Thai language - Knowledge

1189:. Bilingualism must have been strengthened and maintained for some time by the great number of Khmer-speaking captives the Thais took from Angkor Thom after their victories in 1369, 1388 and 1431. Gradually toward the end of the period, a language shift took place. Khmer fell out of use. Both Thai and Khmer descendants whose great-grand parents or earlier ancestors were bilingual came to use only Thai. In the process of language shift, an abundance of Khmer elements were transferred into Thai and permeated all aspects of the language. Consequently, the Thai of the late Ayutthaya Period which later became Ratanakosin or Bangkok Thai, was a thorough mixture of Thai and Khmer. There were more Khmer words in use than Tai cognates. Khmer grammatical rules were used actively to coin new disyllabic and polysyllabic words and phrases. Khmer expressions, sayings, and proverbs were expressed in Thai through transference. 1306:) represent the three tones of Old Thai, and the complex relationship between tone mark and actual tone is due to the various tonal changes since then. Since the tone split, the tones have changed in actual representation to the point that the former relationship between lower and higher tonal variants has been completely obscured. Furthermore, the six tones that resulted after the three tones of Old Thai were split have since merged into five in standard Thai, with the lower variant of former tone 2 merging with the higher variant of former tone 3, becoming the modern "falling" tone. 4018: 14508: 702: 4030: 62: 5115: 5133: 5124: 5106: 5097: 14095: 322: 298: 17259: 275: 334: 1097: 310: 460: 5189: 16049: 1298:

unaspirated stops or affricates in Old Thai—precisely the class that triggered lowering in original tone 1 but not tones 2 or 3. Modern "high"-class consonants were the remaining voiceless consonants in Old Thai (voiceless fricatives, voiceless sonorants, voiceless aspirated stops). The three most common tone "marks" (the lack of any tone mark, as well as the two marks termed

14200:. The RTGS system is increasingly used in Thailand by central and local governments, especially for road signs. Its main drawbacks are that it does not indicate tone or vowel length. As the system is based on pronunciation, not orthography, reconstruction of Thai spelling from RTGS romanisation is not possible. 448: 6963:

can thus be interpreted as 'I am eating there', 'I eat there habitually', 'I will eat there' or 'I ate there'. Aspect markers in Thai have been divided into four distinct groups based on their usage. These markers could appear either before or after the verb. The following list describes some of the

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Thais borrowed both the Royal vocabulary and rules to enlarge the vocabulary from Khmer. The Thais later developed the royal vocabulary according to their immediate environment. Thai and Pali, the latter from Theravada Buddhism, were added to the vocabulary. An investigation of the Ayutthaya Rajasap

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Standard Thai is a form of Central Thai based on the variety of Thai spoken earlier by the elite of the court, and now by the educated middle and upper classes of Bangkok. It ... was standardized in grammar books in the nineteenth century, and spread dramatically from the 1930s onwards, when public

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The Thais adopted and modified the Khmer script to create their own writing system. While in Thai the pronunciation can largely be inferred from the script, the orthography is complex, with silent letters to preserve original spellings and many letters representing the same sound. While the oldest

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cognates. These Khmer words span across all semantic fields. Thai scholar Uraisi Varasarin classified them into over 200 sub-categories. As a result, it is impossible for Thais, past and present, to engage in a conversation without incorporating Khmer loanwords in any given topic. The influence is

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The above consonant mergers and tone splits account for the complex relationship between spelling and sound in modern Thai. Modern "low"-class consonants were voiced in Old Thai, and the terminology "low" reflects the lower tone variants that resulted. Modern "mid"-class consonants were voiceless

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are often described as having six tones, but these are not necessarily due to preservation of the original six tones resulting from the tone split. For example, in standard Lao, both the high and low variants of Old Thai tone 2 merged; however, the mid-class variant of tone 1 became pronounced

