History of Buddhism

4101: 2693: 3001: 4081: 4579: 3379: 4117: 1064: 2745: 3355: 937: 4306: 2729: 727: 3424: 1859: 4133: 1879: 3532: 3474: 2709: 6112: 6644: 1718: 752: 1254: 2561: 3459:, Hinduism, Theravada, and Mahayana were all practiced until the 15th century, when an invasion from the north led to the dominance of Chinese-based forms of Buddhism. However Theravada Buddhism continues to exist in the south of Vietnam. Vietnamese Buddhism is thus very similar to Chinese Buddhism and to some extent reflects the structure of Chinese Buddhism after the Song dynasty. Vietnamese Buddhism also has a symbiotic relationship with Taoism, Chinese spirituality and the native Vietnamese religion. 4294: 4698: 2005: 1010: 3395: 2460: 2365: 2239: 4718: 39: 11143: 1570: 743: 11154: 4894: 3198: 985: 8552: 8539: 620: 8529: 2505:'s unification of most of this area and their support of Buddhism allowed it to easily spread along the trade routes of the region throughout Central Asia. During the first century CE under the Kushans, the Sarvastivada school flourished in this region, some of the monks also bringing Mahayana teachings with them. Buddhism would eventually reach modern-day 3873:"), which his successors still hold. Sonam Gyatso, in turn, recognized Altan as a reincarnation of Kublai Khan. Thus, Altan added legitimacy to the title "khan" that he had assumed, while Sonam Gyatso received support for the supremacy he sought over the Tibetan sangha. Since this meeting, the heads of the Gelugpa school became known as 2744: 5939:, p. 128: "The monks, expelled from the Ganges valley, maybe by sectarian disputes, followed the northern road (Uttarapatha) or the northern road (Daksinapatha), which conducted them to the Northwest for some, and to the Occidental ocean for the others, with multiple artistic creations marking their respective roads" 3212:(206 BCE–220 CE) and was present by around 50 CE. Although the archaeological record confirms that Buddhism was introduced sometime during the Han dynasty, it did not flourish in China until the Six Dynasties period (220–589 CE). The first documented Buddhist texts translated into Chinese are those of the Parthian 1764:. The Mahayana sutras promoted new doctrines, such as the idea that "there exist other Buddhas who are simultaneously preaching in countless other world-systems". In time Mahayana Bodhisattvas and also multiple Buddhas came to be seen as transcendental beneficent beings who were subjects of devotion. 1392:

describe the efforts made by him to propagate the Buddhist faith throughout the Hellenistic world, which at that time formed an uninterrupted cultural continuum from the borders of India to Greece. The edicts indicate a clear understanding of the political organization in Hellenistic territories: the

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In the past it was not uncommon for historians to conflate the vast space thus outlined with the oppressive realm described in the Arthashastra and to posit one of the earliest and certainly one of the largest totalitarian regimes in all of history. Such a picture is no longer considered believable;

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Magadha power came to extend over the main cities and communication routes of the Ganges basin. Then, under Chandragupta Maurya (c.321–297 bce), and subsequently Ashoka his grandson, Pataliputra became the centre of the loose-knit Mauryan 'Empire' which during Ashoka's reign (c.268–232 bce) briefly

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Another important element leading to the growth of Buddhism in the west was the large scale immigration of Chinese and Japanese to the United States and Canada in the late 19th century. Refugees from Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia have also immigrated to west, beginning in 1975. Asian Buddhists such as

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basins from the 5th century CE onwards. Theravada Buddhism in Burma initially coexisted with other forms of Buddhism and other religions. After the decline of Buddhism in the Indian mainland, Theravada Buddhist monks from Sri Lanka mounted missionary efforts in Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, and Laos,

1930:

Modern historians, however, dispute this view in the light of literary and archaeological evidence. They opine that following Ashoka's sponsorship of Buddhism, it is possible that Buddhist institutions fell on harder times under the Shungas, but no evidence of active persecution has been noted.

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From the 5th to the 13th centuries, South-East Asia saw a series of powerful states which were extremely active in the promotion of Buddhism and Buddhist art alongside Hinduism. The main Buddhist influence now came directly by sea from the Indian subcontinent, so that these empires essentially

1942:

points to archaeological evidence that "suggests the contrary" to the claim that "Pushyamitra was a fanatical anti-Buddhist" and that he "never actually destroyed 840,000 stupas as claimed by Buddhist works, if any". Thapar stresses that Buddhist accounts are probably hyperbolic renditions of

3861:, the head of the rising Gelug lineage to a summit. They formed an alliance that gave Altan Khan legitimacy and religious sanction for his imperial pretensions and that provided the Buddhist school with protection and patronage. Altan Khan recognized Sonam Gyatso lama as a reincarnation of 4483:

were all French colonies. The Communists came to power in Laos in 1975. There was no widespread repression of the Buddhist sangha, but the communist government has sought to control the Sangha and use it as a tool to spread its ideology. In Cambodia however, the communist terror of the

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or discourses, the Abhidharma literature consisted of systematic doctrinal exposition and often differed across the Buddhist schools who disagreed on points of doctrine. Abhidharma sought to analyze all experience into its ultimate constituents, phenomenal events or processes called

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was the world's first major Buddhist state. It established free hospitals and free education and promoted human rights. Territories of the Maurya Empire conceptualized as core areas or linear networks separated by large autonomous regions in the works of scholars such as: historians

4624:(1966–67), Chinese communists destroyed around 6,000 monasteries in Tibet along with their art and books, an attempt to wipe out the Tibetan Buddhist culture. After 1980, Chinese repression of Tibetan Buddhism has decreased and the situation has improved with the reprinting of the 1380:. The objective of the council was to purify the Saṅgha, particularly from non-Buddhist ascetics who had been attracted by the royal patronage. Following the council, Buddhist missionaries were dispatched throughout the known world, as is recorded in some of the edicts of Ashoka. 4544:(1966–76) led to the closing of all Buddhist monasteries and widespread destruction of Buddhist institutions. However, since 1977, there has been a general shift in the policy of the communist government, and Buddhist activity, both monastic and lay, has once again been renewed. 4343:

ran all the state-approved schools and commonly criticized Buddhist beliefs. By 1865, Buddhist monks began a counter movement against Christian attacks, printing pamphlets and debating Christians in public, such as at the famous Panadura debate in 1873, which saw the monk

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Buddhist expansion, from Buddhist heartland in northern India (dark orange) starting 5th century BC, to Buddhist majority realm (orange), and historical extent of Buddhism influences (yellow). Mahayana (red arrow), Theravada (green arrow), and Tantric-Vajrayana (blue

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canon itself. Allegedly during the council there were altogether three hundred thousand verses and over nine million statements compiled, and it took twelve years to complete. The main fruit of this council was the compilation of the vast commentary known as the

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saw much repression of Buddhism. However, Buddhism is now undergoing a revival in post-communist Mongolia, with more ordained monks and nuns, and with 284 monasteries since 2009. More recent liberal attitudes towards religion has also benefited the Buddhists of

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has also been active in promoting Tibetan Buddhism in the West. All of the four major Tibetan Buddhist schools have a presence in the West and have attracted Western converts. The number of its adherents is estimated to be between ten and twenty million.

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and initiating monks into his order. The Buddha sent his disciples to spread the teaching across India. He also initiated an order of nuns. He urged his disciples to teach in the local language or dialects. He spent a lot of his time near the cities of

3164:(836–842), the following centuries saw a colossal effort in collecting available Indian sources, many of which are now extant only in Tibetan translation. Tibetan Buddhism was favored above other religions by the rulers of imperial Chinese and Mongol 1139:

Lamotte and Hirakawa both maintain that the first schism in the Buddhist sangha occurred during the reign of Ashoka. According to scholar Collett Cox "most scholars would agree that even though the roots of the earliest recognized groups predate

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have also been found in Alexandria, decorated with depictions of the Dharma wheel. The presence of Buddhists in Alexandria has even drawn the conclusion that they influenced monastic Christianity. In the 2nd century CE, the Christian dogmatist,

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recited and organized the orally transmitted collections of the Buddha's teachings and settled certain disciplinary problems within the community. Modern scholarship has questioned the accuracy and historicity of these traditional accounts.

4228:(r. c. 1181–1218), Theravada Buddhism was promoted by the royal family and Sri Lankan monks, including his son Tamalinda who himself had traveled to Sri Lanka. During the 13th and 14th centuries, Theravada became the dominant religion of 3378: 3969:(802–1431), a state that dominated most of the South-East Asian peninsula during its time. Under the Khmer, numerous temples, both Hindu and Buddhist, were built in Cambodia and in neighboring Thailand. One of the greatest Khmer kings, 1244:

or earlier, they could be based on doctrinal disagreement. Pre-sectarian Buddhism, however, did not have Abhidhammic scriptures, except perhaps for a basic framework, and not all of the early schools developed an Abhidhamma literature.

4355:(or sometimes "Protestant Buddhism"), which tended to see the Buddha from a humanist point of view and claimed that Buddhism was a rational and scientific religion. Important figures in this new movement include the American convert 1826:

believes that "the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Āndhra country." Anthony Barber and Sree Padma also trace Mahayana Buddhism to ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Kṛṣṇa Valley, including

5492:, 'The advocate of death') was a contemporary of Magas and was probably influenced by the teachings of the Buddhist missionaries to Cyrene and Alexandria. His influence was such that he was ultimately prohibited from teaching. 809:

contain no continuous life of the buddha, only later after 200 BCE were various "biographies" with much mythological embellishment written. All texts agree however that Gautama renounced the householder life and lived as a

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languages and served as the official script of the empire. The activities of the Mongols were conducive to the prominency of the Sakya school and then the Gelug, and to the further development of Tibeto-Mongolian culture.

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by some schools. This literature was specific to each school, and arguments and disputes between the schools were often based on these Abhidhammic writings. However, actual splits were originally based on disagreements on

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Pushyamitra's attack of the Mauryas, and merely reflect the desperate frustration of the Buddhist religious figures in the face of the possibly irreversible decline in the importance of their religion under the Shungas.

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Many printed Buddhist texts from the region date to the Yuan, and they were printed in the Uyghur, Xixia and Sanskrit languages. The Uyghurs also restored cave temples and repainted Buddhist wall paintings such as at

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nomads in the 1st century BCE. It eventually encompassed much of northern India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Kushans adopted elements of the Hellenistic culture of Bactria and the Indo-Greeks. During Kushan rule,

1156:. While the second council probably was a historical event, traditions regarding the Second Council are confusing and ambiguous. According to the Theravada tradition the overall result was the first schism in the 4512:

arose as a strong competitor to Buddhism when it was adopted by the Japanese government. In 1872, the Japanese government decreed that Buddhist clerics could marry. These changes led to modernization efforts by

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During the 19th century, Western intellectuals became more aware of Buddhism through various contacts such as colonial servants, administrators, and Christian missionaries. Sir Edwin Arnold's book-length poem

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have commented that Buddhism may have influenced Western thought and religion at that time. Linssen points to the presence of Buddhist communities in the Hellenistic world around that period, in particular in

1330:) of the Buddha or other saints within. It was believed that the practice of devotion to these relics and stupas could bring blessings. Perhaps the best-preserved example of a Mauryan Buddhist site is the 2360:

in India, and was also being used by other thinkers, regardless of their specific religious or philosophical allegiance, thus enabling a far wider audience to gain access to Buddhist ideas and practices.

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as well many stupas and monks. After the end of the Hephthalite empire, Gandharan Buddhism declined in Gandhara proper (in the Peshawar basin). However it continued to thrive in adjacent areas like the

1519:"), who may have "almost entirely drawn (its) inspiration from the teaching and practices of Buddhist asceticism" and may even have been descendants of Aśoka's emissaries to the West. Philosophers like 3497:

beginning around 372 CE. During the 6th century, many Korean monks traveled to China and India to study Buddhism and various Korean Buddhist schools developed. Buddhism prospered in Korea during the

2039:(reigned c. 160–135 BCE). He may have converted to Buddhism and is presented in the Mahāyāna tradition as one of the great benefactors of the faith, on a par with king Aśoka or the later Kushan king 3243:

Some of the earliest known Buddhist artifacts found in China are small statues on "money trees", dated c. 200 CE, in typical Gandhāran drawing style. In the period between 460 and 525 CE during the

1923:) was hostile towards Buddhists and persecuted the Buddhist faith. Buddhists wrote that he "destroyed hundreds of monasteries and killed hundreds of thousands of innocent Monks": 840,000 Buddhist 4617:, which today contains various Buddhist monasteries and is a center for the study of Tibetan Buddhism. The 14th Dalai Lama has become one of the most popular Buddhist leaders in the world today. 3028:

Under the Gupta and Pala empires, a Tantric Buddhist movement arose, variously named Vajrayāna, Mantrayāna, Tantric Buddhism and Esoteric Buddhism. It promoted new practices such as the use of

3160:(817–836). Terminology in translation was standardised around 825, enabling a translation methodology that was highly literal. Despite a reversal in Buddhist influence which began under King 2590:

and Kang Sengkai (from Samarkand). Thirty-seven early translators of Buddhist texts are known, and the majority of them have been identified as hailing from the Iranian cultural sphere. The

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in the 5th century CE, bringing Mahayana texts, a sign that the religion was already established in the region by this point. Mahayana Buddhism and Hinduism were the main religions of the

7535: 6700: 1231:. These texts further contributed to the development of sectarian identities. The various splits within the monastic organization went together with the introduction and emphasis on 3517:, Buddhism faced a reversal of fortunes beginning with the confiscation of monastery lands, the closing of monasteries and the ban on ordination by aristocrats in the 15th century. 2356:. Although this change was probably effected without significant loss of integrity to the canon, this event was of particular significance since Sanskrit was the sacred language of 2728: 2836:

in 405, and commented on the prosperity and mild administration of the Gupta empire. Another Chinese traveler who reached India after the end of the Guptas in the 7th century was

1449:(5,400–9,600 km) away, where the Greek king Antiochos rules, beyond there where the four kings named Ptolemy, Antigonos, Magas and Alexander rule, likewise in the south among the 5775:

2004. pp. 65–66 "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahasamghikas in Southern India, in the Andhra country, on the Krsna River."

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in 1880 in Sri Lanka. The Theosophical Society was very influential in popularizing Indian religions in the west. The 19th century also saw the first western monastics such as

3902:. For more than a thousand years, Indian influence was, therefore, the major factor that brought a certain level of cultural unity to the various countries of the region. The 875:(monastic community) remained centered on the Ganges valley, spreading gradually from its ancient heartland. The canonical sources record various councils, where the monastic 2818:

Buddhism (that is, non-Mahayana), but was also a place for the study of numerous subjects including secular topics of higher education (such as medicine, logic and grammar).

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Thailand, which was the only country to avoid colonization, had two important Buddhist kings, who pushed for modernization and reformation of the Buddhist sangha. They were

2708: 7257: 4566:, Buddhism underwent a revival, with youth groups being influential and temples being rebuilt with government aid. An example of a recent modern form of Korean Buddhism is 959: 5090:

at present what is taken to be the realm of Ashoka is a discontinuous set of several core regions separated by very large areas occupied by relatively autonomous peoples.

2919:, Abhidharma, Madhyamaka, Yogacara and Pramana, as well as the study of linguistics, medicine, astronomy, music, painting, and sculpture. Great Buddhist scholars such as 4132: 3615:(innate awakening or original enlightenment), a doctrine which was influential for all subsequent Japanese Buddhism. Buddhism also influenced the Japanese religion of 2655:

conquered the area in the 8th century and blended with the local Iranian peoples, absorbing the Buddhist culture of the region. They were later absorbed by the Mongol

3354: 6851: 4947: 4116: 4739:(1879), a life of the Buddha, was a successful early publication on Buddhism that led to much interest among English speaking middle classes. The work of western 2576:

Central Asians played a key role in the transmission of Buddhism to China The first translators of Buddhists scriptures into Chinese were Iranians, including the

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of the Yuan dynasty. In 1269, Kublai Khan commissioned Phagpa lama to design a new writing system to unify the writing systems of the multilingual empire. The

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countries. Land and maritime trade routes linked India with the region and both Hindu and Buddhist beliefs became influential there during the period of the

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The Buddhist movement that became known as Mahayana (Great Vehicle) and also the Bodhisattvayana, began sometime between 150 BCE and 100 CE, drawing on both

1485:. He also issued edicts in the Greek language as well as in Aramaic. One of them, found in Kandahar, advocates the adoption of "piety" (using the Greek term 6495: 3443:. Buddhism may have arrived as early as the 3rd or 2nd century BCE via India, or alternatively during the 1st or 2nd century from China. Whatever the case, 3067:, states that mantras taught in the Shaiva, Garuda and Vaishnava tantras will be effective if applied by Buddhists since they were all taught originally by 6797:

Zürcher, Erik. 2007 (1959). The Buddhist Conquest of China: The Spread and Adaptation of Buddhism in Early Medieval China. 3rd ed. Leiden: Brill. pp. 32–34

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Scholars believe that it was also around this time that a significant change was made in the language of the Sarvāstivādin canon, by converting an earlier

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ideas, especially due to their view that all of Gautama Buddha's acts were "transcendental" or "supramundane", even those performed before his Buddhahood.

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Lamotte, Étienne (1988) History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Śaka Era, translated from the French by Sara Boin-Webb, Louvain: Peeters Press

3726:(middle first mill. AD) received missionaries and built temples for them. Buddhism prevailed among aristocrats and was patronised by the monarchs of the 3344:(1368–1644), the Chan school became the dominant tradition in China and all monks were affiliated with Chan. In the 17th century, Buddhism was spread to 2754:

university ruins, the seating, and meditation area. It was one of the most important centers of learning, during the Pala Empire, established by Emperor

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also built wells, rest-houses and hospitals for humans and animals. He also abolished torture, royal hunting trips and perhaps even the death penalty.

6009: 3255:, which include some impressive monumental sculptures. In the fifth century, Chinese Buddhists also developed new schools and traditions, such as the 6945:

Heng-Ching Shih (1987). Yung-Ming's Syncretism of Pure Land and Chan, The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 10 (1), p. 117

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traveled to India, bringing back 657 Buddhist texts along with relics and statues. He established a famed translation school in the Tang capital of

3149:. Chan Buddhism was introduced via east Tibet from China and left its impression, but was rendered of lesser importance by early political events. 6767: 6683: 2974:, and the loss of political support coupled with social pressures, the practice of Buddhism retreated to the Himalayan foothills in the North and 10212: 6039: 8482: 11191: 10436: 7545: 6704: 6509: 101: 7936: 2289:(128–151 CE) is particularly known for his support of Buddhism. During his reign, stupas and monasteries were built in the Gandhāran city of 4197:. Invasions from the Burmese and the Mongols weakened Theravada in this region and it had to be reintroduced from Sri Lanka. During the Mon 2787:

university, which became the largest and most influential Buddhist university in India for many centuries. Great Buddhist philosophers like

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Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD

3228:, between 178 and 189 CE. Early translators faced the difficulty of communicating foreign Buddhist concepts to the Chinese, and often used 1120:

After an initial period of unity, divisions in the sangha or monastic community led to the first schism of the sangha into two groups: the

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The history of Buddhism is also characterized by the development of numerous movements, schisms, and philosophical schools, among them the

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art spread along with the faith from south-east Asia to China. During this period, Chinese pilgrims also visited India to study Buddhism.

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who visited the region in the 7th century. Xuanzang notes that there were over a hundred Buddhist monasteries in the city, including the

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Buddhism also became popular during this period and was often practiced together with Chan. It was also during the Song that the entire

2278:, they are the oldest Buddhist manuscripts yet discovered (c. 1st century CE). According to Richard Salomon, most of them belong to the 1645:

was written down during the 1st century BCE to preserve the teaching in a time of war and famine. It is the only complete collection of

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W., T. (1897). "Review of A Record of the Buddhist Religion, as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago (A.D. 671–695), I-Tsing".

