls, temples, lecture halls, bell towers and 5020: 4087:(suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness). The path teaches that the way of the enlightened ones stopped their craving, clinging and 18926: 16208: 6348:– an influential Western resource of Buddhist literature in the Pali language and one of the earliest publisher of a journal on 5450: 5049:, insight). The Buddha compares these mental qualities to a "swift pair of messengers" who together help deliver the message of 23521: 22848: 20828: 19032: 17691: 16154: 13194:, though other texts are careful to avoid the term. This would be in direct opposition to the general teachings of Buddhism on 12792:, p. 54, Quote: "The main concrete application of the abstract principle is in the form of a series of conditioned links ( 8785: 7417:

Lopez: "The original teachings of the historical Buddha are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to recover or reconstruct."

4914:

aids in maintaining a calm mind and avoiding disturbance of this calm mind by mindfulness of disturbing thoughts and feelings.

2486:

also became popular during this period and was often practised together with Chan. It was also during the Song that the entire

1741:

Pre-sectarian Buddhism is "the canonical period prior to the development of different schools with their different positions".

16940: 13202:

and the popular Buddhist concept of Buddha-nature are often blurred to the point that writers consider them to be synonymous."

9229:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 58 with footnote 148, 22–29, 87–103, for Upanishads–Buddhist Sutta discussion see 65–72. 1503:

The Buddha's teachings were propagated by his followers, which in the last centuries of the 1st millennium BCE became various

27530: 23600: 20537: 20514: 20497: 20487: 20455: 20422: 20389: 20357: 20311: 20293: 20267: 20215: 20177: 20149: 20113: 20087: 20051: 19979: 19961: 19859: 19817: 19785: 19764: 19744: 19724: 19639: 19606: 19585: 19560: 19530: 19480: 19445: 19415: 19385: 19317: 19285: 19232: 19202: 19153: 19133: 19115: 19097: 19079: 19010: 18953: 18882: 18850: 18830: 18781: 18746: 18723: 18692: 18652: 18609: 18573: 18552: 18522: 18501: 18445: 18416: 18390: 18358: 18339: 18321: 18241: 18206: 18173: 18141: 18106: 18068: 18050: 17970: 17949: 17861: 17843: 17794: 16886: 16818: 16661: 16622: 16559: 16508: 16335: 15869: 15842: 15815: 15784: 15587: 15564: 15501: 15399: 15351: 15321: 15270: 15231: 14970: 14843: 14785: 14758: 14558: 14531: 14504: 14357: 13803: 13656: 13601: 13550: 13517: 12979: 12738: 12711: 12684: 12644: 12491: 12464: 12425: 12386: 12335: 12296: 12257: 12218: 12179: 12151: 12100: 11998: 11971: 11905: 11851: 11812: 11692: 11641: 11574: 11542: 11503: 11261: 11222: 11182: 11135: 11111: 11058: 10966: 10930: 10906: 10858: 10796: 10769: 10220: 10168: 10129: 10017: 9982: 9461: 9422: 9369: 9340: 9323: 9303: 9282: 9261: 9234: 9204: 9176: 9103: 9052: 8989: 8835: 8709: 8658: 8408: 8381: 8342: 8251: 7817: 7762: 4379:

Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking of the "Three Refuges", also called the Three Jewels (

2074:, and China, eventually to other parts of the far east. Some of the earliest written documents of the Buddhist faith are the 1962:

During and after the Mauryan period (322–180 BCE), the Sthavira community gave rise to several schools, one of which was the

20461: 20428: 20395: 20363: 20183: 19645: 19391: 19238: 19159: 19016: 18856: 18787: 18658: 18247: 18212: 18179: 18147: 18112: 17976: 16824: 16667: 16628: 16565: 16514: 14976: 14142:

Robert E. Buswell Jr., Donald S. Lopez Jr. (2013) "The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism," p. 18. Princeton University Press.

12431: 12392: 12302: 12263: 12224: 11911: 11857: 11698: 11647: 11548: 11509: 11228: 11064: 10864: 10226: 10135: 10023: 8995: 8841: 8144: 7275:

studied under these Vedic-era teachers and they "almost certainly" taught him, but the details of his education are unclear.

4266:

Guard against sensual thoughts; this concept, states Harvey, aims at preventing unwholesome states that disrupt meditation.

2772:

Buddhism teaches that the idea that anything is permanent or that there is self in any being is ignorance or misperception (

1781:"Cautious optimism in this respect". Proponents of this position include J.W. de Jong, Johannes Bronkhorst and Donald Lopez. 27995: 25034: 23570: 21011: 20853: 19256:

Mindfulness in Early Buddhism: New Approaches Through Psychology and Textual Analysis of Pali, Chinese and Sanskrit Sources

15433: 14622: 12595: 11106:

Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press,

4529:) as the minimal standard of Buddhist morality. It is the most important system of morality in Buddhism, together with the 23610: 19700: 4625:

An ordination ceremony at Wat Yannawa in Bangkok. The Vinaya codes regulate the various sangha acts, including ordination.

1554: 938:, and their specific teachings and practices. Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: 28113: 27394: 26995: 23188: 6978:

Buddhists. In New Zealand, about 25–35% of the total Buddhists are converts to Buddhism. Buddhism has also spread to the

5167:): is the feeling of joy because others are happy, even if one did not contribute to it; it is a form of sympathetic joy; 9779:. Ed. by Potter, Karl H. Vol. VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD. Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, pp. 28, 33, 37, 41, 43, 48. 7843: 6041: 5673:(also known as the Pali Canon) of the Theravada School constitutes the only complete collection of Buddhist texts in an 4584:

recommends one to compare oneself with others, and on the basis of that, not to hurt others. Compassion and a belief in

1756:

found in the Chinese canon) together with the main body of monastic rules, which survive in the various versions of the

28323: 28053: 27935: 27389: 25974: 23928: 23085: 22635: 20730: 20577: 19829:(1981), "On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism".", 15888:"The Bodhisattva Ideal in Theravāda Buddhist Theory and Practice: A Reevaluation of the Bodhisattva-Śrāvaka Opposition" 14989:, Quote: "Suffering describes the condition of samsaric (this worldly) existence that arises from actions generated by 14684: 11458:) the nature of things as impermanent leads to the removal of the view of self, and so to the realisation of nirvana.". 9024: 8904: 7094: 7039: 6822: 5797:

Buddhist framework, these texts also borrowed deities and material from other Indian religious traditions, such as the

5362:

nature of dharmas (phenomena), the functioning of karma and rebirth, and knowledge of dependent origination. Likewise,

5332:), a fundamental ignorance, misunderstanding or mis-perception of the nature of reality, as one of the basic causes of 3800: 3093:

goal of the Buddhist path for monastic life since the time of the Buddha. The term "path" is usually taken to mean the

2410: 2339:

Already during this later era, Buddhism was losing state support in other regions of India, including the lands of the

1996: 1825:

According to N. Ross Reat, all of these doctrines are shared by the Theravada Pali texts and the Mahasamghika school's

690: 136: 93: 16189: 16178: 10316: 8750: 6469:

is often seen as exotic and progressive, in the East it is regarded as familiar and traditional. In countries such as

2917:, no-self doctrine) rejects the concepts of a permanent self or an unchanging, eternal soul found in other religions. 2493:

During the Indian period of Esoteric Buddhism (from the 8th century onwards), Buddhism spread from India to Tibet and

28373: 27199: 24449: 23575: 20931: 20141: 19277: 17889: 17821: 17287: 17246: 17225: 17201: 16792: 15186: 15147: 12604: 11095: 11030: 10668: 9494: 8914: 8517: 8471: 7790: 6419:. While Buddhist institutions have grown, some of the central premises of Buddhism such as the cycles of rebirth and 6364:, which for the first time saw well-publicized speeches by major Buddhist leaders alongside other religious leaders. 6208: 5084:, vipaśyanā is said to be practiced once one has reached samadhi by cultivating the four foundations of mindfulness ( 4208:

No lying, no rude speech, no telling one person what another says about him, speaking that which leads to salvation.

775: 738: 23178: 18972: 16753:"Against the Stream to investigate allegations of sexual misconduct by Noah Levine; results expected within a month" 3728:). Theravada generally sees Gautama Buddha (the historical Buddha Sakyamuni) as the only Buddha of the current era. 2061:(30–375 CE) came to control the Silk Road trade through Central and South Asia, which brought them to interact with 28426: 25984: 23541: 22863: 22608: 19924: 17993: 17911: 17646: 9803: 4550:"I undertake the training-precept to abstain from misconduct concerning sense-pleasures." This generally refers to 18266: 17714:"Buddhist Channel | Buddhism News, Headlines | World | Burmese Buddhist monastery opens in Finland" 16847: 6527:

Buddhism, also known as Bhimayana Buddhism. Ambedkar's effort led to the expansion of Navayana Buddhism in India.

28388: 28283: 27409: 27404: 27360: 26990: 25834: 25093: 24083: 23255: 23245: 21074: 19458: 7377:

Ronald Davidson: "While most scholars agree that there was a rough body of sacred literature (disputed) [

7049: 6465:

Buddhism has spread across the world, and Buddhist texts are increasingly translated into local languages. While

6383:. The publication and translations of Buddhist literature in Western languages thereafter accelerated. After the 2901:

Rebirth refers to a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of

2094: 13158:

and Its Meditative Tradition as a Bridge between Sutra and Tantra, Snow Lion, Boston & London, 2014, page 3.

12800:) is independent. The doctrine thus complements the teaching that no permanent, independent self can be found.". 5882:

closer to the Mahayana, includes Tantra, and as the younger of the three is traceable to the 1st millennium CE.

3123:) – realising that there is no soul or self in any living being, then passing through the gate of signlessness ( 1607:

phases, the former being the tradition of individual ascetic and the latter of disciples, and that Buddhism and

1222:

respectively ("doctrine of the Enlightened One" and "doctrine of Buddhists"). Dharmavinaya comes from Sanskrit:

28243: 28068: 27341: 26360: 26301: 26188: 26067: 25999: 24427: 24065: 23984: 23526: 23200: 22853: 22655: 22546: 22491: 21064: 18823:

Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE

17093: 13671:

Yin-shun (2012). "The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master," p. 29. Simon and Schuster.

7054: 4797:

There are different practices and exercises for training mindfulness in the early discourses, such as the four

4735:). As part of the graduated discourse, this contemplation is taught after the practice of giving and morality. 4315: 3051: 26480: 26355: 17755:

Alexander, James (2019), "The State Is the Attempt to Strip Metaphor Out of Politics", in Kos, Eric S. (ed.),

4953:

Whatever the case, the Buddha taught meditation with a new focus and interpretation, particularly through the

28393: 27808: 27545: 27209: 27058: 26980: 26402: 25444: 24997: 23636: 23531: 23170: 22868: 22551: 20843: 20676: 18874:

The Buddha Within: Tathagatagarbha Doctrine According to the Shentong Interpretation of the Ratnagotravibhaga

6361: 6276: 5817: 4095: 2504:

school arrived in Sri Lanka sometime in the 3rd century BCE. Sri Lanka became a base for its later spread to

2319:, various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and 619: 314: 15936: 15934: 5432: 5092: 4365:) texts generally place the activity of listening to the Buddhist teachings as an important early practice. 3913: 28451: 28253: 25466: 24216: 23349: 22753: 22625: 22596: 22298: 17881: 16053:

Thailand's International Meditation Centers: Tourism and the Global Commodification of Religious Practices.

9298:

AL Basham (1951), History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas – a Vanished Indian Religion, Motilal Banarsidass,

7899: 7154: 7114: 6001: 5793:. By the 8th century, the tantric tradition was very influential in India and beyond. Besides drawing on a 5358:

is important in all Buddhist traditions. It is variously described as wisdom regarding the impermanent and

5229:) are in turn seen as the highest and most advanced. Anuttarayoga practice is divided into two stages, the 4752:

For Buddhist monastics, renunciation can also be trained through several optional ascetic practices called

3947: 3821: 3659:(SN 22:95). Similarly, in Theravada Buddhism, it often means that the five aggregates are empty of a Self. 3098: 2705: 1683: 929: 564: 339: 299: 26490: 17616: 15664:

Dalton, J. (2005). "A Crisis of Doxography: How Tibetans Organized Tantra During the 8th–12th Centuries".

2269:–647 CE), Buddhism continued to be influential in India, and large Buddhist learning institutions such as 1399:"). Early texts and biographies state that Gautama first studied under two teachers of meditation, namely 1255:, although scholar Richard Cohen asserts that that term was used only by outsiders to describe Buddhists. 28461: 28173: 28168: 27940: 26463: 26424: 25979: 25893: 25461: 23833: 23445: 23386: 22444: 22353: 21823: 21468: 20981: 20876: 17475: 15931: 10812:

Sheila Canby (1993). "Depictions of Buddha Sakyamuni in the Jami al-Tavarikh and the Majma al-Tavarikh".

7721: 6498: 5315:) which are commonly listed as important spiritual elements to be cultivated (see for example: AN I 16). 4035: 3898: 2931:) which migrates from one life to another. The majority of Buddhist traditions, in contrast, assert that 2482:(960–1279) and it was during this era that it strongly influenced Korean Buddhism and Japanese Buddhism. 2238: 1587:

Several Śramaṇa movements are known to have existed in India before the 6th century BCE (pre-Buddha, pre-

1331: 26495: 26485: 21988: 20625: 14884:

Penetrating the Secret Essence Tantra: Context and Philosophy in the Mahayoga System of rNying-ma Tantra

9417:

P. Billimoria (1988), Śabdapramāṇa: Word and Knowledge, Studies of Classical India Volume 10, Springer,

6367:

The 20th century saw a prolific growth of new Buddhist institutions in Western countries, including the

5428: 4794:

is also "an awareness of things in relation to things, and hence an awareness of their relative value".

3135:

described in part differently, as a state of spiritual release marked by "emptiness" and realisation of

2054:

version, expressing doubts whether Menander was Buddhist or just favourably disposed to Buddhist monks.

27239: 27184: 26880: 25620: 25137: 23828: 23770: 23580: 23501: 23293: 22773: 22249: 21735: 20858: 20691: 19690: 17813: 15556: 14550:

A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms: With Sanskrit and English Equivalents and a Sanskrit-Pali Index

10702:

Orzech, Charles D. (general editor) (2011). Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia. Brill. p. 4

6751: 6337: 5462:. Communal recitation was one of the original ways of transmitting and preserving Early Buddhist texts. 4054:

give a different outline of the path, though with many similar elements such as ethics and meditation.

2902: 1400: 1311: 25218: 22183: 18620: 7866: 6412: 5849: 3825: 3127:) – realising that nirvana cannot be perceived, and finally passing through the gate of wishlessness ( 2722: 2224:, Mādhyamaka and Yogācāra have a great deal in common, and the commonality stems from early Buddhism. 28621: 28486: 28275: 28133: 27585: 26473: 26252: 25883: 25513: 25078: 24210: 23962: 23799: 23754: 23494: 23183: 22996: 22986: 22858: 21841: 21421: 21182: 21157: 15159: 11157:

David Loy (1982), "Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?",

7641:

hell, or supernatural forces. Thus the 'pure atheists' make up only about 15 percent of the sample ."

6128: 4979:(formless attainments). These are also referred to in commentarial literature as immaterial/formless 3805: 3444: 2471: 2437: 2344: 2301:. This new esoteric form of Buddhism can be traced back to groups of wandering yogi magicians called 2152: 2086: 1707:

The history of Indian Buddhism may be divided into five periods: Early Buddhism (occasionally called

1612: 1573: 1569: 1447: 1267: 853: 439: 26591: 21207: 19674: 17536: 5598: 4922:

The earliest evidence of yogis and their meditative tradition, states Karel Werner, is found in the

3145: 2826: 1646:

tradition had not established any deities, but were epistemologically cautious rather than directly

1623:

The Śramaṇa religions challenged and broke with the Brahmanic tradition on core assumptions such as

1005: 249: 27990: 27950: 27905: 27695: 27685: 27490: 27244: 27069: 27005: 26975: 26865: 26630: 26539: 26507: 26468: 26380: 25287: 24544: 24480: 23950: 23935: 23629: 23440: 23288: 22640: 22454: 22432: 22425: 22328: 21861: 21481: 21297: 21242: 20863: 20669: 20132: 17185: 16614:

New Buddhist Movements in Thailand: Towards an Understanding of Wat Phra Dhammakaya and Santi Asoke

14352:

Mark Singleton (2010), Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice, Oxford University Press,

12590: 7149: 7124: 7104: 7044: 6595: 6503:

A number of modern movements in Buddhism emerged during the second half of the 20th century. These

6368: 5946: 5941: 5190: 3954: 2739: 2717: 2075: 2010: 1803: 1410:

Finding these teachings to be insufficient to attain his goal, he turned to the practice of severe

901: 444: 394: 24987: 18467:

Funayama, Tōru (2004), "The Acceptance of Buddhist Precepts by the Chinese in the Fifth Century",

14962:

Transitions and Transformations in the History of Religions: Essays in Honor of Joseph M. Kitagawa

13101: 5368: 28616: 28441: 28378: 28328: 28288: 28233: 27868: 27863: 27753: 27700: 27590: 27520: 27316: 27127: 27042: 26247: 26225: 26024: 25846: 25371: 25029: 24956: 24640: 24011: 23811: 23720: 23418: 23342: 23225: 23205: 22536: 22516: 22273: 22003: 21247: 20636: 8891:

A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90)

7960: 7084: 6830: 6809:

spirituality and other alternative spiritualities. This began with its influence on 20th century

6490: 4345: 3677:. In Madhyamaka philosophy, emptiness is the view which holds that all phenomena are without any 1978:

Following (or leading up to) the schisms, each Saṅgha started to accumulate their own version of

1897: 1592: 1459: 1054: 796: 604: 19616:

Queen, Christopher S. "Socially Engaged Buddhism: Emerging Patterns of Theory and Practice". In

19224:

The Doctrine of Karma: Its Origin and Development in Brāhmaṇical, Buddhist, and Jaina Traditions

14255:

Werner, Karel (1977). "Yoga and the Ṛg Veda: An Interpretation of the Keśin Hymn (RV 10, 136)".

13542: 28308: 28203: 28163: 28143: 28000: 27975: 27880: 27853: 27803: 27773: 27763: 27680: 27645: 27630: 27615: 27570: 27505: 27179: 27110: 27015: 27010: 26751: 26674: 26436: 26318: 26242: 26039: 26029: 25888: 25856: 25794: 25765: 25282: 25277: 24974: 24934: 24719: 24060: 24055: 24035: 24031: 23235: 23075: 22743: 22713: 22486: 22437: 22278: 22226: 22221: 21983: 21804: 21701: 21453: 21448: 21197: 20074: 19669: 19454: 15060: 14072:

Anālayo (2003). "Satipaṭṭhāna: The Direct Path to Realization," p. 225. Windhorse Publications.

13278: 11294:

The Buddhist Yogācārabhūmi Treatise and Its Adaptation in India, East Asia, and Tibet, Volume 1

10572:

Davidson, Ronald M. Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement, p. 217.

10563:

Davidson, Ronald M. Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement, p. 204.

10535:

Davidson, Ronald M. Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement, p. 171.

7785:, Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd Edition, Volume 7, Editor: Lindsay Jones, Macmillan Reference, 7159: 6372: 5925: 5716: 5625: 5602: 5541: 5537: 5455: 5414: 5257: 5029:

In the Pali canon, the Buddha outlines two meditative qualities which are mutually supportive:

4395:) as the foundation of one's religious practice. This practice may have been influenced by the 3158: 2781:

Some schools describe four characteristics or "four seals of the Dharma", adding to the above:

2487: 1886: 1864: 1811: 1732: 1708: 1599:. According to Martin Wilshire, the Śramaṇa tradition evolved in India over two phases, namely 812: 800: 683: 419: 404: 384: 309: 304: 219: 126: 21565: 19520: 17505: 14775: 14060:

Anālayo (2003). "Satipaṭṭhāna: The Direct Path to Realization," p. 71. Windhorse Publications.

13795: 8398: 7754: 7748: 7235: 4745:). Observing the Uposatha also includes other practices dealing with renunciation, mainly the 3595: 2905:, each running from conception to death. In Buddhist thought, this rebirth does not involve a 1763:

According to Schmithausen, three positions held by scholars of Buddhism can be distinguished:

1422:. This too fell short of attaining his goal, and then he turned to the meditative practice of 28549: 28494: 28411: 28363: 28338: 28138: 27960: 27955: 27823: 27813: 27635: 27311: 27254: 27074: 27020: 26441: 26419: 26338: 26279: 25945: 25384: 25245: 24407: 24006: 23918: 23558: 23240: 23210: 22791: 22723: 22556: 22471: 22466: 22390: 22385: 22303: 20833: 19424: 18872: 18435: 17713: 17404: 13762: 13591: 13048: 12836:

Is "Illusion" a Prajñāpāramitā Creation? The Birth and Death of a Buddhist Cognitive Metaphor

11564: 11172: 10956: 9977:

Sujato, Bhante (2012), Sects & Sectarianism: The Origins of Buddhist Schools, Santipada,

9486: 9139: 8289: 8283: 8241: 7079: 7074: 6920: 6900: 6877: 6731: 6559: 6195:

meanwhile suffered under various wars which ravaged China during the modern era, such as the

6157: 6101: 5986: 4991:) without form or colour or shape. The second is termed the realm of infinite consciousness ( 4820:

A closely related mental faculty, which is often mentioned side by side with mindfulness, is

3605: 3188:

Buddhism applies the theory of dependent arising to explain origination of endless cycles of

1971: 1909: 1659: 893: 808: 624: 614: 569: 25265: 25213: 21856: 19734: 15807: 15715: 14180:

Boin-Webb, Sara. (English trans. from Walpola Rāhula's French trans. of the Sanskrit; 2001)

12169: 10281: 4882: 4876: 3213: 2570:

The term "Buddhism" is an occidental neologism, commonly (and "rather roughly" according to

1424: 1338:

consider this a dubious claim because a combination of evidence suggests he was born in the

1002:) as a means of transcending the individual self and ending the cycle of death and rebirth ( 28539: 28529: 28514: 28421: 28348: 28318: 28293: 28258: 28218: 28213: 28188: 28058: 27980: 27930: 27910: 27900: 27788: 27735: 27710: 27560: 27555: 27535: 27500: 27485: 27429: 27204: 27137: 27105: 26985: 26920: 26786: 26664: 26517: 26397: 26296: 26208: 26176: 26171: 26019: 25751: 25046: 24630: 24390: 24001: 23945: 23896: 23881: 23734: 23506: 23396: 23263: 23230: 23215: 22733: 22630: 22576: 22461: 22400: 22368: 22363: 22348: 22333: 22323: 22288: 22201: 21893: 21816: 21119: 21059: 20808: 20775: 20725: 19826: 16902:

Herbrechtsmeier, William (1993). "Buddhism and the Definition of Religion: One More Time".

13509: 10761: 7129: 7059: 6912: 6888: 6884: 6876:, making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practised in broader 6631: 6603: 6539: 6466: 6443: 6396: 6259: 6186: 6092:. There originally seems to have been two main types of monasteries, monastic settlements ( 5933: 5759: 5674: 5554: 5494: 5472: 5319:

along with samadhi, is also listed as one of the "trainings in the higher states of mind" (

4601: 4067: 4026: 4019: 3999: 3963: 3744: 3628: 3094: 2701: 2565: 2203: 1795: 1745: 1738: 1538: 1296: 909: 889: 634: 594: 589: 554: 399: 279: 187: 172: 116: 88: 24243: 23103: 21718: 21587: 21513: 21389: 21127: 14993:

of anatta and anicca. The doctrines of no-self and impermanence are thus the keystones of

14088: 5545:

non-Buddhist – were discovered in 1900 in the Dunhuang Chinese cave alone.

5327: 4702:

A related Buddhist virtue and practice is renunciation, or the intent for desirelessness (

3919: 3896:). Buddha-nature is a concept found in some 1st-millennium CE Buddhist texts, such as the 3197: 2843: 2774: 2297:

and the visualization of deities and Buddhas and developed a new class of literature, the

1904:. Modern scholars believe that this was probably caused when a group of reformists called 8: 28626: 28544: 28519: 28499: 28476: 28403: 28353: 28333: 28248: 28238: 28193: 28153: 28108: 28103: 28093: 28083: 28078: 28073: 28063: 28048: 28043: 28038: 28033: 28028: 28005: 27915: 27890: 27768: 27758: 27720: 27690: 27675: 27660: 27650: 27640: 27605: 27600: 27550: 27495: 27470: 27414: 27271: 27259: 27147: 27142: 27132: 27000: 26801: 26714: 26659: 26635: 26522: 26407: 26365: 26160: 26009: 25637: 25429: 25314: 25110: 24912: 24797: 24725: 24615: 24536: 24363: 24016: 23840: 23686: 23455: 23070: 22949: 22783: 22758: 22748: 22708: 22685: 22568: 22541: 22501: 22420: 22410: 22338: 22265: 21696: 21553: 21334: 21312: 21264: 21084: 20884: 20740: 20720: 20198:

van der Velde, Paul (1 January 2014). "What Is 'Spiritual' in Modern Western Buddhism?".

19303: 18332:

Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture

14958: 13770: 10952: 8321:"Candles in the Dark: A New Spirit for a Plural World" by Barbara Sundberg Baudot, p. 305 7661: 7139: 7119: 7069: 7064: 6924: 6896: 6857: 6723: 6699: 6682: 6551: 6376: 6220: 6212: 6192: 6148: 5897:, Nikaya Buddhism, early Buddhist schools, sectarian Buddhism and conservative Buddhism. 5863: 5845: 5221: 5203:

An 18th century Mongolian miniature which depicts the generation of the Vairocana Mandala

4842: 4762: 4411: 2571: 2541: 2348: 2309: 1532: 1504: 1315: 923: 865: 644: 599: 537: 477: 414: 359: 354: 109: 98: 51: 28611: 21044: 20971: 20349:

Buddhism: The early Buddhist schools and doctrinal history; Theravāda doctrine, Volume 2

17132: 14567: 13318:

Bucknell, Rod, "The Buddhist Path to Liberation: An Analysis of the Listing of Stages",

7477:

Another variant, which may be condensed to the eightfold or tenfold path, starts with a

6250:

In Afghanistan and Pakistan, militants have destroyed some historic Buddhist monuments.

5736: 5582: 5528: 5372:, where it is said to be the contemplation of things as impermanent, unsatisfactory and 4667: 4591: 4421:. The three refuges are believed by Buddhists to be protective and a form of reverence. 3932: 3820:

There is also a separate definition of Sangha, referring to those who have attained any

2974:– the endless cycle of suffering and rebirth for each being. Good, skilful deeds (Pāli: 1753: 1404: 28524: 28504: 28471: 28368: 28358: 28303: 28298: 28228: 28208: 28198: 28183: 28178: 28158: 28128: 28123: 28098: 28088: 28020: 27985: 27970: 27875: 27848: 27838: 27798: 27783: 27778: 27730: 27725: 27665: 27620: 27580: 27475: 27462: 27249: 27174: 27047: 26870: 26544: 26502: 26343: 26311: 26286: 26213: 26193: 26014: 25962: 25950: 25928: 25520: 25478: 25351: 25186: 25181: 25176: 25007: 24791: 24767: 24146: 24070: 23818: 23764: 23435: 23133: 23038: 22880: 22843: 22838: 22768: 22718: 22665: 22660: 22531: 22526: 22521: 22511: 22496: 22481: 22476: 22415: 22395: 22358: 22283: 22088: 21789: 21713: 21591: 21533: 21374: 21274: 21202: 21177: 20823: 20753: 20019: 19912: 18983: 18965:

The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography

18712: 18476: 18282: 18038: 17098: 17067: 17013: 16978: 16919: 16416: 15908: 14474: 14272: 13535: 10829: 8088: 7952: 7435:"The south (of India) was then vigorously creative in producing Mahayana Sutras" Warder 7179: 7169: 6932: 6904: 6739: 6642: 6504: 6452: 6357: 6182: 6178: 6152: 5790: 5780: 5194: 4153: 4124: 3732: 3077: 3046: 3014: 2987: 2940: 2880: 2855:, has been the foundation and the most important historical justification of Buddhism. 2629:("not being at ease", "suffering") is an innate characteristic of the perpetual cycle ( 2483: 2417:

in China were in the 2nd century CE, probably as a consequence of the expansion of the

2298: 2274: 2062: 2035: 1819: 1799: 1479: 1396: 1392: 1343: 1090: 981: 629: 609: 549: 544: 432: 334: 327: 254: 244: 151: 25632: 25191: 24819: 24549: 22932: 19869: 19473:

A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugrapariprccha)

15553:

A Few Good Men: The Bodhisattva Path according to The Inquiry of Ugra (Ugraparipṛcchā)

13789: 10259:"The Discovery of 'the Oldest Buddhist Manuscripts'" Review article by Enomoto Fumio. 10199:

Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (editors). The Spread of Buddhism, Brill, p. 57

7331: 6021: 5829: 5816:

Some features of these texts include the widespread use of mantras, meditation on the

5293:, or knowledge of the true nature of existence. Another term which is associated with 4999:), while the fourth is the realm of "neither perception nor non-perception". The four 4659:

vinaya rules invites enforcement, which can include temporary or permanent expulsion.

4536:

The five precepts are seen as a basic training applicable to all Buddhists. They are:

3911:

were written to promote Buddhism to non-Buddhists. This can be seen in texts like the

3237: 2428:

The first documented Buddhist texts translated into Chinese are those of the Parthian

2308:

The question of the origins of early Vajrayana has been taken up by various scholars.

1905: 1833: 1374: 28606: 28581: 28575: 28509: 28466: 28456: 28446: 28436: 28343: 28263: 28223: 28148: 28118: 28010: 27965: 27945: 27920: 27895: 27858: 27843: 27818: 27793: 27705: 27655: 27610: 27595: 27575: 27565: 27540: 27480: 27424: 27189: 26965: 26561: 26532: 26456: 26451: 26412: 26350: 26306: 26291: 26274: 26269: 26264: 26203: 25938: 25824: 25590: 25560: 25540: 25361: 25166: 25147: 25142: 25088: 25051: 24772: 24687: 24610: 24508: 24498: 24466: 24454: 24422: 24399: 24381: 24277: 24132: 24040: 24026: 23989: 23977: 23806: 23725: 23677: 23413: 23391: 23311: 23273: 22969: 22954: 22917: 22902: 22675: 22591: 22506: 22343: 22308: 22293: 22020: 22010: 21691: 21538: 21523: 21394: 21317: 21237: 21172: 21104: 20991: 20748: 20533: 20510: 20493: 20483: 20451: 20418: 20385: 20381:

Buddhism: The origins and nature of Mahāyāna Buddhism; Some Mahāyāna religious topics

20353: 20307: 20289: 20285: 20263: 20211: 20173: 20145: 20109: 20083: 20047: 20011: 19975: 19957: 19855: 19813: 19781: 19760: 19740: 19720: 19679: 19635: 19602: 19581: 19556: 19550: 19526: 19476: 19441: 19411: 19381: 19313: 19307: 19281: 19228: 19198: 19149: 19129: 19111: 19093: 19075: 19006: 18949: 18905: 18878: 18846: 18826: 18777: 18742: 18719: 18688: 18648: 18605: 18569: 18548: 18518: 18497: 18491: 18441: 18412: 18386: 18354: 18335: 18317: 18286: 18237: 18202: 18169: 18137: 18102: 18064: 18046: 17966: 17945: 17885: 17857: 17839: 17817: 17790: 17457: 17283: 17242: 17221: 17197: 17018: 17000: 16882: 16814: 16657: 16618: 16555: 16504: 16420: 16331: 16205: 15887: 15865: 15838: 15811: 15801: 15780: 15583: 15560: 15497: 15448: 15395: 15347: 15317: 15266: 15227: 15182: 15143: 14966: 14839: 14781: 14754: 14554: 14527: 14500: 14353: 14276: 13799: 13652: 13597: 13546: 13513: 13077:

Williams, Paul (2002), "Buddhist Thought", p. 52, Taylor & Francis Kindle Edition

12734: 12707: 12680: 12640: 12600: 12487: 12460: 12421: 12382: 12331: 12292: 12253: 12214: 12175: 12147: 12096: 11994: 11967: 11901: 11847: 11808: 11688: 11637: 11570: 11538: 11499: 11257: 11218: 11210: 11178: 11131: 11107: 11054: 10994: 10962: 10942:

Gyallay-Pap, Peter. "Notes of the Rebirth of Khmer Buddhism," Radical Conservativism.

10926: 10918: 10902: 10854: 10792: 10765: 10711:

McRae, John (2003), Seeing Through Zen, The University Press Group Ltd, pp. 13, 19–21

10664: 10349: 10216: 10164: 10125: 10013: 9978: 9490: 9457: 9418: 9365: 9336: 9319: 9299: 9278: 9257: 9230: 9200: 9172: 9099: 9048: 8985: 8910: 8831: 8705: 8654: 8513: 8467: 8404: 8377: 8338: 8247: 8092: 8080: 8060: 8004: 7956: 7813: 7786: 7758: 7109: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6916: 6892: 6615: 6420: 6345: 6333: 6321: 6224: 6196: 5937: 5929: 5885:

Some scholars use other schemes, such as the multi-dimensional classification in the

5712: 5707: 5594: 5401: 5392: 5385: 5211:

In Tibetan Buddhism, unique tantric techniques which include visualization (but also

4573: 4522: 4374: 4343:

In various suttas which present the graduated path taught by the Buddha, such as the

4332: 4157: 4080: 3983: 2957: 2952: 2611: 2549: 2067: 1967: 1951:) and to its spread throughout the Maurya Empire and into neighbouring lands such as 1901: 1868: 1815: 1791: 1596: 1484: 1098: 897: 885: 819:, who comprise seven percent of the global population. Buddhism arose in the eastern 676: 574: 559: 364: 239: 182: 146: 131: 62: 39: 34: 26044: 25642: 25302: 25056: 22255: 21049: 20949: 20527: 19660:

Ratanakul, P. (2007), "The Dynamics of Tradition and Change in Theravada Buddhism",

19047: 17683: 16399:

McMahan, David L. (2004). "Buddhism: Introducing the Buddhist Experience (review)".

16146: 8773: 6325: 6132: 3241: 3193: 3162: 2132: 2046:

describes a conversation between a Buddhist monk and the 2nd-century BCE Greek king

28534: 28416: 28313: 27925: 27885: 27833: 27828: 27745: 27715: 27625: 27515: 27379: 27331: 27326: 26890: 26855: 26828: 26586: 26571: 26446: 26370: 26220: 26198: 26106: 25967: 25746: 25709: 25565: 25550: 25498: 25292: 25272: 25240: 25235: 25206: 25201: 25125: 25115: 24944: 24908: 24900: 24871: 24784: 24704: 24699: 24662: 24652: 24578: 24516: 24358: 24195: 24045: 23703: 23546: 23489: 22959: 22912: 22907: 22763: 22728: 22703: 22698: 22449: 22405: 22318: 21993: 21649: 21642: 21426: 21416: 21302: 20966: 20838: 20281: 20203: 20003: 20002:(3). Wiley, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 362–379. 19263:

Lamb, Christopher (2001), "Cosmology, myth and symbolism", in Harvey, Peter (ed.),

18918: 18906:"Of Compassion and Capital Punishment: A Buddhist Perspective on the Death Penalty" 18561: 18274: 17447: 17193: 17008: 16990: 16911: 16474: 16408: 16126: 15900: 14264: 14202: 14182:"Abhidharmasamuccaya: The Compendium of the Higher Teaching (Philosophy) by Asaṅga" 13503: 10821: 10755: 10581:

Omvedt, Gail (2003). "Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste", p. 172.

10345: 9482: 9364:

Martin Wiltshire (1990), Ascetic Figures Before and in Early Buddhism, De Gruyter,

9335:

Martin Wiltshire (1990), Ascetic Figures Before and in Early Buddhism, De Gruyter,

9134:

Queen, Christopher. "Introduction: The Shapes and Sources of Engaged Buddhism". In

8072: 7944: 7327: 7311: 7286: 6979: 6964: 6928: 6908: 6867: 6814: 6767: 6735: 6711: 6619: 6591: 6543: 6424:

rituals and practices seeking better rebirth, not nirvana or freedom from rebirth.

6380: 6353: 6349: 6341: 6316:

While there were some encounters of Western travellers or missionaries such as St.

6116: 5867: 5789:, a new class of Buddhist sacred literature began to develop, which are called the 4863: 4585: 2936: 2806: 2336:

and other Saiva movements" argues Davidson, "the influence was apparently mutual".

2316: 2277:

Universities were at their peak. Buddhism also flourished under the support of the

2002: 1948: 1890: 1827: 1772: 1650:. Later Buddhist traditions were more influenced by the critique of deities within 1624: 1335: 1251:

in ancient India. Buddhist scholar Donald S. Lopez asserts they also used the term

1151: 1141: 1058: 755: 749: 709: 639: 584: 514: 504: 369: 26: 26183: 22038: 19214:

Buddhism and Transgression: The Appropriation of Buddhism in the Contemporary West

16479: 16462: 12976: 10693:

McRae, John (2003), Seeing Through Zen, The University Press Group Ltd, pp. 13, 18

8061:"Self or No Self: Views from Self Psychology and Buddhism in a Postmodern Context" 7870:. Retrieved 26 November 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition. 7222: 6951:

accounts for 77% of all Buddhists in India. In Russia, Buddhists form majority in

5628:, these schools began to develop their own textual collections, which were termed 5099:

one which focused on insight based practice and the other which focused purely on

4720:(whether for life as a monk, or temporarily) is also a form of renunciation. Many 3071:. The Buddha is not depicted, only symbolized by the Bodhi tree and the empty seat 2444:, between 178 and 189 CE. From China, Buddhism was introduced into its neighbours 1318:, near the modern Nepal–India border, and he spent his life in what is now modern 28585: 27214: 27194: 26684: 26576: 26566: 26235: 25903: 25694: 25674: 25605: 25570: 25503: 25223: 25196: 25171: 25120: 25098: 24891: 24834: 24605: 24122: 23923: 23849: 23789: 23744: 23713: 23323: 23268: 23220: 23148: 23018: 22816: 22796: 22738: 22650: 22313: 22211: 22058: 21794: 21777: 21762: 21740: 21292: 21162: 20996: 20976: 20643: 20504: 20477: 20445: 20412: 20379: 20347: 20167: 19838: 19807: 19794: 19775: 19754: 19629: 19596: 19375: 19274:

People of Virtue: Reconfiguring Religion, Power and Moral Order in Cambodia Today

19222: 19143: 19000: 18941: 18840: 18771: 18642: 18231: 18196: 18163: 18131: 18127: 18096: 17960: 17939: 17875: 17804: 17782: 17330: 16808: 16651: 16612: 16549: 16498: 16325: 16212: 16193: 16182: 15859: 15832: 15774: 15429: 15341: 15311: 15260: 15221: 15166: 14960: 14833: 14748: 14691: 14548: 14521: 14494: 13646: 12983: 12728: 12701: 12674: 12634: 12481: 12454: 12415: 12376: 12325: 12286: 12247: 12208: 12141: 12090: 11988: 11961: 11895: 11841: 11802: 11682: 11631: 11532: 11493: 11251: 11212: 11150: 11099: 11048: 11034: 10848: 10786: 10210: 10158: 10119: 10007: 9451: 9272: 9251: 9224: 9194: 9166: 9093: 9042: 9028: 8979: 8825: 8757: 8699: 8648: 8371: 8298: 8076: 7807: 7511:

or 'everything in the world is empty of self'; third, with the ultimate sense of

7307: 7303: 7144: 7099: 7025: 7011: 6743: 6626:

maintain that Buddhism does not constitute a religion but rather a philosophy, a

6599: 6416: 6204: 5724: 5702: 4822: 4774: 4692: 4688: 4437: 3832: 3623: 2356: 2156: 2090: 2006: 1712: 1434: 1045:

is vast, with many different textual collections in different languages (such as

869: 792: 664: 579: 379: 289: 234: 22068: 21222: 21212: 20546: 17588:"Dalits who converted to Buddhism better off in literacy and well-being: Survey" 14614: 11306: 6653:

David Brazier, have criticized the persistence of this view. Among Buddhists in

6395:

led to further growth in Buddhist institutions. Influential figures on post-war

6131:, these different structures are usually grouped together in an area termed the 4683:

Another important practice taught by the Buddha is the restraint of the senses (

3888:

Another very influential concept unique to Mahāyāna is that of "Buddha-nature" (

3257: 3201: 2028:. An example of this is evidenced in Chinese and Pali Buddhist records, such as 1915: 229: 27336: 27229: 27169: 26885: 26860: 26645: 26549: 26431: 26375: 26328: 25741: 25689: 25585: 25555: 25535: 25530: 25525: 25508: 25404: 25324: 25307: 25260: 25250: 24294: 23957: 23940: 23759: 23739: 23708: 23460: 23278: 22981: 22831: 22613: 22193: 22173: 22093: 21782: 21772: 21706: 21543: 21029: 20892: 20134:

Monks and Magic: Revisiting a Classic Study of Religious Ceremonies in Thailand

19694: 19625: 18227: 12636:

Philosophy of Religion for a New Century: Essays in Honor of Eugene Thomas Long

11381: 7948: 7803: 7249: 6834: 6755: 6722:

Buddhism has had a profound influence on various cultures, especially in Asia.

6516: 6478: 6400: 6392: 6388: 6317: 5906: 5833: 5821: 5732: 5467: 5445: 4746: 4727:

One way of cultivating renunciation taught by the Buddha is the contemplation (

4621: 4492: 4442: 4324: 4285:, the five hindrances, the four True Realities and seven factors of awakening. 4022:

is the "graduated talk", in which the Buddha lays out a step-by-step training.

3672: 3319: 3090: 2579: 2505: 2395: 2352: 2340: 2160: 2128: 2025: 1839: 1655: 1600: 1550: 1395:. He thus set out on a quest to find liberation from suffering (also known as " 1378: 1271: 1171: 935: 820: 524: 454: 409: 267: 25297: 24559: 23334: 20616:, Vipassana Research Institute (English, Southeast Asian and Indian Languages) 20207: 18278: 14268: 13648:

The Meditative Way: Readings in the Theory and Practice of Buddhist Meditation

6360:. An important event in the introduction of Buddhism to the West was the 1893 3701:

All forms of Buddhism revere and take spiritual refuge in the "three jewels" (

2970: 1562: 1471: 1263: 1232: 1014:, in which one works for the liberation of all sentient beings. Additionally, 826: 28600: 27264: 26818: 26699: 26091: 26086: 26034: 25871: 25809: 25704: 25595: 25493: 25424: 25356: 25346: 25319: 25255: 25152: 25130: 25068: 24964: 24927: 24846: 24754: 24205: 24156: 23861: 23553: 23048: 22897: 22206: 22108: 21966: 21767: 21745: 21681: 21352: 21147: 21142: 21034: 20703: 20255: 20070: 20015: 19683: 18531: 18510: 18487: 18262: 17898: 17871: 17831: 17743: 17461: 17159:

Recognizing Reality: Dharmakirti's Philosophy and its Tibetan Interpretations

17004: 16995: 15575: 15452: 14637: 10273: 8423: 8084: 7835: 7335: 7174: 6987: 6692: 6646: 6627: 6535: 6511: 6507:

are diverse and significantly depart from traditional beliefs and practices.

5794: 5615: 5590: 5497:, birch bark, painted scrolls, carved into temple walls, and later on paper. 5489: 4639: 4597: 4514: 4508: 4091:

accumulations, and thus ended their endless cycles of rebirth and suffering.

3865: 3209: 3181:, not a creator God nor the ontological Vedic concept called universal Self ( 2894: 2553: 2475: 2418: 2414: 2195: 2167:, which were probably composed in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. 2155:. (2nd century CE). Some scholars have traditionally considered the earliest 2140: 2120: 2110: 2079: 2058: 2030: 1979: 1928: 1508: 1323: 1281: 1086: 1042: 1038:

techniques, may be viewed as a separate branch or tradition within Mahāyāna.

