Karma in Buddhism - Knowledge

1141: 2119:(百丈野狐). The story of the koan is about an ancient Zen teacher whose answer to a question presents a wrong view about karma by saying that the person who has a foundation in cultivating the great practice "does not fall into cause and effect." Because of his unskillful answer the teacher reaps the result of living 500 lives as a wild fox. He is then able to appear as a human and ask the same question to Zen teacher Baizhang, who answers, "He is not in the dark about cause and effect." Hearing this answer the old teacher is freed from the life of a wild fox. The Zen perspective avoids the duality of asserting that an enlightened person is either subject to or free from the law of karma and that the key is not being ignorant about karma. 2540:

immortality, and the gaining of a deathless sphere from which there would be no falling back. According to Falk, in the precanonical tradition, there is a threefold division of reality, the third realm being the realm of nirvana, the "amrta sphere," characterized by prajna. This nirvana is an "abode" or "place" which is gained by the enlightened holy man. According to Falk, this scheme is reflected in the precanonical conception of the path to liberation. The nirvanic element, as an "essence" or pure consciousness, is immanent within samsara. The three bodies are concentric realities, which are stripped away or abandoned, leaving only the nirodhakaya of the liberated person. See also Rita Langer (2007),

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to have been only one of several concepts connected with rebirth, but in the course of time it proved to be more popular than others. One of these ‘other concepts’ linked with rebirth is a curious notion of ‘rebirth according to one’s wish’, sometimes referred to in the texts as kAmacAra. The wish — variously referred to in the texts as kAma or kratu — is directed to a particular form or place of rebirth and can be spontaneous (at the time of death) or cultivated for a long time. This understanding seems to have some affinity with the Buddhist notion that a mental effort, a positive state of mind, can bring about a good rebirth."

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right and wrong. The term 'justice’ is ambiguous and dangerous, and in its name more harm than good is done to humanity. The theory of karma is the theory of cause and effect, of action and reaction; it is a natural law, which has nothing to do with the idea of justice or reward and punishment. Every volitional action produces its effects or results. If a good action produces good effects and a bad action bad effects, it is not justice, or reward, or punishment meted out by anybody or any power sitting in judgment on your action, but this is in virtue of its own nature, its own law."

3969: 404: 8977: 1686:), which functions with all karmic acts, so that each act or thought, though immediately passing away, creates the "possession" of that act in the continuum of instants we experience as a person. This possession itself is momentary, but continually reproduces a similar possession in the succeeding instant, even though the original act lies in the past. Through such continual regeneration, the act is "possessed" until the actualization of the result. 8988: 6386: 6373: 985: 2783:

positive. Any motivation and action that steer us away from such truths as "all compounded things are impermanent" can result in negative consequences, or bad karma. And any action that brings us closer to understanding such truths as "all emotions are pain" can result in positive consequences, or good karma. At the end of the day, it was not for Buddha to judge; only you can truly know the motivation behind your actions."

2044: 6363: 2747:. Only a person who has developed the mental range of a Buddha—another imponderable itself—would be able to trace the intricacies of the kammic network. The basic premise of kamma is simple—that skillful intentions lead to favorable results, and unskillful ones to unfavorable results—but the process by which those results work themselves out is so intricate that it cannot be fully mapped. We can compare this with the 1655:), which is concerned with the here and now. Only after this realization did he become acquainted with the doctrine of rebirth." Bronkhorst disagrees, and concludes that the Buddha "introduced a concept of karma that differed considerably from the commonly held views of his time." According to Bronkhorst, not physical and mental activities as such were seen as responsible for rebirth, but intentions and desire. 1473:. It is not a rigid and mechanical process, but a flexible, fluid and dynamic process, and not all present conditions can be ascribed to karma. There is no set linear relationship between a particular action and its results. The karmic effect of a deed is not determined solely by the deed itself, but also by the nature of the person who commits the deed, and by the circumstances in which it is committed. 2166:

psychological conditioning and social roles. Karmic conditioning drifts semantically toward 'cultural conditioning' under the influence of western discourses that elevate the individual over the social, cultural, and institutional. The traditional import of the karmic conditioning process, however, is primarily ethical and soteriological—actions condition circumstances in this and future lives."

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Buddhist understanding of individual responsibility does not mean that we should never seek or expect another’s assistance in order to better cope with the troubles of life. The belief that one’s broken leg is at one level to be explained as the result of unwholesome actions performed in a previous life does not mean that one should not go to a doctor to have the broken leg set."

2763:(Samyutta Nikaya 36.21): "So any brahmans & contemplatives who are of the doctrine & view that whatever an individual feels — pleasure, pain, neither-pleasure-nor-pain — is entirely caused by what was done before — slip past what they themselves know, slip past what is agreed on by the world. Therefore I say that those brahmans & contemplatives are wrong." 1644:), as the cause of karmic consequences." Matthews notes that "there is no single major systematic exposition" on the subject of karma and "an account has to be put together from the dozens of places where karma is mentioned in the texts," which may mean that the doctrine was incidental to the main perspective of early Buddhist soteriology. 2739:

tit-for-tat, relationship between a particular action and its results. Instead, the results are determined by the context of the act, both in terms of actions that preceded or followed it and in terms one’s state of mind at the time of acting or experiencing the result . The feedback loops inherent in

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Peter Harvey states: - "The law of karma is seen as a natural law inherent in the nature of things, like the law of physics. It is not operated by a God, and indeed the gods are themselves under its sway. Good and bad rebirths are not, therefore, seen as "rewards" and "punishments", but as simply the

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Langer: "When I was searching the Sanskrit texts for material, two things become apparent: first, rebirth, central as it is to Indian philosophy, is not found in the earliest texts; and second, rebirth and karman do not appear to be linked together from the beginning. In fact, originally karman seems

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because they both are the mind's psychological phenomenon. The performer of the action, after having purified the karma, does not experience the negative results he or she otherwise would have. Engaging in the ten negative actions out of selfishness and delusions hurts all involved. Otherwise, loving

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Dargray: "When understanding of karma is correlated to the Buddhist doctrine of universal impermanence and No-Self, a serious problem arises as to where this trace is stored and what the trace left is. The problem is aggravated when the trace remains latent over a long period, perhaps over a period

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Alexander Berzin: "In short, the external and internal cycles of time delineate samsara – uncontrollably recurring rebirth, fraught with problems and difficulties. These cycles are driven by impulses of energy, known in the Kalachakra system as "winds of karma." Karma is a force intimately connected

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Walpola Rahula states: "The theory of karma should not be confused with so-called 'moral justice’ or 'reward and punishment’. The idea of moral justice, or reward and punishment, arises out of the conception of a supreme being, a God, who sits in judgment, who is a law-giver and who decides what is

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Damien Keown: "In the cosmology , karma functions as the elevator that takes people from one floor of the building to another. Good deeds result in an upward movement and bad deeds in a downward one. Karma is not a system of rewards and punishments meted out by God but a kind of natural law akin to

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he Sautrantikas insisted that each act exists only in the present instant and perishes immediately. To explain causation, they taught that with each karmic act a "perfuming" occurs which, though not a dharma or existent factor itself, leaves a residual impression in the succeeding series of mental

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school on a wide range of issues raised by the early sutras. Chapter four of the Kośa is devoted to a study of karma, and chapters two and five contain formulations as to the mechanism of fruition and retribution. This became the main source of understanding of the perspective of early Buddhism for

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Rupert Gethin: " a being’s intentional 'actions' of body, speech, and mind—whatever is done, said, or even just thought with definite intention or volition"; "t root karma or 'action' is considered a mental act or intention; it is an aspect of our mental life: 'It is "intention" that I call karma;

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The "primary critique" of the Buddhist doctrine of karma is that some feel "karma may be socially and politically disempowering in its cultural effect, that without intending to do this, karma may in fact support social passivity or acquiescence in the face of oppression of various kinds." Dale S.

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The doctrine of karma may have been especially important for common people, for whom it was more important to cope with life's immediate demands, such as the problems of pain, injustice, and death. The doctrine of karma met these exigencies, and in time it became an important soteriological aim in

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Karma is also not the same as "fate" or "predestination". Karmic results are not a "judgement" imposed by a God or other all-powerful being, but rather the results of a natural process. Certain experiences in life are the results of previous actions, but our responses to those experiences are not

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Ringu Tulku: "We create in three different ways, through actions that are positive, negative, or neutral. When we feel kindness and love and with this attitude do good things, which are beneficial to both ourselves and others, this is positive action. When we commit harmful deeds out of equally

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Stanislaw Schayer, a Polish scholar, argued in the 1930s that the Nikayas preserve elements of an archaic form of Buddhism which is close to Brahmanical beliefs, and survived in the Mahayana tradition. According to Schayer, one of these elements is that Nirvana was conceived as the attainment of

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Various Buddhist philosophical schools developed within Buddhism, giving various interpretations regarding more refined points of karma. A major problem is the relation between the doctrine of no-self, and the "storage" of the traces of one's deeds, for which various solutions have been offered.

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Rupert Gethin: "From the Buddhist perspective certain experiences in life are indeed the results of previous actions; but our responses to those experiences, whether wished for or unwished for, are not predetermined but represent new actions which in time bear their own fruit in the future. The

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Khandro Rinpoche states: "Buddhism is a nontheistic philosophy. We do not believe in a creator but in the causes and conditions that create certain circumstances that then come to fruition. This is called karma. It has nothing to do with judgement; there is no one keeping track of our karma and

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The Buddha defined karma as intention; whether the intention manifested itself in physical, vocal or mental form, it was the intention alone which had a moral character: good, bad or neutral The focus of interest shifted from physical action, involving people and objects in the real world, to

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makes that relationship inherently complex. The results of kamma experienced at any one point in time come not only from past kamma, but also from present kamma. This means that, although there are general patterns relating habitual acts to corresponding results , there is no set one-for-one,

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victims could be attributed in part to the karmic ripenings of those victims is "fundamentalism, which blames the victims and rationalizes their horrific fate," and that this is "something no longer to be tolerated quietly. It is time for modern Buddhists and modern Buddhism to outgrow it" by

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of a cause, or first action, and its effect, or fruition, which then becomes another cause. In fact, one karmic cause can have many fruitions, all of which can cause thousands more creations. Just as a handful of seed can ripen into a full field of grain, a small amount of karma can generate

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Dzongsar Khyentse: " is usually understood as a sort of moralistic system of retribution—"bad" karma and "good" karma. But karma is simply a law of cause and effect, not to be confused with morality or ethics. No one, including Buddha, set the fundamental bar for what is negative and what is

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Paul Williams: "All rebirth is due to karman and is impermanent. Short of attaining enlightenment, in each rebirth one is born and dies, to be reborn elsewhere in accordance with the completely impersonal causal nature of one's own karman. The endless cycle of birth, rebirth, and redeath, is

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Wright, a scholar specializing in Zen Buddhism, has proposed that the doctrine be reformulated for modern people, "separated from elements of supernatural thinking," so that karma is asserted to condition only personal qualities and dispositions rather than rebirth and external occurrences.

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The concept of karma may have been of minor importance in early Buddhism. Schmithausen has questioned whether karma already played a role in the theory of rebirth of earliest Buddhism, noting that "the karma doctrine may have been incidental to early Buddhist soteriology." Langer notes that

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Buddhist modernists often prefer to equate karma with social conditioning, in contradistinction with, as one scholar puts it, "early texts give us little reason to interpret 'conditioning' as the infusion into the psyche of external social norms, or of awakening as simply transcending all

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others, receives love; whereas; people with closed hearts may be prevented from happiness. One good thing about karma is that it can be purified through confession, if the thoughts become positive. Within Guru Yoga seven branch offerings practice, confession is the antidote to aversion.

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originally karma may have been only one of several concepts connected with rebirth. Tillman Vetter notes that in early Buddhism rebirth is ascribed to craving or ignorance. Buswell too notes that "Early Buddhism does not identify bodily and mental motion, but desire (or thirst,

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According to the Buddhist tradition, the lord Buddha gained full and complete insight into the workings of karma at the time of his enlightenment. According to Bronkhorst, these knowledges are later additions to the story, just like the notion of "liberating insight" itself.

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Ken McLeod: "Karma, then, describes how our actions evolve into experience, internally and externally. Each action is a seed which grows or evolves into our experience of the world. Every action either starts a new growth process or reinforces an old one as described by the

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According to Bronkhorst, whereas in earlier systems it "was not clear how a series of completely mental events (the deed and its traces) could give rise to non-mental, material effects," with the (purported) idealism of the Yogācāra system this is not an issue.

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Peter Harvey: "The movement of beings between rebirths is not a haphazard process but is ordered and governed by the law of karma, the principle that beings are reborn according to the nature and quality of their past actions; they are 'heir' to their actions

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Loy argues that the idea of accumulating merit too easily becomes "spiritual materialism," a view echoed by other Buddhist modernists, and further that karma has been used to rationalize racism, caste, economic oppression, birth handicaps and everything else.

1558:). The former may involve a readily observable connection between action and karmic consequence, such as when a thief is captured and tortured by the authorities, but the connection need not necessarily be that obvious and in fact usually is not observable. 1388:, is a matter of philosophical inquiry in the Buddhist traditions, for which several solutions have been proposed. In early Buddhism no explicit theory of rebirth and karma is worked out, and "the karma doctrine may have been incidental to early Buddhist 1912:("perfuming") is also used, and Yogācārins debated whether vāsāna and bija were essentially the same, the seeds were the effect of the perfuming, or whether the perfuming simply affected the seeds. The seemingly external world is merely a "by-product" ( 2674:

of many existences. The crucial problem presented to all schools of Buddhist philosophy was where the trace is stored and how it can remain in the ever-changing stream of phenomena which build up the individual and what the nature of this trace is."

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Nichiren Buddhism teaches that transformation and change through faith and practice changes adverse karma—negative causes made in the past that result in negative results in the present and future—to positive causes for benefits in the future.

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philosophical tradition, one of the two principal Mahāyāna schools, the principle of karma was extended considerably. In the Yogācāra formulation, all experience without exception is said to result from the ripening of karma. Karmic seeds (S.

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Gethin: ebirth in the lower realms is considered to be the result of relatively unwholesome (akuśala/akusala), or bad (pāpa) karma, while rebirth in the higher realms the result of relatively wholesome (kuśala/kusala), or good (puṇya/puñña)

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predetermined, although they bear their own fruit in the future. Unjust behaviour may lead to unfavorable circumstances which make it easier to commit more unjust behavior, but nevertheless the freedom not to commit unjust behavior remains.

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The twelvefold chain as we know it is the result of a gradual development. Shorter versions are also known. According to Schumann, the twelvefold chain may be a combination of three succeeding lives, each one of them shown by some of the

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harmful intentions, this is negative action. Finally, when our motivation is indifferent and our deeds are neither harmful or beneficial, this is neutral action. The results we experience will accord with the quality of our actions."