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and Spain, Tibetan Buddhism has the largest following. Tibetan, East Asian and Theravada traditions are now also present and active in

8496: 6821: 2810:, in western India, which was second only to Nalanda in the 5th century. This influential university was founded and supported by the 8518: 7048: 4551: 3626:(1185–1333), there were six new Buddhist schools founded which competed with the older Nara schools and are known as "New Buddhism" ( 2337:("Great Exegesis"), an extensive compendium and reference work on a portion of the Sarvāstivādin Abhidharma. Modern scholars such as 6322: 4019:

also testified to the importance of Buddhism as early as the year 671 and advised future Chinese pilgrims to spend a year or two in

3000: 11623: 5899: 5631:

Gombrich, Theravada Buddhism, a social history from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo, Routledge; 2 edition (July 26, 2006), p. 152

4418: 2297:), which he used as a capital. Kushan royal support and the opening of trade routes allowed Gandharan Buddhism to spread along the 1273:(268–232 BCE), Buddhism gained royal support and began to spread more widely, reaching most of the Indian subcontinent. After his 1144:, their actual separation did not occur until after his death." According to the Theravada tradition, the split took place at the 11028: 10480: 7907: 7241: 6226:

van Bladel, Kevin (2011). "The Bactrian Background of the Barmakids". In Anna Akasoy and Charles Burnett and Ronit Yoeli-Tlalim.

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The Theravada tradition has established various temples in the West, especially among immigrant communities in the US. Theravada

4201:(1287–1552), Theravada Buddhism was the dominant religion in Burma, with strong ties to Sri Lankan Buddhism. One of their kings, 3321:(960–1279), which is known as the "golden age" of Chan. During this period Chinese Chan influenced Korean and Japanese Buddhism. 6268: 10683: 8663: 2068:. Upon Menander's death, the honor of sharing his remains was claimed by the cities under his rule, and they were enshrined in 1767:

Mahayana remained a minority among Indian Buddhists for some time, growing slowly until about half of all monks encountered by

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Adrian Kuzminski, Pyrrhonism: How the Ancient Greeks Reinvented Buddhism (Studies in Comparative Philosophy and Religion) 2008

5416: 4270:, which weakened the traditional political structures which supported the religion, as well as criticism and competition from 8490: 8216: 8137: 8086: 7747: 7509: 7456: 7439: 7298: 7227: 6635: 6431: 6235: 5981: 5660: 5599: 5403: 5168: 5113: 5082: 4967: 1160:, between the Sthavira nikāya and the Mahāsāṃghikas, although it is not agreed upon by all what the cause of this split was. 8846: 8688: 8354: 4517:

which saw the setting up of publishing houses and the study of Western philosophy and scholarship. In the post-war period,

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Buddhism arrived late in Tibet, during the 7th century. The form that predominated, via the south of Tibet, was a blend of

4578: 4363:(1864–1933), who promoted Buddhist schools, lay organizations and the printing of newspapers. Dharmapala also founded the 3546:

Buddhism was introduced to Japan in the 6th century by Korean monks bearing sutras and an image of the Buddha. During the

3394: 2529:. As Buddhism reached many of these lands, Buddhists began to translate and produce texts in the local languages, such as 1393:

names and locations of the main Greek monarchs of the time are identified, and they are claimed as recipients of Buddhist

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ordered the building of temples throughout his realm. Numerous temples and monasteries were built in the capital city of

2487: 11243: 8382:. Institute of Oriental Culture Special Series. Vol. 23. Tokyo: Institute of Oriental Culture, University of Tokyo. 6055: 11592: 11454: 11184: 10920: 10470: 8565: 8396: 4962: 4932: 2454: 650: 96: 53: 6387: 4758:

The late 19th century also saw the first-known modern western conversions to Buddhism, including leading Theosophists

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to restore the dilapidated Indian site of Bodh Gaya. Dharmapala also traveled to the UK and the US to teach Buddhism.

2667:. Uyghur Buddhism was the last major Buddhist culture in Xinjiang and it lasted until the mid 14th century. After the 8766: 8463: 8447: 8431: 8378:(2009). "The Śaiva Age: The Rise and Dominance of Śaivism during the Early Medieval Period". In Einoo, Shingo (ed.). 8333: 8317: 8307: 8284: 8266: 8243: 8194: 8172: 8158: 8117: 8068: 7379: 7184: 7174: 7102: 6541: 4562:'s harsh government nevertheless offers some limited support to the sangha, but it closely controls all activity. In 4529: 3795:

to spread Buddhism throughout his realm (the second introduction of Buddhism among the Mongols). Buddhism became the

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in Central Asia (c. 977–1186) led to the decline and eventual disappearance of Buddhism from most of these regions.

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conquered the area (circa 440s–670). Under the Hephthalites, Gandharan Buddhism continued to thrive in cities like

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which had been built by Ashoka were destroyed, and 100 gold coins were offered for the head of each Buddhist monk.

1063: 11090: 11080: 8909: 4952: 4429:(1728–1816), who was instrumental in the promotion of Buddhist meditation practices. In 1956, Burmese politician 3899: 3788: 3311: 2617: 5176:

had a presence throughout the main urban centres and arteries of the subcontinent, except for the extreme south.

4004:, adopted Mahāyāna and Vajrayāna Buddhism and spread Buddhism to Java, Malaya and other regions they conquered. 11035: 10688: 10490: 10381: 10326: 8899: 4706: 4648: 3156:

religion, which had the support of the aristocracy, but with royal patronage, it thrived to a peak under King

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Buddhism flourished under the Indo-Greek and Greco-Bactrian kings. One of the most famous Indo-Greek kings is

11482: 11472: 11177: 11005: 10703: 10386: 8678: 8511: 8032:. 2 vols. Translated by Samuel Beal. London. 1884. Reprint: Delhi. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. 1969. 7639:

Pranke, Patrick. On saints and wizards, Ideals of human perfection and power in contemporary Burmese Buddhism

5434: 4814: 4193:, adopted the Theravādin Buddhist faith from Sri Lanka, building numerous Buddhist temples at his capital of 3498: 3060: 2978:

in the south. Additionally, the influence of Buddhism also waned due to Hinduism's revival movements such as

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representations of the Buddha are found in the lands ruled by the Indo-Greeks, in a realistic style known as

579: 274: 7217: 6468:. Raopura, Vadodara: Faculty of Education and Psychology, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda. pp. 2899:

region. The Pālas were stanch supporters of Buddhism, and built several important Buddhist centers, such as

11618: 10588: 10460: 10431: 10133: 8186: 6006: 4345: 4275: 4071: 3055:

Various classes of Vajrayana literature developed as a result of royal courts sponsoring both Buddhism and

2684: 2680: 1999: 903:. According to Charles Prebish, almost all scholars have questioned the historicity of this first council. 524: 299: 259: 11291: 10279: 10188: 9658: 9303: 8816: 8711: 8183:

The Crossroads of Asia. Transformation in Image and symbol in the art of ancient Afghanistan and Pakistan

5541: 4845: 4771: 4391: 4267: 3751: 2891:, the Gangetic plain saw the rise of many small feuding kingdoms. This was to last until the rise of the 2263:

was at the height of its influence and a significant number of Buddhist centers were built or renovated.

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The expansion of Buddhism to the west in the 20th century has made the religion a worldwide phenomenon.

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was one of the earliest Buddhist kingdoms in the area and helped transmit Buddhism from India to China.

2271: 11128: 10608: 10084: 9570: 8693: 8526: 8439:

A Record of the Buddhist Religion : As Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago (A.D. 671–695)

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Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, C. 800–1830, Volume 1: Integration on the Mainland

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Orzech, Charles D. (general editor) (2011). Esoteric Buddhism and the Tantras in East Asia. Brill. p. 4

6726: 4833: 4282:, modern science and regional political instability are also influential pressures on modern Buddhism. 4015:

as a great center of Buddhist learning where the emperor supported over a thousand monks at his court.

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meanwhile also developed their own schools and doctrines early on, which can be seen in texts like the

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and pillars urging, among other things, respect of all animal life and enjoining people to follow the

11537: 11462: 11018: 10831: 10821: 10693: 9676: 9256: 9017: 8992: 8312:"National Museum Arts asiatiques- Guimet" (Editions de la Reunion des Musées Nationaux, Paris, 2001) 4395: 3295: 3221: 2609: 2368:

Map of the major geographical centers of major Buddhist schools in South Asia, at around the time of

1294: 936: 399: 9042: 7451:

Myint-U, Thant (2006). The River of Lost Footsteps – Histories of Burma. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

7197:Кузьмин С.Л. 2010. Скрытый Тибет. История независимости и оккупации. С.Петербург: изд. А. Терентьева 6513: 4855:, interest in Buddhism also increased during the late 20th century, with an exponential increase in 2275: 2091:. Many of the stylistic elements in the representations of the Buddha point to Greek influence: the 1132:(monastic discipline). Over time, these two monastic fraternities would further divide into various 209: 11527: 11467: 11123: 10475: 10289: 10267: 10260: 10163: 9696: 9316: 9132: 9077: 8698: 8504: 4810: 4232:, and monasteries replaced the local priestly classes. The Theravāda faith was also adopted by the 3877:. Altan Khan also bestowed the title Ochirdara (Очирдар, from Sanskr. Vajradhara) to Sonam Gyatso. 3192: 3100: 1815: 857:(Skt. Śrāvastī, Rājagrha, Vāiśalī). By the time of his death at 80, he had thousands of followers. 404: 354: 8349:. Gandharan Buddhist Texts. Seattle: University of Washington Press; London: The British Library. 7947: 3918:, were transmitted from direct contact and through sacred texts and Indian literature such as the 1741:

trends. The earliest inscription which is recognizably Mahayana dates from 180 CE and is found in

11309: 11248: 11060: 11040: 10371: 10351: 10108: 9838: 9082: 5072: 4868: 4593:(which had been a client state of the Qing dynasty) remained a traditional theocratic state (the 4501: 4379: 3494: 3400: 3080: 2639:. The region has revealed extremely rich Buddhist works of art as well as Buddhist texts such as 1626: 1595: 1149: 1145: 854: 564: 5800:, p. 335: "The south (of India) was then vigorously creative in producing Mahayana Sutras". 4035:

that incorporated several different religions such as Hinduism and other indigenous traditions.

2958:. By the end of the 12th century, following the Islamic conquest of the Buddhist strongholds in 1625:

The first architectural records of Buddha images, however, actually come from the reign of King

11522: 11505: 11410: 11398: 11390: 11226: 11070: 10910: 10578: 10548: 10321: 10272: 10113: 10061: 10056: 9818: 9639: 9536: 9288: 9283: 9032: 4721: 4625: 4518: 4434: 4410: 3880:

Altan Khan died soon after, but in the next century Gelug Buddhism spread throughout Mongolia.

3326: 3134: 3084: 2108:

stance of the upright figures (see: 1st–2nd century Gandhara standing Buddhas), the stylicized

2025: 1969: 1426: 1369: 1346: 1133: 1128:(Great Sangha). Most scholars agree that the schism was caused by disagreements over points of 884: 866: 726: 643: 379: 364: 344: 269: 264: 179: 86: 9400: 8143: 8127: 7469: 6421: 6017: 3746:

that dominated the Mongolian steppes before the rise of the Liao dynasty. The monarchs of the

3501:(688–926) when it became a dominant force in society. Buddhism continued to be popular in the 1935:

observes: "To judge from the documents, Pushyamitra must be acquitted through lack of proof."

11557: 11075: 11045: 10626: 10558: 10391: 10306: 10301: 10225: 10220: 10138: 8668: 8360: 5971: 5864: 5191: 5158: 5103: 4872: 4864: 4841: 4590: 4461: 4374:, where Buddhism became popular among some Indian intellectuals. One of these was the lawyer 4063: 3673: 3478: 2387: 2121: 1807: 1799: 1734: 1726: 1560: 1536: 1508: 1331: 1210:

In the third century BCE, some Buddhists began introducing new systematized teachings called

1188: 1125: 841: 584: 574: 529: 9691: 5927:

Ashoka and the Decline of the Mauryas by Romila Thapar, Oxford University Press, 1960 p. 200

3996:(6–7th centuries) were destinations for Chinese monks seeking out Buddhist texts. The Malay 3853:, a Mongol military leader with ambitions to unite the Mongols and to emulate the career of 3072: 2050:

Direct cultural exchange is also suggested by a dialogue called the Debate of King Milinda (

775: 11444: 11436: 11301: 11263: 11211: 11098: 11065: 11050: 10568: 10465: 10411: 10296: 10235: 10203: 10198: 10183: 10168: 10158: 10123: 10036: 9728: 9651: 8954: 8894: 8643: 8610: 8560: 6829: 6822:"The Taoist Influence on Hua-yen Buddhism: A Case of the Sinicization of Buddhism in China" 5224: 4942: 4832:

meditation was also established in the West, through the founding of institutions like the

4457: 4441:. Recently, Buddhist monks have become involved in political protest movements such as the 4360: 3705: 3452: 3244: 2755: 2640: 1903:(185–73 BCE) was established about 50 years after Ashoka's death. After assassinating King 1858: 1722: 1598:

brought Buddhism to the island during the 2nd century BCE. In addition, Ashoka's daughter,

806: 764: 594: 554: 549: 514: 359: 239: 147: 132: 76: 48: 10938: 9553: 9422: 9348: 9224: 8962: 7040: 4213:

between 1476 and 1479. Theravada remained the official religion of the subsequent Burmese

3044:

and the visualization of deities and Buddhas and developed a new class of literature, the

1688: 1634: 1341:), emissaries were sent to various countries in order to spread Buddhism, as far south as 1281:

seems to have experienced remorse and began working to improve the lives of his subjects.

8: 11577: 11415: 11342: 11235: 11200: 10905: 10784: 10618: 10593: 10583: 10543: 10520: 10376: 10336: 10255: 10245: 10173: 10100: 9531: 9388: 9169: 9147: 9099: 8919: 8719: 8575: 8555: 8095: 6979:

Stanley Weinstein, "The Schools of Chinese Buddhism," in Kitagawa & Cummings (eds.),

6565:

Ray, Reginald A.; Indestructible Truth: The Living Spirituality of Tibetan Buddhism, 2000

6333: 4856: 4541: 4537: 4465: 4198: 4138: 4031:

as a missionary. As Srivijaya expanded, Buddhism thrived and also became part of a local

3803: 3418: 3064: 2904: 1788: 1406: 1200: 684: 604: 559: 497: 437: 374: 319: 314: 58: 8879: 8806: 8033: 6469: 5907: 3423: 2815: 2494:

school was the most successful in their efforts to spread Buddhism in Central Asia. The

2490:. Buddhism was present in this region from about the second century BCE. Initially, the 2404:

After the fall of the Kushans, small kingdoms ruled the Gandharan region, and later the

1498:

It is not clear how much these interactions may have been influential, but authors like

892: 840:

and its tributaries), teaching his doctrine to a diverse range of people from different

11572: 11375: 11352: 11347: 10968: 10873: 10715: 10678: 10673: 10603: 10553: 10500: 10495: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10346: 10331: 10316: 10311: 10250: 10230: 10193: 10118: 9923: 9624: 9548: 9426: 9368: 9209: 9109: 9037: 9012: 8658: 8588: 8036: 7540: 7470:

The Kalyani Inscriptions Erected by King Dhammaceti at Pegu: Text and Translation (PDF)

7343: 7070:

The Power of the Buddhas: the Politics of Buddhism during the Koryŏ Dynasty (918–1392),

5610:

Bandaranayake, S.D. Sinhalese Monastic Architecture: The Viháras of Anurádhapura, p. 22

5468:"The Original Jesus" (Element Books, Shaftesbury, 1995), Elmar R Gruber, Holger Kersten 4876: 4860: 4852: 4759: 4748: 4710: 4675:

as its main religion. During the course of the 18th century, they were absorbed by the

4442: 4422: 4387: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4257: 4043: 3811: 3635: 3448: 3264: 2807: 2763: 2530: 2260: 2243: 2233: 2141: 2032:

that was to last in parts of Northwest South Asia until the end of the 1st century CE.

2029: 1995: 1912: 1520: 1398: 1090: 1086: 1027: 995: 680: 589: 569: 509: 504: 392: 294: 287: 214: 204: 111: 10767: 7937:"Insight Meditation in the United States: Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness" 7915: 4437:, which saw monks from various Theravada countries produce another new edition of the 2324:. Kanishka gathered 500 learned monks partly to compile extensive commentaries on the 2098:-like wavy robe covering both shoulders (more exactly, its lighter version, the Greek 1878: 1771:

in 7th-century India were Mahayanists. Early Mahayana schools of thought included the

1121: 11500: 11495: 11362: 11314: 11146: 11108: 10804: 10789: 10752: 10737: 10510: 10426: 10341: 10178: 10143: 10128: 9855: 9845: 9526: 9373: 9358: 9229: 9152: 9072: 9007: 8939: 8826: 8583: 8486: 8459: 8443: 8437: 8427: 8392: 8350: 8329: 8313: 8303: 8280: 8262: 8239: 8212: 8190: 8168: 8154: 8133: 8113: 8099: 8082: 8064: 7805: 7743: 7505: 7497: 7488:

Gyallay-Pap, Peter. "Notes of the Rebirth of Khmer Buddhism," Radical Conservativism.

7452: 7435: 7375: 7294: 7253: 7223: 7196: 7180: 7098: 6631: 6537: 6427: 6260: 6231: 5977: 5656: 5595: 5428: 5399: 5164: 5109: 5078: 4937: 4744: 4735: 4525: 4514: 4505: 4340: 4245: 4237: 4142: 3939: 3815: 3663: 3531: 3526: 3473: 3468: 3428: 3182: 2915:. It was at these great Buddhist centers that scholars developed the philosophies of 2779:(4th–6th centuries) which brought order to much of north India. Gupta rulers such as 2554: 2534: 2495: 2375: 2328:, although it is possible that some editorial work was carried out upon the existing 2148: 2065: 1865: 1564: 1410: 1377: 1350: 1164: 1157: 636: 534: 519: 324: 199: 142: 106: 91: 22: 10090: 8884: 8784: 5253: 4803: 4524:

Chinese Buddhism meanwhile, suffered much destruction during the Christian-inspired

4038:

In the island of Java, another kingdom also promoted Mahayana Buddhist culture, the

3384:

Manjusri Bodhisattva debates Vimalakirti. Scene from the Vimalakirti Nirdesa Sutra.

2647:

is highly reminiscent of the Gandhāran style, and scriptures in the Gandhāri script

2120:(330 BCE), and the measured quality of the faces, all rendered with strong artistic 767:, there were also a number of smaller kingdoms stretching the length and breadth of 11403: 11329: 11253: 10794: 10747: 10742: 10598: 10563: 10538: 10533: 10284: 10240: 10153: 9828: 9484: 9477: 9261: 9251: 9137: 8801: 8673: 8375: 7249: 5811:

The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory.

5773:

The Concept of the Buddha: Its Evolution from Early Buddhism to the Trikaya Theory.

4957: 4922: 4912: 4821: 4763: 4740: 4692: 4672: 4637: 4610: 4602: 4497: 4206: 3993: 3943: 3911: 3819: 3792: 3769: 3743: 3719: 3602: 3447:

had been established by the second century CE in Vietnam. By the 9th century, both

3361: 3337: 3252: 3248: 3188: 3142: 3104: 3076: 3045: 2888: 2811: 2715: 2702:

complex, a major center of learning in India from the 5th century CE to c. 1200 CE.