915: 832: 349: 344: 284: 25933: 23450: 21506: 21496: 20868: 19406:

McFarlane, Stewart (2001), "Making Moral Decisions", in Peter Harvey (ed.),

17836:

The Connected Discourses of the Buddha. A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya

17324:

People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011

16131: 16114: 15861:

The Indian Way: An Introduction to the Philosophies & Religions of India

9021: 7986: 6329: 6306: 5667: 5420: 5150: 4975:-scheme are four other meditative states, referred to in the early texts as 4938:

There is no scholarly agreement on the origin and source of the practice of

1927:

Buddhism may have spread only slowly throughout India until the time of the

1327: 489: 294: 27399: 27301: 27162: 26850: 26845: 26823: 26813: 26694: 26126: 26061: 26004: 25989: 25955: 25580: 25488: 24526: 24417: 24412: 24263: 24233: 24107: 24075: 23823: 23794: 23781: 23406: 23138: 23123: 23093: 23043: 23033: 22875: 22670: 22163: 21998: 21876: 21664: 21659: 21486: 21357: 21232: 20693: 20234: 19546: 19498: 19344: 19058: 18922: 18602:

Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo

18566:

Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo

17275: 17022: 16186: 16175: 12378:

The Selfless Mind: Personality, Consciousness and Nirvana in Early Buddhism

9886: 7515:

or realisation of emptiness and thus an end to rebirth cycles of suffering.

7323: 7299: 7231: 7217: 7212: 6971: 6810: 6799: 6787: 6775: 6727: 6715: 6666: 6547: 6404: 6384: 6232: 6228: 6200: 6108: 5972: 5894: 5786: 5655: 5505: 5341: 5115: 5069:

meanwhile, focuses on "the generation of penetrating and critical insight (

5062: 4799: 4721: 4040: 3725: 3696: 3229: 3205: 2932: 2864: 2758: 2652: 2545: 2479: 2467: 2391: 2255: 2221: 2199: 1952: 1768: 1692: 1667: 1604: 1581: 1183: 848:(often translated as "suffering" or "unease"), but that there is a path of 839: 389: 274: 192: 78: 43: 25627: 24314: 21921: 21906: 21866: 21563: 21227: 20803: 19503:

A Philological Approach to Buddhism. The Bukkyo Dendo Kybkai Lectures 1994

18703:

Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices

18022:

Paths to Liberation. The Marga and its Transformations in Buddhist Thought

17775:

Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon

16412: 15627:

Grey, David B.; Tantra and the Tantric Traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism

14206: 14193:

Sharf, Robert (2014), "Mindfulness and Mindlessness in Early Chan" (PDF),

11092: 11027: 7226: 6135:. In Indo-Tibetan Buddhism, Buddhist institutions are generally housed in 6030: 5041: 3958:

are seven lists of qualities or factors that promote spiritual awakening (

3516: 3225: 2667: 1879: 1015: 934:) as well as the relative importance and "canonicity" assigned to various 27321: 27296: 27120: 27088: 27079: 27025: 26955: 26940: 26833: 26724: 26385: 26333: 26121: 25839: 25819: 25659: 25600: 25338: 25334: 25157: 24677: 24625: 24595: 24432: 24286: 24178: 24102: 23967: 23903: 23854: 23425: 23108: 22937: 22078: 22063: 21846: 21654: 21582: 21362: 21192: 21094: 20941: 20813: 20589: 19799:

The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century

18591:

Gombrich, Richard F. "Kindness and compassion as a means to Nirvana". In

17271: 17239:

Coming to Our Senses: Healing Ourselves and the World Through Mindfulness

15548: 14462: 11115: 11004:

more accurate rendering, therefore, might be 'four truths for the noble'

7560:

Wayman and Wayman have disagreed with this view, and they state that the

6975: 6948: 6826: 6783: 6635: 6563: 6223:(1966–76), there has been a revival of the religion in China after 1977. 6061: 5954: 5802: 5650: 5248:) used, each with a mandala, a circular symbolic map used in meditation. 4809: 4564:

Undertaking and upholding the five precepts is based on the principle of

3845: 3791: 3131:) – realising that nirvana is the state of not even wishing for nirvana. 2927: 2422: 2387: 2360: 2278: 2071: 1966:

school which tended to congregate in the south and another which was the

1878: 1688: 1493: 1179: 1011: 459: 26640: 26581: 25684: 25105: 24939: 24488: 23098: 21558: 18480: 18077:

Carter, John Ross (1987), "Four Noble Truths", in Jones, Lindsay (ed.),

15630: 12095:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 33–34, 47–50, 63–64, 74–75, 106. 11332: 11330: 11328: 9318:

Reginald Ray (1999), Buddhist Saints in India, Oxford University Press,

7495:

The early Mahayana Buddhism texts link their discussion of "emptiness" (

6602:

which began in 1994, and ended with his retirement from his position as

6391:

on Western culture as well a renewed interest in Buddhism among the 60s

6219:(1899–1947), and though Buddhist institutions were destroyed during the 5910: 5753:(commentaries). Some of this literature was also written in verse form ( 4987:). The first formless attainment is a place or realm of infinite space ( 4946:

as a Buddhist invention. Alexander Wynne argues that the Buddha learned

3752: 3743:) residing in different realms. Mahāyāna texts not only revere numerous 1715:

or Sectarian Buddhism (the period of the early Buddhist schools), Early

47: 27287: 27282: 27157: 27152: 27115: 27093: 26950: 26930: 26925: 26766: 26756: 26719: 26323: 26101: 26049: 25789: 25434: 25414: 24992: 24917: 24856: 24620: 24600: 24521: 24173: 24141: 24112: 23891: 23886: 23871: 23485: 23401: 23369: 23365: 23053: 23011: 22887: 22693: 22618: 22232: 22216: 22178: 22158: 22053: 22028: 21936: 21871: 21851: 21597: 21528: 21399: 21282: 21252: 21187: 21137: 20795: 20785: 20758: 20023: 19831:

Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus (Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf)

18291: 17452: 17435: 16923: 16293: 15912: 15611:

Sørensen, Henrik H; Payne, Richard K; Orzech, Charles D. (ed.) (2010).

10833: 9253:

The Samnyasa Upanisads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation

7446: 7215:

of the Theravada Buddhist tradition, and early biographies such as the

7034: 6818: 6759: 6687: 6623: 6555: 6408: 6010: 5921: 5914: 5825: 5805:

traditions, local god/goddess cults, and local spirit worship (such as

5768: 5661: 5619: 4931: 4634: 4581: 4530: 4328: 3991: 3756: 3748: 3736: 3714: 3667: 3281: 2890: 2813: 2302: 2098: 2047: 1983: 1757: 1671: 1558: 1497: 1475: 1439: 1429: 1411: 1290: 1236: 1191: 1187: 905: 881: 877: 804: 464: 224: 121: 26131: 25012: 22073: 21069: 20613: 19990: 19974:, Oxford Handbooks in Religion and Theology, Oxford University Press, 16941:"Is Buddhism a religion, philosophy, way of life, or science of mind?" 15730: 15000: 14959:

Joseph Mitsuo Kitagawa; Frank E. Reynolds; Theodore M. Ludwig (1980).

10381: 6779: 5909:

as the founder, Mahāyāna also reveres numerous other Buddhas, such as

5873: 4724:

stories focus on how the Buddha practiced renunciation in past lives.

4249: 3881:("the doctrine that there are only ideas" or "mental impressions") or 3253: 3089:), with which the cycle of rebirth ends, has been the primary and the 27234: 27030: 26945: 26935: 26806: 26761: 26746: 26679: 26527: 25994: 25916: 25876: 25866: 25829: 25804: 25784: 25679: 25545: 25399: 25389: 25161: 25019: 24829: 24814: 24779: 24762: 24744: 24657: 24437: 24353: 24332: 24327: 24304: 24299: 24258: 24253: 24190: 24127: 24050: 24021: 23972: 23913: 23866: 23481: 23028: 23001: 22168: 22043: 21755: 21671: 21548: 21438: 21411: 21404: 21367: 21324: 21287: 21054: 21019: 20986: 20961: 20916: 20601: 20043: 18133:

The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change

17854:

In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon

17748:

Turning the Wheel of Truth: Commentary on the Buddha's First Teaching

14402: 13791:

Great Disciples of the Buddha: Their Lives, Their Works, Their Legacy

13106:

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Archive (Summer 2018 Edition)

12849:"Early Buddhist Metaphysics: The Making of a Philosophical Tradition" 12034: 11821: 11433: 11325: 11307:"The Questions of the Nāga King Sāgara (3) | 84000 Reading Room" 9217: 7778: 7587: 7164: 6840: 6747: 6654: 6639: 6236: 6119:. In Southeast Asia, the most widespread institutions are centred on 5855: 5764: 5277: 4854: 4731:) of the "dangers" (or "negative consequences") of sensual pleasure ( 4704: 4496: 4185: 3874: 3861: 3663: 3555: 3056: 2801: 2533: 2517: 2501: 2429: 2247: 2233: 2164: 2016: 1963: 1956: 1872: 1720: 1643: 1636: 1520: 1512: 1443: 1419: 1351: 1062: 939: 509: 484: 24709: 24238: 23465: 22801: 21637: 21491: 21257: 21039: 20908: 20900: 20063:

Buddhism and Society: A Great Tradition and Its Burmese Vicissitudes

20007: 18515:

The Buddhist Path to Awakening: A Study of the Bodhi-Pakkhiyā Dhammā

17806:

Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia

16915: 16877:

Goble, Geoffrey C. (11 October 2019). "Buddhism is Not a Religion".

16240:

The New Buddhism: The Western Transformation of an Ancient Tradition

15904: 15413:

Mun-keat, Choong (2000), The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism

11296:

Harvard University, Department of South Asian studies, 2013, p. 144.

11144:

Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?

11119: 10825: 10653: 7746: 7631:, ebook, Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 2005, printed ed, Harper, 2006. 6805:

In the Western world, Buddhism has had a strong influence on modern

6575: 6295: 6066: 5522: 5373: 5359: 5265: 4859: 3928: 3361: 3221: 3217: 3006: 2995: 2768:: non-self; living things have no permanent immanent soul or essence 2764: 2383: 1749: 1549:

Historically, the roots of Buddhism lie in the religious thought of

27037: 26781: 26771: 26626: 26116: 26096: 25923: 25799: 25654: 25228: 24982: 24922: 24841: 24749: 24714: 24694: 24672: 24667: 24647: 24587: 24554: 24493: 24337: 24322: 24200: 24161: 24117: 23908: 23845: 23749: 23652: 23318: 23158: 23113: 23058: 23023: 22927: 22586: 22153: 22148: 22098: 22033: 21951: 21916: 21911: 21572: 21443: 21431: 21342: 21001: 20523: 19493:, vol. 2, Pali Text Society (published 2003), pp. 210–223 12838:, Fo Guang University, Journal of Buddhist Philosophy, Vol.2, 2016. 12024: 12022: 11610: 11608: 11606: 11604: 9212: 8126: 8124: 7019: 6960: 6956: 6872: 6763: 6658: 6524: 6494: 6470: 6284: 6244: 6085: 5890: 5859: 5744: 5740: 5728: 5586: 5484: 5476: 5273: 4754: 4741: 4717: 4551: 4488: 4396: 4380: 4357: 3679: 3662:

Emptiness is a central concept in Mahāyāna Buddhism, especially in

3581: 3565: 3509: 3178: 2965: 2727: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2494: 2433: 2364: 2333: 2320: 2243: 2124: 2039: 1716: 1651: 1588: 1516: 1359: 1326:. Some hagiographic legends state that his father was a king named 1207: 1159: 1155: 1121: 1078: 1070: 1046: 959: 519: 499: 494: 374: 19:"Buddhadharma" and "Buddhist" redirect here. For the magazine, see 22143: 22133: 22118: 21941: 21811: 21079: 20655: 20122:

Tamney, Joseph B. (1998), "Buddhism", in William H. Swatos (ed.),

19833:, Wiesbaden: von Klaus Bruhn und Albrecht Wezler, pp. 199–250 19186:

Siddhartha's Brain: Unlocking the Ancient Science of Enlightenment

18735:

An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics: Foundations, Values and Issues

18314:

Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement

17994:"The Buddhist to Liberation: An Analysis of the Listing of Stages" 17617:"Dalits Are Still Converting to Buddhism, but at a Dwindling Rate" 17529:"Dalits Are Still Converting to Buddhism, but at a Dwindling Rate" 14679: 14677: 10524:

Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement

10156: 9226:

The Origin and Development of Early Indian Contemplative Practices

8567: 8565: 6706: 6115:(funerary mounds which contained relics), and temples such as the 5798: 5180:): is even-mindedness and serenity, treating everyone impartially. 5137: 4923: 4484: 4415:

2.22.3–4. Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the

3998:). It was a part of Buddha's first sermon, where he presented the 2436:

scriptural texts are translations into Chinese by the Kushan monk

1631:, the nature of afterlife, and they rejected the authority of the 1557:, marked by the growth of towns and trade, the composition of the 1178:; it also had a foothold to some extent elsewhere in Asia, namely 1081:. The Mahāyāna branch—which includes the East Asian traditions of 27306: 26910: 26875: 26796: 26709: 26650: 26554: 26257: 26111: 25861: 25814: 25699: 25575: 25394: 24861: 24824: 24635: 24185: 24151: 23994: 23695: 23477: 23063: 23006: 22991: 22138: 22128: 22103: 21978: 21973: 21931: 21901: 21833: 21799: 21686: 21627: 21622: 21476: 21379: 21217: 21167: 20954: 20780: 20630: 20595: 20479:

Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition

20106:

Becoming the Buddha: the ritual of image consecration in Thailand

17682:

Taonga, New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu.

16115:"The Destruction of the Buddhas of Bamiyan and International Law" 13397: 13198:. Indeed, the distinctions between the general Indian concept of 12344: 11963:

Religious Giving and the Invention of Karma in Theravada Buddhism

11897:

Narrating Karma and Rebirth: Buddhist and Jain Multi-Life Stories

10511:

Indestructible Truth: The Living Spirituality of Tibetan Buddhism

10462:

Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,

10449:

Nagarjuna in Context: Mahayana Buddhism and Early Indian Culture,

10185:

The Buddhist architecture of Gandhara, Handbuch der Orientalistik

9775:

Reat, Noble Ross. "The Historical Buddha and his Teachings". In:

8331:

Claus, Peter; Diamond, Sarah; Mills, Margaret (28 October 2020).

6991: 6806: 6795: 6791: 6531: 6456: 6455:, Afghanistan in 1896 (top) and after destruction in 2001 by the 6280: 6269: 6165: 6161: 6089: 5578: 5311: 5216: 5172: 5031: 4927: 4850: 4846: 4401: 4320: 4282: 4033:). This can be found in various discourses, most famously in the 3577: 3561: 3390: 3269: 3182: 3082: 2909:

or any fixed substance. This is because the Buddhist doctrine of

2860: 2809: 2785: 2731: 2675: 2631: 2537: 2529: 2509: 2453: 2441: 2294: 2286: 2270: 2191: 2179: 2136: 1944: 1885:(from Sanskrit: "highest extinguishment") of Gautama Buddha, the 1831:. A recent study by Bhikkhu Analayo concludes that the Theravada 1807: 1696: 1647: 1628: 1608: 1577: 1415: 1388: 1363: 1303: 1275: 1163: 1125: 1082: 1066: 849: 199: 21750: 21518: 20529:

The Way to Buddhahood: Instructions from a Modern Chinese Master

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Gowans, Christopher W. "Ethical Thought in Indian Buddhism". In

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The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

17436:"State and Religion: Buddhism and NationalBuilding in Singapore" 17405:"Religion in Macau - Festivals and Places of Worship - Holidify" 14777:

Essential Buddhism: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice

13320:

The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

12019: 11601: 11211:

Richard Francis Gombrich; Cristina Anna Scherrer-Schaub (2008).

9525: 8679: 8121: 8111: 8109: 7468:

This merit gaining may be on the behalf of one's family members.

7248:

The exact identity of this ancient place is unclear. Please see

6181:. Early Buddhist modernist figures such as the American convert 5810: 5666:

which contain expositions and commentaries on the doctrine. The

4679:, a series of optional ascetic practices for Buddhist monastics. 4569: 4476: 3551: 3301: 2115: 27219: 27098: 27083: 26902: 26791: 26776: 26734: 26512: 26390: 25664: 25419: 25409: 25063: 25024: 24866: 24474: 24444: 24168: 23536: 23143: 23128: 22964: 22826: 22806: 22581: 22243: 22123: 22113: 22048: 21676: 21632: 21617: 21607: 21577: 21501: 21384: 21152: 21024: 20768: 20763: 19505:, School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) 17502:"Global Religious Landscape – Religious Composition by Country" 16551:

Religious Conversion in India: Modes, Motivations, and Meanings

16281: 15372: 14674: 14546: 13682:"The Great Treatise on the Stages of the Path to Enlightenment" 13337: 11369: 10850:

Lost Kingdoms: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture of Early Southeast Asia

8562: 7005: 6983: 6845: 6771: 6696: 6523:

to convert to his Marxism-inspired reinterpretation called the

6474: 6302: 6124: 6050: 5877:

Buddhists of various traditions, Yeunten Ling Tibetan Institute

5806: 5645: 5459: 5290: 5269: 5212: 5163: 4787: 4616: 4565: 4073: 3824:, whether or not they are monastics. This sangha is called the 3787: 3772: 3572: 3485: 3461: 3137: 3115: 3068: 3042: 2910: 2868: 2837: 2778:), and that this is the primary source of clinging and dukkha. 2747: 2625: 2575: 2282: 2259: 1940: 1932: 1920: 1663: 1639:. Buddhism was one among several Indian religions that did so. 1617: 1489: 1478:

as the right path of spiritual practice to end suffering. As a

1383: 1339: 1167: 1129: 1113: 1102: 1035: 873: 857: 844: 659: 214: 209: 204: 167: 25610: 19925:"The Advent of Theravada Buddhism to Mainland South-east Asia" 19870:"On the Buddha's Use of Some Brahmanical Motifs in Pali Texts" 19358:

Buddhahood Embodied: Sources of Controversy in India and Tibet

18971:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 34–37. Archived from 18842:

A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna

18198:

Buddhist Thought in India: Three Phases of Buddhist Philosophy

16529: 15834:

Emotions and Spirituality in Religions and Spiritual Movements

14730: 14728: 14726: 14724: 13571: 11680: 10735: 9694: 8373:

A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna

8221: 8197: 7564:

is neither self nor sentient being, nor soul, nor personality.

3830:"noble Sangha". All forms of Buddhism generally reveres these 3173:

The 'dependent arisings' have a causal conditioning, and thus

2897:, India, is regionally believed to be Buddha's cremation site. 2683:

can be ended or contained by the confinement or letting go of

2066:

world religion through their trade routes. Buddhism spread to

26915: 26689: 26669: 26654: 26230: 26056: 25851: 25714: 25669: 25649: 24851: 24248: 24094: 23876: 23516: 23511: 23283: 23118: 22976: 22942: 22922: 22892: 22821: 22238: 22083: 21961: 21956: 21926: 21881: 21728: 21723: 21602: 21307: 21132: 21099: 21089: 20607: 18805:

American Buddhism: Methods and Findings in Recent Scholarship

18773:

An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices

18714:

An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices

18437:

The Notion of Diṭṭhi in Theravāda Buddhism: The Point of View

17293: 16722:"Dalai Lama Meets Alleged Victims of Abuse by Buddhist Gurus" 14176: 14174: 14029: 14027: 14025: 13742: 12871: 12869: 11713: 11249: 9684: 9682: 9591: 8185: 8106: 7669: 7665: 7483: 6863: 6662: 6520: 6240: 6216: 6136: 6112: 6072: 5958: 5513: 5509: 5501: 5261: 5244: 5003:

in Buddhist practice leads to rebirth in successfully better

4867: 4149: 4088: 3903: 3849: 3795: 3233: 3204:(karmic formations) exist; because Saṃskāras exist therefore 3001: 2993:

A central aspect of Buddhist theory of karma is that intent (

2961: 2885: 2848: 2617: 2478:(Zen) became a major religion. Chan continued to grow in the 2449: 2445: 2290: 2078:, dating from about the 1st century CE, and connected to the 1936: 1700: 1632: 1488:(monastic order). He spent the rest of his life teaching the 1466: 1319: 1307: 1137: 1133: 1117: 1109: 884:

or sensual indulgence. Widely observed teachings include the

764: 730: 449: 20571: 19929:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

17916:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

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Cush, Denise (2004). "British Buddhism and the New Age". In

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Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

14709: 14288: 14286: 14039: 13732: 13730: 12330:. Routledge. p. 124 with footnotes 2–3 on pp. 266–267. 11931: 11929: 11313: 10479: 10099: 10075: 9934: 9838: 9608: 9606: 7383:] that a relatively early community (disputed) [ 6982:; for example, the Burmese Buddhists founded in the city of 5917:

as well as many other bodhisattvas not revered in Theravāda.

5540:, for example, includes 2184 texts in 55 volumes, while the 5184: 2863:, the "blowing out" of the afflictions through insight into 26840: 26729: 24682: 23621: 23153: 21946: 21612: 21109: 20339:

Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies, 8 volumes

19739:(3rd ed.), Belmont, California: Wadsworth Publishing, 16649: 16427: 16380: 15651:

The Tantric Age: A Comparison Of Shaiva And Buddhist Tantra

15012: 14803: 14801: 14799: 14797: 14721: 14685:"A Brief Criticism of the 'Two Paths to Liberation' Theory" 14583: 14322: 14000: 13998: 13944: 13644: 13470: 13468: 13466: 13464: 13439: 13437: 13435: 13422: 13420: 13418: 13416: 13414: 13412: 13325: 12356: 12171:

Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism

11748: 11746: 11744: 11742: 11740: 11421: 10853:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 9–11, 14–15, 19–20. 10659:

Dykstra, Yoshiko Kurata; De Bary, William Theodore (2001).

10584: 10405: 10359: 10357: 10309:

Pacific World: Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies

9706: 9171:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 102–104, 264–269, 294–295. 9040: 8856: 8827:

Gotama Buddha: A Biography Based on the Most Reliable Texts

8445: 7802: 7591: 7524:

Some scholars such as Cousins and Sangharakshita translate

6952: 5575: 5480: 5024: 4447: 4417: 4388: 3990:

An important guiding principle of Buddhist practice is the

2999:) matters and is essential to bring about a consequence or 2986:) that mature later either in this life or in a subsequent 2906: 1074: 1050: 18845:, translated by Groner, Paul, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 17059: 16895: 16094: 16070: 15474: 15120: 15108: 15096: 15072: 14649: 14236: 14171: 14022: 13971: 13373: 13361: 12935: 12933: 12889:"Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity," 12866: 12771: 12747: 12654: 11782: 11662: 9910: 9679: 9669: 9667: 9222: 8528: 8526: 6096:) were built and supported by donors, and woodland camps ( 6060:

Buddhist institutions are often housed and centred around

2174: 1877:

According to numerous Buddhist scriptures, soon after the

1366:, is also claimed to be ksatriya by his early followers.) 807:, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century 718: 26739: 26704: 25379: 24758: 22811: 21347: 20476:

Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony; Wynne, Alexander (2012),

19522:

Self and identity in modern psychology and Indian thought

18020:

Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Gimello, Robert M., eds. (1992),

17877:

The Noble Eightfold Path: The Way to the End of Suffering

17757:

Michael Oakeshott on Authority, Governance, and the State

17113: 16439: 15776:

The Path of the Buddha: Buddhism Interpreted by Buddhists

15742: 15447:. Taipei: Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies: 3–21. 14889: 14852: 14414: 14378: 14283: 13920: 13908: 13727: 13693: 13691: 13485: 13483: 13242: 11926: 11872: 11758: 11204: 10925:. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. 10596: 10087: 9874: 9603: 9399: 9346: 9146: 9112: 8935: 8868: 8730: 8704:. Brill Academic. pp. 60–61 with footnotes 134–136. 8667: 8630: 8628: 8369: 8173: 7385: 7379: 6587: 6120: 5158:; it is identifying the suffering of others as one's own; 4009: 3208:(consciousness) exists; and in a similar manner it links 2671:("craving", "desire" or "attachment", literally "thirst") 2367:, is the beginning of the long and complex period of the 1239:

c. 6th or 5th century BCE. Followers of Buddhism, called

1166:

also preserves the Vajrayana tradition as transmitted to

1094: 926:

vary in their interpretation of the paths to liberation (

724: 20565: 20040:

Vegetarianism and Animal Ethics in Contemporary Buddhism

19970:

Smith (2006), "Buddhism", in Juergensmeyer, Mark (ed.),

19719:(18th ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 17333:, Katharina Wenzel-Teuber (2011), China Zentrum, Germany 17165: 16368: 16344: 15600:

The Buddhist Tantras: Light on Indo-Tibetan Esotericism.

15518: 15506: 15360: 15240: 15132: 14940: 14794: 14450: 14124: 13995: 13983: 13961: 13959: 13848: 13628: 13626: 13461: 13432: 13409: 13349: 13254: 13218: 13136: 13124: 13005: 12894: 12881: 12854: 12759: 12512: 12500: 12456:

The Awakened Ones: Phenomenology of Visionary Experience

12070: 11941: 11737: 11725: 11636:. State University of New York Press. pp. 123–131. 11461: 10791:. Oxford University Press. pp. 6–11, 218, 229–230. 10554:

Sanderson, Alexis; Vajrayana:, Origin and Function, 1994

10467: 10417: 10354: 10050: 10038: 9987: 9946: 9922: 9862: 9718: 9654: 9652: 9566: 9564: 9537: 8807: 8805: 8803: 8613: 8601: 6554:

in Thailand and several Japanese organisations, such as

5889:. Buddhists themselves have a variety of other schemes. 5719:

carved and preserved in over 81,000 wood printing blocks

2841:, unsatisfactory and painful, perpetuated by desire and 1362:, whose teachings helped establish the ancient religion 978:). The Theravada tradition emphasizes the attainment of 19598:

Engaged Buddhism: Buddhist Liberation Movements in Asia

18267:"The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article" 16848:"After allegations, Sogyal Rinpoche retires from Rigpa" 15996: 15972: 15530: 15494:

Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity

15069:, pp. 84–85, 105, 108–109, 112–113, 116, 165, 185. 14928: 14667:

De La Vallee Poussin (trans.); Pruden, Leo M. (trans.)

14334: 14298: 14068: 14066: 14010: 13932: 13449: 12930: 12906: 12803: 12121: 11243: 10641: 10429: 10369: 9826: 9804:"How the Gandharan Manuscripts Change Buddhist History" 9757: 9664: 8959: 8550: 8523: 8303: 8040: 6538:(r. 1868–1910), were responsible for modern reforms of 6227:

also went through a period of modernisation during the

5727:

are a very broad genre of Buddhist scriptures that the

3759:, but also see them as transcendental or supramundane ( 2490:

was printed using over 130,000 wooden printing blocks.

1970:

school, which was mainly in north India. Likewise, the

1061:). The Theravāda branch has a widespread following in 23664: 16580: 16082: 16058: 16020: 15279: 15192: 15084: 15048: 15036: 14916: 14906: 14904: 14864: 14813: 14697: 14100: 14083:"The Philosophy of Desire in the Buddhist Pali Canon," 14056: 14054: 13715: 13703: 13688: 13480: 13385: 13230: 12945: 12918: 12548: 12536: 12524: 12252:. State University of New York Press. pp. 35–39. 12058: 12007: 11629: 11409: 11359: 11357: 10723: 10620: 10608: 10491: 10393: 10336: 10334: 10241: 10195: 10193: 9735: 9733: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9621: 9581: 9579: 9428: 8885: 8883: 8718: 8625: 8577: 8538: 8028: 7809:

Encyclopedia of Indian Religions: Buddhism and Jainism

7444:

See Hill (2009), p. 30, for the Chinese text from the

5532:, itself the part of three basket of texts called the 5466:

Buddhism, like all Indian religions, was initially an

4829: 4768: 3177:

is the Buddhist belief that causality is the basis of

1470:), the ending of suffering, and the end of rebirth in 1145: 1003: 979: 927: 913: 824: 20509:, Routledge Critical Studies in Buddhism, Routledge, 19689: 19595:

Queen, Christopher S.; King, Sallie B., eds. (1996).

16356: 16305: 16257: 15417:

Analayo. Early Buddhist Meditation Studies (Volume 1)

14595: 14438: 14426: 14112: 14094: 13956: 13896: 13884: 13872: 13860: 13836: 13824: 13812: 13623: 13559: 13266: 13029: 13017: 12993: 12957: 12572: 12109: 12046: 11770: 11674: 11473: 10879: 10012:(2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 56–58. 9649: 9561: 9503: 9387: 9375: 9061: 9017: 9015: 9013: 8984:(2nd ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 56–58. 8800: 8433: 7930:"Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal" 6519:

and social equality. Ambedkar urged low caste Indian

2359:. This loss of support in favor of Hindu faiths like 2327:

texts are problematic because "the chronology of the

776: 739: 727: 20566:

Worldwide Buddhist Information and Education Network

20532:, translated by Yeung H. Wing, Wisdom Publications, 20227:

The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism

19197:(3rd ed.). State University of New York Press. 19175:

Keown, Damien. "Buddhism and Biomedical Issues". In

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Sperry, Rod Meade; Atwood, Haleigh (30 March 2018).

16269: 16245: 15712:

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

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The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism

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Early Indian Mahayana Buddhism I: Recent Scholarship

9850: 9549: 9196:

The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction

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Indian Religions: An Overview – Buddhism and Jainism

7750:

Encyclopedia of Asian American Folklore and Folklife

7001: 6387:, further immigration from Asia, globalisation, the 4475:

Other important elements of Buddhist ethics include

3109:), as the means to attain cessation and liberation. 2943:

to explain the various realms or planes of rebirth.

2378: 2218:

epistemological tradition of Dignaga and Dharmakirti

1858: 767: 761: 721: 715: 16935: 16933: 16008: 15984: 15179:

The Great Compassion: Buddhism & Animal Rights.

15140:

The Great Compassion: Buddhism & Animal Rights.

15024: 14901: 14248: 14211: 14051: 12699: 11846:. State University of New York Press. p. 109. 11530: 11354: 11046: 10951: 10331: 10190: 9745: 9730: 9637: 9618: 9576: 9129: 9127: 8880: 8751:

A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1

8589: 8510:

Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity

8464:

Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity

8016: 7597: 7420: 5731:Buddhist tradition holds are original teachings of 5483:, through the use of communal recitation and other 5120:The four immeasurables or four abodes, also called 3731:Mahāyāna Buddhism meanwhile, has a vastly expanded 2548:during the 13th and 14th centuries and in the Thai 1295:Details of the Buddha's life are mentioned in many 758: 712: 20475: 19989: 19753:Robinson, Richard H.; Johnson, Willard L. (1997). 19733:Robinson, Richard H.; Johnson, Willard L. (1982), 18904: 18711: 18290: 18029:Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald Jr. (2003), 17094:"Why Are We Surprised When Buddhists Are Violent?" 16791: 15886: 15688: 15636: 15335: 15333: 15215: 15213: 15211: 15209: 15207: 13534: 13403: 12693: 11840:Karl Potter (1986). Ronald Wesley Neufeldt (ed.). 11566:Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction 11387: 11174:Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction 9445: 9443: 9010: 7090:Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand 6967:(15%) also have significant Buddhist populations. 6742:continue to be influential elements of the modern 6598:in media of various Western countries was that of 5854:Buddhists generally classify themselves as either 5408: 4338: 2227: 2194:(established by the 5th-century CE Gupta emperor, 20572:Early Buddhist texts, translations, and parallels 19874:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 19850:Schuhmacher, Stephen; Woener, Gert, eds. (1991), 19849: 18998: 17903:The Two Traditions Of Meditation In Ancient India 16970: 16656:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 660–667. 15837:. University Press of America. pp. 137–138. 15772: 13589: 11986: 11620: 11336: 11021: 9314: 9312: 8778:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 8330: 8130: 7842:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2982:) produce "seeds" in the unconscious receptacle ( 1919:Map of the Buddhist missions during the reign of 28598: 20414:Buddhism: Critical Concepts in Religious Studies 19736:The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction 17611: 17609: 17190:The Encyclopedic Sourcebook of New Age Religions 16930: 16497:Eleanor Zelliot (2015). Knut A. Jacobsen (ed.). 15714:. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2004. Archived from 14838:. Princeton University Press. pp. 236–243. 13638: 11900:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 129–131. 11889: 11887: 10899:The River of Lost Footsteps – Histories of Burma 10070:Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite 10005: 9999: 9256:. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–5, 68–71. 9249: 9124: 8977: 8646: 7702: 7690: 4761:In different Buddhist traditions, other related 3436: 3297: 3261: 3059:depiction of the Buddha's spiritual liberation ( 23364: 19752: 19732: 19696:The Pali Text Society's Pali–English dictionary 19453: 19337:Buddhism and Science: A Guide for the Perplexed 18517:(2nd ed.), Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 17260:Freud and the Buddha: The Couch and the Cushion 16901: 16806: 16496: 16456: 16454: 15330: 15204: 13537:Miracles: Wonder and Meaning in World Religions 13532: 12633:Robert Neville (2004). Jeremiah Hackett (ed.). 12459:. Columbia University Press. pp. 145–146. 12413: 12284: 12082: 11084: 10663:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 100. 10009:Gender and Religion: The Dark Side of Scripture 9440: 9164: 8823: 8191: 8010: 7974:– via Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary 7747:Jonathan H. X. Lee; Kathleen M. Nadeau (2011). 7616: 6880:, is followed by over half of world Buddhists. 4903:is "state of perfect equanimity and awareness ( 4513:Buddhist scriptures explain the five precepts ( 2692:(path): the path leading to the confinement of 1010:), while the Mahayana tradition emphasizes the 904:. Other commonly observed elements include the 838:According to tradition, the Buddha taught that 20578:East Asian Buddhist Studies: A Reference Guide 20069: 19805: 19489:Norman, K.R. (1992), "The Four Noble Truths", 19367:Karma and rebirth: Post-classical developments 18999:Juergensmeyer, Mark; Roof, Wade Clark (2011), 18063:, Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 18019: 17912:"Did the Buddha Believe in Karma and Rebirth?" 17494: 16870: 16610: 16503:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 13, 361–370. 15378: 14832:Luis Gomez (2015). Donald S. Lopez Jr. (ed.). 14526:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 502–503. 14486: 13215:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd. p.69 12706:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 54–60. 12679:. G. Debrock. Springer. p. 376, note 12. 12632: 12278: 12206: 12174:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 82–84. 12167: 12139: 12088: 11893: 11843:Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments 11633:Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments 11485: 11439: 11406:of Buddhism, and its ultimate justification.". 9531: 9309: 9270: 6581: 5905:Both Theravāda and Mahāyāna accept and revere 5677:which has survived until today. However, many 5366:is described in a similar way, such as in the 4029:, or "Eightfold Path of the Noble Ones" (Skt. 3017:of existence including human beings and gods. 2369:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent 2182:University, a great centre of Mahāyāna thought 1474:. This event also brought certainty about the 1228:, literally meaning "doctrines disciplines". 1223: 1217: 1211: 1176:the Indian subcontinent before declining there 1034:), a body of teachings incorporating esoteric 23637: 23350: 20677: 20197: 20108:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 19854:, translated by Kohn, Michael H., Shambhala, 19756:Buddhist Religions: A Historical Introduction 19552:The weave of my life: a Dalit woman's memoirs 19438:Buddhism: introducing the Buddhist experience 18348: 17742: 17606: 17050: 16964: 16554:. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–213. 16548:Gary Tartakov (2003). Rowena Robinson (ed.). 16547: 15857: 15766: 15760: 14519: 13787: 13501: 13343: 13182:, pp. 101–102 Quote: "Some texts of the 12726: 12703:Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism 11884: 11491: 10778: 10753: 10157:Ann Heirman; Stephan Peter Bumbacher (2007). 9449: 9192: 9091: 8760:(Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90) 8640: 8403:. Oxford University Press. pp. 208–209. 8390: 8233: 7937:International Bulletin of Missionary Research 4907:)," reached through focused mental training. 4662: 4629:Vinaya is the specific code of conduct for a 3144:While Buddhism considers the liberation from 2119:A Buddhist triad depicting, left to right, a 1492:he had discovered, and then died, achieving " 684: 21459:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 20447:Mahayana Buddhism: the doctrinal foundations 20304:Mahayana Buddhism: the doctrinal foundations 20076:The Authenticity of the Early Buddhist Texts 19852:The Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen 19825: 19192: 19141: 19123: 19087: 18839:Hirakawa, Akira (1993), Groner, Paul (ed.), 18776:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 18028: 17766:Satipatthana. The Direct Path to Realization 16904:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 16750: 16535: 16451: 16433: 15940: 15830: 15799: 15580:Profound Buddhism From Hinayana To Vajrayana 15339: 15309: 15258: 15219: 14773: 14483:, pp. 74 (Chapter 8), 102 (Conclusion). 14166:"Satipatthana Meditation, A Practice Guide," 13284: 13154:Brunnholzl, Karl, When the Clouds Part, The 12676:Newton's Scientific and Philosophical Legacy 12673:Guy Debrock (2012). Paul B. Scheurer (ed.). 12479: 12374: 12323: 12291:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 1–4, 85–88. 12249:Awareness Bound and Unbound: Buddhist Essays 12028: 11614: 11562: 11319: 11170: 10961:. University of Chicago Press. p. XIV. 10811: 10788:An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism 10784: 10117: 10081: 9612: 9358: 9329: 9243: 8906:The History of Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya 8697: 8571: 8396: 7894: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7322:The surviving portions of the scriptures of 6833:can also be seen in certain forms of modern 6786:were very influential in the development of 6634:. This conception is rooted in 19th century 5309:is included as one of the "five faculties" ( 4446:Buddhist monks collect alms in Si Phan Don, 2616:The Four Noble Truths, or the truths of the 2544:(1287–1552). It also became dominant in the 815:, with over 520 million followers, known as 20580:, Robert Buswell and William Bodiford, UCLA 20248:The practice of Chinese Buddhism, 1900–1950 19509: 19142:Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (2013). 19124:Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (2010), 19088:Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. (2004), 18961: 18424: 17375:"Religion & Belief in Hong Kong, China" 17299: 17145:"Chinese Buddhism and Traditional Culture," 16810:Minority Religions and Fraud: In Good Faith 16688: 16492: 16490: 16323: 15899:(3). University of Hawai'i Press: 399–415. 14492: 14374:. Princeton University Press. pp. 3–5. 12672: 11839: 11128:Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age 10760:. University of California Press. pp. 10464:Columbia University Press, 2005, pp. 29-34. 10296: 10202: 9047:. Harvard University Press. pp. 1–19. 7574: 7285:never preached against social inequality". 6994:, named the Buddha Dhamma Ramsi monastery. 4966: 3855: 2851:. Liberation from this cycle of existence, 2726:The Buddha teaching the Four Noble Truths. 2711: 2636: 1019: 987: 963: 943: 23644: 23630: 23357: 23343: 20684: 20670: 19373: 19271: 19033:"Zen as a Social Ethics of Responsiveness" 18685:Buddhist Moral Philosophy: An Introduction 18349:Eliade, Mircea; et al., eds. (1987), 18058: 17958: 17937: 17909: 17897: 17066:Brazier, Dharmavidya David (30 May 2015). 16979:"Buddha philosophy and western psychology" 16463:"Ambedkar, Marx and the Buddhist Question" 15434:"Reflections on Comparative Āgama Studies" 15392:The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism, 15160:Vanijja Sutta: Business (Wrong Livelihood) 14831: 14746: 14547:Lewis Hodous; William E. Soothill (2003). 14480: 14468: 14420: 14408: 14384: 14328: 14292: 13977: 13508:. University of California Press. p. 12639:. Jerald Wallulis. Springer. p. 257. 12146:. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. 11959: 11569:. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. 11375: 11177:. Cambridge University Press. p. 51. 10741: 10305:"A Rough Sketch of Central Asian Buddhism" 10272: 9916: 9892: 9880: 9844: 9790:A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya 9712: 9688: 9673: 8862: 8607: 8451: 8246:. Princeton University Press. p. 21. 8115: 7620:Asian Buddhism" and "Buddhism Comes West"; 5980: 5326:The Buddhist tradition regards ignorance ( 5242:). There are numerous meditation deities ( 4995:); the third is the realm of nothingness ( 3614:A related doctrine in Buddhism is that of 3196:or "twelve links". It states that because 1453:According to various early texts like the 1369:According to early texts such as the Pali 691: 677: 22:Buddhadharma: The Practitioner's Quarterly 20410: 20377: 20345: 19991:"Buddhism and the Definition of Religion" 19987: 19951: 19898:"The Raksā Literature of the Śrāvakayāna" 19673: 19659: 19594: 19405: 19355: 19183: 18962:Johnson, Todd M.; Grim, Brian J. (2013). 18825:, Charleston, South Carolina: BookSurge, 18811: 18644:Philosophy of the Buddha: An Introduction 18592: 18590: 18098:The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism 17781: 17754: 17582: 17580: 17451: 17344:"ASIA SOCIETY: THE COLLECTION IN CONTEXT" 17119: 17068:"It Needs Saying: Buddhism is a Religion" 17038: 17012: 16994: 16691:"The Zen Predator of the Upper East Side" 16478: 16350: 16130: 16112: 15943:, "Bodhisattva, Career in the Theravada". 13926: 13748: 13736: 12417:The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism 12350: 12288:The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism 12245: 11953: 11681:William H. Swatos; Peter Kivisto (1998). 11595: 11217:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 209–210. 11078: 11015: 10526:, Columbia University Press, p. 228, 234. 10208: 10093: 10072:. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2008. 9832: 9792:. Dharma Drum Academic Publisher. p. 891. 9199:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 1–2, 23. 9135: 9095:The First Spring: The Golden Age of India 8619: 8376:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 227–240. 8046: 7984: 7906:. Pew Research Center. 18 December 2012. 7885: 6794:. Buddhist educational institutions like 6484: 6171: 5839: 5185:Tantra, visualization and the subtle body 5014: 4428: 4399:motif of the triple refuge, found in the 4094:The Noble Eightfold Path is grouped into 4083:and asserts the path to the cessation of 4079:This Eightfold Path is the fourth of the 4014:A common presentation style of the path ( 3247: 3028:This Buddhist idea may have roots in the 2661:(origin, arising, combination; "cause"): 1990: 1843:contain mostly the same major doctrines. 1726: 1381:204, Gautama was moved by the suffering ( 26159: 20650:Buddhism – objects, art and history 20443: 20336: 20327: 20319: 20301: 19922: 19895: 19717:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary 19699:, Chipstead, London: Pali Text Society, 19617: 19518: 19435: 19364: 19343: 19293: 19176: 18838: 18675: 18618: 18599: 18581: 18560: 18542: 18466: 18375: 18311: 18233:The Illustrated Guide to World Religions 17991: 17802: 17772: 16598: 16500:Routledge Handbook of Contemporary India 16487: 16374: 16002: 15978: 15748: 15512: 14715: 14456: 14432: 14304: 14242: 14130: 14045: 14033: 14016: 14004: 13989: 13754: 13367: 13224: 13167: 13142: 13130: 12988:The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 12939: 12912: 12860: 12809: 12777: 12615: 12596:The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions 12127: 12052: 11993:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 152–155. 11668: 11250:Frank Hoffman; Deegalle Mahinda (2013). 10995:"Four Noble Truths: BUDDHIST PHILOSOPHY" 10885: 10846: 10647: 10485: 10473: 10435: 10423: 10387: 10363: 9940: 9868: 9763: 9724: 9658: 9509: 9274:Exploring Alterity in a Globalized World 9152: 9118: 8941: 8874: 8736: 8724: 8685: 8673: 8634: 8179: 8034: 7833: 7607: 7594:and meditation as a means to liberation. 7453: 6705: 6686: 6156: 5872: 5706: 5558: 5449: 5251: 5198: 4942:Some scholars, like Bronkhorst, see the 4858: 4666: 4620: 4441: 4314: 3799: 3050: 2884: 2800: 2721: 2382: 2237: 2173: 2114: 2015: 1914: 1687: 1344:small oligarchy or republic-like council 1280: 1262: 33: 27451: 22646:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 20584:Buddhist Bibliography (China and Tibet) 20545: 20332:(Kindle ed.), Taylor & Francis 20241:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers 20165: 20130: 20103: 20037: 19972:The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions 19837: 19470: 19377:Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma 19220: 19030: 18902: 18870: 18316:, New York: Columbia University Press, 18261: 18161: 18126: 18037: 18024:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers 17763: 17526: 17156: 17065: 17044: 16398: 16242:, Oxford University Press, pp. 203–204. 15884: 15536: 15428: 15066: 15018: 14922: 14895: 14858: 14819: 14646:, pp. 106–107, context: Chapter 7. 14499:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 86–89. 14340: 13950: 13938: 13767:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 13763:"Ethics in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism" 13760: 13236: 12733:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 67–69. 12730:Linguistic Approach to Buddhist Thought 12542: 12420:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 21–22. 12362: 12115: 12040: 11990:The Law of Karma: A Philosophical Study 11804:Encyclopedia of Reincarnation and Karma 11788: 11764: 11731: 11427: 11348: 10958:Hyecho's Journey: The World of Buddhism 10923:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia 10626: 10602: 10590: 10451:Columbia University Press, 2005, p. 18. 10411: 10375: 10215:. Oxford University Press. p. 42. 10105: 9856: 9801: 9477:Skilton, Andrew (2013). "22 Buddhism". 9476: 9456:. Ashgate. p. 16 with footnote 3. 9453:Buddhism as Philosophy: An Introduction 8583: 8544: 8301:at bl.uk. Retriebved 10 February 2023. 8022: 7840:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7528:as "aimlessness or directionless-ness". 7135:Southern, Eastern and Northern Buddhism 6673:, literally "scripture" or "teaching". 5624:After the development of the different 4807:, "establishments of mindfulness") and 4061: 3804:Buddhist monks and nuns praying in the 2796: 2373:Islamic invasions and conquest of India 1482:, he attracted followers and founded a 28599: 23606: 22849:List of Buddhist architecture in China 20275: 20233: 20224: 20121: 19867: 19793: 19773: 19759:(4th ed.). Wadsworth Publishing. 19624: 19601:. State University of New York Press. 19580:. Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications. 19575: 19545: 19497: 19488: 19423: 18986:(1993), "The Beginnings of Buddhism", 18929:from the original on 16 September 2015 18877:, State University of New York Press, 18769: 18731: 18709: 18700: 18682: 18673: 18640: 18622:Religious Experience in Early Buddhism 18530: 18509: 18486: 18433: 18406: 18226: 18094: 18085: 18076: 17716:. Buddhistchannel.tv. 5 January 2009. 17577: 17415:from the original on 22 September 2020 17311: 16845: 16719: 16689:Oppenheimer, Mark (18 December 2014). 16650:Martin Marty; R Scott Appleby (1994). 16586: 16460: 16386: 16362: 16311: 16287: 16100: 16088: 16076: 16064: 15736: 15663: 15648: 15618:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. p. 20. 15480: 15366: 15285: 15246: 15198: 15126: 15114: 15102: 15090: 15078: 15054: 15042: 15006: 14946: 14870: 14807: 14734: 14703: 14444: 14316: 14254: 14118: 14106: 13965: 13914: 13890: 13878: 13866: 13854: 13842: 13830: 13818: 13721: 13709: 13697: 13645:Roderick Bucknell; Chris Kang (2013). 13632: 13577: 13565: 13489: 13474: 13443: 13426: 13379: 13355: 13331: 13314: 13312: 13310: 13272: 13248: 13213:The Lankavatara Sutra: A Mahayana Text 13179: 13035: 13023: 13011: 12999: 12963: 12951: 12924: 12900: 12875: 12789: 12765: 12753: 12660: 12578: 12566: 12554: 12530: 12518: 12506: 12076: 12064: 12013: 11947: 11776: 11752: 11719: 11467: 11451: 11415: 11363: 10729: 10497: 10399: 10344:, Religion Compass 4/2 (2010): 55–65, 10302: 10247: 10056: 10044: 9993: 9952: 9928: 9904: 9700: 9643: 9631: 9597: 9585: 9570: 9555: 9543: 9487:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199644650.013.004 9405: 9393: 9381: 9352: 9079: 9067: 9041:Sarah LeVine; David N Gellner (2009). 8965: 8556: 8532: 8439: 8309: 8291:The development of the Buddhist 'canon 8227: 8215: 8203: 8142: 8058: 7611: 7603: 7429: 5850:Timeline of Buddhism § Common Era 4010:Paths to liberation in the early texts 3941: 2258:(4th–6th centuries) and the empire of 1243:in English, referred to themselves as 1231:The Buddha ("the Awakened One") was a 912:, and the cultivation of perfections ( 876:, with the Buddha regarding it as the 27450: 26608: 26158: 23663: 23625: 23338: 20665: 20590:Ten Philosophical Questions: Buddhism 20502: 20254: 20250:, Cambridge: Harvard University Press 20245: 20099:from the original on 24 December 2015 20060: 19969: 19714: 19615: 19334: 19325: 19302: 19211: 19174: 19105: 19069: 19057: 18940: 18802: 18366: 18194: 18165:Nirvana and Other Buddhist Felicities 17926:from the original on 29 November 2014 17870: 17851: 17830: 17663:from the original on 28 February 2018 17594:from the original on 3 September 2020 17092:Dan Arnold and Alicia Turner (2018). 16876: 16781: 16445: 16299: 16263: 16251: 16119:European Journal of International Law 15694: 15682: 15462:from the original on 12 December 2019 15316:. Penguin Books. pp. xiii–xvii. 15297: 14934: 14655: 14643: 14601: 14589: 14573: 14396: 14369: 13902: 13680:See for example, Tsong-Kha-Pa (2015) 13596:. Yale University Press. p. 59. 13541:. New York University Press. p. 13455: 13391: 13260: 12483:Buddhism: Its Essence and Development 11935: 11878: 11827: 11479: 11402:, p. 71, Quote: "Nirvana is the 11399: 11290:The Foundation for Yoga Practitioners 11159:International Philosophical Quarterly 9814:from the original on 29 February 2020 9751: 9434: 9168:A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy 9133: 8953: 8902: 8811: 8771: 8595: 8334:South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia 8239: 7879: 7728:from the original on 13 February 2023 7708: 7696: 7486:, and perceives that he is liberated. 7438: 7392: 7252:article for various sites identified. 7040:Buddhism, Jainism and Bhakti movement 6927:. Large Buddhist populations live in 6883:Buddhism is the dominant religion in 6676: 6301:Interior of the Thai Buddhist wat in 5563:Gandhara birchbark scroll fragments ( 5297:and sometimes is equivalent to it is 4600:tradition, contrasting them with the 4450:. Giving is a key virtue in Buddhism. 4300:Correct meditation or concentration ( 4039:(The discourse on the turning of the 3987:tradition takes an ambiguous stance. 2159:to include the first versions of the 1785: 1373:("The discourse on the noble quest", 1065:as well as in Southeast Asia, namely 23596: 20464:from the original on 11 January 2023 20431:from the original on 11 January 2023 20398:from the original on 11 January 2023 20366:from the original on 11 January 2023 20186:from the original on 11 January 2023 20124:Encyclopedia of Religion and Society 19693:; Stede, William, eds. (1921–1925), 19648:from the original on 11 January 2023 19394:from the original on 11 January 2023 19262: 19253: 19241:from the original on 11 January 2023 19162:from the original on 11 January 2023 19019:from the original on 11 January 2023 18982: 18891:from the original on 11 January 2023 18859:from the original on 11 January 2023 18820: 18790:from the original on 11 January 2023 18661:from the original on 11 January 2023 18454:from the original on 11 January 2023 18329: 18271:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 18250:from the original on 11 January 2023 18215:from the original on 11 January 2023 18182:from the original on 11 January 2023 18150:from the original on 11 January 2023 18115:from the original on 11 January 2023 18031:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 17979:from the original on 11 January 2023 17941:Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism 17694:from the original on 17 October 2019 17433: 17183: 17171: 16976: 16846:Sperry, Rod Meade (11 August 2017). 16827:from the original on 11 January 2023 16763:from the original on 22 October 2018 16670:from the original on 11 January 2023 16631:from the original on 11 January 2023 16568:from the original on 6 December 2022 16517:from the original on 11 January 2023 16275: 16218: 16026: 16014: 15990: 15919:from the original on 3 February 2021 15779:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 410. 15265:. Penguin Books. pp. xii–xiii. 15181:New York: Lantern Books. pp. 64-65. 15030: 14979:from the original on 11 January 2023 14910: 14217: 13610:from the original on 11 January 2023 13099: 12434:from the original on 11 January 2023 12395:from the original on 11 January 2023 12305:from the original on 11 January 2023 12266:from the original on 11 January 2023 12227:from the original on 11 January 2023 12188:from the original on 11 January 2023 12143:Nirvana: Concept, Imagery, Narrative 12092:Nirvana: Concept, Imagery, Narrative 11914:from the original on 11 January 2023 11860:from the original on 11 January 2023 11701:from the original on 11 January 2023 11684:Encyclopedia of Religion and Society 11650:from the original on 11 January 2023 11583:from the original on 11 January 2023 11551:from the original on 11 January 2023 11512:from the original on 11 January 2023 11270:from the original on 11 January 2023 11231:from the original on 11 January 2023 11191:from the original on 11 January 2023 11067:from the original on 11 January 2023 10975:from the original on 11 January 2023 10867:from the original on 11 January 2023 10614: 10229:from the original on 11 January 2023 10163:. Brill Academic. pp. 139–142. 10138:from the original on 11 January 2023 10124:. Brill Academic. pp. 102–106. 10026:from the original on 11 January 2023 9802:Salomon, Richard (20 January 2020). 9739: 9098:. Penguin Books. pp. 538, 571. 8998:from the original on 11 January 2023 8923:from the original on 11 January 2023 8844:from the original on 11 January 2023 8788:from the original on 2 December 2022 8370:Akira Hirakawa; Paul Groner (1993). 8351:from the original on 11 January 2023 8260:from the original on 11 January 2023 8065:Smith College Studies in Social Work 7978: 7664:, spanning parts of both modern-day 7623:Penguin Handbook of Living Religions 7450:, and p. 31 for a translation of it. 7186: 6645:, which reinterpreted Buddhism in a 6542:. Modern Buddhist movements include 6142: 5643:, were divided into three sections: 5106: 3152: 3105:), and right liberation or release ( 2605: 2163:series, along with texts concerning 2104: 2093:in the 7th-century, followed by the 1900:resulted in the first schism in the 1561:and the historical emergence of the 20620:Religion and Spirituality: Buddhism 20608:Readings in Sanskrit Buddhist Canon 20604:, Hakuin Ekaku (Ed: Monika Bincsik) 20161:from the original on 19 August 2018 19662:The Journal of Religion and Culture 19063:Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction 18946:Collected Paper on Buddhist Studies 18496:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 18079:MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religions 17856:. Somerville: Wisdom Publications. 17282:. pp. 77–78, NY: Harper & Row. 16858:from the original on 17 August 2017 16813:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 171. 15806:. Asian Humanities Press. pp. 14669:Abhidharmakosabhasyam of Vasubandhu 14625:from the original on 21 August 2013 14095:Rhys Davids & Stede (1921–1925) 13307: 13100:Gold, Jonathan C. (22 April 2011). 9223:Edward Fitzpatrick Crangle (1994). 8500:, University of Chicago Press. p. 7 8426:, "Buddhism in the Iranian World," 6829:based modalities. The influence of 5994:Various types of Buddhist buildings 5763:(Root Verses on the Middle Way) by 5757:), the most famous of which is the 5161:Empathetic joy (Pāli and Sanskrit: 4773:The training of the faculty called 4769:Mindfulness and clear comprehension 4540:"I undertake the training-precept ( 4356:Mahayana Buddhist teachers such as 4310: 3923:clarify that the "Self" implied in 3902:. According to Paul Williams these 3690: 2097:and the later establishment of the 1662:, and supplemented by reference to 1544: 1342:community, which was governed by a 1174:, Buddhism was widely practiced in 13: 27420:Religions and spiritual traditions 23666:Religious groups and denominations 22636:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 20592:, Richard Hayes, Leiden University 20038:Stewart, James (22 January 2018). 19884:from the original on 27 April 2016 18379:A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy 17720:from the original on 28 April 2021 17681: 17482:from the original on 16 April 2021 17385:from the original on 16 April 2021 17372: 17354:from the original on 16 April 2021 16732:from the original on 16 April 2021 16720:Corder, Mike (14 September 2018). 16157:from the original on 19 April 2016 15969:p. 189. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. 15637:Williams, Tribe & Wynne (2012) 15613:Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras, 15525:Macmillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism 15346:. Penguin Books. pp. xi–xxv. 14965:. Brill Academic. pp. 56–58. 14168:chapter 1. Windhorse Publications. 13404:Williams, Tribe & Wynne (2012) 11454:, pp. 28–29, Quote: "Seeing ( 11388:Williams, Tribe & Wynne (2012) 10682:The History of Buddhism in Vietnam 8512:by Richard Cohen. Routledge 1999. 8466:by Richard Cohen. Routledge 1999. 8161:from the original on 31 March 2022 7985:Reynolds, Frank; Tucci, Giuseppe. 7198:The term is probably derived from 7095:Index of Buddhism-related articles 6823:Mindfulness-based stress reduction 5715:in South Korea, an edition of the 5195:Vajrayana § Tantra_techniques 5145:) is active good will towards all; 4633:of monks or nuns. It includes the 2978:) and bad, unskilful deeds (Pāli: 2679:(cessation, ending, confinement): 2421:into the Chinese territory of the 2411:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 2242:Vajrayana adopted deities such as 2020:Buddhist expansion throughout Asia 1997:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 1677: 142:Decline in the Indian subcontinent 137:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 14: 28638: 23576:Gautama Buddha in world religions 20559: 20506:The Origin of Buddhist Meditation 20142:Nordic Institute of Asian Studies 19843:Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks 19703:from the original on 25 July 2021 19466:, London: Oxford University Press 19278:Nordic Institute of Asian Studies 18911:American Journal of Jurisprudence 18376:Emmanuel, Steven M., ed. (2013), 18371:, London: Edward Arnold & Co. 17803:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). 17627:from the original on 29 July 2017 17278:& Richard De Martino (1960). 16701:from the original on 4 March 2019 16302:, pp. 60–63, 74–85, 185–187. 16147:"Attack on giant Pakistan Buddha" 15226:. Penguin Books. pp. xi–xv. 14882:Garson, Nathaniel DeWitt (2004). 13777:from the original on 8 July 2010. 13059:from the original on 30 July 2016 12599:(1997), Oxford University Press, 11130:, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, 9777:Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy 8240:White, David Gordon, ed. (2000). 8143:Avison, Austin (4 October 2021). 8013:, p. 483, entry note: . 7910:from the original on 8 April 2020 6609: 6481:and receives government support. 6215:was developed by figures such as 6211:(1912–49), a new movement called 5866:(or just "Eastern Buddhism") and 5696: 5609: 5570:) from British Library Collection 5419:Based on the Indian principle of 5390:Most forms of Buddhism "consider 4495:) and 'regard for consequences' ( 4304:), explained as the four jhānas. 3596:Source: MN 109 (Thanissaro, 2001) 2379:Spread to East and Southeast Asia 1923:according to the Edicts of Ashoka 1859:Ashokan Era and the early schools 1591:), and these influenced both the 28580: 28571: 28570: 28384:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27526:Democratic Republic of the Congo 23605: 23595: 23317: 23307: 23306: 22864:Thai temple art and architecture 22609:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 20849:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 20715: 20702: 20692: 20278:Saṃsāra and Rebirth, in Buddhism 20260:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 20065:, University of California Press 19952:Skorupski, Tadeusz, ed. (1990), 19939:from the original on 19 May 2018 19905:Journal of the Pali Text Society 19578:Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism 19431:, University of California Press 18629:from the original on 1 July 2016 18008:from the original on 25 May 2017 17735: 17706: 17675: 17639: 17551: 17520: 17468: 17427: 17397: 17366: 17336: 17317: 17265: 17252: 17231: 17210: 17177: 17150: 17137: 17125: 17085: 17029: 16839: 16800: 16775: 16744: 16713: 16682: 16643: 16604: 16541: 16392: 16317: 16232: 16199: 16169: 16139: 16106: 16045: 16032: 15959: 15946: 15878: 15851: 15824: 15793: 15754: 15700: 15657: 15642: 15621: 15605: 15592: 15569: 15542: 15486: 15422: 15405: 15384: 15303: 15252: 15171: 15153: 15142:New York: Lantern Books. p. 76. 14952: 14876: 14825: 14767: 14740: 14661: 14607: 14540: 14513: 14363: 14346: 14223: 14187: 14158: 14145: 14136: 14075: 13781: 13674: 13665: 13583: 13526: 13495: 13294: 13205: 13173: 13148: 13112:from the original on 5 July 2019 13093: 13080: 13071: 13041: 12969: 12841: 12828: 12815: 12720: 12666: 12626: 12584: 12473: 12446: 12407: 12368: 12317: 12239: 12210:Understanding Eastern Philosophy 12200: 12161: 12133: 11980: 11833: 11794: 11524: 11495:Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings 11299: 11282: 11164: 11040: 11037:, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013) 10987: 10945: 10936: 10912: 10891: 10840: 10805: 10747: 10714: 10705: 10696: 10687: 10674: 10632: 10575: 10566: 10557: 10548: 10538: 10529: 10516: 10503: 10454: 10441: 10350:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2009.00195.x 10266: 10263:, Vol NS32 Issue I, 2000, p. 161 10253: 10177: 10150: 10111: 10062: 9971: 9958: 9895:, pp. 77–78, Section 8.4.3. 9795: 9782: 9769: 7846:from the original on 21 May 2022 7634: 7580: 7567: 7554: 7541: 7531: 7518: 7489: 7471: 7462: 7411: 7402: 7371: 7361: 7351: 7341: 7316: 7018: 7004: 6990:the first Buddhist monastery of 6442: 6431: 6294: 6268: 6049: 6040: 6029: 6020: 6009: 6000: 5774: 5581:, and the corresponding Chinese 4763:practices which focus on fasting 2574:) used as a translation for the 1748:include the four principal Pali 1719:, Late Mahayana, and the era of 1642:Early Buddhist positions in the 1568:New ideas developed both in the 1377:26) and its Chinese parallel at 1170:. Historically, until the early 754: 708: 658: 77: 26991:Evolutionary origin of religion 20716: 20169:Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide 19923:Skilling, Peter (Summer 1997). 19475:, University of Hawai'i Press, 19002:Encyclopedia of Global Religion 18683:Gowans, Christopher W. (2014), 18409:Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices 17504:. The Pew Forum. Archived from 17280:Zen Buddhism and Psychoanalysis 16782:Shute, Joe (9 September 2018). 16617:. Routledge. pp. 175–179. 15864:. Routledge. pp. 157–160. 15739:, pp. 1–2, 49–58, 253–271. 15009:, pp. 73–75, 146–159, 243. 14184:, p. 9, Asian Humanities Press. 13794:. Wisdom Publications. p. 13684:, chapter three. Shambala Pubs. 12381:. Routledge. pp. 198–226. 11687:. Rowman Altamira. p. 66. 11630:Ronald Wesley Neufeldt (1986). 11337:Juergensmeyer & Roof (2011) 11256:. Routledge. pp. 162–165. 11161:, Volume 23, Issue 1, pp. 65–74 9515: 9470: 9411: 9292: 9277:. Routledge. pp. 125–126. 9186: 9158: 9085: 9034: 8971: 8909:. Springer Nature. p. 62. 8896: 8817: 8765: 8742: 8691: 8503: 8490: 8477: 8457: 8417: 8363: 8324: 8315: 8272: 8136: 8131:Schuhmacher & Woener (1991) 8059:Donner, Susan E. (April 2010). 8052: 7922: 7292: 7278: 7268: 7255: 7242: 7205: 7192: 7050:Buddhas and bodhisattvas in art 6851: 6821:, particularly the practice of 6606:'s spiritual director in 2017. 5953:Mahāyāna focuses mainly on the 5836:and performing sexual rituals. 5767:, the foundational text of the 5409:Vegetarianism and animal ethics 5148:Compassion (Pāli and Sanskrit: 4817:, "mindfulness of breathing"). 4339:Hearing and learning the Dharma 2847:(ignorance), and the resulting 2738:Most schools of Buddhism teach 2228:Late Indian Buddhism and Tantra 2095:Muslim conquests of Afghanistan 1695:, Cave 10, a first period type 1611:ultimately emerged from these. 1537:For a chronological guide, see 813:world's fourth-largest religion 27342:Separation of church and state 26000:Polytheistic reconstructionism 22854:Japanese Buddhist architecture 22656:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 21736:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 20927:Places where the Buddha stayed 20596:Readings in Theravada Buddhism 20551:The Buddhist Conquest of China 20286:10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0141 19806:Schmidt-Leukel, Perry (2006), 19780:, Cambridge University Press, 19777:The Origins of Yoga and Tantra 19514:, Buddhist Publication Society 19374:McClelland, Norman C. (2010), 19312:, Princeton University Press, 18741:, Cambridge University Press, 18718:, Cambridge University Press, 18334:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 18168:. Cambridge University Press. 17647:"The 2013 Census and religion" 17527:Moudgil, Manu (17 June 2017). 16467:Journal of South Asian Studies 16330:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 360–362. 16327:The War on Terror Encyclopedia 15885:Samuels, Jeffrey (July 1997). 14523:The Classification of Buddhism 14372:Yoga, Brief History of an Idea 14155:, Routledge, 2013, p. 467-468. 11830:, p. 430 with footnote 1. 11114:, p. 64; "Central to Buddhist 10212:The Silk Road in World History 9966:A Concise History of Buddhism. 9479:The Oxford Handbook of Atheism 9031:Encyclopædia Britannica (2015) 7858: 7827: 7796: 7772: 7740: 7714: 7654: 7647: 7289:, quoted by Christopher Queen. 7055:Buddhism and Eastern religions 6340:that paved the way for modern 6253: 5548: 5078:Four Ways to Arahantship Sutta 5007:Brahma heavenly realms, while 4671:Living at the root of a tree ( 3705:): Buddha, Dharma and Sangha. 3635:"Emptiness" or "voidness" (Skt 3571:Mental Factors arise from the 2474:was introduced from India and 2432:(148–180 CE). The first known 1108:is predominantly practised in 1: 24998:Traditional Sabahan religions 22869:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 20626:The Future of Buddhism series 20610:, Nagarjuna Institute – UWest 20346:Williams, Paul, ed. (2005a), 19845:, University of Hawai'i Press 19555:, Columbia University Press, 19460:A Sanskrit-English Dictionary 19339:, University of Chicago Press 19335:Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (2009), 19326:Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (2001), 18600:Gombrich, Richard F. (2006). 