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and insight, which is a core problem in the study of early Buddhism. According to Tilmann Vetter, originally only the practice of dhyana, and the resulting calming of the mind may have constituted the liberating practice of the lord

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that karmic latencies are emphatically not empty, going so far as to claim that belief in the emptiness of karma should be characterized as "non-Buddhist," although he also states that the "law of karman has no concrete existence."

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According to Gombrich, this was a great innovation, which overturns brahmanical, caste-bound ethics. It is a rejection of caste-bound differences, giving the same possibility to reach liberation to all people, not just Brahmanins:

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instants, causing it to undergo a process of subtle evolution eventually leading to the act’s result. Good and bad deeds performed are thus said to leave "seeds" or traces of disposition that will come to fruition.

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Other scholars have argued, however, that the teachings on karma do not encourage judgment and blame, given that the victims were not the same people who committed the acts, but rather were just part of the same

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Good moral actions lead to wholesome rebirths, and bad moral actions lead to unwholesome rebirths. The main factor is how they contribute to the well-being of others in a positive or negative sense. Especially

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The Vaibhāśika-Sarvāstivāda was widely influential in India and beyond. Their understanding of karma in the Sarvāstivāda became normative for Buddhism in India and other countries. According to Dennis Hirota,

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It is the psychological impulse behind an action that is 'karma', that which sets going a chain of causes culminating in karmic fruit. Actions, then, must be intentional if they are to generate karmic fruits.

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The understanding of rebirth, and the reappearance in accordance with one's deeds, are the first two knowledges that the Buddha is said to have acquired at his enlightenment, as described in Majjhima Nikaya

2698:, respectively mean 'ripening' and 'fruit'. An action is thus like a seed which will sooner or later, as part of its natural maturation process, result in certain fruits accruing to the doer of the action." 2775:

Damien Keown: "Karma is not a system of rewards and punishments meted out by God but a kind of natural law akin to the law of gravity. Individuals are thus the sole authors of their good and bad fortune."

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relation between actions and their consequences, but rather with the moral quality of actions and their consequences, such as the pain and pleasure and good or bad experiences for the doer of the act.

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s—habits, dispositions and tendencies—and not external effects, while at the same time expanding the scope to include social conditioning that does not particularly involve volitional action.

2003:, also generally attributed to Nāgārjuna, concludes that it is impossible both for the act to persist somehow and also for it to perish immediately and still have efficacy at a later time. 5775:

Schmithausen, Lambert; Wezler, Albrecht; Bruhn, Klaus; Alsdorf, Ludwig (1981). "On some aspects of descriptions or theories of 'liberating insight' and 'enlightenment' in early Buddhism".

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In the Tibetan tradition, a karmic action grows into four results: the result of full ripening, the result from what happened, the result from what acted, and the environmental result.

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Dasgupta explains that in Indian philosophy, acintya is "that which is to be unavoidably accepted for explaining facts, but which cannot stand the scrutiny of logic." See also the

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Some western commentators and Buddhists have taken exception to aspects of karma theory, and have proposed revisions of various kinds. These proposals fall under the rubric of

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mean that the working out of any particular cause-effect relationship can be very complex indeed. This explains why the Buddha says in AN 4:77 that the results of kamma are

1869:, perhaps in deference to folk belief. Nāgasena makes it clear that demerit cannot be transferred. One scholar asserts that the sharing of merit "can be linked to the Vedic 1625:, where it was related to the performance of rituals or the investment in good deeds to ensure the entrance to heaven after death, while other persons go to the underworld. 1352:

he consequences envisioned by the law of karma encompass more (as well as less) than the observed natural or physical results which follow upon the performance of an action.

1830:) of karma. The Theravāda maintained that they are not—not, apparently because there is no causal relation between the two, but because they wished to reserve the term 1140: 6256: 4971:, Monograph Series, vol. XV, Tokyo: The International Institute for Buddhist Studies of the International College for Advanced Buddhist Studies, archived from 2473:(Samyutta Nikaya 36.21), in which the Buddha mentions eight different possible causes from which feelings can arise. Only the eighth cause can be ascribed to karma. 5494:

Matthews, Bruce (1986), "Chapter Seven: Post-Classical Developments in the Concepts of Karma and Rebirth in Theravada Buddhism", in Neufeldt, Ronald W. (ed.),

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Garfield, Jay (2013), "Just Another Word for Nothing Left to Lose: Freedom, Agency and Ethics for Madhyamikas", in Dasti, Matthew R.; Bryant, Edwin F. (eds.),

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According to Gombrich, this sutra may have been a warning against the tendency, "probably from the Buddha's day until now", to understand the doctrine of

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are only those results which are a consequence of both the moral quality of the action, and of the intention behind the action. According to Reichenbach,

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human action as the agent of various effects; karma as that which links certain actions with certain effects, is the primary concern of the exposition.

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If (the act) lasted till the time of ripening, (the act) would be eternal. If (the act) were terminated, how could the terminated produce a fruit?

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One sows a seed, there is a time lag during which some mysterious invisible process takes place, and then the plant pops up and can be harvested.

5931: 8270: 1810:, which discusses a number of controverted points related either directly or indirectly to the notion of kamma." This involved debate with the 466: 5728: 4964: 2359:

There are many different translation of the above quote into English. For example, Peter Harvey translates the quote as follows: "It is will (

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In the canonical Theravāda view of kamma, "the belief that deeds done or ideas seized at the moment of death are particularly significant."

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In AN 5.292, the lord Buddha asserted that it is not possible to avoid experiencing the result of a karmic deed once it has been committed.

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Klostermaier, Klaus K. (1986), "Contemporary Conceptions of Karma and Rebirth Among North Indian Vaisnavas", in Neufeldt, Ronald W. (ed.),

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The real importance of the doctrine of karma and its fruits lies in the recognition of the urgency to put a stop to the whole process. The

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Lichter, David; Epstein, Lawrence (1983), "Irony in Tibetan Notions of the Good Life", in Keyes, Charles F.; Daniel, E. Valentien (eds.),

1942:) repeatedly emphasizes in a variety of ways that karma is intersubjective and that the course of each and every stream of consciousness ( 6234: 1880:, which is fully canonical, endorses the transfer of merit even more widely, including the possibility of sharing merit with all petas. 6595: 2751:, a mathematical set generated by a simple equation, but whose graph is so complex that it will probably never be completely explored." 1873:, for it was Buddhist practice not to upset existing traditions when well-established custom was not antithetic to Buddhist teaching." 347: 6330: 6352: 6222: 5944: 5829:

Vetter, Tillman (1987), "Some remarks on older parts of the Suttanipiita", in Seyfort Ruegg, Seyfort; Schmithausen, Lambert (eds.),

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In Tibetan Buddhism, the teachings on karma belong to the preliminary teachings, that turn the mind towards the Buddhist dharma.

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Essentially, this understanding limits the scope of the traditional understanding of karmic effects so that it encompasses only

8517: 6497: 1930:), also by Vasubandhu, treats the subject of karma in detail from the Yogācāra perspective. According to scholar Dan Lusthaus, 6120: 5575: 5050: 4793: 4651: 1049:) which leads to future consequences. Those intentions are considered to be the determining factor in the kind of rebirth in 310: 2618:

Gombrich: "Bodily and verbal action manifested one’s intention to others and therefore were called vijñapti, ‘information’."

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How this emphasis on intention was to be interpreted became a matter of debate in and between the various Buddhist schools.

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The Buddha's teaching of karma is not strictly deterministic, but incorporated circumstantial factors, unlike that of the

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Early Buddhist Theories of Action and Result: A Study of Karmaphalasambandha, Candrakirti's Prasannapada, verses 17.1-20

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The remote effects of karmic choices are referred to as the 'maturation' (vipāka) or 'fruit' (phala) of the karmic act."

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How these intentional actions lead to rebirth, and how the idea of rebirth is to be reconciled with the doctrines of

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by Dharmaśrī was the first systematic exposition of Vaibhāśika-Sarvāstivāda doctrine, and the third chapter, the

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A Study of the Abhidharmahrdaya: The Historical Development of the Concept of Karma In The Sarvastivada Thought

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they are referred to by specific names for the sake of clarity, karmic causes being the "cause of results" (S.

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The "Akutobhaya" and early Indian Madhyamika (Volumes I and II) (Buddhism, India, China, Tibet). Ph.D. thesis

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Introduction to 'The Truth of Suffering and the Path of Liberation' by Chogyam Trungpa (edited by Judy Leif)

1946:, i.e., the changing individual) is profoundly influenced by its relations with other consciousness streams. 8422: 8294: 8265: 7967: 1235: 889: 664: 624: 2020:

In the Vajrayana tradition, negative past karma may be "purified" through such practices as meditation on

1987: 1506:, subjects that are beyond all conceptualization and cannot be understood with logical thought or reason. 8113: 8022: 7492: 7137: 6650: 6545: 6280: 5286: 2513:

On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism

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to see the relationship between an act and its result as predictable and tit-for-tat — the principle of

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Simmer-Brown, Judith (1987), "Seeing the Dependent Origination of Suffering as the Key to Liberation",

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McDermott, James P. (1980), "Karma and Rebirth in Early Buddhism", in O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (ed.),

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of Anuruddhācariya offers a treatment of the topic, with an exhaustive treatment in book five (5.3.7).

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Buddhist Phenomenology: A philosophical Investigation of Yogācāra Buddhism and the Ch'eng Wei-shih lun

8852: 8665: 8655: 8527: 7510: 7090: 6851: 6826: 2760: 2586:, Wisdom Publications, 1989, quoted in "A Buddhist Ethic Without Karmic Rebirth?" by Winston L. King 2470: 2012: 1861:, offers some interpretations of karma theory at variance with the orthodox position. In particular, 1622: 764: 6876: 6025:. Translated by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. Valley Center, CA: Metta Forest Monastery. 2010. pp. 47–48. 2363:), O monks, that I call karma; having willed, one acts through body, speech, and mind." (A.III.415). 574: 206: 8957: 8309: 8123: 8101: 8094: 7997: 7530: 7150: 6966: 6911: 6532: 6338: 6271: 5737: 2234: 769: 719: 130: 6015: 4998:

Chrestomathy: Annual Review of Undergraduate Research at the College of Charleston, Volume 2, 2003

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is like a fire that has been extinguished, and is "deep, boundless, hard to fathom, like the sea".

1280:), a deed done deliberately through body, speech or mind, which leads to future consequences. The 8894: 8874: 8205: 8185: 7942: 7672: 6916: 5171:

Goodman, Steven D. (1992), "Situational Patterning: Pratītyasamutpāda", in Tarthang Tulku (ed.),

4996:

Burke, Erin (2003), "Karmic Calculations: The Social Implications of Karmic Causality in Tibet",

929: 6036: 5378: 1794: 8904: 8744: 8412: 8382: 8155: 8106: 7947: 7895: 7890: 7652: 7473: 7370: 7122: 7117: 6866: 6289: 6075: 4983:

Bucknell, Rod (1984), "The Buddhist Path to Liberation: An Analysis of the Listing of Stages",

2484: 2390: 1634: 1534: 1442: 1008: 744: 729: 709: 634: 629: 544: 451: 7234: 5090:

Dowling, Thomas L. (2006), "Karma Doctrine and Sectarian Development", in Narain, A.K. (ed.),

4287: 8909: 8879: 8460: 8392: 8225: 8140: 8135: 8059: 8054: 7972: 6502: 4635:, Kosen Nishiyama and John Stevens (translators), Sendai, Japan: Daihokkaikaku Publishing Co. 1865:

allows for the possibility of the transfer of merit to humans and one of the four classes of

1823: 949: 939: 894: 305: 7525: 8932: 8899: 8884: 8402: 8299: 8245: 8130: 8069: 8037: 8032: 8017: 8002: 7992: 7957: 7870: 7562: 7485: 6788: 6728: 6477: 6444: 6394: 5995: 5431: 2065: 1180: 959: 919: 914: 879: 724: 604: 512: 497: 441: 413: 375: 8772: 7387: 7256: 7182: 7058: 6796: 1904: 1834:

strictly for mental results--"subjective phenomena arising through the effects of kamma."

1298:) I tell you, is kamma. Intending, one does kamma by way of body, speech, & intellect. 1208: 8: 8739: 8618: 8452: 8427: 8417: 8377: 8354: 8237: 8210: 8170: 8089: 8079: 8007: 7934: 7365: 7222: 7003: 6981: 6933: 6753: 6553: 6409: 6389: 4972: 4934: 4764:

Dancing with Life: Buddhist Insights for Finding Meaning and Joy in the Face of Suffering

2635:

the law of gravity. Individuals are thus the sole authors of their good and bad fortune."

969: 924: 862: 802: 739: 684: 679: 434: 423: 361: 6713: 6640: 2224: 2139:

taught a series of ten reflections for a dying person that emphasized reflecting on the

8802: 8707: 8549: 8512: 8507: 8437: 8387: 8334: 8329: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8180: 8165: 8150: 8145: 8084: 8064: 8027: 7952: 7757: 7458: 7382: 7260: 7202: 7043: 6943: 6871: 6846: 6492: 6422: 6275: 5680: 5400: 5361:

Buddhist Rituals of Death and Rebirth: Contemporary Sri Lankan Practice and Its Origins

4782: 2717: 2542:

Buddhist Rituals of Death and Rebirth: Contemporary Sri Lankan Practice and Its Origins

2265: 2259: 2182: 1955: 1457: 1452: 1401: 1226: 1195: 1051: 954: 934: 874: 869: 757: 659: 652: 579: 569: 476: 8601: 5487:

Mutual Causality in Buddhism and General Systems Theory: The Dharma of Natural Systems

2686:

Peter Harvey: "Karma is often likened to a seed, and the two words for karmic result,

1735: 1198:,, is a common belief in all Buddhist traditions. It says that birth and death in the 8980: 8942: 8638: 8623: 8586: 8571: 8344: 8260: 8175: 8012: 7977: 7962: 7689: 7679: 7360: 7207: 7192: 7063: 6986: 6906: 6773: 6660: 6417: 6305: 6137: 6116: 5849:

The Buddhist Unconscious: The Alaya-vijñana in the context of Indian Buddhist Thought

5790: 5780: 5714: 5696: 5610: 5571: 5553: 5535: 5499: 5472: 5452: 5445: 5404: 5319: 5212: 5194: 5068: 5027: 4905: 4789: 4692: 4647: 4602: 4585: 2573:, sDe dge Tibetan Tripitaka (Tokyo, 1977) pp. 32, 4.5, cited in Dargyay, 1986, p.170. 2287: 1985:

articulated the difficulty in forming a karma theory in his most prominent work, the

1846: 1220: 1001: 899: 884: 689: 507: 471: 456: 387: 170: 7924: 6718: 6618: 5137:

Buddhist Precept and Practice. Traditional Buddhism in the Rural Highlands of Ceylon

4599:

The Middle Length Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Majjhima Nikaya

2398: 1668: 1373:, giving to the Buddhist order, became an increasingly important source of positive 8628: 8581: 8576: 8432: 8397: 8372: 8367: 8118: 8074: 7987: 7662: 7318: 7311: 7095: 7085: 6971: 6635: 6507: 6187: 5672: 5420: 5390: 5273: 5252: 5092:

Studies in Pali and Buddhism: A Memorial Volume in Honour of Bhikku Jagdish Kashyap

2292: 2270: 2254: 2229: 1547: 1514: 1285: 964: 909: 839: 829: 694: 321: 291: 267: 144: 114: 92: 7707: 6113:

Imagining karma: ethical transformation in Amerindian, Buddhist, and Greek rebirth

3584: 2734: 2609:

having formed the intention, one performs acts (karma) by body, speech and mind.'"