2546: 2538: 2357: 2342: 2117: 1717: 1531: 1466: 1402: 1389: 1338: 1111: 991: 922: 912: 599: 544: 474: 464: 329: 9873: 8300:

The Shape of Ancient Thought. Comparative studies in Greek and Indian Philosophies

7618:

Jerryson, Michael K. (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism, p. 42, 50

3688:(1185–1333). Buddhism, especially Zen, remained culturally influential during the 3551: 2151:(literally translated as 'Great Teacher/Preserver of the Dharma'), was "a Greek (" 1676:(5th–6th century), systematized the traditional Sri Lankan commentary literature ( 1629:(65–109 CE). The major Buddhist monasteries and schools in Ancient Sri Lanka were 1196: 759:

were sixteen most powerful and vast kingdoms and republics around the lifetime of

11532: 11490: 11380: 11158: 11103: 11055: 10983: 10853: 10651: 10631: 10573: 10485: 10148: 10046: 9893: 9629: 9612: 9597: 9575: 9127: 8997: 8831: 8811: 7476: 6308: 6043: 6024: 6013: 5650: 4917: 4899: 4791: 4606: 4594: 4547: 4214: 4170: 4039: 3951: 3823: 3764:

and sent armies as far as central Europe and Southeast Asia. The emperors of the

3761: 3689: 3685: 3623: 3237: 3009: 2983: 2967: 2951: 2946:

A milestone in the decline of Indian Buddhism in the North occurred in 1193 when

2833: 2613: 2594: 2577: 2550: 2542: 2338: 2084: 1973: 1932: 1828: 1822:, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. 1761: 1700: 1414: 1047: 1043: 1039: 624: 539: 339: 249: 194: 9903: 9057: 9047: 7173:

Dobbins, James C. (1998). "Envisioning Kamakura Buddhism". In Payne, Richard K.

6628:

The holy land reborn: pilgrimage & the Tibetan Reinvention of Buddhist India

6065: 3570:

temple. There was also a proliferation of Buddhist sects in the capital city of

3240:(334–413 CE) improved the translation methods of Chinese Buddhism considerably. 2560: 2381: 2159:(Chap. XXIX), who led 30,000 Buddhist monks from "the Greek city of Alasandra" ( 1253: 1180: 1163:

The Sthaviras gave birth to a large number of influential schools including the

189: 11281: 11258: 11113: 10816: 10666: 10448: 10028: 10008: 9928: 9617: 9607: 9541: 9378: 8864: 8727: 8346:

Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhāra: The British Library Kharosthī Fragments

8053:

Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times

7946:. By Prebish, C.S.; Tanaka, K.K. University of California Press. Archived from 6463: 6214: 5524: 5457: 5417:"Afghanistan History – Mauryans & Graeco-Bactrians (c. 305 B.C. - 48 B.C.)" 4702: 4697: 4683:, which remains a federal subject of Russia with a majority Buddhist religion. 4676: 4661: 4375: 4336: 4323: 4263: 4225: 3970: 3895: 3858: 3807: 3799: 3760:(c. 1162 - 1227) and his immediate successors conquered nearly all of Asia and 3747: 3514: 2947: 2841: 2664: 2591: 2088: 2021: 2009: 1989: 1900: 1832: 1795: 1699:(“Great Monastery”) school became dominant in Sri Lanka following the reign of 1646: 1573: 1499: 999: 760: 696: 484: 414: 369: 227: 5160:

A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day

4508:

of 1868 led to the end of feudal Japan and rapid modernization. A new form of

2392: 1606:(order for nuns) in Sri Lanka, also bringing with her a sapling of the sacred 1168: 811: 11612: 11319: 11286: 10883: 10732: 10041: 9943: 9801: 9602: 9580: 9516: 9187: 8982: 8977: 8869: 8538: 8204: 6059: 4907: 4668: 4453: 4311: 4241: 3910:

languages and Indian scripts, together with Theravāda and Mahāyāna Buddhism,

3889: 3735: 3723: 3647: 3563: 3299: 3268: 2857: 2780: 2644: 2502: 2491: 2426: 2398: 2279: 2251: 2184: 2172: 2109: 2051: 1939: 1848: 1803: 1780: 1482: 1266: 1176: 1106: 1102: 1068: 1035: 1023: 1014: 967: 916: 768: 756: 751: 672: 309: 304: 244: 9341: 9331: 8703: 5037:

Berkwitz, Stephen C. South Asian Buddhism: A Survey, Routledge, 2012, p. 43.

4752: 4438: 4414: 4042:(732–1006), a major rival of Srivijaya. They are known for their monumental 3742:(916–1125). The Khitans aristocracy regarded Buddhism as the culture of the 3137:, providing the Tibetans with almost all of their primary sources about the 2242:

Kushan territories (full line) and maximum extent of Kushan dominions under

2012:

statue, one of the first representations of the Buddha, 1st–2nd century CE,

1309:. He has been hailed by Buddhist sources as the model for the compassionate 449: 254: 11515: 10973: 10958: 10928: 10878: 10868: 10710: 10505: 9998: 9833: 9711: 9499: 9494: 9321: 9192: 9067: 8528: 8129:

The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c.6500 BCE – 200 CE

8074: 7932: 4837: 4783: 4767: 4728:, Germany. It is considered the oldest Theravada Buddhist center in Europe. 4583: 4567: 4509: 4271: 4221: 4190: 3966: 3935: 3854: 3843: 3773: 3765: 3757: 3739: 3731: 3681: 3510: 3341: 3333: 3318: 3307: 3275: 3165: 3126: 2924: 2900: 2796: 2795:

taught philosophy there. Nalanda remained a central place for the study of

2784: 2776: 2751: 2656: 2565: 2522: 2467: 2459: 2364: 2329: 2313: 2302: 2238: 2176: 2105: 2044: 1916: 1760:). It emerged as a set of loose groups associated with new texts named the 1738: 1611: 1577: 1547: 1373: 1223: 1031: 1009: 955: 926: 837: 829: 688: 349: 234: 152: 38: 9756: 9741: 9701: 9398: 9062: 8638: 4829: 4717: 3567: 2028:(reigned c. 200–180 BCE) invaded the Indian Subcontinent, establishing an 1603: 10943: 10772: 9913: 9898: 9681: 9489: 9417: 9197: 9027: 8929: 8776: 8648: 7806:"80th anniversary of Das Buddhistische Haus in Berlin – Frohnau, Germany" 5876: 5567:"National Engineering Technological Heritage Gallery ceremonially opened" 4844:

has also established communities in the US and in the UK. In the UK, the

4775: 4614: 4563: 4559: 4485: 4406: 4319: 4174: 4091: 3978: 3923: 3777: 3677: 3547: 3486: 3283: 3209: 3122: 3108: 2928: 2892: 2792: 2628: 2514: 2483: 2438: 2421: 2405: 2334: 2306: 2168: 2133: 2092: 2004: 1952: 1836: 1823: 1814:. The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the 1811: 1749: 1669: 1599: 1512: 1394: 1325: 1274: 1203:

or "One-utterancers". This school has been seen as foreshadowing certain

1153: 1079:. The leader of the Mallakas, under siege, by the seven gods, during the 900: 888: 735: 419: 10933: 9393: 7347: 4268:

colonization of traditionally Buddhist Asian countries by Western states

4169:

peoples in Myanmar show extensive evidence of Theravada presence in the

2312:

Kanishka is also said to have convened a major Buddhist council for the

1614:. These two figures are seen as the mythical founders of the Sri Lankan 683:. The religion evolved as it spread from the northeastern region of the 11597: 11587: 11510: 11169: 10888: 10846: 10722: 10528: 10453: 10067: 10051: 10013: 9993: 9888: 9863: 9771: 9706: 9686: 9432: 9363: 9234: 9117: 9087: 9022: 8972: 8630: 8620: 8593: 5889:

Indian Historical Quarterly Vol. XXII, pp. 81 ff cited in Hars, p. 407.

4927: 4621: 4598: 4555: 4456:(r. 1868–1910), who were responsible for several key modern reforms of 4279: 4248:

period (14th–18th century), becoming an integral part of Thai society.

4244:(1237/1247–1298). Theravāda Buddhism was further reinforced during the 4210: 4202: 4162: 4032: 3947: 3874: 3866: 3850: 3693: 3571: 3555: 3303: 3202: 3049: 2908: 2845: 2840:. He reported in his travels across India that Buddhism was popular in 2627:

Buddhism also flourished in the eastern part of central Asia, like the

2621: 2597:(226–651 CE) would eventually rule over many of these regions (such as 2526: 2518: 2325: 2195: 2180: 2077: 2073: 2057: 2036: 1889: 1772: 1753: 1696: 1677: 1673: 1661: 1654: 1642: 1630: 1607: 1569: 1504: 1458: 1241: 1232: 1211: 1072: 814: 424: 184: 81: 9908: 8904: 5973:

Foreign Impact on Indian Life and Culture (c. 326 B.C. to c. 300 A.D.)

5251: 4709:. Completed in 1988, it is one of the largest Buddhist temples in the 4460:. Two recent Thai modernist movements are the monastic revival of the 4351:

During this period a new form of Buddhism began to take shape, termed

4106:

A painting by G.B. Hooijer (c. 1916–1919) reconstructing the scene of

3197: 3091:, introducing a copying error where a deity was mistaken for a place. 3048:. The movement can be traced back to groups of wandering yogis called 2788: 1316:

Another feature of Mauryan Buddhism was the worship and veneration of

11370: 10863: 10836: 10003: 9878: 9590: 9506: 9383: 9273: 9246: 9239: 9202: 9159: 9122: 8889: 8854: 8821: 8796: 8751: 8442:, Clarendon press 1896. Reprint. New Delhi, AES, 2005, lxiv, 240 p., 8258: 4871:. Tibetan and Zen Buddhism also have established a small presence in 4807: 4787: 4186: 4179: 4156: 4107: 4067: 4059: 4047: 4020: 4012: 3997: 3985: 3955: 3930:

followed the Mahāyāna faith. Examples include mainland kingdoms like

3839: 3651: 3322: 3291: 3213: 3161: 3068: 2995: 2975: 2916: 2912: 2853: 2848:. While reporting many deserted stupas in the area around modern day 2719: 2648: 2580: 2471: 2298: 2220: 2156: 2129: 2125: 1904: 1665: 1615: 1590: 1581: 1527:

are sometimes thought to have been influenced by Buddhist teachings.

1516: 1474: 1462: 1418: 1361: 1345:

and as far west as the Greek kingdoms, in particular the neighboring

1342: 1192: 1184: 1051: 846: 742: 715: 707: 692: 469: 444: 10636: 9472: 9326: 9092: 8874: 8743: 8735: 8417:

Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors

7372:

Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula

5128: 5126: 5124: 3894:

Since around 500 BCE, the culture of India has exerted influence on

3676:

was especially productive between the 8th and 13th centuries during

3598: 3310:. In the later Tang, Chinese Buddhism suffered a setback during the 2246:(dotted line), which saw the height of Gandhāran Buddhist expansion. 1798:, which are among the earliest Mahāyāna sūtras, developed among the 1703:(1153–1186), who abolished the Abhayagiri and Jetavanin traditions. 1219: 984: 11582: 11153: 10993: 10948: 10893: 10858: 10762: 10421: 9988: 9983: 9933: 9868: 9786: 9751: 9746: 9407: 9278: 9266: 9177: 8836: 8533: 7310:

Drs. R. Soekmono, (1988) . Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2

5957: 4893: 4755:

was also influential in introducing Buddhism to western audiences.

4680: 4657: 4644: 4476: 4233: 4229: 4123: 3919: 3915: 3907: 3827: 3667: 3539: 3535: 3444: 3404: 3385: 3298:

was introduced from India. The Tang dynasty also saw the growth of

3287: 3279: 3217: 3157: 3138: 3056: 3041: 3005: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2861: 2837: 2822: 2587: 2569: 2506: 2417: 2369: 2353: 2317: 2290: 2286: 2267: 2207: 2137: 2113: 2100: 2061: 2040: 2013: 1965: 1819: 1776: 1768: 1712: 1692: 1684: 1638: 1487: 1204: 791: 779: 711: 668: 479: 459: 454: 334: 30: 9978: 9968: 9953: 9776: 9646: 8914: 3659: 3639: 3594: 3220:

scriptural texts are translations into Chinese by the Kushan monk

2759: 1888:

stupa was nearly doubled in diameter, was encased in stone, and a

10898: 10841: 10826: 9973: 9963: 9938: 9813: 9808: 9766: 9736: 9668: 9634: 9521: 9462: 9457: 9311: 9214: 9052: 9002: 8789: 8615: 8485:, Berkeley, Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. 8044:

The Buddhist architecture of Gandhara, Handbuch der Orientalistik

7340:

Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland

5121: 4472: 4449: 4402: 4051: 4001: 3835: 3727: 3715: 3711: 3643: 3611: 3482: 3440: 3256: 3225: 3129:

influence came from the south west (Kashmir) and the north west (

3075:, prescribes acting as a Shaiva guru and initiating members into 3033: 3029: 2979: 2955: 2877: 2800: 2699: 2652: 2632: 2631:. Indians and Iranians lived in major cities of this region like 2598: 2510: 2434: 2413: 2349: 2321: 2270:

was a synthesis of Greco-Roman, Iranian and Indian elements. The

2199: 1977: 1961: 1920: 1908: 1742: 1541: 1290: 963: 951: 818: 676: 159: 9585: 9353: 8030:

Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World, by Hiuen Tsiang

3903: 3152:

From the outset, Buddhism was opposed by the native shamanistic

2211: 2072:, in a parallel with the historic Buddha. Several of Menander's 1337:

According to the plates and pillars left by Aśoka (known as the

817:

for some time studying under various teachers, before attaining

10978: 10963: 10799: 10661: 10641: 10416: 10078: 9958: 9948: 9883: 9511: 9467: 9452: 9442: 9412: 9336: 9219: 8987: 8859: 8603: 8598: 8254: 8209:

Religions of the Silk Road: Premodern Patterns of Globalization

7479:. Rangoon: The Superintendent, Government Printing, Burma. iv–v 5822:

Akira, Hirakawa (translated and edited by Paul Groner) (1993).

5784:

Akira, Hirakawa (translated and edited by Paul Groner) (1993).

5479: 4725: 4629: 4426: 4315: 4024: 4016: 4008: 3616: 3606: 3587: 3559: 3502: 3456: 3345: 3260: 3229: 3146: 3130: 3037: 3017: 2963: 2940: 2936: 2920: 2896: 2865: 2829: 2735: 2636: 2602: 2584: 2442: 2430: 2255: 2203: 2190: 1976:. Some artistic activity also occurred in central India, as in 1947: 1885: 1869: 1524: 1492: 1454: 1446: 1442: 1434: 1430: 1365: 1306: 1298: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1270: 1258: 1237: 1141: 1129: 1076: 1018: 971: 947: 943: 896: 876: 872: 850: 787: 783: 718:

traditions, with contrasting periods of expansion and retreat.

619: 174: 169: 164: 127: 7397:"The Advent of Theravada Buddhism to Mainland South-east Asia" 5652:

A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna

5225:

A History of Indian Buddhism: From Sakyamuni to Early Mahāyāna

3455:(Zen) were major Vietnamese Buddhist schools. In the southern 1199:, or ‘Transcendentalist’ school, who might be the same as the 11118: 10953: 10811: 10777: 10757: 10727: 10656: 10073: 9918: 9796: 9791: 9761: 9716: 9563: 9558: 9437: 9142: 8967: 8934: 8924: 8228:

An Introduction to Buddhism, Teachings, History and Practices

6607: 6595: 5138: 5052: 4633: 4533: 4383: 4327: 4194: 4087: 4028: 3974: 3962: 3931: 3754:(1115–1234) also regarded Buddhism as part of their culture. 3655: 3583: 3432: 3369: 3365: 2959: 2932: 2849: 2767: 2479: 2475: 2409: 2215: 2164: 2069: 1960:). Conversely, Buddhist artistic creation stopped in the old 1924: 1757: 1450: 1422: 1317: 1302: 833: 822: 795: 409: 7401:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

7219:

Maritime Trade and State Development in Early Southeast Asia

6856:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

6734: 4536:(T’ai-hsü, 1899–1947), who is associated with the modernist 4266:

brought new challenges to the Buddhist religion such as the

4178:

and they were successful in converting all these regions to

3609:, respectively. An important doctrine for these schools was 3278:(618–907). It was during this dynasty that the Chinese monk 3071:. The Guhyasiddhi of Padmavajra, a work associated with the 2738:

pays homage to Buddha", a 20th-century artist's imagination.

887:

is traditionally said to have been held just after Buddha's

10988: 9781: 9447: 8944: 7981: 7908:"Major Branches of Religions Ranked by Number of Adherents" 7093:

Dykstra, Yoshiko Kurata; De Bary, William Theodore (2001).

6927: 6380:

Pacific World: Journal of the Institute of Buddhist Studies

6103: 5778: 5252:

The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (19 December 2017).

4653: 4480: 4430: 4055: 3989: 3870: 3781: 3233: 2152: 2095: 1964:

area, to reposition itself either in the northwest area of

1915:

took the throne. Buddhist religious scriptures such as the

1658: 1478: 1321: 1058: 700: 7708: 6882: 5666: 4628:

and some artistic restoration. In the nearby countries of

4488:

during 1975–79 caused much damage to the Buddhist sangha.

3439:

There is disagreement on when exactly Buddhism arrived in

2832:, who visited India during the reign of the Gupta emperor 2463:

Extent of Buddhism and trade routes in the 1st century CE.

2345:

have questioned the veracity of this traditional account.

10646: 9182: 7775: 7773: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7686: 7684: 7671: 7669: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7504:. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. 7322: 7320: 7157: 7155: 7113: 7111: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6989: 6870: 6568: 5760:

Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 2nd edition.

4799: 4419:

729 stone slabs, currently still the world's largest book

4166: 3973:(1181–1219), built large Mahāyāna Buddhist structures at 3810:

and written vertically from top was designed to write in

3506: 3153: 1152:, approximately one hundred years after Gautama Buddha's 895:, one of his most senior disciples, at Rājagṛha (today's 7239: 6915: 6630:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 94–95. 6445: 6443: 6280: 6278: 6180: 5715: 5703: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5361: 5359: 5334: 5332: 4647:, which also has Tibetan Buddhism as its main religion, 4417:

were cross-checked and a final version was inscribed on

4000:(650–1377), a maritime empire centered on the island of 1980:, to which the Shungas may or may not have contributed. 1687:

gained some influence in Sri Lanka as it was studied in

1445:

has been won here, on the borders, and even six hundred

828:

For the remaining 45 years of his life, he traveled the

6401: 5592:

Theravada Buddhism: Continuity, Diversity, and Identity

5304: 5302: 5289: 5287: 5196: 4421:. A new meditation movement arose in Burma, called the 3329:

was printed using over 130,000 wooden printing blocks.

2470:

was home to the international trade route known as the

2227: 2147:

Several influential Greek Buddhist monks are recorded.

2064:, who was himself a student of the Greek Buddhist monk 1842: 1383: 8110:

Disputed Dharmas: Early Buddhist Theories on Existence

8005: 7993: 7969: 7957: 7888: 7876: 7864: 7852: 7840: 7828: 7816: 7770: 7753: 7720: 7696: 7681: 7666: 7654: 7642: 7621: 7600: 7588: 7571: 7559: 7515: 7352: 7317: 7152: 7140: 7108: 7075: 6986: 6948: 6894: 6748: 6240: 6124: 6085: 5009: 5007: 4992: 3806:, also known as the "Square script", was based on the 3768:(1271–1368) in the 13th and 14th century converted to 3601:(767–822) founded the influential Japanese schools of 2076:

successors inscribed "Follower of the Dharma," in the

1554: 1091: 7278:

T'oung Pao: International Journal of Chinese Studies.

