Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent

1161: 1918: 1257:(r. c. 775–812). Alexis Sanderson has shown that Tantric Buddhism is filled with imperial imagery reflecting the realities of medieval India, and that in some ways work to sanctify that world. Perhaps because of these changes, Buddhism remained indebted to the crept in Brahmanical thought and practice now that it had adopted much of its world-view. Bronkhorst argues that these somewhat drastic changes "took them far from the ideas and practices they had adhered to during the early centuries of their religion, and dangerously close to their much-detested rivals." These changes which brought Buddhism closer to Hinduism, eventually made it much easier for it to be absorbed into Hinduism and lose its separate identity for them. 1949: 1309: 801: 1212:. On the other end of the spectrum, Buddhism slowly became more and more "Brahmanized", initially beginning with the adoption of Sanskrit as a means to defend their interests in royal courts. According to Bronkhorst, this move to the Sanskrit cultural world also brought with it numerous Brahmanical norms which now were adopted by the Sanskrit Buddhist culture (one example is the idea present in some Buddhist texts that the Buddha was a Brahmin who knew the Vedas). Bronkhorst notes that with time, even the 1895: 957: 1660: 62: 8830: 1266:

donated property from taxation. Donations were most often made by private persons such as wealthy merchants and female relatives of the royal family, but there were periods when the state also gave its support and protection. In the case of Buddhism, this support was particularly important because of its high level of organisation and the reliance of monks on donations from the laity. State patronage of Buddhism took the form of land grant foundations.

8841: 6170: 2161: 3473:(accessed: Friday, 19 March 2010), p.255; "The relationship of Śaṅkara to Buddhism has been the subject of considerable debate since ancient times. He has been hailed as the arch critic of Buddhism and the principal architect of its downfall in India. At the same time, he has been described as a Buddhist in disguise. Both these opinions have been expressed by ancient as well as modern authors—scholars, philosophers, historians, and sectaries." 22: 6239: 1483: 6226: 1617: 643: 6216: 2175: 1990: 1575: 1552:, China and Southeast Asia. The devastation of agriculture also meant that many laypersons were unable to support Buddhist monks, who were easily identifiable and also vulnerable. As the Sangha died out in numerous areas, it lacked the ability to revive itself without more monks to perform ordinations. Peter Harvey concludes: 1026:) was a key element in the decline in Buddhism in India, particularly in terms of diminishing financial support to Buddhist monasteries from laity and royalty. According to Kanai Hazra, Buddhism declined in part because of the rise of the Brahmins and their influence in socio-political process. According to Randall Collins, 2383:, p.7, who writes: "The thirty-six or thirty-seven metaphysical levels of being were incomprehensible to India's masses and held few answers to their human concerns and aspirations." Yet, White is writing here about Hindu tantrism, and states that only the Nath Siddhas remained attractive, because of their orientation on 1474:

and the economic foundations of Buddhist monasteries declined, on which the survival and growth of Buddhism was based. The arrival of Islam removed the royal patronage to the monastic tradition of Buddhism, and the replacement of Buddhists in long-distance trade eroded the related sources of patronage.

1884:

by the end of the 19th century, except its Himalayan region, east and some niche locations. According to the 1901 census of British India, which included modern Bangladesh, India, Burma, and Pakistan, the total population was 294.4 million, of which total Buddhists were 9.5 million. Excluding Burma's

1817:

Taranatha's history which mentions Buddhist sangha surviving in some regions of India during his time which includes Konkana, Kalinga, Mewad, Chittor, Abu, Saurastra, Vindhya mountains, Ratnagiri, Karnataka etc. A Jain author Gunakirti (1450–1470) wrote a Marathi text, Dhamramrita, where he gives the

1529:

Brief accounts and the one eye-witness account of Dharmasmavim in wake of the conquest during the 1230s talk about abandoned viharas being used as camps by the Turukshahs. Later historical traditions such as Taranatha's are mixed with legendary materials and summarised as "the Turukshah conquered the

1473:

In the north-western parts of medieval India, the Himalayan regions, as well as regions bordering central Asia, Buddhism once facilitated trade relations, states Lars Fogelin. With the Islamic invasion and expansion, and central Asians adopting Islam, the trade route-derived financial support sources

1094:

is one sole exception to these). One of the reasons of this conversion was that the Brahmins were willing and able to aid in local administration, and they provided councillors, administrators and clerical staff. Moreover, Brahmins had clear ideas about society, law and statecraft (and studied texts

1469:

The north-west parts of the Indian subcontinent fell to Islamic control, and the consequent take over of land holdings of Buddhist monasteries removed one source of necessary support for the Buddhists, while the economic upheaval and new taxes on laity sapped the laity support of Buddhist monks. Not

1561:

Fogelin also notes that some elements of the Buddhist sangha moved to the Himalayas, China, and Southeast Asia, or they may have reverted to secular life or become wandering ascetics. In this environment, without monasteries and scholastic centers of their own, Buddhist ascetics and laypersons were

1383:

in medieval north-west and western Indian subcontinent (now Pakistan and north India). The chronicler of Shahubuddin Ghori's forces records enthusiastically about attacks on the monks and students and victory against the non-Muslim infidels. The major centers of Buddhism were in north India and the

1348:

From 986 CE, the Turks started raiding northwest India from Afghanistan, plundering western India early in the eleventh century. Forced conversions to Islam were made, and Buddhist images smashed, due to the Islamic dislike of idolatry. Indeed in India, the Islamic term for an 'idol' became 'budd'.

1556:

Between the alien, with their doctrinal justification of "holy war" to spread the faith, and Hindus, closely identified with Indian culture and with a more entrenched social dimension, the Buddhists were squeezed out of existence. Lay Buddhists were left with a folk form of Buddhism, and gradually

1525:

According to Randall Collins, Buddhism was already declining in India by the 12th century, but with the pillage by invaders it nearly became extinct in India in the 1200s. In the 13th century, states Craig Lockard, Buddhist monks in India escaped to Tibet to escape Islamic persecution; while the

1134:

Lars Fogelin argues that the concentration of the sangha into large monastic complexes like Nalanda was one of the contributing causes for the decline. He states that the Buddhists of these large monastic institutions became "largely divorced from day-to-day interaction with the laity, except as

1265:

In ancient India, regardless of the religious beliefs of their kings, states usually treated all the important sects relatively even-handedly. This consisted of building monasteries and religious monuments, donating property such as the income of villages for the support of monks, and exempting

1281:

and Buddhist monasteries in medieval India was interrupted in periods of war and political change, but broadly continued in Hindu kingdoms from the start of the common era through the early first millennium CE. The Gupta kings built Buddhist temples such as the one at Kushinagara, and monastic

1371:. As early as the 8th century, Arab conquerors invaded present-day Pakistan. In a second wave, from the 11th through the 13th centuries, Turkic, Turkic-Mongolian and Mongolian overtook the northern Indian plains. The Persian traveller Al Biruni's memoirs suggest Buddhism had vanished from 2144:

The Buddhist population in the modern era nation of India grew at a decadal rate of 22.5% between 1901 and 1981, due to birth rates and conversions, or about the same rate as Hinduism, Jainism and Sikhism, but faster than Christianity (16.8%), and slower than Islam (30.7%).

1849:

written in 1150/1 CE. It survived in the Kashmir Valley at least until the introduction of Islam in 1323 by the Ladakhi Rinchana, who as King of Kashmir converted to Islam, and even beyond, into the 15th century, when King Zain ul Abidin (1419–1470) had a Buddhist minister.

834:

The Buddha's period saw not only urbanisation, but also the beginnings of centralised states. The successful expansion of Buddhism depended on the growing economy of the time, together with an increase in the number of centralised political organisations capable of change.

1290:

According to some scholars such as Lars Fogelin, the decline of Buddhism may be related to economic reasons, wherein the Buddhist monasteries with large land grants focused on non-material pursuits, self-isolation of the monasteries, loss in internal discipline in the

1220:

of Nepal). Bronkhorst notes that eventually, a tendency developed in India to see Buddhism's past as having been dependent on Brahmanism and secondary to it. This idea, according to Bronkhorst, "may have acted like a Trojan horse, weakening this religion from within".

1917: 1470:

all monasteries were destroyed by the invasions (Somapuri, Lalitagiri, Udayagiri), but since these large Buddhist monastic complexes had become dependent on the patronage of local authorities, when this patronage dissipated, they were abandoned by the sangha.

1631:

In Bihar and Bengal, many Buddhist shrines and temples have remained intact with the Buddha or Bodhisattva inside being reappropriated and worshipped as a Brahmanical deity. Around the neighbourhood of Nalanda, the remains of votive stupas are worshipped as

1782:, much of Hinduism was gone and a little of Buddhism remained. Fazl writes, "The third time that the writer accompanied His Majesty to the delightful valley of Kashmir, he met a few old men of this persuasion (Buddhism), but saw none among the learned." 1147:

While some small Buddhist centers still persisted in South and West India in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, for the most part, both monastic and lay Buddhism had been eclipsed and replaced by Hinduism and Jainism by the end of the first millennium

791:

The total Buddhist population in 2010 in the Indian subcontinent – excluding that of Sri Lanka, Bhutan (both Buddhist majority states), and Nepal – was about 10 million, of which about 7.2% lived in Bangladesh, 92.5% in India, and 0.2% in Pakistan.

1547:

with little material value survived. After the collapse of monastic Buddhism, Buddhist sites were abandoned or reoccupied by other religious orders. In the absence of viharas and libraries, scholastic Buddhism and its practitioners migrated to the

1139:

also notes that Buddhist laypersons are relatively neglected in the Buddhist literature, which produced only one text on lay life and not until the 11th century, while Jains produced around fifty texts on the life and conduct of a Jaina layperson.

1885:

nearly 9.2 million Buddhists in 1901, this colonial-era census reported 0.3 million Buddhists in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan in the provinces, states and agencies of British India or about 0.1% of the total reported population.

2661:

Nalanda, together with the colleges at Vikramasila and Odantapuri, suffered gravely during the conquest of Bihar by the Muslim general Muhammad Bhakhtiyar Khalji between A.D. 1197 and 1206, and many monks were killed or forced to

2148:

According to a 2010 Pew estimate, the total Buddhist population had increased to about 10 million in the nations created from British India. Of these, about 7.2% lived in Bangladesh, 92.5% in India and 0.2% in Pakistan.

1030:

and other scholars, Buddhism's rise or decline is not linked to Brahmins or the caste system, since Buddhism was "not a reaction to the caste system", but aimed at the salvation of those who joined its monastic order.

1228:

and the Sarvadurgatipariśodhana Tantra begin to speak of the importance of protecting Buddhist teachings and that killing is allowed if necessary for this reason. Later Buddhist literature also begins to see kings as

842:

and state support by various regional regimes continued through the 1st millennium BCE. The consolidation of monastic organisations made Buddhism the centre of religious and intellectual life in India. The succeeding

1196:

Siddhas became a far better alternative. Buddhist ideas, and even the Buddha himself, were absorbed and adapted into orthodox Hindu thought, while the differences between the two systems of thought were emphasized.

1766:

in 1597 he met with a few old men professing Buddhism, however, he 'saw none among the learned'. This can also be seen from the fact that Buddhist priests were not present amidst learned divines that came to the

1069:

Over time the new Indian dynasties which arose after the 7th and 8th centuries tended to support Hinduism, and this conversion proved decisive. These new dynasties, all of which supported Hinduism, include "the

1114:

Bronkhorst notes that some of the influence of the Brahmins derived from the fact that they were seen as powerful, because of their use of incantations and spells (mantras) as well as other sciences like

1152:

Buddhist sources also mention violence against Buddhists by Hindu Brahmins and kings. Hazra mentions that the eighth and ninth centuries saw "Brahminical hostilities towards Buddhism in South India"

1948: 1818:

names of 16 Buddhist orders. Dr. Johrapurkar noted that among them, the names Sataghare, Dongare, Navaghare, Kavishvar, Vasanik and Ichchhabhojanik still survive in Maharashtra as family names.

693:, gradually dwindled there and was replaced by approximately the 12th century. According to Lars Fogelin, this was "not a singular event, with a singular cause; it was a centuries-long process." 1688:) didn't receive the same treatment. The reason these were left unharmed was because they were "not material legitimations of rival royal families". The last abbot of Bodh Gaya Mahavihara was 3110: 1000:

and became more popular among the common people while Buddhism, being focused on monastery life, had become disconnected from public life and its life rituals, which were all left to Hindu

929:, who ruled from 515 CE in north-western region (modern Afghanistan, Pakistan and north India), suppressed Buddhism as well. He did this by destroying monasteries as far away as modern-day 1466:

to avoid the consequences of war. Tibetan pilgrim Chöjepal (1179–1264), who arrived in India in 1234, had to flee advancing troops multiple times, as they were sacking Buddhist sites.

1131:. Many Buddhists refused to use such "sciences" and left them to Brahmins, who also performed most of the rituals of the Indian states (as well as in places like Cambodia and Burma). 5629: 3579: 1295:, and a failure to efficiently operate the land they owned. With the growing support for Hinduism and Jainism, Buddhist monasteries also gradually lost control of land revenue. 940:

According to Peter Harvey, the religion recovered slowly from these invasions during the 7th century, with the "Buddhism of Punjab and Sindh remaining strong". The reign of the

1837:

region, adjacent to Kashmir valley, Tibetan Buddhism survives to this day. The historic prevalence and history of Tibetan Buddhism in the above mentioned Northern regions of

1411:

by the armies, monks and nuns killed during the 12th and 13th centuries in the Gangetic plains region. The Islamic invasions plundered wealth and destroyed Buddhist images.