8992: 8937: 8889: 8817: 8687: 8485: 8465: 8407: 8319: 7982: 7880: 7727: 7463: 7446: 7431: 7409: 6961: 6831: 6665: 6645: 6284: 5901: 5466: 4705: 4641: 2346:

In early Buddhism rebirth is ascribed to craving or ignorance, and the theory of

1968:) are said to be consciously directed for the benefit of others still trapped in 989: 904: 704: 614: 559: 241: 7737: 6891: 6881: 5802:

Schmithausen, Lambert (1986), "Critical Response", in Ronald W. Neufeldt (ed.),

4582:

The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya

2432: 1918: 1853: 1418: 554: 8947: 8650: 8500: 8282: 7862: 7842: 7762: 7451: 7441: 7375: 7212: 6698: 6561: 5063:

Dargyay, Lobsang (1986), "Tsong-Kha-Pa's Concept of Karma", in Neufeldt (ed.),

2748: 2275: 2059: 2054: 1982: 1447: 1149: 849: 779: 734: 592: 230: 196: 5794: 5663:

Reichenbach, Bruce (1988), "The Law of Karma and the Principle of Causation",

5424: 2382: 2096: 1806: 1761: 1565:) which has already been incurred, and karma being created in the present (P. 1344:, "fruit of action". Any given action may cause all sorts of results, but the 9007: 8717: 8566: 7875: 7777: 7635: 7436: 7414: 7350: 7021: 6816: 6811: 6703: 6372: 6129: 5395: 5225:

Hirota, Dennis (2004), "Karman: Buddhist concepts", in Jones, Lindsay (ed.),

2114: 1894: 1749: 674: 669: 609: 335: 7175: 7165: 6537: 4811: 4710:

Jew in the Lotus: A Poet's Re-Discovery of Jewish Identity in Buddhist India

2865: 2863: 2861: 2196:

Loy goes on to argue that the view that suffering such as that undergone by

814: 619: 8807: 8792: 8762: 8712: 8702: 8544: 8339: 7832: 7667: 7545: 7333: 7328: 7155: 7026: 6901: 6362: 6292:

Story about the Buddha and Suppabuddha, father of the Buddha's former wife

6244: 5318:, Arbeitskreis für tibetische und buddhistische Studien, Universität Wien, 5191:

The Selfless Mind: Personality, Consciousness and Nirvāṇa in Early Buddhism

5146:

Theravada Buddhism. A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo

4830:

Confusion Arises as Wisdom: Gampopa's Heart Advice on the Path of Mahamudra

3832: 2386: 2140: 1744: 1672: 1550:, it is stated that karmic results are experienced either in this life (P. 714: 599: 517: 403: 7590: 7575: 7535: 7232: 6896: 6472: 5110:

The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way. Nagarjuna's Mulamadhyamakakarika

4902:

Becoming Vajrasattva: the tantric path of purification / Lama Tubten Yeshe

1969: 1413: 1214: 60: 8777: 8606: 7747: 7732: 7515: 7323: 7251: 7031: 6861: 6763: 6610: 6482: 5779:. Alt- und neu-indische Studien. Vol. 23. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner. 5759:

The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century

5607:

Dusting Off Your Buddha Nature: The Purpose of the Dzogchen Preliminaries

2858: 2584:

The Social Face of Buddhism: An Approach to Political and Social Activism

2328:, "karma", is often used to denote the entire process of karma-and-fruit. 2021: 1959: 1811: 1740: 1703: 1422: 1389: 784: 8767: 7227: 6199:

Daring Steps Toward Fearlessness: The Three Vehicles of Tibetan Buddhism

5307:

Beyond Personal Identity: Dōgen, Nishida, and a Phenomenology of No-self

4821:

Daring Steps Toward Fearlessness: The Three Vehicles of Tibetan Buddhism

3351: 1916:) of karma. The conditioning of the mind resulting from karma is called 1862: 1078:) is a Sanskrit term that literally means "action" or "doing". The word 8722: 8680: 8556: 8362: 8287: 7901: 7885: 7847: 7827: 7722: 7697: 7605: 7540: 7520: 7266: 7197: 7068: 6951: 6921: 6856: 6806: 6464: 6454: 6427: 6293: 6167: 6154: 5902:"Critical Questions Towards a Naturalized Concept of Karma in Buddhism" 5684: 4965:"Karma and Teleology: A Problem and its Solutions in Indian Philosophy" 3560: 2411: 2304: 2206: 2101: 1877: 1730: 1489: 1199: 789: 549: 446: 7742: 6738: 6157:

Jonathan S. Walters, Numen, Vol. 37, No. 1 (June 1990), pp. 70–95

6155:

The Buddha's Bad Karma: A Problem in the History of Theravada Buddhism

4601:, translated by Nanamoli, Bhikkhu, Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1995, 2511:

Bronkhorst is following Schmithausen, who, in his often-cited article

1035:) is a Sanskrit term that literally means "action" or "doing". In the 257: 8697: 8670: 7837: 7712: 7424: 7340: 7217: 7107: 7080: 7073: 7036: 6993: 6956: 6723: 6688: 6655: 6630: 6585: 5647:

Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations

2744: 2721: 2489: 2197: 2132: 1814:

school, which postulated the provisional existence of the person (S.

1561:

The Samyutta Nikaya makes a basic distinction between past karma (P.

1503: 1429:

in the mind. These impressions, or "seeds", will ripen into a future

834: 809: 8470: 7306: 7160: 6926: 6708: 6577: 6569: 6259:

The Sarvastivada and its critics: Anatmavada and the Theory of Karma

5676: 3548: 2688: 1954:

In Mahāyāna traditions, karma is not the sole basis of rebirth. The

1430: 1407: 1276: 1109: 1045: 182: 8987: 8827: 8782: 8727: 8692: 8596: 8255: 7822: 7817: 7767: 7702: 7620: 7585: 7580: 7241: 7112: 7100: 7011: 6670: 6367: 5711:

Early Buddhist Metaphysics: the Making of a Philosophical Tradition

5209:

An Introduction to Buddhist ethics: Foundations, Values, and Issues

4884:

The Great Treatise On The Stages Of The Path To Enlightenment Vol 1

4662:

The Four Noble Truths: The Foundation of Buddhist Thought, Volume I

4584:, translated by Bodhi, Bhikkhu, Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2000, 4422: 1770:) and "the special modification of the psycho-physical series" (S. 1392:." In early Buddhism, rebirth is ascribed to craving or ignorance. 1263: 1036: 844: 824: 819: 699: 395: 44: 7812: 7802: 7787: 7610: 7480: 6748: 5155:

How Buddhism Began. The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings

4866:

Pointing Out The Dharmakaya: Teachings On The Ninth Karmapa's Text

4410: 3118: 3116: 3114: 2337:

Sanskrit, punaraāvŗtti, punarutpatti, punarjanman, or punarjīlvātu

1964: 1682:

Sarvastivadins argued that there exists a dharma of "possession" (

1230:. It is a beginningless and ever-ongoing process. Liberation from 351: 8732: 8675: 8660: 7807: 7797: 7772: 7647: 7642: 7600: 7570: 7502: 7468: 7355: 7296: 7291: 7145: 7048: 6886: 6836: 6623: 6449: 4643:

Not for Happiness, A Guide to the So-Called Preliminary Practices

2729: 2136: 1739:, an extensive compendium which elaborated the positions of the 1577:). Karma in the early canon is also threefold: Mental action (S. 1518: 1203: 524: 7419: 7187: 5858:

Nāgārjuna in Context: Mahāyāna Buddhism and Early Indian Culture

5052:

Thirty years of Buddhis Studies. Selected essays by Edward Conze

4985:

The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

4755:

The Joy of Living: Unlocking the Secret and Science of Happiness

4243: 4241: 4204: 4202: 2350:

may have been of minor importance in early Buddhist soteriology.

1774:) to explain the workings of karma. According to Dennis Hirota, 1766: 1647:

According to Vetter, "the Buddha at first sought, and realized,

1426: 8812: 8797: 8633: 8495: 8475: 8250: 7912: 7792: 7782: 7717: 7345: 7301: 7286: 7276: 7246: 7170: 7053: 6821: 6693: 6437: 6432: 5512:

McDermott, James Paul (1975), "The Kathāvatthu Kamma Debates",

4400: 4398: 3111: 2128: 1385: 1381: 1294: 984: 539: 534: 529: 492: 156: 5774: 5354:, English translation by Leo M. Pruden, Asian Humanities Press 3838: 3679: 3677: 3572: 1902:) are said to be stored in the "storehouse consciousness" (S. 1797:

and commentarial traditions, karma is taken up at length. The

8952: 8787: 8645: 8611: 8591: 8561: 8490: 7907: 7752: 7630: 7625: 7595: 7550: 7397: 7392: 7271: 6976: 6801: 6768: 6758: 5736:(PhD thesis), University of Wisconsin-Madison, archived from 4383: 4238: 4199: 3652: 3650: 2725: 2694: 2249: 1866: 1826:) regarding whether or not old age and death are the result ( 1711:

action; karma is here supplanted in the text by the synonyms

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Action driven by intention which leads to future consequences

6308:

Vijnaptimatrata and the Abhidharma context of early Yogacara

4952:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

4395: 4189: 4187: 3944: 3942: 3694: 3692: 3473: 3471: 3432: 3278: 3276: 2887: 1569:). Therefore, in the present one both creates new karma (P. 1360:...specifically to the moral sphere not concerned with the 1324:

Not by birth is one a brahmin or an outcaste, but by deeds (

1175:

explain how intentional actions keep one tied to rebirth in

8822: 7615: 7281: 6778: 5521:

McDermott, James Paul (1977), "Kamma in the Milindapañha",

5411:

Lindtner, Christian (1999), "From Brahmanism to Buddhism",

5352:

Karmasiddhi Prakarana: The Treatise on Action by Vasubandhu

5334:

Karmasiddhi Prakarana: The Treatise on Action by Vasubandhu

5042:

Selfless Persons: Imagery and Thought in Theravada Buddhism

4900:

Zopa Rinpoche, Lama Thubten (2004), Nicholas Ribush (ed.),

4770: 4458: 4063: 4061: 3873: 3871: 3674: 3329: 3327: 3135: 3133: 3131: 2904: 2902: 2869: 2155: 2110: 70: 4725: 4550: 4548: 4475: 4473: 4434: 4320: 4310: 4308: 4114: 4112: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3745: 3743: 3647: 3300: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 2989: 1908:) until such time as they ripen into experience. The term 8480: 7016: 4639: 4349: 4347: 4265: 4253: 4226: 4214: 4184: 4085: 4073: 3939: 3897: 3895: 3856: 3760: 3758: 3689: 3623: 3611: 3566: 3524: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3483: 3468: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3375: 3273: 3249: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3080: 3078: 3076: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 2418:) and the karmic results being the "resultant fruit" (S. 5550:

Development in the Early Buddhist Concept of Kamma/Karma

4633:

Shobogenzo: The Eye and Treasury of the True Law, Vol. 1

4509: 4359: 4293: 4172: 4160: 4058: 4046: 3959: 3957: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3868: 3782: 3536: 3444: 3324: 3177: 3175: 3128: 3063: 3061: 3059: 2977: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2919: 2917: 2899: 19:

For the use of this term in other Indian religions, see

5447:

Money, Sex, War, Karma: Notes for a Buddhist Revolution

5013:

Buswell, Robert E.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr., eds. (2013),

4545: 4485: 4470: 4332: 4305: 4136: 4109: 4017: 3794: 3740: 3716: 3704: 3635: 3601: 3599: 3216: 3090: 2787:

sending us up above or down below. Karma is simply the

6182:

How Karma Works: The Twelve Links of Dependent Arising

5157:, New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 4839:

How Karma Works: The Twelve Links of Dependent Arising

4344: 4036: 4034: 4032: 3912: 3910: 3892: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3755: 3662: 3495: 3411: 3363: 3288: 3261: 3237: 3199: 3145: 3073: 3037: 1167:

are fundamental concepts in Buddhism. The concepts of

303: 296: 4808:

Good, Evil and Beyond: Kamma in the Buddha's Teaching

4497: 4446: 4124: 3954: 3922: 3844: 3770: 3312: 3187: 3172: 3056: 3013: 2967: 2965: 2929: 2914: 2639:

with mind and arises due to confusion about reality."

1662: 1451:

provides a theoretical framework, explaining how the

281: 6110: 5840:

The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism

5345:, Publications de l'Institut Orientaliste de Louvain 5119:

Free Will, Agency, and Selfhood in Indian Philosophy

4848:

Mind Training: The Great Collection (Kindle Edition)

4371: 4148: 4005: 3728: 3596: 3512: 3456: 3399: 3387: 3339: 3025: 2836:

Thanissaro Bhikkhu uses the Pali spelling for karma.