18582:Gombrich, Richard F. (1997), 18045:, MacMillan Reference Books, 17959:Bronkhorst, Johannes (2013). 17938:Bronkhorst, Johannes (2011). 17910:Bronkhorst, Johannes (1998), 17072:Tricycle: The Buddhist Review 16480:10.1080/00856401.2015.1049726 15954:"Encyclopedia of Monasticism" 14615:"What is Theravada Buddhism?" 14471:, p. Chapter 9, page 86. 13651:. Routledge. pp. 12–13. 12891:p. 16. John Wiley & Sons. 12486:. Courier. pp. 125–137. 12453:Gananath Obeyesekere (2012). 12213:. Routledge. pp. 58–60. 12043:, pp. 135–177, 188, 443. 11966:. Routledge. pp. 31–34. 11801:Norman C. McClelland (2010). 11537:. Routledge. pp. 42–43. 11498:. Routledge. pp. 23–27. 11288:Ulrich Timme Kragh (editor), 11126:John C. Plott et al. (2000), 11053:. Routledge. pp. 42–43. 10921:(1968). Walter F. Vella, ed. 10901:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 10661:Sources of Japanese tradition 10390:, pp. 252–253, 263, 268. 8653:. Routledge. pp. 16–29. 8192:Robinson & Johnson (1997) 7679: 7617:Robinson & Johnson (1982) 6778:. Buddhist philosophers like 6362:World Parliament of Religions 6277:World Parliament of Religions 5564: 5344:, and liberates a being from 3844:includes holy beings such as 3036: 2925:(inexpressible) personality ( 2592:nang pa sangs rgyas pa'i chos 2536:was the dominant religion in 2457: 2399: 2263: 2206: 1618:three Vedic sacrificial fires 1403:(Sanskrit: Arada Kalama) and 1387:) of life and death, and its 1258: 23651: 22626:Buddhism and the Roman world 22602:Decline of Buddhism in India 22597:History of Buddhism in India 20697: Topics in 20337:Williams, Paul, ed. (2005), 20131:Terwiel, Barend Jan (2012), 20073:; Brahmali, Bhikkhu (2015), 19801:, Cambridge University Press 19436:Mitchell, Donald W. (2002), 19294:Lindtner, Christian (1997), 19193:Klostermaier, Klaus (2010). 18816:, Greenwood Publishing Group 18814:Culture and Customs of India 18812:Henderson, Carol E. (2002), 18641:Gowans, Christopher (2004). 18351:The Encyclopedia of religion 18312:Davidson, Ronald M. (2003), 18136:, Harvard University Press, 18059:Carrithers, Michael (1986), 18033:, Princeton University Press 17882:Buddhist Publication Society 16983:Indian Journal of Psychiatry 15952:Johnston, William M. (2013) 15649:Wallis, Christopher (2016). 15379:Sujato & Brahmali (2015) 14370:White, David Gordon (2011). 13769:. Metaphysics Research Lab, 13104:. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). 12700:David J. Kalupahana (1975). 12618:, p. 64, Quote: In the 11531:Christmas Humphreys (2012). 11440:Buswell & Gimello (1992) 11390:, pp. 18–19, chapter 1. 11047:Christmas Humphreys (2012). 10522:Davidson, Ronald M.,(2002). 9532:Sujato & Brahmali (2015) 8430:. 100/2-3, 2010, pp. 204-214 8169:– via Digital Commons. 8077:10.1080/00377317.2010.486361 7684: 7155:World Buddhist Scout Council 7115:List of converts to Buddhism 5976:(word of the Buddha) at all. 5832:practices such as ingesting 5454:A depiction of the supposed 4691:to meditation. According to 4156:, and the importance of the 3948:Buddhist paths to liberation 2559: 1684:History of Buddhism in India 1418:regime and various forms of 1202:The names Buddha Dharma and 1197: 340:Buddhist Paths to liberation 46:bronze statue of the Buddha 7: 27200:National religiosity levels 26425:Nauruan Indigenous religion 25980:Hellenism (modern religion) 21824:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 21564: 20522: 20482:(2nd ed.), Routledge, 20280:, Oxford University Press, 20172:, Oxford University Press, 19440:, Oxford University Press, 19356:Makransky, John J. (1997), 19074:, Oxford University Press, 18604:(2nd ed.). Routledge. 18425:Frauwallner, Erich (1973), 18236:, Oxford University Press, 17905:, Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 17216:Fromm, Erich (1989, 2002). 16196:, Etymology, Douglas Harper 15582:, Clearpoint Press. p. 15. 15394:Motilal Banarsidass, p. 3. 14153:Encyclopedia of Monasticism 14151:Johnston, William M. (ed.) 14097:, p. 377, "Nekkhamma". 10315:(4): 93–107. Archived from 8830:. Kosei. pp. 127–129. 7211:Buddhist texts such as the 6997: 6582:Sexual abuse and misconduct 6499:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 5379: 5091:Beginning with comments by 4950:from Brahmanical teachers. 4502: 4036:Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta 3517: 2655:at things, ideas and habits 1880: 1505:Buddhist schools of thought 1146: 1004: 980: 928: 914: 825: 10: 28643: 26609: 22774:The unanswerable questions 20200:Present-Day Spiritualities 20061:Spiro, Melford E. (1982), 19988:Southwold, Martin (1978). 19812:, Dunedin Academic Press, 19040:Journal of Buddhist Ethics 18619:Gombrich, Richard (2007), 18543:Gombrich, Richard (1984), 18090:, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag 17962:Buddhist Teaching in India 17814:Princeton University Press 16977:Aich, Tapas Kumar (2013). 16536:Keown & Prebish (2013) 16434:Keown & Prebish (2013) 16215:, Encyclopaedia Britannica 16051:Schedneck, Brooke (2015). 15941:Keown & Prebish (2013) 15773:Kenneth W. Morgan (1986). 15557:University of Hawaii Press 15441:Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 14553:. Routledge. p. 179. 13590:Martine Batchelor (2014). 13285:Buswell & Lopez (2003) 12029:Buswell & Lopez (2003) 11987:Bruce Reichenbach (1990). 11807:. McFarland. p. 141. 11615:Buswell & Lopez (2003) 10082:Keown & Prebish (2004) 8572:Keown & Prebish (2010) 7949:10.1177/239693931503900108 7943:(1): 28–29, January 2015, 7904:Global Religious Landscape 6855: 6680: 6657:, Buddhism is parallel to 6534:(r. 1851–68), and his son 6488: 6477:, it is recognised as the 6338:Thomas William Rhys Davids 6257: 6235:meanwhile, the arrival of 6146: 5984: 5870:(or "Northern Buddhism"). 5843: 5778: 5700: 5659:(Buddhist discourses) and 5613: 5552: 5443: 5412: 5383: 5255: 5188: 5113: 5018: 5011:leads into arupa heavens. 4930:. While evidence suggests 4917: 4840: 4663:Restraint and renunciation 4614: 4506: 4487:(Good-Will), Heedfulness ( 4472:) adopted by a monastery. 4435: 4372: 4351:Cula-Hatthipadopama Sutta, 4065: 3945: 3859: 3785: 3770: 3712: 3694: 3251: 3156: 3040: 2950: 2878: 2874: 2824: 2820: 2715: 2620:, taught in Buddhism are: 2609: 2563: 2508:after the 5th century CE ( 2231: 2108: 1994: 1862: 1730: 1681: 1536: 1530: 1526: 1446:and attained "Awakening" ( 1414:, which included a strict 1288: 18: 28566: 28485: 28402: 28274: 28019: 27744: 27461: 27457: 27446: 27355: 27280: 27056: 26964: 26901: 26619: 26615: 26604: 26167: 26154: 26079: 25902: 25884:Transcendental Meditation 25777: 25764: 25729: 25477: 25454: 25443: 25370: 25333: 25077: 24973: 24955: 24899: 24890: 24807: 24735: 24586: 24577: 24535: 24507: 24465: 24398: 24389: 24380: 24346: 24313: 24285: 24276: 24226: 24093: 23780: 23694: 23685: 23676: 23672: 23659: 23591: 23377: 23302: 23254: 23169: 23084: 22859:Buddhist temples in Korea 22782: 22684: 22567: 22264: 22192: 22019: 21892: 21832: 21467: 21422:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 21333: 21325:Three planes of existence 21273: 21118: 21010: 20940: 20932:Buddha in world religions 20794: 20739: 20711: 20622:at Open Directory Project 20503:Wynne, Alexander (2007), 20322:Buddhist Thought in India 20262:(3rd ed.), Longman, 20208:10.1163/9789004260061_003 20202:. BRILL. pp. 21–41. 19911:: 109–182. Archived from 19774:Samuel, Geoffrey (2008), 19184:Kingsland, James (2016), 19065:, Oxford University Press 18538:, Oxford University Press 18411:, Sussex Academic Press, 18304:; reprinted in Williams, 18279:10.1017/S1356186300014760 18273:, Series 3 (6.1): 57–63, 18095:Choong, Mun-Keat (1999), 18086:Choong, Mun-keat (2000), 17348:www.asiasocietymuseum.org 17300:Johnson & Grim (2013) 15496:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 2. 14780:. ABC-CLIO. p. 125. 14753:. Scarecrow. p. 73. 14411:, p. Part I: page 5. 14269:10.1017/S0034412500010076 14229:Vetter, Tilmann (1988), " 13761:Goodman, Charles (2017). 13049:"What is the Triple Gem?" 12982:26 September 2016 at the 12823:"Buddhism as philosophy," 11149:13 September 2017 at the 10006:Barbara Crandall (2012). 9250:Patrick Olivelle (1992). 8978:Barbara Crandall (2012). 8772:Wynne, Alexander (2019). 8647:Edward J. Thomas (2013). 8496:Lopez, Donald S. (1995). 8484:Sakya or Buddhist Origins 8337:. Routledge. p. 80. 6825:(MBSR) and other similar 6614:There is consensus among 6129:Japanese Buddhist temples 5222:Unsurpassable Yoga Tantra 4610: 4368: 4244: 4180: 4119: 4052:Cula-Hatthipadopama-sutta 4046:Other suttas such as the 3877:school variously, termed 3806:Buddha Tooth Relic Temple 3781: 3766: 3708: 3687:circulating at the time. 3655:), for example as in the 3592: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3529: 3453: 3439: 3387: 3380: 3374: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3317: 3314: 3300: 3293: 3288: 3264: 2968:: "action, work") drives 2706:other paths to liberation 2472:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 2452:(6th–7th centuries), and 1574:historical Vedic religion 1224: 1218: 1212: 880:between extremes such as 25:. For the racehorse, see 27511:Central African Republic 24545:Vietnamese folk religion 23936:Charismatic Christianity 23522:Physical characteristics 22641:Persecution of Buddhists 21862:Four stages of awakening 21243:Three marks of existence 20829:Physical characteristics 20602:Readings in Zen Buddhism 20411:Williams, Paul (2005c). 20378:Williams, Paul (2005b). 20352:, Taylor & Francis, 20225:Vetter, Tilmann (1988), 20104:Swearer, Donald (2004), 19896:Skilling, Peter (1992). 19221:Krishan, Yuvraj (1997). 19145:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 19126:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 19090:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 18469:Journal of Asian History 18162:Collins, Steven (1998). 18043:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 17773:Anderson, Carol (2013), 17768:, Windhorse Publications 17237:Kabat-Zinn, Jon (2005). 17157:Dreyfus, George (1997). 16996:10.4103/0019-5545.105517 16653:Fundamentalisms Observed 16401:Philosophy East and West 16290:, pp. 18–23, 76–88. 16238:Coleman, James William, 15893:Philosophy East and West 15390:Mun-Keat Choong (1999). 15165:19 November 2005 at the 14694:JOCBS. 2016 (11): 38-51. 14576:, pp. 269–270, 440 14496:Buddhist Insight: Essays 14195:Philosophy East and West 13593:The Spirit of the Buddha 13533:David L. Weddle (2010). 13322:Volume 7, Number 2, 1984 13300:Carole Anderson (2013), 13186:literature, such as the 12414:Mun-Keat Choong (1999). 12285:Mun-Keat Choong (1999). 10999:Encyclopaedia Britannica 9165:Hajime Nakamura (1983). 8824:Hajime Nakamura (2000). 8756:21 December 2022 at the 8688:, pp. 18–19, 50–51. 8400:A Dictionary of Buddhism 8230:, pp. 392–393, 415. 8206:, pp. 27–28, 73–74. 7812:. Springer Netherlands. 7806:; Jefferey Long (2017). 7265:, which means monastery. 7150:Buddhism in Central Asia 7125:Persecution of Buddhists 7105:List of Buddhist temples 6578:) doctrine of Buddhism. 6369:Buddhist Society, London 5942:Three marks of existence 5887:Encyclopedia of Religion 5439: 5191:Tibetan Tantric Practice 4967:The formless attainments 4963:meditation of Hinduism. 4960:Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 4425:strengthens the heart". 4160:and the True Realities. 3856:Other key Mahāyāna views 3375: 2946: 2740:three marks of existence 2718:Three marks of existence 2712:Three marks of existence 2315:According to Indologist 2139:. Second–third century. 2076:Gandharan Buddhist texts 1947:), temples (such as the 1804:three marks of existence 1480:fully enlightened Buddha 902:three marks of existence 27405:New religious movements 27043:Theories about religion 26996:Evolutionary psychology 26025:Modern Finnish paganism 24012:Independent Catholicism 23419:ten principal disciples 22004:Ten principal disciples 20887:(aunt, adoptive mother) 20642:20 October 2020 at the 20444:Williams, Paul (2008), 20328:Williams, Paul (2002), 20320:Williams, Paul (2000), 20302:Williams, Paul (1989), 20246:Welch, B. Alan (1967), 20166:Trainor, Kevin (2004), 19519:Paranjpe, A.C. (1998), 19455:Monier-Williams, Monier 19267:, Bloomsbury Publishing 19110:, Sterling Publishing, 18948:, Motilal Banarsidass, 18710:Harvey, Peter (1998) , 18701:Harvey, Graham (2016), 18547:, Motilal Banarsidass, 18493:Foundations of Buddhism 18367:Eliot, Charles (1935), 18353:, New York: Macmillan, 18330:Dutt, Sukumar (1988) . 18101:, Motilal Banarsidass, 17965:. Wisdom Publications. 17852:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2005). 17838:, Wisdom Publications, 17434:Kuah, Khun Eng (1991). 17241:. pp. 12–13. Hyperion. 17161:. SUNY. pp. 15–16. 16879:The History of Buddhism 16611:Rory Mackenzie (2007). 16211:4 December 2018 at the 16192:5 December 2018 at the 16181:5 December 2018 at the 14081:Webster, David (2004). 13580:, pp. 83, 273–274. 13053:www.accesstoinsight.org 12851:p. 91. RoutledgeCurzon. 12821:Siderits, Mark (2007). 12620:Mahatanhasankhaya Sutta 12207:Ray Billington (2002). 12168:Steven Collins (1990). 12140:Steven Collins (2010). 12089:Steven Collins (2010). 11894:Naomi Appleton (2014). 11142:Katie Javanaud (2013), 11098:22 January 2021 at the 11033:22 January 2021 at the 10897:Myint-U, Thant (2006). 10509:Ray, Reginald A (2000) 9271:Christoph Wulf (2016). 9136:Queen & King (1996) 8774:"Did the Buddha exist?" 7867:Encyclopædia Britannica 7864:"Buddhism". (2009). In 7834:Siderits, Mark (2019). 7085:Dalit Buddhist Movement 6491:Dalit Buddhist movement 5981:Monasteries and temples 5135:Loving-kindness (Pāli: 4971:Often grouped into the 4905:upekkhā-sati-parisuddhi 4290:8. Right concentration 4018:) to liberation in the 3892:) or "Tathagata-womb" ( 3739:and other holy beings ( 3220:(sensory stimulation), 1898:Second Buddhist council 1496:", at the age of 80 in 892:, and the doctrines of 797:philosophical tradition 360:Philosophical reasoning 28054:Bosnia and Herzegovina 26040:Erzyan native religion 25889:Unitarian Universalism 25278:Native American Church 24056:Oneness Pentecostalism 22714:Buddhism and democracy 22227:Tibetan Buddhist canon 22222:Chinese Buddhist canon 21454:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 21449:Early Buddhist schools 20656:Buddhism for Beginners 19868:Shults, Brett (2014), 19809:Understanding Buddhism 19631:What the Buddha Taught 19425:Miller, Barbara Stoler 19349:Buddhist Phenomenology 19212:Konik, Adrian (2009), 19106:Keown, Damien (2009), 19072:Dictionary of Buddhism 19070:Keown, Damien (2003), 19046:: 1–12, archived from 19031:Kasulis, T.P. (2006), 18903:Horigan, D.P. (1996), 18871:Hookham, S.K. (1991), 18821:Hill, John E. (2009), 18770:Harvey, Peter (2013). 18732:Harvey, Peter (2000), 18586:, Munshiram Manoharlal 18195:Conze, Edward (2013), 17992:Bucknell, Rod (1984), 17561:. ZNAK. Archived from 16113:Francioni, F. (2003). 16040:Buddhist Architecture. 15858:John M Koller (2016). 15598:Wayman, Alex (2008). 14750:The A to Z of Buddhism 14520:Bruno Petzold (1995). 13788:Bodhi Bhikkhu (1997). 13502:Andrew Powell (1989). 13088:Buddhism as philosophy 12727:Genjun Sasaki (1986). 12353:, p. 56, note 23. 12327:Buddhist Phenomenology 11722:, pp. 131, 32–34. 11492:Oliver Leaman (2002). 11442:, pp. 7–8, 83–84. 10754:Andrew Powell (1989). 10160:The Spread of Buddhism 9600:, pp. xxi–xxxvii. 9450:Mark Siderits (2007). 9326:, pp. 237–240, 247–249 9193:Klaus G. Witz (1998). 9092:Abraham Eraly (2011). 8498:Curators of the Buddha 7538:object would be like". 7261:Bihar is derived from 7160:Polytheism in Buddhism 6947:. The Indian state of 6831:Buddhism on psychology 6719: 6703: 6622:and commentators like 6485:Neo-Buddhism movements 6373:Das Buddhistische Haus 6172:Colonial era and after 6168: 6104:forms of monasticism. 5878: 5840:Schools and traditions 5720: 5717:Chinese Buddhist canon 5626:early Buddhist schools 5601:. The modern study of 5571: 5538:Chinese Buddhist canon 5463: 5456:First Buddhist council 5415:Buddhist vegetarianism 5204: 5021:Meditation and insight 5015:Meditation and insight 4871: 4680: 4626: 4577: 4526: 4518: 4451: 4335: 3927:doctrine is actually " 3909:Tathāgatagarbha Sutras 3899:Tathāgatagarbha sūtras 3809: 3248:Not-Self and Emptiness 3081:and the attainment of 3072: 2898: 2817: 2735: 2406: 2251: 2183: 2143: 2021: 2009:, and even farther to 1991:Post-Ashokan expansion 1924: 1887:first Buddhist council 1865:Early Buddhist schools 1733:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 1727:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 1723:or the "Tantric Age". 1709:pre-sectarian Buddhism 1704: 1576:, including Buddhism, 1438:tree — now called the 1286: 1278: 1150:, is practised in the 1029:Indestructible Vehicle 840:attachment or clinging 127:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 55: 28374:Saint Kitts and Nevis 27671:São Tomé and Príncipe 27531:Republic of the Congo 25737:Aboriginal Australian 24408:Chinese folk religion 22724:Eight Consciousnesses 20834:Life of Buddha in art 20450:, London: Routledge, 20306:, London: Routledge, 20276:Wilson, Jeff (2010), 19954:Buddhist Forum, vol I 19918:on 13 September 2015. 19827:Schmithausen, Lambert 19715:Roach, Peter (2011), 19634:, Oneworld Classics, 19576:Powers, John (2007). 19471:Nattier, Jan (2003), 19328:The Story of Buddhism 19254:Kuan, Tse-fu (2007). 19128:, London: Routledge, 19092:, London: Routledge, 19005:, Sage Publications, 18568:, London: Routledge, 18545:The World of Buddhism 18536:Sayings of the Buddha 18434:Fuller, Paul (2005). 18429:, Motilal Banarsidass 18407:Fowler, Merv (1999), 17143:Fang, Litian (2018). 16413:10.1353/pew.2004.0006 16153:. 12 September 2007. 16132:10.1093/ejil/14.4.619 16038:Huu Phuoc Le (2010). 15831:Erika Wilson (2012). 15800:N. Ross Reat (1994). 15492:Crosby, Kate (2013). 15340:Donald Lopez (2004). 15310:Donald Lopez (2004). 15259:Donald Lopez (2004). 15220:Donald Lopez (2004). 15177:Phelps, Norm (2004). 15138:Phelps, Norm (2004). 14774:Diane Morgan (2010). 14690:21 March 2020 at the 14671:. Vol. III, page 925. 14592:, pp. 1251–1253. 14207:10.1353/pew.2014.0074 13211:Suzuki, D.T. (1956), 13190:actually refer to an 13188:Mahaparinirvana Sutra 12887:Crosby, Kate (2013). 12480:Edward Conze (2012). 12375:Peter Harvey (2013). 12324:Dan Lusthaus (2014). 11563:Brian Morris (2006). 11171:Brian Morris (2006). 10785:Lars Fogelin (2015). 10303:Kudara, Kogi (2002). 10118:Jason Neelis (2010). 10068:"Abhidhamma Pitaka". 9027:27 April 2020 at the 8903:K.T.S, Sarao (2020). 8698:Kurt Tropper (2013). 8397:Damien Keown (2004). 7627:Prebish & Keown, 7590:of Hinduism describe 7202:, "standing unstable" 7140:Tengrism and Buddhism 7080:Criticism of Buddhism 7075:Chinese folk religion 7045:Buddha's Dispensation 6732:Buddhist architecture 6709: 6690: 6505:new forms of Buddhism 6203:(which also affected 6160: 5987:Buddhist architecture 5926:Dependent origination 5876: 5868:Indo-Tibetan Buddhism 5760:Mūlamadhyamika-karikā 5710: 5562: 5495:palm-leaf manuscripts 5453: 5425:Mahaparinirvana sutra 5252:Insight and knowledge 5202: 4862: 4670: 4624: 4445: 4318: 4271:7. Right mindfulness 4096:three basic divisions 3852:and stream-enterers. 3803: 3212:(the sentient body), 3192:and rebirth, through 3075:The cessation of the 3054: 2888: 2804: 2725: 2386: 2241: 2177: 2118: 2019: 1955:and to the island of 1918: 1812:dependent origination 1691: 1555:"Second urbanisation" 1428:. He famously sat in 1371:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta 1284: 1266: 894:dependent origination 835:in the 20th century. 395:Aids to Enlightenment 220:Dependent Origination 37: 27996:United Arab Emirates 26787:Religious experience 26161:Historical religions 24565:Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương 23897:Schwenkfelder Church 23397:Noble Eightfold Path 23201:East Asian religions 22631:Buddhism in the West 22202:Early Buddhist texts 21817:Four Right Exertions 21283:Ten spiritual realms 20776:Noble Eightfold Path 20614:Readings in Buddhism 20553:, Leiden: E.J. Brill 19510:Nyanatiloka (1980), 19309:Buddhism in Practice 19304:Lopez, Donald S. Jr. 19195:A Survey of Hinduism 18988:The Eastern Buddhist 18923:10.1093/ajj/41.1.271 18562:Gombrich, Richard F. 18440:. Psychology Press. 17899:Bronkhorst, Johannes 17329:3 March 2016 at the 16796:on 2 September 2021. 16389:, pp. xv–xviii. 16324:Jan Goldman (2014). 15761:Eliade et al. (1987) 14835:Buddhism in Practice 14737:, pp. 154, 326. 14658:, pp. 268, 439. 14493:Alex Wayman (1984). 13344:Ajahn Sucitto (2010) 13334:, pp. xiii–xiv. 12847:Ronkin, Noa (2005). 11378:, pp. 172, 240. 10955:(21 December 2017). 10261:The Eastern Buddhist 10108:, pp. 103, 119. 8701:Tibetan Inscriptions 8297:7 April 2021 at the 8011:Monier-Williams 1899 7753:. ABC-CLIO. p. 7629:Introducing Buddhism 7060:Buddhism and science 6919:, Hong Kong, Macau, 6467:Buddhism in the West 6260:Buddhism in the West 6187:Anagarika Dharmapala 5950:(aids to awakening). 5934:Noble Eightfold Path 5907:the Buddha Sakyamuni 5555:Early Buddhist Texts 5473:Indo-Aryan languages 5402:Devotional practices 5082:Abhidharmakośakārikā 4880:and the practice of 4247:(Sanskrit and Pāli: 4229:5. Right livelihood 4068:Noble Eightfold Path 4062:Noble Eightfold Path 4027:Noble Eightfold Path 4020:Early Buddhist Texts 4000:Noble Eightfold Path 3964:Noble Eightfold Path 3879:Vijñaptimātratā-vāda 3657:Pheṇapiṇḍūpama Sutta 3629:Anattalakkhana Sutta 3554:is derived from the 3200:(ignorance) exists, 3095:Noble Eightfold Path 2797:The cycle of rebirth 2702:Noble Eightfold Path 2566:Glossary of Buddhism 2552:during the reign of 2250:in Tibetan Buddhism. 2123:, the future buddha 1796:Noble Eightfold Path 1752:(and their parallel 1746:early Buddhist Texts 1739:Lambert Schmithausen 1539:Timeline of Buddhism 1507:, each with its own 1297:Early Buddhist Texts 953:School of the Elders 890:Eightfold Noble Path 866:meditation practices 864:. This path employs 365:Devotional practices 188:Noble Eightfold Path 28389:Trinidad and Tobago 28284:Antigua and Barbuda 27452:Religion by country 26513:Cult of Magna Mater 25035:Philippine Dayawism 24616:Nimbarka Sampradaya 24364:Chinese Manichaeism 24036:Jehovah's Witnesses 23841:Proto-Protestantism 23456:Mahapajapati Gotami 23324:Religion portal 23071:Temple of the Tooth 22950:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 21989:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 21482:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 21265:Two truths doctrine 21085:Mahapajapati Gotamī 20885:Mahapajapati Gotamī 20598:, Access to Insight 20341:, London: Routledge 20082:, Chroniker Press, 19620:, pp. 524–535. 19512:Buddhist Dictionary 19298:, Dharma Publishing 19179:, pp. 613–630. 18978:on 20 October 2013. 18942:Jaini, Padmanabh S. 18678:, pp. 429–451. 18385:, Wiley-Blackwell, 18295:on 20 December 2010 17654:royalsociety.org.nz 17174:, pp. 332–333. 16601:, pp. 125–128. 16461:Skaria, A. (2015). 16448:, pp. 524–529. 16226:The White Buddhist, 16103:, pp. 414–417. 16079:, pp. 409–410. 15803:Buddhism: A History 15483:, pp. 282–283. 15343:Buddhist Scriptures 15313:Buddhist Scriptures 15262:Buddhist Scriptures 15223:Buddhist Scriptures 15129:, pp. 156–159. 15117:, pp. 157–158. 15105:, pp. 243–244. 15081:, pp. 239–240. 15021:, pp. 664–665. 14747:Carl Olson (2009). 14718:, pp. 172–174. 14048:, pp. 101–107. 13953:, pp. 178–179. 13771:Stanford University 13751:, pp. 187–193. 13382:, pp. 253–255. 13302:Pain and its Ending 12878:, pp. 244–245. 12756:, pp. 151–152. 12663:, pp. 153–155. 12365:, pp. 191–233. 12031:, pp. 589–590. 11960:James Egge (2013). 11938:, pp. 124–128. 11881:, pp. 239–248. 11617:, pp. 708–709. 11430:, pp. 711–712. 11339:, pp. 271–272. 11320:Klostermaier (2010) 11118:is the doctrine of 10953:Donald S. Lopez Jr. 10744:, pp. 242–246. 10593:, pp. 184–185. 10488:, pp. 236–237. 10414:, pp. 193–194. 10284:on 18 December 2019 9943:, pp. 175–176. 9613:Schmithausen (1981) 9408:, pp. 125–129. 9355:, pp. 123–125. 9044:Rebuilding Buddhism 8981:Gender and Religion 8574:, pp. 105–106. 8118:, pp. 233–237. 7662:Indo-Gangetic plain 7573:Williams refers to 7236:Lalitavistara Sūtra 7120:Outline of Buddhism 7070:Buddhist philosophy 7065:Buddhism by country 6858:Buddhism by country 6724:Buddhist philosophy 6700:World Heritage Site 6683:Culture of Buddhism 6552:Dhammakaya movement 6546:in many countries, 6377:Datsan Gunzechoinei 6221:Cultural Revolution 6213:Humanistic Buddhism 6193:East Asian Buddhism 6149:Buddhism by country 6090:Sarnath's Deer Park 5864:East Asian Buddhism 5846:Schools of Buddhism 4926:hymn 10.136 of the 4843:Buddhist meditation 4491:), 'self-respect' ( 4412:Chandogya Upanishad 4165:2. Right intention 3955:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 3942:Paths to liberation 3670:school, and in the 3556:Four Great Elements 2941:a complex cosmology 2816:with its six realms 2788:is peaceful/peace ( 2751:: unease, suffering 2572:Donald S. Lopez Jr. 2542:Hanthawaddy Kingdom 2466:During the Chinese 2310:David Seyfort Ruegg 2202:(established under 1580:and others such as 1533:History of Buddhism 665:Buddhism portal 538:Buddhism by country 300:Sanskrit literature 52:Kanagawa Prefecture 28324:Dominican Republic 27370:Abrahamic prophets 26464:Proto-Indo-Iranian 25008:Aliran Kepercayaan 24211:Non-denominational 24133:Modernist Salafism 23819:Oriental Orthodoxy 23436:Great Renunciation 23431:Eight Great Events 23246:Western philosophy 22844:Dzong architecture 22666:Vipassana movement 22661:Buddhist modernism 22089:Emperor Wen of Sui 21857:Pratyekabuddhayāna 21790:Threefold Training 21592:Vipassana movement 21308:Hungry Ghost realm 21128:Avidyā (Ignorance) 21075:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 20824:Great Renunciation 20819:Eight Great Events 20701: 20586:, East West Center 18584:How Buddhism Began 18228:Coogan, Michael D. 18039:Buswell, Robert E. 17944:. Brill Academic. 17539:on 9 November 2022 17476:"Vietnam Buddhism" 17453:10.1111/apv.321002 17147:p. 212. Routledge. 17099:The New York Times 17051:van der Velde 2014 16965:van der Velde 2014 15965:Hay, Jeff (2009). 15956:p. 600. Routledge. 15708:"Tibetan Buddhism" 14085:p. 124. Routledge. 13917:, pp. 33, 71. 13263:, pp. 24, 59. 13251:, pp. 23, 81. 12246:David Loy (2009). 11791:, pp. 47, 55. 11534:Exploring Buddhism 11050:Exploring Buddhism 10209:Xinru Liu (2010). 10187:Brill, 2004, p. 13 10183:Kurt A. Behrendt, 8650:The Life of Buddha 8243:Tantra in Practice 8150:The Hilltop Review 7338:and other schools. 7180:Buddhism and caste 7170:Buddhist modernism 6740:Buddhist festivals 6720: 6714:, built under the 6704: 6702:, pictured in 2019 6677:Cultural influence 6643:Henry Steel Olcott 6453:Buddhas of Bamiyan 6358:Henry Steel Olcott 6179:Buddhist modernism 6169: 6153:Buddhist modernism 5879: 5781:Tantras (Buddhism) 5721: 5632:(Triple Baskets). 5572: 5568: 1st century 5464: 5436:modern Buddhists. 5227:anuttarayogatantra 5205: 5170:Equanimity (Pāli: 4872: 4870:("sitting dhyana") 4681: 4627: 4586:karmic retribution 4452: 4346:Samaññaphala Sutta 4336: 3822:stage of awakening 3810: 3216:(our six senses), 3113:as identical with 3073: 3047:Nirvana (Buddhism) 2899: 2889:Ramabhar Stupa in 2881:Rebirth (Buddhism) 2827:Saṃsāra (Buddhism) 2818: 2736: 2700:, classically the 2556:(1237/1247–1298). 2534:Theravada Buddhism 2484:Pure Land Buddhism 2407: 2252: 2184: 2144: 2131:, the bodhisattva 2063:Gandharan Buddhism 2036:Greco-Buddhist art 2022: 1925: 1786:The Core teachings 1705: 1699:worship hall with 1593:āstika and nāstika 1460:Samaññaphala Sutta 1455:Mahāsaccaka-sutta, 1389:endless repetition 1287: 1279: 842:is the "cause" of 152:Buddhist modernism 56: 28594: 28593: 28562: 28561: 28558: 28557: 27546:Equatorial Guinea 27442: 27441: 27438: 27437: 26981:Cognitive science 26600: 26599: 26533:Mysteries of Isis 26307:Frankish paganism 26150: 26149: 26146: 26145: 26142: 26141: 25894:White Brotherhood 25760: 25759: 25725: 25724: 25069:Sundanese Wiwitan 24886: 24885: 24882: 24881: 24611:Brahma Sampradaya 24573: 24572: 24376: 24375: 24372: 24371: 24354:Assianism/Uatsdin 24272: 24271: 24041:British Israelism 24027:Nontrinitarianism 23990:Plymouth Brethren 23985:Nondenominational 23919:Congregationalism 23807:Eastern Orthodoxy 23755:Reconstructionist 23619: 23618: 23392:Four Noble Truths 23332: 23331: 22970:Om mani padme hum 22676:Women in Buddhism 22592:Buddhist councils 22462:Western countries 22250:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 22011:Shaolin Monastery 21588:Samatha-vipassanā 21198:Pratītyasamutpāda 21002:Metteyya/Maitreya 20920: 20912: 20904: 20896: 20888: 20880: 20872: 20749:Four Noble Truths 20539:978-0-86171-133-8 20516:978-0-415-42387-8 20498:978-1-136-52088-4 20489:978-0-415-57179-1 20457:978-0-415-35653-4 20424:978-0-415-33226-2 20391:978-0-415-33229-3 20359:978-0-415-33228-6 20313:978-0-415-02537-9 20295:978-0-19-539352-1 20269:978-1-4058-8118-0 20217:978-90-04-26001-6 20179:978-0-19-517398-7 20151:978-87-7694-101-7 20126:, Rowman Altamira 20115:978-0-691-11435-4 20089:978-1-312-91150-5 20053:978-1-138-49336-0 19981:978-0-19-513798-9 19963:978-0-7286-0162-8 19861:978-0-87773-520-5 19819:978-1-903765-18-0 19787:978-0-521-69534-3 19766:978-0-534-55858-1 19746:978-0-534-01027-0 19726:978-0-521-15253-2 19691:Rhys Davids, T.W. 19641:978-1-78074-000-3 19608:978-0-7914-2844-3 19587:978-1-55939-282-2 19562:978-0-231-14900-6 19532:978-0-306-45844-6 19482:978-0-8248-2607-9 19447:978-0-19-513951-8 19417:978-0-8264-5350-1 19387:978-0-7864-5675-8 19319:978-0-691-04442-2 19287:978-87-7694-036-2 19234:978-81-208-1233-8 19204:978-0-7914-8011-3 19155:978-1-136-98588-1 19135:978-0-415-55624-8 19117:978-1-4027-6883-5 19099:978-0-415-31414-5 19081:978-0-19-157917-2 19012:978-1-4522-6656-5 18955:978-81-208-1776-0 18884:978-0-7914-0357-0 18852:978-81-208-0955-0 18832:978-1-4392-2134-1 18783:978-0-521-67674-8 18748:978-0-511-07584-1 18725:978-0-521-31333-9 18694:978-1-317-65935-8 18654:978-1-134-46973-4 18611:978-1-134-90352-8 18575:978-0-415-07585-5 18554:978-0-500-25089-1 18524:978-1-85168-285-0 18503:978-0-19-289223-2 18447:978-0-415-34293-3 18418:978-1-898723-66-0 18392:978-0-470-65877-2 18369:Japanese Buddhism 18360:978-0-02-909480-8 18341:978-81-208-0498-2 18323:978-0-231-12619-9 18243:978-0-19-521997-5 18208:978-1-134-54231-4 18175:978-0-521-57054-1 18143:978-0-674-00187-9 18108:978-81-208-1649-7 18070:978-0-19-283066-1 18061:Founders of faith 18052:978-0-02-865718-9 17972:978-0-86171-811-5 17951:978-90-04-20140-8 17863:978-0-86171-491-9 17845:978-0-86171-331-8 17796:978-0-14-303436-0 17789:, Penguin Press, 17508:on 1 January 2013 17440:Pacific Viewpoint 17302:, pp. 34–37. 17220:. NY: Continuum. 16888:978-1-4408-6404-9 16820:978-1-4724-0913-3 16663:978-0-226-50878-8 16624:978-1-134-13262-1 16561:978-0-19-566329-7 16538:, pp. 24–26. 16510:978-1-317-40357-9 16337:978-1-61069-511-4 16206:Pali Text Society 16029:, pp. 57–59. 15967:"World Religions" 15871:978-1-315-50740-8 15844:978-0-7618-5950-5 15817:978-0-87573-001-1 15786:978-81-208-0030-4 15602:Routledge. p. 23. 15588:978-0-9630371-5-2 15565:978-0-8248-3003-8 15502:978-1-4051-8906-4 15400:978-81-208-1649-7 15369:, pp. 42–43. 15353:978-0-14-190937-0 15323:978-0-14-190937-0 15272:978-0-14-190937-0 15249:, pp. 39–41. 15233:978-0-14-190937-0 14972:978-90-04-06112-5 14949:, pp. 49–52. 14937:, pp. 39–40. 14898:, pp. 88–89. 14861:, pp. 86–87. 14845:978-1-4008-8007-2 14810:, pp. 60–62. 14787:978-0-313-38452-3 14760:978-0-8108-7073-4 14619:Access to Insight 14560:978-1-135-79123-0 14533:978-3-447-03373-2 14506:978-81-208-0675-7 14481:Bronkhorst (1993) 14469:Bronkhorst (1993) 14421:Bronkhorst (1993) 14409:Bronkhorst (1993) 14385:Bronkhorst (1993) 14358:978-0-19-539534-1 14329:Bronkhorst (1993) 14293:Carrithers (1986) 14257:Religious Studies 14245:, pp. 45–46. 14036:, pp. 89–92. 13978:Ledgerwood (2008) 13857:, pp. 71–74. 13805:978-0-86171-128-4 13658:978-1-136-80408-3 13603:978-0-300-17500-4 13552:978-0-8147-9483-8 13519:978-0-520-20410-2 13477:, pp. 83–84. 13458:, pp. 47–48. 13446:, pp. 83–85. 13429:, pp. 12–13. 13370:, pp. 64–65. 13358:, pp. 81–83. 13346:, pp. 87–88. 13014:, pp. 85–88. 12903:, pp. 27–28. 12780:, pp. 51–66. 12768:, pp. 65–72. 12740:978-81-208-0038-0 12713:978-0-8248-0298-1 12686:978-94-009-2809-1 12646:978-1-4020-2073-5 12521:, pp. 74–84. 12509:, pp. 75–76. 12493:978-0-486-17023-7 12466:978-0-231-15362-1 12427:978-81-208-1649-7 12388:978-1-136-78336-4 12337:978-1-317-97343-0 12298:978-81-208-1649-7 12259:978-1-4384-2680-8 12220:978-1-134-79348-8 12181:978-0-521-39726-1 12153:978-0-521-88198-2 12102:978-0-521-88198-2 12079:, pp. 55–56. 12000:978-1-349-11899-1 11973:978-1-136-85922-9 11950:, pp. 45–46. 11907:978-1-139-91640-0 11853:978-0-87395-990-2 11814:978-0-7864-5675-8 11767:, pp. 59–78. 11755:, pp. 40–41. 11694:978-0-7619-8956-1 11671:, pp. 74–75. 11643:978-0-87395-990-2 11576:978-0-521-85241-8 11544:978-1-136-22877-3 11505:978-1-134-68919-4 11470:, pp. 51–58. 11376:McClelland (2010) 11263:978-1-136-78553-5 11224:978-81-208-3248-0 11184:978-0-521-85241-8 11153:, Philosophy Now; 11136:978-81-208-0158-5 11112:978-0-7914-2217-5 11060:978-1-136-22877-3 11001:. 31 March 2024. 10968:978-0-226-51806-0 10931:978-0-8248-0368-1 10907:978-0-374-16342-6 10860:978-1-58839-524-5 10847:John Guy (2014). 10798:978-0-19-994823-9 10771:978-0-520-20410-2 10742:Bronkhorst (2011) 10617:, pp. 30–31. 10605:, pp. 22–27. 10222:978-0-19-533810-2 10170:978-90-04-15830-6 10131:978-90-04-18159-5 10059:, pp. 90–93. 10047:, pp. 90–91. 10019:978-1-4411-4871-1 9996:, pp. 74–75. 9983:978-1-921842-08-5 9964:Skilton, Andrew. 9955:, pp. 89–90. 9931:, pp. 88–90. 9917:Bronkhorst (1993) 9893:Bronkhorst (1993) 9881:Bronkhorst (1998) 9847:, pp. 4, 11. 9845:Bronkhorst (1998) 9713:Bronkhorst (1993) 9689:Bronkhorst (1993) 9674:Bronkhorst (1993) 9463:978-0-7546-5369-1 9437:, pp. 47–48. 9423:978-94-010-7810-8 9370:978-3-11-009896-9 9341:978-3-11-009896-9 9324:978-0-19-513483-4 9304:978-81-208-1204-8 9284:978-1-317-33113-1 9263:978-0-19-536137-7 9236:978-3-447-03479-1 9211:; Quote: "In the 9206:978-81-208-1573-5 9178:978-81-208-0651-1 9155:, pp. 30–31. 9121:, pp. 26–41. 9105:978-0-670-08478-4 9054:978-0-674-04012-0 8991:978-1-4411-4871-1 8968:, pp. 54–55. 8944:, pp. 49–51. 8889:Analayo (2011). " 8877:, pp. 22–26. 8865:, pp. 19–32. 8863:Bronkhorst (2013) 8837:978-4-333-01893-2 8739:, pp. 50–51. 8711:978-90-04-25241-7 8676:, pp. 49–50. 8660:978-1-136-20121-9 8608:Carrithers (1986) 8559:, pp. 15–24. 8535:, pp. 13–14. 8454:, pp. ix–xi. 8452:Bronkhorst (2013) 8410:978-0-19-157917-2 8383:978-81-208-0955-0 8344:978-1-000-10122-5 8312:, pp. 26–27. 8253:978-0-691-05779-8 8182:, pp. 275ff. 8116:Bronkhorst (2011) 7819:978-94-024-0851-5 7764:978-0-313-35066-5 7575:Frauwallner (1973 7187:Explanatory notes 7110:List of Buddhists 6766:as well as other 6638:writers, such as 6620:Western Buddhists 6616:religious studies 6421:Four Noble Truths 6346:Pali Text Society 6334:Hermann Oldenberg 6322:Ippolito Desideri 6225:Japanese Buddhism 6209:Republican period 6197:Taiping rebellion 6164:Buddhist monk in 6143:In the modern era 5947:Bodhipakṣadharmas 5930:Four Noble Truths 5713:Tripiṭaka Koreana 5662:Abhidhamma Pitaka 5433:Lankavatara sutra 5386:Buddhist devotion 5369:Paṭisambhidāmagga 5235:Completion Stage. 5093:La Vallee Poussin 5035:(Pāli; Sanskrit: 4673:trukkhamulik'anga 4477:giving or charity 4432:– Buddhist ethics 4375:Refuge (Buddhism) 4333:Northern Thailand 4308: 4307: 4158:Four Noble Truths 4107:Eightfold factor 4081:Four Noble Truths 4031:'āryāṣṭāṅgamārga' 4004:pratītyasamutpāda 3920:Ratnagotravibhāga 3914:Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra 3612: 3611: 3608: 3598: 3534: 3533: 3451: 3406: 3405: 3370: 3328: 3280:according to the 3175:Pratityasamutpada 3168:Pratityasamutpada 3159:Pratītyasamutpāda 3153:Dependent arising 2953:Karma in Buddhism 2612:Four Noble Truths 2606:Four Noble Truths 2550:Sukhothai Kingdom 2463:–2nd centuries). 2105:Mahāyāna Buddhism 2099:Ghaznavid kingdom 2001:According to the 1869:Buddhist councils 1837:and Sarvastivada 1792:Four Noble Truths 1717:Mahayana Buddhism 1597:Indian philosophy 1442:— in the town of 1334:Scholars such as 1330:, his mother was 1274:'s birthplace in 1012:Bodhisattva ideal 886:Four Noble Truths 783:), also known as 701: 700: 183:Four Noble Truths 40:Kamakura Daibutsu 28634: 28622:Indian religions 28584: 28574: 28573: 28452:Papua New Guinea 28427:Marshall Islands 28254:Northern Ireland 27459: 27458: 27448: 27447: 27332:Secular theology 27327:Secular humanism 26617: 26616: 26606: 26605: 26481:Ancestral Pueblo 26156: 26155: 25775: 25774: 25452: 25451: 24897: 24896: 24653:Shaiva Siddhanta 24584: 24583: 24517:Korean shamanism 24396: 24395: 24387: 24386: 24283: 24282: 24196:Mahdawi movement 24066:Swedenborgianism 24046:Christadelphians 23692: 23691: 23683: 23682: 23674: 23673: 23661: 23660: 23646: 23639: 23632: 23623: 23622: 23609: 23608: 23599: 23598: 23495:pilgrimage sites 23490:Mahabodhi Temple 23359: 23352: 23345: 23336: 23335: 23322: 23321: 23310: 23309: 23149:Sacred languages 22997:Maya Devi Temple 22960:Mahabodhi Temple 22764:Secular Buddhism 22729:Engaged Buddhism 21569: 21417:Tibetan Buddhism 21368:Vietnamese Thiền 20967:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 20918: 20910: 20902: 20894: 20886: 20878: 20870: 20719: 20718: 20706: 20696: 20686: 20679: 20672: 20663: 20662: 20652:, V&A Museum 20554: 20542: 20519: 20492: 20472: 20471: 20469: 20440: 20438: 20436: 20407: 20405: 20403: 20374: 20373: 20371: 20342: 20333: 20330:Buddhist Thought 20324: 20316: 20298: 20272: 20251: 20242: 20230: 20221: 20194: 20193: 20191: 20162: 20160: 20139: 20127: 20118: 20100: 20098: 20081: 20066: 20057: 20034: 20032: 20030: 19993: 19984: 19966: 19948: 19946: 19944: 19919: 19917: 19902: 19892: 19891: 19889: 19864: 19846: 19839:Schopen, Gregory 19834: 19822: 19802: 19795:Samuel, Geoffrey 19790: 19770: 19749: 19729: 19711: 19710: 19708: 19686: 19677: 19656: 19655: 19653: 19621: 19612: 19591: 19572: 19571: 19569: 19542: 19541: 19539: 19515: 19506: 19494: 19491:Collected Papers 19485: 19467: 19465: 19450: 19432: 19420: 19402: 19401: 19399: 19370: 19361: 19352: 19340: 19331: 19322: 19299: 19296:Master of Wisdom 19290: 19268: 19259: 19250: 19248: 19246: 19227:. Vidya Bhavan. 