2141:. Ten-day Vipassanā meditation courses are regularly conducted free of charge at the Dhamma Pattana Meditation Centre that is part of the Global Vipassana Pagoda complex. 1034:

The disintegration of central power also led to regionalisation of religiosity, and religious rivalry. Rural and devotional movements arose within Hinduism, along with

5689: 3610:, p. 63. "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism". 2679: 2354: 2329: 812:

Buddhism expanded in the Indian subcontinent in the centuries after the death of the Buddha, particularly after receiving the endorsement and royal support of the

4778: 5896: 5294: 2098:", after the Tibetan capital city. Tibetan exiles numbering several thousand have since settled in the town. Most of these exiles live in Upper Dharamsala, or 1379:

region (northern Pakistan) by early 11th century. By the end of the twelfth century, Buddhism had further disappeared, with the destruction of monasteries and

868:

Buddhism adopted more ritualistic practices, while Buddhist ideas were adopted into Vedic schools. The differences between Buddhism and Hinduism blurred, and

5824: 5677: 1557:

merged into Hinduism, or converted to Islam. Buddhism, therefore, died out in all but the fringes of its homeland, though it had long since spread beyond it.

5768: 6980: 3937:

Alberuni's India: An Account of the Religion, Philosophy, Literature, Geography, Chronology, Astronomy, Customs, Laws and Astrology of India about AD 1030

1180:

writers were quite critical of Hinduism, the devotional cults of Mahayana Buddhism and Hinduism likely seemed quite similar to laity, and the developing

1111:

notes, Buddhists could give "very little" practical advice in response to that of the Brahmins, and Buddhist texts often speak ill of kings and royalty.

922:

invasion from central Asia in the 6th century CE. Xuanzang wrote that numerous monasteries in north-western India had been reduced to ruins by the Huns.

3409: 7895: 6370: 5701: 4674:

Achary Tsultsem Gyatso; Mullard, Saul & Tsewang Paljor (Transl.): "A Short Biography of Four Tibetan Lamas and Their Activities in Sikkim", in:

4164:, edited by Shingo Einoo. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo, 2009. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series, 23, pp. 89. 3894:

Levy, Robert I. Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal. Berkeley: University of California Press, c1990 1990.

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The political realities of the period also led some Buddhists to change their doctrines and practices. For example, some later texts such as the

4741: 1894: 1225: 1204:

adopted during this time included vegetarianism, a critique of animal sacrifices, a strong tradition of monasticism (founded by figures such as

6102: 5569: 5369: 1526:

monks in western India, states Peter Harvey, escaped persecution by moving to south Indian Hindu kingdoms that were able to resist the power.

5872: 5788: 5756: 5563: 2063:

converted to Buddhism along with his 365,000 followers. Many other such mass-conversion ceremonies followed. Many converted employ the term "

3555:

is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence."

6340: 5836: 5783: 5778: 5773: 1103:) and could be more pragmatic than the Buddhists, whose religion was based on monastic renunciation and did not recognize that there was a 4585: 1418:

was mistaken for a fort because of the walled campus. The Buddhist monks who had been slaughtered were mistaken for Brahmins according to

1384:

direct path of the armies. As centers of wealth and non-Muslim religions they were targets. Buddhist sources agree with this assessment.

944:(8th to 12th century) saw Buddhism in North India recover due to royal support from the Palas who supported various Buddhist centers like 6090: 5605: 5048: 2349: 1360: 1143:

These factors all slowly led to the replacement of Buddhism in the South and West of India by Hinduism and Jainism. Fogelin states that

701: 4658: 3576: 8881: 6448: 5902: 5279: 3551:, p. 64; Quote: "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of 2339: 6183: 4611: 6205: 5908: 5725: 4038: 4095: 8876: 4510:

Middle Land, Middle Way: A Pilgrim's Guide to the Buddha's India, Shravasti Dhammika, Buddhist Publication Society, 1992, p. 55–56.

729: 8715: 8167: 8370: 6350: 5635: 5683: 4639: 8871: 8866: 5884: 5284: 5152: 5124: 5070: 5037: 5026: 4961: 4927: 4856: 4827: 4333: 4078: 3945: 3879: 3808: 3778: 3751: 3607: 3548: 3531: 3467: 3459: 3355: 3205: 3154: 3091: 2998: 2909: 2610: 2562: 2514: 2484: 2441: 2102:, where they established monasteries, temples, and schools. The town has become one of the centres of Buddhism in the world. 5932: 4460:

Archaeology of Religion in South Asia: Buddhist, Brahmanical and Jaina Religious Centres in Bihar and Bengal, c. AD 600–1200

4013: 6533: 6375: 3543:

Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press,

1888:

The 1911 census reported a combined Buddhist population in British India, excluding Burma, of about 336,000 or about 0.1%.

30: 3800:

Bones, Stones, and Buddhist Monks: Collected Papers on the Archaeology, Epigraphy, and Texts of Monastic Buddhism in India

984:(320–650 CE) led to the loss of patronage and donations. The prevailing view of decline of Buddhism in India is summed by 8710: 6028: 5890: 5218: 2676: 8607: 8157: 6252: 5006: 4775: 2879: 2334: 2284: 1962: 1538:, such that many monks fled abroad" thereby bringing about a demise of Buddhism with their destruction of the Viharas. 1169: 824: 673: 119: 76: 737: 6453: 5812: 5793: 5170: 4903: 4495: 4468: 4375: 4271:(2009). "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period". In Einoo, Shingo (ed.). 4252: 4197: 4105: 4023: 3998: 2849: 2654: 8700: 1762:, states, "For a long time past scarce any trace of them (the Buddhists) has existed in Hindustan." When he visited 1585:

Buddhist institutions survived in eastern India right until the Islamic invasion. Buddhism still survives among the

8385: 8130: 5866: 4998: 1320:, depicts the Turkic general Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji's massacre of Buddhist monks in Bihar. Khalji destroyed the 964:(7–12th centuries), most major and minor Indian dynasties gradually shifted their support towards various forms of 8891: 8886: 8777: 8767: 6596: 6144: 6114: 5254: 4914: 4187: 2021: 1708:, the temple was restored by a Bengali queen in the 15th century, later passing on to a landowner and becoming a 1407:

According to William Johnston, hundreds of Buddhist monasteries and shrines were destroyed, Buddhist texts were

1160: 8722: 8375: 8177: 8068: 8013: 6586: 6132: 5830: 5211: 4879: 4568: 2959: 2309: 2087: 1788:

mentions, "Moreover samanis and Brahmans managed to get frequent private audiences with His Majesty." The term

1317: 884:

gradually lost control of land revenue. In parallel, the Gupta kings built Buddhist temples such as the one at

5259: 4701: 3321:

Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1980): "The disappearance of Buddhism and the survival of Jainism: a study in contrast".

2740: 704:

that occurred in the late 12th century. Another factor was invasions of north India by various groups such as

8692: 8390: 8073: 6365: 6198: 6150: 6126: 5914: 5713: 3417: 1689: 1455: 1447: 773: 602: 297: 3961: 2925: 1216:

eventually became widely accepted for "all practical purposes" by Indian Buddhists (this survives among the

8275: 8147: 8118: 7820: 6040: 5938: 5762: 4160:

Sanderson, Alexis. "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period". In:

2289: 2204: 2036:

and Maha Bodhi Journal. His efforts increased awareness and raised funds to recover Buddhist holy sites in

1785: 1426:

monastery, was also conquered by his forces. Sumpa basing his account on that of Śākyaśrībhadra who was at

547: 322: 282: 5964: 7966: 7875: 7345: 6990: 6503: 6398: 5389: 2294: 2229: 7510: 5978: 2117:

in a modern and non-sectarian manner. This form of Buddhist meditation is mainly practiced by elite and

1814:

states that while William Henry Lowe assumes the Samanis to be Buddhist monks, they were Jain ascetics.

1282:

universities such as those at Nalanda, as evidenced by records left by three Chinese visitors to India.

756:

in the 5th century and subsequent destruction of Buddhist centres caused the decline of Buddhism in the

8815: 8295: 7771: 7257: 6380: 6213: 1861:, Buddhism survived until 15–16th century, as witnessed by the manuscript of the Manjusrimulakalpa. At 1490:, it was one of the most important centers of learning, during the Pala Empire, established by Emperor 7705: 5944: 1930:, was built in the 1600s, is the largest monastery in India and second-largest in the world after the 8705: 8518: 8508: 8380: 7363: 6943: 6704: 6679: 6072: 6048: 6016: 5860: 5665: 5647: 5641: 5599: 5301: 5269: 4749: 2249: 2234: 1838: 1752: 1515: 1075: 422: 6729: 4983: 988:'s classic study which argues that the main cause was the rise of an ancient Hindu religion again, " 232: 8810: 8162: 7976: 7954: 7947: 7850: 7383: 7003: 6819: 6764: 6385: 6191: 5878: 5462: 5437: 5379: 5264: 5238: 2359: 839: 427: 377: 2554: 1692:

who was active during the 14th and 15th centuries before he left India for Nepal. Inscriptions at

1522:

in 1597, he met with a few old men professing Buddhism, however, he "saw none among the learned".

8747: 8727: 8058: 8038: 7795: 7525: 6769: 6155: 5659: 5581: 4546: 4458: 4304: 2542: 2254: 2134: 2068: 2048: 1984: 1341: 1234: 985: 757: 753: 587: 1589:(though practising Vaishnavite elements), a community of Bengali Magadh descent who migrated to 1253:

influence. These included fire sacrifices, which were performed under the rule of Buddhist king

1184:

of both religions were also similar. Also, "the increasingly esoteric nature" of both Hindu and

937:

rulers, in and after about 532 CE, reversed Mihirakula's campaign and ended the Mihirakula era.

8757: 8597: 8265: 8235: 8008: 7959: 7800: 7748: 7743: 7505: 7326: 7223: 6975: 6970: 6719: 6108: 6084: 5800: 5384: 5357: 5333: 5328: 4580: 3471: 2209: 666: 402: 387: 367: 292: 287: 202: 109: 7087: 5045: 5041: 4724: 4365: 4242: 4068: 3869: 3798: 3768: 2988: 2975: 2750: 2703: 2644: 2627: 2504: 2409: 1438:

were also destroyed and the monks massacred. forces attacked the north-western regions of the

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of the Indian subcontinent. A similar process occurred in northeast, where Islamization of

617: 577: 572: 537: 382: 262: 170: 155: 99: 71: 8625: 7240: 7109: 7035: 6911: 6649: 5083:(1978). "Ritual, Authority, and Cycle Time in Hindu Kingship". In John F. Richards (ed.). 2602: 1392:

of 1608, gives an account of the last few centuries of Buddhism, mainly in Eastern India.

16:

Gradual process of replacement of Buddhism in India, ended around the 13th or 14th century

8: 8592: 8471: 8305: 8280: 8270: 8230: 8207: 8090: 8063: 8023: 7942: 7932: 7860: 7787: 7218: 7075: 6856: 6834: 6786: 6606: 6406: 6262: 6242: 5972: 5952: 5707: 5593: 5537: 5507: 5472: 5362: 3770:

Early Buddhist Architecture in Context: The Great Stūpa at Amarāvatī (ca. 300 BCE-300 CE)

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Chinese scholars traveling through the region between the 5th and 8th centuries, such as

821: 690: 627: 582: 520: 460: 397: 342: 337: 92: 81: 6566: 6493: 3552: 2020:

later to known as Anagarika Dharmapala visited India. His campaign, in cooperation with

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Guardian of a Dying Flame: Śāriputra (c. 1335-1426) and the End of Late Indian Buddhism

2304: 2224: 2219: 2106: 2033: 2025: 1779: 1586: 1499: 1308: 1071: 733: 612: 592: 532: 527: 415: 317: 310: 237: 227: 134: 8454: 3325:. Ed. A. K. Narain. Delhi: B. R. Publishing. pp. 81–91. Reprint: Jaini, 2001: 139–153. 1510:

After the conquest, Buddhism largely disappeared from most of India, surviving in the

8833: 8795: 8491: 8476: 8439: 8424: 8197: 8113: 8028: 7865: 7830: 7815: 7542: 7532: 7213: 7060: 7045: 6916: 6839: 6759: 6694: 6626: 6513: 6270: 6120: 5848: 5750: 5623: 5467: 5417: 5412: 5166: 5148: 5120: 5066: 5033: 5022: 5002: 4957: 4923: 4899: 4875: 4852: 4823: 4564: 4520: 4491: 4464: 4371: 4329: 4248: 4193: 4101: 4074: 4019: 3994: 3941: 3875: 3804: 3774: 3747: 3603: 3544: 3527: 3509: 3463: 3455: 3351: 3201: 3150: 3087: 2994: 2955: 2905: 2875: 2845: 2650: 2606: 2558: 2510: 2480: 2455: 2447: 2437: 2344: 2244: 2239: 2072: 1976: 1927: 1637: 1511: 659: 557: 542: 347: 222: 165: 129: 114: 45: 7777: 6571: 6471: 8481: 8434: 8429: 8285: 8250: 8225: 8220: 7971: 7927: 7840: 7515: 7171: 7164: 6948: 6938: 6824: 6488: 6360: 6138: 6054: 6034: 5854: 5517: 5442: 5274: 4636: 4592:, Volume 2, Amaresh Datta, Jain Literature (Marathi), Sahitya Akademi, 1988 p. 1779 4268: 3962:"Historical Development of Buddhism in India – Buddhism under the Guptas and Palas" 3906:

Medieval India: from Sultanat to the Mughals – Part One: Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526)

3833: 2926:"Historical Development of Buddhism in India – Buddhism under the Guptas and Palas" 2813: 2715: 2695: 2550: 2429: 2425: 2314: 2194: 2029: 2013: 1954: 1923: 1900: 1870: 1697: 1663: 1606: 1242: 1027: 828: 622: 567: 497: 487: 352: 7560: 3837: 2032:, led to the revival of Buddhist pilgrimage sites along with the formation of the 8845: 8790: 8742: 8670: 8540: 8338: 8318: 8260: 8172: 7835: 7733: 7580: 7316: 7299: 7284: 7262: 6814: 6684: 6518: 6498: 6174: 6096: 6002: 5926: 5920: 5653: 5587: 5452: 5447: 5338: 5114: 5060: 5052: 5016: 4782: 4662: 4643: 4589: 4485: 4323: 3935: 3741: 3583: 3195: 3144: 2899: 2869: 2839: 2683: 2595: 2474: 2324: 2166: 2079: 1716:

mention Buddhist pilgrims visiting it throughout the period of Buddhist decline:

1136: 1087: 1083: 1043: 777: 741: 697: 647: 562: 362: 272: 217: 7590: 6744: 6734: 4214:

Biography of Dharmasvamin (Chag lo tsa-ba Chos-rje-dpal): A Tibetan Monk Pilgrim

3940:. Translated by Edward C. Sachau. Cambridge University Press. pp. 253–254. 1176:

Buddhism's distinctiveness also diminished with the rise of Hindu sects. Though

918:

in the Northwestern parts of Indian subcontinent, especially in the wake of the

800: 212: 8800: 8503: 8353: 8135: 7715: 7695: 7615: 7304: 7294: 7228: 7065: 6551: 6414: 5842: 5731: 5719: 5532: 5316: 5289: 4601:

Shodha Tippana, Pro. Vidyadhar Joharapurkar, in Anekanta, June 1963, pp. 73–75.

4054: 2259: 2189: 2121:

Indians, and the Vipassana movement has also spread to many other countries in

2056: 2044: 2005: 1869:, Buddhist icons were cast and inscribed until this time, and the ruins of the 1772: 1756: 1659: 1602: 1563: 1419: 1238: 1217: 507: 437: 392: 250: 4189:

The Holy Land Reborn: Pilgrimage and the Tibetan Reinvention of Buddhist India

2433: 1700:

was in some use till 14th century. According to the 17th century Tibetan Lama

8860: 8570: 8419: 7728: 7630: 7488: 7289: 7267: 7203: 6874: 6669: 6664: 6556: 6225: 6022: 6008: 5818: 5547: 5527: 5422: 5194:

Commerce and Culture in South Asia: Perspectives from Archaeology and History

5101: 4328:. Vol. I: A Global History. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 364. 2451: 2416:. Brill’s Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 2: South Asia. Vol. 16. 2274: 2060: 1993: 1931: 1842: 956: 909: 844: 813: 717: 332: 327: 267: 34: 7028: 7018: 6390: 3513: 2067:" (also known as "Ambedkarite Buddhism" or "Neo Buddhism") to designate the 1518:

stated that there was scarcely any trace of Buddhists left. When he visited

472: 277: 8660: 8645: 8615: 8565: 8555: 8397: 8192: 7685: 7520: 7398: 7186: 7181: 7008: 6879: 6754: 6215: 5348: 5323: 5080: 4046: 2319: 2180: 2118: 2110: 1862: 1768: 1739: 1594: 1487: 1451: 1435: 1408: 1241:

also claimed this). Bronkhorst also thinks that the increase in the use of

1205: 1096: 981: 934: 861: 769: 709: 372: 257: 175: 61: 7443: 7428: 7388: 7085: 6749: 6325: 5184:

Archaeology and Protestant Presuppositions in the Study of Indian Buddhism

2114: 1328:

universities during his raids across North Indian plains, massacring many

880:

developed a new relationship with the state. As the system grew, Buddhist

8630: 8459: 7600: 7585: 7368: 7176: 7104: 6884: 6714: 6616: 6463: 6335: 5611: 5427: 4538: 4050: 4042: 2099: 2091: 2037: 1881: 1877:

in 1867. In the South in some pockets, it may have survived even longer.

1830: 1811: 1645: 1605:

and among the weavers of the villages of Maniabandha and Nuapatna in the

1463: 1397: 1325: 1245:

rituals (including for the protection of the state and king) and spells (

1230: 1091: 1039: 973: 941: 919: 869: 785: 713: 705: 442: 8620: 7080: 4748:. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from 4656:

No. 7.-Distribution of Population according to Religion (Census of 1911)

4637:

No. 7.-Distribution of Population according to Religion (Census of 1901)

4275:. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo. p. 89. 1649: 1233:

and their actions as being in line with the dharma (Buddhist kings like

8575: 8533: 8409: 8215: 8140: 7754: 7738: 7700: 7680: 7575: 7550: 7458: 7393: 7373: 7119: 7050: 6921: 6804: 6774: 6709: 6659: 6317: 6307: 6280: 5482: 5477: 5193: 5183: 3083:

Glimpses of Art, Architecture, and Buddhist Literature in Ancient India

2476:

A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early has been Mahāyāna

1866: 1854: 1746: 1590: 1443: 1431: 1423: 1364: 1298: 1249:) by 7th century Indian Buddhism is also a response to Brahmanical and 1128: 1100: 1058:. This fragmentation of power into feudal kingdoms was detrimental for 926: 912:, Hui-sheng, and Sung-Yun, began to speak of a decline of the Buddhist 885: 781: 765: 447: 207: 104: 7595: 6591: 4933: 3577:"Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?" 696:

The decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent coincides with the

8550: 8523: 7690: 7565: 7277: 7193: 7070: 6960: 6933: 6926: 6889: 6846: 6809: 6576: 6541: 6508: 6483: 6438: 5958: 5671: 4896:

The Sociology of Philosophies: A Global Theory of Intellectual Change

4872:

Revival of Buddhism in India and Role of Dr. Baba Saheb B.R. Ambedkar

4309:

The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire

2279: 1826: 1713: 1701: 1693: 1685: 1667: 1625: 1598: 1579: 1549: 1385: 1185: 1120: 1116: 1104: 930: 492: 467: 21: 8323: 7159: 7013: 6779: 6561: 6430: 6422: 4785:. Zeenews.india.com. 30 September 2013. Retrieved 30 September 2013. 1482: 780:, are thought to have severely weakened the practice of Buddhism in 8840: 8680: 8635: 8580: 8545: 8449: 8108: 7675: 7670: 7620: 7555: 7473: 7438: 7433: 7094: 6965: 6953: 6864: 6523: 6220: 6169: 5695: 5432: 4299: 4297: 2269: 2264: 2160: 2126: 2064: 1980: 1793: 1709: 1393: 1329: 1278: 1250: 1201: 1177: 1124: 1059: 1051: 1050:, that competed with each other, as well as with numerous sects of 1035: 1019: 989: 965: 951: 905: 892:, as evidenced by records left by three Chinese visitors to India. 873: 865: 745: 725: 686: 502: 482: 477: 357: 53: 7665: 7655: 7640: 7463: 7333: 6601: 2459: 1616: 1569: 1495: 730:

Islamic destruction of Buddhist temples, shrines, and institutions

8585: 8528: 8513: 7660: 7650: 7625: 7500: 7495: 7453: 7423: 7355: 7321: 7208: 7149: 7144: 6998: 6901: 6739: 6689: 6476: 6302: 4795: 4612:"tibetan translation buddhist teachings hindu at buddhistnews.tv" 1874: 1846: 1803: 1798: 1763: 1675: 1653: 1641: 1636:. An image of the Buddha in bhūmisparśa mudrā at the village of 1535: 1531: 1519: 1442:

many times. Many places were destroyed and renamed. For example,

1427: 1415: 1333: 1321: 1063: 1055: 1023: 1001: 969: 945: 889: 877: 182: 26: 7272: 7040: 4294: 2871:

Societies, Networks, and Transitions: Volume I: A Global History

8665: 8650: 8486: 8348: 8328: 8103: 7765: 7645: 7635: 7570: 7198: 7154: 7139: 7129: 7099: 7023: 6906: 6674: 6546: 6290: 6285: 5492: 3138: 3136: 2421: 2417: 2138: 2122: 2001: 1997: 1989: 1958: 1908: 1858: 1834: 1822: 1727: 1680: 1633: 1610: 1543: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1246: 1209: 1189: 1181: 1165: 1047: 997: 914: 901: 881: 817: 805: 761: 642: 197: 192: 187: 150: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4216:. Patna: K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute. pp. 61–62, 64, 98. 3824:

Gina Barns (1995). "An Introduction to Buddhist Archaeology".

3661: 3637: 2790:

Gina Barns (1995). "An Introduction to Buddhist Archaeology".

2086:

to India along with numerous Tibetan refugees, and set up the

1732:

2nd half of the 15th century, monk Budhagupta from South India

1400:

period, a dynasty that ended with the Islamic invasion of the

8805: 8640: 8498: 8464: 8444: 8414: 8343: 7760: 7605: 7483: 7478: 7448: 7403: 7250: 7245: 7124: 6829: 6654: 6621: 6611: 5744: 5062:

An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices

4284: 4282: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3685: 3105: 3103: 3060: 3058: 2095: 2083: 2052: 1939: 1935: 1904: 1829:

until 13–14th century, perhaps slightly longer in the nearby

1759: 1721: 1503: 1459: 1274: 1270: 1188:

made it "incomprehensible to India's masses", for whom Hindu

993: 876:

and other Hindu religions became increasingly popular, while

749: 721: 432: 5233: 3267: 3133: 2974:

Foreign Influence on Ancient India by Krishna Chandra Sagar

948:. By the eleventh century, Pala rule had weakened, however. 8675: 7468: 7134: 6631: 4681: 4384: 3721: 3526:

KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge,

2130: 1574: 1193: 4559:

Tharanatha; Chattopadhyaya, Chimpa, Alaka, trans. (2000).

4279: 4134:

Historia Religionum: Handbook for the History of Religions

3844: 3432: 3378: 3243: 3175: 3163: 3100: 3055: 3045: 3043: 3028: 2771: 1430:

in 1200, states that the Buddhist university complexes of

8333: 6869: 4342: 4057:

and status of Buddhism in India, Sri Lanka, and Indonesia

3933: 3709: 3697: 3673: 3649: 3625: 3291: 3279: 3221: 3219: 3217: 2863: 2861: 2730: 2728: 2472: 1269:

Numerous copper plate inscriptions from India as well as

1062:, as royal support shifted towards other communities and 5136:

The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India

4819:

Sacred Worlds: An Introduction to Geography and Religion

4722: 3746:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 145–148 with footnotes. 3368: 3366: 3364: 3255: 3018: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2381:

The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India

2355:

Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques

1541:

While the sacked the Buddhists viharas, the temples and

1135:

landlords over increasingly large monastic properties".

784:

where it previously received strong patronage under the

5143:

Willemen, Charles; Dessein, Bart; Cox, Collett (1998).

5116:

Engaged Buddhism: Buddhist Liberation Movements in Asia

4413: 4303: 4173:

Mark W. Walton, George F. Nafziger, Laurent W. Mbanda,

3040: 2986: 1155: 5897:

Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

4401: 4219: 3328: 3303: 3214: 2858: 2725: 1534:

and destroyed many monasteries and did much damage at

1107:

that was divinely ordained to use violence justly. As

5825:

Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia

5678:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

3613: 3361: 3007: 2523: 2330:

Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China

2040:, such as the Bodh Gaya in India and those in Burma. 3923:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 162–163. 3743:

Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes

2952:

Indian Buddhism: A Survey With Bibliographical Notes

2156: 1299:

Turkic invasions and conquest (10th to 12th century)

1285: 1066:

developed a strong relationship with Indian states.