1250:. Hereby the ongoing process of rebirth is stopped. 6174:, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins. Wisdom. 4659: 4097: 4029: 3993: 3907: 3815: 3001: 2875: 1179:, whereas the Buddhist path, as exemplified in the 220: 210: 5893:Buddhism—Critical Concepts in Religious Studies II 5444: 4781: 4533: 4521: 2962: 2950: 2449:Yogacara#Karma, seeds and storehouse-consciousness 2176: 1698:, deals with the concept of karma systematically. 1132: 5242: 4939:The Two Traditions Of Meditation In Ancient India 9005: 6076:"Aggi-Vacchagotta Sutta: To Vacchagotta on Fire" 5640:(PhD thesis), University of California, Berkeley 5532:Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions 5175:, Crystal Mirror Series I-III, Dharma Publishing 4863: 4854: 4752: 4716: 4416: 3578: 2393:, regarded the intention to be the stimulus for 1502:warns that "the results of kamma" is one of the 366: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5609:, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 5583: 4882:Tsongkhapa (2000), Cutler, Joshua W. C. (ed.), 4779: 4428: 2201:revising or discarding the teachings on karma. 1086:, which means "do, make, perform, accomplish." 6104:Karma and rebirth: Post-classical developments 5804:Karma and rebirth: Post-classical developments 5625:Buddhism in the Krishna River Valley of Andhra 5496:Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments 5367: 5298:Karma and Rebirth: Post-classical Developments 5245:The Circle of Bliss: Buddhist Meditational Art 5173:Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments 5065:Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments 4948:"Did the Buddha Believe in Karma and Rebirth?" 4927:New Mahāyāna: Buddhism for a Post-modern World 4890: 4872: 4857:The Twelve Links of Interdependent Origination 4734: 3590: 2893: 1974:. Thus, theirs are not uncontrolled rebirths. 1764:school pioneered the idea of karmic seeds (S. 1573:) and encounters the result of past karma (P. 186: 175: 49: 6346: 5525:, vol. 97, no. 4, Oct. – Dec., 1977 5516:, vol. 95, no. 3, Jul. – Sep., 1975 5257:Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism 4899: 4845: 4836: 4801: 4686: 4404: 4389: 1592: 1445:that leads to rebirth in the six realms. The 1009: 326: 272: 160: 149: 134: 121: 119: 104: 97: 7128:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 6290:Dhammapada Verse 128 Suppabuddhasakya Vatthu 6001: 5810: 5801: 5295: 5098: 5012: 4464: 3948: 3683: 3656: 3122: 2995: 2779:natural results of certain kinds of action." 2143:as a means to purify vast amounts of karma. 2055:texts from within a religion or faith system 1888: 246: 6311:, Asian Philosophy, Vol. 8 No. 1 Mar.1998. 5956: 5954: 5747: 5690: 5662: 5622: 5243:Huntington, John C.; Bangdel, Dina (2003), 4827: 4818: 4680:Mindfulness: A Practical Guide to Awakening 3381: 3333: 3306: 2845:MMK (XVII.6), cited in Dargyay, 1986, p.170 201: 6353: 6339: 5819: 5272: 5263: 5251: 5233: 5103:. Portland, Oregon: Sussex Academic Press. 4962: 4945: 4933: 4881: 4621: 4365: 4338: 4091: 4079: 4067: 3809: 3530: 3489: 3450: 3154: 3139: 2908: 2397:, action which leads to consequences. The 2324:In common Tibetan common speech, the term 1755: 1480: 1395:In later Buddhism, the basic idea is that 1124:The metaphor is derived from agriculture: 1016: 1002: 340: 82: 75: 5973: 5971: 5768:Boeddhisme. Stichter, scholen en systemen 5547: 5529: 5520: 5511: 5394: 5291:, Oxford University Press, Kindle Edition 4677: 4671:One Dharma: The Emerging Western Buddhism 4668: 4271: 4259: 4247: 4232: 4220: 4208: 4193: 3877: 3862: 3788: 2084:Learn how and when to remove this message 1628: 1528: 1517:and good rebirth, but does not result in 6101: 6047: 5951: 5890: 5881: 5765: 5623:Padma, Sree; Barber, A.W., eds. (2009), 5523:Journal of the American Oriental Society 5514:Journal of the American Oriental Society 5493: 5464: 5410: 5376: 5161: 5152: 5143: 5134: 5116: 5107: 5083:A History of Indian Philosophy, Volume 4 5080: 4982: 4704: 4314: 4299: 4178: 3979: 3975: 3850: 3749: 3734: 3698: 3668: 3629: 3506: 3477: 3369: 3294: 3282: 3267: 3255: 3243: 3210: 3105: 3031: 2944: 2156:Modern interpretations and controversies 2028: 1991:(Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way): 1977: 1607: 1139: 8315:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 6070: 6068: 5937: 5886:(Kindle ed.), Taylor & Francis 5864: 5846: 5693:The Law of Karma: A Philosophical Study 5565: 5349: 5340: 5331: 5229:(2nd ed.), Macmillan Reference USA 5170: 5099:Fowler, Jeaneane; Fowler, Merv (2009). 5089: 5062: 5039: 5021: 5003: 4924: 4804:"Misunderstandings of The Law of Kamma" 4761: 4491: 4479: 4326: 4154: 3983: 3901: 3764: 3426: 3318: 3084: 3050: 3019: 2881: 2772:Not a system of reward and punishment: 1783: 9006: 8518:List of Buddhist architecture in China 5989: 5968: 5899: 5872: 5855: 5837: 5828: 5813:Journal of Contemplative Psychotherapy 5756: 5748:Rhys Davids, Caroline Augusta (2007), 5708: 5604: 5498:, State University of New York Press, 5379:"The Problem of Precanonical Buddhism" 5358: 5224: 5206: 5188: 5179: 5125: 5067:, State University of New York Press, 5026:, State University of New York Press, 4515: 4503: 4377: 4353: 4283: 4118: 4052: 3963: 3933: 3916: 3826: 3776: 3722: 3710: 3641: 3617: 3605: 3518: 3462: 3438: 3405: 3393: 3345: 3231: 3193: 3181: 3166: 3067: 2576: 2160: 1258:The cycle of rebirth is determined by 1043:refers to action driven by intention ( 6334: 6281:Misunderstandings of the Law of Kamma 5820:Smith, Huston; Novak, Philip (2009), 5726: 5430: 5313: 5284: 5266:The Principles of Buddhist Psychology 5048: 4995: 4728:A Complete Guide to the Buddhist Path 4630: 4554: 4452: 4440: 4142: 4130: 4103: 4011: 3554: 3542: 3357: 3007: 2983: 2971: 2923: 1883: 1707:, gives three definitions of karma: 1448:twelve links of dependent origination 229: 6065: 5963:The Twelve Links – Part 2 of 5 (PDF) 5777:Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus 5653: 5631: 5627:, State University of New York Press 5484: 5304: 5015:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 4918: 4771:Padmakara Translation Group (1994), 4743: 4689:Luminous Mind: The Way of the Buddha 4615: 4166: 3999: 2956: 2146: 2037: 1840: 1340:Karma leads to future consequences, 6136:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6082:. Translated by Thanissaro Bhikkhu. 5930:Thanissaro Bhikkhu, trans. (1997). 5644: 5552:, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 5442: 5288:Buddhism: A Very Short Introduction 4810:, www.buddhanet.net, archived from 4726:Khenchen Konchog Gyaltshen (2009), 4539: 4527: 4040: 4023: 3987: 2654:Wholesome and unwholesome actions: 2006: 1525:, the ultimate goal of the Buddha. 13: 8305:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 6115:. University of California Press. 6090: 5815:, no. 4, The Naropa Institute 5534:, University of California Press, 4788:, First University Press Edition, 4640:Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse (2012), 4568: 2245:Index of Buddhism-related articles 1788: 1701:Another important exposition, the 1663:Vaibhāṣika-Sarvāstivādin tradition 1464: 1224:). The cycle of rebirth is called 467:Decline in the Indian subcontinent 462:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 14: 9025: 6327:, Chapter IV of The Great Chariot 6205: 6102:Neufeldt, Ronald W., ed. (1986), 6055:"Acintita Sutta: Unconjecturable" 5634:The Sautrantika Theory of Seeds ( 5593:, London: Oxford University Press 5370:Karma: An Anthropological Inquiry 5268:, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications 5234:Huntington, Clair W. Jr. (1986), 1242:(knowledge), and the stilling of 1234:can be attained by following the 8986: 8976: 8975: 8533:Thai temple art and architecture 8278:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 6518:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 6384: 6371: 6361: 5831:Earliest Buddhism and Madhyamaka 5822:Buddhism: A Concise Introduction 5766:Schumann, Hans Wolfgang (1997), 5568:The Making of Buddhist Modernism 5372:, University of California Press 5004:Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2004), 4775:, HarperCollins Publishers India 4739:, Broadway Books, Kindle Edition 3883: 2870:Padmakara Translation Group 1994 2839: 2564: 2551: 2533: 2523: 2505: 2495: 2240:Development of Karma in Buddhism 2042: 1719:, both of which mean "activity"; 1599:Development of Karma in Buddhism 983: 402: 6385: 6029: 5979:"Karma | Encyclopedia.com" 5924: 5081:Dasgupta, Surendranath (1991), 4784:The Words of My Perfect Teacher 4773:The Words of My Perfect teacher 4673:, HarperCollins, Kindle Edition 4574: 2830: 2821: 2801: 2766: 2754: 2711: 2677: 2667: 2648: 2621: 2612: 2602: 2476: 2463: 2453: 2437: 2425: 2404: 2375: 2366: 2353: 2340: 2331: 2177:Karma theory and social justice 1535:Anatta and moral responsibility 8523:Japanese Buddhist architecture 8325:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 7405:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 6596:Places where the Buddha stayed 5917: 5695:, University of Hawaii Press, 5605:Norgay, Khenpo Tenzin (2014), 5548:McDermott, James Paul (1984), 4895:(Kindle ed.), Grove Press 3567:Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse 2012 2571:Mūlamadhyamakavṛtty-Akutobhayā 2318: 2001:Mūlamadhyamakavṛtty-Akutobhayā 1504:four incomprehensible subjects 1: 8538:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 6219:, Surendranath Dasgupta, 1940 6111:Gananath Obeyesekere (2002). 5932:Nibbedhika Sutta: Penetrative 5587:A Sanskrit-English Dictionary 5264:Kalupahana, David J. (1992), 5153:Gombrich, Richard F. (1997), 5135:Gombrich, Richard F. (1991), 5094:, B.R. Publishing Corporation 5022:Chapple, Christopher (1986), 4963:Bronkhorst, Johannes (2000), 4946:Bronkhorst, Johannes (1998), 4682:, Sounds True, Kindle Edition 2852: 2062:that critically analyze them. 1494:Parable of the Poisoned Arrow 1417:("thirst", "craving") create 1335: 1262:, literally "action". In the 1082:derives from the verbal root 8295:Buddhism and the Roman world 8271:Decline of Buddhism in India 8266:History of Buddhism in India 6366: Topics in 6016:"Wings to Awakening: Part I" 5891:Williams, Paul, ed. (2005), 5847:Waldron, William S. (2003), 5824:(Kindle ed.), HarperOne 5761:, Cambridge University Press 5377:Lindtner, Christian (1997), 5314:Kragh, Ulrich Timme (2006), 5280:, University of Hawaii Press 5259:, University of Hawaii Press 5207:Harvey, Brian Peter (2000), 5189:Harvey, Brian Peter (1995), 5184:, Cambridge University Press 5044:, Cambridge University Press 5017:, Princeton University Press 4832:, Shambhala, Kindle Edition. 4660:Geshe Tashi Tsering (2005), 2389:, the most important of the 1962:after the seventh stage (S. 1859:paracanonical Theravāda text 1729:The 4th century philosopher 1270:refers to actions driven by 1058: 665:Buddhist Paths to liberation 7: 7493:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 7233: 5877:, Columbia University Press 5860:, Columbia University Press 5691:Reichenbach, Bruce (1990), 5570:, Oxford University Press, 4737:Awakening the Buddha Within 3593:, Kindle Locations 860-866. 2561:, referenced by Bronkhorst. 2212: 1970: 1356:The "law of karma" applies 1310:And according to Gombrich, 1302:According to Peter Harvey, 352: 304: 282: 258: 221: 211: 187: 161: 135: 105: 83: 61: 10: 9030: 8443:The unanswerable questions 6217:Buddhist Philosophy, Kamma 5906:Journal of Buddhist Ethics 5566:McMahan, David L. (2008), 5343:History of Indian Buddhism 5300:, Sri Satguru Publications 5162:Gombrich, Richard (2009), 5144:Gombrich, Richard (1996), 4678:Goldstein, Joseph (2013), 4669:Goldstein, Joseph (2011), 4563: 3360:, Kindle Location 794-797. 2894:Lichter & Epstein 1983 2588:Journal of Buddhist Ethics 2010: 1844: 1666: 1632: 1612: 1596: 1593:Within Buddhist traditions 1532: 1487: 1190: 1183:, shows us the way out of 1133:Buddhist understanding of 1100:, "effect" or "result" of 18: 8971: 8923: 8838: 8753: 8528:Buddhist temples in Korea 8451: 8353: 8236: 7933: 7861: 7688: 7561: 7501: 7136: 7091:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 7002: 6994:Three planes of existence 6942: 6787: 6679: 6609: 6601:Buddha in world religions 6463: 6408: 6380: 6229:Essential Points on Karma 5934:, AN 6.63, PTS: A iii 410 5757:Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), 5649:, Oxford University Press 5584:Monier-Williams (1964) , 5425:10.1080/09552369908575487 5350:Lamotte, Etienne (2001), 5341:Lamotte, Etienne (1988), 5332:Lamotte, Etienne (1987), 5130:, Oxford University Press 5121:, Oxford University Press 5112:, Oxford University Press 5108:Garfield, Jay L. (1995), 5101:Chanting in the Hillsides 5008:, Macmillan Reference USA 4929:, Jain Publishing Company 4864:Thrangu Rinpoche (2012), 4855:Thrangu Rinpoche (2001), 4753:Mingyur Rinpoche (2007), 4717:Khandro Rinpoche (2003), 4646:, Shambala Publications, 2596: 2544:, p.26-28, on "redeath" ( 2122: 2013:Karma in Tibetan Buddhism 1889:Indian Yogācāra tradition 1554:) or in future lives (P. 1437:. If we can overcome our 1405:("disturbing emotions"), 374: 360: 341: 334: 320: 297: 290: 273: 266: 247: 240: 202: 195: 176: 169: 150: 143: 122: 120: 113: 98: 91: 76: 69: 50: 43: 35: 28: 8310:Persecution of Buddhists 7531:Four stages of awakening 6912:Three marks of existence 6498:Physical characteristics 6324:Karma, Cause, and Effect 6322:Longchenpa (1308–1364), 5960:Thubten Chodron (1993). 5900:Wright, Dale S. (2004), 5838:Vetter, Tilmann (1988), 5665:Philosophy East and West 5632:Park, Changhwan (2007), 5396:10.1558/bsrv.v14i2.14851 5336:, Asian Humanities Press 5278:Ethics in Early Buddhism 5238:, University of Michigan 5227:Encyclopedia of Religion 5182:Introduction to Buddhism 5040:Collins, Steven (1999), 5006:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 4925:Akizuki, Ryōmin (1990), 4780:Patrul Rinpoche (2011), 4766:, Rodale, Kindle Edition 4762:Moffitt, Philip (2008), 4757:, Harmony Kindle Edition 4664:, Wisdom, Kindle Edition 4465:Fowler & Fowler 2009 3839:Schmithausen et al. 1981 3684:Buswell & Lopez 2013 3657:Buswell & Lopez 2013 2741:this/that conditionality 2735:this/that conditionality 2720:: "Unlike the theory of 2312: 2235:Consciousness (Buddhism) 1253: 1055:, the cycle of rebirth. 