19217: 19208: 19189: 19180: 19171: 19169: 19167: 19138: 19120: 19102: 19084: 19066: 19054: 19053:on 25 March 2009 19052: 19037: 19027: 19026: 19024: 18995: 18979: 18977: 18970: 18958: 18937: 18936: 18934: 18908: 18899: 18898: 18896: 18867: 18866: 18864: 18835: 18817: 18808: 18799: 18797: 18795: 18766: 18765: 18763: 18758:on 12 April 2019 18757: 18751:, archived from 18740: 18728: 18717: 18706: 18697: 18679: 18670: 18668: 18666: 18637: 18636: 18634: 18625:, OCHS Library, 18615: 18596: 18593:Williams (2005a) 18587: 18578: 18557: 18539: 18527: 18506: 18483: 18463: 18461: 18459: 18430: 18421: 18403: 18402:on 16 March 2015 18401: 18395:, archived from 18384: 18372: 18363: 18345: 18326: 18303: 18302: 18300: 18294: 18289:, archived from 18258: 18257: 18255: 18223: 18222: 18220: 18191: 18189: 18187: 18158: 18157: 18155: 18128:Collins, Randall 18123: 18122: 18120: 18091: 18082: 18073: 18055: 18034: 18025: 18016: 18015: 18013: 17988: 17986: 17984: 17955: 17934: 17933: 17931: 17906: 17894: 17867: 17848: 17827: 17811: 17799: 17783:Armstrong, Karen 17778: 17769: 17764:Analayo (2013), 17760: 17751: 17730: 17729: 17727: 17725: 17710: 17704: 17703: 17701: 17699: 17679: 17673: 17672: 17670: 17668: 17662: 17651: 17643: 17637: 17636: 17634: 17632: 17623:. 17 June 2017. 17613: 17604: 17603: 17601: 17599: 17584: 17575: 17574: 17572: 17570: 17565:on 16 April 2017 17555: 17549: 17548: 17546: 17544: 17535:. Archived from 17524: 17518: 17517: 17515: 17513: 17498: 17492: 17491: 17489: 17487: 17472: 17466: 17465: 17455: 17431: 17425: 17424: 17422: 17420: 17409:www.holidify.com 17401: 17395: 17394: 17392: 17390: 17373:Planet, Lonely. 17370: 17364: 17363: 17361: 17359: 17340: 17334: 17321: 17315: 17309: 17303: 17297: 17291: 17269: 17263: 17256: 17250: 17235: 17229: 17218:The Art of Being 17214: 17208: 17207: 17194:Prometheus Books 17181: 17175: 17169: 17163: 17162: 17154: 17148: 17141: 17135: 17133:Āgama (Buddhism) 17129: 17123: 17117: 17111: 17110: 17108: 17106: 17089: 17083: 17082: 17080: 17078: 17063: 17057: 17033: 17027: 17026: 17016: 16998: 16974: 16968: 16962: 16956: 16955: 16953: 16951: 16937: 16928: 16927: 16899: 16893: 16892: 16874: 16868: 16867: 16865: 16863: 16843: 16837: 16836: 16834: 16832: 16804: 16798: 16797: 16795: 16790:. Archived from 16779: 16773: 16772: 16770: 16768: 16748: 16742: 16741: 16739: 16737: 16717: 16711: 16710: 16708: 16706: 16686: 16680: 16679: 16677: 16675: 16647: 16641: 16640: 16638: 16636: 16608: 16602: 16596: 16590: 16584: 16578: 16577: 16575: 16573: 16545: 16539: 16533: 16527: 16526: 16524: 16522: 16494: 16485: 16484: 16482: 16458: 16449: 16443: 16437: 16431: 16425: 16424: 16396: 16390: 16384: 16378: 16372: 16366: 16360: 16354: 16351:Henderson (2002) 16348: 16342: 16341: 16321: 16315: 16309: 16303: 16297: 16291: 16285: 16279: 16273: 16267: 16261: 16255: 16249: 16243: 16236: 16230: 16222: 16216: 16203: 16197: 16173: 16167: 16166: 16164: 16162: 16143: 16137: 16136: 16134: 16110: 16104: 16098: 16092: 16086: 16080: 16074: 16068: 16062: 16056: 16049: 16043: 16036: 16030: 16024: 16018: 16012: 16006: 16000: 15994: 15988: 15982: 15976: 15970: 15963: 15957: 15950: 15944: 15938: 15929: 15928: 15926: 15924: 15890: 15882: 15876: 15875: 15855: 15849: 15848: 15828: 15822: 15821: 15797: 15791: 15790: 15770: 15764: 15763:, pp. 440ff 15758: 15752: 15751:, pp. 1–25. 15746: 15740: 15734: 15728: 15727: 15725: 15723: 15704: 15698: 15692: 15686: 15680: 15674: 15673: 15661: 15655: 15654: 15646: 15640: 15634: 15628: 15625: 15619: 15609: 15603: 15596: 15590: 15573: 15567: 15546: 15540: 15534: 15528: 15522: 15516: 15510: 15504: 15490: 15484: 15478: 15472: 15471: 15469: 15467: 15461: 15438: 15426: 15420: 15409: 15403: 15388: 15382: 15381:, pp. 9–10. 15376: 15370: 15364: 15358: 15357: 15337: 15328: 15327: 15307: 15301: 15295: 15289: 15283: 15277: 15276: 15256: 15250: 15244: 15238: 15237: 15217: 15202: 15196: 15190: 15175: 15169: 15157: 15151: 15136: 15130: 15124: 15118: 15112: 15106: 15100: 15094: 15088: 15082: 15076: 15070: 15064: 15058: 15052: 15046: 15040: 15034: 15028: 15022: 15016: 15010: 15004: 14998: 14988: 14986: 14984: 14956: 14950: 14944: 14938: 14932: 14926: 14920: 14914: 14908: 14899: 14893: 14887: 14880: 14874: 14868: 14862: 14856: 14850: 14849: 14829: 14823: 14817: 14811: 14805: 14792: 14791: 14771: 14765: 14764: 14744: 14738: 14732: 14719: 14713: 14707: 14701: 14695: 14681: 14672: 14665: 14659: 14653: 14647: 14641: 14635: 14634: 14632: 14630: 14611: 14605: 14599: 14593: 14587: 14581: 14571: 14565: 14564: 14544: 14538: 14537: 14517: 14511: 14510: 14490: 14484: 14478: 14472: 14466: 14460: 14454: 14448: 14442: 14436: 14430: 14424: 14418: 14412: 14406: 14400: 14394: 14388: 14382: 14376: 14375: 14367: 14361: 14350: 14344: 14338: 14332: 14331:, pp. 1–17. 14326: 14320: 14314: 14308: 14302: 14296: 14290: 14281: 14280: 14252: 14246: 14240: 14234: 14227: 14221: 14215: 14209: 14191: 14185: 14178: 14169: 14162: 14156: 14149: 14143: 14140: 14134: 14128: 14122: 14116: 14110: 14104: 14098: 14092: 14086: 14079: 14073: 14070: 14061: 14058: 14049: 14043: 14037: 14031: 14020: 14014: 14008: 14002: 13993: 13987: 13981: 13975: 13969: 13963: 13954: 13948: 13942: 13936: 13930: 13927:Ratanakul (2007) 13924: 13918: 13912: 13906: 13900: 13894: 13888: 13882: 13876: 13870: 13864: 13858: 13852: 13846: 13840: 13834: 13828: 13822: 13816: 13810: 13809: 13785: 13779: 13778: 13758: 13752: 13749:McFarlane (2001) 13746: 13740: 13737:Williams (2005c) 13734: 13725: 13719: 13713: 13707: 13701: 13695: 13686: 13678: 13672: 13669: 13663: 13662: 13642: 13636: 13630: 13621: 13619: 13617: 13615: 13587: 13581: 13575: 13569: 13563: 13557: 13556: 13540: 13530: 13524: 13523: 13499: 13493: 13487: 13478: 13472: 13459: 13453: 13447: 13441: 13430: 13424: 13407: 13401: 13395: 13394:, pp. 1–13. 13389: 13383: 13377: 13371: 13365: 13359: 13353: 13347: 13341: 13335: 13329: 13323: 13316: 13305: 13298: 13292: 13282: 13276: 13270: 13264: 13258: 13252: 13246: 13240: 13234: 13228: 13222: 13216: 13209: 13203: 13177: 13171: 13165: 13159: 13152: 13146: 13140: 13134: 13128: 13122: 13121: 13119: 13117: 13097: 13091: 13086:Siderits, Mark, 13084: 13078: 13075: 13069: 13068: 13066: 13064: 13045: 13039: 13033: 13027: 13021: 13015: 13009: 13003: 12997: 12991: 12973: 12967: 12961: 12955: 12949: 12943: 12937: 12928: 12922: 12916: 12910: 12904: 12898: 12892: 12885: 12879: 12873: 12864: 12858: 12852: 12845: 12839: 12832: 12826: 12819: 12813: 12807: 12801: 12787: 12781: 12775: 12769: 12763: 12757: 12751: 12745: 12744: 12724: 12718: 12717: 12697: 12691: 12690: 12670: 12664: 12658: 12652: 12650: 12630: 12624: 12613: 12607: 12588: 12582: 12576: 12570: 12564: 12558: 12552: 12546: 12540: 12534: 12528: 12522: 12516: 12510: 12504: 12498: 12497: 12477: 12471: 12470: 12450: 12444: 12443: 12441: 12439: 12411: 12405: 12404: 12402: 12400: 12372: 12366: 12360: 12354: 12351:Williams (2005b) 12348: 12342: 12341: 12321: 12315: 12314: 12312: 12310: 12282: 12276: 12275: 12273: 12271: 12243: 12237: 12236: 12234: 12232: 12204: 12198: 12197: 12195: 12193: 12165: 12159: 12157: 12137: 12131: 12125: 12119: 12113: 12107: 12106: 12086: 12080: 12074: 12068: 12062: 12056: 12050: 12044: 12038: 12032: 12026: 12017: 12011: 12005: 12004: 11984: 11978: 11977: 11957: 11951: 11945: 11939: 11933: 11924: 11923: 11921: 11919: 11891: 11882: 11876: 11870: 11869: 11867: 11865: 11837: 11831: 11825: 11819: 11818: 11798: 11792: 11786: 11780: 11774: 11768: 11762: 11756: 11750: 11735: 11734:, pp. 1–12. 11729: 11723: 11717: 11711: 11710: 11708: 11706: 11678: 11672: 11666: 11660: 11659: 11657: 11655: 11627: 11618: 11612: 11599: 11592: 11590: 11588: 11560: 11558: 11556: 11528: 11522: 11521: 11519: 11517: 11489: 11483: 11477: 11471: 11465: 11459: 11449: 11443: 11437: 11431: 11425: 11419: 11413: 11407: 11397: 11391: 11385: 11379: 11373: 11367: 11361: 11352: 11346: 11340: 11334: 11323: 11317: 11311: 11310: 11303: 11297: 11286: 11280: 11279: 11277: 11275: 11247: 11241: 11240: 11238: 11236: 11214:Buddhist Studies 11208: 11202: 11200: 11198: 11196: 11168: 11162: 11088: 11082: 11076: 11074: 11072: 11044: 11038: 11025: 11019: 11016:Gombrich (2005a) 11013: 11007: 11006: 10991: 10985: 10984: 10982: 10980: 10949: 10943: 10940: 10934: 10916: 10910: 10895: 10889: 10883: 10877: 10876: 10874: 10872: 10844: 10838: 10837: 10809: 10803: 10802: 10782: 10776: 10775: 10751: 10745: 10739: 10733: 10727: 10721: 10718: 10712: 10709: 10703: 10700: 10694: 10691: 10685: 10680:Nguyen Tai Thu. 10678: 10672: 10657: 10651: 10645: 10639: 10636: 10630: 10624: 10618: 10612: 10606: 10600: 10594: 10588: 10582: 10579: 10573: 10570: 10564: 10561: 10555: 10552: 10546: 10542: 10536: 10533: 10527: 10520: 10514: 10507: 10501: 10495: 10489: 10483: 10477: 10471: 10465: 10460:Walser, Joseph, 10458: 10452: 10447:Walser, Joseph, 10445: 10439: 10433: 10427: 10421: 10415: 10409: 10403: 10397: 10391: 10385: 10379: 10373: 10367: 10361: 10352: 10338: 10329: 10328: 10326: 10324: 10300: 10294: 10293: 10291: 10289: 10280:. Archived from 10270: 10264: 10257: 10251: 10245: 10239: 10238: 10236: 10234: 10206: 10200: 10197: 10188: 10181: 10175: 10174: 10154: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10143: 10115: 10109: 10103: 10097: 10094:Gombrich (2005a) 10091: 10085: 10079: 10073: 10066: 10060: 10054: 10048: 10042: 10036: 10035: 10033: 10031: 10003: 9997: 9991: 9985: 9975: 9969: 9968:2004. pp. 49, 64 9962: 9956: 9950: 9944: 9938: 9932: 9926: 9920: 9914: 9908: 9902: 9896: 9890: 9884: 9878: 9872: 9866: 9860: 9854: 9848: 9842: 9836: 9833:Skorupski (1990) 9830: 9824: 9823: 9821: 9819: 9799: 9793: 9788:Analayo (2011). 9786: 9780: 9773: 9767: 9761: 9755: 9749: 9743: 9737: 9728: 9722: 9716: 9710: 9704: 9698: 9692: 9686: 9677: 9671: 9662: 9656: 9647: 9641: 9635: 9629: 9616: 9610: 9601: 9595: 9589: 9583: 9574: 9568: 9559: 9553: 9547: 9546:, p. xviii. 9541: 9535: 9534:, p. 39–41. 9529: 9523: 9519: 9513: 9507: 9501: 9500: 9474: 9468: 9467: 9447: 9438: 9432: 9426: 9415: 9409: 9403: 9397: 9391: 9385: 9379: 9373: 9362: 9356: 9350: 9344: 9333: 9327: 9316: 9307: 9296: 9290: 9288: 9267: 9247: 9241: 9240: 9210: 9190: 9184: 9182: 9162: 9156: 9150: 9144: 9143: 9131: 9122: 9116: 9110: 9109: 9089: 9083: 9077: 9071: 9065: 9059: 9058: 9038: 9032: 9019: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9003: 8975: 8969: 8963: 8957: 8951: 8945: 8939: 8933: 8932: 8930: 8928: 8900: 8894: 8887: 8878: 8872: 8866: 8860: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8821: 8815: 8814:, pp. 8–23. 8809: 8798: 8797: 8795: 8793: 8769: 8763: 8748:Analayo (2011). 8746: 8740: 8734: 8728: 8722: 8716: 8715: 8695: 8689: 8683: 8677: 8671: 8665: 8664: 8644: 8638: 8632: 8623: 8620:Armstrong (2004) 8617: 8611: 8605: 8599: 8593: 8587: 8581: 8575: 8569: 8560: 8554: 8548: 8542: 8536: 8530: 8521: 8507: 8501: 8494: 8488: 8481: 8475: 8461: 8455: 8449: 8443: 8437: 8431: 8428:The Muslim World 8421: 8415: 8414: 8394: 8388: 8387: 8367: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8356: 8328: 8322: 8319: 8313: 8307: 8286: 8284:British Library 8279: 8270: 8269: 8267: 8265: 8237: 8231: 8225: 8219: 8213: 8207: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8166: 8140: 8134: 8128: 8119: 8113: 8104: 8103: 8101: 8099: 8056: 8050: 8047:Alexander (2019) 8044: 8038: 8032: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8008: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7971: 7965: 7959:, archived from 7934: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7896: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7862: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7831: 7825: 7823: 7800: 7794: 7776: 7770: 7768: 7744: 7738: 7737: 7735: 7733: 7718: 7712: 7706: 7700: 7694: 7673: 7658: 7642: 7638: 7632: 7601: 7595: 7584: 7578: 7571: 7565: 7558: 7552: 7545: 7539: 7535: 7529: 7522: 7516: 7493: 7487: 7475: 7469: 7466: 7460: 7457: 7451: 7442: 7436: 7433: 7427: 7424: 7418: 7415: 7409: 7406: 7400: 7396: 7390: 7375: 7369: 7365: 7359: 7355: 7349: 7345: 7339: 7328:Mulasarvastivada 7320: 7314: 7312:Anguttara Nikaya 7296: 7290: 7287:Richard Gombrich 7282: 7276: 7272: 7266: 7259: 7253: 7246: 7240: 7209: 7203: 7196: 7028: 7023: 7022: 7014: 7009: 7008: 6980:Nordic countries 6965:Zabaykalsky Krai 6815:Helena Blavatsky 6746:, especially in 6736:Buddhist cuisine 6718:, 6th century CE 6712:Mahabodhi temple 6560:Risshō Kōsei Kai 6544:Secular Buddhism 6446: 6435: 6397:Western Buddhism 6385:second world war 6354:Helena Blavatsky 6350:Buddhist studies 6342:Buddhist studies 6298: 6272: 6243:(1966–1980) and 6185:(1832–1907) and 6117:Mahabodhi Temple 6053: 6044: 6033: 6024: 6013: 6004: 5955:bodhisattva path 5920:Both accept the 5639:, like the Pāli 5569: 5566: 5500:Unlike what the 5231:Generation Stage 4993:viññāṇañcāyatana 4989:ākāsānañcāyatana 4977:arupa samāpattis 4910:The practice of 4675:) is one of the 4311:Common practices 4256:6. Right effort 4213:4. Right action 4198:3. Right speech 4169:samyag saṃkalpa, 4101: 4100: 3996:madhyamapratipad 3691:The Three Jewels 3604: 3602: 3594: 3582:other aggregates 3566:other aggregates 3520: 3445:mental factors ( 3443: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3419: 3383: 3378: 3360: 3349: 3318: 3298: 3278: 3262: 3063:) or awakening ( 2807:Tibetan Buddhist 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2462: 2459: 2404: 2401: 2317:Alexis Sanderson 2299:Buddhist Tantras 2268: 2265: 2211: 2208: 2087:Islamic conquest 1949:Mahabodhi Temple 1891:Richard Gombrich 1883: 1828:Śālistamba Sūtra 1773:Richard Gombrich 1660:Bodhicaryāvatāra 1545:Historical roots 1405:Uddaka Ramaputta 1336:Richard Gombrich 1314:, a town in the 1227: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1214: 1160:Russian Kalmykia 1152:Himalayan states 1149: 1142:Tibetan Buddhism 1107: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1009: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 985: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 957: 954: 951: 948: 945: 933: 924:Buddhist schools 919: 908:, the taking of 870:ethical precepts 830: 779: 774: 773: 770: 769: 766: 763: 760: 753: 742: 737: 736: 733: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 693: 686: 679: 663: 662: 390:Sublime abidings 81: 58: 57: 27:Buddhist (horse) 28642: 28641: 28637: 28636: 28635: 28633: 28632: 28631: 28597: 28596: 28595: 28590: 28554: 28481: 28462:Solomon Islands 28398: 28270: 28174:North Macedonia 28015: 27740: 27453: 27434: 27395:Mass gatherings 27363: 27358: 27351: 27290: 27285: 27276: 27215:Religiocentrism 27195:National church 27063: 27060: 27052: 26967: 26960: 26897: 26819:Bodies of water 26611: 26596: 26381:Jamaican Maroon 26163: 26138: 26075: 25905: 25898: 25769: 25767: 25756: 25721: 25695:Trinidad Orisha 25480: 25473: 25446: 25439: 25366: 25329: 25080: 25073: 24969: 24951: 24878: 24852:Srilankan Vedda 24803: 24731: 24606:Sri Vaishnavism 24569: 24531: 24503: 24461: 24368: 24342: 24309: 24268: 24222: 24147:Twelver Shi'ism 24089: 23951:Neo-charismatic 23924:Presbyterianism 23776: 23668: 23655: 23650: 23620: 23615: 23587: 23373: 23363: 23333: 23328: 23316: 23298: 23250: 23165: 23080: 22817:Ordination hall 22778: 22680: 22651:Buddhist crisis 22563: 22260: 22212:Mahayana sutras 22188: 22184:Thích Nhất Hạnh 22015: 21888: 21828: 21778:Bodhisattva vow 21463: 21329: 21269: 21228:Taṇhā (Craving) 21163:Five hindrances 21114: 21006: 20936: 20790: 20735: 20707: 20690: 20644:Wayback Machine 20562: 20557: 20540: 20517: 20490: 20467: 20465: 20458: 20434: 20432: 20425: 20401: 20399: 20392: 20369: 20367: 20360: 20314: 20296: 20270: 20239:Indian Buddhism 20218: 20189: 20187: 20180: 20158: 20152: 20137: 20116: 20096: 20090: 20079: 20054: 20028: 20026: 20008:10.2307/2801935 19982: 19964: 19942: 19940: 19915: 19900: 19887: 19885: 19862: 19820: 19788: 19767: 19747: 19727: 19706: 19704: 19675:10.1.1.505.2366 19651: 19649: 19642: 19626:Rahula, Walpola 19618:Emmanuel (2013) 19609: 19588: 19567: 19565: 19563: 19537: 19535: 19533: 19483: 19463: 19448: 19418: 19397: 19395: 19388: 19330:, HarperCollins 19320: 19288: 19244: 19242: 19235: 19205: 19188:, HarperCollins 19177:Emmanuel (2013) 19165: 19163: 19156: 19136: 19118: 19100: 19082: 19050: 19035: 19022: 19020: 19013: 18975: 18968: 18956: 18932: 18930: 18894: 18892: 18885: 18862: 18860: 18853: 18833: 18793: 18791: 18784: 18761: 18759: 18755: 18749: 18738: 18726: 18695: 18676:Emmanuel (2013) 18664: 18662: 18655: 18632: 18630: 18612: 18576: 18555: 18525: 18504: 18457: 18455: 18448: 18419: 18399: 18393: 18382: 18361: 18342: 18324: 18298: 18296: 18253: 18251: 18244: 18218: 18216: 18209: 18185: 18183: 18176: 18153: 18151: 18144: 18118: 18116: 18109: 18071: 18053: 18011: 18009: 17982: 17980: 17973: 17952: 17929: 17927: 17892: 17864: 17846: 17824: 17809: 17797: 17738: 17733: 17723: 17721: 17712: 17711: 17707: 17697: 17695: 17680: 17676: 17666: 17664: 17660: 17649: 17645: 17644: 17640: 17630: 17628: 17615: 17614: 17607: 17597: 17595: 17590:. 2 July 2017. 17586: 17585: 17578: 17568: 17566: 17557: 17556: 17552: 17542: 17540: 17525: 17521: 17511: 17509: 17500: 17499: 17495: 17485: 17483: 17474: 17473: 17469: 17432: 17428: 17418: 17416: 17403: 17402: 17398: 17388: 17386: 17371: 17367: 17357: 17355: 17342: 17341: 17337: 17331:Wayback Machine 17322: 17318: 17310: 17306: 17298: 17294: 17270: 17266: 17257: 17253: 17236: 17232: 17215: 17211: 17204: 17186:Lewis, James R. 17182: 17178: 17170: 17166: 17155: 17151: 17142: 17138: 17130: 17126: 17118: 17114: 17104: 17102: 17090: 17086: 17076: 17074: 17064: 17060: 17056: 17034: 17030: 16975: 16971: 16963: 16959: 16949: 16947: 16939: 16938: 16931: 16916:10.2307/1386910 16900: 16896: 16889: 16875: 16871: 16861: 16859: 16844: 16840: 16830: 16828: 16821: 16805: 16801: 16788:Daily Telegraph 16780: 16776: 16766: 16764: 16749: 16745: 16735: 16733: 16718: 16714: 16704: 16702: 16687: 16683: 16673: 16671: 16664: 16648: 16644: 16634: 16632: 16625: 16609: 16605: 16599:Williams (2008) 16597: 16593: 16585: 16581: 16571: 16569: 16562: 16546: 16542: 16534: 16530: 16520: 16518: 16511: 16495: 16488: 16459: 16452: 16444: 16440: 16432: 16428: 16397: 16393: 16385: 16381: 16375:Paranjpe (1998) 16373: 16369: 16361: 16357: 16349: 16345: 16338: 16322: 16318: 16310: 16306: 16298: 16294: 16286: 16282: 16274: 16270: 16262: 16258: 16250: 16246: 16237: 16233: 16223: 16219: 16213:Wayback Machine 16204: 16200: 16194:Wayback Machine 16183:Wayback Machine 16174: 16170: 16160: 16158: 16145: 16144: 16140: 16111: 16107: 16099: 16095: 16087: 16083: 16075: 16071: 16063: 16059: 16050: 16046: 16037: 16033: 16025: 16021: 16013: 16009: 16003:Hirakawa (1993) 16001: 15997: 15989: 15985: 15979:Hirakawa (1993) 15977: 15973: 15964: 15960: 15951: 15947: 15939: 15932: 15922: 15920: 15905:10.2307/1399912 15883: 15879: 15872: 15856: 15852: 15845: 15829: 15825: 15818: 15798: 15794: 15787: 15771: 15767: 15759: 15755: 15749:Williams (1989) 15747: 15743: 15735: 15731: 15721: 15719: 15706: 15705: 15701: 15693: 15689: 15681: 15677: 15662: 15658: 15647: 15643: 15635: 15631: 15626: 15622: 15610: 15606: 15597: 15593: 15574: 15570: 15559:, pp. 172–174, 15547: 15543: 15535: 15531: 15523: 15519: 15513:Skilling (1992) 15511: 15507: 15491: 15487: 15479: 15475: 15465: 15463: 15459: 15436: 15427: 15423: 15410: 15406: 15389: 15385: 15377: 15373: 15365: 15361: 15354: 15338: 15331: 15324: 15308: 15304: 15296: 15292: 15284: 15280: 15273: 15257: 15253: 15245: 15241: 15234: 15218: 15205: 15197: 15193: 15176: 15172: 15167:Wayback Machine 15158: 15154: 15137: 15133: 15125: 15121: 15113: 15109: 15101: 15097: 15089: 15085: 15077: 15073: 15065: 15061: 15053: 15049: 15041: 15037: 15029: 15025: 15017: 15013: 15005: 15001: 14982: 14980: 14973: 14957: 14953: 14945: 14941: 14933: 14929: 14921: 14917: 14909: 14902: 14894: 14890: 14881: 14877: 14869: 14865: 14857: 14853: 14846: 14830: 14826: 14818: 14814: 14806: 14795: 14788: 14772: 14768: 14761: 14745: 14741: 14733: 14722: 14716:Hirakawa (1993) 14714: 14710: 14702: 14698: 14692:Wayback Machine 14682: 14675: 14666: 14662: 14654: 14650: 14642: 14638: 14628: 14626: 14613: 14612: 14608: 14600: 14596: 14588: 14584: 14572: 14568: 14561: 14545: 14541: 14534: 14518: 14514: 14507: 14491: 14487: 14479: 14475: 14467: 14463: 14457:Gombrich (1997) 14455: 14451: 14443: 14439: 14433:Gombrich (2007) 14431: 14427: 14419: 14415: 14407: 14403: 14395: 14391: 14383: 14379: 14368: 14364: 14351: 14347: 14339: 14335: 14327: 14323: 14315: 14311: 14305:Gombrich (1988) 14303: 14299: 14291: 14284: 14253: 14249: 14243:Williams (2000) 14241: 14237: 14233:," p. 5. BRILL. 14228: 14224: 14216: 14212: 14192: 14188: 14179: 14172: 14164:Analayo (2018) 14163: 14159: 14150: 14146: 14141: 14137: 14131:Emmanuel (2013) 14129: 14125: 14117: 14113: 14105: 14101: 14093: 14089: 14080: 14076: 14071: 14064: 14059: 14052: 14046:Gombrich (1988) 14044: 14040: 14034:Gombrich (1988) 14032: 14023: 14017:Gombrich (1988) 14015: 14011: 14005:Gombrich (1988) 14003: 13996: 13990:Funayama (2004) 13988: 13984: 13976: 13972: 13964: 13957: 13949: 13945: 13937: 13933: 13925: 13921: 13913: 13909: 13901: 13897: 13889: 13885: 13877: 13873: 13865: 13861: 13853: 13849: 13841: 13837: 13829: 13825: 13817: 13813: 13806: 13786: 13782: 13759: 13755: 13747: 13743: 13735: 13728: 13720: 13716: 13708: 13704: 13696: 13689: 13685: 13679: 13675: 13670: 13666: 13659: 13643: 13639: 13631: 13624: 13613: 13611: 13604: 13588: 13584: 13576: 13572: 13564: 13560: 13553: 13531: 13527: 13520: 13505:Living Buddhism 13500: 13496: 13488: 13481: 13473: 13462: 13454: 13450: 13442: 13433: 13425: 13410: 13402: 13398: 13390: 13386: 13378: 13374: 13368:Anderson (2013) 13366: 13362: 13354: 13350: 13342: 13338: 13330: 13326: 13317: 13308: 13299: 13295: 13283: 13279: 13271: 13267: 13259: 13255: 13247: 13243: 13235: 13231: 13225:Williams (2008) 13223: 13219: 13210: 13206: 13184:tathagatagarbha 13178: 13174: 13168:Williams (2008) 13166: 13162: 13153: 13149: 13143:Williams (2008) 13141: 13137: 13131:Williams (2008) 13129: 13125: 13115: 13113: 13098: 13094: 13090:, 2017, p. 149. 13085: 13081: 13076: 13072: 13062: 13060: 13047: 13046: 13042: 13034: 13030: 13022: 13018: 13010: 13006: 12998: 12994: 12984:Wayback Machine 12974: 12970: 12962: 12958: 12950: 12946: 12940:Williams (2008) 12938: 12931: 12923: 12919: 12913:Williams (2008) 12911: 12907: 12899: 12895: 12886: 12882: 12874: 12867: 12861:Lindtner (1997) 12859: 12855: 12846: 12842: 12833: 12829: 12820: 12816: 12810:Gombrich (2006) 12808: 12804: 12788: 12784: 12778:Emmanuel (2013) 12776: 12772: 12764: 12760: 12752: 12748: 12741: 12725: 12721: 12714: 12698: 12694: 12687: 12671: 12667: 12659: 12655: 12647: 12631: 12627: 12616:Williams (2002) 12614: 12610: 12589: 12585: 12577: 12573: 12565: 12561: 12553: 12549: 12541: 12537: 12529: 12525: 12517: 12513: 12505: 12501: 12494: 12478: 12474: 12467: 12451: 12447: 12437: 12435: 12428: 12412: 12408: 12398: 12396: 12389: 12373: 12369: 12361: 12357: 12349: 12345: 12338: 12322: 12318: 12308: 12306: 12299: 12283: 12279: 12269: 12267: 12260: 12244: 12240: 12230: 12228: 12221: 12205: 12201: 12191: 12189: 12182: 12166: 12162: 12154: 12138: 12134: 12128:Gombrich (1997) 12126: 12122: 12114: 12110: 12103: 12087: 12083: 12075: 12071: 12063: 12059: 12053:Bucknell (1984) 12051: 12047: 12039: 12035: 12027: 12020: 12012: 12008: 12001: 11985: 11981: 11974: 11958: 11954: 11946: 11942: 11934: 11927: 11917: 11915: 11908: 11892: 11885: 11877: 11873: 11863: 11861: 11854: 11838: 11834: 11826: 11822: 11815: 11799: 11795: 11787: 11783: 11775: 11771: 11763: 11759: 11751: 11738: 11730: 11726: 11718: 11714: 11704: 11702: 11695: 11679: 11675: 11669:Williams (2002) 11667: 11663: 11653: 11651: 11644: 11628: 11621: 11613: 11602: 11596:Gombrich (2005a 11594: 11586: 11584: 11577: 11561: 11554: 11552: 11545: 11529: 11525: 11515: 11513: 11506: 11490: 11486: 11478: 11474: 11466: 11462: 11450: 11446: 11438: 11434: 11426: 11422: 11414: 11410: 11398: 11394: 11386: 11382: 11374: 11370: 11362: 11355: 11347: 11343: 11335: 11326: 11318: 11314: 11305: 11304: 11300: 11287: 11283: 11273: 11271: 11264: 11248: 11244: 11234: 11232: 11225: 11209: 11205: 11194: 11192: 11185: 11169: 11165: 11154: 11151:Wayback Machine 11139: 11123: 11103: 11100:Wayback Machine 11089: 11085: 11079:Gombrich (2005a 11077: 11070: 11068: 11061: 11045: 11041: 11035:Wayback Machine 11028:Anatta Buddhism 11026: 11022: 11014: 11010: 10993: 10992: 10988: 10978: 10976: 10969: 10950: 10946: 10941: 10937: 10917: 10913: 10896: 10892: 10886:Skilling (1997) 10884: 10880: 10870: 10868: 10861: 10845: 10841: 10826:10.2307/1523195 10810: 10806: 10799: 10783: 10779: 10772: 10757:Living Buddhism 10752: 10748: 10740: 10736: 10728: 10724: 10719: 10715: 10710: 10706: 10701: 10697: 10692: 10688: 10679: 10675: 10658: 10654: 10648:Williams (2008) 10646: 10642: 10637: 10633: 10625: 10621: 10613: 10609: 10601: 10597: 10589: 10585: 10580: 10576: 10571: 10567: 10562: 10558: 10553: 10549: 10543: 10539: 10534: 10530: 10521: 10517: 10508: 10504: 10496: 10492: 10486:Lusthaus (2002) 10484: 10480: 10476:, pp. 8–9. 10474:Hirakawa (1993) 10472: 10468: 10459: 10455: 10446: 10442: 10436:Williams (2000) 10434: 10430: 10426:, pp. 4–5. 10424:Williams (2008) 10422: 10418: 10410: 10406: 10398: 10394: 10388:Hirakawa (1993) 10386: 10382: 10374: 10370: 10364:Hirakawa (1993) 10362: 10355: 10340:Drewes, David, 10339: 10332: 10322: 10320: 10319:on 6 April 2018 10301: 10297: 10287: 10285: 10271: 10267: 10258: 10254: 10246: 10242: 10232: 10230: 10223: 10207: 10203: 10198: 10191: 10182: 10178: 10171: 10155: 10151: 10141: 10139: 10132: 10116: 10112: 10104: 10100: 10092: 10088: 10080: 10076: 10067: 10063: 10055: 10051: 10043: 10039: 10029: 10027: 10020: 10004: 10000: 9992: 9988: 9976: 9972: 9963: 9959: 9951: 9947: 9941:Williams (2005) 9939: 9935: 9927: 9923: 9915: 9911: 9903: 9899: 9891: 9887: 9879: 9875: 9869:Matthews (1986) 9867: 9863: 9855: 9851: 9843: 9839: 9831: 9827: 9817: 9815: 9800: 9796: 9787: 9783: 9774: 9770: 9764:Mitchell (2002) 9762: 9758: 9750: 9746: 9738: 9731: 9725:Davidson (2003) 9723: 9719: 9715:, p. viii. 9711: 9707: 9699: 9695: 9687: 9680: 9672: 9665: 9659:Gombrich (1997) 9657: 9650: 9642: 9638: 9630: 9619: 9611: 9604: 9596: 9592: 9584: 9577: 9569: 9562: 9554: 9550: 9542: 9538: 9530: 9526: 9520: 9516: 9510:Hirakawa (1993) 9508: 9504: 9497: 9475: 9471: 9464: 9448: 9441: 9433: 9429: 9416: 9412: 9404: 9400: 9392: 9388: 9380: 9376: 9363: 9359: 9351: 9347: 9334: 9330: 9317: 9310: 9297: 9293: 9285: 9269: 9264: 9248: 9244: 9237: 9221: 9207: 9191: 9187: 9179: 9163: 9159: 9153:Gombrich (1988) 9151: 9147: 9132: 9125: 9119:Gombrich (1988) 9117: 9113: 9106: 9090: 9086: 9078: 9074: 9070:, pp. 1–5. 9066: 9062: 9055: 9039: 9035: 9029:Wayback Machine 9020: 9011: 9001: 8999: 8992: 8976: 8972: 8964: 8960: 8952: 8948: 8942:Gombrich (1988) 8940: 8936: 8926: 8924: 8917: 8901: 8897: 8888: 8881: 8875:Hirakawa (1993) 8873: 8869: 8861: 8857: 8847: 8845: 8838: 8822: 8818: 8810: 8801: 8791: 8789: 8770: 8766: 8758:Wayback Machine 8747: 8743: 8737:Gombrich (1988) 8735: 8731: 8725:Gombrich (1988) 8723: 8719: 8712: 8696: 8692: 8686:Gombrich (1988) 8684: 8680: 8674:Gombrich (1988) 8672: 8668: 8661: 8645: 8641: 8635:Gombrich (1988) 8633: 8626: 8618: 8614: 8606: 8602: 8594: 8590: 8582: 8578: 8570: 8563: 8555: 8551: 8543: 8539: 8531: 8524: 8508: 8504: 8495: 8491: 8482: 8478: 8462: 8458: 8450: 8446: 8442:, pp. 7–8. 8438: 8434: 8422: 8418: 8411: 8395: 8391: 8384: 8368: 8364: 8354: 8352: 8345: 8329: 8325: 8320: 8316: 8308: 8304: 8299:Wayback Machine 8282: 8273: 8263: 8261: 8254: 8238: 8234: 8226: 8222: 8214: 8210: 8202: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8180:Williams (1989) 8178: 8174: 8164: 8162: 8141: 8137: 8129: 8122: 8114: 8107: 8097: 8095: 8057: 8053: 8045: 8041: 8035:Beckwith (2015) 8033: 8029: 8021: 8017: 8009: 8005: 7995: 7993: 7983: 7979: 7969: 7967: 7963: 7932: 7928: 7927: 7923: 7913: 7911: 7898: 7897: 7886: 7878: 7874: 7863: 7859: 7849: 7847: 7832: 7828: 7820: 7801: 7797: 7777: 7773: 7765: 7745: 7741: 7731: 7729: 7720: 7719: 7715: 7707: 7703: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7676: 7659: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7639: 7635: 7626: 7625:, 1984, p. 279; 7621: 7615: 7608:Gombrich (1984) 7602: 7598: 7585: 7581: 7572: 7568: 7562:Tathagatagarbha 7559: 7555: 7546: 7542: 7536: 7532: 7523: 7519: 7494: 7490: 7476: 7472: 7467: 7463: 7458: 7454: 7443: 7439: 7434: 7430: 7425: 7421: 7416: 7412: 7407: 7403: 7397: 7393: 7376: 7372: 7366: 7362: 7356: 7352: 7346: 7342: 7321: 7317: 7308:Samyutta Nikaya 7304:Majjhima Nikaya 7297: 7293: 7283: 7279: 7273: 7269: 7260: 7256: 7247: 7243: 7210: 7206: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7184: 7145:Three Teachings 7130:Shinbutsu-shūgō 7100:Jewish Buddhist 7026:Religion portal 7024: 7017: 7012:Buddhism portal 7010: 7003: 7000: 6868:Chinese schools 6860: 6854: 6768:Asian religions 6744:Culture of Asia 6685: 6679: 6612: 6600:Sogyal Rinpoche 6584: 6501: 6489:Main articles: 6487: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6449: 6448: 6447: 6438: 6437: 6436: 6417:14th Dalai Lama 6413:Thích Nhất Hạnh 6314: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6310: 6299: 6290: 6289: 6288: 6287:, United States 6273: 6262: 6256: 6205:Korean Buddhism 6174: 6155: 6147:Main articles: 6145: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6054: 6046: 6045: 6036: 6035: 6034: 6026: 6025: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6006: 6005: 5996: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5852: 5844:Main articles: 5842: 5783: 5777: 5749:(treatises) or 5725:Mahāyāna sūtras 5705: 5703:Mahayana sutras 5699: 5622: 5614:Main articles: 5612: 5567: 5557: 5551: 5520:organised into 5448: 5442: 5429:Surangama sutra 5417: 5411: 5388: 5382: 5321:adhicittasikkha 5280: 5256:Main articles: 5254: 5197: 5187: 5154:) results from 5118: 5112: 5061:. According to 5027: 5017: 4997:ākiñcaññāyatana 4969: 4920: 4857: 4841:Main articles: 4839: 4771: 4733:kāmānaṃ ādīnava 4665: 4619: 4613: 4511: 4505: 4440: 4438:Buddhist ethics 4434: 4377: 4371: 4341: 4313: 4295: 4294:samyag samādhi, 4276: 4261: 4260:samyag vyāyāma, 4246: 4234: 4233:samyag ājīvana, 4218: 4203: 4190: 4182: 4170: 4142: 4129: 4121: 4070: 4064: 4012: 3950: 3944: 3925:Tathagatagarbha 3894:tathāgatagarbha 3868: 3860:Main articles: 3858: 3798: 3786:Main articles: 3784: 3775: 3769: 3735:, with various 3717: 3711: 3699: 3693: 3624:five aggregates 3606:diagram details 3600: 3576: 3524: 3513: 3508: 3496: 3489: 3484: 3472: 3465: 3460: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3401: 3394: 3389: 3381: 3376: 3363: 3347: 3321: 3320:4 elements 3279: 3270:Five Aggregates 3266: 3260: 3252:Main articles: 3250: 3165: 3157:Main articles: 3155: 3049: 3041:Main articles: 3039: 2955: 2949: 2883: 2877: 2829: 2823: 2799: 2720: 2714: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2614: 2608: 2568: 2562: 2540:during the Mon 2460: 2448:(4th century), 2402: 2381: 2266: 2236: 2230: 2220:. According to 2214:Tathāgatagarbha 2209: 2157:Mahāyāna sūtras 2113: 2107: 2091:Iranian Plateau 2007:Seleucid Empire 2003:edicts of Aśoka 1999: 1993: 1875: 1863:Main articles: 1861: 1845:Richard Salomon 1834:Majjhima Nikaya 1808:five aggregates 1788: 1735: 1729: 1713:Nikaya Buddhism 1686: 1680: 1678:Indian Buddhism 1570:Vedic tradition 1547: 1542: 1535: 1529: 1509:basket of texts 1435:Ficus religiosa 1310:and grew up in 1293: 1268:Mayadevi Temple 1261: 1200: 1105: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 999: 996: 993: 990: 975: 972: 969: 966: 955: 952: 949: 946: 858:full liberation 852:which leads to 793:Indian religion 777: 757: 748: 747: 740: 711: 707: 697: 657: 650: 649: 540: 530: 529: 480: 470: 469: 435: 425: 424: 330: 320: 319: 290:Mahayana Sutras 270: 260: 259: 200:Five Aggregates 178: 177: 157: 156: 147:Later Buddhists 112: 44:13th-century-CE 30: 17: 16:Indian religion 12: 11: 5: 28640: 28630: 28629: 28624: 28619: 28617:Gautama Buddha 28614: 28609: 28592: 28591: 28589: 28588: 28578: 28567: 28564: 28563: 28560: 28559: 28556: 28555: 28553: 28552: 28547: 28542: 28537: 28532: 28527: 28522: 28517: 28512: 28507: 28502: 28497: 28491: 28489: 28483: 28482: 28480: 28479: 28474: 28469: 28464: 28459: 28454: 28449: 28444: 28439: 28434: 28429: 28424: 28419: 28414: 28408: 28406: 28400: 28399: 28397: 28396: 28391: 28386: 28381: 28376: 28371: 28366: 28361: 28356: 28351: 28346: 28341: 28336: 28331: 28326: 28321: 28316: 28311: 28306: 28301: 28296: 28291: 28286: 28280: 28278: 28272: 28271: 28269: 28268: 28267: 28266: 28261: 28256: 28251: 28244:United Kingdom 28241: 28236: 28231: 28226: 28221: 28216: 28211: 28206: 28201: 28196: 28191: 28186: 28181: 28176: 28171: 28166: 28161: 28156: 28151: 28146: 28141: 28136: 28131: 28126: 28121: 28116: 28111: 28106: 28101: 28096: 28091: 28086: 28081: 28076: 28071: 28066: 28061: 28056: 28051: 28046: 28041: 28036: 28031: 28025: 28023: 28017: 28016: 28014: 28013: 28008: 28003: 27998: 27993: 27988: 27983: 27978: 27973: 27968: 27963: 27958: 27953: 27948: 27943: 27938: 27933: 27928: 27923: 27918: 27913: 27908: 27903: 27898: 27893: 27888: 27883: 27878: 27873: 27872: 27871: 27866: 27856: 27851: 27846: 27841: 27836: 27831: 27826: 27821: 27816: 27811: 27806: 27801: 27796: 27791: 27786: 27781: 27776: 27771: 27766: 27761: 27756: 27750: 27748: 27742: 27741: 27739: 27738: 27733: 27728: 27723: 27718: 27713: 27708: 27703: 27698: 27693: 27688: 27683: 27678: 27673: 27668: 27663: 27658: 27653: 27648: 27643: 27638: 27633: 27628: 27623: 27618: 27613: 27608: 27603: 27598: 27593: 27588: 27583: 27578: 27573: 27568: 27563: 27558: 27553: 27548: 27543: 27538: 27533: 27528: 27523: 27518: 27513: 27508: 27503: 27498: 27493: 27488: 27483: 27478: 27473: 27467: 27465: 27455: 27454: 27444: 27443: 27440: 27439: 27436: 27435: 27433: 27432: 27427: 27422: 27417: 27412: 27407: 27402: 27397: 27392: 27387: 27382: 27377: 27372: 27366: 27364: 27356: 27353: 27352: 27350: 27349: 27344: 27339: 27337:Secularization 27334: 27329: 27324: 27319: 27317:Deconstruction 27314: 27309: 27304: 27299: 27293: 27291: 27281: 27278: 27277: 27275: 27274: 27269: 27268: 27267: 27262: 27257: 27247: 27242: 27237: 27232: 27227: 27222: 27217: 27212: 27207: 27202: 27197: 27192: 27187: 27182: 27177: 27172: 27170:Fundamentalism 27167: 27166: 27165: 27160: 27155: 27150: 27140: 27135: 27130: 27125: 27124: 27123: 27118: 27113: 27103: 27102: 27101: 27096: 27091: 27077: 27072: 27066: 27064: 27057: 27054: 27053: 27051: 27050: 27045: 27040: 27035: 27034: 27033: 27023: 27018: 27013: 27008: 27003: 26998: 26993: 26988: 26983: 26978: 26972: 26970: 26962: 26961: 26959: 26958: 26953: 26948: 26943: 26938: 26933: 26928: 26923: 26918: 26913: 26907: 26905: 26899: 26898: 26896: 26895: 26894: 26893: 26888: 26883: 26873: 26868: 26863: 26858: 26853: 26848: 26843: 26838: 26837: 26836: 26831: 26826: 26821: 26811: 26810: 26809: 26804: 26799: 26789: 26784: 26779: 26774: 26769: 26764: 26759: 26754: 26749: 26744: 26743: 26742: 26737: 26732: 26722: 26717: 26712: 26707: 26702: 26697: 26692: 26687: 26682: 26677: 26672: 26667: 26662: 26657: 26648: 26646:Call to prayer 26643: 26638: 26633: 26631:Disaffiliation 26623: 26621: 26613: 26612: 26602: 26601: 26598: 26597: 26595: 26594: 26589: 26584: 26579: 26574: 26569: 26564: 26559: 26558: 26557: 26552: 26547: 26537: 26536: 26535: 26530: 26525: 26520: 26515: 26505: 26500: 26499: 26498: 26493: 26488: 26478: 26477: 26476: 26471: 26461: 26460: 26459: 26454: 26449: 26444: 26434: 26429: 26428: 26427: 26417: 26416: 26415: 26410: 26400: 26395: 26394: 26393: 26383: 26378: 26373: 26368: 26363: 26358: 26353: 26348: 26347: 26346: 26341: 26336: 26331: 26329:Greco-Buddhism 26326: 26316: 26315: 26314: 26309: 26304: 26299: 26289: 26284: 26283: 26282: 26272: 26267: 26262: 26261: 26260: 26250: 26245: 26240: 26239: 26238: 26233: 26223: 26218: 26217: 26216: 26211: 26206: 26196: 26191: 26186: 26181: 26180: 26179: 26168: 26165: 26164: 26152: 26151: 26148: 26147: 26144: 26143: 26140: 26139: 26137: 26136: 26135: 26134: 26124: 26119: 26114: 26109: 26104: 26099: 26094: 26089: 26083: 26081: 26077: 26076: 26074: 26073: 26072: 26071: 26059: 26054: 26053: 26052: 26047: 26042: 26037: 26032: 26027: 26022: 26012: 26007: 26002: 25997: 25992: 25987: 25982: 25977: 25972: 25971: 25970: 25960: 25959: 25958: 25953: 25943: 25942: 25941: 25936: 25926: 25921: 25920: 25919: 25910: 25908: 25900: 25899: 25897: 25896: 25891: 25886: 25881: 25880: 25879: 25874: 25864: 25859: 25854: 25849: 25844: 25843: 25842: 25832: 25827: 25822: 25817: 25812: 25807: 25802: 25797: 25792: 25787: 25781: 25779: 25772: 25762: 25761: 25758: 25757: 25755: 25754: 25749: 25744: 25739: 25733: 25731: 25727: 25726: 25723: 25722: 25720: 25719: 25718: 25717: 25712: 25707: 25702: 25697: 25692: 25690:Tambor de Mina 25687: 25682: 25677: 25672: 25667: 25662: 25657: 25652: 25647: 25646: 25645: 25640: 25635: 25616: 25615: 25614: 25613: 25603: 25598: 25593: 25588: 25583: 25578: 25573: 25568: 25563: 25558: 25553: 25548: 25543: 25538: 25533: 25528: 25523: 25518: 25517: 25516: 25511: 25501: 25496: 25491: 25485: 25483: 25475: 25474: 25472: 25471: 25470: 25469: 25467:Guanche church 25458: 25456: 25449: 25441: 25440: 25438: 25437: 25432: 25427: 25422: 25417: 25412: 25407: 25402: 