5108:, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press 4582:

Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti

4066: 3231: 5142: 4945: 4922:. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. 4192:. University of Chicago Press. 15 September 2008. 4097:The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate 3871:Land of seven rivers: History of India's Geography 3792: 3790: 3390: 2833: 2831: 2594: 1778:After the Islamization of Kashmir by sultans like 980:The regionalisation of India after the end of the 850: 820:in the 3rd century BCE. It spread even beyond the 4874:, Dalit Today Prakashan, Lucknow -226016, India. 4519: 3075: 3073: 2954:. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. p. 146. 2893: 2891: 2597:Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions 2549:, University Press of Mississippi, 3 April 2017, 2105:In India, the most influential representative of 1208:) and the adoption of the Buddha as an avatar of 804:Map of the Buddhist missions during the reign of 700:in that part of the world, especially due to the 8858: 4490:. Harvard University Press. pp. 463 pages. 4267: 4060: 3908:. New Delhi: Har-Anand Publications. p. 41. 3803:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 259–278. 3733: 3572:. Translated by Edward Roer. 1908. pp. 2–4. 3490:. Translated by Edward Roer. 1908. pp. 3–4. 3193: 2980: 2762: 2379:Elverskog is quoting David Gordon White (2012), 2071:, which started with Ambedkar's conversion. Now 992:", which focused on the worship of deities like 952:Socio-political change and religious competition 5163:"Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World" 5113:Queen, Christopher S.; King, Sallie B. (1996). 4948:Merriam-Webster Encyclopedia of World Religions 3796: 3787: 3739: 3142: 2837: 2828: 2811: 2642: 2498: 2496: 2109:is the Vipassana Research Institute founded by 2094:, India, which is often referred to as "Little 1570:Survival of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent 1562:eventually absorbed into the religious life of 37:from the 5th century CE until the 12th century. 5576:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent 5570:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire 3508:. Translated by Edward Roer. 1908. p. 3. 3070: 2897: 2888: 2814:"The Geography of Buddhist Pilgrimage in Asia" 2672: 2670: 895: 6199: 5757:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc 5564:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 5219: 4321: 3766: 2867: 2807: 2805: 2677:Religion population totals in 2010 by Country 2592: 2509:. Oxford University Press. pp. 208–209. 2075:are the largest Buddhist community in India. 1477: 888:, and monastic universities such as those at 667: 6981:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 5879:Violence against Hindus in independent India 5018:An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism 4525:Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India 4477: 4367:Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World 4244:Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World 2588: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2502: 2493: 2133:. In November 2008, the construction of the 1742:from Tibet, welcomed by Maharaja of Varanasi 1648:. A sculpture of the Buddha has ended up as 1613:, a region that had been isolated for long. 1593:region. Indian Buddhism also survives among 6091:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh 5606:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 4734: 4665:, South Asia Library, University of Chicago 4646:, South Asia Library, University of Chicago 4630: 4537: 4236: 4234: 4041:, Synopsis by Nalinaksha Dutt, Accounts of 3874:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 130–131. 3600:Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age 2901:Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations 2667: 2636: 2555:10.14325/mississippi/9781496811325.003.0047 2401: 2350:Muslim conquests of the Indian subcontinent 1361:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 6206: 6192: 5226: 5212: 4884: 4815: 4363: 4240: 3823: 3715: 3703: 3691: 3679: 3667: 3655: 3643: 3631: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3261: 3149:. Munshiram Manoharlal. pp. 371–385. 2802: 2789: 2756: 2340:List of converts to Buddhism from Hinduism 1738:1773 Trung Rampa, a representative of the 1578:Entrance to Buddhist Jana Baha, Kel Tol, 674: 660: 5726:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 5112: 4990: 4796:"Dhamma Pattana Vipassana Centre website" 4742:"Population by religion community – 2011" 4687: 3984: 3982: 3384: 3348:The Rise And Decline of Buddhism in India 3181: 3146:The Rise And Decline of Buddhism in India 2993:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 242–244. 2577: 2479:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 227–240. 1674:While the Buddhist monastic centers like 1458:around 1200. Many Buddhist monks fled to 1446:'s monasteries were destroyed in 1197 by 1354:Peter Harvey, An Introduction to Buddhism 855: 5100: 4912: 4861: 4359: 4357: 4231: 3918: 3225: 3049: 2949: 2059:"). Dr. Ambedkar, on 14 October 1956 in 1988: 1658: 1615: 1573: 1481: 1307: 1159: 1007: 955: 799: 20: 8168:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 5690:French Revolutionary dechristianisation 5014: 4943: 4893: 4483: 4419: 4395: 4288: 4225: 3903: 3855: 3727: 3438: 3334: 3309: 3249: 3169: 3064: 3034: 2777: 2746: 2734: 2722:Harvard University Press, 2000, p. 184. 2720:A Global Theory of Intellectual Change. 2700:A Global Theory of Intellectual Change. 2529: 2407: 1873:stood until they were destroyed by the 1396:Buddhism reached its zenith during the 8859: 8371:List of Buddhist architecture in China 5636:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain 5119:. State University of New York Press. 5058: 4725:"Roots of Ambedkar Buddhism in Kanpur" 4456: 4407: 4348: 4311:. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 426. 4145: 4011: 4005: 3979: 3867: 3619: 3494: 3476: 3372: 3079: 3022: 1597:of Nepal, who practice unique form of 1312:The image, in the chapter on India in 6187: 5885:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 5207: 5133: 5091: 5079: 4776:"Vipassana pioneer SN Goenka is dead" 4699: 4354: 4093: 3396: 3237: 2968: 2625: 1726:15th or 16th century: a pilgrim from 1670:, before the 19th century restoration 795: 5085:Kingship and Authority in South Asia 4887:Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism 4764:The Dalai Lama: A Policy of Kindness 4325:Societies, Networks, and Transitions 4247:. BRILL Academic. pp. 348–349. 3868:Sanyal, Sanjeev (15 November 2012). 3773:. BRILL Academic. pp. 200–204. 3534:, pp. 246–249, from note 385 onwards 3086:. Abhinav Publications. p. 91. 2844:. BRILL Academic. pp. 144–153. 2473:Akira Hirakawa; Paul Groner (1993). 1450:and the town was renamed. Likewise, 1277:texts suggest that the patronage of 1156:Religious convergence and absorption 31:major institution of higher-learning 6029:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War 5979:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh 5891:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 5684:Christianization of the Sámi people 5145:Sarvastivada Buddhist Scholasticism 4994:Buddhism and Islam on the Silk Road 4433:Contemporary Buddhism in Bangladesh 4273:Genesis and Development of Tantrism 4162:Genesis and Development of Tantrism 3412:Buddhism's Disappearance from India 1745:1877, Burmese mission sent by King 1624:, the Bodhisattva of compassion in 1502:, is sometimes listed as a notable 740:. Religious competition with other 13: 8158:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 3934:Muhammad ibn Ahmad Biruni (1888). 2686:Pew Research, Washington DC (2012) 2410:"From Monasteries to Universities" 2335:Index of Buddhism-related articles 2285:Buddhist pilgrimage sites in India 2137:was completed on the outskirts of 2113:(1924–2013) who promoted Buddhist 2080:Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama 1963:Changchub Dorje, 12th Karmapa Lama 1880:Buddhism was virtually extinct in 125:Decline in the Indian subcontinent 120:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 14: 8903: 8882:History of Buddhism in Bangladesh 5873:Violence against Muslims in India 5867:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan 5813:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses 5177: 5087:. New Delhi: South Asian Studies. 4723:Maren Bellwinkel-Schempp (2004). 3602:, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, 2874:. Houghton Mifflin. p. 188. 2619: 1961:was built under the direction of 1735:16th century Abhayaraj from Nepal 1678:had been sacked, the temples and 1286:Internal social-economic dynamics 752:were also important factors. The 8839: 8829: 8828: 8386:Thai temple art and architecture 8131:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 6371:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 6237: 6224: 6214: 6168: 4999:University of Pennsylvania Press 4809: 4788: 4769: 4756: 4716: 4693: 4668: 4649: 4604: 4595: 4574: 4553: 4531: 4527:. Aditya Prakashan. p. 110. 4513: 4504: 4450: 4437: 4425: 4121:A Comprehensive History of India 4070:Encyclopedia of Monasticism: A–L 3452:Life and thought of Śaṅkarācārya 3350:. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 356. 2987:Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977). 2702:Harvard University Press, 2000, 2173: 2159: 1947: 1916: 1893: 1314:Hutchison's Story of the Nations 641: 60: 8877:History of Buddhism in Pakistan 6238: 6145:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel 6115:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 5196:, Kathleen D. Morrison (1997), 5096:, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers 4563:. Motilal Books UK, p. 333–338 4315: 4261: 4206: 4180: 4167: 4154: 4139: 4126: 4114: 4087: 4032: 4012:Powers, John (5 October 2015). 3954: 3927: 3912: 3897: 3888: 3861: 3817: 3760: 3592: 3558: 3537: 3520: 3444: 3402: 3340: 3315: 3200:. Routledge. pp. 344–345. 3197:Buddhist Precept & Practice 3187: 2943: 2918: 2904:. Infobase. pp. 121, 236. 2783: 2709: 2689: 2373: 2016:) pioneering Buddhist activist 1720:1302–1331: Several groups from 1454:was destroyed by the forces of 1192:and the worldly power-oriented 851:Gupta Dynasty (4th–6th century) 847:had four Buddhist Kanva Kings. 29:university and monastery was a 8376:Japanese Buddhist architecture 8178:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 7258:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 6449:Places where the Buddha stayed 6133:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings 6103:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 5837:Communist Romanian persecution 5065:. Cambridge University Press. 4864:South Asian Buddhism: A Survey 4457:Prasad, Birendra Nath (2021). 4123:, Vol. 4, Part 1, pp. 600–601. 3323:Studies in History of Buddhism 2535: 2466: 2310:Central Tibetan Administration 1810:) refers to a devotee a monk. 1640:receives full-fledged pūjā as 754:persecution by the Alchon Huns 1: 8391:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 6151:2024 Istanbul church shooting 6127:Christchurch mosque shootings 5915:Religious violence in Nigeria 5909:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria 5147:. Brill Academic Publishers. 5138:, University of Chicago Press 4885:Bronkhorst, Johannes (2011). 4862:Berkwitz, Stephen C. (2012), 4822:. Routledge. pp. 66–68. 4132:C. J. Bleeker, G. Widengren, 4094:Eraly, Abraham (April 2015). 3838:10.1080/00438243.1995.9980301 3598:John C. Plott et al. (2000), 3450:Govind Chandra Pande (1994). 2824:. Yale University Press: 3–4. 2394: 1684:at pilgrimage sites (such as 1456:Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji 1448:Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khilji 774:Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji 8872:History of Buddhism in India 8867:Demographic history of India 8148:Buddhism and the Roman world 8124:Decline of Buddhism in India 8119:History of Buddhism in India 6219: Topics in 6041:War crimes in the Kosovo War 5831:Communist Polish persecution 5702:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war 5630:Crusades against schismatics 5134:White, David Gordon (2012), 4898:. Harvard University Press. 4561:History of Buddhism in India 4067:William M. Johnston (2000). 3454:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. 3111:"BUDDHISM IN ANDHRA PRADESH" 2841:Handbook of Oriental Studies 2646:Handbook of Oriental Studies 2601:. Merriam-Webster. pp. 2290:Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh 2205:History of Buddhism in India 2088:government of Tibet in Exile 1706:History of Buddhism in India 1390:History of Buddhism in India 1303: 1260: 764:and demolitions of Nalanda, 323:Buddhist Paths to liberation 7: 7346:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 7086: 5021:. Oxford University Press. 