7673:Ten principal disciples 6556:(aunt, adoptive mother) 6134:Foundations of Buddhism 6080:www.accesstoinsight.org 6059:www.accesstoinsight.org 6023:www.accesstoinsight.org 5882:Williams, Paul (2002), 5873:Watson, Burton (1993), 5856:Walser, Joseph (2005), 5383:Buddhist Studies Review 5164:What the Buddha Thought 5128:Foundations of Buddhism 5126:Gethin, Rupert (1998), 4904:, Wisdom Publications, 4891:Walpola Rahula (2007), 4875:The Essence of Buddhism 4873:Traleg Kyabgon (2001), 4735:Lama Surya Das (1997), 2559:Das Erwachen des Buddha 2372:Sutta-nipata verse 1366 2262:(Dependent Origination) 1756:Dārṣṭāntika-Sautrāntika 1585:) and vocal action (S. 1443:chain of causal effects 1031:(Sanskrit: कर्म, Pāli: 685:Philosophical reasoning 8383:Buddhism and democracy 7896:Tibetan Buddhist canon 7891:Chinese Buddhist canon 7123:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 7118:Early Buddhist schools 6235:What Is Reincarnation? 5946:Overview of Kalachakra 5865:Wardner, A.K. (1970), 5727:Ryose, Wataru (1987), 5654:Reat, N. Ross (1998), 5645:Ray, Reginald (1999), 5465:Lusthaus, Dan (2002), 5443:Loy, David R. (2008), 5285:Keown, Damien (2000), 5180:Harvey, Peter (1990), 5139:, Motilall Banarsidass 5049:Conze, Edward (1967), 4893:What the Buddha Taught 4846:Thubten Jinpa (2014), 4837:Sonam Rinchen (2006), 4802:P. A. Payutto (1993), 4687:Kalu Rinpoche (1993), 3557:, Kindle loc. 794-796. 2485:Aggi-Vacchagotta Sutta 2391:early Buddhist schools 2113:about karma is called 2033: 1997: 1948: 1781: 1722:formal vinaya conduct; 1688: 1635:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 1629:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 1529:Within the Pali suttas 1521:, and liberation from 1366: 1354: 1330: 1317: 1315:psychological process. 1308: 1300: 1157: 1148:or "Wheel of Life" in 1130: 1122: 452:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 367: 327: 8393:Eight Consciousnesses 6503:Life of Buddha in art 6306:Richard King (1998), 6237:, by Alexander Berzin 5658:, Motilal Banarsidass 5485:Macy, Joanna (1991), 5436:The Story of Buddhism 5359:Langer, Rita (2007), 5305:Kopf, Gereon (2001), 5085:, Motilal Banarsidass 4941:, Motilal Banarsidass 4744:Leif, Judith (2009), 4631:Dōgen, Kigen (1975), 4624:The Four Noble Truths 4417:Thrangu Rinpoche 2012 3579:Khandro Rinpoche 2003 3441:, p. 52, note 8. 2058:without referring to 2029:East Asian traditions 1993: 1978:Mādhyamaka philosophy 1932: 1776: 1680: 1608:Early Indian Buddhism 1581:), bodily action (S. 1358: 1350: 1322: 1312: 1304: 1290: 1238:. This path leads to 1206:driven by ignorance ( 1143: 1126: 1118: 720:Aids to Enlightenment 545:Dependent Origination 8870:East Asian religions 8300:Buddhism in the West 7871:Early Buddhist texts 7486:Four Right Exertions 6952:Ten spiritual realms 6445:Noble Eightfold Path 6197:Ringu Tulku (2005). 5983:www.encyclopedia.com 5743:on November 16, 2014 5709:Ronkin, Noa (2005), 5656:The Salistamba Sutra 5024:Karma and Creativity 4935:Bronkhorst, Johannes 4828:Ringu Tulku (2012), 4819:Ringu Tulku (2005), 4443:, pp. 142, 149. 4429:Patrul Rinpoche 2011 2066:improve this article 1988:Mūlamadhyamakakārikā 1928:Karmasiddhiprakaraṇa 1795:Theravāda Abhidhamma 1784:Theravādin tradition 1441:, then we break the 1181:Noble Eightfold Path 1104:. A similar term is 690:Devotional practices 513:Noble Eightfold Path 376:Glossary of Buddhism 8993:Religion portal 8740:Temple of the Tooth 8619:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 7658:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 7151:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 6934:Two truths doctrine 6754:Mahapajapati Gotamī 6554:Mahapajapati Gotamī 6241:Understanding Karma 6178:Geshe Sonam Rinchen 6172:The Meaning of Life 5471:, RoutledgeCurzon, 4622:Dalai Lama (1998), 4431:, pp. 264–265. 4250:, pp. 109–111. 4211:, pp. 426–427. 4169:, pp. 234–236. 4026:, pp. 374–377. 3620:, pp. 153–154. 3591:Walpola Rahula 2007 3545:, pp. 794–796. 3169:, pp. 119–120. 3125:, pp. 206–207. 2792:limitless effects." 2627:Karma and samsara: 2385:, a subsect of the 2161:Social conditioning 2116:Baizhang's Wild Fox 1772:saṃtatipaṇāmaviśeṣa 1455:lead to rebirth in 1453:disturbing emotions 1399:actions, driven by 990:Buddhism portal 863:Buddhism by country 625:Sanskrit literature 8915:Western philosophy 8513:Dzong architecture 8335:Vipassana movement 8330:Buddhist modernism 7758:Emperor Wen of Sui 7526:Pratyekabuddhayāna 7459:Threefold Training 7261:Vipassana movement 6977:Hungry Ghost realm 6797:Avidyā (Ignorance) 6744:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 6493:Great Renunciation 6488:Eight Great Events 6370: 6276:Thanissaro Bhikkhu 6257:Alexis sanderson, 6231:, by Jeffrey Kotyk 6192:This Precious Life 5996:What is Karma? p.2 5943:Alexander Berzin, 5309:, Psychology Press 4969:Studia Philologica 4814:on October 4, 2013 4719:This Precious Life 4405:Zopa Rinpoche 2004 4390:Kalu Rinpoche 1993 4329:, pp. 13, 35. 3986:, pp. 25–27; 2986:, p. 810-813. 2718:Thanissaro Bhikkhu 2266:Samsara (Buddhism) 2260:Pratitya-samutpada 2183:Buddhist modernism 2109:Zen's most famous 1924:Treatise on Action 1884:Mahayana tradition 1799:Abhidhamma Sangaha 1621:originated in the 1158: 477:Buddhist modernism 9014:Karma in Buddhism 9001: 9000: 8639:Om mani padme hum 8345:Women in Buddhism 8261:Buddhist councils 8131:Western countries 7919:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 7680:Shaolin Monastery 7257:Samatha-vipassanā 6867:Pratītyasamutpāda 6671:Metteyya/Maitreya 6589: 6581: 6573: 6565: 6557: 6549: 6541: 6418:Four Noble Truths 6122:978-0-520-23243-3 6096:Scholarly sources 6041:studybuddhism.com 5577:978-0-19-518327-6 5274:Kalupahana, David 5253:Kalupahana, David 4919:Scholarly sources 4795:978-0-300-16532-6 4653:978-1-61180-030-2 4616:Buddhist teachers 4557:, pp. 32–33. 4518:, pp. 89–90. 4419:, pp. 20–21. 4145:, pp. 39–40. 4055:, pp. 26–28. 3949:Schmithausen 1986 3725:, pp. 80–82. 3713:, pp. 50–52. 3701:, pp. 20–22. 3644:, pp. 79–80. 3632:, pp. 21–22. 3480:, pp. 88–92. 3285:, pp. 54–55. 3258:, pp. 65–66. 3234:, pp. 39–40. 3123:Schmithausen 1986 2996:Klostermaier 1986 2926:, pp. 36–37. 2381:For example, the 2288:Karma in Hinduism 2147:Nichiren Buddhism 2094: 2093: 2086: 2060:secondary sources 1847:Transfer of merit 1841:Transfer of merit 1411:("volition"), or 1204:successive cycles 1026: 1025: 508:Four Noble Truths 381: 380: 9021: 8991: 8990: 8979: 8978: 8818:Sacred languages 8666:Maya Devi Temple 8629:Mahabodhi Temple 8433:Secular Buddhism 8398:Engaged Buddhism 7238: 7086:Tibetan Buddhism 7037:Vietnamese Thiền 6636:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 6587: 6579: 6571: 6563: 6555: 6547: 6539: 6388: 6387: 6375: 6365: 6355: 6348: 6341: 6332: 6331: 6188:Khandro Rinpoche 6126: 6107: 6084: 6083: 6072: 6063: 6062: 6051: 6045: 6044: 6037:"What Is Karma?" 6033: 6027: 6026: 6020: 6012: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5975: 5966: 5958: 5949: 5941: 5935: 5928: 5912: 5896: 5887: 5884:Buddhist Thought 5878: 5869: 5861: 5852: 5843: 5834: 5825: 5816: 5807: 5798: 5771: 5762: 5753: 5744: 5742: 5735: 5723: 5705: 5687: 5659: 5650: 5641: 5628: 5619: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5592: 5580: 5562: 5544: 5526: 5517: 5508: 5490: 5481: 5461: 5450: 5439: 5432:Lopez, Donald S. 5427: 5413:Asian Philosophy 5407: 5398: 5373: 5364: 5355: 5346: 5337: 5328: 5310: 5301: 5292: 5281: 5269: 5260: 5248: 5239: 5230: 5221: 5203: 5185: 5176: 5167: 5158: 5149: 5140: 5131: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5095: 5086: 5077: 5059: 5058:, Bruno Cassirer 5057: 5045: 5036: 5018: 5009: 5000: 4992: 4979: 4977: 4959: 4942: 4930: 4914: 4896: 4887: 4878: 4869: 4860: 4851: 4842: 4833: 4824: 4815: 4798: 4787: 4776: 4767: 4758: 4749: 4740: 4731: 4722: 4713: 4706:Kamenetz, Rodger 4701: 4683: 4674: 4665: 4656: 4636: 4627: 4611: 4594: 4558: 4552: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4369: 4363: 4357: 4351: 4342: 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4303: 4297: 4291: 4281: 4275: 4269: 4263: 4257: 4251: 4245: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4197: 4191: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4146: 4140: 4134: 4128: 4122: 4116: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4056: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4027: 4021: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3973: 3967: 3961: 3952: 3946: 3937: 3931: 3920: 3914: 3905: 3899: 3890: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3813: 3807: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3753: 3747: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3687: 3681: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3594: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3504: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3382:Ringu Tulku 2005 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3334:Reichenbach 1990 3331: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3307:Reichenbach 1988 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3214: 3208: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3143: 3137: 3126: 3120: 3109: 3103: 3088: 3082: 3071: 3065: 3054: 3048: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2927: 2921: 2912: 2906: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2846: 2843: 2837: 2834: 2828: 2825: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2724:— which led the 2722:linear causality 2715: 2709: 2683:Seed and fruit: 2681: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2652: 2646: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2610: 2606: 2591: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2557:Tilmann Vetter, 2555: 2549: 2537: 2531: 2527: 2521: 2509: 2503: 2499: 2493: 2480: 2474: 2467: 2461: 2457: 2451: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2408: 2402: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2364: 2357: 2351: 2344: 2338: 2335: 2329: 2322: 2293:Karma in Jainism 2282:Indian religions 2271:Secular Buddhism 2255:Merit (Buddhism) 2230:Anantarika-karma 2089: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2069: 2046: 2045: 2038: 2007:Tibetan Buddhism 1973: 1760:The Dārṣṭāntika- 1692:Abhidharmahṛdaya 1548:Anguttara Nikaya 1481:Liberation from 1286:Anguttara Nikaya 1282:Nibbedhika Sutta 1112:or "cooking" of 1066:(Sanskrit, also 1018: 1011: 1004: 988: 987: 715:Sublime abidings 406: 383: 382: 370: 355: 344: 343: 330: 315: 300: 299: 285: 278: 277: 261: 250: 249: 236: 235: 233: 228: 224: 214: 190: 179: 178: 164: 153: 152: 138: 127: 126: 125: 124: 108: 101: 100: 86: 79: 78: 64: 53: 52: 26: 25: 9029: 9028: 9024: 9023: 9022: 9020: 9019: 9018: 9004: 9003: 9002: 8997: 8985: 8967: 8919: 8834: 8749: 8486:Ordination hall 8447: 8349: 8320:Buddhist crisis 8232: 7929: 7881:Mahayana sutras 7857: 7853:Thích Nhất Hạnh 7684: 7557: 7497: 7447:Bodhisattva vow 7132: 6998: 6938: 6897:Taṇhā (Craving) 6832:Five hindrances 6783: 6675: 6605: 6459: 6404: 6376: 6359: 6285:Prayudh Payutto 6225:, by Ken McLeod 6208: 6162:Primary sources 6123: 6093: 6091:Further reading 6088: 6087: 6074: 6073: 6066: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6035: 6034: 6030: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5977: 5976: 5969: 5959: 5952: 5942: 5938: 5929: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5875:The Lotus Sutra 5867:Indian Buddhism 5787: 5740: 5733: 5721: 5703: 5677:10.2307/1399118 5617: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5578: 5560: 5542: 5506: 5479: 5459: 5438:, HarperCollins 5326: 5219: 5201: 5075: 5055: 5034: 4975: 4921: 4912: 4796: 4699: 4654: 4618: 4609: 4597: 4592: 4580: 4577: 4571: 4569:Printed sources 4566: 4561: 4553: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4514: 4510: 4502: 4498: 4490: 4486: 4478: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4451: 4447: 4439: 4435: 4427: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4403: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4376: 4372: 4366:Huntington 1986 4364: 4360: 4352: 4345: 4339:Bronkhorst 2000 4337: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4282: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4258: 4254: 4246: 4239: 4231: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4207: 4200: 4192: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4165: 4161: 4153: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4133:, pp. 3–4. 4129: 4125: 4121:, p. 5100. 4117: 4110: 4102: 4098: 4092:Bronkhorst 1998 4090: 4086: 4080:Bronkhorst 1998 4078: 4074: 4068:Bronkhorst 1998 4066: 4059: 4051: 4047: 4039: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4010: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3974: 3970: 3962: 3955: 3947: 3940: 3932: 3923: 3915: 3908: 3900: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3876: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3816: 3810:Bronkhorst 1993 3808: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3756: 3748: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3690: 3682: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3604: 3597: 3589: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3531:Kalupahana 1975 3529: 3525: 3517: 3513: 3505: 3496: 3490:Kalupahana 1975 3488: 3484: 3476: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3451:Bronkhorst 1998 3449: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3305: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3274: 3266: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3230: 3217: 3209: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3180: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3155:Bronkhorst 1998 3153: 3146: 3140:Bronkhorst 1998 3138: 3129: 3121: 3112: 3104: 3091: 3083: 3074: 3066: 3057: 3049: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2970: 2963: 2955: 2951: 2943: 2930: 2922: 2915: 2909:Kalupahana 1992 2907: 2900: 2892: 2888: 2880: 2876: 2868: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2822: 2812: 2806: 2802: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2716: 2712: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2668: 2653: 2649: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2581: 2577: 2569: 2565: 2556: 2552: 2538: 2534: 2528: 2524: 2510: 2506: 2500: 2496: 2481: 2477: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2454: 2442: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2409: 2405: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2358: 2354: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2215: 2179: 2163: 2158: 2149: 2125: 2090: 2079: 2073: 2070: 2063: 2047: 2043: 2036: 2031: 2015: 2009: 1980: 1944:vijñāna-santāna 1891: 1886: 1849: 1843: 1791: 1789:Canonical texts 1786: 1758: 1736:Abhidharma-kośa 1675: 1665: 1659:its own right. 