6673: 6671: 6656: 6547: 6440: 6330:

International Institute for Asian Studies, Newsletter

6290: 6275: 6168: 6156: 6143: 6141: 6139: 5969: 5829: 5727: 5691: 5613: 5371: 5356: 5344: 5329: 5272: 4948:

Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China

4386:

to convert to Buddhism. Other Indian figures include

3961:

Buddhist monks traveled to China from the kingdom of

2911:. They also supported older centers like Nalanda and 2132:

combining Buddhist and purely Hellenistic styles and

1240:(monastic discipline), though later on, by about 100 5299: 5284: 5235: 5233: 4889: 4066:, alongside Hinduism, continued to thrive under the 2043:. Menander's coins bear designs of the eight-spoked 1787:) teachings. Mahayana is today the dominant form of 721: 6419: 5019: 5004: 4980: 4667:Another modern development was the founding of the 3232:

terminology to explain them. This has been called "

2931:, Vajrayana Buddhism thus flourished and spread to 2775:Buddhism continued to flourish in India during the 1864:Approximate reconstitution of the Great Stupa with 782:. The early sources state he was born in the small 6668: 6534:Vajrayogini: Her Visualization, Rituals, and Forms 6228:Islam and Tibet Interactions along the Musk Routes 6136: 5040: 1511:), and to the pre-Christian monastic order of the 679:, and is based on the teachings of the renunciate 6056:"Chapter XXIX – The Beginning of the Great Thupa" 5539: 5230: 1257:Map of the Buddhist missions during the reign of 763:(563–483 BCE), located mainly across the fertile 11610: 8132:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 451–466, 7920:Lamaism (Vajrayana/Tibetan/Tantric) — 20,000,000 5996:Marshall, "The Buddhist art of Gandhara", p. 101 2783:(c. 414–455 CE) supported Buddhism. He enlarged 2671:, Buddhism ceased to be a major religion there. 1083:, which were objects associated with the Buddha. 699:. At one time or another, it influenced most of 7097:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 100. 6510:"Buddhism in Andhra Pradesh, story of Buddhism" 6148:Heirman, Ann; Bumbacher, Stephan Peter (eds.). 6106:Gandharan Buddhism: Archaeology, Art, and Texts 5849:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra. 5788:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass: pp. 253, 263, 268 5686:Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks. 4601:as heads of state, from 1912 until the Chinese 4528:(1850–64), but saw a modest revival during the 4205:, is particularly known for his reformation of 1946:During the period, Buddhist monks deserted the 1477:(XII), some of Ashoka's emissaries were Greek ( 906: 8125: 7029:. University of California Press. p. 134. 6082:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 42. 5488:The philosopher Hegesias of Cyrene (nicknamed 5447:According to the linguist Zacharias P. Thundy. 5144: 5132: 3846:in 1368 and during the Northern Yuan dynasty. 3710:The rulers of the nomadic empires such as the 3059:, especially the Buddhist Yogini tantras. The 786:(Pali: Sakya) Republic, which was part of the 778:(5th cent. BCE) was the historical founder of 11185: 8512: 8248: 8112:, Tokyo: The Institute for Buddhist Studies, 7137:. Oxford: Oneworld Publications. pp. 103–107. 7024: 6852:"The Heart Sutra: A Chinese Apocryphal Text?" 6484:Social and Cultural History of Ancient India, 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6359: 6357: 6355: 6353: 5227:, tr. Paul Groner, University of Hawaii Press 5058: 4613:was established in India, with its center at 4326:converted to Buddhism in 1956 is the largest 2608:However, during the mid-seventh century, the 2605:), but they tolerated the Buddhist religion. 644: 9294:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 7390: 7388: 6983:(New York: Macmillan 1987) pp. 257–265, 264. 6808:Mahāyāna Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations 6267:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 6147: 4521:arose, many of them influenced by Buddhism. 4348:win a debate in front of a crowd of 10,000. 3274:Buddhism continued to grow during the early 3208:Buddhism was introduced in China during the 1950:valley, following either the northern road ( 1584:is the biggest brick structure in the world. 871:After the death of the Buddha, the Buddhist 802:(literally: "The sage of the Shakya clan"). 8458:. Paris: Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient. 8230:(3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 8165:Hinduism and Buddhism: An Historical Sketch 8101:The Buddha Carita or the Life of the Buddha 8061:The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity 7536:"Ambedkar memorial set up at Deekshabhoomi" 7434:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 115–116. 6968:Basic Buddhism: Exploring Buddhism and Zen. 6536:by Elizabeth English. Wisdom Publications. 6472:–47 – via Cornell University Library. 5640:Bhikkhu Bodhi, In the Buddha's words, p. 13 5423:. Archived from the original on 2012-02-01. 5163:, Oxford University Press, pp. 16–17, 4640:continues to flourish as a major religion. 4582:The Dalai Lama meeting with U.S. President 4413:(1868–71), where different editions of the 4299:Henry Olcott and Buddhists (Colombo, 1883). 4285: 3883: 3865:lama, gave the Tibetan leader the title of 3582:). The most influential of these being the 2116:) apparently derived from the style of the 1618:. They are said to have converted the King 667:can be traced back to the 5th century BCE. 11217:List of religions and spiritual traditions 11192: 11178: 8519: 8505: 8414: 8405: 8249:Hermann Kulke; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). 7129:Powers, John (2000). "Japanese Buddhism". 7025:Prebish, Charles; Tanaka, Kenneth (1998). 6768:"Buddhism in China: A Historical Overview" 6376:"A Rough Sketch of Central Asian Buddhism" 6350: 6186: 5826:. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass: pp. 252, 253 5721: 5709: 4240:as the state religion during the reign of 3431:is a historic Mahayana Buddhist temple in 3302:(Zen), with the great Zen masters such as 2171:), to Sri Lanka for the dedication of the 1515:(possibly a deformation of the Pāli word " 651: 637: 8374: 8180: 7385: 7179:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 6876: 6613: 6601: 6586: 6574: 6407: 6309:"Khotan – Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 6217:, Motilal Banarsi Dass Publishers, p. 130 5900:"2. Ashoka and Pushyamitra, iconoclasts?" 5325:. Cambridge University Press. p. 74. 5108:, Oneworld Publications, pp. 28–30, 4857:Buddhist groups in countries like Germany 4848:arose as a new modern Buddhist movement. 4550:suffered a series of setbacks during the 4540:trend of Chinese Buddhism. The Communist 3593:During the late Nara, the key figures of 2448: 2210:faith. He is described as being a Greek ( 2155:") Buddhist head monk", according to the 1794:Several scholars have suggested that the 738:visiting the Buddha to assuage his guilt. 11199: 8483:Buddhacarita: In Praise of Buddha's Acts 8041: 7931: 7394: 7240:Elizabeth Fuller Collins (28 May 2013). 6420:Radhakumud Mookerji (1989). "Buddhism". 6323:"The spread of Buddhism in Central Asia" 6246: 6091: 5064: 4716: 4696: 4577: 4150: 3619:, which incorporated Buddhist elements. 3530: 3472: 3422: 3196: 3133:). Their texts found their way into the 2999: 2559: 2458: 2363: 2237: 2003: 1716: 1622:(307–267 BCE) and many of the nobility. 1568: 1289:also supported non-Buddhist faiths like 1252: 1062: 1059:Second Buddhist council and first schism 1008: 750: 741: 725: 10481:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 8386: 8342: 8323: 8050: 7533: 7502:The Indianized States of Southeast Asia 7358: 7326: 7314:. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 37. 6970:York Beach: Samuel Weiser. 1997. p. 99. 6900: 6849: 6760: 6258: 6174: 6162: 6130: 6118: 5278: 5046: 3505:period (918–1392), in particular Seon ( 3125:of the Bengal region in eastern India. 3063:, which later came to classified under 2722:dates to the Gupta era, 5th century CE. 2274:also date from this period. Written in 2254:(30–375 CE) was formed by the invading 2083:During the first century BCE the first 1372:around 250 BCE at Pataliputra (today's 1320:, large mounds which contained relics ( 1218:) of main doctrinal topics. Unlike the 675:, in and around the ancient Kingdom of 11611: 10684:List of Buddhist architecture in China 8472: 8453: 8225: 8126:Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015), 8098:(transl.) Ashvaghosa (author) (1894), 8011: 7999: 7987: 7975: 7963: 7894: 7882: 7870: 7858: 7846: 7834: 7822: 7779: 7764: 7726: 7714: 7702: 7690: 7675: 7660: 7648: 7627: 7606: 7594: 7582: 7565: 7521: 7161: 7146: 7117: 7081: 6999: 6954: 6888: 6754: 6698: 6677: 6553: 6486:pp. 64-65. Concept Publishing Company. 6449: 6373: 6296: 6284: 6104:Kurt Behrendt; Pia Brancaccio (2006). 5948:Narain, "The Indo-Greeks" 2003, p. 124 5936: 5835: 5797: 5733: 5697: 5672: 5649:Hirakawa, Akira; Groner, Paul (1993). 5619: 5382: 5365: 5350: 5338: 5320: 5308: 5293: 5202: 5101: 5025: 5013: 4998: 4986: 4649:communist rule (between 1924 and 1990) 4072:completely replaced by Islam afterward 3722:(late 4th c. - middle 6th c.) and the 3340:became the state religion. During the 3171: 2864:complimented the patronage of emperor 2806:Another major Buddhist university was 2674: 2179:during the rule (165–135 BCE) of King 2163:, around 150 km north of today's 2056:) which recounts a discussion between 1756:(in contrast to the spiritual goal of 1551:for their influence on Greek thought. 730:The image, in the chapter on India in 11578:History of theology (Greco-Abrahamic) 11173: 8500: 8426:, Times Books Limited, London, 1991. 8289: 8203: 8073: 8063:, Princeton University Press, 1994, 7374:. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet. 7222:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 63. 6933: 6921: 6662: 6650: 6625: 5863:, Julia Shaw, Left Coast Press, 2013 5555:– via Early Christian Writings. 5156: 5105:India and South Asia: A Short History 5077:, John Wiley & Sons, p. 74, 5070: 4968:List of Buddhist Kingdoms and Empires 4836:in 1975 and the vipassana centers of 3842:traditions after the collapse of the 1919:allege that Pushyamitra (an orthodox 1911:rulers), military commander-in-chief 1214:, based on previous lists or tables ( 8167:(vol. 1–3), Routledge, London 1921, 8055:. New York: Oxford University Press. 7419:Theravāda Buddhism: A Social History 6461: 6426:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 133. 6320: 5976:. Abhinav Publications. p. 69. 5559: 3942:as well as Island kingdoms like the 3294:school texts. Also during the Tang, 2852:and the persecution of Buddhists by 2821:The influence of the Gupta style of 2228:Kushan empire and Gandharan Buddhism 1843:Shunga dynasty (2nd–1st century BCE) 1706: 1384:Proselytism in the Hellenistic world 11568:Evolutionary psychology of religion 8380:Genesis and Development of Tantrism 8302:, Allworth Press, New York, 2002. 8107: 6680:"How Did Tibetan Buddhism Develop?" 6230:. Farnham, UK: Ashgate. pp. 43–88. 5239: 4660:, as well as the Chinese region of 4027:studied there before travelling to 3388:, Mogao Caves, China, Tang Dynasty. 3094: 2872:also noted that in various regions 2766:, is sometimes listed as a notable 2620:and the later establishment of the 1818:genre, along with texts concerning 1653:. It reflects the tradition of the 1555:Establishment of Sri Lanka Buddhism 1349:, and possibly even farther to the 1334:(dating from the 3rd century BCE). 1248: 13: 10471:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 8481:Willemen, Charles, trans. (2009), 7534:Bhagwat, Ramu (19 December 2001). 7293:. Bangkok: River Books Co., Ltd., 7131:A Concise Encyclopedia of Buddhism 7013:The History of Buddhism in Vietnam 6819: 6724: 5477: 4963:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 4933:Index of Buddhism-related articles 4554:, occupation, and also during the 2455:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 102:Decline in the Indian subcontinent 97:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 14: 11635: 8328:. Pennsylvania State University. 8324:Prebish, Charles S., ed. (1975). 8238:, Oxford University Press, 2003, 7793:NUPI – Centre for Russian Studies 6265:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History 5396:History of the Indigenous Indians 4879:, Chile, Colombia and Venezuela. 4802:in the West in the 20th century. 4724:, a Theravada Buddhist vihara in 4425:, beginning with figures such as 4409:(r. 1853–1878), who convened the 4276:communist anti-religious pressure 2927:date from this period. Under the 1983: 1610:that was subsequently planted in 860: 722:Shakyamuni Buddha (5th cent. BCE) 11563:Evolutionary origin of religions 11152: 11142: 11141: 10699:Thai temple art and architecture 10444:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 8684:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 8550: 8537: 8527: 8211:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 7944:The Faces of Buddhism in America 7925: 7900: 7798: 7785: 7732: 7633: 7612: 7527: 7491: 7482: 7462: 7445: 7424: 7411: 7364: 7332: 7304: 7283: 7271: 7233: 7210: 7201: 7190: 7167: 7123: 7087: 7062: 7033: 7027:The Faces of Buddhism in America 7018: 7005: 6973: 6960: 6939: 6906: 6843: 6813: 6800: 6791: 6718: 6619: 6580: 6559: 6271:from the original on 2018-04-03. 5847:Padma, Sree. Barber, Anthony W. 5394:Centāraśśēri, Ṭi Ecc Pi (1998). 4892: 4686: 4304: 4292: 4251: 4189:(1044–1078); the founder of the 4145:'s best-known temples, Thailand. 4131: 4115: 4099: 4079: 3509:) Buddhism. However, during the 3393: 3377: 3353: 2743: 2727: 2707: 2691: 2372:'s visit in the seventh century. 1892:and railing was built around it. 1877: 1857: 1469:, 13th Rock Edict, S. Dhammika). 1356: 1301:propagated religion by building 1187:being descended from these. The 983: 935: 825:(awakening) through meditation. 732:Hutchison's Story of the Nations 618: 37: 11624:History of religion by religion 8551: 8279:, Grove Press, New York, 1958. 7395:Skilling, Peter (Summer 1997). 7260:from the original on 2016-12-21 7051:from the original on 2012-02-22 6780:from the original on 2014-07-27 6527: 6502: 6497:Personality of Xuanzang Sanzang 6489: 6476: 6455: 6413: 6314: 6302: 6252: 6220: 6204: 6192: 6097: 6072: 6048: 6029: 5999: 5990: 5963: 5951: 5942: 5930: 5921: 5892: 5883: 5869: 5854: 5841: 5816: 5803: 5791: 5765: 5752: 5739: 5678: 5655:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 126. 5643: 5634: 5625: 5604: 5584: 5573:from the original on 2013-11-12 5548:from the original on 2010-05-10 5542:"The Stromata, or Miscellanies" 5533: 5518: 5514:The Greeks in Bactria and India 5506: 5497: 5471: 5462: 5450: 5441: 5409: 5388: 5314: 5245: 5217: 5208: 5181: 5150: 4953:Ordination of women in Buddhism 4705:, a Chinese-American temple in 4573: 4370:This society helped usher in a 3992:, Indianized kingdoms like the 3900:Indianization of Southeast Asia 3493:Buddhism was introduced to the 3312:Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution 2618:Muslim conquests of Afghanistan 2568:and East-Asian Buddhist monks, 1588:Sri Lankan chronicles like the 798:. He is thus also known as the 10689:Japanese Buddhist architecture 10491:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 9571:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 8762:Places where the Buddha stayed 8326:Buddhism: A Modern Perspective 7742:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 7254:10.1093/OBO/9780195399318-0112 7176:Re-visioning Kamakura Buddhism 6589:Vajrayana: Origin and Function 6080:The Silk Road in World History 5970:Satyendra Nath Naskar (1996). 5095: 5031: 4707:Los Angeles County, California 3317:Buddhism recovered during the 3216:(148–180 CE). The first known 3145:was the source of the Tibetan 2474:, which carried goods between 1530:Buddhist gravestones from the 1473:Furthermore, according to the 1097:) that constituted one of the 1: 10704:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 8424:The Times Atlas of Archeology 8415:Snellgrove, David L. (2004). 8406:Snellgrove, David L. (2003). 8389:A Concise History of Buddhism 8294:. The University Press Group. 8181:Errington, Elizabeth (1992). 7500:(1968). Walter F. Vella, ed. 7291:Early Mainland Southeast Asia 7095:Sources of Japanese tradition 6465:Universities in ancient India 4973: 4798:were influential in teaching 4405:, a central modern figure is 4382:, who urged low caste Indian 4086:Reconstruction of the Prasat 3634:They include the influential 3236:". Later translators such as 3121:from the universities of the 3079:scriptures and mandalas. The 3004:A Tantric Buddhist statue of 2972:Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji 2714:The current structure of the 2047:, a classic Buddhist symbol. 1437:). One of the edicts states: 1050:; and historical demographer 10461:Buddhism and the Roman world 10437:Decline of Buddhism in India 10432:History of Buddhism in India 8532: Topics in 8187:Ancient India and Iran Trust 7740:Culture and customs of Korea 7430:Lieberman, Victor B (2003). 7242:"Hinduism in Southeast Asia" 7207:Lobzangdanzan, Altan Tobchi. 6862:(2): 153–223. Archived from 6701:"Spread of Buddhism in Asia" 6259:Behrent, Kurt (April 2012). 5824:A History of Indian Buddhism 5786:A History of Indian Buddhism 5594:, Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 1–3, 5486:. No. 254. p. 78. 4609:fled the country in 1959. A 4532:(1912–49). A key figure was 4491: 4372:revival of Buddhism in India 4070:Empire (1293–1527), but was 3141:. A subsect of this school, 2989: 2895:(8th–12th centuries) in the 2814:. It was mainly a center of 2685:Decline of Buddhism in India 2681:History of Buddhism in India 2380:* Orange: non-Dharmaguptaka 2000:Buddhism and the Roman world 1748:The Mahayana emphasized the 1413:of Macedonia (276–239 BCE), 907:Mauryan empire (322–180 BCE) 300:Buddhist Paths to liberation 7: 9659:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 9399: 8104:, reprint, New Delhi, 1977. 8079:A Short History of Buddhism 7812:. Sri Lanka. 24 April 2004. 7417:Gombrich, Richard Francis. 7370:Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). 6386:(4): 93–107. Archived from 4885: 4846:Triratna Buddhist Community 4378:(1891–1956), leader of the 4011:described their capital at 3699: 3662:(1200–1253) as well as the 2860:in modern-day West Bengal, 2266:The Buddhist art of Kushan 1972:or in the southeast around 1938:Another eminent historian, 1884:During 2nd century BCE the 1092: 990:Fragment of the 6th Pillar 899:) with the support of king 10: 11640: 10609:The unanswerable questions 8391:. Windhorse Publications. 