25397: 25392: 25387: 25382: 25376: 25374: 25372:Tibeto-Burmese 25368: 25367: 25365: 25364: 25359: 25354: 25349: 25343: 25341: 25331: 25330: 25328: 25327: 25322: 25317: 25312: 25311: 25310: 25305: 25295: 25290: 25288:Nuu-chah-nulth 25285: 25280: 25275: 25270: 25269: 25268: 25263: 25258: 25253: 25243: 25238: 25233: 25232: 25231: 25221: 25216: 25211: 25210: 25209: 25204: 25199: 25197:Muscogee Creek 25194: 25189: 25179: 25174: 25169: 25164: 25155: 25150: 25145: 25140: 25135: 25134: 25133: 25128: 25123: 25113: 25108: 25103: 25102: 25101: 25091: 25085: 25083: 25075: 25074: 25072: 25071: 25066: 25064:Sumbese Marapu 25061: 25060: 25059: 25054: 25044: 25043: 25042: 25032: 25027: 25022: 25017: 25016: 25015: 25010: 25002: 25001: 25000: 24995: 24985: 24983:Batak Parmalim 24979: 24977: 24971: 24970: 24968: 24967: 24961: 24959: 24953: 24952: 24950: 24949: 24948: 24947: 24942: 24932: 24931: 24930: 24925: 24920: 24905: 24903: 24894: 24888: 24887: 24884: 24883: 24880: 24879: 24877: 24876: 24875: 24874: 24869: 24859: 24854: 24849: 24844: 24839: 24838: 24837: 24832: 24822: 24817: 24811: 24809: 24805: 24804: 24802: 24801: 24794: 24789: 24788: 24787: 24777: 24776: 24775: 24770: 24765: 24747: 24741: 24739: 24733: 24732: 24730: 24729: 24722: 24717: 24712: 24707: 24702: 24697: 24692: 24691: 24690: 24685: 24680: 24675: 24670: 24665: 24660: 24655: 24645: 24644: 24643: 24638: 24633: 24628: 24623: 24618: 24613: 24608: 24603: 24592: 24590: 24581: 24575: 24574: 24571: 24570: 24568: 24567: 24562: 24557: 24552: 24547: 24541: 24539: 24533: 24532: 24530: 24529: 24524: 24519: 24513: 24511: 24505: 24504: 24502: 24501: 24496: 24491: 24486: 24485: 24484: 24471: 24469: 24463: 24462: 24460: 24459: 24458: 24457: 24452: 24442: 24441: 24440: 24435: 24425: 24420: 24415: 24410: 24404: 24402: 24393: 24384: 24378: 24377: 24374: 24373: 24370: 24369: 24367: 24366: 24361: 24356: 24350: 24348: 24344: 24343: 24341: 24340: 24335: 24330: 24325: 24319: 24317: 24311: 24310: 24308: 24307: 24302: 24297: 24295:Ilm-e-Khshnoom 24291: 24289: 24280: 24274: 24273: 24270: 24269: 24267: 24266: 24261: 24256: 24251: 24246: 24241: 24236: 24230: 24228: 24224: 24223: 24221: 24220: 24213: 24208: 24203: 24198: 24193: 24188: 24183: 24182: 24181: 24171: 24166: 24165: 24164: 24159: 24154: 24149: 24139: 24138: 24137: 24136: 24135: 24130: 24120: 24115: 24110: 24099: 24097: 24091: 24090: 24088: 24087: 24080: 24079: 24078: 24073: 24068: 24063: 24058: 24053: 24048: 24043: 24038: 24032:Bible Students 24024: 24019: 24014: 24009: 24004: 24002:Restorationism 23999: 23998: 23997: 23992: 23987: 23982: 23981: 23980: 23970: 23965: 23960: 23958:Evangelicalism 23955: 23954: 23953: 23948: 23943: 23933: 23932: 23931: 23926: 23921: 23911: 23906: 23901: 23900: 23899: 23894: 23889: 23884: 23879: 23869: 23859: 23858: 23857: 23852: 23838: 23837: 23836: 23831: 23821: 23816: 23815: 23814: 23804: 23803: 23802: 23797: 23786: 23784: 23778: 23777: 23775: 23774: 23767: 23762: 23757: 23752: 23747: 23742: 23737: 23732: 23731: 23730: 23729: 23728: 23718: 23717: 23716: 23700: 23698: 23689: 23680: 23670: 23669: 23657: 23656: 23649: 23648: 23641: 23634: 23626: 23617: 23616: 23614: 23613: 23603: 23592: 23589: 23588: 23586: 23585: 23584: 23583: 23573: 23568: 23563: 23562: 23561: 23551: 23550: 23549: 23544: 23539: 23529: 23524: 23519: 23514: 23509: 23504: 23499: 23498: 23497: 23492: 23470: 23469: 23468: 23463: 23458: 23453: 23448: 23438: 23433: 23428: 23423: 23422: 23421: 23411: 23410: 23409: 23404: 23399: 23394: 23387:Core teachings 23384: 23378: 23375: 23374: 23370:Gautama Buddha 23362: 23361: 23354: 23347: 23339: 23330: 23329: 23327: 23326: 23314: 23303: 23300: 23299: 23297: 23296: 23291: 23286: 23281: 23276: 23271: 23266: 23260: 23258: 23252: 23251: 23249: 23248: 23243: 23238: 23233: 23228: 23223: 23218: 23213: 23208: 23203: 23198: 23197: 23196: 23191: 23181: 23175: 23173: 23167: 23166: 23164: 23163: 23162: 23161: 23156: 23146: 23141: 23136: 23131: 23126: 23121: 23116: 23111: 23106: 23101: 23096: 23090: 23088: 23082: 23081: 23079: 23078: 23073: 23068: 23067: 23066: 23061: 23056: 23051: 23046: 23036: 23031: 23026: 23021: 23016: 23015: 23014: 23009: 23004: 22999: 22994: 22984: 22979: 22974: 22973: 22972: 22962: 22957: 22952: 22947: 22946: 22945: 22940: 22935: 22930: 22925: 22915: 22910: 22905: 22900: 22895: 22890: 22885: 22884: 22883: 22881:Greco-Buddhist 22873: 22872: 22871: 22866: 22861: 22856: 22851: 22846: 22841: 22836: 22835: 22834: 22832:Burmese pagoda 22824: 22819: 22814: 22809: 22804: 22799: 22788: 22786: 22780: 22779: 22777: 22776: 22771: 22766: 22761: 22756: 22751: 22746: 22741: 22736: 22731: 22726: 22721: 22716: 22711: 22706: 22701: 22696: 22690: 22688: 22682: 22681: 22679: 22678: 22673: 22668: 22663: 22658: 22653: 22648: 22643: 22638: 22633: 22628: 22623: 22622: 22621: 22614:Greco-Buddhism 22611: 22606: 22605: 22604: 22594: 22589: 22584: 22579: 22573: 22571: 22565: 22564: 22562: 22561: 22560: 22559: 22554: 22549: 22547:United Kingdom 22544: 22539: 22534: 22529: 22524: 22519: 22514: 22509: 22504: 22499: 22494: 22492:Czech Republic 22489: 22484: 22479: 22474: 22469: 22459: 22458: 22457: 22452: 22442: 22441: 22440: 22430: 22429: 22428: 22423: 22413: 22408: 22403: 22398: 22393: 22388: 22383: 22382: 22381: 22371: 22366: 22356: 22351: 22346: 22341: 22336: 22331: 22326: 22321: 22316: 22311: 22306: 22301: 22296: 22291: 22286: 22281: 22276: 22270: 22268: 22262: 22261: 22259: 22258: 22256:Abhidharmadīpa 22253: 22246: 22241: 22236: 22229: 22224: 22219: 22214: 22209: 22204: 22198: 22196: 22190: 22189: 22187: 22186: 22181: 22176: 22174:B. R. Ambedkar 22171: 22166: 22161: 22156: 22151: 22146: 22141: 22136: 22131: 22126: 22121: 22116: 22111: 22106: 22101: 22096: 22094:Songtsen Gampo 22091: 22086: 22081: 22076: 22071: 22066: 22061: 22056: 22051: 22046: 22041: 22036: 22031: 22025: 22023: 22017: 22016: 22014: 22013: 22008: 22007: 22006: 21996: 21991: 21986: 21981: 21976: 21971: 21970: 21969: 21959: 21954: 21949: 21944: 21939: 21934: 21929: 21924: 21919: 21914: 21909: 21904: 21898: 21896: 21890: 21889: 21887: 21886: 21885: 21884: 21879: 21874: 21869: 21859: 21854: 21849: 21844: 21838: 21836: 21830: 21829: 21827: 21826: 21821: 21820: 21819: 21809: 21808: 21807: 21802: 21797: 21787: 21786: 21785: 21780: 21775: 21773:Eight precepts 21770: 21760: 21759: 21758: 21753: 21748: 21743: 21733: 21732: 21731: 21721: 21716: 21711: 21710: 21709: 21704: 21699: 21689: 21684: 21679: 21674: 21669: 21668: 21667: 21662: 21652: 21647: 21646: 21645: 21640: 21635: 21630: 21625: 21620: 21615: 21610: 21605: 21600: 21595: 21585: 21580: 21575: 21570: 21561: 21551: 21546: 21544:Five Strengths 21541: 21536: 21531: 21526: 21521: 21516: 21511: 21510: 21509: 21504: 21499: 21494: 21484: 21479: 21473: 21471: 21465: 21464: 21462: 21461: 21456: 21451: 21446: 21441: 21436: 21435: 21434: 21429: 21424: 21419: 21409: 21408: 21407: 21402: 21397: 21392: 21387: 21382: 21377: 21372: 21371: 21370: 21365: 21360: 21355: 21339: 21337: 21331: 21330: 21328: 21327: 21322: 21321: 21320: 21315: 21310: 21305: 21300: 21295: 21285: 21279: 21277: 21271: 21270: 21268: 21267: 21262: 21261: 21260: 21255: 21250: 21240: 21235: 21230: 21225: 21220: 21215: 21210: 21205: 21200: 21195: 21190: 21185: 21183:Mental factors 21180: 21175: 21170: 21165: 21160: 21155: 21150: 21145: 21140: 21135: 21130: 21124: 21122: 21116: 21115: 21113: 21112: 21107: 21102: 21097: 21092: 21087: 21082: 21077: 21072: 21067: 21062: 21057: 21052: 21047: 21042: 21037: 21035:Mahamoggallāna 21032: 21027: 21022: 21016: 21014: 21008: 21007: 21005: 21004: 20999: 20994: 20989: 20984: 20979: 20974: 20969: 20964: 20959: 20958: 20957: 20950:Avalokiteśvara 20946: 20944: 20938: 20937: 20935: 20934: 20929: 20924: 20923: 20922: 20914: 20906: 20898: 20890: 20882: 20874: 20861: 20856: 20851: 20846: 20841: 20836: 20831: 20826: 20821: 20816: 20811: 20806: 20800: 20798: 20792: 20791: 20789: 20788: 20783: 20778: 20773: 20772: 20771: 20766: 20761: 20751: 20745: 20743: 20737: 20736: 20734: 20733: 20728: 20723: 20712: 20709: 20708: 20689: 20688: 20681: 20674: 20666: 20660: 20659: 20653: 20647: 20634: 20623: 20617: 20611: 20605: 20599: 20593: 20587: 20581: 20575: 20574:, SuttaCentral 20569: 20561: 20560:External links 20558: 20556: 20555: 20543: 20538: 20520: 20515: 20500: 20488: 20473: 20456: 20441: 20423: 20408: 20390: 20375: 20358: 20343: 20334: 20325: 20317: 20312: 20299: 20294: 20273: 20268: 20256:Wells, John C. 20252: 20243: 20231: 20222: 20216: 20195: 20178: 20163: 20150: 20128: 20119: 20114: 20101: 20088: 20071:Sujato, Bhante 20067: 20058: 20052: 20035: 19985: 19980: 19967: 19962: 19949: 19920: 19893: 19865: 19860: 19847: 19835: 19823: 19818: 19803: 19791: 19786: 19771: 19765: 19750: 19745: 19730: 19725: 19712: 19687: 19668:(1): 233–257, 19657: 19640: 19622: 19613: 19607: 19592: 19586: 19573: 19561: 19547:Pavāra, Urmilā 19543: 19531: 19516: 19507: 19495: 19486: 19481: 19468: 19451: 19446: 19433: 19421: 19416: 19403: 19386: 19371: 19362: 19353: 19341: 19332: 19323: 19318: 19300: 19291: 19286: 19269: 19260: 19251: 19233: 19218: 19209: 19203: 19190: 19181: 19172: 19154: 19139: 19134: 19121: 19116: 19103: 19098: 19085: 19080: 19067: 19055: 19028: 19011: 18996: 18980: 18959: 18954: 18938: 18900: 18883: 18868: 18851: 18836: 18831: 18818: 18809: 18800: 18782: 18767: 18747: 18729: 18724: 18707: 18698: 18693: 18680: 18671: 18653: 18638: 18616: 18610: 18597: 18588: 18579: 18574: 18558: 18553: 18540: 18532:Gethin, Rupert 18528: 18523: 18511:Gethin, Rupert 18507: 18502: 18488:Gethin, Rupert 18484: 18464: 18446: 18431: 18422: 18417: 18404: 18391: 18373: 18364: 18359: 18346: 18340: 18327: 18322: 18309: 18259: 18242: 18230:, ed. (2003), 18224: 18207: 18192: 18174: 18159: 18142: 18124: 18107: 18092: 18083: 18074: 18069: 18056: 18051: 18041:, ed. (2004), 18035: 18026: 18017: 17989: 17971: 17956: 17950: 17935: 17907: 17895: 17890: 17872:Bodhi, Bhikkhu 17868: 17862: 17849: 17844: 17832:Bodhi, Bhikkhu 17828: 17822: 17800: 17795: 17779: 17770: 17761: 17752: 17739: 17737: 17734: 17732: 17731: 17705: 17674: 17638: 17605: 17576: 17550: 17519: 17493: 17467: 17426: 17396: 17365: 17335: 17316: 17304: 17292: 17264: 17258:Hoffer (ed.); 17251: 17230: 17209: 17202: 17176: 17164: 17149: 17136: 17124: 17122:, p. 363. 17120:Southwold 1978 17112: 17084: 17058: 17055: 17054: 17048: 17042: 17039:Southwold 1978 17035: 17028: 16989:(6): S165-70. 16969: 16957: 16929: 16894: 16887: 16869: 16838: 16819: 16799: 16774: 16743: 16712: 16681: 16662: 16642: 16623: 16603: 16591: 16589:, p. 385. 16579: 16560: 16540: 16528: 16509: 16486: 16473:(3): 450–452. 16450: 16438: 16426: 16407:(2): 268–270. 16391: 16379: 16377:, p. 351. 16367: 16355: 16343: 16336: 16316: 16304: 16292: 16280: 16278:, p. 258. 16268: 16266:, p. 172. 16256: 16244: 16231: 16217: 16198: 16168: 16138: 16125:(4): 619–651. 16105: 16093: 16091:, p. 403. 16081: 16069: 16067:, p. 378. 16057: 16044: 16031: 16019: 16007: 15995: 15983: 15971: 15958: 15945: 15930: 15877: 15870: 15850: 15843: 15823: 15816: 15792: 15785: 15765: 15753: 15741: 15729: 15718:on 9 June 2008 15699: 15687: 15675: 15656: 15641: 15629: 15620: 15604: 15591: 15576:Rinpoche, Kalu 15568: 15541: 15539:, p. 494. 15537:Buswell (2004) 15529: 15527:(2004): p. 293 15517: 15515:, p. 114. 15505: 15485: 15473: 15421: 15404: 15383: 15371: 15359: 15352: 15329: 15322: 15302: 15290: 15288:, p. xiv. 15278: 15271: 15251: 15239: 15232: 15203: 15201:, p. 163. 15191: 15170: 15152: 15131: 15119: 15107: 15095: 15093:, p. 243. 15083: 15071: 15067:Trainor (2004) 15059: 15057:, p. 170. 15047: 15045:, p. 237. 15035: 15023: 15019:Buswell (2004) 15011: 14999: 14971: 14951: 14939: 14927: 14923:Trainor (2004) 14915: 14900: 14896:Trainor (2004) 14888: 14875: 14873:, p. 250. 14863: 14859:Trainor (2004) 14851: 14844: 14824: 14820:Trainor (2004) 14812: 14793: 14786: 14766: 14759: 14739: 14720: 14708: 14706:, p. xiv. 14696: 14673: 14660: 14648: 14636: 14606: 14604:, p. 396. 14594: 14582: 14566: 14559: 14539: 14532: 14512: 14505: 14485: 14473: 14461: 14459:, p. 131. 14449: 14437: 14425: 14413: 14401: 14389: 14377: 14362: 14345: 14343:, p. 199. 14341:Collins (2000) 14333: 14321: 14309: 14297: 14282: 14263:(3): 289–302. 14247: 14235: 14222: 14210: 14201:(4): 933–964, 14186: 14170: 14157: 14144: 14135: 14133:, p. 492. 14123: 14111: 14109:, p. 199. 14099: 14087: 14074: 14062: 14050: 14038: 14021: 14009: 14007:, p. 109. 13994: 13992:, p. 105. 13982: 13980:, p. 152. 13970: 13955: 13951:Terwiel (2012) 13943: 13941:, p. 276. 13939:Horigan (1996) 13931: 13929:, p. 241. 13919: 13907: 13905:, p. 616. 13895: 13883: 13871: 13859: 13847: 13835: 13823: 13811: 13804: 13780: 13753: 13741: 13739:, p. 398. 13726: 13724:, p. 244. 13714: 13712:, p. 108. 13702: 13700:, p. 249. 13687: 13673: 13664: 13657: 13637: 13622: 13602: 13582: 13570: 13558: 13551: 13525: 13518: 13494: 13492:, p. 440. 13479: 13460: 13448: 13431: 13408: 13396: 13384: 13372: 13360: 13348: 13336: 13324: 13306: 13293: 13289:antagrahadrsti 13287:, p. 49, 13277: 13265: 13253: 13241: 13237:Hookham (1991) 13229: 13227:, p. 112. 13217: 13204: 13172: 13160: 13147: 13145:, p. 107. 13135: 13133:, p. 104. 13123: 13092: 13079: 13070: 13040: 13028: 13016: 13004: 12992: 12968: 12956: 12954:, p. 164. 12944: 12929: 12927:, p. 162. 12917: 12905: 12893: 12880: 12865: 12863:, p. 324. 12853: 12840: 12827: 12814: 12802: 12782: 12770: 12758: 12746: 12739: 12719: 12712: 12692: 12685: 12665: 12653: 12645: 12625: 12608: 12583: 12571: 12559: 12557:, p. 169. 12547: 12543:Trainor (2004) 12535: 12533:, p. 192. 12523: 12511: 12499: 12492: 12472: 12465: 12445: 12426: 12406: 12387: 12367: 12363:Collins (1998) 12355: 12343: 12336: 12316: 12297: 12277: 12258: 12238: 12219: 12199: 12180: 12160: 12152: 12132: 12120: 12116:Cousins (1996) 12108: 12101: 12081: 12069: 12067:, p. 141. 12057: 12045: 12041:Collins (1998) 12033: 12018: 12016:, p. 136. 12006: 11999: 11979: 11972: 11952: 11940: 11925: 11906: 11883: 11871: 11852: 11832: 11820: 11813: 11793: 11789:Krishan (1997) 11781: 11769: 11765:Krishan (1997) 11757: 11736: 11732:Kasulis (2006) 11724: 11712: 11693: 11673: 11661: 11642: 11619: 11600: 11575: 11543: 11523: 11504: 11484: 11482:, p. 107. 11472: 11460: 11444: 11432: 11428:Buswell (2004) 11420: 11418:, p. 119. 11408: 11392: 11380: 11368: 11353: 11349:Trainor (2004) 11341: 11324: 11322:, p. 604. 11312: 11298: 11281: 11262: 11242: 11223: 11203: 11183: 11163: 11083: 11059: 11039: 11020: 11008: 10986: 10967: 10944: 10935: 10911: 10890: 10878: 10859: 10839: 10804: 10797: 10777: 10770: 10746: 10734: 10732:, p. 223. 10722: 10713: 10704: 10695: 10686: 10673: 10652: 10640: 10631: 10627:Zürcher (1972) 10619: 10607: 10603:Zürcher (1972) 10595: 10591:Collins (2000) 10583: 10574: 10565: 10556: 10547: 10537: 10528: 10515: 10502: 10500:, p. 442. 10490: 10478: 10466: 10453: 10440: 10428: 10416: 10412:Nattier (2003) 10404: 10402:, p. 335. 10392: 10380: 10378:, p. 492. 10376:Buswell (2004) 10368: 10366:, p. 252. 10353: 10330: 10295: 10274:Bhikkhu Sujato 10265: 10252: 10250:, p. 278. 10240: 10221: 10201: 10189: 10176: 10169: 10149: 10130: 10110: 10106:Trainor (2004) 10098: 10096:, p. 135. 10086: 10084:, p. 485. 10074: 10061: 10049: 10037: 10018: 9998: 9986: 9970: 9957: 9945: 9933: 9921: 9919:, p. 107. 9909: 9897: 9885: 9873: 9871:, p. 124. 9861: 9857:Schopen (2002) 9849: 9837: 9825: 9794: 9781: 9768: 9756: 9744: 9729: 9727:, p. 147. 9717: 9705: 9703:, inside flap. 9693: 9691:, p. vii. 9678: 9663: 9648: 9636: 9617: 9602: 9590: 9575: 9560: 9548: 9536: 9524: 9514: 9502: 9495: 9469: 9462: 9439: 9427: 9410: 9398: 9396:, p. 127. 9386: 9384:, p. 126. 9374: 9357: 9345: 9328: 9308: 9291: 9283: 9262: 9242: 9235: 9205: 9185: 9177: 9157: 9145: 9123: 9111: 9104: 9084: 9072: 9060: 9053: 9033: 9009: 8990: 8970: 8958: 8956:, p. 267. 8946: 8934: 8915: 8895: 8879: 8867: 8855: 8836: 8816: 8799: 8764: 8741: 8729: 8717: 8710: 8690: 8678: 8666: 8659: 8639: 8624: 8622:, p. xii. 8612: 8600: 8588: 8586:, p. 352. 8584:Buswell (2004) 8576: 8561: 8549: 8547:, p. 177. 8545:Swearer (2004) 8537: 8522: 8502: 8489: 8476: 8456: 8444: 8432: 8416: 8409: 8389: 8382: 8362: 8343: 8323: 8314: 8302: 8271: 8252: 8232: 8220: 8208: 8196: 8184: 8172: 8135: 8133:, p. 143. 8120: 8105: 8071:(2): 215–227. 8051: 8039: 8027: 8023:Analayo (2013) 8015: 8003: 7977: 7966:on 25 May 2017 7921: 7884: 7882:, p. 239. 7872: 7857: 7826: 7818: 7804:K. T. S. Sarao 7795: 7771: 7763: 7739: 7713: 7701: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7643: 7633: 7596: 7579: 7577:, p. 155) 7566: 7553: 7540: 7530: 7517: 7488: 7470: 7461: 7452: 7437: 7428: 7419: 7410: 7401: 7391: 7370: 7360: 7350: 7340: 7315: 7291: 7277: 7267: 7254: 7250:Gautama Buddha 7241: 7223:Lokottaravādin 7204: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7029: 7015: 6999: 6996: 6929:Mainland China 6853: 6850: 6835:psychoanalysis 6756:Southeast Asia 6754:as well as in 6681:Main article: 6678: 6675: 6672: 6652: 6611: 6610:Classification 6608: 6583: 6580: 6550:in Korea, the 6530:The Thai King 6517:class struggle 6486: 6483: 6479:state religion 6451: 6450: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6430: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6401:Shunryu Suzuki 6393:counterculture 6389:secularisation 6326:Eugène Burnouf 6318:Francis Xavier 6300: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6274: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6258:Main article: 6255: 6252: 6239:repression to 6207:). During the 6173: 6170: 6144: 6141: 6048: 6047: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6028: 6027: 6019: 6018: 6017: 6008: 6007: 5999: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5990: 5985:Main article: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5977: 5967: 5963: 5951: 5918: 5841: 5838: 5822:fierce deities 5779:Main article: 5776: 5773: 5701:Main article: 5698: 5697:Mahāyāna texts 5695: 5675:Indic language 5611: 5610:The Tripitakas 5608: 5603:early Buddhism 5553:Main article: 5550: 5547: 5468:oral tradition 5446:Buddhist texts 5444:Main article: 5441: 5438: 5413:Main article: 5410: 5407: 5384:Main article: 5381: 5378: 5285:(Sanskrit) or 5253: 5250: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5168: 5159: 5146: 5122:Brahma-viharas 5114:Main article: 5111: 5105: 5086:smṛtyupasthāna 5039:; "calm") and 5016: 5013: 4968: 4965: 4919: 4916: 4838: 4828: 4805:smṛtyupasthāna 4770: 4767: 4765:are followed. 4747:eight precepts 4716:). Practicing 4685:indriyasamvara 4664: 4661: 4615:Main article: 4612: 4609: 4562: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4548: 4545: 4531:monastic rules 4507:Main article: 4504: 4501: 4457:(Sanskrit) or 4436:Main article: 4433: 4427: 4373:Main article: 4370: 4367: 4340: 4337: 4325:Wat Chedi Liam 4319:Sermon in the 4312: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4279: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4264: 4257: 4254: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4219:sammā kammanta 4217:samyag karman, 4214: 4210: 4209: 4206: 4199: 4196: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4171:sammā saṅkappa 4166: 4162: 4161: 4145: 4138: 4137:1. Right view 4135: 4117: 4116: 4113: 4111:Sanskrit, Pali 4108: 4105: 4098:, as follows: 4066:Main article: 4063: 4060: 4011: 4008: 3946:Main article: 3943: 3940: 3857: 3854: 3783: 3780: 3771:Main article: 3768: 3765: 3713:Main article: 3710: 3707: 3695:Main article: 3692: 3689: 3673:Prajñāpāramitā 3610: 3609: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3569: 3559: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3527: 3526: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3474: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3441: 3434: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3385: 3384: 3379: 3372: 3371: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3345: 3342: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3332: 3329: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3295: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3249: 3246: 3194:Twelve Nidānas 3163:Twelve Nidānas 3154: 3151: 3099:other versions 3091:soteriological 3038: 3035: 2951:Main article: 2948: 2945: 2879:Main article: 2876: 2873: 2825:Main article: 2822: 2819: 2812:depicting the 2798: 2795: 2794: 2793: 2770: 2769: 2761: 2752: 2734:, Bihar, India 2716:Main article: 2713: 2710: 2709: 2708: 2704:but sometimes 2687: 2672: 2656: 2610:Main article: 2607: 2604: 2564:Main article: 2561: 2558: 2506:Southeast Asia 2415:Buddhist monks 2396:Jayavarman VII 2380: 2377: 2232:Main article: 2229: 2226: 2161:Prajnaparamita 2133:Avalokiteśvara 2129:Gautama Buddha 2109:Main article: 2106: 2103: 2026:Greco-Buddhism 1995:Main article: 1992: 1989: 1896:The so called 1860: 1857: 1840:Madhyama Agama 1787: 1784: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1731:Main article: 1728: 1725: 1682:Main article: 1679: 1676: 1627:(soul, self), 1595:traditions of 1551:Iron Age India 1546: 1543: 1531:Main article: 1528: 1525: 1420:breath control 1306:, present-day 1289:Main article: 1260: 1257: 1204:Bauddha Dharma 1199: 1196: 1172:2nd millennium 1154:as well as in 1043:Buddhist canon 936:Buddhist texts 821:Gangetic plain 803:attributed to 699: 698: 696: 695: 688: 681: 673: 670: 669: 668: 667: 652: 651: 648: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 541: 536: 535: 532: 531: 528: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 481: 476: 475: 472: 471: 468: 467: 462: 457: 455:Pratyekabuddha 452: 447: 442: 436: 431: 430: 427: 426: 423: 422: 417: 412: 410:Buddhist chant 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 331: 326: 325: 322: 321: 318: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 271: 268:Buddhist texts 266: 265: 262: 261: 258: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 196: 195: 185: 179: 176: 175: 170: 164: 163: 162: 159: 158: 155: 154: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 113: 108: 107: 104: 103: 102: 101: 96: 91: 83: 82: 74: 73: 67: 66: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 28639: 28628: 28625: 28623: 28620: 28618: 28615: 28613: 28610: 28608: 28605: 28604: 28602: 28587: 28583: 28579: 28577: 28569: 28568: 28565: 28551: 28548: 28546: 28543: 28541: 28538: 28536: 28533: 28531: 28528: 28526: 28523: 28521: 28518: 28516: 28513: 28511: 28508: 28506: 28503: 28501: 28498: 28496: 28493: 28492: 28490: 28488: 28487:South America 28484: 28478: 28475: 28473: 28470: 28468: 28465: 28463: 28460: 28458: 28455: 28453: 28450: 28448: 28445: 28443: 28440: 28438: 28435: 28433: 28430: 28428: 28425: 28423: 28420: 28418: 28415: 28413: 28410: 28409: 28407: 28405: 28401: 28395: 28394:United States 28392: 28390: 28387: 28385: 28382: 28380: 28377: 28375: 28372: 28370: 28367: 28365: 28362: 28360: 28357: 28355: 28352: 28350: 28347: 28345: 28342: 28340: 28337: 28335: 28332: 28330: 28327: 28325: 28322: 28320: 28317: 28315: 28312: 28310: 28307: 28305: 28302: 28300: 28297: 28295: 28292: 28290: 28287: 28285: 28282: 28281: 28279: 28277: 28276:North America 28273: 28265: 28262: 28260: 28257: 28255: 28252: 28250: 28247: 28246: 28245: 28242: 28240: 28237: 28235: 28232: 28230: 28227: 28225: 28222: 28220: 28217: 28215: 28212: 28210: 28207: 28205: 28202: 28200: 28197: 28195: 28192: 28190: 28187: 28185: 28182: 28180: 28177: 28175: 28172: 28170: 28167: 28165: 28162: 28160: 28157: 28155: 28152: 28150: 28147: 28145: 28142: 28140: 28137: 28135: 28134:Liechtenstein 28132: 28130: 28127: 28125: 28122: 28120: 28117: 28115: 28112: 28110: 28107: 28105: 28102: 28100: 28097: 28095: 28092: 28090: 28087: 28085: 28082: 28080: 28077: 28075: 28072: 28070: 28067: 28065: 28062: 28060: 28057: 28055: 28052: 28050: 28047: 28045: 28042: 28040: 28037: 28035: 28032: 28030: 28027: 28026: 28024: 28022: 28018: 28012: 28009: 28007: 28004: 28002: 27999: 27997: 27994: 27992: 27989: 27987: 27984: 27982: 27979: 27977: 27974: 27972: 27969: 27967: 27964: 27962: 27959: 27957: 27954: 27952: 27949: 27947: 27944: 27942: 27939: 27937: 27934: 27932: 27929: 27927: 27924: 27922: 27919: 27917: 27914: 27912: 27909: 27907: 27904: 27902: 27899: 27897: 27894: 27892: 27889: 27887: 27884: 27882: 27879: 27877: 27874: 27870: 27867: 27865: 27862: 27861: 27860: 27857: 27855: 27852: 27850: 27847: 27845: 27842: 27840: 27837: 27835: 27832: 27830: 27827: 27825: 27822: 27820: 27817: 27815: 27812: 27810: 27807: 27805: 27802: 27800: 27797: 27795: 27792: 27790: 27787: 27785: 27782: 27780: 27777: 27775: 27772: 27770: 27767: 27765: 27762: 27760: 27757: 27755: 27752: 27751: 27749: 27747: 27743: 27737: 27734: 27732: 27729: 27727: 27724: 27722: 27719: 27717: 27714: 27712: 27709: 27707: 27704: 27702: 27699: 27697: 27694: 27692: 27689: 27687: 27684: 27682: 27679: 27677: 27674: 27672: 27669: 27667: 27664: 27662: 27659: 27657: 27654: 27652: 27649: 27647: 27644: 27642: 27639: 27637: 27634: 27632: 27629: 27627: 27624: 27622: 27619: 27617: 27614: 27612: 27609: 27607: 27604: 27602: 27599: 27597: 27594: 27592: 27589: 27587: 27586:Guinea-Bissau 27584: 27582: 27579: 27577: 27574: 27572: 27569: 27567: 27564: 27562: 27559: 27557: 27554: 27552: 27549: 27547: 27544: 27542: 27539: 27537: 27534: 27532: 27529: 27527: 27524: 27522: 27519: 27517: 27514: 27512: 27509: 27507: 27504: 27502: 27499: 27497: 27494: 27492: 27489: 27487: 27484: 27482: 27479: 27477: 27474: 27472: 27469: 27468: 27466: 27464: 27460: 27456: 27449: 27445: 27431: 27428: 27426: 27423: 27421: 27418: 27416: 27413: 27411: 27410:Organizations 27408: 27406: 27403: 27401: 27398: 27396: 27393: 27391: 27388: 27386: 27383: 27381: 27378: 27376: 27373: 27371: 27368: 27367: 27365: 27362: 27354: 27348: 27345: 27343: 27340: 27338: 27335: 27333: 27330: 27328: 27325: 27323: 27320: 27318: 27315: 27313: 27310: 27308: 27305: 27303: 27300: 27298: 27295: 27294: 27292: 27289: 27284: 27279: 27273: 27270: 27266: 27263: 27261: 27258: 27256: 27253: 27252: 27251: 27248: 27246: 27243: 27241: 27240:Vegetarianism 27238: 27236: 27233: 27231: 27228: 27226: 27223: 27221: 27218: 27216: 27213: 27211: 27208: 27206: 27203: 27201: 27198: 27196: 27193: 27191: 27188: 27186: 27185:Homosexuality 27183: 27181: 27178: 27176: 27173: 27171: 27168: 27164: 27161: 27159: 27156: 27154: 27151: 27149: 27146: 27145: 27144: 27141: 27139: 27136: 27134: 27131: 27129: 27126: 27122: 27119: 27117: 27114: 27112: 27109: 27108: 27107: 27104: 27100: 27097: 27095: 27092: 27090: 27087: 27086: 27085: 27081: 27078: 27076: 27073: 27071: 27068: 27067: 27065: 27062: 27055: 27049: 27046: 27044: 27041: 27039: 27036: 27032: 27029: 27028: 27027: 27024: 27022: 27019: 27017: 27014: 27012: 27009: 27007: 27006:Neurotheology 27004: 27002: 26999: 26997: 26994: 26992: 26989: 26987: 26984: 26982: 26979: 26977: 26974: 26973: 26971: 26969: 26963: 26957: 26954: 26952: 26949: 26947: 26944: 26942: 26939: 26937: 26934: 26932: 26929: 26927: 26924: 26922: 26919: 26917: 26914: 26912: 26909: 26908: 26906: 26904: 26900: 26892: 26889: 26887: 26884: 26882: 26879: 26878: 26877: 26874: 26872: 26869: 26867: 26864: 26862: 26859: 26857: 26854: 26852: 26849: 26847: 26844: 26842: 26839: 26835: 26832: 26830: 26827: 26825: 26822: 26820: 26817: 26816: 26815: 26812: 26808: 26805: 26803: 26800: 26798: 26795: 26794: 26793: 26790: 26788: 26785: 26783: 26780: 26778: 26775: 26773: 26770: 26768: 26765: 26763: 26760: 26758: 26755: 26753: 26750: 26748: 26745: 26741: 26738: 26736: 26733: 26731: 26728: 26727: 26726: 26723: 26721: 26718: 26716: 26713: 26711: 26708: 26706: 26703: 26701: 26700:Folk religion 26698: 26696: 26693: 26691: 26688: 26686: 26683: 26681: 26678: 26676: 26673: 26671: 26668: 26666: 26663: 26661: 26658: 26656: 26652: 26649: 26647: 26644: 26642: 26639: 26637: 26634: 26632: 26628: 26625: 26624: 26622: 26618: 26614: 26607: 26603: 26593: 26590: 26588: 26585: 26583: 26580: 26578: 26575: 26573: 26570: 26568: 26565: 26563: 26560: 26556: 26553: 26551: 26548: 26546: 26543: 26542: 26541: 26538: 26534: 26531: 26529: 26526: 26524: 26523:Imperial cult 26521: 26519: 26516: 26514: 26511: 26510: 26509: 26506: 26504: 26501: 26497: 26494: 26492: 26489: 26487: 26484: 26483: 26482: 26479: 26475: 26472: 26470: 26467: 26466: 26465: 26462: 26458: 26455: 26453: 26450: 26448: 26445: 26443: 26440: 26439: 26438: 26435: 26433: 26430: 26426: 26423: 26422: 26421: 26418: 26414: 26411: 26409: 26406: 26405: 26404: 26401: 26399: 26396: 26392: 26389: 26388: 26387: 26384: 26382: 26379: 26377: 26374: 26372: 26369: 26367: 26364: 26362: 26359: 26357: 26354: 26352: 26349: 26345: 26342: 26340: 26337: 26335: 26332: 26330: 26327: 26325: 26322: 26321: 26320: 26317: 26313: 26310: 26308: 26305: 26303: 26300: 26298: 26295: 26294: 26293: 26290: 26288: 26285: 26281: 26278: 26277: 26276: 26273: 26271: 26268: 26266: 26263: 26259: 26256: 26255: 26254: 26251: 26249: 26246: 26244: 26241: 26237: 26234: 26232: 26229: 26228: 26227: 26224: 26222: 26219: 26215: 26212: 26210: 26207: 26205: 26202: 26201: 26200: 26197: 26195: 26192: 26190: 26187: 26185: 26182: 26178: 26175: 26174: 26173: 26170: 26169: 26166: 26162: 26157: 26153: 26133: 26130: 26129: 26128: 26125: 26123: 26120: 26118: 26115: 26113: 26110: 26108: 26105: 26103: 26100: 26098: 26095: 26093: 26092:Discordianism 26090: 26088: 26087:Anthroposophy 26085: 26084: 26082: 26078: 26070: 26069: 26065: 26064: 26063: 26060: 26058: 26055: 26051: 26048: 26046: 26043: 26041: 26038: 26036: 26035:Mari religion 26033: 26031: 26028: 26026: 26023: 26021: 26018: 26017: 26016: 26013: 26011: 26008: 26006: 26003: 26001: 25998: 25996: 25993: 25991: 25988: 25986: 25983: 25981: 25978: 25976: 25973: 25969: 25966: 25965: 25964: 25961: 25957: 25954: 25952: 25949: 25948: 25947: 25944: 25940: 25937: 25935: 25932: 25931: 25930: 25927: 25925: 25922: 25918: 25915: 25914: 25912: 25911: 25909: 25907: 25901: 25895: 25892: 25890: 25887: 25885: 25882: 25878: 25875: 25873: 25872:Neo-Theosophy 25870: 25869: 25868: 25865: 25863: 25860: 25858: 25855: 25853: 25850: 25848: 25845: 25841: 25838: 25837: 25836: 25833: 25831: 25828: 25826: 25823: 25821: 25818: 25816: 25813: 25811: 25810:New Acropolis 25808: 25806: 25803: 25801: 25798: 25796: 25793: 25791: 25788: 25786: 25783: 25782: 25780: 25776: 25773: 25771: 25763: 25753: 25750: 25748: 25745: 25743: 25740: 25738: 25735: 25734: 25732: 25728: 25716: 25713: 25711: 25708: 25706: 25703: 25701: 25698: 25696: 25693: 25691: 25688: 25686: 25683: 25681: 25678: 25676: 25673: 25671: 25668: 25666: 25663: 25661: 25658: 25656: 25653: 25651: 25648: 25644: 25641: 25639: 25636: 25634: 25631: 25630: 25629: 25626: 25625: 25624: 25622: 25618: 25617: 25612: 25609: 25608: 25607: 25604: 25602: 25599: 25597: 25594: 25592: 25589: 25587: 25584: 25582: 25579: 25577: 25574: 25572: 25569: 25567: 25564: 25562: 25559: 25557: 25554: 25552: 25549: 25547: 25544: 25542: 25539: 25537: 25534: 25532: 25529: 25527: 25524: 25522: 25519: 25515: 25512: 25510: 25507: 25506: 25505: 25502: 25500: 25497: 25495: 25492: 25490: 25487: 25486: 25484: 25482: 25476: 25468: 25465: 25464: 25463: 25460: 25459: 25457: 25455:North African 25453: 25450: 25448: 25442: 25436: 25433: 25431: 25428: 25426: 25423: 25421: 25418: 25416: 25413: 25411: 25408: 25406: 25403: 25401: 25398: 25396: 25393: 25391: 25388: 25386: 25383: 25381: 25378: 25377: 25375: 25373: 25369: 25363: 25360: 25358: 25355: 25353: 25350: 25348: 25345: 25344: 25342: 25340: 25336: 25332: 25326: 25323: 25321: 25318: 25316: 25313: 25309: 25306: 25304: 25301: 25300: 25299: 25296: 25294: 25291: 25289: 25286: 25284: 25281: 25279: 25276: 25274: 25271: 25267: 25264: 25262: 25259: 25257: 25254: 25252: 25249: 25248: 25247: 25244: 25242: 25239: 25237: 25234: 25230: 25227: 25226: 25225: 25222: 25220: 25219:Kwakwakaʼwakw 25217: 25215: 25212: 25208: 25205: 25203: 25200: 25198: 25195: 25193: 25190: 25188: 25185: 25184: 25183: 25180: 25178: 25175: 25173: 25170: 25168: 25165: 25163: 25159: 25156: 25154: 25151: 25149: 25146: 25144: 25141: 25139: 25136: 25132: 25129: 25127: 25124: 25122: 25119: 25118: 25117: 25114: 25112: 25109: 25107: 25104: 25100: 25097: 25096: 25095: 25092: 25090: 25087: 25086: 25084: 25082: 25076: 25070: 25067: 25065: 25062: 25058: 25055: 25053: 25050: 25049: 25048: 25045: 25041: 25038: 25037: 25036: 25033: 25031: 25028: 25026: 25023: 25021: 25018: 25014: 25011: 25009: 25006: 25005: 25003: 24999: 24996: 24994: 24991: 24990: 24989: 24986: 24984: 24981: 24980: 24978: 24976: 24972: 24966: 24963: 24962: 24960: 24958: 24957:Austroasiatic 24954: 24946: 24943: 24941: 24938: 24937: 24936: 24933: 24929: 24928:Vattisen Yaly 24926: 24924: 24921: 24919: 24916: 24915: 24914: 24910: 24907: 24906: 24904: 24902: 24898: 24895: 24893: 24889: 24873: 24870: 24868: 24865: 24864: 24863: 24860: 24858: 24855: 24853: 24850: 24848: 24847:Kirat Mundhum 24845: 24843: 24840: 24836: 24833: 24831: 24828: 24827: 24826: 24823: 24821: 24818: 24816: 24813: 24812: 24810: 24806: 24800: 24799: 24795: 24793: 24790: 24786: 24783: 24782: 24781: 24778: 24774: 24771: 24769: 24766: 24764: 24760: 24756: 24753: 24752: 24751: 24748: 24746: 24743: 24742: 24740: 24738: 24734: 24728: 24727: 24723: 24721: 24718: 24716: 24713: 24711: 24708: 24706: 24703: 24701: 24698: 24696: 24693: 24689: 24686: 24684: 24681: 24679: 24676: 24674: 24671: 24669: 24666: 24664: 24661: 24659: 24656: 24654: 24651: 24650: 24649: 24646: 24642: 24639: 24637: 24634: 24632: 24629: 24627: 24624: 24622: 24619: 24617: 24614: 24612: 24609: 24607: 24604: 24602: 24599: 24598: 24597: 24594: 24593: 24591: 24589: 24585: 24582: 24580: 24576: 24566: 24563: 24561: 24558: 24556: 24553: 24551: 24548: 24546: 24543: 24542: 24540: 24538: 24534: 24528: 24525: 24523: 24520: 24518: 24515: 24514: 24512: 24510: 24506: 24500: 24497: 24495: 24492: 24490: 24487: 24483: 24482: 24478: 24477: 24476: 24473: 24472: 24470: 24468: 24464: 24456: 24453: 24451: 24448: 24447: 24446: 24443: 24439: 24436: 24434: 24431: 24430: 24429: 24426: 24424: 24421: 24419: 24416: 24414: 24411: 24409: 24406: 24405: 24403: 24401: 24397: 24394: 24392: 24388: 24385: 24383: 24379: 24365: 24362: 24360: 24357: 24355: 24352: 24351: 24349: 24345: 24339: 24336: 24334: 24331: 24329: 24326: 24324: 24321: 24320: 24318: 24316: 24312: 24306: 24303: 24301: 24298: 24296: 24293: 24292: 24290: 24288: 24284: 24281: 24279: 24275: 24265: 24262: 24260: 24257: 24255: 24252: 24250: 24247: 24245: 24242: 24240: 24237: 24235: 24232: 24231: 24229: 24225: 24219: 24218: 24214: 24212: 24209: 24207: 24206:Milah Abraham 24204: 24202: 24199: 24197: 24194: 24192: 24189: 24187: 24184: 24180: 24177: 24176: 24175: 24172: 24170: 24167: 24163: 24160: 24158: 24155: 24153: 24150: 24148: 24145: 24144: 24143: 24140: 24134: 24131: 24129: 24126: 24125: 24124: 24121: 24119: 24116: 24114: 24111: 24109: 24106: 24105: 24104: 24101: 24100: 24098: 24096: 24092: 24086: 24085: 24081: 24077: 24074: 24072: 24069: 24067: 24064: 24062: 24059: 24057: 24054: 24052: 24049: 24047: 24044: 24042: 24039: 24037: 24033: 24030: 24029: 24028: 24025: 24023: 24020: 24018: 24015: 24013: 24010: 24008: 24005: 24003: 24000: 23996: 23993: 23991: 23988: 23986: 23983: 23979: 23976: 23975: 23974: 23971: 23969: 23966: 23964: 23961: 23959: 23956: 23952: 23949: 23947: 23944: 23942: 23939: 23938: 23937: 23934: 23930: 23927: 23925: 23922: 23920: 23917: 23916: 23915: 23912: 23910: 23907: 23905: 23902: 23898: 23895: 23893: 23890: 23888: 23885: 23883: 23880: 23878: 23875: 23874: 23873: 23870: 23868: 23865: 23864: 23863: 23862:Protestantism 23860: 23856: 23853: 23851: 23847: 23844: 23843: 23842: 23839: 23835: 23832: 23830: 23827: 23826: 23825: 23822: 23820: 23817: 23813: 23810: 23809: 23808: 23805: 23801: 23798: 23796: 23793: 23792: 23791: 23788: 23787: 23785: 23783: 23779: 23773: 23772: 23768: 23766: 23763: 23761: 23758: 23756: 23753: 23751: 23748: 23746: 23743: 23741: 23738: 23736: 23733: 23727: 23724: 23723: 23722: 23719: 23715: 23712: 23711: 23710: 23707: 23706: 23705: 23702: 23701: 23699: 23697: 23693: 23690: 23688: 23684: 23681: 23679: 23675: 23671: 23667: 23662: 23658: 23654: 23647: 23642: 23640: 23635: 23633: 23628: 23627: 23624: 23612: 23604: 23602: 23594: 23593: 23590: 23582: 23579: 23578: 23577: 23574: 23572: 23569: 23567: 23564: 23560: 23557: 23556: 23555: 23554:Buddha in art 23552: 23548: 23545: 23543: 23540: 23538: 23535: 23534: 23533: 23530: 23528: 23525: 23523: 23520: 23518: 23515: 23513: 23510: 23508: 23505: 23503: 23500: 23496: 23493: 23491: 23487: 23483: 23479: 23476: 23475: 23474: 23471: 23467: 23464: 23462: 23459: 23457: 23454: 23452: 23449: 23447: 23444: 23443: 23442: 23439: 23437: 23434: 23432: 23429: 23427: 23424: 23420: 23417: 23416: 23415: 23412: 23408: 23405: 23403: 23400: 23398: 23395: 23393: 23390: 23389: 23388: 23385: 23383: 23380: 23379: 23376: 23371: 23367: 23360: 23355: 23353: 23348: 23346: 23341: 23340: 23337: 23325: 23320: 23315: 23313: 23305: 23304: 23301: 23295: 23292: 23290: 23287: 23285: 23282: 23280: 23277: 23275: 23272: 23270: 23267: 23265: 23262: 23261: 23259: 23257: 23253: 23247: 23244: 23242: 23239: 23237: 23234: 23232: 23229: 23227: 23224: 23222: 23219: 23217: 23214: 23212: 23209: 23207: 23204: 23202: 23199: 23195: 23192: 23190: 23187: 23186: 23185: 23182: 23180: 23177: 23176: 23174: 23172: 23168: 23160: 23157: 23155: 23152: 23151: 23150: 23147: 23145: 23142: 23140: 23137: 23135: 23132: 23130: 23127: 23125: 23122: 23120: 23117: 23115: 23112: 23110: 23107: 23105: 23102: 23100: 23097: 23095: 23092: 23091: 23089: 23087: 23086:Miscellaneous 23083: 23077: 23076:Vegetarianism 23074: 23072: 23069: 23065: 23062: 23060: 23057: 23055: 23052: 23050: 23047: 23045: 23042: 23041: 23040: 23037: 23035: 23032: 23030: 23027: 23025: 23022: 23020: 23017: 23013: 23010: 23008: 23005: 23003: 23000: 22998: 22995: 22993: 22990: 22989: 22988: 22985: 22983: 22980: 22978: 22975: 22971: 22968: 22967: 22966: 22963: 22961: 22958: 22956: 22953: 22951: 22948: 22944: 22941: 22939: 22936: 22934: 22931: 22929: 22926: 22924: 22921: 22920: 22919: 22916: 22914: 22911: 22909: 22906: 22904: 22901: 22899: 22898:Buddha in art 22896: 22894: 22891: 22889: 22886: 22882: 22879: 22878: 22877: 22874: 22870: 