1649:"the deathless" 1637: 1631: 1617:The concept of 1615: 1610: 1601: 1595: 1537: 1531: 1496: 1486: 1467: 1465:Complex process 1338: 1256: 1218:), and hatred ( 1193: 1138: 1061: 1022: 982: 975: 974: 865: 855: 854: 805: 795: 794: 760: 750: 749: 655: 645: 644: 615:Mahayana Sutras 595: 585: 584: 525:Five Aggregates 503: 502: 482: 481: 472:Later Buddhists 437: 345: 309: 301: 279: 251: 226: 204: 180: 154: 128: 102: 80: 54: 30: 29:Translations of 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9027: 9017: 9016: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8995: 8983: 8972: 8969: 8968: 8966: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8929: 8927: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8866: 8865: 8860: 8850: 8844: 8842: 8836: 8835: 8833: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8825: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8759: 8757: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8736: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8684: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8642: 8641: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8615: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8599: 8594: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8553: 8552: 8550:Greco-Buddhist 8542: 8541: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8504: 8503: 8501:Burmese pagoda 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8457: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8359: 8357: 8351: 8350: 8348: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8291: 8290: 8283:Greco-Buddhism 8280: 8275: 8274: 8273: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8242: 8240: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8230: 8229: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8216:United Kingdom 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8161:Czech Republic 8158: 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8128: 8127: 8126: 8121: 8111: 8110: 8109: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8092: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8051: 8050: 8040: 8035: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7939: 7937: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7927: 7925:Abhidharmadīpa 7922: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7898: 7893: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7867: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7843:B. R. Ambedkar 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7763:Songtsen Gampo 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7694: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7683: 7682: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7639: 7638: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7567: 7565: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7528: 7523: 7518: 7513: 7507: 7505: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7495: 7490: 7489: 7488: 7478: 7477: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7442:Eight precepts 7439: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7402: 7401: 7400: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7337: 7336: 7331: 7321: 7316: 7315: 7314: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7230: 7220: 7215: 7213:Five Strengths 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7179: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7153: 7148: 7142: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7040: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7008: 7006: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6954: 6948: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6852:Mental factors 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6793: 6791: 6785: 6784: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6704:Mahamoggallāna 6701: 6696: 6691: 6685: 6683: 6677: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6619:Avalokiteśvara 6615: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6604: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6592: 6591: 6583: 6575: 6567: 6559: 6551: 6543: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6480: 6475: 6469: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6420: 6414: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6402: 6397: 6392: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6358: 6357: 6350: 6343: 6335: 6329: 6328: 6318: 6317: 6313: 6312: 6302: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6287: 6278: 6268: 6267: 6263: 6262: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6247: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6223:What is Karma? 6220: 6213: 6212: 6207: 6206:External links 6204: 6203: 6202: 6195: 6185: 6175: 6164: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6130:Gethin, Rupert 6127: 6121: 6108: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6064: 6046: 6028: 6000: 5988: 5967: 5950: 5936: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5913: 5897: 5888: 5879: 5870: 5862: 5853: 5844: 5835: 5826: 5817: 5808: 5799: 5785: 5772: 5763: 5754: 5752:, Davids Press 5745: 5724: 5719: 5706: 5701: 5688: 5671:(4): 399–410, 5660: 5651: 5642: 5629: 5620: 5616:978-1505587319 5615: 5602: 5581: 5576: 5563: 5558: 5545: 5540: 5527: 5518: 5509: 5504: 5491: 5482: 5477: 5462: 5458:978-0861715589 5457: 5440: 5428: 5408: 5374: 5365: 5356: 5347: 5338: 5329: 5324: 5311: 5302: 5293: 5282: 5270: 5261: 5249: 5240: 5231: 5222: 5217: 5204: 5199: 5186: 5177: 5168: 5159: 5150: 5141: 5132: 5123: 5114: 5105: 5096: 5087: 5078: 5073: 5060: 5046: 5037: 5032: 5019: 5010: 5001: 4993: 4980: 4960: 4943: 4931: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4897: 4888: 4879: 4870: 4861: 4852: 4843: 4834: 4825: 4816: 4799: 4794: 4777: 4768: 4759: 4750: 4741: 4732: 4723: 4714: 4702: 4697: 4684: 4675: 4666: 4657: 4652: 4637: 4628: 4617: 4614: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4595: 4590: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4544: 4532: 4520: 4508: 4496: 4494:, p. 174. 4484: 4482:, p. 198. 4469: 4457: 4455:, p. 239. 4445: 4433: 4421: 4409: 4394: 4392:, p. 204. 4382: 4370: 4358: 4356:, p. 130. 4343: 4331: 4319: 4304: 4302:, p. 194. 4292: 4276: 4274:, p. 462. 4272:McDermott 1977 4264: 4262:, p. 463. 4260:McDermott 1977 4252: 4248:McDermott 1984 4237: 4235:, p. 110. 4233:McDermott 1984 4225: 4223:, p. 168. 4221:McDermott 1980 4213: 4209:McDermott 1975 4198: 4196:, p. 424. 4194:McDermott 1975 4183: 4181:, p. 132. 4171: 4159: 4147: 4135: 4123: 4108: 4096: 4084: 4072: 4057: 4045: 4043:, p. 375. 4028: 4016: 4004: 3992: 3968: 3953: 3938: 3921: 3906: 3891: 3882: 3878:McDermott 1984 3867: 3865:, p. 175. 3863:McDermott 1980 3855: 3843: 3831: 3814: 3793: 3789:Goldstein 2011 3781: 3769: 3767:, p. 120. 3754: 3752:, p. 125. 3739: 3727: 3715: 3703: 3688: 3686:, p. 852. 3673: 3661: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3610: 3595: 3583: 3571: 3559: 3547: 3535: 3533:, p. 131. 3523: 3511: 3494: 3492:, p. 127. 3482: 3467: 3455: 3443: 3431: 3429:, p. 170. 3410: 3398: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3350: 3338: 3323: 3311: 3309:, p. 399. 3299: 3287: 3272: 3260: 3248: 3236: 3215: 3198: 3196:, p. 120. 3186: 3184:, p. 119. 3171: 3159: 3144: 3127: 3110: 3108:, p. 124. 3089: 3087:, p. 416. 3072: 3070:, p. xxi. 3055: 3053:, p. 712. 3036: 3024: 3012: 3000: 2988: 2976: 2961: 2959:, p. 141. 2949: 2928: 2913: 2911:, p. 166. 2898: 2896:, p. 232. 2886: 2874: 2872:, p. 101. 2856: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2838: 2829: 2819: 2818: 2811: 2810: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2765: 2753: 2749:Mandelbrot set 2710: 2708: 2707: 2699: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2647: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2620: 2611: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2592: 2575: 2563: 2550: 2532: 2522: 2504: 2494: 2475: 2462: 2452: 2436: 2424: 2403: 2374: 2365: 2352: 2339: 2330: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2308: 2301: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2279: 2278: 2276:Twelve Nidanas 2273: 2268: 2263: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2178: 2175: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2124: 2121: 2099:argued in his 2092: 2091: 2050: 2048: 2041: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2011:Main article: 2008: 2005: 1979: 1976: 1914:adhipati-phala 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1845:Main article: 1842: 1839: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1757: 1754: 1752:philosophers. 1727: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1664: 1661: 1633:Main article: 1630: 1627: 1623:Vedic religion 1614: 1611: 1609: 1606: 1594: 1591: 1530: 1527: 1500:Acintita Sutta 1485: 1479: 1466: 1463: 1346:karmic results 1337: 1334: 1255: 1252: 1192: 1189: 1137: 1131: 1060: 1057: 1024: 1023: 1021: 1020: 1013: 1006: 998: 995: 994: 993: 992: 977: 976: 973: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 947: 942: 937: 932: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 897: 892: 887: 882: 877: 872: 866: 861: 860: 857: 856: 853: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 812: 806: 801: 800: 797: 796: 793: 792: 787: 782: 780:Pratyekabuddha 777: 772: 767: 761: 756: 755: 752: 751: 748: 747: 742: 737: 735:Buddhist chant 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 656: 651: 650: 647: 646: 643: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 607: 602: 596: 593:Buddhist texts 591: 590: 587: 586: 583: 582: 577: 572: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 521: 520: 510: 504: 501: 500: 495: 489: 488: 487: 484: 483: 480: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 438: 433: 432: 429: 428: 427: 426: 421: 416: 408: 407: 399: 398: 392: 391: 379: 378: 372: 371: 364: 358: 357: 338: 332: 331: 324: 318: 317: 294: 288: 287: 270: 264: 263: 244: 238: 237: 199: 193: 192: 173: 167: 166: 147: 141: 140: 117: 111: 110: 95: 89: 88: 73: 67: 66: 47: 41: 40: 37: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9026: 9015: 9012: 9011: 9009: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8982: 8974: 8973: 8970: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8930: 8928: 8926: 8922: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8855: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8837: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8755:Miscellaneous 8752: 8746: 8745:Vegetarianism 8743: 8741: 8738: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8658: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8598: 8595: 8593: 8590: 8589: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8567:Buddha in art 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8551: 8548: 8547: 8546: 8543: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8502: 8499: 8498: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8463: 8462: 8459: 8458: 8456: 8454: 8450: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8360: 8358: 8356: 8352: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8289: 8286: 8285: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8272: 8269: 8268: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8235: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8221:United States 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8132: 8129: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8115: 8112: 8108: 8105: 8104: 8103: 8100: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8087: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8048: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8030: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7938: 7936: 7932: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7920: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7903: 7899: 7897: 7894: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7778:Padmasambhava 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7695: 7693: 7691: 7690:Major figures 7687: 7681: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7670: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7636:Western tulku 7634: 7633: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7560: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7532: 7529: 7527: 7524: 7522: 7519: 7517: 7514: 7512: 7509: 7508: 7506: 7504: 7500: 7494: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7482: 7479: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7437:Five precepts 7435: 7434: 7433: 7430: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7415:Dhamma vicaya 7413: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7403: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7363: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7326: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7262: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7183:Buddhābhiṣeka 7181: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7135: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7082: 7079: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7020: 7019: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7007: 7005: 7001: 6995: 6992: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6959: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6932: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6827:Enlightenment 