4847:Anand, Ashok Kumar (1996), 4484:McKeown, Arthur P. (2018). 3080:Murthy, K. Krishna (1987). 2818:Pilgrimage and Buddhist Art 2632:. CUP Archive. p. 791. 2295:Buddhism in North Karnataka 2230:Bengal Buddhist Association 2152: 1414:The Buddhist university of 1375:(Afghanistan) and medieval 1018:The growth of new forms of 972:(with the exception of the 896:Hun invasions (6th century) 10: 8908: 8296:The unanswerable questions 5186:, Gregory Schopen (1991), 5106:Hinduism. Past and present 4840: 4463:. Routledge. p. 614. 4073:. Routledge. p. 335. 3993:, Greenwood Press (2002), 3919:Saunders, Kenneth (1947). 2626:Ghosh, Amalananda (1965). 2414:Education in Ancient India 2055:(formerly referred to as " 1974: 1970: 1478:Decline under Islamic rule 1011: 8824: 8776: 8691: 8606: 8381:Buddhist temples in Korea 8304: 8206: 8089: 7786: 7714: 7541: 7414: 7354: 6989: 6944:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 6855: 6847:Three planes of existence 6795: 6640: 6532: 6462: 6454:Buddha in world religions 6316: 6261: 6233: 6165: 6073:South Thailand insurgency 6049:Walisongo school massacre 6017:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus 5666:Expulsion of the Moriscos 5642:European wars of religion 5556: 5400: 5245: 5092:Inden, Ronald B. (2000), 4991:Elverskog, Johan (2011), 4916:The Edicts of King Ashoka 4894:Collins, Randall (2000). 3582:13 September 2017 at the 3570:Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad 3566:"Shankara's Introduction" 3506:Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad 3502:"Shankara's Introduction" 3488:Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad 3484:"Shankara's Introduction" 3194:Richard Gombrich (2012). 2950:Nakamura, Hajime (1980). 2434:10.1163/9789047401476_010 2408:Scharfe, Hartmut (2002). 2250:Buddhist Society of India 2235:Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan 2012:In 1891, the Sri Lankan ( 960:During the period of the 8163:Persecution of Buddhists 7384:Four stages of awakening 6765:Three marks of existence 6351:Physical characteristics 5463:Extrajudicial punishment 4642:27 November 2021 at the 4588:31 December 2021 at the 3904:Chandra, Satish (2004). 3797:Gregory Schopen (1997). 3740:Hajime Nakamura (1980). 3346:Kanai Lal Hazra (1995). 3143:Kanai Lal Hazra (1995). 2838:Hartmut Scharfe (2002). 2812:Robert Stoddard (2010). 2643:Hartmut Scharfe (2002). 2506:A Dictionary of Buddhism 2366: 2360:Persecution of Buddhists 1712:center. Inscriptions at 1200:Elements which medieval 1022:(and to a lesser extent 7526:Ten principal disciples 6409:(aunt, adoptive mother) 6156:Crocus City Hall attack 5903:Persecution of Tibetans 5660:French Wars of Religion 5582:Yellow Turban Rebellion 5051:5 December 2022 at the 4944:Doniger, Wendy (2000). 4781:21 October 2013 at the 4547:Oxford University Press 4305:Ramesh Chandra Majumdar 4175:Islam at War: A History 4148:Where the Buddha Walked 3966:Encyclopædia Britannica 3575:Katie Javanaud (2013), 2930:Encyclopædia Britannica 2898:Charles Higham (2014). 2255:Dalit Buddhist movement 2135:Global Vipassana Pagoda 2069:Dalit Buddhist movement 2049:Dalit Buddhist movement 1985:Dalit Buddhist movement 1422:. The walled town, the 1172:Temple (Somanathapura). 1082:of the Deccan, and the 838:Buddhism spread across 343:Philosophical reasoning 8892:Religious demographics 8887:Persecution by Muslims 8236:Buddhism and democracy 7749:Tibetan Buddhist canon 7744:Chinese Buddhist canon 6976:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 6971:Early Buddhist schools 6109:Iraqi Turkmen genocide 6085:Maspero demonstrations 5933:Huế Phật Đản shootings 5059:Harvey, Peter (2013). 5015:Fogelin, Lars (2015). 4678:Nr. 49, 2/2005, p. 57. 4676:Bulletin of Tibetology 4322:Craig Lockard (2007). 3767:Akira Shimada (2012). 2868:Craig Lockard (2007). 2763:Sir Roper Lethbridge. 2649:. BRILL. p. 150. 2593:Wendy Doniger (1999). 2210:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 2018:Don David Hewavitarane 2009: 1911:, built in the 1500s. 1786:'Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni 1671: 1628: 1582: 1559: 1507: 1357: 1337: 1173: 1150: 977: 864:(4th to 6th century), 856:Religious developments 809: 738:religious persecutions 689:, which originated in 110:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 38: 8246:Eight Consciousnesses 6356:Life of Buddha in art 6079:Boko Haram insurgency 5738:Pontic Greek genocide 5648:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 5458:Extrajudicial killing 5235:Religious persecution 4913:Dhammika, S. (1993). 4870:Bhagwan, Das (1988), 4746:Census of India, 2011 4704:. Columbia University 4688:Queen & King 1996 3182:Queen & King 1996 2682:25 March 2018 at the 2503:Damien Keown (2004). 2022:American Theosophists 1992: 1975:Further information: 1821:Buddhism survived in 1662: 1619: 1577: 1554: 1485: 1346: 1311: 1226:Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra 1163: 1145: 1105:special warrior class 1014:Buddhism and Hinduism 1008:Religious competition 959: 803: 378:Aids to Enlightenment 203:Dependent Origination 24: 8723:East Asian religions 8153:Buddhism in the West 7724:Early Buddhist texts 7339:Four Right Exertions 6805:Ten spiritual realms 6298:Noble Eightfold Path 6061:September 11 attacks 5997:1984 anti-Sikh riots 5861:Rawalpindi massacres 5807:White Terror (Spain) 5618:Massacre at Ayyadieh 5503:Population cleansing 5188:History of Religions 5161:Wink, André (2004), 4939:on 22 December 2013. 4700:Pritchett, Frances. 4661:12 June 2021 at the 3991:The History of India 3730:, pp. 180, 182. 3670:, pp. 156, 168. 3646:, pp. 156, 163. 2428:. pp. 144–145. 2215:Early Buddhist Texts 2115:Vipassanā Meditation 1622:Jana Baha Dyah Jatra 1363:was the first great 758:northwestern regions 348:Devotional practices 171:Noble Eightfold Path 8846:Religion portal 8593:Temple of the Tooth 8472:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 7511:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 7004:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 6787:Two truths doctrine 6607:Mahapajapati Gotamī 6407:Mahapajapati Gotamī 5973:Bangladesh genocide 5953:Cultural Revolution 5945:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 5708:Circassian genocide 5594:Rhineland massacres 5508:Population transfer 5473:Forced displacement 5285:Jehovah's Witnesses 4849:"Buddhism in India" 4816:Chris Park (2002). 4543:Akbar and His India 4445:Indological Studies 4431:Sukomal Chaudhuri, 4398:, pp. 223–224. 4364:André Wink (1997). 4351:, pp. 194–195. 4291:, pp. 184–185. 4241:André Wink (1997). 3858:, pp. 229–230. 3694:, pp. 238–241. 3441:, pp. 239–240. 3252:, pp. 189–190. 3172:, pp. 205–206. 3067:, pp. 218–219. 3037:, pp. 204–205. 2780:, pp. 207–211. 2300:Buddhism in Kashmir 2200:History of Buddhism 2000:, a replica of the 1841:is reported in the 1440:Indian subcontinent 1369:Indian subcontinent 1109:Johannes Bronkhorst 1090:of the south" (the 962:Tripartite Struggle 933:. Yashodharman and 822:Indian subcontinent 776:, a general of the 648:Buddhism portal 521:Buddhism by country 283:Sanskrit literature 8768:Western philosophy 8366:Dzong architecture 8188:Vipassana movement 8183:Buddhist modernism 7611:Emperor Wen of Sui 7379:Pratyekabuddhayāna 7312:Threefold Training 7114:Vipassana movement 6830:Hungry Ghost realm 6650:Avidyā (Ignorance) 6597:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 6346:Great Renunciation 6341:Eight Great Events 6223: 6067:2002 Gujarat riots 5991:Cambodian genocide 5985:Lebanese Civil War 5763:Soviet persecution 5600:Jerusalem massacre 5513:Sectarian violence 5498:Political violence 4752:on 25 August 2015. 4443:Bimala Churn Law, 4370:. BRILL Academic. 4212:Roerich, G. 1959. 4015:The Buddhist World 3921:A Pageant of India 3276:, pp. 99–101. 2305:Bodh Gaya bombings 2225:Maha Bodhi Society 2220:Vipassana Movement 2107:Vipassana movement 2034:Maha Bodhi Society 2026:Henry Steel Olcott 2010: 2008:became a Buddhist. 1780:Sikandar Butshikan 1755:, the courtier of 1672: 1629: 1583: 1508: 1367:invasion into the 1338: 1174: 1078:of the north, the 978: 810: 796:Growth of Buddhism 135:Buddhist modernism 39: 8854: 8853: 8492:Om mani padme hum 8198:Women in Buddhism 8114:Buddhist councils 7984:Western countries 7772:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 7533:Shaolin Monastery 7110:Samatha-vipassanā 6720:Pratītyasamutpāda 6524:Metteyya/Maitreya 6442: 6434: 6426: 6418: 6410: 6402: 6394: 6271:Four Noble Truths 6181: 6180: 6121:Rohingya genocide 5849:Direct Action Day 5801:Šahovići massacre 5751:Armenian genocide 5745:Assyrian genocide 5632:(13th–15th cent.) 5626:(12th–16th cent.) 5624:Northern Crusades 5468:Forced conversion 5418:Cultural genocide 5413:Communal violence 5295:post–Cold War era 5280:Eastern Orthodoxy 5154:978-9-004-10231-6 5126:978-0-7914-2844-3 5072:978-0-521-85942-4 5038:978-0-19-994822-2 5028:978-0-19-994823-9 4963:978-0-87779-044-0 4929:978-955-24-0104-6 4857:978-81-212-0506-1 4829:978-1-134-87735-5 4690:, pp. 22–25. 4618:on 9 October 2014 4521:Kishori Saran Lal 4335:978-0-618-38612-3 4080:978-1-57958-090-2 3947:978-1-108-04720-3 3881:978-81-8475-671-5 3826:World Archaeology 3810:978-0-8248-1870-8 3780:978-90-04-23326-3 3753:978-81-208-0272-8 3608:978-81-208-0158-5 3549:978-0-7914-2217-5 3532:978-81-208-0619-1 3468:978-81-208-1104-1 3460:978-81-208-1104-1 3356:978-81-215-0651-9 3207:978-1-136-15623-6 3184:, pp. 17–18. 3156:978-81-215-0651-9 3093:978-81-7017-226-0 3000:978-81-208-0436-4 2911:978-1-4381-0996-1 2792:World Archaeology 2612:978-0-87779-044-0 2564:978-1-4968-1132-5 2543:"Citation Needed" 2516:978-0-19-157917-2 2486:978-81-208-0955-0 2443:978-90-47-40147-6 2345:Religion in India 2245:Marathi Buddhists 2240:Bengali Buddhists 2073:Marathi Buddhists 2051:in India for the 1977:Buddhism in India 1965:in the mid-1700s. 1928:Arunachal Pradesh 1839:Jammu and Kashmir 1514:and south India. 1512:Himalayan regions 1186:Buddhist tantrism 728:, and subsequent 706:Indo-Iranian Huns 702:Islamic invasions 684: 683: 166:Four Noble Truths 8899: 8844: 8843: 8832: 8831: 8671:Sacred languages 8519:Maya Devi Temple 8482:Mahabodhi Temple 8286:Secular Buddhism 8251:Engaged Buddhism 7091: 6939:Tibetan Buddhism 6890:Vietnamese Thiền 6489:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 6440: 6432: 6424: 6416: 6408: 6400: 6392: 6241: 6240: 6228: 6218: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6185: 6184: 6173: 6172: 6139:2020 Delhi riots 6055:Kosheh massacres 6035:Bosnian genocide 5855:1946 Bihar riots 5518:Social cleansing 5443:Ethnic cleansing 5228: 5221: 5214: 5205: 5204: 5158: 5139: 5130: 5109: 5097: 5088: 5076: 5032: 5011: 4987: 4981: 4977: 4975: 4967: 4951: 4940: 4938: 4932:. 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XXVII-XLIV 4036: 4030: 4029: 4009: 4003: 3986: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3865: 3859: 3853: 3842: 3841: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3764: 3758: 3757: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3596: 3590: 3573: 3562: 3556: 3541: 3535: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3480: 3474: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3416:. Archived from 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3387:, p. 95–96. 