22867: 22865: 22862: 22860: 22857: 22855: 22852: 22850: 22847: 22845: 22842: 22840: 22837: 22833: 22830: 22829: 22828: 22825: 22823: 22820: 22818: 22815: 22813: 22810: 22808: 22805: 22803: 22800: 22798: 22795: 22794: 22793: 22790: 22789: 22787: 22785: 22781: 22775: 22772: 22770: 22767: 22765: 22762: 22760: 22757: 22755: 22752: 22750: 22747: 22745: 22742: 22740: 22737: 22735: 22732: 22730: 22727: 22725: 22722: 22720: 22717: 22715: 22712: 22710: 22707: 22705: 22702: 22700: 22697: 22695: 22692: 22691: 22689: 22687: 22683: 22677: 22674: 22672: 22669: 22667: 22664: 22662: 22659: 22657: 22654: 22652: 22649: 22647: 22644: 22642: 22639: 22637: 22634: 22632: 22629: 22627: 22624: 22620: 22617: 22616: 22615: 22612: 22610: 22607: 22603: 22600: 22599: 22598: 22595: 22593: 22590: 22588: 22585: 22583: 22580: 22578: 22575: 22574: 22572: 22570: 22566: 22558: 22555: 22553: 22552:United States 22550: 22548: 22545: 22543: 22540: 22538: 22535: 22533: 22530: 22528: 22525: 22523: 22520: 22518: 22515: 22513: 22510: 22508: 22505: 22503: 22500: 22498: 22495: 22493: 22490: 22488: 22485: 22483: 22480: 22478: 22475: 22473: 22470: 22468: 22465: 22464: 22463: 22460: 22456: 22453: 22451: 22448: 22447: 22446: 22443: 22439: 22436: 22435: 22434: 22431: 22427: 22424: 22422: 22419: 22418: 22417: 22414: 22412: 22409: 22407: 22404: 22402: 22399: 22397: 22394: 22392: 22389: 22387: 22384: 22379: 22375: 22372: 22370: 22367: 22365: 22362: 22361: 22360: 22357: 22355: 22352: 22350: 22347: 22345: 22342: 22340: 22337: 22335: 22332: 22330: 22327: 22325: 22322: 22320: 22317: 22315: 22312: 22310: 22307: 22305: 22302: 22300: 22297: 22295: 22292: 22290: 22287: 22285: 22282: 22280: 22277: 22275: 22272: 22271: 22269: 22267: 22263: 22257: 22254: 22252: 22251: 22247: 22245: 22242: 22240: 22237: 22235: 22234: 22230: 22228: 22225: 22223: 22220: 22218: 22215: 22213: 22210: 22208: 22205: 22203: 22200: 22199: 22197: 22195: 22191: 22185: 22182: 22180: 22177: 22175: 22172: 22170: 22167: 22165: 22162: 22160: 22157: 22155: 22152: 22150: 22147: 22145: 22142: 22140: 22137: 22135: 22132: 22130: 22127: 22125: 22122: 22120: 22117: 22115: 22112: 22110: 22109:Padmasambhava 22107: 22105: 22102: 22100: 22097: 22095: 22092: 22090: 22087: 22085: 22082: 22080: 22077: 22075: 22072: 22070: 22067: 22065: 22062: 22060: 22057: 22055: 22052: 22050: 22047: 22045: 22042: 22040: 22037: 22035: 22032: 22030: 22027: 22026: 22024: 22022: 22021:Major figures 22018: 22012: 22009: 22005: 22002: 22001: 22000: 21997: 21995: 21992: 21990: 21987: 21985: 21982: 21980: 21977: 21975: 21972: 21968: 21967:Western tulku 21965: 21964: 21963: 21960: 21958: 21955: 21953: 21950: 21948: 21945: 21943: 21940: 21938: 21935: 21933: 21930: 21928: 21925: 21923: 21920: 21918: 21915: 21913: 21910: 21908: 21905: 21903: 21900: 21899: 21897: 21895: 21891: 21883: 21880: 21878: 21875: 21873: 21870: 21868: 21865: 21864: 21863: 21860: 21858: 21855: 21853: 21850: 21848: 21845: 21843: 21840: 21839: 21837: 21835: 21831: 21825: 21822: 21818: 21815: 21814: 21813: 21810: 21806: 21803: 21801: 21798: 21796: 21793: 21792: 21791: 21788: 21784: 21781: 21779: 21776: 21774: 21771: 21769: 21768:Five precepts 21766: 21765: 21764: 21761: 21757: 21754: 21752: 21749: 21747: 21746:Dhamma vicaya 21744: 21742: 21739: 21738: 21737: 21734: 21730: 21727: 21726: 21725: 21722: 21720: 21717: 21715: 21712: 21708: 21705: 21703: 21700: 21698: 21695: 21694: 21693: 21690: 21688: 21685: 21683: 21680: 21678: 21675: 21673: 21670: 21666: 21663: 21661: 21658: 21657: 21656: 21653: 21651: 21648: 21644: 21641: 21639: 21636: 21634: 21631: 21629: 21626: 21624: 21621: 21619: 21616: 21614: 21611: 21609: 21606: 21604: 21601: 21599: 21596: 21593: 21589: 21586: 21584: 21581: 21579: 21576: 21574: 21571: 21568: 21567: 21562: 21560: 21557: 21556: 21555: 21552: 21550: 21547: 21545: 21542: 21540: 21537: 21535: 21532: 21530: 21527: 21525: 21522: 21520: 21517: 21515: 21514:Buddhābhiṣeka 21512: 21508: 21505: 21503: 21500: 21498: 21495: 21493: 21490: 21489: 21488: 21485: 21483: 21480: 21478: 21475: 21474: 21472: 21470: 21466: 21460: 21457: 21455: 21452: 21450: 21447: 21445: 21442: 21440: 21437: 21433: 21430: 21428: 21425: 21423: 21420: 21418: 21415: 21414: 21413: 21410: 21406: 21403: 21401: 21398: 21396: 21393: 21391: 21388: 21386: 21383: 21381: 21378: 21376: 21373: 21369: 21366: 21364: 21361: 21359: 21356: 21354: 21351: 21350: 21349: 21346: 21345: 21344: 21341: 21340: 21338: 21336: 21332: 21326: 21323: 21319: 21316: 21314: 21311: 21309: 21306: 21304: 21301: 21299: 21296: 21294: 21291: 21290: 21289: 21286: 21284: 21281: 21280: 21278: 21276: 21272: 21266: 21263: 21259: 21256: 21254: 21251: 21249: 21246: 21245: 21244: 21241: 21239: 21236: 21234: 21231: 21229: 21226: 21224: 21221: 21219: 21216: 21214: 21211: 21209: 21206: 21204: 21201: 21199: 21196: 21194: 21191: 21189: 21186: 21184: 21181: 21179: 21176: 21174: 21171: 21169: 21166: 21164: 21161: 21159: 21158:Enlightenment 21156: 21154: 21151: 21149: 21148:Dhamma theory 21146: 21144: 21143:Buddha-nature 21141: 21139: 21136: 21134: 21131: 21129: 21126: 21125: 21123: 21121: 21117: 21111: 21108: 21106: 21103: 21101: 21098: 21096: 21093: 21091: 21088: 21086: 21083: 21081: 21078: 21076: 21073: 21071: 21068: 21066: 21063: 21061: 21058: 21056: 21053: 21051: 21048: 21046: 21043: 21041: 21038: 21036: 21033: 21031: 21028: 21026: 21023: 21021: 21018: 21017: 21015: 21013: 21009: 21003: 21000: 20998: 20995: 20993: 20990: 20988: 20985: 20983: 20982:Samantabhadra 20980: 20978: 20975: 20973: 20970: 20968: 20965: 20963: 20960: 20956: 20953: 20952: 20951: 20948: 20947: 20945: 20943: 20939: 20933: 20930: 20928: 20925: 20921: 20915: 20913: 20907: 20905: 20899: 20897: 20891: 20889: 20883: 20881: 20875: 20873: 20867: 20866: 20865: 20862: 20860: 20857: 20855: 20852: 20850: 20847: 20845: 20842: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20830: 20827: 20825: 20822: 20820: 20817: 20815: 20812: 20810: 20807: 20805: 20802: 20801: 20799: 20797: 20793: 20787: 20784: 20782: 20779: 20777: 20774: 20770: 20767: 20765: 20762: 20760: 20757: 20756: 20755: 20752: 20750: 20747: 20746: 20744: 20742: 20738: 20732: 20729: 20727: 20724: 20722: 20714: 20713: 20710: 20705: 20700: 20695: 20687: 20682: 20680: 20675: 20673: 20668: 20667: 20664: 20657: 20654: 20651: 20648: 20646:, Smithsonian 20645: 20641: 20638: 20635: 20633: 20632: 20627: 20624: 20621: 20618: 20615: 20612: 20609: 20606: 20603: 20600: 20597: 20594: 20591: 20588: 20585: 20582: 20579: 20576: 20573: 20570: 20567: 20564: 20563: 20552: 20548: 20547:Zürcher, Erik 20544: 20541: 20535: 20531: 20530: 20525: 20521: 20518: 20512: 20508: 20507: 20501: 20499: 20495: 20491: 20485: 20481: 20480: 20474: 20463: 20459: 20453: 20449: 20448: 20442: 20430: 20426: 20420: 20417:. Routledge. 20416: 20415: 20409: 20397: 20393: 20387: 20384:. Routledge. 20383: 20382: 20376: 20365: 20361: 20355: 20351: 20350: 20344: 20340: 20335: 20331: 20326: 20323: 20318: 20315: 20309: 20305: 20300: 20297: 20291: 20287: 20283: 20279: 20274: 20271: 20265: 20261: 20257: 20253: 20249: 20244: 20240: 20236: 20232: 20228: 20223: 20219: 20213: 20209: 20205: 20201: 20196: 20185: 20181: 20175: 20171: 20170: 20164: 20157: 20153: 20147: 20143: 20136: 20135: 20129: 20125: 20120: 20117: 20111: 20107: 20102: 20095: 20091: 20085: 20078: 20077: 20072: 20068: 20064: 20059: 20055: 20049: 20045: 20041: 20036: 20025: 20021: 20017: 20013: 20009: 20005: 20001: 19997: 19992: 19986: 19983: 19977: 19973: 19968: 19965: 19959: 19956:, Routledge, 19955: 19950: 19938: 19935:(1): 93–108. 19934: 19930: 19926: 19921: 19914: 19910: 19906: 19899: 19894: 19883: 19879: 19875: 19871: 19866: 19863: 19857: 19853: 19848: 19844: 19840: 19836: 19832: 19828: 19824: 19821: 19815: 19811: 19810: 19804: 19800: 19796: 19792: 19789: 19783: 19779: 19778: 19772: 19768: 19762: 19758: 19757: 19751: 19748: 19742: 19738: 19737: 19731: 19728: 19722: 19718: 19713: 19702: 19698: 19697: 19692: 19688: 19685: 19681: 19676: 19671: 19667: 19663: 19658: 19647: 19643: 19637: 19633: 19632: 19627: 19623: 19619: 19614: 19610: 19604: 19600: 19599: 19593: 19589: 19583: 19579: 19574: 19564: 19558: 19554: 19553: 19548: 19544: 19534: 19528: 19524: 19523: 19517: 19513: 19508: 19504: 19500: 19496: 19492: 19487: 19484: 19478: 19474: 19469: 19462: 19461: 19456: 19452: 19449: 19443: 19439: 19434: 19430: 19426: 19422: 19419: 19413: 19410:, Continuum, 19409: 19404: 19393: 19389: 19383: 19380:, McFarland, 19379: 19378: 19372: 19368: 19363: 19359: 19354: 19350: 19346: 19345:Lusthaus, Dan 19342: 19338: 19333: 19329: 19324: 19321: 19315: 19311: 19310: 19305: 19301: 19297: 19292: 19289: 19283: 19279: 19275: 19270: 19266: 19261: 19257: 19252: 19240: 19236: 19230: 19226: 19225: 19219: 19215: 19210: 19206: 19200: 19196: 19191: 19187: 19182: 19178: 19173: 19161: 19157: 19151: 19148:. Routledge. 19147: 19146: 19140: 19137: 19131: 19127: 19122: 19119: 19113: 19109: 19104: 19101: 19095: 19091: 19086: 19083: 19077: 19073: 19068: 19064: 19060: 19059:Keown, Damien 19056: 19049: 19045: 19041: 19034: 19029: 19018: 19014: 19008: 19004: 19003: 18997: 18993: 18989: 18985: 18984:Jong, J.W. de 18981: 18974: 18967: 18966: 18960: 18957: 18951: 18947: 18943: 18939: 18928: 18924: 18920: 18916: 18912: 18907: 18901: 18890: 18886: 18880: 18876: 18875: 18869: 18858: 18854: 18848: 18844: 18843: 18837: 18834: 18828: 18824: 18819: 18815: 18810: 18806: 18801: 18789: 18785: 18779: 18775: 18774: 18768: 18754: 18750: 18744: 18737: 18736: 18730: 18727: 18721: 18716: 18715: 18708: 18704: 18699: 18696: 18690: 18687:, Routledge, 18686: 18681: 18677: 18672: 18660: 18656: 18650: 18647:. Routledge. 18646: 18645: 18639: 18628: 18624: 18623: 18617: 18613: 18607: 18603: 18598: 18594: 18589: 18585: 18580: 18577: 18571: 18567: 18563: 18559: 18556: 18550: 18546: 18541: 18537: 18533: 18529: 18526: 18520: 18516: 18512: 18508: 18505: 18499: 18495: 18494: 18489: 18485: 18482: 18478: 18475:(2): 97–120, 18474: 18470: 18465: 18453: 18449: 18443: 18439: 18438: 18432: 18428: 18423: 18420: 18414: 18410: 18405: 18398: 18394: 18388: 18381: 18380: 18374: 18370: 18365: 18362: 18356: 18352: 18347: 18343: 18337: 18333: 18328: 18325: 18319: 18315: 18310: 18307: 18293: 18288: 18284: 18280: 18276: 18272: 18268: 18264: 18263:Cousins, L.S. 18260: 18249: 18245: 18239: 18235: 18234: 18229: 18225: 18214: 18210: 18204: 18201:, Routledge, 18200: 18199: 18193: 18181: 18177: 18171: 18167: 18166: 18160: 18149: 18145: 18139: 18135: 18134: 18129: 18125: 18114: 18110: 18104: 18100: 18099: 18093: 18089: 18084: 18080: 18075: 18072: 18066: 18062: 18057: 18054: 18048: 18044: 18040: 18036: 18032: 18027: 18023: 18018: 18007: 18003: 17999: 17995: 17990: 17978: 17974: 17968: 17964: 17963: 17957: 17953: 17947: 17943: 17942: 17936: 17925: 17921: 17917: 17913: 17908: 17904: 17900: 17896: 17893: 17891:9789552401169 17887: 17883: 17879: 17878: 17873: 17869: 17865: 17859: 17855: 17850: 17847: 17841: 17837: 17833: 17829: 17825: 17823:9781400866328 17819: 17815: 17808: 17807: 17801: 17798: 17792: 17788: 17784: 17780: 17776: 17771: 17767: 17762: 17758: 17753: 17749: 17745: 17744:Ajahn Sucitto 17741: 17740: 17736:Cited sources 17719: 17715: 17709: 17693: 17689: 17688:teara.govt.nz 17685: 17678: 17659: 17655: 17648: 17642: 17626: 17622: 17618: 17612: 17610: 17593: 17589: 17583: 17581: 17564: 17560: 17554: 17538: 17534: 17530: 17523: 17507: 17503: 17497: 17481: 17477: 17471: 17463: 17459: 17454: 17449: 17445: 17441: 17437: 17430: 17414: 17410: 17406: 17400: 17384: 17380: 17379:Lonely Planet 17376: 17369: 17353: 17349: 17345: 17339: 17332: 17328: 17325: 17320: 17313: 17312:Harvey (2013) 17308: 17301: 17296: 17289: 17288:0-06-090175-6 17285: 17281: 17277: 17273: 17268: 17261: 17255: 17248: 17247:0-7868-8654-4 17244: 17240: 17234: 17227: 17226:0-8264-0673-4 17223: 17219: 17213: 17205: 17203:1-59102-040-9 17199: 17195: 17191: 17187: 17180: 17173: 17168: 17160: 17153: 17146: 17140: 17134: 17128: 17121: 17116: 17101: 17100: 17095: 17088: 17073: 17069: 17062: 17052: 17049: 17046: 17043: 17040: 17037: 17036: 17032: 17024: 17020: 17015: 17010: 17006: 17002: 16997: 16992: 16988: 16984: 16980: 16973: 16967:, p. 22. 16966: 16961: 16946: 16942: 16936: 16934: 16925: 16921: 16917: 16913: 16909: 16905: 16898: 16890: 16884: 16880: 16873: 16857: 16853: 16849: 16842: 16826: 16822: 16816: 16812: 16811: 16803: 16794: 16789: 16785: 16778: 16762: 16758: 16754: 16747: 16731: 16727: 16723: 16716: 16700: 16696: 16692: 16685: 16669: 16665: 16659: 16655: 16654: 16646: 16630: 16626: 16620: 16616: 16615: 16607: 16600: 16595: 16588: 16587:Harvey (2013) 16583: 16567: 16563: 16557: 16553: 16552: 16544: 16537: 16532: 16516: 16512: 16506: 16502: 16501: 16493: 16491: 16481: 16476: 16472: 16468: 16464: 16457: 16455: 16447: 16442: 16436:, p. 25. 16435: 16430: 16422: 16418: 16414: 16410: 16406: 16402: 16395: 16388: 16387:Pavāra (2009) 16383: 16376: 16371: 16365:, p. 68. 16364: 16363:Tamney (1998) 16359: 16353:, p. 42. 16352: 16347: 16339: 16333: 16329: 16328: 16320: 16314:, p. 65. 16313: 16312:Fowler (1999) 16308: 16301: 16296: 16289: 16288:Gowans (2014) 16284: 16277: 16272: 16265: 16260: 16254:, p. ix. 16253: 16248: 16241: 16235: 16227: 16221: 16214: 16210: 16207: 16202: 16195: 16191: 16188: 16184: 16180: 16177: 16172: 16156: 16152: 16148: 16142: 16133: 16128: 16124: 16120: 16116: 16109: 16102: 16101:Harvey (2013) 16097: 16090: 16089:Harvey (2013) 16085: 16078: 16077:Harvey (2013) 16073: 16066: 16065:Harvey (2013) 16061: 16054: 16048: 16041: 16035: 16028: 16023: 16017:, p. 55. 16016: 16011: 16005:, p. 34. 16004: 15999: 15993:, p. 53. 15992: 15987: 15981:, p. 68. 15980: 15975: 15968: 15962: 15955: 15949: 15942: 15937: 15935: 15918: 15914: 15910: 15906: 15902: 15898: 15894: 15889: 15881: 15873: 15867: 15863: 15862: 15854: 15846: 15840: 15836: 15835: 15827: 15819: 15813: 15809: 15805: 15804: 15796: 15788: 15782: 15778: 15777: 15769: 15762: 15757: 15750: 15745: 15738: 15737:Gethin (1998) 15733: 15717: 15713: 15709: 15703: 15696: 15691: 15685:, p. 12. 15684: 15679: 15672:(1): 115–181. 15671: 15667: 15660: 15652: 15645: 15638: 15633: 15624: 15617: 15614: 15608: 15601: 15595: 15589: 15585: 15581: 15577: 15572: 15566: 15562: 15558: 15554: 15550: 15545: 15538: 15533: 15526: 15521: 15514: 15509: 15503: 15499: 15495: 15489: 15482: 15481:Warder (2000) 15477: 15458: 15454: 15450: 15446: 15442: 15435: 15431: 15425: 15418: 15414: 15408: 15401: 15397: 15393: 15387: 15380: 15375: 15368: 15367:Gethin (1998) 15363: 15355: 15349: 15345: 15344: 15336: 15334: 15325: 15319: 15315: 15314: 15306: 15300:, p. 16. 15299: 15294: 15287: 15286:Gethin (2008) 15282: 15274: 15268: 15264: 15263: 15255: 15248: 15247:Gethin (1998) 15243: 15235: 15229: 15225: 15224: 15216: 15214: 15212: 15210: 15208: 15200: 15199:Harvey (2000) 15195: 15188: 15187:1-59056-069-8 15184: 15180: 15174: 15168: 15164: 15161: 15156: 15149: 15148:1-59056-069-8 15145: 15141: 15135: 15128: 15127:Harvey (2000) 15123: 15116: 15115:Harvey (2000) 15111: 15104: 15103:Harvey (2013) 15099: 15092: 15091:Harvey (2013) 15087: 15080: 15079:Harvey (2013) 15075: 15068: 15063: 15056: 15055:Harvey (1998) 15051: 15044: 15043:Harvey (2013) 15039: 15033:, p. 59. 15032: 15027: 15020: 15015: 15008: 15007:Gethin (1998) 15003: 14996: 14992: 14978: 14974: 14968: 14964: 14963: 14955: 14948: 14947:Fowler (1999) 14943: 14936: 14931: 14925:, p. 74. 14924: 14919: 14913:, p. 58. 14912: 14907: 14905: 14897: 14892: 14885: 14879: 14872: 14871:Powers (2007) 14867: 14860: 14855: 14847: 14841: 14837: 14836: 14828: 14822:, p. 87. 14821: 14816: 14809: 14808:Fowler (1999) 14804: 14802: 14800: 14798: 14789: 14783: 14779: 14778: 14770: 14762: 14756: 14752: 14751: 14743: 14736: 14735:Harvey (2013) 14731: 14729: 14727: 14725: 14717: 14712: 14705: 14704:Gethin (2001) 14700: 14693: 14689: 14686: 14680: 14678: 14670: 14664: 14657: 14652: 14645: 14640: 14624: 14620: 14616: 14610: 14603: 14598: 14591: 14586: 14579: 14575: 14570: 14562: 14556: 14552: 14551: 14543: 14535: 14529: 14525: 14524: 14516: 14508: 14502: 14498: 14497: 14489: 14482: 14477: 14470: 14465: 14458: 14453: 14447:, p. 29. 14446: 14445:Norman (1997) 14441: 14434: 14429: 14423:, p. 88. 14422: 14417: 14410: 14405: 14398: 14393: 14387:, p. 99. 14386: 14381: 14373: 14366: 14359: 14355: 14349: 14342: 14337: 14330: 14325: 14318: 14317:Miller (1996) 14313: 14307:, p. 44. 14306: 14301: 14295:, p. 30. 14294: 14289: 14287: 14278: 14274: 14270: 14266: 14262: 14258: 14251: 14244: 14239: 14232: 14226: 14220:, p. 50. 14219: 14214: 14208: 14204: 14200: 14196: 14190: 14183: 14177: 14175: 14167: 14161: 14154: 14148: 14139: 14132: 14127: 14121:, p. 89. 14120: 14119:Harvey (2000) 14115: 14108: 14107:Harvey (1998) 14103: 14096: 14091: 14084: 14078: 14069: 14067: 14057: 14055: 14047: 14042: 14035: 14030: 14028: 14026: 14019:, p. 93. 14018: 14013: 14006: 14001: 13999: 13991: 13986: 13979: 13974: 13968:, p. 80. 13967: 13966:Harvey (2000) 13962: 13960: 13952: 13947: 13940: 13935: 13928: 13923: 13916: 13915:Harvey (2000) 13911: 13904: 13899: 13893:, p. 77. 13892: 13891:Harvey (2000) 13887: 13881:, p. 76. 13880: 13879:Harvey (2000) 13875: 13869:, p. 75. 13868: 13867:Harvey (2000) 13863: 13856: 13855:Harvey (2000) 13851: 13845:, p. 70. 13844: 13843:Harvey (2000) 13839: 13833:, p. 69. 13832: 13831:Harvey (2000) 13827: 13821:, p. 67. 13820: 13819:Harvey (2000) 13815: 13807: 13801: 13797: 13793: 13792: 13784: 13776: 13772: 13768: 13764: 13757: 13750: 13745: 13738: 13733: 13731: 13723: 13722:Harvey (2013) 13718: 13711: 13710:Shults (2014) 13706: 13699: 13698:Harvey (2013) 13694: 13692: 13683: 13677: 13668: 13660: 13654: 13650: 13649: 13641: 13635:, p. 83. 13634: 13633:Harvey (2013) 13629: 13627: 13609: 13605: 13599: 13595: 13594: 13586: 13579: 13578:Harvey (2013) 13574: 13568:, p. 12. 13567: 13566:Vetter (1988) 13562: 13554: 13548: 13544: 13539: 13538: 13529: 13521: 13515: 13511: 13507: 13506: 13498: 13491: 13490:Gowans (2013) 13486: 13484: 13476: 13475:Harvey (2013) 13471: 13469: 13467: 13465: 13457: 13452: 13445: 13444:Harvey (2013) 13440: 13438: 13436: 13428: 13427:Vetter (1988) 13423: 13421: 13419: 13417: 13415: 13413: 13406:, p. 52. 13405: 13400: 13393: 13388: 13381: 13380:Harvey (2016) 13376: 13369: 13364: 13357: 13356:Gethin (1998) 13352: 13345: 13340: 13333: 13332:Gethin (2001) 13328: 13321: 13315: 13313: 13311: 13303: 13297: 13290: 13286: 13281: 13275:, p. 72. 13274: 13273:Harvey (2013) 13269: 13262: 13257: 13250: 13249:Harvey (2013) 13245: 13239:, p. 96. 13238: 13233: 13226: 13221: 13214: 13208: 13201: 13197: 13193: 13189: 13185: 13181: 13180:Fowler (1999) 13176: 13169: 13164: 13157: 13151: 13144: 13139: 13132: 13127: 13111: 13107: 13103: 13096: 13089: 13083: 13074: 13058: 13054: 13050: 13044: 13038:, p. 86. 13037: 13036:Gethin (1998) 13032: 13026:, p. 92. 13025: 13024:Gethin (1998) 13020: 13013: 13012:Gethin (1998) 13008: 13002:, p. 88. 13001: 13000:Harvey (2013) 12996: 12989: 12985: 12981: 12978: 12972: 12966:, p. 31. 12965: 12964:Harvey (2013) 12960: 12953: 12952:Harvey (2013) 12948: 12942:, p. 27. 12941: 12936: 12934: 12926: 12925:Harvey (2013) 12921: 12915:, p. 21. 12914: 12909: 12902: 12901:Harvey (2013) 12897: 12890: 12884: 12877: 12876:Harvey (2013) 12872: 12870: 12862: 12857: 12850: 12844: 12837: 12834:Shi Huifeng, 12831: 12824: 12818: 12812:, p. 47. 12811: 12806: 12799: 12795: 12791: 12790:Harvey (1998) 12786: 12779: 12774: 12767: 12766:Harvey (2013) 12762: 12755: 12754:Gethin (1998) 12750: 12742: 12736: 12732: 12731: 12723: 12715: 12709: 12705: 12704: 12696: 12688: 12682: 12678: 12677: 12669: 12662: 12661:Gethin (1998) 12657: 12648: 12642: 12638: 12637: 12629: 12621: 12617: 12612: 12606: 12605:0-19-213965-7 12602: 12598: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12581:, p. 54. 12580: 12579:Harvey (1998) 12575: 12568: 12567:Fowler (1999) 12563: 12556: 12555:Gowans (2004) 12551: 12545:, p. 62. 12544: 12539: 12532: 12531:Coogan (2003) 12527: 12520: 12519:Gethin (1998) 12515: 12508: 12507:Harvey (2013) 12503: 12495: 12489: 12485: 12484: 12476: 12468: 12462: 12458: 12457: 12449: 12433: 12429: 12423: 12419: 12418: 12410: 12394: 12390: 12384: 12380: 12379: 12371: 12364: 12359: 12352: 12347: 12339: 12333: 12329: 12328: 12320: 12304: 12300: 12294: 12290: 12289: 12281: 12265: 12261: 12255: 12251: 12250: 12242: 12226: 12222: 12216: 12212: 12211: 12203: 12187: 12183: 12177: 12173: 12172: 12164: 12155: 12149: 12145: 12144: 12136: 12130:, p. 66. 12129: 12124: 12117: 12112: 12104: 12098: 12094: 12093: 12085: 12078: 12077:Fuller (2005) 12073: 12066: 12065:Choong (2000) 12061: 12054: 12049: 12042: 12037: 12030: 12025: 12023: 12015: 12014:Samuel (2008) 12010: 12002: 11996: 11992: 11991: 11983: 11975: 11969: 11965: 11964: 11956: 11949: 11948:Harvey (2013) 11944: 11937: 11932: 11930: 11913: 11909: 11903: 11899: 11898: 11890: 11888: 11880: 11875: 11859: 11855: 11849: 11845: 11844: 11836: 11829: 11824: 11816: 11810: 11806: 11805: 11797: 11790: 11785: 11779:, p. 40. 11778: 11777:Harvey (2013) 11773: 11766: 11761: 11754: 11753:Harvey (2013) 11749: 11747: 11745: 11743: 11741: 11733: 11728: 11721: 11720:Harvey (2013) 11716: 11700: 11696: 11690: 11686: 11685: 11677: 11670: 11665: 11649: 11645: 11639: 11635: 11634: 11626: 11624: 11616: 11611: 11609: 11607: 11605: 11597: 11582: 11578: 11572: 11568: 11567: 11550: 11546: 11540: 11536: 11535: 11527: 11511: 11507: 11501: 11497: 11496: 11488: 11481: 11476: 11469: 11468:Rahula (2014) 11464: 11457: 11453: 11452:Choong (1999) 11448: 11441: 11436: 11429: 11424: 11417: 11416:Gethin (1998) 11412: 11405: 11404:raison d'être 11401: 11396: 11389: 11384: 11377: 11372: 11365: 11364:Wilson (2010) 11360: 11358: 11350: 11345: 11338: 11333: 11331: 11329: 11321: 11316: 11308: 11302: 11295: 11291: 11285: 11269: 11265: 11259: 11255: 11254: 11253:Pali Buddhism 11246: 11230: 11226: 11220: 11216: 11215: 11207: 11190: 11186: 11180: 11176: 11175: 11167: 11160: 11156: 11152: 11148: 11145: 11141: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11125: 11121: 11117: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11094: 11091: 11087: 11080: 11066: 11062: 11056: 11052: 11051: 11043: 11036: 11032: 11029: 11024: 11017: 11012: 11005: 11000: 10996: 10990: 10974: 10970: 10964: 10960: 10959: 10954: 10948: 10939: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10919:Cœdès, George 10915: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10894: 10887: 10882: 10866: 10862: 10856: 10852: 10851: 10843: 10835: 10831: 10827: 10823: 10819: 10815: 10808: 10800: 10794: 10790: 10789: 10781: 10773: 10767: 10763: 10759: 10758: 10750: 10743: 10738: 10731: 10730:Harvey (2013) 10726: 10717: 10708: 10699: 10690: 10683: 10677: 10670: 10669:0-231-12138-5 10666: 10662: 10656: 10650:, p. 30. 10649: 10644: 10635: 10629:, p. 23. 10628: 10623: 10616: 10611: 10604: 10599: 10592: 10587: 10578: 10569: 10560: 10551: 10541: 10532: 10525: 10519: 10512: 10506: 10499: 10498:Warder (2000) 10494: 10487: 10482: 10475: 10470: 10463: 10457: 10450: 10444: 10438:, p. 97. 10437: 10432: 10425: 10420: 10413: 10408: 10401: 10400:Warder (2000) 10396: 10389: 10384: 10377: 10372: 10365: 10360: 10358: 10351: 10347: 10343: 10337: 10335: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10299: 10283: 10279: 10275: 10269: 10262: 10256: 10249: 10244: 10228: 10224: 10218: 10214: 10213: 10205: 10196: 10194: 10186: 10180: 10172: 10166: 10162: 10161: 10153: 10137: 10133: 10127: 10123: 10122: 10114: 10107: 10102: 10095: 10090: 10083: 10078: 10071: 10065: 10058: 10057:Harvey (2013) 10053: 10046: 10045:Harvey (2013) 10041: 10025: 10021: 10015: 10011: 10010: 10002: 9995: 9994:Harvey (1998) 9990: 9984: 9980: 9974: 9967: 9961: 9954: 9953:Harvey (2013) 9949: 9942: 9937: 9930: 9929:Harvey (2013) 9925: 9918: 9913: 9906: 9905:Vetter (1988) 9901: 9894: 9889: 9883:, p. 14. 9882: 9877: 9870: 9865: 9858: 9853: 9846: 9841: 9834: 9829: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9798: 9791: 9785: 9778: 9772: 9766:, p. 34. 9765: 9760: 9753: 9748: 9742:, p. 25. 9741: 9736: 9734: 9726: 9721: 9714: 9709: 9702: 9701:Warder (2000) 9697: 9690: 9685: 9683: 9675: 9670: 9668: 9660: 9655: 9653: 9645: 9644:Norman (1992) 9640: 9633: 9632:Vetter (1988) 9628: 9626: 9624: 9622: 9614: 9609: 9607: 9599: 9598:Vetter (1988) 9594: 9587: 9586:Warder (2000) 9582: 9580: 9573:, p. ix. 9572: 9571:Vetter (1988) 9567: 9565: 9557: 9556:Harvey (1998) 9552: 9545: 9544:Gethin (2008) 9540: 9533: 9528: 9518: 9511: 9506: 9498: 9496:9780199644650 9492: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9473: 9465: 9459: 9455: 9454: 9446: 9444: 9436: 9431: 9424: 9420: 9414: 9407: 9406:Shults (2014) 9402: 9395: 9394:Shults (2014) 9390: 9383: 9382:Shults (2014) 9378: 9372:, pp. 226–227 9371: 9367: 9361: 9354: 9353:Samuel (2010) 9349: 9342: 9338: 9332: 9325: 9321: 9315: 9313: 9305: 9301: 9295: 9286: 9280: 9276: 9275: 9265: 9259: 9255: 9254: 9246: 9238: 9232: 9228: 9227: 9219: 9214: 9208: 9202: 9198: 9197: 9189: 9180: 9174: 9170: 9169: 9161: 9154: 9149: 9141: 9137: 9130: 9128: 9120: 9115: 9107: 9101: 9097: 9096: 9088: 9082:, p. xv. 9081: 9080:Gethin (2008) 9076: 9069: 9068:Gethin (1998) 9064: 9056: 9050: 9046: 9045: 9037: 9030: 9026: 9023: 9018: 9016: 9014: 8997: 8993: 8987: 8983: 8982: 8974: 8967: 8966:Gethin (1998) 8962: 8955: 8950: 8943: 8938: 8922: 8918: 8916:9789811580673 8912: 8908: 8907: 8899: 8892: 8886: 8884: 8876: 8871: 8864: 8859: 8843: 8839: 8833: 8829: 8828: 8820: 8813: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8768: 8761: 8759: 8755: 8752: 8745: 8738: 8733: 8727:, p. 50. 8726: 8721: 8713: 8707: 8703: 8702: 8694: 8687: 8682: 8675: 8670: 8662: 8656: 8652: 8651: 8643: 8637:, p. 49. 8636: 8631: 8629: 8621: 8616: 8610:, p. 10. 8609: 8604: 8598:, p. 16. 8597: 8592: 8585: 8580: 8573: 8568: 8566: 8558: 8557:Gethin (1998) 8553: 8546: 8541: 8534: 8533:Gethin (1998) 8529: 8527: 8519: 8518:0-415-54444-0 8515: 8511: 8506: 8499: 8493: 8485: 8480: 8473: 8472:0-415-54444-0 8469: 8465: 8460: 8453: 8448: 8441: 8440:Gethin (1998) 8436: 8429: 8425: 8424:Richard Foltz 8420: 8412: 8406: 8402: 8401: 8393: 8385: 8379: 8375: 8374: 8366: 8350: 8346: 8340: 8336: 8335: 8327: 8318: 8311: 8310:Powers (2007) 8306: 8300: 8296: 8293: 8292: 8288: 8287: 8285: 8278: 8277: 8259: 8255: 8249: 8245: 8244: 8236: 8229: 8228:Powers (2007) 8224: 8218:, p. 99. 8217: 8216:Harvey (2013) 8212: 8205: 8204:Gethin (1998) 8200: 8194:, p. xx. 8193: 8188: 8181: 8176: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8151: 8146: 8139: 8132: 8127: 8125: 8117: 8112: 8110: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8055: 8049:, p. 36. 8048: 8043: 8037:, p. 30. 8036: 8031: 8024: 8019: 8012: 8007: 7992: 7988: 7981: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7931: 7925: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7895: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7881: 7876: 7869: 7868: 7861: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7830: 7821: 7815: 7811: 7810: 7805: 7799: 7792: 7791:0-02-865740-3 7788: 7784: 7780: 7775: 7766: 7760: 7756: 7752: 7751: 7743: 7727: 7723: 7717: 7710: 7705: 7698: 7693: 7689: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7653: 7637: 7630: 7624: 7618: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7604:Harvey (1998) 7600: 7593: 7589: 7586:Many ancient 7583: 7576: 7570: 7563: 7557: 7550: 7544: 7534: 7527: 7521: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7492: 7485: 7480: 7474: 7465: 7456: 7449: 7448: 7441: 7432: 7423: 7414: 7405: 7395: 7388: 7387: 7382: 7381: 7374: 7364: 7354: 7344: 7337: 7336:Dharmaguptaka 7333: 7329: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7295: 7288: 7281: 7271: 7264: 7258: 7251: 7245: 7238: 7237: 7233: 7232:Sarvāstivādin 7229: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7219: 7214: 7208: 7201: 7195: 7191: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7175:Vegetarianism 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7021: 7016: 7013: 7007: 7002: 6995: 6993: 6989: 6988:North Savonia 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6972:neo-Buddhists 6968: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6881: 6879: 6875: 6874: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6849: 6847: 6842: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6803: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6717: 6713: 6708: 6701: 6698: 6694: 6693:Potala Palace 6689: 6684: 6674: 6670: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6650: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6633: 6629: 6628:psychotherapy 6625: 6621: 6617: 6607: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6579: 6577: 6573: 6567: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6540:Thai Buddhism 6537: 6536:Chulalongkorn 6533: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6513: 6512:B.R. Ambedkar 6508: 6506: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6482: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6458: 6454: 6445: 6434: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6381:St Petersburg 6378: 6374: 6370: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6308: 6304: 6297: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6271: 6261: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6167: 6163: 6159: 6154: 6150: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6052: 6043: 6032: 6023: 6012: 6003: 5988: 5975: 5974: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5943: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5898: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5830:transgressive 5827: 5823: 5820:, worship of 5819: 5814: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5782: 5775:Tantric texts 5772: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5694: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5671: 5665: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5651:monastic rule 5648: 5647: 5646:Vinaya Pitaka 5642: 5638: 5633: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5577: 5561: 5556: 5546: 5543: 5542:Tibetan canon 5539: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5525: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5498: 5496: 5492: 5491: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5469: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5416: 5406: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5394: 5387: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5214: 5209: 5201: 5196: 5192: 5179: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5160: 5157: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5129:Brahma-vihara 5125: 5123: 5117: 5110: 5109:Brahma-vihara 5104: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5089: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5053:(SN 35.245). 5052: 5048: 5044: 5043: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5026: 5022: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4964: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4915: 4913: 4908: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4879: 4878: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4837: 4833: 4830:Meditation – 4827: 4825: 4824: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4801: 4800:Satipaṭṭhānas 4795: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4775:"mindfulness" 4766: 4764: 4759: 4757: 4756: 4750: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4706: 4700: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4649: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4640:Vinaya Pitaka 4636: 4632: 4623: 4618: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4593: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4509:Five precepts 4500: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4473: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4420: 4419: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4303: 4299: 4297: 4296:sammā samādhi 4292: 4289: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4278: 4275:samyag smṛti, 4273: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4263: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4243: 4238: 4236: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4220: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4207: 4205: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4188: 4187: 4181:Moral virtues 4179: 4174: 4172: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4146: 4144: 4141:samyag dṛṣṭi, 4139: 4136: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4092: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4075: 4069: 4059: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4048:Tevijja Sutta 4044: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4021: 4017: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3974:(meditation, 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3949: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3915: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3866:Buddha-nature 3863: 3853: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3779: 3774: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3727: 3721: 3716: 3706: 3704: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3676: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3658: 3654: 3651:), coreless ( 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3631: 3630: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3607: 3597: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3578:Consciousness 3574: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3562:Consciousness 3560: 3557: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3548: 3547: 3545: 3540: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3512: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3493: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3450: 3448: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3408: 3400: 3398: 3393: 3392:consciousness 3386: 3373: 3369: 3367: 3352: 3339: 3334: 3327: 3325: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3275:pañca khandha 3272: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3240:(birth), and 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3147: 3142: 3140: 3139: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3110: 3108: 3107:sammā-vimutti 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3031: 3026: 3024: 3018: 3016: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2997: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2929: 2924: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2903:sentient life 2896: 2895:Uttar Pradesh 2892: 2887: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2845: 2840: 2839: 2833: 2828: 2815: 2814:Wheel of Life 2811: 2808: 2803: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2779: 2777: 2776: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2665:is caused by 2664: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2613: 2603: 2601: 2598:in Sanskrit, 2597: 2593: 2590:in Japanese, 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2567: 2557: 2555: 2554:Ram Khamhaeng 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2496: 2491: 2489: 2488:Chinese canon 2485: 2481: 2477: 2476:Chan Buddhism 2473: 2469: 2464: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2419:Kushan Empire 2416: 2412: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2196:Kumaragupta I 2193: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2141:Guimet Museum 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2080:Dharmaguptaka 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2059:Kushan empire 2055: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2018: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1988: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1922: 1917: 1913: 1911: 1910:Mahāsāṃghikas 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1882: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1856: 1854: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1841: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1829: 1823: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1737:According to 1734: 1724: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1601:Paccekabuddha 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1540: 1534: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1494:final nirvana 1491: 1487: 1486: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1324:Uttar Pradesh 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1292: 1283: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1235:who lived in 1234: 1229: 1209: 1205: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1007: 997:extinguishing 984: 983: 973:Great Vehicle 961: 941: 937: 932: 931: 925: 921: 918: 917: 911: 910:monastic vows 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 846: 841: 836: 834: 829: 828: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 785:Buddha Dharma 782: 781: 772: 751: 745: 744: 735: 705: 694: 689: 687: 682: 680: 675: 674: 672: 671: 666: 661: 656: 655: 654: 653: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 542: 539: 534: 533: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 479: 474: 473: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 437: 434: 429: 428: 421: 420:Vegetarianism 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 375:Recollections 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 345:Five precepts 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 332: 329: 324: 323: 316: 313: 311: 310:Chinese canon 308: 306: 305:Tibetan canon 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 272: 269: 264: 263: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 194: 191: 190: 189: 186: 184: 181: 180: 174: 171: 169: 166: 165: 161: 160: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 114: 111: 106: 105: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 86: 85: 84: 80: 76: 75: 72: 69: 68: 64: 60: 59: 53: 49: 45: 41: 36: 32: 28: 24: 23: 27991:Turkmenistan 27951:Saudi Arabia 27696:South Africa 27686:Sierra Leone 27491:Burkina Faso 27400:Names of God 27347:Unaffiliated 27302:Antireligion 27163:Universalism 27111:Assimilation 26976:Anthropology 26851:Supernatural 26846:Spirituality 26814:Sacred space 26802:Purification 26675:Denomination 26629: / 26437:Paleo-Balkan 26403:Mesopotamian 26243:Cook Islands 26214:Old Prussian 26127:UFO religion 26066: 26062:Zalmoxianism 25990:Neoshamanism 25847:Spiritualism 25730:Other ethnic 25619: 25445:Traditional 25405:Bongthingism 25303:Acoma Pueblo 25246:Mesoamerican 24975:Austronesian 24796: 24792:Neo-Buddhism 24736: 24724: 24720:Neo-Hinduism 24641:Swaminarayan 24479: 24428:Salvationist 24413:Confucianism 24264:Samaritanism 24234:Ali-Illahism 24215: 24082: 24076:Unitarianism 24017:Old Catholic 23824:Nestorianism 23782:Christianity 23769: 23735:Conservative 23381: 23264:Bodhisattvas 23184:Christianity 23179:Baháʼí Faith 23044:Dharmachakra 23034:Prayer wheel 23024:Prayer beads 22792:Architecture 22671:969 Movement 22455:Saudi Arabia 22433:Central Asia 22426:South Africa 22248: 22231: 22164:Panchen Lama 22069:Buddhapālita 21665:Satipatthana 21660:Mindful Yoga 21573:Recollection 21487:Brahmavihara 21358:Japanese Zen 21353:Chinese Chan 21313:Animal realm 21120:Key concepts 20942:Bodhisattvas 20754:Three Jewels 20698: 20637:Buddhist Art 20629: 20550: 20528: 20505: 20478: 20466:, retrieved 20446: 20433:. Retrieved 20413: 20400:. Retrieved 20380: 20368:, retrieved 20348: 20338: 20329: 20321: 20303: 20277: 20259: 20247: 20238: 20235:Warder, A.K. 20226: 20199: 20188:, retrieved 20168: 20133: 20123: 20105: 20075: 20062: 20039: 20027:. Retrieved 19999: 19995: 19971: 19953: 19941:. Retrieved 19932: 19928: 19913:the original 19908: 19904: 19886:, retrieved 19877: 19873: 19851: 19842: 19830: 19808: 19798: 19776: 19755: 19735: 19716: 19705:, retrieved 19695: 19665: 19661: 19650:, retrieved 19630: 19597: 19577: 19566:, retrieved 19551: 19536:, retrieved 19525:, Springer, 19521: 19511: 19502: 19499:Norman, K.R. 19490: 19472: 19459: 19437: 19428: 19407: 19396:, retrieved 19376: 19366: 19357: 19348: 19336: 19327: 19308: 19295: 19273: 19264: 19258:. Routledge. 