8081:(2nd ed.). Oneworld. 8042:Behrendt, Kurt A. (2004). 8021: 6981:Buddhism and Asian History 6826:Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal 6699:Berzin, Alexander (1996). 6678:Berzin, Alexander (2000). 6587:Sanderson, Alexis (1994). 6201:, Pali Text Society, p. 93 5484:Les Dossiers d'Archéologie 5145:Coningham & Young 2015 5133:Coningham & Young 2015 4834:Insight Meditation Society 4690: 4603:communist invasion in 1950 4452:(r. 1851–68), and his son 4255: 4154: 3887: 3703: 3654:schools of Zen founded by 3524: 3466: 3416: 3412: 3247:, the Chinese-constructed 3186: 3180: 3098: 3087:list from the Shaiva text 2993: 2828:One of these pilgrims was 2678: 2669:Islamicisation of Xinjiang 2452: 2231: 2161:Alexandria of the Caucasus 1993: 1987: 1846: 1710: 1651:Middle Indo-Aryan language 1558: 1495:) to the Greek community. 1481:), particularly one named 976:Lumbini pillar inscription 920: 910: 864: 11550: 11481: 11453: 11435: 11428: 11389: 11361: 11328: 11300: 11272: 11234: 11225: 11207: 11137: 11089: 11004: 10919: 10694:Buddhist temples in Korea 10617: 10519: 10402: 10099: 10027: 9854: 9727: 9667: 9302: 9257:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 9168: 9160:Three planes of existence 9108: 8953: 8845: 8775: 8767:Buddha in world religions 8629: 8574: 8546: 8454:Tissot, Francine (1970). 8343:Salomon, Richard (1999). 7738:Clark, Donald N. (2000). 7068:Vermeersch, Sem. (2008). 6828:(13): 286. Archived from 5960:, Praec. reip. ger. 28, 6 5433:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5398:, p. 64. APH Publishing. 4671:in the 17th century with 4396:Bhadant Anand Kausalyayan 4090:Temple, at the center of 4046:, especially the massive 3586:school (from the Chinese 3558:, such as the five-story 3499:North–South States Period 3435:, the capital of Vietnam. 3296:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 1313:(wheel turning monarch). 10476:Persecution of Buddhists 9697:Four stages of awakening 9078:Three marks of existence 8664:Physical characteristics 8387:Skilton, Andrew (2004). 6211:Buddhism in Central Asia 5749:Routledge, 2000, p. 131. 5323:Introduction to Buddhism 5223:Hirakawa, Akira (1990), 4811:San Francisco Zen Center 4498:opening of Japan in 1853 4286:South and Southeast Asia 4220:During the reign of the 3884:Southeast Asian Buddhism 3520: 3462: 3193:Chinese Buddhist cuisine 3176: 3101:Tibetan Buddhist History 2272:Gandhāran Buddhist texts 2112:curly hair and topknot ( 2080:script, on their coins. 1956:) or the southern road ( 1594:state that Ashoka's son 1409:of Egypt (285–247 BCE), 1265:During the reign of the 9839:Ten principal disciples 8722:(aunt, adoptive mother) 8436:Takakusu, J., I-Tsing, 8051:Bentley, Jerry (1993). 7216:Kenneth R. Hal (1985). 7047:. Columbia University. 6321:Silk, Jonathan (2014). 6199:Teaching of Vimalakirti 5762:Routledge, 2009, p. 47. 5540:Clement of Alexandria. 5259:Encyclopædia Britannica 4611:Tibetan exile community 4380:Dalit Buddhist movement 3562:and Golden Hall of the 3495:Three Kingdoms of Korea 3401:Giant Wild Goose Pagoda 3348:by Chinese immigrants. 2641:those found in Dunhuang 2535:Middle Iranian language 2374:* Red: non-Pudgalavāda 2128:). A large quantity of 1721:A relief depicting the 1407:Ptolemy II Philadelphos 1146:Second Buddhist council 1087:ancient Indian republic 891:, and presided over by 320:Philosophical reasoning 10549:Buddhism and democracy 10062:Tibetan Buddhist canon 10057:Chinese Buddhist canon 9289:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 9284:Early Buddhist schools 8236:Dictionary of Buddhism 8226:Harvey, Peter (2012). 7041:"300 to 600 CE: Korea" 6482:Bose, Manilal (1998). 6150:The Spread of Buddhism 6035:The Belvedere Apollo: 5904:The Koneraad Elst Site 5851:SUNY Press 2008, p. 2. 5544:. Book I, Chapter XV. 5321:Harvey, Peter (1990). 5102:Ludden, David (2013), 5071:Stein, Burton (2010), 4729: 4722:Das Buddhistische Haus 4714: 4587: 4519:Japanese new religions 4341:Christian missionaries 3543: 3490: 3436: 3327:Chinese Buddhist canon 3205: 3135:Tibetan Buddhist canon 3025: 2982:, and the rise of the 2950:Islamic raiders under 2698:Ruins of the Buddhist 2573: 2464: 2449:Spread to Central Asia 2406:Hephthalite White Huns 2401: 2247: 2136:were excavated at the 2060:and the Buddhist monk 2017: 1730: 1672:(4th–5th century) and 1585: 1370:third Buddhist council 1347:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 1262: 1233:Abhidhammic literature 1195:, associated with the 1148:, which took place at 1134:Early Buddhist Schools 1117: 1071:defending the city of 1055: 885:first Buddhist council 867:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 772: 748: 739: 87:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 11558:Evolution of morality 10559:Eight Consciousnesses 8669:Life of Buddha in art 8473:Warder, A.K. (2000). 8408:Indo-Tibetan Buddhism 8108:Cox, Collett (1995), 8028:Beal, Samuel (1884). 7468:Taw, Sein Ko (1892). 7246:Oxford Bibliographies 6936:, pp. 13, 19–21. 6850:Nattier, Jan (1992). 6820:Oh, Kang-nam (2000). 6374:Kudara, Kogi (2002). 5590:Crosby, Kate (2013), 5478:Lafont, Jean-Marie. " 4842:Thai forest tradition 4720: 4700: 4691:Further information: 4581: 4462:Thai forest tradition 4314:monument, located in 4256:Further information: 4155:Further information: 4151:Theravāda Renaissance 4126:in Bangkok, Thailand. 4007:The Chinese Buddhist 3888:Further information: 3785:Drogön Chögyal Phagpa 3772:. The founder of the 3734:(386–535) and of the 3674:Japanese Buddhist art 3534: 3476: 3426: 3200: 3073:Guhyasamaja tradition 3003: 2679:Further information: 2651:have been found. The 2572:, 9th-10th centuries. 2563: 2462: 2453:Further information: 2367: 2316:tradition, either in 2241: 2218:") in the Sri Lankan 2007: 1847:Further information: 1796:Prajñāpāramitā sūtras 1789:Buddhism in East Asia 1727:Andhra Pradesh, India 1720: 1711:Further information: 1602:also established the 1572: 1561:Buddhism in Sri Lanka 1559:Further information: 1537:Clement of Alexandria 1509:Clement of Alexandria 1433:(modern Northwestern 1332:Great Stupa of Sanchi 1256: 1085:The Mallakas were an 1066: 1012: 911:Further information: 865:Further information: 821:(extinguishment) and 754: 745: 729: 355:Aids to Enlightenment 180:Dependent Origination 11212:Timeline of religion 11201:History of religions 11036:East Asian religions 10466:Buddhism in the West 10037:Early Buddhist texts 9652:Four Right Exertions 9118:Ten spiritual realms 8611:Noble Eightfold Path 8410:. Boston: Shambhala. 8290:McRae, John (2003). 7990:, pp. 454, 456. 6626:Huber, Toni (2008). 6462:Apte, D. G. (1950). 6332:(68). Archived from 6152:. Brill. p. 57. 5675:, pp. 108, 110. 5569:. The Sunday Times. 4943:Timeline of Buddhism 4411:5th Buddhist council 4361:Anagarika Dharmapala 4211:Mahavihara tradition 4209:from the Sri Lankan 4110:, during its heyday. 3940:kingdom of Sukhothai 3732:Northern Wei dynasty 3706:Buddhism in Mongolia 3692:(1333–1573) and the 3245:Northern Wei dynasty 1664:commentators of the 1539:recognized Bactrian 1109:as mentioned in the 1034:; David Ludden; and 807:Early Buddhist Texts 794:, now in modern-day 765:Indo-Gangetic plains 325:Devotional practices 148:Noble Eightfold Path 11619:History of Buddhism 11416:Kardecist spiritism 11159:Religion portal 10906:Temple of the Tooth 10785:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 9824:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 9317:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 9100:Two truths doctrine 8920:Mahapajapati Gotamī 8720:Mahapajapati Gotamī 8298:McEvilley, Thomas, 7717:, pp. 409–410. 7289:Higham, C. (2014). 6891:, pp. 215–217. 6725:Berzin, Alexander. 6616:, pp. 144–145. 6604:, pp. 129–131. 5157:Dyson, Tim (2018), 5135:, pp. 451–466. 4815:Tassajara Monastery 4542:Cultural Revolution 4538:Humanistic Buddhism 4466:Wat Phra Dhammakāya 4199:Hanthawaddy Kingdom 4139:Wat Chaiwatthanaram 4122:Buddhist temple of 4064:Indonesian Buddhism 4044:temple construction 3714:(209 BCE – 93 CE), 3550:(710–794), emperor 3419:Buddhism in Vietnam 3360:Massive statues at 3172:East Asian Buddhism 2675:Gupta and Pāla eras 2488:Mediterranean world 2309:and thus to China. 2206:to proselytize the 1364:sources state that 1275:invasion of Kalinga 1222:, which were prose 836:(the region of the 832:of eastern-central 685:Indian subcontinent 665:history of Buddhism 625:Buddhism portal 498:Buddhism by country 260:Sanskrit literature 11573:History of atheism 11081:Western philosophy 10679:Dzong architecture 10501:Vipassana movement 10496:Buddhist modernism 9924:Emperor Wen of Sui 9692:Pratyekabuddhayāna 9625:Threefold Training 9427:Vipassana movement 9143:Hungry Ghost realm 8963:Avidyā (Ignorance) 8910:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 8659:Great Renunciation 8654:Eight Great Events 8536: 8292:Seeing Through Zen 8251:A History of India 8153:, Routledge 1964. 7541:The Times of India 7475:2012-10-22 at the 7045:Asia for Educators 6924:, pp. 13, 18. 6697: • 6042:2014-06-03 at the 6023:2006-10-21 at the 6012:2013-06-16 at the 6005:Standing Buddhas: 5254:"Buddhist Council" 5074:A History of India 5059:Hermann Kulke 2004 4853:Continental Europe 4760:Henry Steel Olcott 4730: 4715: 4711:Western Hemisphere 4638:Vajrayana Buddhism 4588: 4552:Japanese invasions 4454:King Chulalongkorn 4443:Saffron Revolution 4423:Vipassana movement 4392:Dharmanand Kosambi 4388:Rahul Sankrityayan 4365:Mahā Bodhi Society 4353:Buddhist modernism 4258:Buddhist modernism 4180:Theravada Buddhism 3664:Lotus Sutra school 3632:Kamakura Buddhism. 3580:the Six Nara Sects 3544: 3513:Yi dynasty of the 3491: 3437: 3206: 3139:Foundation Vehicle 3083:texts adopted the 3026: 2887:After the fall of 2876:was giving way to 2856:in the Kingdom of 2574: 2465: 2441:(in sites such as 2416:), as remarked by 2402: 2261:Gandharan Buddhism 2248: 2244:Kanishka the Great 2234:Gandharan Buddhism 2194:), was one of the 2030:Indo-Greek kingdom 2018: 1996:Greco-Buddhist art 1913:Pushyamitra Shunga 1731: 1725:, a major site in 1586: 1521:Hegesias of Cyrene 1399:Antiochus II Theos 1263: 1118: 1105:(great realms) of 1056: 1038:; anthropologists 1028:Dietmar Rothermund 776:Siddhārtha Gautama 773: 749: 740: 681:Siddhārtha Gautama 112:Buddhist modernism 11606: 11605: 11546: 11545: 11424: 11423: 11167: 11166: 10805:Om mani padme hum 10511:Women in Buddhism 10427:Buddhist councils 10297:Western countries 10085:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 9846:Shaolin Monastery 9423:Samatha-vipassanā 9033:Pratītyasamutpāda 8837:Metteyya/Maitreya 8755: 8747: 8739: 8731: 8723: 8715: 8707: 8584:Four Noble Truths 8491:978-1-886439-42-9 8376:Sanderson, Alexis 8275:Linssen, Robert, 8218:978-0-230-62125-1 8151:Japanese Buddhism 8139:978-1-316-41898-7 8088:978-1-85168-066-5 7748:978-0-313-30456-9 7510:978-0-8248-0368-1 7457:978-0-374-16342-6 7440:978-0-521-80496-7 7299:978-616-7339-44-3 7228:978-0-8248-0843-3 6637:978-0-226-35648-8 6433:978-81-208-0089-2 6311:. Britannica.com. 6236:978-0-7546-6956-2 5983:978-81-7017-298-7 5747:Buddhist Thought. 5661:978-81-208-0955-0 5600:978-1-4051-8907-1 5404:978-81-7024-959-7 5205:, pp. 88–90. 5188:Asiatic Mythology 5170:978-0-19-882905-8 5115:978-1-78074-108-6 5084:978-1-4443-2351-1 5001:, pp. 14–15. 4938:Religion in India 4776:Nyānatiloka Thera 4749:T. W. Rhys Davids 4745:Hermann Oldenberg 4741:Buddhist scholars 4736:The Light of Asia 4597:polity) with the 4530:Republican period 4526:Taiping rebellion 4515:Japanese Buddhism 4506:Meiji Restoration 4161:The lands of the 4143:Ayutthaya Kingdom 3646:(1173–1263), the 3622:During the later 3527:Buddhism in Japan 3479:Tripiṭaka Koreana 3469:Buddhism in Korea 3457:Kingdom of Champa 3445:Mahayana Buddhism 3429:One Pillar Pagoda 3183:Buddhism in China 3061:Mañjusrimulakalpa 2868:(c. 590–647 CE). 2622:Ghaznavid kingdom 2583:(c. 148 CE), the 2496:Kingdom of Khotan 2189:Protected by the 2149:Mahadharmaraksita 2066:Mahadharmaraksita 1707:Mahāyāna Buddhism 1685:Mahāyāna Buddhism 1620:Devanampiya Tissa 1565:Buddhism in Burma 1441:"The conquest by 1429:(272–255 BCE) in 1417:(288–258 BCE) in 1411:Antigonus Gonatas 1378:Moggaliputtatissa 1376:) with the elder 1081:War of the Relics 1075:, as depicted at 946:" (𑀩𑀼𑀥𑁂, the 661: 660: 143:Four Noble Truths 11631: 11433: 11432: 11232: 11231: 11194: 11187: 11180: 11171: 11170: 11157: 11156: 11145: 11144: 10984:Sacred languages 10832:Maya Devi Temple 10795:Mahabodhi Temple 10599:Secular Buddhism 10564:Engaged Buddhism 9404: 9252:Tibetan Buddhism 9203:Vietnamese Thiền 8802:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 8753: 8745: 8737: 8729: 8721: 8713: 8705: 8554: 8553: 8541: 8531: 8521: 8514: 8507: 8498: 8497: 8478: 8469: 8420: 8411: 8402: 8383: 8371: 8369: 8368: 8359:. Archived from 8356:978-0-29597769-0 8339: 8295: 8272: 8253:(4th ed.). 8231: 8222: 8200: 8176:Internet Archive 8163:Eliot, Charles, 8149:Eliot, Charles, 8142: 8122: 8092: 8059:Boardman, John, 8056: 8047: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7973: 7967: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7941: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7914:. Archived from 7904: 7898: 7892: 7886: 7880: 7874: 7868: 7862: 7856: 7850: 7844: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7813: 7802: 7796: 7789: 7783: 7777: 7768: 7762: 7751: 7736: 7730: 7724: 7718: 7712: 7706: 7700: 7694: 7688: 7679: 7673: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7646: 7640: 7637: 7631: 7625: 7619: 7616: 7610: 7604: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7553: 7544:. Archived from 7531: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7495: 7489: 7486: 7480: 7466: 7460: 7449: 7443: 7428: 7422: 7415: 7409: 7408: 7392: 7383: 7368: 7362: 7356: 7350: 7336: 7330: 7324: 7315: 7308: 7302: 7287: 7281: 7275: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7237: 7231: 7214: 7208: 7205: 7199: 7194: 7188: 7171: 7165: 7159: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7127: 7121: 7115: 7106: 7091: 7085: 7079: 7073: 7066: 7060: 7059: 7057: 7056: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7022: 7016: 7011:Nguyen Tai Thu. 7009: 7003: 6997: 6984: 6977: 6971: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6943: 6937: 6931: 6925: 6919: 6913: 6910: 6904: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6880: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6847: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6837: 6817: 6811: 6806:Williams, Paul. 6804: 6798: 6795: 6789: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6779: 6772: 6764: 6758: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6743: 6742: 6733:. Archived from 6727:"Study Buddhism" 6722: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6712: 6703:. Archived from 6694: 6692: 6691: 6682:. Archived from 6675: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6641: 6623: 6617: 6611: 6605: 6599: 6593: 6592: 6584: 6578: 6572: 6566: 6563: 6557: 6551: 6545: 6531: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6521: 6512:. Archived from 6506: 6500: 6493: 6487: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6438: 6437: 6423:The Gupta Empire 6417: 6411: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6395: 6371: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6344: 6338: 6327: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6273: 6272: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6238: 6224: 6218: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6154: 6153: 6145: 6134: 6128: 6122: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6101: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6064:. Archived from 6052: 6046: 6033: 6027: 6003: 5997: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5967: 5961: 5955: 5949: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5906:. Archived from 5896: 5890: 5887: 5881: 5873: 5867: 5858: 5852: 5845: 5839: 5833: 5827: 5820: 5814: 5807: 5801: 5795: 5789: 5782: 5776: 5769: 5763: 5758:Williams, Paul. 5756: 5750: 5745:Williams, Paul. 5743: 5737: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5682: 5676: 5670: 5664: 5647: 5641: 5638: 5632: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5608: 5602: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5537: 5531: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5475: 5469: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5432: 5424: 5421:Afghanan Dot Net 5413: 5407: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5369: 5363: 5354: 5348: 5342: 5336: 5327: 5326: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5297: 5291: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5228: 5221: 5215: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5119: 5118: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5068: 5062: 5061:, p. 69-70. 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5035: 5029: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4958:Secular Buddhism 4923:Indian religions 4913:History of India 4902: 4897: 4896: 4822:Tibetan diaspora 4764:Helena Blavatsky 4751:(1843–1922) and 4693:Western Buddhism 4673:Tibetan Buddhism 4622:Red Guard period 4433:presided over a 4394:(1876–1941) and 4359:(1832–1907) and 4308: 4296: 4278:, the growth of 4207:Burmese Buddhism 4135: 4119: 4103: 4083: 3994:Kalingga Kingdom 3944:Kalingga Kingdom 3804:'Phags-pa script 3793:Tibetan Buddhism 3770:Tibetan Buddhism 3744:Uyghur Khaganate 3720:Rouran Khaganate 3658:(1141–1215) and 3642:(1133–1212) and 3538:(Great Buddha), 3397: 3381: 3362:Longmen Grottoes 3357: 3338:Tibetan Buddhism 3253:Longmen Grottoes 3249:Yungang Grottoes 3234:concept-matching 3189:Tang Dynasty art 3143:Mūlasarvāstivāda 3105:Tibetan Buddhism 3095:Tibetan Buddhism 3046:Buddhist Tantras 2812:Maitraka dynasty 2747: 2731: 2716:Mahabodhi Temple 2711: 2695: 2616:followed by the 2595:Sassanian empire 2541:(also Iranian), 2343:David Snellgrove 2276:Gāndhārī Prakrit 2214:: "Yona", lit. " 2118:Belvedere Apollo 1881: 1861: 1649:to survive in a 1532:Ptolemaic period 1457:, and as far as 1403:Seleucid Kingdom 1390:Edicts of Ashoka 1339:Edicts of Ashoka 1249:Ashokan missions 1112:Anguttara Nikaya 1095: 1046:; archaeologist 987: 978:(circa 250 BCE). 960:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻 939: 923:Edicts of Ashoka 913:Ashoka the Great 653: 646: 639: 623: 622: 350:Sublime abidings 41: 18: 17: 11639: 11638: 11634: 11633: 11632: 11630: 11629: 11628: 11609: 11608: 11607: 11602: 11542: 11523:Illyro-thracian 11477: 11449: 11420: 11385: 11357: 11324: 11296: 11268: 11221: 11203: 11198: 11168: 11163: 11151: 11133: 11085: 11000: 10915: 10652:Ordination hall 10613: 10515: 10486:Buddhist crisis 10398: 10095: 10047:Mahayana sutras 10023: 10019:Thích Nhất Hạnh 9850: 9723: 9663: 9613:Bodhisattva vow 9298: 9164: 9104: 9063:Taṇhā (Craving) 8998:Five hindrances 8949: 8841: 8771: 8625: 8570: 8542: 8525: 8495: 8475:Indian Buddhism 8466: 8399: 8366: 8364: 8357: 8336: 8269: 8234:Keown, Damien, 8219: 8197: 8140: 8120: 8089: 8024: 8019: 8018: 8010: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7986: 7982: 7974: 7970: 7962: 7958: 7950: 7939: 7930: 7926: 7918:on 2017-08-03. 7906: 7905: 7901: 7893: 7889: 7881: 7877: 7869: 7865: 7857: 7853: 7845: 7841: 7833: 7829: 7821: 7817: 7804: 7803: 7799: 7790: 7786: 7778: 7771: 7763: 7754: 7737: 7733: 7725: 7721: 7713: 7709: 7701: 7697: 7689: 7682: 7674: 7667: 7659: 7655: 7647: 7643: 7638: 7634: 7626: 7622: 7617: 7613: 7605: 7601: 7593: 7589: 7581: 7572: 7564: 7560: 7551: 7549: 7532: 7528: 7520: 7516: 7496: 7492: 7487: 7483: 7477:Wayback Machine 7467: 7463: 7450: 7446: 7429: 7425: 7416: 7412: 7393: 7386: 7369: 7365: 7357: 7353: 7337: 7333: 7325: 7318: 7309: 7305: 7288: 7284: 7276: 7272: 7263: 7261: 7238: 7234: 7215: 7211: 7206: 7202: 7195: 7191: 7172: 7168: 7160: 7153: 7145: 7141: 7128: 7124: 7116: 7109: 7092: 7088: 7080: 7076: 7067: 7063: 7054: 7052: 7039: 7038: 7034: 7023: 7019: 7010: 7006: 6998: 6987: 6978: 6974: 6966:Nan Huai-Chin. 6965: 6961: 6953: 6949: 6944: 6940: 6932: 6928: 6920: 6916: 6911: 6907: 6899: 6895: 6887: 6883: 6875: 6871: 6848: 6844: 6835: 6833: 6818: 6814: 6805: 6801: 6796: 6792: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6770: 6766: 6765: 6761: 6753: 6749: 6740: 6738: 6723: 6719: 6710: 6708: 6696: 6689: 6687: 6676: 6669: 6661: 6657: 6649: 6645: 6638: 6624: 6620: 6612: 6608: 6600: 6596: 6585: 6581: 6573: 6569: 6564: 6560: 6552: 6548: 6532: 6528: 6519: 6517: 6508: 6507: 6503: 6494: 6490: 6481: 6477: 6460: 6456: 6448: 6441: 6434: 6418: 6414: 6406: 6402: 6393: 6391: 6372: 6351: 6342: 6340: 6336: 6325: 6319: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6283: 6276: 6257: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6225: 6221: 6209: 6205: 6197: 6193: 6187:Snellgrove 2003 6185: 6181: 6173: 6169: 6161: 6157: 6146: 6137: 6129: 6125: 6117: 6113: 6102: 6098: 6090: 6086: 6077: 6073: 6054: 6053: 6049: 6044:Wayback Machine 6034: 6030: 6025:Wayback Machine 6014:Wayback Machine 6004: 6000: 5995: 5991: 5984: 5968: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5922: 5913: 5911: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5884: 5874: 5870: 5859: 5855: 5846: 5842: 5834: 5830: 5821: 5817: 5813:2004. pp. 65–66 5808: 5804: 5796: 5792: 5783: 5779: 5770: 5766: 5757: 5753: 5744: 5740: 5732: 5728: 5722:Snellgrove 2004 5720: 5716: 5710:Snellgrove 2004 5708: 5704: 5696: 5692: 5684:Neelis, Jason. 5683: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5635: 5630: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5589: 5585: 5576: 5574: 5565: 5564: 5560: 5551: 5549: 5538: 5534: 5523: 5519: 5511: 5507: 5502: 5498: 5476: 5472: 5467: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5446: 5442: 5426: 5425: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5393: 5389: 5381: 5372: 5364: 5357: 5349: 5345: 5337: 5330: 5319: 5315: 5307: 5300: 5292: 5285: 5277: 5273: 5264: 5262: 5250: 5246: 5238: 5231: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5209: 5201: 5197: 5186: 5182: 5171: 5155: 5151: 5143: 5139: 5131: 5122: 5116: 5100: 5096: 5085: 5069: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5036: 5032: 5024: 5020: 5012: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4976: 4918:History of Yoga 4900:Religion portal 4898: 4891: 4888: 4813:(1961) and the 4796:Thích Nhất Hạnh 4792:Hakuun Yasutani 4774:and the German 4772:Ananda Metteyya 4695: 4689: 4607:14th Dalai Lama 4595:Ganden Phodrang 4576: 4548:Korean Buddhism 4494: 4331: 4309: 4300: 4297: 4288: 4274:. Modern wars, 4260: 4254: 4215:Taungoo Dynasty 4159: 4153: 4146: 4136: 4127: 4120: 4111: 4104: 4095: 4084: 4040:Mataram Kingdom 3896:Southeast Asian 3892: 3886: 3762:European Russia 3708: 3702: 3690:Ashikaga period 3686:Kamakura period 3684:(794–1185) and 3624:Kamakura period 3574:, known as the 3529: 3523: 3471: 3465: 3421: 3415: 3408: 3398: 3389: 3382: 3373: 3358: 3290:), focusing on 3195: 3185: 3179: 3174: 3111: 3097: 3077:Saiva Siddhanta 2998: 2992: 2984:bhakti movement 2968:Delhi Sultanate 2952:Muhammad Khilji 2889:Harsha's empire 2834:Chandragupta II 2771: 2762:, the renowned 2748: 2739: 2732: 2723: 2712: 2703: 2696: 2687: 2677: 2614:Iranian Plateau 2557:, and Chinese. 2457: 2451: 2396: 2390: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2339:Etienne Lamotte 2236: 2230: 2085:anthropomorphic 2002: 1992: 1986: 1974:Amaravati Stupa 1933:Etienne Lamotte 1897: 1896: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1882: 1874: 1873: 1862: 1851: 1845: 1829:Amaravati Stupa 1820:Akṣobhya Buddha 1785:Tathāgatagarbha 1762:Mahayana sutras 1723:Amarāvatī Stupa 1715: 1709: 1701:Parakramabahu I 1567: 1557: 1467:Edicts of Aśoka 1405:(261–246 BCE), 1386: 1359: 1251: 1201:Ekavyāvahārikas 1171:(also known as 1116: 1084: 1061: 1048:Robin Coningham 1044:Stanley Tambiah 1040:Monica L. Smith 1007: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1003: 988: 980: 979: 962:, "Sage of the 940: 929: 919: 909: 869: 863: 830:Gangetic Plains 724: 657: 617: 610: 609: 500: 490: 489: 440: 430: 429: 395: 385: 384: 290: 280: 279: 250:Mahayana Sutras 230: 220: 219: 160:Five Aggregates 138: 137: 117: 116: 107:Later Buddhists 72: 12: 11: 5: 11637: 11627: 11626: 11621: 11604: 11603: 11601: 11600: 11595: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11560: 11554: 11552: 11551:Related topics 11548: 11547: 11544: 11543: 11541: 11540: 11538:Vedic Hinduism 11535: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11519: 11518: 11513: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11487: 11485: 11479: 11478: 11476: 11475: 11470: 11465: 11459: 11457: 11451: 11450: 11448: 11447: 11441: 11439: 11430: 11426: 11425: 11422: 11421: 11419: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11407: 11406: 11395: 11393: 11387: 11386: 11384: 11383: 11378: 11376:Zoroastrianism 11373: 11367: 11365: 11359: 11358: 11356: 11355: 11350: 11345: 11340: 11334: 11332: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11306: 11304: 11298: 11297: 11295: 11294: 11289: 11284: 11278: 11276: 11270: 11269: 11267: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11240: 11238: 11229: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11219: 11214: 11208: 11205: 11204: 11197: 11196: 11189: 11182: 11174: 11165: 11164: 11162: 11161: 11149: 11138: 11135: 11134: 11132: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11095: 11093: 11087: 11086: 11084: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11032: 11031: 11026: 11016: 11010: 11008: 11002: 11001: 10999: 10998: 10997: 10996: 10991: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10925: 10923: 10917: 10916: 10914: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10902: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10850: 10849: 10844: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10819: 10814: 10809: 10808: 10807: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10781: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10750: 10745: 10740: 10735: 10730: 10725: 10720: 10719: 10718: 10716:Greco-Buddhist 10708: 10707: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10670: 10669: 10667:Burmese pagoda 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10623: 10621: 10615: 10614: 10612: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10525: 10523: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10457: 10456: 10449:Greco-Buddhism 10446: 10441: 10440: 10439: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10408: 10406: 10400: 10399: 10397: 10396: 10395: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10382:United Kingdom 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10327:Czech Republic 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10294: 10293: 10292: 10287: 10277: 10276: 10275: 10265: 10264: 10263: 10258: 10248: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10218: 10217: 10216: 10206: 10201: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10151: 10146: 10141: 10136: 10131: 10126: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10105: 10103: 10097: 10096: 10094: 10093: 10091:Abhidharmadīpa 10088: 10081: 10076: 10071: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10033: 10031: 10025: 10024: 10022: 10021: 10016: 10011: 10009:B. R. Ambedkar 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9929:Songtsen Gampo 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9866: 9860: 9858: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9848: 9843: 9842: 9841: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9805: 9804: 9794: 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9733: 9731: 9725: 9724: 9722: 9721: 9720: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9673: 9671: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9661: 9656: 9655: 9654: 9644: 9643: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9622: 9621: 9620: 9615: 9610: 9608:Eight precepts 9605: 9595: 9594: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9568: 9567: 9566: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9545: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9503: 9502: 9497: 9487: 9482: 9481: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9396: 9386: 9381: 9379:Five Strengths 9376: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9356: 9351: 9346: 9345: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9319: 9314: 9308: 9306: 9300: 9299: 9297: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9270: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9244: 9243: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9206: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9174: 9172: 9166: 9165: 9163: 9162: 9157: 9156: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9120: 9114: 9112: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9102: 9097: 9096: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9018:Mental factors 9015: 9010: 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8959: 8957: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8870:Mahamoggallāna 8867: 8862: 8857: 8851: 8849: 8843: 8842: 8840: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8793: 8792: 8785:Avalokiteśvara 8781: 8779: 8773: 8772: 8770: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8758: 8757: 8749: 8741: 8733: 8725: 8717: 8709: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8635: 8633: 8627: 8626: 8624: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8607: 8606: 8601: 8596: 8586: 8580: 8578: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8524: 8523: 8516: 8509: 8501: 8494: 8493: 8479: 8470: 8464: 8451: 8434: 8421: 8412: 8403: 8398:978-0904766929 8397: 8384: 8372: 8355: 8340: 8334: 8321: 8310: 8296: 8287: 8273: 8267: 8246: 8232: 8223: 8217: 8205:Foltz, Richard 8201: 8195: 8178: 8161: 8147: 8138: 8123: 8118: 8105: 8093: 8087: 8071: 8057: 8048: 8039: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8017: 8016: 8014:, p. 457. 8004: 8002:, p. 456. 7992: 7980: 7978:, p. 451. 7968: 7966:, p. 449. 7956: 7953:on 2014-03-27. 7924: 7899: 7897:, p. 437. 7887: 7885:, p. 432. 7875: 7873:, p. 426. 7863: 7861:, p. 424. 7851: 7849:, p. 421. 7839: 7837:, p. 422. 7827: 7825:, p. 420. 7815: 7797: 7784: 7782:, p. 417. 7769: 7767:, p. 414. 7752: 7731: 7729:, p. 412. 7719: 7707: 7705:, p. 409. 7695: 7693:, p. 403. 7680: 7678:, p. 397. 7665: 7663:, p. 385. 7653: 7651:, p. 395. 7641: 7632: 7630:, p. 394. 7620: 7611: 7609:, p. 398. 7599: 7597:, p. 379. 7587: 7585:, p. 378. 7570: 7568:, p. 377. 7558: 7526: 7524:, p. 376. 7514: 7490: 7481: 7461: 7444: 7423: 7410: 7384: 7363: 7351: 7331: 7316: 7303: 7282: 7270: 7232: 7209: 7200: 7189: 7166: 7164:, p. 228. 7151: 7149:, p. 227. 7139: 7122: 7120:, p. 226. 7107: 7086: 7084:, p. 225. 7074: 7061: 7032: 7017: 7004: 7002:, p. 224. 6985: 6972: 6959: 6957:, p. 223. 6947: 6938: 6926: 6914: 6905: 6893: 6881: 6879:, p. 209. 6877:Errington 1992 6869: 6866:on 2016-02-11. 6842: 6812: 6799: 6790: 6773:. Saylor.org. 6759: 6757:, p. 210. 6747: 6731:Study Buddhism 6717: 6667: 6665:, p. 106. 6655: 6643: 6636: 6618: 6614:Sanderson 2009 6606: 6602:Sanderson 2009 6594: 6579: 6577:, p. 124. 6575:Sanderson 2009 6567: 6558: 6556:, p. 443. 6546: 6526: 6501: 6488: 6475: 6454: 6452:, p. 442. 6439: 6432: 6412: 6408:Sanderson 2009 6400: 6349: 6313: 6301: 6299:, p. 278. 6289: 6287:, p. 195. 6274: 6251: 6239: 6219: 6215:Baij Nath Puri 6203: 6191: 6179: 6167: 6155: 6135: 6133:, p. 181. 6123: 6111: 6096: 6084: 6071: 6068:on 2006-09-05. 6047: 6028: 5998: 5989: 5982: 5962: 5950: 5941: 5929: 5920: 5891: 5882: 5868: 5853: 5840: 5838:, p. 313. 5828: 5815: 5802: 5790: 5777: 5764: 5751: 5738: 5736:, p. 109. 5726: 5714: 5702: 5700:, p. 108. 5690: 5677: 5665: 5642: 5633: 5624: 5622:, p. 280. 5612: 5603: 5583: 5558: 5532: 5525:Robert Linssen 5517: 5505: 5496: 5470: 5461: 5458:Robert Linssen 5456:"Zen living", 5449: 5440: 5408: 5387: 5385:, p. 103. 5370: 5368:, p. 102. 5355: 5353:, p. 101. 5343: 5341:, p. 100. 5328: 5313: 5298: 5283: 5271: 5244: 5229: 5216: 5207: 5195: 5180: 5169: 5149: 5147:, p. 453. 5137: 5120: 5114: 5094: 5083: 5063: 5051: 5039: 5030: 5018: 5003: 4991: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4887: 4884: 4804:Shunryu Suzuki 4688: 4685: 4677:Russian Empire 4669:Kalmyk Khanate 4662:Inner Mongolia 4575: 4572: 4493: 4490: 4376:B. R. Ambedkar 4337:British Ceylon 4333: 4332: 4324:B. R. Ambedkar 4310: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4253: 4250: 4226:Jayavarman VII 4152: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4137: 4130: 4128: 4121: 4114: 4112: 4105: 4098: 4096: 4085: 4078: 3971:Jayavarman VII 3885: 3882: 3859:3rd Dalai Lama 3857:, invited the 3808:Tibetan script 3800:state religion 3704:Main article: 3701: 3698: 3597:(774–835) and 3525:Main article: 3522: 3519: 3481:in storage at 3467:Main article: 3464: 3461: 3417:Main article: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3399: 3392: 3390: 3383: 3376: 3374: 3359: 3352: 3201:Extent of the 3181:Main article: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3096: 3093: 3089:Tantrasadbhava 3081:Samvara tantra 2994:Main article: 2991: 2988: 2842:Andhra Pradesh 2773: 2772: 2749: 2742: 2740: 2733: 2726: 2724: 2713: 2706: 2704: 2697: 2690: 2676: 2673: 2450: 2447: 2229: 2226: 2185:Dhammarakkhita 2089:Greco-Buddhist 2022:Greco-Bactrian 2010:Greco-Buddhist 1990:Greco-Buddhism 1988:Main article: 1985: 1984:Greco-Buddhism 1982: 1901:Shunga dynasty 1883: 1876: 1875: 1863: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1844: 1841: 1833:Nāgārjunakoṇḍā 1816:Prajñāpāramitā 1708: 1705: 1657:school. Later 1647:Buddhist texts 1574:Jetavanaramaya 1556: 1553: 1507:(mentioned by 1500:Robert Linssen 1483:Dhammarakkhita 1471: 1470: 1385: 1382: 1358: 1355: 1250: 1247: 1177:Dharmaguptakas 1067: 1060: 1057: 1000:British Museum 994:(238 BCE), in 992:Edict of Aśoka 989: 982: 981: 941: 934: 933: 932: 931: 930: 908: 905: 862: 861:Early Buddhism 859: 761:Gautama Buddha 723: 720: 697:Southeast Asia 659: 658: 656: 655: 648: 641: 633: 630: 629: 628: 627: 612: 611: 608: 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 501: 496: 495: 492: 491: 488: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 441: 436: 435: 432: 431: 428: 427: 422: 417: 415:Pratyekabuddha 412: 407: 402: 396: 391: 390: 387: 386: 383: 382: 377: 372: 370:Buddhist chant 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 291: 286: 285: 282: 281: 278: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 231: 228:Buddhist texts 226: 225: 222: 221: 218: 217: 212: 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 156: 155: 145: 139: 136: 135: 130: 124: 123: 122: 119: 118: 115: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 73: 68: 67: 64: 63: 62: 61: 56: 51: 43: 42: 34: 33: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11636: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11616: 11614: 11599: 11596: 11594: 11591: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11555: 11553: 11549: 11539: 11536: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11508: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11488: 11486: 11484: 11483:Indo-European 11480: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11466: 11464: 11461: 11460: 11458: 11456: 11452: 11446: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11438: 11434: 11431: 11427: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11405: 11402: 11401: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11394: 11392: 11388: 11382: 11381:Manichaeanism 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11368: 11366: 11364: 11360: 11354: 11351: 11349: 11346: 11344: 11341: 11339: 11336: 11335: 11333: 11331: 11327: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11307: 11305: 11303: 11299: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11279: 11277: 11275: 11271: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11237: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11224: 11218: 11215: 11213: 11210: 11209: 11206: 11202: 11195: 11190: 11188: 11183: 11181: 11176: 11175: 11172: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11148: 11140: 11139: 11136: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11094: 11092: 11088: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11021: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11011: 11009: 11007: 11003: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10986: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10926: 10924: 10922: 10921:Miscellaneous 10918: 10912: 10911:Vegetarianism 10909: 10907: 10904: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10876: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10824: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10813: 10810: 10806: 10803: 10802: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10755: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10739: 10736: 10734: 10733:Buddha in art 10731: 10729: 10726: 10724: 10721: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10712: 10709: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10668: 10665: 10664: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10629: 