3382: 3376: 3370: 3359: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3326: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3212: 3211: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3140: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3117:. Archived from 3107: 3098: 3097: 3077: 3068: 3062: 3053: 3047: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3005: 3004: 2984: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2895: 2886: 2885: 2865: 2856: 2855: 2835: 2826: 2825: 2809: 2800: 2799: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2765:History of India 2760: 2754: 2744: 2738: 2732: 2723: 2716:Richard Gombrich 2713: 2707: 2696:Richard Gombrich 2693: 2687: 2674: 2665: 2664: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2623: 2617: 2616: 2600: 2590: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2571: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2500: 2491: 2490: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2426:Brill Publishers 2405: 2388: 2377: 2315:Tibetan diaspora 2195:Edicts of Ashoka 2183: 2178: 2177: 2176: 2169: 2164: 2163: 2030:Madame Blavatsky 1955:Rumtek Monastery 1951: 1924:Tawang Monastery 1920: 1901:Thikse Monastery 1897: 1871:Chudamani Vihara 1698:Mahabodhi temple 1664:Mahabodhi Temple 1652:at Gunaighar in 1607:Cuttack District 1355: 1028:Richard Gombrich 736:mahavihara, and 710:Hephthalite Huns 676: 669: 662: 646: 645: 373:Sublime abidings 64: 41: 40: 8907: 8906: 8902: 8901: 8900: 8898: 8897: 8896: 8857: 8856: 8855: 8850: 8838: 8820: 8772: 8687: 8602: 8339:Ordination hall 8300: 8202: 8173:Buddhist crisis 8085: 7782: 7734:Mahayana sutras 7710: 7706:Thích Nhất Hạnh 7537: 7410: 7350: 7300:Bodhisattva vow 6985: 6851: 6791: 6750:Taṇhā (Craving) 6685:Five hindrances 6636: 6528: 6458: 6312: 6257: 6229: 6212: 6182: 6177: 6167: 6161: 6097:Yazidi genocide 6003:Revival Process 5939:Thích Quảng Đức 5927:Buddhist crisis 5921:Istanbul pogrom 5789:1970–1987 5784:1958–1964 5779:1928–1941 5774:1921–1928 5769:1917–1921 5654:Goa Inquisition 5588:Battle of Tours 5578:(c.550–c. 1200) 5572:(c. 324–c. 491) 5552: 5453:Ethnic violence 5448:Ethnic conflict 5396: 5395: 5394: 5241: 5232: 5180: 5175: 5155: 5127: 5094:Imagining India 5073: 5053:Wayback Machine 5029: 5009: 4979: 4978: 4969: 4968: 4964: 4936: 4930: 4919: 4906: 4843: 4838: 4837: 4830: 4814: 4810: 4800: 4798: 4794: 4793: 4789: 4783:Wayback Machine 4774: 4770: 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8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8719: 8718: 8713: 8703: 8697: 8695: 8689: 8688: 8686: 8685: 8684: 8683: 8678: 8668: 8663: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8612: 8610: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8589: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8537: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8506: 8501: 8496: 8495: 8494: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8468: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8406: 8405: 8403:Greco-Buddhist 8395: 8394: 8393: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8357: 8356: 8354:Burmese pagoda 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8310: 8308: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8212: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8201: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8160: 8155: 8150: 8145: 8144: 8143: 8136:Greco-Buddhism 8133: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8095: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8069:United Kingdom 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8014:Czech Republic 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7981: 7980: 7979: 7974: 7964: 7963: 7962: 7952: 7951: 7950: 7945: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7904: 7903: 7893: 7888: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7838: 7833: 7828: 7823: 7818: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7792: 7790: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7780: 7778:Abhidharmadīpa 7775: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7720: 7718: 7712: 7711: 7709: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7696:B. R. Ambedkar 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7616:Songtsen Gampo 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7547: 7545: 7539: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7530: 7529: 7528: 7518: 7513: 7508: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7492: 7491: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7436: 7431: 7426: 7420: 7418: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7360: 7358: 7352: 7351: 7349: 7348: 7343: 7342: 7341: 7331: 7330: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7309: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7297: 7295:Eight precepts 7292: 7282: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7255: 7254: 7253: 7243: 7238: 7233: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7190: 7189: 7184: 7174: 7169: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7117: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7083: 7073: 7068: 7066:Five Strengths 7063: 7058: 7053: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7032: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7006: 7001: 6995: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6957: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6931: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6893: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6861: 6859: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6807: 6801: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6789: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6742: 6737: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6705:Mental factors 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6646: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6635: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6557:Mahamoggallāna 6554: 6549: 6544: 6538: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6472:Avalokiteśvara 6468: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6446: 6445: 6444: 6436: 6428: 6420: 6412: 6404: 6396: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6322: 6320: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6273: 6267: 6265: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6211: 6210: 6203: 6196: 6188: 6179: 6178: 6166: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6159: 6153: 6148: 6142: 6136: 6130: 6124: 6123:(2016–ongoing) 6118: 6117:(2014–ongoing) 6112: 6106: 6105:(2014–ongoing) 6100: 6094: 6088: 6082: 6081:(2009–ongoing) 6076: 6075:(2004–ongoing) 6070: 6064: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6045: 6044: 6038: 6032: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6000: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5981:(1971–ongoing) 5976: 5970: 5969: 5968: 5962: 5950: 5949: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5924: 5918: 5917:(1953–ongoing) 5912: 5906: 5905:(1950–ongoing) 5900: 5899:(1949–ongoing) 5894: 5888: 5882: 5881:(1947–ongoing) 5876: 5875:(1947–ongoing) 5870: 5869:(1947–ongoing) 5864: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5843:Noakhali riots 5840: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5740: 5732:Greek genocide 5729: 5723: 5720:Adana massacre 5717: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5621: 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5584:(c.184–c. 205) 5579: 5573: 5567: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5533:State religion 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5438:Discrimination 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5392: 5390:Zoroastrianism 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5321: 5320: 5319: 5317:Untouchability 5314: 5304: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5242: 5239:discrimination 5231: 5230: 5223: 5216: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5198:Annual Reviews 5191: 5179: 5178:External links 5176: 5174: 5173: 5159: 5153: 5140: 5131: 5125: 5110: 5102:Michaels, Axel 5098: 5089: 5077: 5071: 5056: 5027: 5012: 5008:978-0812205312 5007: 4988: 4962: 4941: 4928: 4910: 4904: 4891: 4882: 4868: 4859: 4851:, Gyan Books, 4844: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4828: 4808: 4787: 4768: 4755: 4733: 4715: 4702:"in the 1950s" 4692: 4680: 4667: 4648: 4629: 4603: 4594: 4573: 4552: 4530: 4512: 4503: 4496: 4476: 4469: 4449: 4436: 4424: 4422:, p. 224. 4412: 4410:, p. 196. 4400: 4383: 4376: 4353: 4341: 4334: 4314: 4293: 4278: 4260: 4253: 4230: 4228:, p. 222. 4218: 4205: 4198: 4179: 4166: 4153: 4138: 4125: 4113: 4106: 4100:. Penguin UK. 4086: 4079: 4059: 4031: 4024: 4004: 3989:McLeod, John, 3978: 3953: 3946: 3926: 3911: 3896: 3887: 3880: 3860: 3843: 3832:(2): 166–168. 3816: 3809: 3786: 3779: 3759: 3752: 3732: 3720: 3718:, p. 245. 3708: 3706:, p. 244. 3696: 3684: 3682:, p. 235. 3672: 3660: 3658:, p. 162. 3648: 3636: 3634:, p. 153. 3624: 3622:, p. 195. 3612: 3591: 3588:Philosophy Now 3557: 3536: 3519: 3493: 3475: 3443: 3431: 3420:on 25 May 2017 3401: 3389: 3385:Elverskog 2011 3377: 3375:, p. 140. 3360: 3339: 3337:, p. 219. 3327: 3314: 3312:, p. 210. 3302: 3300:, p. 108. 3290: 3288:, p. 103. 3278: 3266: 3254: 3242: 3230: 3213: 3206: 3186: 3174: 3162: 3155: 3132: 3121:on 18 May 2011 3099: 3092: 3069: 3054: 3052:, p. 140. 3039: 3027: 3025:, p. 194. 3006: 2999: 2979: 2967: 2960: 2942: 2917: 2910: 2887: 2881:978-0618386123 2880: 2857: 2850: 2827: 2801: 2782: 2770: 2755: 2739: 2737:, p. 182. 2724: 2708: 2688: 2666: 2655: 2635: 2618: 2611: 2576: 2563: 2534: 2532:, p. 218. 2522: 2515: 2492: 2485: 2465: 2442: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2260:Lord Buddha TV 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2190:Gautama Buddha 2186: 2185: 2184: 2170: 2154: 2151: 2047:pioneered the 2045:B. R. Ambedkar 2043:In the 1950s, 2006:B. R. Ambedkar 1972: 1969: 1968: 1967: 1953: 1946: 1944: 1922: 1915: 1913: 1899: 1892: 1773:Fatehpur Sikri 1757:Mughal emperor 1750: 1749: 1743: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1724: 1696:show that the 1620:Procession of 1603:Newar Buddhism 1571: 1568: 1564:medieval India 1479: 1476: 1420:Minhaj-i-Siraj 1351: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1287: 1284: 1262: 1259: 1239:Jayavarman VII 1157: 1154: 1009: 1006: 953: 950: 925:The Hun ruler 897: 894: 857: 854: 852: 849: 797: 794: 732:, such as the 682: 681: 679: 678: 671: 664: 656: 653: 652: 651: 650: 635: 634: 631: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 555: 550: 545: 540: 535: 530: 524: 519: 518: 515: 514: 511: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 464: 459: 458: 455: 454: 451: 450: 445: 440: 438:Pratyekabuddha 435: 430: 425: 419: 414: 413: 410: 409: 406: 405: 400: 395: 393:Buddhist chant 390: 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 314: 309: 308: 305: 304: 301: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 260: 254: 251:Buddhist texts 249: 248: 245: 244: 241: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 179: 178: 168: 162: 159: 158: 153: 147: 146: 145: 142: 141: 138: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 96: 91: 90: 87: 86: 85: 84: 79: 74: 66: 65: 57: 56: 50: 49: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8904: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8835: 8827: 8826: 8823: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8797: 8794: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8779: 8775: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8698: 8696: 8694: 8690: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8608:Miscellaneous 8605: 8599: 8598:Vegetarianism 8596: 8594: 8591: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8563: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8442: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8420:Buddha in art 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8404: 8401: 8400: 8399: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8355: 8352: 8351: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8316: 8315: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8303: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8205: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8125: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8092: 8088: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8074:United States 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7982: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7968: 7965: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7956: 7953: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7901: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7883: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7829: 7827: 7824: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7793: 7791: 7789: 7785: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7773: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7756: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7717: 7713: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7631:Padmasambhava 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7546: 7544: 7543:Major figures 7540: 7534: 7531: 7527: 7524: 7523: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7490: 7489:Western tulku 7487: 7486: 7485: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7437: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7427: 7425: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7353: 7347: 7344: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7335: 7332: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7298: 7296: 7293: 7291: 7290:Five precepts 7288: 7287: 7286: 7283: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7268:Dhamma vicaya 7266: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7259: 7256: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7188: 7185: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7175: 7173: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7121: 7118: 7115: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7078: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7036:Buddhābhiṣeka 