19255: 19243:. Retrieved 19223: 19213: 19194: 19185: 19164:. Retrieved 19144: 19125: 19107: 19089: 19071: 19062: 19048:the original 19043: 19039: 19021:, retrieved 19001: 18991: 18987: 18973:the original 18964: 18945: 18931:, retrieved 18914: 18910: 18893:, retrieved 18873: 18861:, retrieved 18841: 18822: 18813: 18804: 18792:. Retrieved 18772: 18760:, retrieved 18753:the original 18734: 18713: 18702: 18684: 18663:. Retrieved 18643: 18631:, retrieved 18621: 18601: 18583: 18565: 18544: 18535: 18514: 18492: 18472: 18468: 18456:. Retrieved 18436: 18426: 18408: 18397:the original 18378: 18368: 18350: 18331: 18313: 18305: 18297:, retrieved 18292:the original 18270: 18252:, retrieved 18232: 18217:, retrieved 18197: 18184:. Retrieved 18164: 18152:, retrieved 18132: 18117:, retrieved 18097: 18087: 18078: 18060: 18042: 18030: 18021: 18010:, retrieved 18001: 17997: 17981:. Retrieved 17961: 17940: 17928:, retrieved 17919: 17915: 17902: 17876: 17853: 17835: 17805: 17786: 17774: 17765: 17756: 17747: 17722:. Retrieved 17708: 17696:. Retrieved 17687: 17677: 17665:. Retrieved 17653: 17641: 17629:. Retrieved 17620: 17596:. Retrieved 17567:. Retrieved 17563:the original 17553: 17541:. Retrieved 17537:the original 17532: 17522: 17510:. Retrieved 17506:the original 17496: 17484:. Retrieved 17470: 17446:(1): 24–42. 17443: 17439: 17429: 17417:. Retrieved 17408: 17399: 17387:. Retrieved 17378: 17368: 17356:. Retrieved 17347: 17338: 17319: 17314:, p. 5. 17307: 17295: 17279: 17276:D. T. Suzuki 17272:Fromm, Erich 17267: 17259: 17254: 17238: 17233: 17217: 17212: 17189: 17179: 17167: 17158: 17152: 17144: 17139: 17127: 17115: 17103:. Retrieved 17097: 17087: 17075:. Retrieved 17071: 17061: 17045:Stewart 2018 17031: 16986: 16982: 16972: 16960: 16948:. Retrieved 16944: 16907: 16903: 16897: 16881:. ABC-CLIO. 16878: 16872: 16860:. Retrieved 16851: 16841: 16829:. Retrieved 16809: 16802: 16793:the original 16787: 16777: 16765:. Retrieved 16756: 16746: 16734:. Retrieved 16725: 16715: 16703:. Retrieved 16695:The Atlantic 16694: 16684: 16672:. Retrieved 16652: 16645: 16633:. Retrieved 16613: 16606: 16594: 16582: 16570:. Retrieved 16550: 16543: 16531: 16519:. Retrieved 16499: 16470: 16466: 16446:Queen (2013) 16441: 16429: 16404: 16400: 16394: 16382: 16370: 16358: 16346: 16326: 16319: 16307: 16300:Keown (2009) 16295: 16283: 16271: 16264:Hayes (2013) 16259: 16252:Konik (2009) 16247: 16239: 16234: 16225: 16220: 16201: 16171: 16159:. Retrieved 16150: 16141: 16122: 16118: 16108: 16096: 16084: 16072: 16060: 16052: 16047: 16039: 16034: 16022: 16010: 15998: 15986: 15974: 15966: 15961: 15953: 15948: 15921:. Retrieved 15896: 15892: 15880: 15860: 15853: 15833: 15826: 15802: 15795: 15775: 15768: 15756: 15744: 15732: 15720:. Retrieved 15716:the original 15711: 15702: 15695:Smith (2006) 15690: 15683:Keown (1996) 15678: 15669: 15665: 15659: 15650: 15644: 15639:, chapter 7. 15632: 15623: 15616:in East Asia 15615: 15612: 15607: 15599: 15594: 15579: 15571: 15552: 15549:Nattier, Jan 15544: 15532: 15524: 15520: 15508: 15493: 15488: 15476: 15464:. Retrieved 15444: 15440: 15424: 15416: 15412: 15407: 15391: 15386: 15374: 15362: 15342: 15312: 15305: 15298:Eliot (1935) 15293: 15281: 15261: 15254: 15242: 15222: 15194: 15178: 15173: 15155: 15139: 15134: 15122: 15110: 15098: 15086: 15074: 15062: 15050: 15038: 15026: 15014: 15002: 14994: 14990: 14981:. Retrieved 14961: 14954: 14942: 14935:Conze (2013) 14930: 14918: 14891: 14883: 14878: 14866: 14854: 14834: 14827: 14815: 14776: 14769: 14749: 14742: 14711: 14699: 14668: 14663: 14656:Bodhi (2005) 14651: 14644:Keown (1996) 14639: 14627:. Retrieved 14618: 14609: 14602:Welch (1967) 14597: 14590:Bodhi (2000) 14585: 14577: 14574:Bodhi (2005) 14569: 14549: 14542: 14522: 14515: 14495: 14488: 14476: 14464: 14452: 14440: 14428: 14416: 14404: 14397:Wynne (2007) 14392: 14380: 14371: 14365: 14348: 14336: 14324: 14319:, p. 8. 14312: 14300: 14260: 14256: 14250: 14238: 14230: 14225: 14213: 14198: 14194: 14189: 14181: 14165: 14160: 14152: 14147: 14138: 14126: 14114: 14102: 14090: 14082: 14077: 14041: 14012: 13985: 13973: 13946: 13934: 13922: 13910: 13903:Keown (2013) 13898: 13886: 13874: 13862: 13850: 13838: 13826: 13814: 13790: 13783: 13766: 13756: 13744: 13717: 13705: 13681: 13676: 13667: 13647: 13640: 13612:. Retrieved 13592: 13585: 13573: 13561: 13536: 13528: 13504: 13497: 13456:Bodhi (2010) 13451: 13399: 13392:Bodhi (2010) 13387: 13375: 13363: 13351: 13339: 13327: 13319: 13301: 13296: 13288: 13280: 13268: 13261:Keown (1996) 13256: 13244: 13232: 13220: 13212: 13207: 13199: 13195: 13191: 13187: 13183: 13175: 13163: 13156:Uttaratantra 13155: 13150: 13138: 13126: 13114:. Retrieved 13105: 13102:"Vasubandhu" 13095: 13087: 13082: 13073: 13061:. Retrieved 13052: 13043: 13031: 13019: 13007: 12995: 12987: 12971: 12959: 12947: 12920: 12908: 12896: 12888: 12883: 12856: 12848: 12843: 12835: 12830: 12822: 12817: 12805: 12797: 12793: 12785: 12773: 12761: 12749: 12729: 12722: 12702: 12695: 12675: 12668: 12656: 12635: 12628: 12623:conditions.. 12619: 12611: 12594: 12586: 12574: 12562: 12550: 12538: 12526: 12514: 12502: 12482: 12475: 12455: 12448: 12436:. Retrieved 12416: 12409: 12397:. Retrieved 12377: 12370: 12358: 12346: 12326: 12319: 12307:. Retrieved 12287: 12280: 12268:. Retrieved 12248: 12241: 12229:. Retrieved 12209: 12202: 12190:. Retrieved 12170: 12163: 12142: 12135: 12123: 12118:, p. 9. 12111: 12091: 12084: 12072: 12060: 12048: 12036: 12009: 11989: 11982: 11962: 11955: 11943: 11936:Spiro (1982) 11916:. Retrieved 11896: 11879:Lopez (2001) 11874: 11862:. Retrieved 11842: 11835: 11828:Spiro (1982) 11823: 11803: 11796: 11784: 11772: 11760: 11727: 11715: 11703:. Retrieved 11683: 11676: 11664: 11652:. Retrieved 11632: 11585:. Retrieved 11565: 11553:. Retrieved 11533: 11526: 11514:. Retrieved 11494: 11487: 11480:Keown (1996) 11475: 11463: 11455: 11447: 11435: 11423: 11411: 11403: 11400:Conze (2013) 11395: 11383: 11371: 11344: 11315: 11301: 11293: 11289: 11284: 11272:. Retrieved 11252: 11245: 11233:. Retrieved 11213: 11206: 11193:. Retrieved 11173: 11166: 11158: 11155: 11140: 11127: 11124: 11104: 11090: 11086: 11069:. Retrieved 11049: 11042: 11023: 11011: 11002: 10998: 10989: 10979:27 September 10977:. 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Retrieved 9807: 9797: 9789: 9784: 9776: 9771: 9759: 9754:, p. 4. 9752:Lopez (1995) 9747: 9720: 9708: 9696: 9639: 9593: 9558:, p. 3. 9551: 9539: 9527: 9517: 9512:, p. 7. 9505: 9478: 9472: 9452: 9435:Jaini (2001) 9430: 9413: 9401: 9389: 9377: 9360: 9348: 9331: 9306:, pp. 94–103 9294: 9273: 9252: 9245: 9225: 9195: 9188: 9167: 9160: 9148: 9114: 9094: 9087: 9075: 9063: 9043: 9036: 9000:. Retrieved 8980: 8973: 8961: 8954:Keown (2003) 8949: 8937: 8925:. Retrieved 8905: 8898: 8890: 8870: 8858: 8846:. Retrieved 8826: 8819: 8812:Wynne (2007) 8790:. Retrieved 8781: 8777: 8767: 8749: 8744: 8732: 8720: 8700: 8693: 8681: 8669: 8649: 8642: 8615: 8603: 8596:Lopez (1995) 8591: 8579: 8552: 8540: 8509: 8505: 8497: 8492: 8483: 8479: 8463: 8459: 8447: 8435: 8427: 8419: 8399: 8392: 8372: 8365: 8353:. Retrieved 8333: 8326: 8317: 8305: 8290: 8281: 8280: 8276: 8275: 8262:. Retrieved 8242: 8235: 8223: 8211: 8199: 8187: 8175: 8163:. Retrieved 8154: 8148: 8138: 8096:. 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Retrieved 7716: 7709:Roach (2011) 7704: 7697:Wells (2008) 7692: 7656: 7636: 7628: 7622: 7612:Gethin (1998 7599: 7582: 7569: 7561: 7556: 7548: 7543: 7533: 7525: 7520: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7491: 7478: 7473: 7464: 7455: 7445: 7440: 7431: 7422: 7413: 7404: 7394: 7384: 7378: 7373: 7363: 7353: 7343: 7324:Sarvastivada 7318: 7300:Digha Nikaya 7294: 7280: 7270: 7262: 7257: 7244: 7234: 7225: 7218:Buddhacarita 7216: 7213:Jataka tales 7207: 7199: 7194: 6969: 6882: 6871: 6861: 6852:Demographics 6839: 6811:Theosophists 6804: 6800:Vikramashila 6792:epistemology 6788:Indian logic 6776:Confucianism 6728:Buddhist art 6721: 6716:Gupta Empire 6667:Christianity 6613: 6585: 6571: 6568: 6548:Won Buddhism 6529: 6509: 6502: 6464: 6405:Jack Kerouac 6366: 6315: 6249: 6233:Central Asia 6229:Meiji period 6201:World War II 6191: 6183:Henry Olcott 6175: 6109:Ajanta Caves 6106: 6097: 6093: 6081: 6080:) or woods ( 6077: 6071: 6065: 6059: 5973:buddhavacana 5971: 5945: 5938:Three Jewels 5899: 5886: 5884: 5880: 5853: 5815: 5787:Gupta Empire 5784: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5722: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5669: 5660: 5656:Sutta Pitaka 5654: 5649:(focuses on 5644: 5640: 5636: 5634: 5629: 5623: 5573: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5517: 5506:Christianity 5499: 5488: 5465: 5418: 5397: 5391: 5389: 5367: 5363: 5355: 5354: 5349: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5286: 5282: 5281: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5215:recitation, 5210: 5206: 5177: 5176:, Sanskrit: 5171: 5162: 5155: 5149: 5142: 5141:, Sanskrit: 5136: 5128: 5126: 5121: 5119: 5116:Brahmavihara 5108: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5075: 5070: 5066: 5063:Damien Keown 5058: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5040: 5036: 5030: 5028: 5009:arupa-jhānas 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4970: 4959: 4955:four dhyānas 4954: 4952: 4947: 4944:four dhyānas 4943: 4939: 4937: 4921: 4911: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4875: 4873: 4835: 4831: 4821: 4819: 4815:ānāpānasmṛti 4814: 4808: 4804: 4798: 4796: 4791: 4782: 4781:, Sanskrit: 4778: 4772: 4760: 4753: 4751: 4740: 4737: 4732: 4728: 4726: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4701: 4696: 4684: 4682: 4676: 4672: 4656: 4652: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4630: 4628: 4602: 4590: 4563: 4542:sikkha-padam 4541: 4535: 4512: 4480: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4453: 4429: 4423: 4416: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4392: 4384: 4378: 4362: 4355: 4350: 4344: 4342: 4323:depicted at 4301: 4293: 4274: 4262:sammā vāyāma 4259: 4248: 4232: 4216: 4201: 4192: 4184: 4168: 4143:sammā ditthi 4140: 4131: 4123: 4115:Description 4110: 4093: 4084: 4078: 4071: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4045: 4041:Dharma wheel 4034: 4030: 4024: 4015: 4013: 4003: 3995: 3989: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3959: 3953: 3951: 3937: 3924: 3918: 3912: 3908: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3869: 3846:bodhisattvas 3841: 3837: 3831: 3826: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3808:of Singapore 3776: 3760: 3740: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3702: 3700: 3697:Three Jewels 3684: 3678: 3671: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3634: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3613: 3603: 3599: 3564:arises from 3515: 3510: 3491: 3486: 3467: 3462: 3446: 3396: 3391: 3365: 3323: 3306: 3302: 3274: 3268: 3236:(becoming), 3232:(grasping), 3189: 3187: 3174: 3172: 3167: 3166: 3143: 3136: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3086: 3076: 3074: 3064: 3060: 3030:quid-pro-quo 3029: 3027: 3022: 3019: 3011: 3000: 2994: 2992: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2969: 2956: 2926: 2922: 2919: 2914: 2900: 2865:impermanence 2857: 2852: 2842: 2836: 2831: 2830: 2805:Traditional 2789: 2780: 2773: 2771: 2763: 2759:impermanence 2754: 2746: 2737: 2730:manuscript. 2697: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2630: 2624: 2615: 2600:buddhaśāsana 2599: 2596:buddhadharma 2595: 2594:in Tibetan, 2591: 2587: 2586:in Chinese, 2583: 2569: 2546:Khmer Empire 2528:and coastal 2499: 2492: 2480:Song dynasty 2468:Tang dynasty 2465: 2427: 2408: 2349:Rashtrakutas 2338: 2328: 2324: 2314: 2307: 2260:Harṣavardana 2256:Gupta period 2253: 2222:Dan Lusthaus 2213: 2200:Vikramashila 2189: 2185: 2169: 2149: 2145: 2084: 2056: 2052:Milindapanha 2051: 2044:Milindapanha 2043: 2031:Milindapanha 2029: 2023: 2000: 1977: 1972:Mahāsāṃghika 1968:Sarvāstivāda 1961: 1953:Central Asia 1939:(such as at 1926: 1895: 1876: 1852: 1849: 1838: 1832: 1826: 1824: 1789: 1769:A. K. Warder 1762: 1743: 1736: 1706: 1703:but no idols 1693:Ajanta Caves 1641: 1622: 1586: 1567: 1565:traditions. 1548: 1502: 1483: 1465: 1458: 1454: 1452: 1433: 1423: 1409: 1401:Āḷāra Kālāma 1382: 1370: 1368: 1355: 1349: 1316:Ganges Plain 1301: 1294: 1270:marking the 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1230: 1203: 1201: 1184:Turkmenistan 1144:, a form of 1040: 922: 861: 843: 837: 816: 811:. It is the 789:Dharmavinaya 788: 784: 703: 702: 370:Merit making 335:Three Jewels 275:Buddhavacana 205:Impermanence 193:Dharma wheel 70: 31: 21: 28442:New Zealand 28379:Saint Lucia 28329:El Salvador 28234:Switzerland 28169:Netherlands 27941:Philippines 27869:South Korea 27864:North Korea 27754:Afghanistan 27701:South Sudan 27591:Ivory Coast 27375:Deification 27322:Objectivism 27297:Agnosticism 27255:Persecution 27245:Video games 27210:Populations 27121:Proselytism 27089:Monasticism 27080:Clericalism 27070:Agriculture 27061:and society 27026:Soteriology 26986:Comparative 26956:Transtheism 26941:Panentheism 26725:Monasticism 26518:Gallo-Roman 26420:Micronesian 26386:Manichaeism 26334:Hermeticism 26302:Continental 26297:Anglo-Saxon 26177:Paleolithic 26172:Prehistoric 26122:Scientology 25985:Italo-Roman 25840:Radha Soami 25820:New Thought 25660:Espiritismo 25601:Waaqeffanna 25541:Fon and Ewe 25479:Sub-Saharan 25362:Satsana Phi 25158:Ghost Dance 25116:Californian 25094:Anishinaabe 25025:Karo Pemena 25004:Indonesian 24678:Lingayatism 24626:Mahanubhava 24596:Vaishnavism 24527:Jeungsanism 24450:Folk Taoism 24433:Xiantiandao 24287:Zoroastrian 23946:Charismatic 23941:Pentecostal 23904:Anglicanism 23855:Waldensians 23790:Catholicism 23566:Iconography 23559:life in art 23426:Four sights 23109:Dharma talk 22938:Asalha Puja 22734:Eschatology 22537:Switzerland 22517:New Zealand 22445:Middle East 22354:Philippines 22274:Afghanistan 22079:Bodhidharma 22064:Buddhaghosa 21984:Householder 21894:Monasticism 21847:Bodhisattva 21702:Prostration 21655:Mindfulness 21583:Anapanasati 21566:Kammaṭṭhāna 21363:Korean Seon 21303:Asura realm 21298:Human realm 21238:Ten Fetters 21193:Parinirvana 21095:Uppalavanna 21060:Mahākaccana 21045:Mahākassapa 20977:Kṣitigarbha 20972:Ākāśagarbha 20869:Suddhodāna 20814:Four sights 20741:Foundations 20568:, BuddhaNet 19880:: 121–129, 19707:20 February 19351:, Routledge 18933:29 November 18917:: 271–288, 18807:, Routledge 18762:29 November 18705:, Routledge 18081:, MacMillan 17930:15 November 17922:(1): 1–20, 17777:, Routledge 17750:, Shambhala 17684:"Buddhists" 17598:10 November 17543:10 November 17172:Dutt (1988) 17105:16 February 16950:16 February 16945:Lion's Roar 16910:(1): 1–18. 16852:Lion's Roar 16757:Lion's Roar 16276:Lamb (2001) 16027:Dutt (1988) 16015:Dutt (1988) 15991:Dutt (1988) 15466:6 September 15031:Kuan (2007) 14911:Kuan (2007) 14399:, p. . 14360:, pp. 25–34 14218:Kuan (2007) 13796:387, fn. 12 12591:John Bowker 11116:soteriology 10909:. pp. 64–65 10820:: 299–310. 10615:Hill (2009) 10323:28 November 10233:28 November 9740:Jong (1993) 9138:, pp. 8927:16 November 8165:11 November 8157:(6): 1–29. 7900:"Buddhists" 7648:Other notes 7526:apranaihita 7348:Bronkhorst. 6976:Ambedkarite 6949:Maharashtra 6945:South Korea 6937:North Korea 6827:mindfulness 6784:Dharmakirti 6651:Dharmavidya 6640:theosophist 6636:orientalist 6632:way of life 6564:Soka Gakkai 6375:(1924) and 6254:In the West 6094:sangharamas 6084:), such as 6064:(Sanskrit: 6062:monasteries 5895:Śrāvakayāna 5818:subtle body 5803:Pancharatra 5785:During the 5737:Śrāvakayāna 5635:Many early 5549:Early texts 5396:(Sanskrit: 5240:devata yoga 5045:(Sanskrit: 5001:rupa-jhānas 4985:arūpajhānas 4866:practicing 4864:Kōdō Sawaki 4832:Sama-amādhi 4813:(Sanskrit: 4810:Ānāpānasati 4803:(Sanskrit: 4645:pattimokkha 4603:bodhisattva 4592:śrāvakayāna 4566:non-harming 4409:6.46.9 and 4397:Brahmanical 4235:sammā ājīva 4202:samyag vāc, 4183:(Sanskrit: 4122:(Sanskrit: 3933:Hindu Atman 3890:buddhadhātu 3883:Vijñānavāda 3792:Bodhisattva 3647:), hollow ( 3228:(craving), 3224:(feeling), 3005:"fruit" or 2958:In Buddhism 2913:(Sanskrit: 2790:śānta/śānti 2470:(618–907), 2423:Tarim Basin 2403: 1120 2388:Angkor Thom 2361:Vaishnavism 2303:mahasiddhas 2279:Pāla Empire 2254:During the 2246:, known as 2216:), and the 2072:Tarim Basin 2011:Hellenistic 1881:parinirvāṇa 1613:Brahmanical 1332:Queen Maya. 1312:Kapilavastu 1249:Sakyabhiksu 1180:Afghanistan 1162:. Japanese 900:, and the 874:non-harming 850:development 605:New Zealand 460:Bodhisattva 445:Four Stages 400:Monasticism 380:Mindfulness 350:Perfections 280:Early Texts 28627:Polytheism 28601:Categories 28432:Micronesia 28309:Costa Rica 28204:San Marino 28164:Montenegro 28144:Luxembourg 28001:Uzbekistan 27976:Tajikistan 27881:Kyrgyzstan 27854:Kazakhstan 27804:East Timor 27774:Bangladesh 27764:Azerbaijan 27681:Seychelles 27646:Mozambique 27631:Mauritania 27616:Madagascar 27506:Cape Verde 27288:irreligion 27283:Secularism 27190:Minorities 27158:Toleration 27153:Syncretism 27138:Fanaticism 27128:Disability 27116:Missionary 27106:Conversion 27094:Ordination 27016:Psychology 27011:Philosophy 26951:Polytheism 26931:Monotheism 26926:Henotheism 26767:Orthopraxy 26757:Ordination 26720:Meditation 26715:Indigenous 26680:Entheogens 26665:Conversion 26491:Pueblo III 26408:Babylonian 26398:Melanesian 26324:Gnosticism 26209:Lithuanian 26102:Fourth Way 25956:Circassian 25934:Dievturība 25857:Tensegrity 25790:Falun Gong 25435:Sanamahism 25415:Donyi-Polo 25047:Polynesian 24993:Kaharingan 24918:Burkhanism 24857:Ravidassia 24835:Śvetāmbara 24621:Pushtimarg 24601:Krishnaism 24537:Vietnamese 24522:Cheondoism 24455:Yao Taoism 24391:East Asian 24157:Isma'ilism 24113:Maturidism 23892:Mennonites 23887:Hutterites 23872:Anabaptism 23765:Humanistic 23486:Bodhi Tree 23451:Śuddhodana 23402:Middle Way 23366:The Buddha 23226:Psychology 23206:Gnosticism 23194:Comparison 23189:Influences 23171:Comparison 23054:Bhavacakra 23012:Kushinagar 22987:Pilgrimage 22933:Māgha Pūjā 22888:Bodhi Tree 22704:Buddhology 22694:Abhidharma 22686:Philosophy 22619:Menander I 22487:Costa Rica 22438:Uzbekistan 22279:Bangladesh 22233:Dhammapada 22217:Pali Canon 22179:Ajahn Chah 22159:Dalai Lama 22059:Kumārajīva 22054:Vasubandhu 22029:The Buddha 21937:Zen master 21872:Sakadagami 21852:Buddhahood 21783:Pratimokṣa 21598:Shikantaza 21554:Meditation 21529:Deity yoga 21400:Madhyamaka 21293:Deva realm 21188:Mindstream 21138:Bodhicitta 21050:Aṅgulimāla 20917:Devadatta 20893:Yaśodharā 20796:The Buddha 20786:Middle Way 20658:, Tricycle 20370:12 October 20029:7 February 18794:12 October 18458:24 October 18400:(hardback) 18383:(hardback) 18154:12 October 17759:, Springer 17077:7 February 16831:11 October 16767:21 January 16674:5 December 16635:5 December 16572:4 December 16224:Prothero, 15923:11 October 10248:Warder2000 9818:10 October 9808:Lions Roar 9425:, pp. 1–30 9218:Upanishads 8893:", p. 236. 8792:2 December 8784:: 98–148. 8098:8 November 7991:Britannica 7987:"Buddhism" 7850:22 October 7680:References 7588:Upanishads 7479:Tathagatha 7447:Hou Hanshu 7399:formulas." 7332:Mahīśāsaka 7035:Akriyavada 6963:(20%) and 6955:(52%) and 6856:See also: 6819:psychology 6760:Indosphere 6752:Sinosphere 6695:, today a 6647:Protestant 6624:Alan Watts 6556:Shinnyo-en 6510:In India, 6459:Islamists. 6415:, and the 6409:Alan Watts 6330:Max Müller 6307:Nurmijärvi 5962:Theravāda. 5922:Middle Way 5826:antinomian 5813:spirits). 5769:Madhyamika 5733:the Buddha 5687:Abhidharma 5637:Tripiṭakas 5630:Tripiṭakas 5620:Pali Canon 5534:Tripitakas 5490:Tripitakas 5479:, such as 5301:(Pāli) or 5289:(Pāli) is 5189:See also: 5019:See also: 4935:Buddhism. 4932:meditation 4823:sampajañña 4729:anupassana 4635:Patimokkha 4582:Pali Canon 4470:Patimokkha 4329:Chiang Mai 4277:sammā sati 4245:Meditation 4204:sammā vāca 4050:, and the 3992:Middle Way 3970:(ethics), 3935:doctrine. 3842:āryasaṅgha 3827:āryasaṅgha 3751:, such as 3749:Shakyamuni 3715:Buddhahood 3668:Madhyamaka 3618:(Pali) or 3487:perception 3282:Pali Canon 3242:Jarāmaraṇa 3214:Ṣaḍāyatana 3129:apranihita 3103:sammā-ñāṇa 3037:Liberation 3015:six realms 2891:Kushinagar 2618:Noble Ones 2461: 1st 2345:Pratiharas 2329:Vidyapitha 2325:Vidyapitha 2267: 590 2210: 783 2204:Dharmapala 1984:Abhidharma 1758:patimokkha 1672:Pali canon 1637:Upanishads 1559:Upanishads 1523:Buddhism. 1498:Kushinagar 1476:Middle Way 1440:Bodhi Tree 1430:meditation 1412:asceticism 1328:Suddhodana 1291:The Buddha 1259:The Buddha 1237:South Asia 1219:बौद्ध धर्म 1213:बुद्ध धर्म 1206:come from 1192:Tajikistan 1188:Uzbekistan 906:Triple Gem 882:asceticism 878:Middle Way 872:rooted in 805:the Buddha 478:Traditions 415:Pilgrimage 355:Meditation 315:Post-canon 295:Pāli Canon 225:Middle Way 122:The Buddha 28550:Venezuela 28495:Argentina 28412:Australia 28364:Nicaragua 28339:Guatemala 28139:Lithuania 27961:Sri Lanka 27956:Singapore 27936:Palestine 27824:Indonesia 27814:Hong Kong 27636:Mauritius 27357:Overviews 27312:Criticism 27260:Terrorism 27235:Theocracy 27180:Happiness 27148:Pluralism 27133:Education 27059:Religion 27031:Salvation 27021:Sociology 26966:Religious 26946:Pantheism 26936:Nontheism 26829:Mountains 26807:Sacrifice 26762:Orthodoxy 26752:Mythology 26747:Mysticism 26636:Behaviour 26545:Canaanite 26528:Mithraism 26496:Pueblo IV 26486:Pueblo II 26391:Mazdakism 26366:Hungarian 26339:Mysteries 26248:Dravidian 26030:Hungarian 25946:Caucasian 25917:Godianism 25877:Agni Yoga 25867:Theosophy 25830:Rastafari 25805:Modekngei 25785:Brahmoism 25778:Syncretic 25770:movements 25768:religious 25680:Quimbanda 25628:Candomblé 25621:Diasporic 25400:Bathouism 25390:Benzhuism 25315:Tsimshian 25266:Purépecha 25187:Longhouse 25162:Sun Dance 25111:Blackfoot 25030:Malaysian 25020:Kapitayan 24830:Digambara 24815:Ayyavazhi 24780:Vajrayana 24745:Theravada 24658:Ganapatya 24631:Ramanandi 24560:Hoahaoism 24438:Yiguandao 24333:Yarsanism 24328:Shabakism 24315:Yazdânism 24305:Zurvanism 24300:Mazdaznan 24259:Rastafari 24254:Mandaeism 24128:Wahhabism 24108:Ash'arism 24071:Tolstoyan 24061:Spiritual 24051:Mormonism 24022:Judaizers 23995:Quakerism 23973:Methodist 23963:Irvingism 23914:Calvinism 23867:Adventism 23850:Moravians 23687:Abrahamic 23611:Wikiquote 23547:footprint 23482:Bodh Gaya 23461:Yaśodharā 23414:Disciples 23294:Festivals 23274:Buddhists 23236:Theosophy 23039:Symbolism 23029:Hama yumi 23002:Bodh Gaya 22769:Socialism 22744:Evolution 22719:Economics 22557:Venezuela 22472:Australia 22467:Argentina 22391:Sri Lanka 22386:Singapore 22304:Indonesia 22266:Countries 22207:Tripiṭaka 22169:Ajahn Mun 22044:Nagarjuna 22039:Aśvaghoṣa 21922:Anagārika 21917:Śrāmaṇerī 21912:Śrāmaṇera 21907:Bhikkhunī 21867:Sotāpanna 21756:Passaddhi 21697:Offerings 21672:Nekkhamma 21549:Iddhipada 21469:Practices 21439:Theravada 21412:Vajrayana 21405:Yogachara 21375:Pure Land 21288:Six Paths 21275:Cosmology 21055:Anuruddha 21030:Sāriputta 21020:Kaundinya 21012:Disciples 20987:Vajrapāṇi 20839:Footprint 20804:Tathāgata 20044:Routledge 20016:0025-1496 19943:7 October 19684:1905-8144 19670:CiteSeerX 18513:(2001) , 18287:162929573 17667:13 August 17621:The Quint 17462:2638-4825 17005:0019-5545 16862:9 October 16521:15 August 16421:170189446 16055:Routledge 16042:Grafikol. 15453:1017-7132 14991:ignorance 14683:Anālayo. 14629:17 August 14277:170592174 9213:Aranyakas 8762:, p. 170. 8093:143672653 8085:0037-7317 7957:148475861 7793:, p. 4428 7779:Jan Gonda 7685:Citations 7227:Mahāvastu 7165:Monolatry 6921:Singapore 6901:Sri Lanka 6878:East Asia 6841:Shamanism 6748:East Asia 6655:Sri Lanka 6309:, Finland 6237:Communist 6102:cenobitic 5959:arhatship 5915:Vairocana 5856:Theravāda 5765:Nagarjuna 5616:Tripiṭaka 5591:Khotanese 5364:vipaśyanā 5303:vipaśyanā 5299:vipassanā 5278:Vipassana 5127:The four 5067:vipassanā 5047:vipaśyanā 5042:vipassanā 4855:Rupajhana 4705:nekkhamma 4689:hindrance 4677:dhutaṅgas 4527:pañcaśīla 4519:pañcasīla 4497:Apatrapya 4405:9.97.47, 4321:Deer Park 4104:Division 3862:Yogachara 3761:lokuttara 3757:Vairocana 3733:cosmology 3664:Nagarjuna 3637:: Śūnyatā 3511:formation 3324:mahābhūta 3202:Saṃskāras 2646:wandering 2602:in Pali. 2560:Worldview 2518:Indonesia 2502:Theravada 2438:Lokakṣema 2430:An Shigao 2390:build by 2248:Yamantaka 2234:Vajrayana 2153:Lokakṣema 1980:Tripiṭaka 1964:Theravada 1957:Sri Lanka 1906:Sthaviras 1873:Theravada 1721:Vajrayana 1670:from the 1656:Śāntideva 1644:Theravada 1521:Vajrayana 1513:Theravada 1500:, India. 1444:Bodh Gaya 1356:kshatriya 1352:kshatriya 1241:Buddhists 1198:Etymology 1147:Vajrayāna 1091:Pure Land 1063:Sri Lanka 1016:Vajrayāna 940:Theravāda 854:awakening 817:Buddhists 801:teachings 799:based on 625:Sri Lanka 615:Singapore 570:Indonesia 510:Vajrayāna 485:Theravāda 440:Awakening 328:Practices 285:Tripiṭaka 255:Cosmology 230:Emptiness 210:Suffering 28607:Buddhism 28576:Category 28540:Suriname 28530:Paraguay 28515:Colombia 28422:Kiribati 28349:Honduras 28319:Dominica 28294:Barbados 28259:Scotland 28219:Slovenia 28214:Slovakia 28189:Portugal 28059:Bulgaria 27981:Thailand 27931:Pakistan 27911:Mongolia 27906:Maldives 27901:Malaysia 27789:Cambodia 27736:Zimbabwe 27711:Tanzania 27561:Ethiopia 27556:Eswatini 27536:Djibouti 27501:Cameroon 27486:Botswana 27430:Timeline 27425:Scholars 27385:Founders 27250:Violence 27205:Politics 27075:Business 27038:Theology 26782:Prophecy 26772:Paganism 26660:Covenant 26627:Apostasy 26562:Scythian 26503:Rapa Nui 26457:Thracian 26452:Illyrian 26442:Albanian 26413:Sumerian 26356:Harappan 26292:Germanic 26287:Georgian 26280:Selk'nam 26265:Etruscan 26253:Egyptian 26231:Druidism 26194:Armenian 26117:Satanism 26097:Eckankar 26020:Estonian 26005:Romanian 25995:Ossetian 25975:Germanic 25924:Armenian 25913:African 25906:paganism 25835:Sant Mat 25825:Rajneesh 25800:Meivazhi 25795:Japanese 25752:Siberian 25685:Santería 25655:Convince 25521:Bushongo 25425:Kiratism 25352:Hmongism 25229:Wocekiye 25214:Jivaroan 25182:Iroquois 25177:Ho-Chunk 25138:Cherokee 25081:American 25052:Hawaiian 24965:Sarnaism 24935:Tungusic 24923:Tengrism 24913:Mongolic 24842:Sarnaism 24773:Nichiren 24750:Mahayana 24737:Buddhism 24715:Sant Mat 24705:Sauraism 24700:Smartism 24695:Shaktism 24688:Balinese 24673:Kaumaram 24668:Kapalika 24663:Kashmiri 24648:Shaivism 24588:Hinduism 24555:Caodaism 24499:Ryukyuan 24494:Tenrikyo 24489:Shugendō 24467:Japanese 24338:Yazidism 24323:Ishikism 24201:Quranism 24174:Khawarij 24123:Salafism 24118:Atharism 24007:Esoteric 23978:Holiness 23968:Lutheran 23929:Reformed 23909:Baptists 23882:Brethren 23846:Hussites 23834:Assyrian 23750:Haymanot 23704:Orthodox 23653:Religion 23581:Hinduism 23517:Prophecy 23507:Birthday 23502:Miracles 23382:Buddhism 23312:Category 23241:Violence 23211:Hinduism 23159:Sanskrit 23114:Hinayana 23099:Amitābha 23059:Swastika 22928:Uposatha 22918:Holidays 22903:Calendar 22749:Humanism 22587:Kanishka 22577:Timeline 22401:Thailand 22369:Kalmykia 22364:Buryatia 22349:Pakistan 22334:Mongolia 22329:Maldives 22324:Malaysia 22289:Cambodia 22154:Shamarpa 22149:Nichiren 22099:Xuanzang 22034:Nagasena 21952:Rinpoche 21682:Pāramitā 21524:Devotion 21444:Navayana 21432:Dzogchen 21395:Nichiren 21343:Mahayana 21335:Branches 21213:Saṅkhāra 20962:Mañjuśrī 20919:(cousin) 20911:(cousin) 20879:(mother) 20871:(father) 20859:Miracles 20809:Birthday 20726:Glossary 20699:Buddhism 20640:Archived 20549:(1972), 20526:(1998), 20524:Yin Shun 20462:archived 20429:Archived 20396:Archived 20364:archived 20258:(2008), 20237:(2000), 20184:archived 20156:archived 20094:archived 19937:Archived 19882:archived 19841:(2002), 19797:(2010), 19701:archived 19646:archived 19628:(2014), 19568:10 March 19549:(2009), 19538:10 March 19501:(1997), 19457:(1899), 19427:(1996), 19408:Buddhism 19392:archived 19347:(2002), 19306:(1995), 19265:Buddhism 19239:Archived 19160:Archived 19108:Buddhism 19061:(1996), 19017:archived 18944:(2001), 18927:archived 18889:archived 18857:archived 18788:Archived 18659:Archived 18627:archived 18564:(1988), 18534:(2008), 18490:(1998), 18481:41933379 18452:Archived 18306:Buddhism 18265:(1996), 18248:archived 18213:archived 18180:Archived 18148:archived 18130:(2000), 18113:archived 18006:archived 17977:Archived 17924:archived 17901:(1993), 17874:(2010), 17834:(2000), 17785:(2004), 17746:(2010), 17718:Archived 17692:Archived 17658:Archived 17625:Archived 17592:Archived 17569:15 April 17533:TheQuint 17486:31 March 17480:Archived 17419:31 March 17413:Archived 17389:31 March 17383:Archived 17358:31 March 17352:Archived 17327:Archived 17023:23858249 16856:Archived 16825:Archived 16761:Archived 16730:Archived 16699:Archived 16668:Archived 16629:Archived 16566:Archived 16515:Archived 16209:Archived 16190:Archived 16187:Buddhist 16179:Archived 16176:Buddhism 16155:Archived 16151:BBC News 15917:Archived 15578:(1995), 15551:(2003), 15457:Archived 15432:(2008). 15163:Archived 14977:Archived 14688:Archived 14623:Archived 13775:Archived 13608:Archived 13116:13 April 13110:Archived 13063:12 April 13057:Archived 12980:Archived 12432:Archived 12393:Archived 12303:Archived 12264:Archived 12225:Archived 12186:Archived 11912:Archived 11858:Archived 11699:Archived 11648:Archived 11581:Archived 11549:Archived 11510:Archived 11268:Archived 11229:Archived 11189:Archived 11147:Archived 11120:not-self 11096:Archived 11065:Archived 11031:Archived 10973:Archived 10865:Archived 10814:Muqarnas 10288:12 March 10227:Archived 10136:Archived 10024:Archived 9812:Archived 9343:, p. 293 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4598:Mahāyāna 4594:precepts 4574:Sanskrit 4552:adultery 4523:Sanskrit 4503:Precepts 4489:Appamada 4393:tiratana 4385:triratna 4381:Sanskrit 4358:Yin Shun 4349:and the 4283:skandhas 3984:Devotion 3929:not-self 3875:Yogācāra 3753:Amitabha 3747:besides 3703:triratna 3685:svabhava 3680:svabhava 3649:tucchaka 3641:Suññatā) 3639:, Pali: 3518:saṅkhāra 3447:cetasika 3210:Nāmarūpa 3179:ontology 3138:non-self 3125:animitta 3057:aniconic 2966:Sanskrit 2869:non-self 2728:Sanskrit 2659:Samudaya 2653:grasping 2526:Cambodia 2522:Thailand 2514:Malaysia 2495:Mongolia 2434:Mahāyāna 2365:Shaivism 2357:Pallavas 2355:and the 2341:Karkotas 2334:Kapalika 2295:mandalas 2287:dharanis 2275:Valabahi 2244:Bhairava 2178:Site of 2165:Akṣobhya 2135:, and a 2125:Maitreya 2111:Mahāyāna 2082:school. 2048:Menander 2040:Gandhāra 2034:and the 1931:emperor 1652:Hinduism 1589:Mahavira 1517:Mahayana 1457:and the 1432:under a 1360:Mahavira 1225:धर्मविनय 1208:Sanskrit 1156:Mongolia 1122:Malaysia 1099:Nichiren 1079:Cambodia 1071:Thailand 1047:Sanskrit 960:Mahāyāna 916:pāramitā 833:the West 791:, is an 704:Buddhism 635:Thailand 595:Mongolia 590:Malaysia 555:Cambodia 520:Navayana 500:Hinayana 495:Mahāyāna 405:Lay life 235:Morality 215:Not-self 173:Concepts 132:Councils 117:Timeline 89:Glossary 71:Buddhism 63:a series 61:Part of 54:, Japan. 48:Amitābha 28612:Nāstika 28545:Uruguay 28520:Ecuador 28500:Bolivia 28477:Vanuatu 28404:Oceania 28354:Jamaica 28334:Grenada 28289:Bahamas 28249:England 28239:Ukraine 28194:Romania 28154:Moldova 28114:Ireland 28109:Iceland 28104:Hungary 28094:Germany 28084:Finland 28079:Estonia 28074:Denmark 28069:Czechia 28064:Croatia 28049:Belgium 28044:Belarus 28039:Austria 28034:Andorra 28029:Albania 28006:Vietnam 27916:Myanmar 27891:Lebanon 27809:Georgia 27769:Bahrain 27759:Armenia 27721:Tunisia 27691:Somalia 27676:Senegal 27661:Nigeria 27651:Namibia 27641:Morocco 27606:Liberia 27601:Lesotho 27551:Eritrea 27521:Comoros 27496:Burundi 27471:Algeria 27415:Outline 27380:Deities 27307:Atheism 27225:Science 27143:Freedom 27001:History 26968:studies 26921:Dualism 26911:Animism 26876:Worship 26856:Symbols 26797:Liturgy 26710:Goddess 26670:Deities 26651:Laicism 26641:Beliefs 26620:Aspects 26592:Zapotec 26587:Vainakh 26555:Yahwism 26540:Semitic 26469:Iranian 26371:Hurrian 26361:Hittite 26351:Guanche 26344:Orphism 26275:Fuegian 26270:Finnish 26258:Atenism 26204:Latvian 26189:Arabian 26132:Raëlism 26112:Jediism 26107:Goddess 26080:De novo 25968:Druidry 25862:Thelema 25815:New Age 25700:Umbanda 25591:Tumbuka 25576:Odinala 25561:Lugbara 25481:African 25447:African 25395:Bimoism 25385:Burmese 25241:Mapuche 25207:Wyandot 25167:Guarani 25148:Choctaw 25143:Chilote 25089:Abenaki 25040:Tagalog 25013:Kejawèn 24862:Sikhism 24825:Jainism 24785:Tibetan 24768:Amidism 24636:Warkari 24550:Đạo Mẫu 24400:Chinese 24382:Eastern 24359:Roshani 24278:Iranian 24186:Alevism 24179:Ibadism 24152:Zaydism 23829:Ancient 23800:Eastern 23760:Renewal 23745:Karaite 23726:Zionist 23714:Hasidic 23696:Judaism 23678:Western 23601:Commons 23478:Lumbini 23407:Sayings 23289:Temples 23269:Buddhas 23231:Science 23221:Judaism 23216:Jainism 23134:Lineage 23094:Abhijñā 23064:Thangka 23007:Sarnath 22992:Lumbini 22913:Funeral 22908:Cuisine 22784:Culture 22759:Reality 22709:Creator 22699:Atomism 22569:History 22542:Ukraine 22502:Germany 22421:Senegal 22411:Vietnam 22339:Myanmar 22139:Shinran 22129:Karmapa 22104:Shandao 22074:Dignāga 21999:Śrāvaka 21979:Donchee 21974:Kappiya 21932:Sayadaw 21902:Bhikkhu 21877:Anāgāmi 21834:Nirvana 21800:Samadhi 21687:Paritta 21628:Tonglen 21623:Mandala 21578:Smarana 21559:Mantras 21507:Upekkha 21477:Bhavana 21427:Shingon 21380:Tiantai 21233:Tathātā 21223:Śūnyatā 21218:Skandha 21208:Saṃsāra 21203:Rebirth 21178:Kleshas 21168:Indriya 21070:Subhūti 20955:Guanyin 20909:Ānanda 20901:Rāhula 20781:Nirvana 20721:Outline 20631:Patheos 20628:, from 20468:10 July 20435:10 July 20402:10 July 20229:, Brill 20190:10 July 20024:2801935 19652:10 July 19398:10 July 19245:10 July 19216:, BRIIL 19166:10 July 19023:10 July 18895:10 July 18863:10 July 18665:10 July 18299:11 July 18254:10 July 18219:10 July 18186:10 July 18119:10 July 17983:10 July 17724:9 April 17698:12 June 17631:31 July 17512:28 July 17188:(ed.). 17014:3705677 16924:1386910 16736:4 March 16726:US News 16705:3 March 15913:1399912 15430:Anālayo 15415:" and " 14997:order." 14995:dhammic 14983:10 July 14886:, p. 52 13614:10 July 13304:, p.143 12798:Nibbana 12794:nidanas 12438:10 July 12399:10 July 12309:10 July 12270:10 July 12231:10 July 12192:10 July 11918:10 July 11864:10 July 11705:10 July 11654:10 July 11587:10 July 11555:10 July 11516:10 July 11456:passati 11274:10 July 11235:10 July 11195:10 July 11071:10 July 10871:10 July 10834:1523195 10684:. 2008. 10545:129-31. 10142:10 July 10030:10 July 9002:10 July 8848:10 July 7513:nirvana 7505:Nirvana 7368:rules." 6992:Finland 6959:(53%). 6925:Vietnam 6897:Myanmar 6807:New Age 6796:Nalanda 6780:Dignaga 6630:, or a 6592:Tibetan 6532:Mongkut 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1276:Lumbini 1253:Bauddha 1233:Śramaṇa 1164:Shingon 1126:Vietnam 1083:Tiantai 1067:Myanmar 1059:Chinese 1055:Tibetan 1036:tantric 1023: 1006:saṃsāra 991: 982:nirvāṇa 967: 947: 827:śramaṇa 743:-ih-zəm 645:Vietnam 600:Myanmar 515:Tibetan 505:Chinese 433:Nirvāṇa 250:Saṃsāra 245:Rebirth 110:History 99:Outline 28586:Portal 28525:Guyana 28505:Brazil 28472:Tuvalu 28369:Panama 28359:Mexico 28304:Canada 28299:Belize 28229:Sweden 28209:Serbia 28199:Russia 28184:Poland 28179:Norway 28159:Monaco 28129:Latvia 28124:Kosovo 28099:Greece 28089:France 28021:Europe 27986:Turkey 27971:Taiwan 27876:Kuwait 27849:Jordan 27839:Israel 27799:Cyprus 27784:Brunei 27779:Bhutan 27731:Zambia 27726:Uganda 27666:Rwanda 27621:Malawi 27581:Guinea 27571:Gambia 27476:Angola 27463:Africa 27272:Wealth 27220:Schism 27175:Growth 27099:Priest 27084:Clergy 26903:Theism 26886:Nature 26881:Astral 26824:Groves 26792:Ritual 26777:Prayer 26735:Novice 26685:Ethnic 26610:Topics 26582:Urartu 26577:Tongan 26572:Somali 26567:Slavic 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