10628: 10625: 10624: 10622: 10620: 10616: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10526: 10524: 10522: 10518: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10455: 10452: 10451: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10438: 10435: 10434: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10409: 10407: 10405: 10401: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10387:United States 10385: 10383: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10368: 10365: 10363: 10360: 10358: 10355: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10299: 10298: 10295: 10291: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10282: 10281: 10278: 10274: 10271: 10270: 10269: 10266: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10253: 10252: 10249: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10214: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10196: 10195: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10102: 10098: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10086: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10069: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10034: 10032: 10030: 10026: 10020: 10017: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9944:Padmasambhava 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9875: 9872: 9870: 9867: 9865: 9862: 9861: 9859: 9857: 9856:Major figures 9853: 9847: 9844: 9840: 9837: 9836: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9803: 9802:Western tulku 9800: 9799: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9730: 9726: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9699: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9666: 9660: 9657: 9653: 9650: 9649: 9648: 9645: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9626: 9623: 9619: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9603:Five precepts 9601: 9600: 9599: 9596: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9581:Dhamma vicaya 9579: 9577: 9574: 9573: 9572: 9569: 9565: 9562: 9561: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9529: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9491: 9488: 9486: 9483: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9428: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9403: 9402: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9387: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9377: 9375: 9372: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9350: 9349:Buddhābhiṣeka 9347: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9324: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9301: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9249: 9248: 9245: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9184: 9181: 9180: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9171: 9167: 9161: 9158: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9125: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9107: 9101: 9098: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9080: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8993:Enlightenment 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8983:Dhamma theory 8981: 8979: 8978:Buddha-nature 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8960: 8958: 8956: 8952: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8844: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8817:Samantabhadra 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8774: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8756: 8750: 8748: 8742: 8740: 8734: 8732: 8726: 8724: 8718: 8716: 8710: 8708: 8702: 8701: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8632: 8628: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8605: 8602: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8591: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8577: 8573: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8549: 8548: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8522: 8517: 8515: 8510: 8508: 8503: 8502: 8499: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8471: 8467: 8465:2-7200-1031-6 8461: 8457: 8452: 8449: 8448:81-206-1622-7 8445: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8433: 8432:0-7230-0306-8 8429: 8425: 8422: 8418: 8413: 8409: 8404: 8400: 8394: 8390: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8363:on 2013-09-27 8362: 8358: 8352: 8348: 8347: 8341: 8337: 8335:0-271-01185-8 8331: 8327: 8322: 8319: 8318:2-7118-3897-8 8315: 8311: 8309: 8308:1-58115-203-5 8305: 8301: 8297: 8293: 8288: 8286: 8285:0-8021-3136-0 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8268:0-415-15481-2 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8247: 8245: 8244:0-19-860560-9 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8224: 8220: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8196:0-9518399-1-8 8192: 8188: 8184: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8173:81-215-1093-7 8170: 8166: 8162: 8160: 8159:0-7103-0967-8 8156: 8152: 8148: 8145: 8141: 8135: 8131: 8130: 8124: 8121: 8119:4-906267-36-X 8115: 8111: 8106: 8103: 8102: 8097: 8094: 8090: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8075:Conze, Edward 8072: 8070: 8069:0-691-03680-2 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8049: 8045: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8026: 8013: 8008: 8001: 7996: 7989: 7984: 7977: 7972: 7965: 7960: 7949: 7945: 7938: 7934: 7933:Fronsdal, Gil 7928: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7912:Adherents.com 7909: 7903: 7896: 7891: 7884: 7879: 7872: 7867: 7860: 7855: 7848: 7843: 7836: 7831: 7824: 7819: 7811: 7807: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7788: 7781: 7776: 7774: 7766: 7761: 7759: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7741: 7735: 7728: 7723: 7716: 7711: 7704: 7699: 7692: 7687: 7685: 7677: 7672: 7670: 7662: 7657: 7650: 7645: 7636: 7629: 7624: 7615: 7608: 7603: 7596: 7591: 7584: 7579: 7577: 7575: 7567: 7562: 7548:on 2013-10-16 7547: 7543: 7542: 7537: 7530: 7523: 7518: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7498:Cœdès, George 7494: 7485: 7478: 7474: 7471: 7465: 7458: 7454: 7448: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7420: 7414: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7391: 7389: 7381: 7380:981-4155-67-5 7377: 7373: 7367: 7361:, p. 73. 7360: 7355: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7335: 7329:, p. 72. 7328: 7323: 7321: 7313: 7307: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7286: 7279: 7274: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7243: 7236: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7220: 7213: 7204: 7198: 7193: 7186: 7185:0-8248-2078-9 7182: 7178: 7177: 7170: 7163: 7158: 7156: 7148: 7143: 7136: 7132: 7126: 7119: 7114: 7112: 7104: 7103:0-231-12138-5 7100: 7096: 7090: 7083: 7078: 7071: 7065: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7036: 7028: 7021: 7014: 7008: 7001: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6990: 6982: 6976: 6969: 6963: 6956: 6951: 6942: 6935: 6930: 6923: 6918: 6909: 6903:, p. 81. 6902: 6897: 6890: 6885: 6878: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6846: 6832:on 2010-03-23 6831: 6827: 6823: 6816: 6810:. 2008. p. 30 6809: 6803: 6794: 6776: 6769: 6763: 6756: 6751: 6737:on 2016-05-29 6736: 6732: 6728: 6721: 6707:on 2016-05-21 6706: 6702: 6686:on 2016-06-17 6685: 6681: 6674: 6672: 6664: 6659: 6652: 6647: 6639: 6633: 6629: 6622: 6615: 6610: 6603: 6598: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6571: 6562: 6555: 6550: 6543: 6542:0-86171-329-X 6539: 6535: 6530: 6516:on 2007-03-14 6515: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6498: 6492: 6485: 6479: 6471: 6467: 6466: 6458: 6451: 6446: 6444: 6435: 6429: 6425: 6424: 6416: 6410:, p. 89. 6409: 6404: 6390:on 2018-04-06 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6339:on 2018-01-21 6335: 6331: 6324: 6317: 6310: 6305: 6298: 6293: 6286: 6281: 6279: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6255: 6249:, p. 10. 6248: 6247:Behrendt 2004 6243: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6223: 6216: 6212: 6207: 6200: 6195: 6189:, p. 46. 6188: 6183: 6177:, p. 42. 6176: 6171: 6165:, p. 47. 6164: 6159: 6151: 6144: 6142: 6140: 6132: 6127: 6120: 6115: 6108:. p. 10. 6107: 6100: 6094:, p. 13. 6093: 6092:Behrendt 2004 6088: 6081: 6075: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6051: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6032: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6008: 6002: 5993: 5985: 5979: 5975: 5974: 5966: 5959: 5954: 5945: 5938: 5933: 5924: 5910:on 2017-04-01 5909: 5905: 5901: 5895: 5886: 5880:, pp. 429–434 5879: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5862: 5857: 5850: 5844: 5837: 5832: 5825: 5819: 5812: 5806: 5799: 5794: 5787: 5781: 5774: 5768: 5761: 5755: 5748: 5742: 5735: 5730: 5724:, p. 58. 5723: 5718: 5712:, p. 56. 5711: 5706: 5699: 5694: 5687: 5681: 5674: 5669: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5646: 5637: 5628: 5621: 5616: 5607: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5587: 5572: 5568: 5562: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5500: 5493: 5491: 5490:Peisithanatos 5485: 5481: 5474: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5444: 5436: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5384: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5367: 5362: 5360: 5352: 5347: 5340: 5335: 5333: 5324: 5317: 5311:, p. 90. 5310: 5305: 5303: 5296:, p. 98. 5295: 5290: 5288: 5281:, p. 47. 5280: 5275: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5248: 5242:, p. 23. 5241: 5236: 5234: 5226: 5220: 5211: 5204: 5199: 5193: 5190:by J. Hackin 5189: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5166: 5162: 5161: 5153: 5146: 5141: 5134: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5098: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5076: 5075: 5067: 5060: 5055: 5048: 5043: 5034: 5028:, p. 25. 5027: 5022: 5016:, p. 24. 5015: 5010: 5008: 5000: 4995: 4989:, p. 14. 4988: 4983: 4979: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4908:Greater India 4906: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4890: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4823: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4779: 4778:(1878–1956). 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4754: 4753:F. Max Müller 4750: 4747:(1854–1920), 4746: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4701:Main Hall of 4699: 4694: 4687:Western world 4684: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4626:Tibetan Canon 4623: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4580: 4571: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4502:Admiral Perry 4499: 4489: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4458:Thai Buddhism 4455: 4451: 4446: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4435:sixth council 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4397: 4393: 4390:(1893–1963), 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4349: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4312:Deekshabhoomi 4307: 4302: 4295: 4290: 4289: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4252:Modern period 4249: 4247: 4243: 4242:Ram Khamhaeng 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4217:(1510–1752). 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4158: 4144: 4141:, one of the 4140: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4077: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4050:, as well as 4049: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3959: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3938:and the Thai 3937: 3933: 3927: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3890:Greater India 3881: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3707: 3697: 3696:(1603–1867). 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3670:(1222–1282). 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3576:Nanto Rokushū 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3515:Joseon period 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3356: 3351: 3350: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3300:Chan Buddhism 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3270: 3269:Chan Buddhism 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3169: 3168:(1271–1368). 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3127:Sarvāstivādin 3124: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3010:flaying knife 3007: 3002: 2997: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2781:Kumaragupta I 2778: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2750:Landscape of 2746: 2741: 2737: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2689: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2645:Serindian art 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2610:Arab conquest 2606: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2593: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2566:Central Asian 2562: 2558: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2503:Kushan Empire 2499: 2497: 2493: 2492:Dharmaguptaka 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2456: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2429:of Pakistan, 2428: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2400: 2399:Dharmaguptaka 2394: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2352:version into 2351: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2335:Mahā-Vibhāshā 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2280:Dharmaguptaka 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2252:Kushan empire 2245: 2240: 2235: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2192: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2110:Mediterranean 2107: 2103: 2102: 2097: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2054: 2053:Milinda Pañha 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1991: 1981: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1941: 1940:Romila Thapar 1936: 1934: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1907:(last of the 1906: 1902: 1891: 1887: 1880: 1871: 1867: 1866:Ashoka Pillar 1860: 1850: 1849:Shunga Empire 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1781:Buddha-nature 1778: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1752:path to full 1751: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1728: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1623: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1552: 1550: 1549: 1548:gymnosophists 1544: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1439: 1438: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1381: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1368:convened the 1367: 1363: 1357:Third council 1354: 1352: 1351:Mediterranean 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1260: 1255: 1246: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1197:Lokottaravāda 1194: 1190: 1189:Mahasamghikas 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1124:(Elders) and 1123: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1107:ancient India 1104: 1103:Mahajanapadas 1100: 1096: 1094: 1088: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1036:Romila Thapar 1033: 1029: 1025: 1024:Hermann Kulke 1020: 1019:Emperor Aśoka 1016: 1015:Maurya Empire 1011: 1001: 998:, sandstone. 997: 993: 986: 977: 973: 969: 968:Brahmi script 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 938: 928: 924: 918: 917:Maurya Empire 914: 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 881: 878: 874: 868: 858: 856: 852: 848: 843: 839: 835: 831: 826: 824: 820: 816: 813: 808: 803: 801: 797: 793: 792:ancient India 789: 785: 781: 777: 770: 769:Ancient India 766: 762: 758: 757:Mahajanapadas 753: 744: 737: 733: 728: 719: 717: 713: 709: 704: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 673:Ancient India 670: 666: 654: 649: 647: 642: 640: 635: 634: 632: 631: 626: 621: 616: 615: 614: 613: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 586: 583: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 502: 499: 494: 493: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 442: 439: 434: 433: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 398: 397: 394: 389: 388: 381: 380:Vegetarianism 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 335:Recollections 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 305:Five precepts 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 292: 289: 284: 283: 276: 273: 271: 270:Chinese canon 268: 266: 265:Tibetan canon 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 232: 229: 224: 223: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 166: 163: 161: 158: 154: 151: 150: 149: 146: 144: 141: 140: 134: 131: 129: 126: 125: 121: 120: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 74: 71: 66: 65: 60: 57: 55: 52: 50: 47: 46: 45: 44: 40: 36: 35: 32: 29: 28: 24: 20: 19: 16: 11593:Roman School 11516:Neoplatonism 11473:Mesopotamian 11337: 11310:Confucianism 11249:Christianity 11227:Major groups 11099:Bodhisattvas 11019:Christianity 11014:Baháʼí Faith 10879:Dharmachakra 10869:Prayer wheel 10859:Prayer beads 10627:Architecture 10506:969 Movement 10403: 10290:Saudi Arabia 10268:Central Asia 10261:South Africa 10083: 10066: 9999:Panchen Lama 9904:Buddhapālita 9500:Satipatthana 9495:Mindful Yoga 9408:Recollection 9322:Brahmavihara 9193:Japanese Zen 9188:Chinese Chan 9148:Animal realm 8955:Key concepts 8777:Bodhisattvas 8589:Three Jewels 8474: 8455: 8438: 8423: 8416: 8407: 8388: 8379: 8365:. Retrieved 8361:the original 8345: 8325: 8299: 8291: 8276: 8250: 8235: 8227: 8208: 8182: 8164: 8150: 8128: 8109: 8100: 8096:Cowell, E.B. 8078: 8060: 8052: 8043: 8029: 8007: 7995: 7983: 7971: 7959: 7948:the original 7943: 7927: 7919: 7916:the original 7911: 7902: 7890: 7878: 7866: 7854: 7842: 7830: 7818: 7809: 7800: 7792: 7787: 7739: 7734: 7722: 7710: 7698: 7656: 7644: 7635: 7623: 7614: 7602: 7590: 7561: 7550:. Retrieved 7546:the original 7539: 7529: 7517: 7501: 7493: 7484: 7464: 7447: 7431: 7426: 7421:. 1988. p. 3 7418: 7413: 7407:(1): 93–107. 7404: 7400: 7371: 7366: 7359:Bentley 1993 7354: 7339: 7334: 7327:Bentley 1993 7311: 7306: 7290: 7285: 7280:1958. p. 185 7277: 7273: 7262:. Retrieved 7245: 7235: 7218: 7212: 7203: 7192: 7175: 7169: 7142: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7094: 7089: 7077: 7069: 7064: 7053:. Retrieved 7044: 7035: 7026: 7020: 7012: 7007: 6980: 6975: 6967: 6962: 6950: 6941: 6929: 6917: 6908: 6901:Bentley 1993 6896: 6884: 6872: 6864:the original 6859: 6855: 6845: 6834:. 