7034: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6872: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6860: 6858: 6854: 6848: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6788: 6785: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6743: 6741: 6738: 6736: 6733: 6731: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6680:Enlightenment 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6670:Dhamma theory 6668: 6666: 6665:Buddha-nature 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6504:Samantabhadra 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6470: 6469: 6467: 6465: 6461: 6455: 6452: 6450: 6447: 6443: 6437: 6435: 6429: 6427: 6421: 6419: 6413: 6411: 6405: 6403: 6397: 6395: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6323: 6321: 6319: 6315: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6236: 6235: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6209: 6204: 6202: 6197: 6195: 6190: 6189: 6186: 6176: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6023:Yugoslav Wars 6021: 6018: 6015: 6010: 6009:Big Excursion 6007: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5946: 5943: 5940: 5937: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5913: 5910: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5880: 5877: 5874: 5871: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5819:The Holocaust 5817: 5814: 5811: 5808: 5805: 5802: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5749: 5746: 5743: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5714:Dungan Revolt 5712: 5709: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5528:State atheism 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5423:Deprogramming 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5375:Protestantism 5373: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5290:LDS or Mormon 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5229: 5224: 5222: 5217: 5215: 5210: 5209: 5206: 5199: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5172: 5171:90-04-10236-1 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5122: 5118: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5081:Inden, Ronald 5078: 5074: 5068: 5064: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5013: 5010: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4989: 4985: 4973: 4965: 4959: 4955: 4950: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4918: 4917: 4911: 4907: 4905:0-674-00187-7 4901: 4897: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4831: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4812: 4797: 4791: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4772: 4765: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4726: 4719: 4703: 4696: 4689: 4684: 4677: 4671: 4664: 4660: 4657: 4652: 4645: 4641: 4638: 4633: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4598: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4577: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4549:. p. 98. 4548: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4507: 4499: 4497:9780674984356 4493: 4489: 4488: 4480: 4472: 4470:9781000416756 4466: 4462: 4461: 4453: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4421: 4416: 4409: 4404: 4397: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4379: 4377:90-04-10236-1 4373: 4369: 4368: 4360: 4358: 4350: 4345: 4337: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4318: 4310: 4306: 4300: 4298: 4290: 4285: 4283: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4256: 4254:90-04-10236-1 4250: 4246: 4245: 4237: 4235: 4227: 4222: 4215: 4209: 4201: 4199:9780226356501 4195: 4191: 4190: 4183: 4176: 4170: 4163: 4157: 4150:. p. 41. 4149: 4142: 4135: 4129: 4122: 4117: 4109: 4107:9789351186588 4103: 4099: 4098: 4090: 4082: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4063: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4027: 4025:9781317420170 4021: 4018:. Routledge. 4017: 4016: 4008: 4002: 4000: 3999:0-313-31459-4 3996: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3967: 3963: 3957: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3930: 3922: 3915: 3907: 3900: 3891: 3883: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3864: 3857: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3812: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3793: 3791: 3782: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3763: 3755: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3736: 3729: 3724: 3717: 3712: 3705: 3700: 3693: 3688: 3681: 3676: 3669: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3645: 3640: 3633: 3628: 3621: 3616: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3440: 3435: 3419: 3415: 3413: 3405: 3398: 3393: 3386: 3381: 3374: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3336: 3331: 3324: 3318: 3311: 3306: 3299: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3275: 3270: 3264:, p. 99. 3263: 3258: 3251: 3246: 3240:, p. 67. 3239: 3234: 3228:, p. 42. 3227: 3226:Michaels 2004 3222: 3220: 3218: 3209: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3190: 3183: 3178: 3171: 3166: 3158: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3139: 3137: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3104: 3095: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3076: 3074: 3066: 3061: 3059: 3051: 3050:Berkwitz 2012 3046: 3044: 3036: 3031: 3024: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3002: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2990:Ancient India 2983: 2977: 2971: 2963: 2957: 2953: 2946: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2913: 2907: 2903: 2902: 2894: 2892: 2883: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2864: 2862: 2853: 2851:90-04-12556-6 2847: 2843: 2842: 2834: 2832: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2808: 2806: 2798:(2): 166–168. 2797: 2793: 2786: 2779: 2774: 2767:. p. 53. 2766: 2759: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2663: 2658: 2656:90-04-12556-6 2652: 2648: 2647: 2639: 2631: 2630: 2622: 2614: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2598: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2566: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2531: 2526: 2518: 2512: 2508: 2507: 2499: 2497: 2488: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2400: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2372: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2313: 2311: 2308: 2306: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2281: 2278: 2276: 2275:Buddhist flag 2273: 2271: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2206: 2203: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2171: 2168: 2162: 2157: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2038:British India 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2007: 2004:stupa, where 2003: 1999: 1995: 1994:Deekshabhoomi 1991: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1932:Potala Palace 1929: 1925: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1886: 1883: 1878: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1843:Rajatarangini 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1581: 1576: 1567: 1565: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1546: 1545: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1462:, Tibet, and 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1350: 1345: 1343: 1340:According to 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1296: 1294: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1190:devotionalism 1187: 1183: 1179: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1015: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 975: 971: 967: 963: 958: 949: 947: 943: 938: 936: 932: 928: 923: 921: 917: 916: 911: 907: 903: 893: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 862:Gupta dynasty 848: 846: 845:Kanva Dynasty 841: 840:ancient India 836: 832: 830: 826: 823: 819: 815: 814:Maurya Empire 807: 802: 793: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 718:Turco-Mongols 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 694: 692: 688: 677: 672: 670: 665: 663: 658: 657: 655: 654: 649: 644: 639: 638: 637: 636: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 554: 551: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 525: 522: 517: 516: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 465: 462: 457: 456: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 420: 417: 412: 411: 404: 403:Vegetarianism 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 358:Recollections 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 328:Five precepts 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 315: 312: 307: 306: 299: 296: 294: 293:Chinese canon 291: 289: 288:Tibetan canon 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 255: 252: 247: 246: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 177: 174: 173: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 157: 154: 152: 149: 148: 144: 143: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 97: 94: 89: 88: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 69: 68: 67: 63: 59: 58: 55: 52: 51: 47: 43: 42: 36: 35:ancient India 32: 28: 25:The Buddhist 23: 19: 8786:Bodhisattvas 8706:Christianity 8701:Baháʼí Faith 8566:Dharmachakra 8556:Prayer wheel 8546:Prayer beads 8314:Architecture 8193:969 Movement 8123: 7977:Saudi Arabia 7955:Central Asia 7948:South Africa 7770: 7753: 7686:Panchen Lama 7591:Buddhapālita 7187:Satipatthana 7182:Mindful Yoga 7095:Recollection 7009:Brahmavihara 6880:Japanese Zen 6875:Chinese Chan 6835:Animal realm 6642:Key concepts 6464:Bodhisattvas 6276:Three Jewels 6025:(1991–2001) 6005:(1984–1989) 5965:Famen Temple 5955:(1966–1976) 5765:(1922–1991) 5734:(1913–1922) 5575: 5270:Christianity 5260:Baháʼí Faith 5197: 5187: 5162: 5144: 5135: 5115: 5105: 5093: 5084: 5061: 5017: 4993: 4947: 4934:the original 4915: 4895: 4886: 4871: 4863: 4848: 4818: 4811: 4799:. Retrieved 4790: 4771: 4763: 4758: 4750:the original 4745: 4736: 4718: 4706:. Retrieved 4695: 4683: 4675: 4670: 4651: 4632: 4620:. Retrieved 4616:the original 4606: 4597: 4581: 4576: 4560: 4555: 4542: 4533: 4524: 4515: 4506: 4486: 4479: 4459: 4452: 4444: 4439: 4432: 4427: 4420:Fogelin 2015 4415: 4403: 4396:Fogelin 2015 4366: 4344: 4324: 4317: 4308: 4289:Collins 2000 4272: 4263: 4243: 4226:Fogelin 2015 4221: 4213: 4208: 4188: 4182: 4174: 4169: 4161: 4156: 4147: 4146:S. Muthiah. 4141: 4133: 4128: 4120: 4116: 4096: 4089: 4069: 4062: 4034: 4014: 4007: 4001:, pp. 41–42. 3992: 3988: 3971:13 September 3969:. Retrieved 3965: 3956: 3936: 3929: 3920: 3914: 3905: 3899: 3890: 3870: 3863: 3856:Fogelin 2015 3829: 3825: 3819: 3799: 3769: 3762: 3742: 3735: 3728:Collins 2000 3723: 3711: 3699: 3687: 3675: 3663: 3651: 3639: 3627: 3615: 3599: 3594: 3587: 3569: 3560: 3539: 3522: 3505: 3496: 3487: 3478: 3451: 3446: 3439:Collins 2000 3434: 3422:. Retrieved 3418:the original 3411: 3410:"Vinay Lal, 3404: 3399:, p. 7. 