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6817:Dhamma theory 6815: 6813: 6812:Buddha-nature 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6651:Samantabhadra 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6584: 6582: 6576: 6574: 6568: 6566: 6560: 6558: 6552: 6550: 6544: 6542: 6536: 6535: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6468: 6466: 6462: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6383: 6382: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6356: 6351: 6349: 6344: 6342: 6337: 6336: 6333: 6326: 6325: 6320: 6319: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6304: 6303: 6299: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6210: 6209: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6189: 6186: 6183: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6160: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6148: 6147: 6143: 6142:0-19-289223-1 6139: 6135: 6131: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6114: 6109: 6105: 6100: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6081: 6077: 6071: 6069: 6060: 6056: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6024: 6017: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6005: 5997: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5974: 5972: 5965: 5964: 5957: 5955: 5948: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5927: 5923: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5895:, Shi Huifeng 5894: 5889: 5885: 5880: 5876: 5871: 5868: 5863: 5859: 5854: 5850: 5845: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5823: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5786:9783515028745 5782: 5778: 5773: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5755: 5751: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5731: 5725: 5722: 5720:0-203-53706-8 5716: 5713:, Routledge, 5712: 5707: 5704: 5702:0-8248-1352-9 5698: 5694: 5689: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5648: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5618: 5612: 5608: 5603: 5589: 5588: 5582: 5579: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5561: 5559:81-215-0208-X 5555: 5551: 5546: 5543: 5541:0-520-03923-8 5537: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5507: 5505:0-87395-990-6 5501: 5497: 5492: 5488: 5483: 5480: 5478:0-415-40610-2 5474: 5470: 5469: 5463: 5460: 5454: 5449: 5448: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5409: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5353: 5348: 5344: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5327: 5325:3-902501-03-0 5321: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5294: 5290: 5289: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5228: 5223: 5220: 5218:0-521-55640-6 5214: 5211:, Routledge, 5210: 5205: 5202: 5200:0-7007-0338-1 5196: 5193:, Routledge, 5192: 5187: 5183: 5178: 5174: 5169: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5147: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5093: 5088: 5084: 5079: 5076: 5074:0-87395-990-6 5070: 5066: 5061: 5054: 5053: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5035: 5033:0-88706-250-4 5029: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5007: 5002: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4978:on 2019-04-07 4974: 4970: 4966: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4928: 4923: 4922: 4913: 4911:0-86171-389-3 4907: 4903: 4898: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4868:, Nama Buddha 4867: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4805: 4800: 4797: 4791: 4786: 4785: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4765: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4700: 4698:0-86171-118-1 4694: 4690: 4685: 4681: 4676: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4655: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4638: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4620: 4619: 4610: 4608:0-86171-072-X 4604: 4600: 4596: 4593: 4591:0-86171-331-1 4587: 4583: 4579: 4578: 4556: 4551: 4549: 4542:, p. 55. 4541: 4536: 4530:, p. 57. 4529: 4524: 4517: 4512: 4506:, p. 81. 4505: 4500: 4493: 4488: 4481: 4476: 4474: 4467:, p. 78. 4466: 4461: 4454: 4449: 4442: 4437: 4430: 4425: 4418: 4413: 4407:, p. ix. 4406: 4401: 4399: 4391: 4386: 4379: 4374: 4367: 4362: 4355: 4350: 4348: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4317:, p. 48. 4316: 4315:Lusthaus 2002 4311: 4309: 4301: 4300:Lusthaus 2002 4296: 4289: 4285: 4280: 4273: 4268: 4261: 4256: 4249: 4244: 4242: 4234: 4229: 4222: 4217: 4210: 4205: 4203: 4195: 4190: 4188: 4180: 4179:Matthews 1986 4175: 4168: 4163: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4139: 4132: 4127: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4105: 4100: 4094:, p. 14. 4093: 4088: 4082:, p. 16. 4081: 4076: 4069: 4064: 4062: 4054: 4049: 4042: 4037: 4035: 4033: 4025: 4020: 4014:, p. 10. 4013: 4008: 4002:, p. xi. 4001: 3996: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3980:Lindtner 1999 3977: 3976:Lindtner 1997 3972: 3966:, p. 26. 3965: 3960: 3958: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3936:, p. 78. 3935: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3904:, p. 18. 3903: 3898: 3896: 3886: 3880:, p. 21. 3879: 3874: 3872: 3864: 3859: 3852: 3851:Gombrich 1997 3847: 3840: 3835: 3828: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3811: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3791:, p. 74. 3790: 3785: 3779:, p. 79. 3778: 3773: 3766: 3761: 3759: 3751: 3750:Matthews 1986 3746: 3744: 3736: 3735:Gombrich 1991 3731: 3724: 3719: 3712: 3707: 3700: 3699:Gombrich 2009 3695: 3693: 3685: 3680: 3678: 3671:, p. 16. 3670: 3669:Dasgupta 1991 3665: 3659:, p. 14. 3658: 3653: 3651: 3643: 3638: 3631: 3630:Gombrich 2009 3626: 3619: 3614: 3608:, p. 27. 3607: 3602: 3600: 3592: 3587: 3581:, p. 95. 3580: 3575: 3569:, p. 76. 3568: 3563: 3556: 3551: 3544: 3539: 3532: 3527: 3521:, p. 42. 3520: 3515: 3509:, p. 20. 3508: 3507:Gombrich 2009 3503: 3501: 3499: 3491: 3486: 3479: 3478:Schumann 1997 3474: 3472: 3465:, p. 40. 3464: 3459: 3453:, p. 12. 3452: 3447: 3440: 3435: 3428: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3408:, p. 85. 3407: 3402: 3396:, p. 84. 3395: 3390: 3384:, p. 31. 3383: 3378: 3372:, p. 74. 3371: 3370:Williams 2002 3366: 3359: 3354: 3348:, p. 39. 3347: 3342: 3335: 3330: 3328: 3321:, p. 61. 3320: 3315: 3308: 3303: 3297:, p. 54. 3296: 3295:Gombrich 1997 3291: 3284: 3283:Gombrich 1997 3279: 3277: 3270:, p. 68. 3269: 3268:Gombrich 1996 3264: 3257: 3256:Gombrich 1996 3252: 3246:, p. 51. 3245: 3244:Gombrich 1997 3240: 3233: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3213:, p. 55. 3212: 3211:Gombrich 1997 3207: 3205: 3203: 3195: 3190: 3183: 3178: 3176: 3168: 3163: 3156: 3151: 3149: 3142:, p. 13. 3141: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3124: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3107: 3106:Matthews 1986 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3052: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3033: 3032:Bucknell 1984 3028: 3022:, p. 15. 3021: 3016: 3010:, p. 37. 3009: 3004: 2998:, p. 93. 2997: 2992: 2985: 2980: 2974:, p. 11. 2973: 2968: 2966: 2958: 2953: 2947:, p. 19. 2946: 2945:Gombrich 2009 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2910: 2905: 2903: 2895: 2890: 2883: 2878: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2857: 2842: 2833: 2824: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2804: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2757: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2714: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2670: 2660: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2631:(M.III.123)." 2629: 2628: 2624: 2615: 2605: 2601: 2590:Volume 1 1994 2589: 2585: 2579: 2572: 2567: 2560: 2554: 2547: 2543: 2536: 2526: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2498: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2479: 2472: 2466: 2456: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2434: 2428: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2407: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2369: 2362: 2356: 2349: 2343: 2334: 2327: 2321: 2317: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2210: 2208: 2202: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2167: 2153: 2144: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2127:The Japanese 2120: 2118: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2104: 2103: 2098: 2088: 2085: 2077: 2067: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2051:This section 2049: 2040: 2039: 2026: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2004: 2002: 1996: 1992: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1975: 1972: 1967: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1940:Twenty Verses 1937: 1934:Vasubandhu's 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1881: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1848: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1824:Mahāsāṃghikas 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1780: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1753: 1751: 1746: 1745:Sarvāstivādin 1742: 1738: 1737: 1733:compiled the 1732: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1705: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1687: 1685: 1679: 1674: 1670: 1660: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1636: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1605: 1600: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1552:diṭṭadhammika 1549: 1544: 1541: 1536: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1491: 1484: 1478: 1474: 1472: 1462: 1460: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1365: 1363: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1333: 1329: 1327: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1251: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1236:Buddhist Path 1233: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1222: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1188: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1142: 1136: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1056: 1054: 1053: 1048: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1019: 1014: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1000: 999: 997: 996: 991: 986: 981: 980: 979: 978: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 946: 943: 941: 938: 936: 933: 931: 928: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 871: 868: 867: 864: 859: 858: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 808: 807: 804: 799: 798: 791: 788: 786: 783: 781: 778: 776: 773: 771: 768: 766: 763: 762: 759: 754: 753: 746: 745:Vegetarianism 743: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 700:Recollections 698: 696: 693: 691: 688: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 670:Five precepts 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 657: 654: 649: 648: 641: 638: 636: 635:Chinese canon 633: 631: 630:Tibetan canon 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 597: 594: 589: 588: 581: 578: 576: 573: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 519: 516: 515: 514: 511: 509: 506: 505: 499: 496: 494: 491: 490: 486: 485: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 439: 436: 431: 430: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 411: 410: 409: 405: 401: 400: 397: 394: 393: 389: 385: 384: 377: 373: 369: 365: 363: 359: 354: 349: 339: 337: 333: 329: 325: 323: 319: 314: 312: 307: 295: 293: 289: 284: 276: 271: 269: 265: 260: 255: 245: 243: 239: 232: 231:[kam] 223: 218: 213: 208: 200: 198: 194: 189: 184: 174: 172: 168: 163: 158: 148: 146: 142: 137: 132: 118: 116: 112: 107: 96: 94: 90: 85: 74: 72: 68: 63: 58: 48: 46: 42: 38: 34: 27: 22: 8933:Bodhisattvas 8853:Christianity 8848:Baháʼí Faith 8713:Dharmachakra 8703:Prayer wheel 8693:Prayer beads 8461:Architecture 8340:969 Movement 8124:Saudi Arabia 8102:Central Asia 8095:South Africa 7917: 7900: 7833:Panchen Lama 7738:Buddhapālita 7334:Satipatthana 7329:Mindful Yoga 7242:Recollection 7156:Brahmavihara 7027:Japanese Zen 7022:Chinese Chan 6982:Animal realm 6841: 6789:Key concepts 6611:Bodhisattvas 6423:Three Jewels 6323: 6307: 6258: 6251:Sarvastivada 6245:Reginald Ray 6201:. Snow Lion. 6198: 6191: 6181: 6171: 6133: 6112: 6103: 6079: 6058: 6049: 6040: 6031: 6022: 5998:, Ken McLeod 5991: 5982: 5962: 5945: 5939: 5926: 5909: 5905: 5892: 5883: 5874: 5866: 5857: 5848: 5839: 5830: 5821: 5812: 5803: 5776: 5767: 5758: 5749: 5738:the original 5729: 5710: 5692: 5668: 5664: 5655: 5646: 5637: 5633: 5624: 5606: 5595:, retrieved 5586: 5567: 5549: 5531: 5522: 5513: 5495: 5486: 5467: 5446: 5435: 5416: 5412: 5386: 5382: 5369: 5360: 5351: 5342: 5333: 5315: 5306: 5297: 5287: 5277: 5265: 5256: 5244: 5235: 5226: 5208: 5190: 5181: 5172: 5163: 5154: 5145: 5136: 5127: 5118: 5109: 5100: 5091: 5082: 5064: 5051: 5041: 5023: 5014: 5005: 4997: 4988: 4984: 4973:the original 4968: 4955: 4951: 4938: 4926: 4901: 4892: 4883: 4874: 4865: 4856: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4812:the original 4807: 4783: 4772: 4763: 4754: 4745: 4736: 4727: 4718: 4709: 4688: 4679: 4670: 4661: 4642: 4632: 4623: 4598: 4581: 4575:Sutta Pitaka 4535: 4523: 4511: 4499: 4492:McMahan 2008 4487: 4480:McMahan 2008 4460: 4448: 4436: 4424: 4412: 4385: 4380:, p. v. 4373: 4368:, p. 4. 4361: 4334: 4327:Lamotte 2001 4322: 4295: 4279: 4267: 4255: 4228: 4216: 4174: 4162: 4155:Lamotte 2001 4150: 4138: 4126: 4106:, p. 3. 4099: 4087: 4075: 4070:, p. 3. 4048: 4019: 4007: 3995: 3984:Akizuki 1990 3971: 3902:Lamotte 2001 3885: 3858: 3846: 3834: 3784: 3772: 3765:Collins 1999 3730: 3718: 3706: 3664: 3637: 3625: 3613: 3586: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3526: 3514: 3485: 3458: 3446: 3434: 3427:Dargyay 1986 3401: 3389: 3377: 3365: 3353: 3341: 3336:, p. 1. 3319:Waldron 2003 3314: 3302: 3290: 3263: 3251: 3239: 3189: 3162: 3085:Buswell 2004 3051:Buswell 2004 3027: 3020:Lamotte 1987 3015: 3003: 2991: 2979: 2952: 2889: 2884:, p. 2. 