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Retrieved 5908:the original 5903: 5894: 5885: 5875: 5871: 5860: 5856: 5848: 5843: 5831: 5823: 5818: 5810: 5809:Guang Xing. 5805: 5793: 5785: 5780: 5772: 5771:Guang Xing. 5767: 5759: 5754: 5746: 5741: 5729: 5717: 5705: 5693: 5688:2010. p. 141 5685: 5680: 5668: 5651: 5645: 5636: 5627: 5615: 5606: 5591: 5586: 5575:. Retrieved 5561: 5550:. Retrieved 5535: 5528: 5520: 5513: 5508: 5499: 5489: 5487: 5483: 5473: 5464: 5452: 5443: 5420: 5411: 5395: 5390: 5346: 5322: 5316: 5279:Skilton 2004 5274: 5263:. Retrieved 5257: 5247: 5219: 5210: 5198: 5187: 5183: 5174: 5159: 5152: 5140: 5104: 5097: 5088: 5073: 5066: 5054: 5047:Prebish 1975 5042: 5033: 5021: 4994: 4982: 4881: 4850: 4838:S. N. Goenka 4827: 4819: 4800:Zen Buddhism 4780: 4768:U Dhammaloka 4757: 4734: 4731: 4666: 4642: 4619: 4589: 4584:Barack Obama 4574:Central Asia 4568:Won Buddhism 4546: 4523: 4510:State Shinto 4495: 4470: 4450:King Mongkut 4447: 4400: 4369: 4357:Henry Olcott 4350: 4334: 4272:Christianity 4261: 4219: 4191:Pagan Empire 4184: 4160: 4037: 4006: 3983: 3967:Khmer Empire 3960: 3936:Khmer Empire 3928: 3893: 3879: 3855:Genghis Khan 3848: 3844:Yuan dynasty 3838:returned to 3833: 3796: 3774:Yuan dynasty 3766:Yuan dynasty 3758:Genghis Khan 3756: 3740:Liao dynasty 3709: 3694:Tokugawa era 3682:Heian period 3672: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3610: 3592: 3579: 3575: 3545: 3492: 3438: 3334:Yuan dynasty 3331: 3319:Song dynasty 3316: 3308:Linji Yixuan 3276:Tang dynasty 3273: 3263:school, the 3259:school, the 3242: 3207: 3166:Yuan Dynasty 3151: 3118: 3114: 3112: 3088: 3054: 3027: 3021: 3013: 3008:, holding a 2945: 2925:Santaraksita 2901:Vikramashila 2886: 2866:Harṣavardana 2827: 2820: 2805: 2797:epistemology 2777:Gupta Empire 2774: 2752:Vikramashila 2661: 2657:Yuan dynasty 2626: 2607: 2575: 2523:Turkmenistan 2500: 2468:Central Asia 2466: 2403: 2388:Mahāsāṃghika 2382:Vibhajyavāda 2376:Sarvāstivāda 2347: 2330:Sarvastivada 2314:Sarvastivada 2311: 2303:Central Asia 2294: 2284: 2265: 2249: 2219: 2198:sent by the 2196:missionaries 2188: 2177:Anuradhapura 2146: 2106:contrapposto 2099: 2082: 2052: 2049: 2045:dharma wheel 2034: 2019: 1958:dakṣinapatha 1957: 1951: 1945: 1937: 1929: 1898: 1837:Jaggayyapeṭa 1800:Mahāsāṃghika 1793: 1784: 1766: 1747: 1739:Sarvastivada 1735:Mahasamghika 1732: 1682: 1624: 1612:Anuradhapura 1589: 1587: 1578:Anuradhapura 1546: 1540: 1529: 1497: 1486: 1472: 1427:Alexander II 1388:Some of the 1387: 1360: 1336: 1326: 1315: 1311:chakravartin 1264: 1228: 1215: 1209: 1181:Vibhajyavāda 1173:Vatsīputrīya 1172: 1165:Sarvāstivāda 1162: 1138: 1126:Mahasamghika 1119: 1110: 1098: 1080: 1032:Burton Stein 927:Ashokavadana 882: 870: 838:Ganges River 827: 804: 799: 774: 734:, depicting 731: 705: 664: 662: 330:Merit making 295:Three Jewels 235:Buddhavacana 165:Impermanence 153:Dharma wheel 69: 15: 11445:Paleolithic 11437:Prehistoric 11411:New Thought 11399:Neopaganism 10944:Dharma talk 10773:Asalha Puja 10569:Eschatology 10372:Switzerland 10352:New Zealand 10280:Middle East 10189:Philippines 10109:Afghanistan 9914:Bodhidharma 9899:Buddhaghosa 9819:Householder 9729:Monasticism 9682:Bodhisattva 9537:Prostration 9490:Mindfulness 9418:Anapanasati 9401:Kammaṭṭhāna 9198:Korean Seon 9138:Asura realm 9133:Human realm 9073:Ten Fetters 9028:Parinirvana 8930:Uppalavanna 8895:Mahākaccana 8880:Mahākassapa 8812:Kṣitigarbha 8807:Ākāśagarbha 8704:Suddhodāna 8649:Four sights 8576:Foundations 8012:Harvey 2012 8000:Harvey 2012 7988:Harvey 2012 7976:Harvey 2012 7964:Harvey 2012 7895:Harvey 2012 7883:Harvey 2012 7871:Harvey 2012 7859:Harvey 2012 7847:Harvey 2012 7835:Harvey 2012 7823:Harvey 2012 7780:Harvey 2012 7765:Harvey 2012 7727:Harvey 2012 7715:Harvey 2012 7703:Harvey 2012 7691:Harvey 2012 7676:Harvey 2012 7661:Harvey 2012 7649:Harvey 2012 7628:Harvey 2012 7607:Harvey 2012 7595:Harvey 2012 7583:Harvey 2012 7566:Harvey 2012 7522:Harvey 2012 7459:. pp. 64–65 7342:: 358–364. 7162:Harvey 2012 7147:Harvey 2012 7118:Harvey 2012 7082:Harvey 2012 7000:Harvey 2012 6955:Harvey 2012 6889:Harvey 2012 6755:Harvey 2012 6653:, p. . 6554:Warder 2000 6450:Warder 2000 6297:Warder 2000 6285:Harvey 2012 6121:, p. . 6078:Xinru Liu, 5937:Tissot 1970 5877:Divyāvadāna 5836:Warder 2000 5798:Warder 2000 5734:Harvey 2012 5698:Harvey 2012 5673:Harvey 2012 5620:Warder 2000 5383:Harvey 2012 5366:Harvey 2012 5351:Harvey 2012 5339:Harvey 2012 5309:Harvey 2012 5294:Harvey 2012 5203:Harvey 2012 5026:Harvey 2012 5014:Harvey 2012 4999:Harvey 2012 4987:Harvey 2012 4869:New Zealand 4806:opened the 4620:During the 4599:Dalai Lamas 4564:South Korea 4560:North Korea 4486:Khmer Rouge 4471:From 1893, 4407:King Mindon 4320:Maharashtra 4236:kingdom of 4175:Chao Phraya 4092:Angkor Thom 3979:Angkor Thom 3924:Mahābhārata 3875:Dalai Lamas 3778:Kublai Khan 3752:Jin dynasty 3680:(710–794), 3678:Nara period 3638:schools of 3628:Shin Bukkyō 3548:Nara Period 3487:South Korea 3332:During the 3267:school and 3210:Han dynasty 3123:Pāla empire 3109:Tibetan art 3065:Kriyatantra 3050:mahasiddhas 2893:Pāla Empire 2816:sravakayana 2793:Dharmakirti 2629:Tarim Basin 2592:Zoroastrian 2515:Afghanistan 2484:Middle East 2439:Afghanistan 2427:Swat Valley 2422:Nava Vihara 2393:Pudgalavāda 2307:Tarim Basin 2173:Great Stupa 2169:Afghanistan 2134:iconography 2093:Greco-Roman 2026:Demetrius I 1953:uttarapatha 1917:Aśokāvadāna 1824:A.K. Warder 1812:South India 1804:Kṛṣṇa River 1791:and Tibet. 1750:Bodhisattva 1670:Buddhaghoṣa 1600:Saṅghamitta 1545:and Indian 1513:Therapeutae 1395:proselytism 1185:Theravādins 1169:Pudgalavāda 1154:parinirvāṇa 942:The words " 893:Mahākāśyapa 889:Parinirvana 687:throughout 565:New Zealand 420:Bodhisattva 405:Four Stages 360:Monasticism 340:Mindfulness 310:Perfections 240:Early Texts 11613:Categories 11598:Secularism 11588:Irreligion 11511:Gnosticism 11429:Historical 11302:East Asian 11274:Amerindian 11061:Psychology 11041:Gnosticism 11029:Comparison 11024:Influences 11006:Comparison 10889:Bhavacakra 10847:Kushinagar 10822:Pilgrimage 10768:Māgha Pūjā 10723:Bodhi Tree 10539:Buddhology 10529:Abhidharma 10521:Philosophy 10454:Menander I 10322:Costa Rica 10273:Uzbekistan 10114:Bangladesh 10068:Dhammapada 10052:Pali Canon 10014:Ajahn Chah 9994:Dalai Lama 9894:Kumārajīva 9889:Vasubandhu 9864:The Buddha 9772:Zen master 9707:Sakadagami 9687:Buddhahood 9618:Pratimokṣa 9433:Shikantaza 9389:Meditation 9364:Deity yoga 9235:Madhyamaka 9128:Deva realm 9023:Mindstream 8973:Bodhicitta 8885:Aṅgulimāla 8752:Devadatta 8728:Yaśodharā 8631:The Buddha 8621:Middle Way 8367:2008-09-04 8277:Living Zen 7810:Daily News 7552:2013-07-01 7264:2018-04-04 7055:2012-03-06 6934:McRae 2003 6922:McRae 2003 6836:2008-01-28 6784:2012-03-07 6741:2016-05-28 6711:2016-06-04 6690:2016-06-04 6663:Conze 1993 6651:Conze 1993 6520:2006-06-27 6394:2018-04-05 6343:2018-04-05 6261:"Gandhara" 5914:2015-01-12 5577:2014-09-30 5552:2010-08-11 5529:Zen living 5265:2023-09-12 5240:Cox (1995) 4974:References 4928:Indosphere 4615:Dharamsala 4556:Korean war 4468:movement. 4439:Pali Canon 4415:Pali Canon 4280:capitalism 4264:modern era 4203:Dhammazedi 4033:syncretism 3988:island of 3986:Indonesian 3912:Brahmanism 3867:Dalai Lama 3851:Altan Khan 3791:school of 3780:, invited 3718:(93-234), 3368:province, 3304:Mazu Daoyi 3251:, and the 3238:Kumārajīva 3203:Han Empire 3187:See also: 3099:See also: 2909:Odantapuri 2846:Tamil Nadu 2756:Dharmapala 2564:Blue-eyed 2527:Tajikistan 2519:Uzbekistan 2386:* Yellow: 2358:Brahmanism 2326:Abhidharma 2295:Purusapura 2232:See also: 2187:(meaning: 2181:Menander I 2130:sculptures 2074:Indo-Greek 1994:See also: 1890:balustrade 1810:region of 1802:along the 1773:Mādhyamaka 1754:Buddhahood 1697:Mahavihara 1689:Abhayagiri 1678:Atthakatha 1674:Dhammapāla 1662:Mahavihara 1655:Mahavihara 1643:Pāli canon 1635:Abhayagiri 1631:Mahāvihāra 1608:bodhi tree 1505:Alexandria 1459:Tamraparni 1362:Theravadin 1295:Brahmanism 1212:Abhidharma 1101:(sixteen) 1093:gaṇasaṅgha 1073:Kusinagara 921:See also: 901:Ajātasattu 800:Shakyamuni 736:Ajātasattu 438:Traditions 375:Pilgrimage 315:Meditation 275:Post-canon 255:Pāli Canon 185:Middle Way 82:The Buddha 11455:Near East 11371:Mithraism 11264:Rastafari 11236:Abrahamic 11129:Festivals 11109:Buddhists 11071:Theosophy 10874:Symbolism 10864:Hama yumi 10837:Bodh Gaya 10604:Socialism 10579:Evolution 10554:Economics 10392:Venezuela 10307:Australia 10302:Argentina 10226:Sri Lanka 10221:Singapore 10139:Indonesia 10101:Countries 10042:Tripiṭaka 10004:Ajahn Mun 9879:Nagarjuna 9874:Aśvaghoṣa 9757:Anagārika 9752:Śrāmaṇerī 9747:Śrāmaṇera 9742:Bhikkhunī 9702:Sotāpanna 9591:Passaddhi 9532:Offerings 9507:Nekkhamma 9384:Iddhipada 9304:Practices 9274:Theravada 9247:Vajrayana 9240:Yogachara 9210:Pure Land 9123:Six Paths 9110:Cosmology 8890:Anuruddha 8865:Sāriputta 8855:Kaundinya 8847:Disciples 8822:Vajrapāṇi 8674:Footprint 8639:Tathāgata 8259:Routledge 6061:Mahavamsa 4873:Argentina 4865:Australia 4830:vipassana 4788:Hsüan Hua 4784:DT Suzuki 4492:East Asia 4445:of 2007. 4346:Gunananda 4246:Ayutthaya 4238:Sukhothai 4187:Anawrahta 4171:Irrawaddy 4157:Theravada 4108:Borobudur 4068:Majapahit 4060:Prambanan 4048:Borobudur 4021:Palembang 4013:Palembang 3998:Srivijaya 3956:Majapahit 3948:Srivijaya 3812:Mongolian 3636:Pure Land 3568:Kōfuku-ji 3566:, or the 3511:Confucian 3449:Pure Land 3407:, 704 CE. 3323:Pure Land 3286:(today's 3265:Pure Land 3222:Lokakṣema 3214:An Shigao 3162:Langdarma 3158:Rälpachän 3119:vajrayāna 3069:Manjushri 2996:Vajrayana 2990:Vajrayāna 2976:Sri Lanka 2917:Vajrayana 2913:Bodh Gaya 2854:Shashanka 2720:Bodh Gaya 2649:Kharoṣṭhī 2581:An Shigao 2531:Khotanese 2472:Silk Road 2391:* Green: 2299:Silk Road 2221:Mahavamsa 2157:Mahavamsa 2138:Gandharan 2126:Greek art 2078:Kharoṣṭhī 1905:Brhadrata 1758:arhatship 1683:Although 1666:Theravada 1616:Theravada 1604:bhikkhunī 1591:Dipavamsa 1582:Sri Lanka 1517:Theravāda 1475:Mahavamsa 1463:Sri Lanka 1419:Cyrenaica 1343:Sri Lanka 1193:Mahavastu 1052:Tim Dyson 790:realm of 716:Vajrayāna 708:Theravāda 671:arose in 585:Sri Lanka 575:Singapore 530:Indonesia 470:Vajrayāna 445:Theravāda 400:Awakening 288:Practices 245:Tripiṭaka 215:Cosmology 190:Emptiness 170:Suffering 11583:Humanism 11501:Germanic 11463:Egyptian 11343:Hinduism 11338:Buddhism 11147:Category 11076:Violence 11046:Hinduism 10994:Sanskrit 10949:Hinayana 10934:Amitābha 10894:Swastika 10763:Uposatha 10753:Holidays 10738:Calendar 10584:Humanism 10422:Kanishka 10412:Timeline 10236:Thailand 10204:Kalmykia 10199:Buryatia 10184:Pakistan 10169:Mongolia 10164:Maldives 10159:Malaysia 10124:Cambodia 9989:Shamarpa 9984:Nichiren 9934:Xuanzang 9869:Nagasena 9787:Rinpoche 9517:Pāramitā 9359:Devotion 9279:Navayana 9267:Dzogchen 9230:Nichiren 9178:Mahayana 9170:Branches 9048:Saṅkhāra 8797:Mañjuśrī 8754:(cousin) 8746:(cousin) 8714:(mother) 8706:(father) 8694:Miracles 8644:Birthday 8561:Glossary 8534:Buddhism 8456:Gandhara 8207:(2010). 8077:(1993). 8046:. Brill. 8034:Volume 1 7935:(1998). 7473:Archived 7348:25207848 7312:, 2nd ed 7258:Archived 7049:Archived 6775:Archived 6269:Archived 6040:Archived 6021:Archived 6010:Archived 5958:Plutarch 5865:pp. 88ff 5571:Archived 5546:Archived 5429:cite web 5192:pp. 83ff 4886:See also 4817:(1967). 4681:Kalmykia 4658:Buryatia 4645:Mongolia 4586:in 2016. 4504:and the 4477:Cambodia 4464:and the 4330:in Asia. 4230:Cambodia 4124:Wat Arun 3950:Empire, 3922:and the 3920:Rāmāyaṇa 3916:Hinduism 3908:Sanskrit 3869:("Ocean 3849:In 1578 3840:shamanic 3828:Sanskrit 3797:de facto 3724:Göktürks 3700:Mongolia 3668:Nichiren 3564:Hōryū-ji 3540:Kamakura 3536:Daibutsu 3386:Dunhuang 3314:of 845. 3292:Yogacara 3284:Chang'an 3280:Xuanzang 3218:Mahāyāna 3115:mahāyāna 3042:mandalas 3034:dharanis 3018:skullcup 3006:Mahakala 2905:Somapura 2882:Hinduism 2874:Buddhism 2870:Xuanzang 2862:Xuanzang 2838:Xuanzang 2823:Buddhist 2665:Bezeklik 2588:Zhi Qian 2578:Parthian 2570:Bezeklik 2507:Pakistan 2486:and the 2418:Xuanzang 2397:* Gray: 2370:Xuanzang 2354:Sanskrit 2318:Gandhara 2291:Peshawar 2287:Kanishka 2285:Emperor 2282:school. 2268:Gandhara 2208:Buddhist 2202:emperor 2140:site of 2114:ushnisha 2101:himation 2062:Nāgasena 2058:Menander 2037:Menander 2014:Gandhara 1966:Gandhāra 1872:, India. 1777:Yogācāra 1769:Xuanzang 1713:Mahayana 1693:Jetavana 1668:such as 1639:Jetavana 1542:śramanas 1488:eusebeia 1421:(modern 1269:Emperor 1205:Mahayana 1179:and the 1150:Vaishali 1122:Sthavira 1069:Mallakas 851:Rājagaha 847:Sāvatthī 780:Buddhism 712:Mahāyāna 669:Buddhism 595:Thailand 555:Mongolia 550:Malaysia 515:Cambodia 480:Navayana 460:Hinayana 455:Mahāyāna 365:Lay life 195:Morality 175:Not-self 133:Concepts 92:Councils 77:Timeline 49:Glossary 31:Buddhism 23:a series 21:Part of 11468:Semitic 11363:Iranian 11353:Sikhism 11348:Jainism 11259:Judaism 11124:Temples 11104:Buddhas 11066:Science 11056:Judaism 11051:Jainism 10969:Lineage 10929:Abhijñā 10899:Thangka 10842:Sarnath 10827:Lumbini 10748:Funeral 10743:Cuisine 10619:Culture 10594:Reality 10544:Creator 10534:Atomism 10404:History 10377:Ukraine 10337:Germany 10256:Senegal 10246:Vietnam 10174:Myanmar 9974:Shinran 9964:Karmapa 9939:Shandao 9909:Dignāga 9834:Śrāvaka 9814:Donchee 9809:Kappiya 9767:Sayadaw 9737:Bhikkhu 9712:Anāgāmi 9669:Nirvana 9635:Samadhi 9522:Paritta 9463:Tonglen 9458:Mandala 9413:Smarana 9394:Mantras 9342:Upekkha 9312:Bhavana 9262:Shingon 9215:Tiantai 9068:Tathātā 9058:Śūnyatā 9053:Skandha 9043:Saṃsāra 9038:Rebirth 9013:Kleshas 9003:Indriya 8905:Subhūti 8790:Guanyin 8744:Ānanda 8736:Rāhula 8616:Nirvana 8556:Outline 8037:Volume2 8022:Sources 7015:. 2008. 6018:Image 2 6007:Image 1 4703:Hsi Lai 4473:Vietnam 4052:Kalasan 4002:Sumatra 3984:In the 3952:Mataram 3836:Mongols 3820:Chinese 3816:Tibetan 3787:of the 3748:Jurchen 3728:Xianbei 3716:Xianbei 3712:Xiongnu 3644:Shinran 3612:hongaku 3603:Shingon 3483:Haeinsa 3441:Vietnam 3413:Vietnam 3257:Tiantai 3226:Luoyang 3057:Saivism 3030:mantras 3014:kartika 2980:Advaita 2956:Nālandā 2878:Jainism 2808:Valabhi 2801:pramana 2789:Dignaga 2785:Nālandā 2764:pandita 2700:Nālandā 2653:Uyghurs 2633:Kashgar 2612:of the 2599:Parthia 2555:Tibetan 2547:Turkish 2539:Sogdian 2511:Kashmir 2443:Bamiyan 2437:and in 2435:Kashmir 2414:Bactria 2395:(Green) 2384:schools 2350:Prakrit 2322:Kashmir 2200:Mauryan 2122:realism 2104:), the 2041:Kaniśka 1978:Bhārhut 1970:Mathura 1962:Magadha 1921:Brahmin 1909:Mauryan 1806:in the 1743:Mathura 1627:Vasabha 1596:Mahinda 1455:Pandyas 1447:yojanas 1425:), and 1401:of the 1291:Jainism 1267:Mauryan 1229:dharmas 1220:Nikayas 1175:), the 964:Shakyas 950:) and " 819:nirvana 815:ascetic 812:sramana 747:arrow). 689:Central 677:Magadha 605:Vietnam 560:Myanmar 475:Tibetan 465:Chinese 393:Nirvāṇa 210:Saṃsāra 205:Rebirth 70:History 59:Outline 11533:Slavic 11496:Celtic 11491:Baltic 11391:Modern 11330:Indian 11320:Shinto 11315:Taoism 11244:Baháʼí 11119:Sutras 11114:Suttas 10979:Siddhi 10964:Koliya 10939:Brahmā 10854:Poetry 10800:Mantra 10790:Kasaya 10662:Pagoda 10642:Kyaung 10637:Vihāra 10632:Temple 10574:Ethics 10417:Ashoka 10367:Sweden 10362:Poland 10357:Norway 10347:Mexico 10332:France 10317:Canada 10312:Brazil 10251:Africa 10231:Taiwan 10194:Russia 10119:Bhutan 10079:Vinaya 9959:Naropa 9949:Saraha 9884:Asanga 9640:Prajñā 9549:Refuge 9512:Nianfo 9473:Tertön 9468:Tantra 9453:Ganana 9443:Tukdam 9369:Dhyāna 9337:Mudita 9332:Karuṇā 9225:Risshū 9220:Huayan 9153:Naraka 9093:Anattā 9088:Dukkha 9083:Anicca 8988:Dharma 8940:Channa 8875:Ānanda 8860:Assaji 8827:Skanda 8730:(wife) 8699:Family 8679:Relics 8604:Sangha 8599:Dharma 8594:Buddha 8489: 8462: 8446: 8430: 8395: 8353: 8332: 8316: 8306: 8283: 8265: 8255:London 8242: 8215: 8193: 8171: 8157: 8144:p. 453 8136: 8116: 8085: 8067: 7746: 7508: 7455: 7438: 7378: 7346: 7297: 7226: 7183: 7101: 6634: 6540: 6430: 6234: 5980: 5659: 5598: 5512:Tarn, 5480:Inalco 5402: 5167: 5112: 5081: 4877:Brazil 4861:France 4840:. The 4726:Berlin 4632:, and 4630:Bhutan 4605:. The 4427:Medawi 4384:Dalits 4322:where 4316:Nagpur 4058:, and 4017:Yijing 4009:Yijing 3946:, the 3934:, the 3914:, and 3863:Phagpa 3824:Uighur 3736:Khitan 3648:Rinzai 3617:Shinto 3607:Tendai 3599:Saichō 3588:Huayan 3560:pagoda 3503:Goryeo 3346:Taiwan 3261:Huayen 3230:Taoist 3147:Vinaya 3131:Khotan 3107:, and 3038:mudras 3022:kapala 3016:) and 2964:Bengal 2954:burnt 2948:Turkic 2941:Sikkim 2937:Bhutan 2921:Atisha 2897:Bengal 2830:Faxian 2791:, and 2736:Harsha 2734:"King 2637:Khotan 2603:Sogdia 2585:Yuezhi 2551:Tangut 2543:Uighur 2482:, the 2431:Gilgit 2378:school 2305:, the 2293:(Skt. 2256:Yuezhi 2216:Ionian 2204:Ashoka 2191:Dharma 2124:(See: 2070:stupas 1948:Ganges 1925:stupas 1886:Sanchi 1870:Sanchi 1808:Āndhra 1779:, and 1695:, the 1641:. The 1525:Pyrrho 1493:Dharma 1453:, the 1451:Cholas 1443:Dharma 1435:Greece 1431:Epirus 1366:Ashoka 1327:sarīra 1318:stupas 1307:Dharma 1303:stupas 1299:Ashoka 1287:Ashoka 1283:Ashoka 1279:Ashoka 1271:Ashoka 1259:Ashoka 1238:vinaya 1224:sutras 1216:Matrka 1167:, the 1158:sangha 1130:vinaya 1099:solasa 1077:Sanchi 1017:under 996:Brāhmī 972:Ashoka 966:") in 952:Sa-kya 948:Buddha 944:Bu-dhe 897:Rajgir 877:Sangha 873:sangha 855:Vesālī 842:castes 788:Kosala 784:Shakya 695:, and 590:Taiwan 570:Russia 510:Brazil 505:Bhutan 425:Buddha 345:Wisdom 128:Dharma 11528:Roman 11506:Greek 11404:Wicca 11287:Mayan 11282:Aztec 11254:Islam 11091:Lists 10959:Kalpa 10954:Iddhi 10817:Music 10812:Mudra 10778:Vassa 10758:Vesak 10728:Budai 10674:Candi 10657:Stupa 10589:Logic 10342:Italy 10241:Tibet 10179:Nepal 10149:Korea 10144:Japan 10134:India 10129:China 10074:Sutra 10029:Texts 9979:Dōgen 9969:Hōnen 9954:Atiśa 9919:Zhiyi 9829:Achar 9797:Tulku 9792:Geshe 9777:Rōshi 9762:Ajahn 9717:Arhat 9677:Bodhi 9647:Vīrya 9564:Sacca 9559:Satya 9554:Sādhu 9542:Music 9485:Merit 9478:Terma 9438:Zazen 9374:Faith 9327:Mettā 9008:Karma 8968:Bardo 8935:Asita 8925:Khema 8915:Upāli 8900:Nanda 8738:(son) 8712:Māyā 8689:Films 8566:Index 7951:(PDF) 7940:(PDF) 7344:JSTOR 7072:p. 3. 6778:(PDF) 6771:(PDF) 6544:p. 15 6337:(PDF) 6326:(PDF) 6037:Image 4859:. In 4743:like 4634:Nepal 4591:Tibet 4534:Taixu 4403:Burma 4328:stupa 4224:King 4222:Khmer 4195:Pagan 4185:King 4088:Bayon 4029:Tibet 4025:Atiśa 3975:Bayon 3963:Funan 3932:Funan 3789:Sakya 3750:-led 3738:-led 3730:-led 3660:Dōgen 3656:Eisai 3640:Hōnen 3630:) or 3595:Kūkai 3584:Kegon 3552:Shōmu 3521:Japan 3463:Korea 3453:Thien 3433:Hanoi 3405:Xi'an 3370:China 3366:Henan 3288:Xi'an 3177:China 3085:pitha 2960:Bihar 2933:Tibet 2929:Pālas 2858:Gauda 2850:Nepal 2768:abbot 2760:Atiśa 2480:India 2476:China 2410:Balkh 2165:Kabul 2142:Hadda 2024:king 1465:)." 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