3392: 3380: 3347: 3342: 3335:Fogelin 2015 3330: 3322: 3317: 3310:Fogelin 2015 3305: 3293: 3281: 3269: 3257: 3250:Collins 2000 3245: 3233: 3196: 3189: 3177: 3170:Collins 2000 3165: 3145: 3123:. Retrieved 3119:the original 3114: 3082: 3065:Fogelin 2015 3035:Fogelin 2015 3030: 2989: 2982: 2970: 2951: 2945: 2935:12 September 2933:. Retrieved 2929: 2920: 2900: 2870: 2840: 2821: 2817: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2778:Collins 2000 2773: 2764: 2758: 2747:Collins 2000 2742: 2735:Collins 2000 2719: 2711: 2699: 2691: 2660: 2645: 2638: 2628: 2621: 2596: 2568:, retrieved 2546: 2537: 2530:Fogelin 2015 2525: 2505: 2475: 2468: 2413: 2403: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2320:Tibetan flag 2181:India portal 2147: 2143: 2119:middle class 2111:S. N. Goenka 2104: 2077: 2057:untouchables 2042: 2011: 1887: 1879: 1863:Nagapattinam 1852: 1820: 1816: 1807: 1797: 1789: 1784: 1777: 1771:of Akbar at 1769:Ibadat Khana 1751: 1740:Panchen Lama 1705: 1679: 1673: 1634:Shiva lingas 1630: 1584: 1560: 1555: 1542: 1540: 1528: 1524: 1509: 1488:Vikramashila 1472: 1468: 1452:Vikramashila 1413: 1406: 1398:Pala dynasty 1389: 1365:iconoclastic 1358: 1347: 1342:Peter Harvey 1339: 1318:James Meston 1313: 1292: 1289: 1268: 1264: 1231:bodhisattvas 1223: 1214:caste system 1199: 1175: 1170:Chennakesava 1151: 1146: 1142: 1133: 1113: 1097:Arthashastra 1095:such as the 1092:Pala Dynasty 1080:Rashtrakutas 1068: 1033: 1017: 986:A. L. Basham 982:Gupta Empire 979: 942:Pala Dynasty 939: 935:Gupta Empire 924: 913: 899: 859: 837: 833: 811: 790: 770:Vikramashila 695: 685: 353:Merit making 318:Three Jewels 258:Buddhavacana 188:Impermanence 176:Dharma wheel 124: 18: 8631:Dharma talk 8460:Asalha Puja 8256:Eschatology 8059:Switzerland 8039:New Zealand 7967:Middle East 7876:Philippines 7796:Afghanistan 7601:Bodhidharma 7586:Buddhaghosa 7506:Householder 7416:Monasticism 7369:Bodhisattva 7224:Prostration 7177:Mindfulness 7105:Anapanasati 7088:Kammaṭṭhāna 6885:Korean Seon 6825:Asura realm 6820:Human realm 6760:Ten Fetters 6715:Parinirvana 6617:Uppalavanna 6582:Mahākaccana 6567:Mahākassapa 6499:Kṣitigarbha 6494:Ākāśagarbha 6391:Suddhodāna 6336:Four sights 6263:Foundations 6111:(2014–2017) 6099:(2014–2017) 6093:(2013–2016) 6031:(1992–1996) 5993:(1975–1979) 5987:(1975–1990) 5893:(1948–1980) 5839:(1945–1989) 5833:(1945–1989) 5827:(1941–1945) 5821:(1939–1945) 5809:(1936–1975) 5794:legislation 5759:(1917–1990) 5753:(1915–1923) 5747:(1914–1924) 5728:(1912–1913) 5716:(1862–1877) 5698:(1857–1858) 5692:(1789–1801) 5680:(1683–1922) 5674:(1673–1829) 5668:(1609–1614) 5662:(1562–1598) 5656:(1561–1812) 5650:(1526–1791) 5644:(1522–1712) 5638:(1500–1526) 5614:(1184–1908) 5612:Inquisition 5523:Segregation 5488:Intolerance 5428:Desecration 5370:Neopaganism 5363:Persecution 5329:Persecution 5312:Persecution 5275:Catholicism 4980:|work= 4866:, Routledge 4539:Irfan Habib 4408:Harvey 2013 4349:Harvey 2013 4051:Vikramshila 3620:Harvey 2013 3424:28 February 3373:Harvey 2013 3023:Harvey 2013 2547:Retcon Game 2100:McLeod Ganj 2092:Dharamshala 1882:British Raj 1831:Swat Valley 1812:Irfan Habib 1646:Rama Navami 1464:South India 1436:Vikramshila 1326:Vikramshila 1040:Vaishnavism 886:Kushinagara 882:monasteries 870:Vaishnavism 860:During the 786:Pala Empire 714:Alchon Huns 588:New Zealand 443:Bodhisattva 428:Four Stages 383:Monasticism 363:Mindfulness 333:Perfections 263:Early Texts 8861:Categories 8748:Psychology 8728:Gnosticism 8716:Comparison 8711:Influences 8693:Comparison 8576:Bhavacakra 8534:Kushinagar 8509:Pilgrimage 8455:Māgha Pūjā 8410:Bodhi Tree 8226:Buddhology 8216:Abhidharma 8208:Philosophy 8141:Menander I 8009:Costa Rica 7960:Uzbekistan 7801:Bangladesh 7755:Dhammapada 7739:Pali Canon 7701:Ajahn Chah 7681:Dalai Lama 7581:Kumārajīva 7576:Vasubandhu 7551:The Buddha 7459:Zen master 7394:Sakadagami 7374:Buddhahood 7305:Pratimokṣa 7120:Shikantaza 7076:Meditation 7051:Deity yoga 6922:Madhyamaka 6815:Deva realm 6710:Mindstream 6660:Bodhicitta 6572:Aṅgulimāla 6439:Devadatta 6415:Yaśodharā 6318:The Buddha 6308:Middle Way 5608:(643–1526) 5483:Iconoclasm 5478:Hate crime 5408:Censorship 5302:Falun Gong 4952:. p. 4880:8187558016 4801:28 October 4569:8120806964 3470:. Source: 3397:White 2012 3238:Inden 1978 2961:8120802721 2749:, p. 2460:2002018456 2395:References 1867:Tamil Nadu 1855:Tamil Nadu 1747:Mindon Min 1591:Chittagong 1492:Dharmapala 1444:Odantapuri 1432:Odantapuri 1424:Odantapuri 1316:edited by 1255:Dharmapala 1243:apotropaic 1164:Buddha as 1129:divination 1125:calendrics 1101:Manusmriti 1076:Pratiharas 1012:See also: 927:Mihirakula 782:East India 766:Odantapuri 748:and later 461:Traditions 398:Pilgrimage 338:Meditation 298:Post-canon 278:Pāli Canon 208:Middle Way 105:The Buddha 8816:Festivals 8796:Buddhists 8758:Theosophy 8561:Symbolism 8551:Hama yumi 8524:Bodh Gaya 8291:Socialism 8266:Evolution 8241:Economics 8079:Venezuela 7994:Australia 7989:Argentina 7913:Sri Lanka 7908:Singapore 7826:Indonesia 7788:Countries 7729:Tripiṭaka 7691:Ajahn Mun 7566:Nagarjuna 7561:Aśvaghoṣa 7444:Anagārika 7439:Śrāmaṇerī 7434:Śrāmaṇera 7429:Bhikkhunī 7389:Sotāpanna 7278:Passaddhi 7219:Offerings 7194:Nekkhamma 7071:Iddhipada 6991:Practices 6961:Theravada 6934:Vajrayana 6927:Yogachara 6897:Pure Land 6810:Six Paths 6797:Cosmology 6577:Anuruddha 6552:Sāriputta 6542:Kaundinya 6534:Disciples 6509:Vajrapāṇi 6361:Footprint 6326:Tathāgata 5959:Four Olds 5672:Test Acts 5538:Terrorism 5380:Rastafari 5334:Ahmadiyya 5165:, BRILL, 4982:ignored ( 4972:cite book 4055:Turushkas 2452:0169-9377 2280:Bodh Gaya 2078:In 1959, 2014:Sinhalese 1996:Stupa in 1827:Baltistan 1753:Abul Fazl 1714:Bodh Gaya 1702:Taranatha 1694:Bodh Gaya 1690:Sariputra 1686:Bodh Gaya 1668:Bodh Gaya 1626:Kathmandu 1601:known as 1599:Vajrayana 1580:Kathmandu 1550:Himalayas 1530:whole of 1516:Abul Fazl 1486:Ruins of 1386:Taranatha 1336:scholars. 1304:Invasions 1261:Patronage 1121:astrology 1117:astronomy 931:Prayagraj 608:Sri Lanka 598:Singapore 553:Indonesia 493:Vajrayāna 468:Theravāda 423:Awakening 311:Practices 268:Tripiṭaka 238:Cosmology 213:Emptiness 193:Suffering 8834:Category 8763:Violence 8733:Hinduism 8681:Sanskrit 8636:Hinayana 8621:Amitābha 8581:Swastika 8450:Uposatha 8440:Holidays 8425:Calendar 8271:Humanism 8109:Kanishka 8099:Timeline 7923:Thailand 7891:Kalmykia 7886:Buryatia 7871:Pakistan 7856:Mongolia 7851:Maldives 7846:Malaysia 7811:Cambodia 7676:Shamarpa 7671:Nichiren 7621:Xuanzang 7556:Nagasena 7474:Rinpoche 7204:Pāramitā 7046:Devotion 6966:Navayana 6954:Dzogchen 6917:Nichiren 6865:Mahayana 6857:Branches 6735:Saṅkhāra 6484:Mañjuśrī 6441:(cousin) 6433:(cousin) 6401:(mother) 6393:(father) 6381:Miracles 6331:Birthday 6248:Glossary 6221:Buddhism 6175:Religion 5696:Utah War 5566:(64–313) 5543:Violence 5433:Domicide 5385:Yazidism 5307:Hinduism 5265:Buddhism 5246:By group 5104:(2004), 5049:Archived 4889:. BRILL. 4779:Archived 4708:2 August 4659:Archived 4640:Archived 4586:Archived 4541:(1997). 4523:(1999). 4447:, p. 180 4307:(1951). 4177:(p. 226) 3580:Archived 3514:19373677 3115:metta.lk 2680:Archived 2270:Navayana 2265:Ambedkar 2153:See also 2065:Navayana 2024:such as 1981:Navayana 1794:Sanskrit 1710:Shaivite 1650:Vāsudeva 1394:Mahayana 1352:— 1330:Buddhist 1279:Buddhism 1235:Devapala 1206:Shankara 1202:Hinduism 1182:Tantrism 1178:Mahayana 1099:and the 1088:Pallavas 1072:Karkotas 1064:Brahmins 1060:Buddhism 1052:Buddhism 1036:Shaivism 1020:Hinduism 1002:Brahmins 990:Hinduism 966:Hinduism 906:Xuanzang 878:Brahmins 874:Shaivism 866:Mahayana 746:Hinduism 726:Persians 687:Buddhism 618:Thailand 578:Mongolia 573:Malaysia 538:Cambodia 503:Navayana 483:Hinayana 478:Mahāyāna 388:Lay life 218:Morality 198:Not-self 156:Concepts 115:Councils 100:Timeline 72:Glossary 54:Buddhism 46:a series 44:Part of 8811:Temples 8791:Buddhas 8753:Science 8743:Judaism 8738:Jainism 8656:Lineage 8616:Abhijñā 8586:Thangka 8529:Sarnath 8514:Lumbini 8435:Funeral 8430:Cuisine 8306:Culture 8281:Reality 8231:Creator 8221:Atomism 8091:History 8064:Ukraine 8024:Germany 7943:Senegal 7933:Vietnam 7861:Myanmar 7661:Shinran 7651:Karmapa 7626:Shandao 7596:Dignāga 7521:Śrāvaka 7501:Donchee 7496:Kappiya 7454:Sayadaw 7424:Bhikkhu 7399:Anāgāmi 7356:Nirvana 7322:Samadhi 7209:Paritta 7150:Tonglen 7145:Mandala 7100:Smarana 7081:Mantras 7029:Upekkha 6999:Bhavana 6949:Shingon 6902:Tiantai 6755:Tathātā 6745:Śūnyatā 6740:Skandha 6730:Saṃsāra 6725:Rebirth 6700:Kleshas 6690:Indriya 6592:Subhūti 6477:Guanyin 6431:Ānanda 6423:Rāhula 6303:Nirvana 6243:Outline 5929:(1963) 5686:(1700s) 5401:Methods 5358:Judaism 5349:Sunnism 5339:Shi'ism 5255:Atheism 4841:Sources 4622:21 June 4136:p. 381. 4049:kings, 3125:27 June 2570:3 March 2385:worldly 2127:America 1971:Revival 1875:Jesuits 1847:Kalhana 1804:Prakrit 1799:Sramana 1764:Kashmir 1676:Nalanda 1654:Comilla 1644:during 1642:Hanuman 1638:Telhara 1536:Nalanda 1532:Magadha 1520:Kashmir 1500:pandita 1428:Magadha 1416:Nalanda 1388:in his 1334:Brahmin 1322:Nalanda 1275:Chinese 1271:Tibetan 1247:mantras 1084:Pandyas 1056:Jainism 1024:Jainism 970:Jainism 946:Nalanda 890:Nalanda 734:Nalanda 628:Vietnam 583:Myanmar 498:Tibetan 488:Chinese 416:Nirvāṇa 233:Saṃsāra 228:Rebirth 93:History 82:Outline 27:Nalanda 8806:Sutras 8801:Suttas 8666:Siddhi 8651:Koliya 8626:Brahmā 8541:Poetry 8487:Mantra 8477:Kasaya 8349:Pagoda 8329:Kyaung 8324:Vihāra 8319:Temple 8261:Ethics 8104:Ashoka 8054:Sweden 8049:Poland 8044:Norway 8034:Mexico 8019:France 8004:Canada 7999:Brazil 7938:Africa 7918:Taiwan 7881:Russia 7806:Bhutan 7766:Vinaya 7646:Naropa 7636:Saraha 7571:Asanga 7327:Prajñā 7236:Refuge 7199:Nianfo 7160:Tertön 7155:Tantra 7140:Ganana 7130:Tukdam 7056:Dhyāna 7024:Mudita 7019:Karuṇā 6912:Risshū 6907:Huayan 6840:Naraka 6780:Anattā 6775:Dukkha 6770:Anicca 6675:Dharma 6627:Channa 6562:Ānanda 6547:Assaji 6514:Skanda 6417:(wife) 6386:Family 6366:Relics 6291:Sangha 6286:Dharma 6281:Buddha 6158:(2024) 6147:(2023) 6141:(2020) 6135:(2019) 6129:(2019) 6087:(2011) 6069:(2002) 6063:(2001) 6057:(2000) 6051:(2000) 6043:(1999) 6037:(1995) 6019:(1990) 6011:(1989) 5999:(1984) 5975:(1971) 5967:(1966) 5961:(1966) 5947:(1963) 5941:(1963) 5935:(1963) 5923:(1955) 5911:(1950) 5887:(1948) 5863:(1947) 5857:(1946) 5851:(1946) 5845:(1946) 5815:(1933) 5803:(1924) 5722:(1909) 5710:(1864) 5704:(1860) 5620:(1191) 5602:(1099) 5596:(1096) 5557:Events 5493:Pogrom 5344:Sufism 5169: 5151: 5123: 5069: 5046:p. 223 5042:p. 219 5036: 5025: 5005: 4960: 4926: 4902: 4878: 4855: 4826: 4567: 4494: 4467: 4374: 4332: 4251: 4196: 4104: 4077: 4022: 3997: 3944: 3878: 3807: 3777: 3750: 3606: 3547: 3530: 3512: 3466: 3458: 3354: 3204: 3153: 3090: 2997: 2976:p. 216 2958: 2908: 2878: 2848: 2704:p. 205 2653: 2629:Taxila 2609: 2605:–157. 2561: 2513: 2483: 2458: 2450: 2440: 2422:Boston 2418:Leiden 2387:power. 2139:Mumbai 2123:Europe 2061:Nagpur 2053:Dalits 2002:Sanchi 1998:Nagpur 1983:, and 1959:Sikkim 1909:Ladakh 1859:Kerala 1835:Ladakh 1823:Gilgit 1808:Samana 1790:samani 1728:Multan 1681:stupas 1611:Odisha 1595:Newars 1544:stupas 1381:stupas 1377:Punjab 1373:Ghazni 1293:sangha 1251:Shaiva 1210:Vishnu 1166:Vishnu 1048:Tantra 1044:Bhakti 998:Vishnu 915:Sangha 910:Yijing 902:Faxian 818:Ashoka 816:under 806:Ashoka 768:, and 762:Bengal 724:, and 613:Taiwan 593:Russia 533:Brazil 528:Bhutan 448:Buddha 368:Wisdom 151:Dharma 8778:Lists 8646:Kalpa 8641:Iddhi 8504:Music 8499:Mudra 8465:Vassa 8445:Vesak 8415:Budai 8361:Candi 8344:Stupa 8276:Logic 8029:Italy 7928:Tibet 7866:Nepal 7836:Korea 7831:Japan 7821:India 7816:China 7761:Sutra 7716:Texts 7666:Dōgen 7656:Hōnen 7641:Atiśa 7606:Zhiyi 7516:Achar 7484:Tulku 7479:Geshe 7464:Rōshi 7449:Ajahn 7404:Arhat 7364:Bodhi 7334:Vīrya 7251:Sacca 7246:Satya 7241:Sādhu 7229:Music 7172:Merit 7165:Terma 7125:Zazen 7061:Faith 7014:Mettā 6695:Karma 6655:Bardo 6622:Asita 6612:Khema 6602:Upāli 6587:Nanda 6425:(son) 6399:Māyā 6376:Films 6253:Index 5590:(732) 5324:Islam 4937:(PDF) 4920:(PDF) 4766:p. 12 4728:(PDF) 3553:ātman 2662:flee. 2367:Notes 2096:Lhasa 2084:Tibet 1940:Tibet 1936:Lhasa 1905:gompa 1865:, in 1833:. In 1760:Akbar 1722:Sindh 1587:Barua 1504:abbot 1496:Atiśa 1460:Nepal 1409:burnt 994:Shiva 974:Palas 829:China 750:Islam 744:like 722:Arabs 691:India 623:Tibet 563:Korea 558:Japan 548:India 543:China 508:Newar 433:Arhat 223:Karma 77:Index 8676:Pāḷi 8661:Māra 8571:Flag 7972:Iran 7896:Tuva 7841:Laos 7469:Lama 7317:Śīla 7285:Śīla 7273:Pīti 7263:Sati 7214:Puja 7135:Koan 7041:Dāna 6632:Yasa 6519:Tārā 5237:and 5167:ISBN 5149:ISBN 5121:ISBN 5067:ISBN 5034:ISBN 5023:ISBN 5003:ISBN 4984:help 4958:ISBN 4954:1378 4924:ISBN 4900:ISBN 4876:ISBN 4853:ISBN 4824:ISBN 4803:2020 4710:2006 4624:2006 4565:ISBN 4492:ISBN 4465:ISBN 4372:ISBN 4330:ISBN 4249:ISBN 4194:ISBN 4102:ISBN 4075:ISBN 4047:Sena 4043:Pala 4020:ISBN 3995:ISBN 3973:2015 3942:ISBN 3876:ISBN 3805:ISBN 3775:ISBN 3748:ISBN 3604:ISBN 3545:ISBN 3528:ISBN 3510:OCLC 3464:ISBN 3456:ISBN 3426:2017 3352:ISBN 3202:ISBN 3151:ISBN 3127:2006 3088:ISBN 2995:ISBN 2956:ISBN 2937:2015 2906:ISBN 2876:ISBN 2846:ISBN 2651:ISBN 2607:ISBN 2572:2024 2559:ISBN 2511:ISBN 2481:ISBN 2456:LCCN 2448:ISSN 2438:ISBN 2420:and 2131:Asia 2129:and 2028:and 1857:and 1825:and 1802:and 1434:and 1359:The 1332:and 1324:and 1273:and 1237:and 1194:Nath 1127:and 1086:and 1074:and 1054:and 1046:and 996:and 827:and 568:Laos 473:Pāli 8398:Art 8334:Wat 6870:Zen 5548:War 5044:) ( 5040:. ( 3834:doi 2822:178 2751:208 2603:155 2551:doi 2430:doi 2090:in 1957:in 1934:in 1926:in 1907:in 1853:In 1845:of 1704:'s 1609:of 1168:at 1148:CE. 968:or 920:Hun 772:by 33:in 8863:: 7900:ru 5001:, 4997:, 4976:: 4974:}} 4970:{{ 4956:. 4744:. 4545:. 4386:^ 4356:^ 4296:^ 4281:^ 4233:^ 4053:, 4045:, 3981:^ 3964:. 3846:^ 3830:27 3828:. 3789:^ 3586:, 3568:. 3504:. 3486:. 3462:, 3363:^ 3216:^ 3135:^ 3113:. 3102:^ 3072:^ 3057:^ 3042:^ 3009:^ 2928:. 2890:^ 2860:^ 2830:^ 2820:. 2816:. 2804:^ 2796:27 2794:. 2727:^ 2718:, 2698:, 2669:^ 2659:. 2579:^ 2557:, 2545:, 2495:^ 2454:. 2446:. 2436:. 2424:: 2412:. 2125:, 1979:, 1938:, 1806:: 1796:: 1775:. 1666:, 1656:. 1566:. 1494:. 1404:. 1344:: 1123:, 1119:, 1042:, 1038:, 1004:. 976:). 908:, 904:, 872:, 831:. 788:. 720:, 716:, 712:, 708:, 603:US 48:on 7902:) 7898:( 7116:) 7112:( 6207:e 6200:t 6193:v 5227:e 5220:t 5213:v 5200:. 5190:. 5157:. 5129:. 5075:. 5055:) 5031:. 4986:) 4966:. 4908:. 4832:. 4805:. 4730:. 4712:. 4626:. 4571:. 4500:. 4473:. 4380:. 4338:. 4257:. 4202:. 4110:. 4083:. 4028:. 3975:. 3950:. 3884:. 3840:. 3836:: 3813:. 3783:. 3756:. 3516:. 3428:. 3414:" 3358:. 3210:. 3159:. 3129:. 3096:. 3003:. 2964:. 2939:. 2914:. 2884:. 2854:. 2753:. 2706:. 2615:. 2553:: 2519:. 2489:. 2462:. 2432:: 1942:. 1792:( 1506:. 808:. 675:e 668:t 661:v

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