2882:Chapple 1986 2877: 2841: 2832: 2823: 2814: 2813: 2803: 2788: 2768: 2761:Sivaka Sutta 2756: 2745:imponderable 2740: 2733: 2713: 2704:four results 2703: 2693: 2687: 2679: 2669: 2650: 2623: 2614: 2604: 2587: 2583: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2553: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2525: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2497: 2483: 2478: 2471:Sivaka Sutta 2465: 2455: 2444: 2439: 2427: 2420:vipāka-phala 2419: 2415: 2406: 2394: 2387:Sarvastivada 2377: 2368: 2360: 2355: 2347: 2342: 2333: 2325: 2320: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2150: 2141:Amida Buddha 2126: 2115: 2108: 2100: 2095: 2080: 2074:October 2017 2071: 2064:Please help 2052: 2019: 2016: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1986: 1981: 1963: 1960:bodhisattvas 1953: 1949: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1933: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905:ālayavijñāna 1903: 1899: 1892: 1875: 1870: 1854:Milindapañha 1852: 1850: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1815: 1812:Pudgalavādin 1805: 1803: 1798: 1792: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1734: 1728: 1716: 1712: 1702: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1689: 1683: 1681: 1676: 1673:Sarvastivada 1657: 1652: 1646: 1641: 1638: 1618: 1616: 1602: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1522: 1510: 1508: 1499: 1497: 1482: 1475: 1468: 1456: 1446: 1438: 1412: 1406: 1400: 1396: 1394: 1382:impermanence 1379: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1331: 1325: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1293: 1291: 1281: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1259: 1257: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1213: 1207: 1194: 1184: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1145: 1134: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1113: 1110:"maturation" 1105: 1101: 1093: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1050: 1044: 1040: 1032: 1028: 1027: 695:Merit making 660:Three Jewels 600:Buddhavacana 564: 530:Impermanence 518:Dharma wheel 8778:Dharma talk 8607:Asalha Puja 8403:Eschatology 8206:Switzerland 8186:New Zealand 8114:Middle East 8023:Philippines 7943:Afghanistan 7748:Bodhidharma 7733:Buddhaghosa 7653:Householder 7563:Monasticism 7516:Bodhisattva 7371:Prostration 7324:Mindfulness 7252:Anapanasati 7235:Kammaṭṭhāna 7032:Korean Seon 6972:Asura realm 6967:Human realm 6907:Ten Fetters 6862:Parinirvana 6764:Uppalavanna 6729:Mahākaccana 6714:Mahākassapa 6646:Kṣitigarbha 6641:Ākāśagarbha 6538:Suddhodāna 6483:Four sights 6410:Foundations 6184:. Snow Lion 5918:Web-sources 5851:, Routledge 5638:) Revisited 5597:27 December 5419:(1): 5–37, 5363:, Routledge 5148:, Routledge 4886:, Snow Lion 4877:, Shambhala 4859:, Snow Lion 4841:, Snow Lion 4823:, Snow Lion 4748:, Shambhala 4730:, Snow Lion 4721:, Shambhala 4712:, HarperOne 4516:Wright 2004 4504:Wright 2004 4378:Norgay 2014 4354:Harvey 2000 4284:Harvey 2000 4119:Hirota 2004 4053:Langer 2007 3990:, p. . 3964:Langer 2007 3934:Vetter 1988 3917:Samuel 2010 3827:Vetter 1988 3777:Vetter 1988 3723:Vetter 1988 3711:Vetter 1987 3642:Vetter 1988 3618:Gethin 1998 3606:Gethin 1998 3519:Harvey 1990 3463:Harvey 1990 3439:Vetter 1988 3406:Vetter 1988 3394:Vetter 1988 3346:Harvey 1990 3232:Harvey 1990 3194:Gethin 1998 3182:Gethin 1998 3167:Gethin 1998 3068:Vetter 1988 2447:, see also 2416:vipāka-hetu 2383:Sautrāntika 2097:Dōgen Kigen 2022:Vajrasattva 1807:Kathāvatthu 1762:Sautrāntika 1704:Mahāvibhāṣa 1696:Karma-varga 1653:amata/amrta 1579:manaḥkarman 1575:kammavipāka 1563:purānakamma 1556:samparāyika 1419:impressions 1397:intentional 1390:soteriology 1342:karma-phala 1292:Intention ( 1266:tradition, 1212:), desire ( 1106:karmavipaka 1039:tradition, 930:New Zealand 785:Bodhisattva 770:Four Stages 725:Monasticism 705:Mindfulness 675:Perfections 605:Early Texts 8895:Psychology 8875:Gnosticism 8863:Comparison 8858:Influences 8840:Comparison 8723:Bhavacakra 8681:Kushinagar 8656:Pilgrimage 8602:Māgha Pūjā 8557:Bodhi Tree 8373:Buddhology 8363:Abhidharma 8355:Philosophy 8288:Menander I 8156:Costa Rica 8107:Uzbekistan 7948:Bangladesh 7902:Dhammapada 7886:Pali Canon 7848:Ajahn Chah 7828:Dalai Lama 7728:Kumārajīva 7723:Vasubandhu 7698:The Buddha 7606:Zen master 7541:Sakadagami 7521:Buddhahood 7452:Pratimokṣa 7267:Shikantaza 7223:Meditation 7198:Deity yoga 7069:Madhyamaka 6962:Deva realm 6857:Mindstream 6807:Bodhicitta 6719:Aṅgulimāla 6586:Devadatta 6562:Yaśodharā 6465:The Buddha 6455:Middle Way 6294:Yashodhara 6194:. Shambala 6168:Dalai Lama 5795:1086295202 5451:, Wisdom, 5247:, Serindia 4691:, Wisdom, 4626:, Thorsons 4555:Burke 2003 4453:Lopez 2001 4441:Dōgen 1975 4286:, p. 4143:Ryose 1987 4131:Ryose 1987 4104:Ryose 1987 4012:Conze 1967 3555:Keown 2000 3543:Keown 2000 3358:Keown 2000 3008:Keown 2000 2984:Keown 2000 2972:Kragh 2006 2924:Keown 2000 2853:References 2643:samsara." 2582:Ken Jones, 2546:punarmrtyu 2469:See also 2412:Abhidharma 2399:Vaibhāṣika 2305:Myth of Er 2207:mindstream 2102:Shobogenzo 1878:Petavatthu 1741:Vaibhāṣika 1731:Vasubandhu 1669:Vaibhāṣika 1667:See also: 1597:See also: 1583:kāyakarman 1533:See also: 1490:Right view 1488:See also: 1423:tendencies 1336:Karmaphala 1200:six realms 1173:karmaphala 1165:karmaphala 1146:Bhavacakra 1094:rgyu 'bras 1090:Karmaphala 803:Traditions 740:Pilgrimage 680:Meditation 640:Post-canon 620:Pāli Canon 550:Middle Way 447:The Buddha 362:Vietnamese 8963:Festivals 8943:Buddhists 8905:Theosophy 8708:Symbolism 8698:Hama yumi 8671:Bodh Gaya 8438:Socialism 8413:Evolution 8388:Economics 8226:Venezuela 8141:Australia 8136:Argentina 8060:Sri Lanka 8055:Singapore 7973:Indonesia 7935:Countries 7876:Tripiṭaka 7838:Ajahn Mun 7713:Nagarjuna 7708:Aśvaghoṣa 7591:Anagārika 7586:Śrāmaṇerī 7581:Śrāmaṇera 7576:Bhikkhunī 7536:Sotāpanna 7425:Passaddhi 7366:Offerings 7341:Nekkhamma 7218:Iddhipada 7138:Practices 7108:Theravada 7081:Vajrayana 7074:Yogachara 7044:Pure Land 6957:Six Paths 6944:Cosmology 6724:Anuruddha 6699:Sāriputta 6689:Kaundinya 6681:Disciples 6656:Vajrapāṇi 6508:Footprint 6473:Tathāgata 6266:Theravada 5405:247883744 5166:, Equinox 4958:(1): 1–20 4167:Park 2007 4000:Reat 1998 2957:Kopf 2001 2789:wholeness 2490:Tathagata 2460:samkaras. 2431:See also 2198:Holocaust 2133:Pure Land 1983:Nāgārjuna 1936:Viṃśatikā 1587:vākkarman 1571:navakamma 1567:navakamma 1272:intention 1202:occur in 1096:) is the 1059:Etymology 950:Sri Lanka 940:Singapore 895:Indonesia 835:Vajrayāna 810:Theravāda 765:Awakening 653:Practices 610:Tripiṭaka 580:Cosmology 555:Emptiness 535:Suffering 77:𑀓𑀫𑁆𑀫 9008:Category 8981:Category 8910:Violence 8880:Hinduism 8828:Sanskrit 8783:Hinayana 8768:Amitābha 8728:Swastika 8597:Uposatha 8587:Holidays 8572:Calendar 8418:Humanism 8256:Kanishka 8246:Timeline 8070:Thailand 8038:Kalmykia 8033:Buryatia 8018:Pakistan 8003:Mongolia 7998:Maldives 7993:Malaysia 7958:Cambodia 7823:Shamarpa 7818:Nichiren 7768:Xuanzang 7703:Nagasena 7621:Rinpoche 7351:Pāramitā 7193:Devotion 7113:Navayana 7101:Dzogchen 7064:Nichiren 7012:Mahayana 7004:Branches 6882:Saṅkhāra 6631:Mañjuśrī 6588:(cousin) 6580:(cousin) 6548:(mother) 6540:(father) 6528:Miracles 6478:Birthday 6395:Glossary 6368:Buddhism 6300:Yogacara 6190:(2003). 6180:(2006). 6170:(1992). 6132:(1998). 5750:Buddhism 5434:(2001), 5389:(2): 2, 5276:(1995), 5255:(1975), 4937:(1993), 4850:, Wisdom 4708:(1995), 4540:Loy 2008 4528:Loy 2008 4041:Ray 1999 4024:Ray 1999 3988:Ray 1999 3889:SN.4.132 2815:Subnotes 2433:Saṅkhāra 2225:Paṭṭhāna 2219:Buddhism 2213:See also 2171:saṃskāra 2135:teacher 1956:rebirths 1919:saṃskāra 1895:Yogācāra 1863:Nāgasena 1750:Mahāyāna 1435:fruition 1264:Buddhist 1144:Tibetan 1070:, Pāli: 1037:Buddhist 960:Thailand 920:Mongolia 915:Malaysia 880:Cambodia 845:Navayana 825:Hinayana 820:Mahāyāna 730:Lay life 560:Morality 540:Not-self 498:Concepts 457:Councils 442:Timeline 414:Glossary 396:Buddhism 388:a series 386:Part of 171:Japanese 45:Sanskrit 8958:Temples 8938:Buddhas 8900:Science 8890:Judaism 8885:Jainism 8803:Lineage 8763:Abhijñā 8733:Thangka 8676:Sarnath 8661:Lumbini 8582:Funeral 8577:Cuisine 8453:Culture 8428:Reality 8378:Creator 8368:Atomism 8238:History 8211:Ukraine 8171:Germany 8090:Senegal 8080:Vietnam 8008:Myanmar 7808:Shinran 7798:Karmapa 7773:Shandao 7743:Dignāga 7668:Śrāvaka 7648:Donchee 7643:Kappiya 7601:Sayadaw 7571:Bhikkhu 7546:Anāgāmi 7503:Nirvana 7469:Samadhi 7356:Paritta 7297:Tonglen 7292:Mandala 7247:Smarana 7228:Mantras 7176:Upekkha 7146:Bhavana 7096:Shingon 7049:Tiantai 6902:Tathātā 6892:Śūnyatā 6887:Skandha 6877:Saṃsāra 6872:Rebirth 6847:Kleshas 6837:Indriya 6739:Subhūti 6624:Guanyin 6578:Ānanda 6570:Rāhula 6450:Nirvana 6390:Outline 6316:Nyingma 6211:General 6149:Journal 5842:, BRILL 5833:, BRILL 5770:, Asoka 5685:1399118 4564:Sources 2726:Vedists 2520:Buddha. 2410:In the 2307:(Plato) 2137:Genshin 1971:saṃsāra 1893:In the 1871:śrāddha 1820:puggala 1816:pudgala 1793:In the 1717:karitra 1613:Origins 1546:In the 1523:samsāra 1519:Nirvana 1483:samsāra 1458:samsara 1439:kleshas 1427:"seeds" 1402:kleshas 1386:no-self 1362:general 1232:samsāra 1227:samsāra 1196:Rebirth 1191:Rebirth 1185:samsara 1177:samsara 1098:"fruit" 1074:, Tib. 1052:samsara 970:Vietnam 925:Myanmar 840:Tibetan 830:Chinese 758:Nirvāṇa 575:Saṃsāra 570:Rebirth 435:History 424:Outline 322:Tagalog 308:: las; 292:Tibetan 268:Sinhala 177:業 or ごう 145:Chinese 115:Burmese 93:Bengali 36:English 8953:Sutras 8948:Suttas 8813:Siddhi 8798:Koliya 8773:Brahmā 8688:Poetry 8634:Mantra 8624:Kasaya 8496:Pagoda 8476:Kyaung 8471:Vihāra 8466:Temple 8408:Ethics 8251:Ashoka 8201:Sweden 8196:Poland 8191:Norway 8181:Mexico 8166:France 8151:Canada 8146:Brazil 8085:Africa 8065:Taiwan 8028:Russia 7953:Bhutan 7913:Vinaya 7793:Naropa 7783:Saraha 7718:Asanga 7474:Prajñā 7383:Refuge 7346:Nianfo 7307:Tertön 7302:Tantra 7287:Ganana 7277:Tukdam 7203:Dhyāna 7171:Mudita 7166:Karuṇā 7059:Risshū 7054:Huayan 6987:Naraka 6927:Anattā 6922:Dukkha 6917:Anicca 6822:Dharma 6774:Channa 6709:Ānanda 6694:Assaji 6661:Skanda 6564:(wife) 6533:Family 6513:Relics 6438:Sangha 6433:Dharma 6428:Buddha 6140: 6119: 6106:, SUNY 5806:, SUNY 5793: 5783: 5717: 5699: 5683: 5613: 5574: 5556: 5538: 5502: 5489:, SUNY 5475: 5455: 5403: 5322: 5215: 5197: 5071: 5030: 4908: 4792: 4695: 4650: 4605: 4588: 2689:vipaka 2662:karma. 2597:Quotes 2517:dhyana 2361:cetana 2129:Tendai 2123:Tendai 1922:. The 1910:vāsāna 1832:vipāka 1828:vipāka 1748:later 1684:prapti 1431:result 1408:cetanā 1295:cetana 1277:cetanā 1209:avidyā 1108:, the 1092:(Tib. 1068:karman 1046:cetanā 955:Taiwan 935:Russia 875:Brazil 870:Bhutan 790:Buddha 710:Wisdom 493:Dharma 368:Nghiệp 248:업 or 業 242:Korean 217:ALA-LC 207:UNGEGN 183:Rōmaji 157:Pinyin 151:業 or 业 62:karman 51:कर्मन् 8925:Lists 8793:Kalpa 8788:Iddhi 8651:Music 8646:Mudra 8612:Vassa 8592:Vesak 8562:Budai 8508:Candi 8491:Stupa 8423:Logic 8176:Italy 8075:Tibet 8013:Nepal 7983:Korea 7978:Japan 7968:India 7963:China 7908:Sutra 7863:Texts 7813:Dōgen 7803:Hōnen 7788:Atiśa 7753:Zhiyi 7663:Achar 7631:Tulku 7626:Geshe 7611:Rōshi 7596:Ajahn 7551:Arhat 7511:Bodhi 7481:Vīrya 7398:Sacca 7393:Satya 7388:Sādhu 7376:Music 7319:Merit 7312:Terma 7272:Zazen 7208:Faith 7161:Mettā 6842:Karma 6802:Bardo 6769:Asita 6759:Khema 6749:Upāli 6734:Nanda 6572:(son) 6546:Māyā 6523:Films 6400:Index 6272:Karma 6243:, by 6019:(PDF) 5741:(PDF) 5734:(PDF) 5681:JSTOR 5591:(PDF) 5401:S2CID 5056:(PDF) 4976:(PDF) 2730:Jains 2695:phala 2395:karma 2348:karma 2313:Notes 2299:Other 2250:Karma 2053:uses 1965:bhūmi 1867:petas 1818:, P. 1713:kriya 1642:trsna 1619:karma 1515:merit 1511:karma 1471:Jains 1414:taṇhā 1375:karma 1326:kamma 1288:6.63: 1268:karma 1260:karma 1254:Karma 1248:dvesa 1244:trsnā 1240:vidyā 1221:dvesa 1215:trsnā 1169:karma 1161:Karma 1154:Lhasa 1135:karma 1114:karma 1102:karma 1080:karma 1072:kamma 1064:Karma 1041:karma 1033:kamma 1029:Karma 965:Tibet 905:Korea 900:Japan 890:India 885:China 850:Newar 775:Arhat 565:Karma 419:Index 328:kalma 313:: lé; 306:Wylie 283:karma 197:Khmer 131:MLCTS 106:kôrmô 84:kamma 39:karma 31:karma 21:Karma 8823:Pāḷi 8808:Māra 8718:Flag 8119:Iran 8043:Tuva 7988:Laos 7616:Lama 7464:Śīla 7432:Śīla 7420:Pīti 7410:Sati 7361:Puja 7282:Koan 7188:Dāna 6779:Yasa 6666:Tārā 6138:ISBN 6117:ISBN 5791:OCLC 5781:ISBN 5715:ISBN 5697:ISBN 5636:bija 5611:ISBN 5599:2008 5572:ISBN 5554:ISBN 5536:ISBN 5500:ISBN 5473:ISBN 5453:ISBN 5320:ISBN 5213:ISBN 5195:ISBN 5069:ISBN 5028:ISBN 4906:ISBN 4790:ISBN 4693:ISBN 4648:ISBN 4603:ISBN 4586:ISBN 2728:and 2692:and 2445:bīja 2443:For 2111:koan 1999:The 1900:bija 1876:The 1857:, a 1851:The 1804:The 1767:Bīja 1690:The 1671:and 1492:and 1384:and 1371:dāna 1246:and 1171:and 1163:and 1150:Sera 910:Laos 815:Pāli 348:RTGS 342:กรรม 336:Thai 275:කර්ම 227:IPA: 222:kamm 212:kâmm 203:កម្ម 136:kàɰ̃ 99:কর্ম 71:Pali 57:IAST 8545:Art 8481:Wat 7017:Zen 6283:by 6274:by 5673:doi 5421:doi 5391:doi 4991:(2) 4288:297 2502:36. 2326:las 2034:Zen 1958:of 1715:or 1589:). 1433:or 1425:or 1076:las 353:gam 311:THL 298:ལས། 259:uhb 188:gou 9010:: 8047:ru 6078:. 6067:^ 6057:. 6039:. 6021:. 6003:^ 5981:. 5970:^ 5953:^ 5910:11 5908:, 5904:, 5789:. 5679:, 5669:38 5667:, 5415:, 5399:, 5387:14 5385:, 5381:, 4987:, 4967:, 4956:21 4954:, 4950:, 4806:, 4547:^ 4472:^ 4397:^ 4346:^ 4307:^ 4240:^ 4201:^ 4186:^ 4111:^ 4060:^ 4031:^ 3982:; 3978:; 3956:^ 3941:^ 3924:^ 3909:^ 3894:^ 3870:^ 3817:^ 3796:^ 3757:^ 3742:^ 3691:^ 3676:^ 3649:^ 3598:^ 3497:^ 3470:^ 3413:^ 3326:^ 3275:^ 3218:^ 3201:^ 3174:^ 3147:^ 3130:^ 3113:^ 3092:^ 3075:^ 3058:^ 3039:^ 2964:^ 2931:^ 2916:^ 2901:^ 2860:^ 2548:). 2422:). 2185:. 1461:. 1421:, 1377:. 1328:). 1284:, 1187:. 1152:, 1116:: 1084:kṛ 945:US 390:on 350:: 256:: 254:RR 225:; 219:: 215:; 209:: 185:: 162:yè 159:: 133:: 123:ကံ 59:: 8049:) 8045:( 7263:) 7259:( 6354:e 6347:t 6340:v 6144:. 6125:. 6061:. 6043:. 5985:. 5797:. 5675:: 5423:: 5417:9 5393:: 4989:7 4341:. 4290:. 4157:. 3951:. 3919:. 3853:. 3841:. 3829:. 3812:. 3737:. 3157:. 3034:. 2706:. 2131:/ 2087:) 2081:( 2076:) 2072:( 2068:. 1938:( 1926:( 1743:- 1651:( 1274:( 1156:. 1017:e 1010:t 1003:v 356:) 346:( 316:) 302:( 286:) 280:( 262:) 252:( 234:) 205:( 191:) 181:( 165:) 155:( 139:) 129:( 109:) 103:( 87:) 81:( 65:) 55:( 23:.

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