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There is no universally applied method for transcribing Thai into the Latin alphabet. For example, the name of the main airport is transcribed variably as Suvarnabhumi, Suwannaphum, or Suwunnapoom. Guide books, textbooks and dictionaries may each follow different systems. For this reason, many

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Thai language is spoken by over 69 million people (2020). Moreover, most Thais in the northern (Lanna) and the northeastern (Isan) parts of the country today are bilingual speakers of Central Thai and their respective regional dialects because (Central) Thai is the language of television,

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However, in the process of these mergers, the former distinction of voice was transferred into a new set of tonal distinctions. In essence, every tone in Old Thai split into two new tones, with a lower-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiced consonant, and a

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Thai has undergone various historical sound changes. Some of the most significant changes occurred during the evolution from Old Thai to modern Thai. The Thai writing system has an eight-century history and many of these changes, especially in consonants and tones, are evidenced in the modern

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reveals that three languages, Thai, Khmer and Khmero-Indic were at work closely both in formulaic expressions and in normal discourse. In fact, Khmero-Indic may be classified in the same category as Khmer because Indic had been adapted to the Khmer system first before the Thai borrowed.

462: 467: 466: 461: 2995:, only long vowels occur. (This assumes that all apparent cases of short open syllables are better described as ending in a glottal stop. This makes sense from the lack of tonal distinctions in such syllables, and the glottal stop is also reconstructible across the Tai languages.) 468: 6663:. TAM markers are however not obligatory and often left out in colloquial use. In such cases, the precise meaning is determined through context. This results in sentences lacking both TAM markers and overt context being ambiguous and subject to various interpretations. 469: 470: 465: 606:(also known as Phasa Mueang or Kham Mueang) have become so few, as most people in northern Thailand now invariably speak Standard Thai, so that they are now using mostly Central Thai words and only seasoning their speech with the "Kham Mueang" accent. 15789:. Papers presented to the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 1994, pp. 53–71. Udom Warotamasikkhadit and Thanyarat Panakul, eds. Temple, Arizona: Program for Southeast Asian Studies, Arizona State University. 5146: 15465:

Thai is of special interest to lexical borrowing for various reasons. The copious borrowing of basic vocabulary from Middle Chinese and later from Khmer indicates that, given the right sociolinguistic context, such vocabulary is not at all

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To express deference, the second person pronoun is sometimes replaced by a profession, similar to how, in English, presiding judges are always addressed as "your honor" rather than "you". In Thai, students always address their teachers by

625:. Although most linguists classify these dialects as related but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai". As a 16026:

Inglis, Douglas. 2003. Conceptual structure of numeral classifiers in Thai. In Eugene E. Casad and Gary B. Palmer (eds.). Cognitive linguistics and non-Indo-European languages. CLR Series 18. De Gruyter Mouton. 223–246.

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higher-pitched tone corresponding to a syllable that formerly began with a voiceless consonant (including glottalized stops). An additional complication is that formerly voiceless unaspirated stops/affricates (original

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Chinese-language influence was strong until the 13th century when the use of Chinese characters was abandoned, and replaced by Sanskrit and Pali scripts. However, the vocabulary of Thai retains many words borrowed from

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The vowel system of modern Thai contains nine pure vowels and three centering diphthongs, each of which can occur short or long. According to Li (1977), however, many Thai dialects have only one such short–long pair

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Most Thais can speak and understand all of these contexts. Street and Elegant Thai are the basis of all conversations. Rhetorical, religious, and royal Thai are taught in schools as part of the national curriculum.

9893:) acts as the classifier in the nominal phrase. This follows the form of noun-cardinal-classifier mentioned above. Classifiers are also required to form quantified noun phrases in Thai with some quantifiers such as 1267:. This may have happened between about 1300 and 1600 CE, possibly occurring at different times in different parts of the Thai-speaking area. All voiced–voiceless pairs of consonants lost the voicing distinction: 14399:

were unaffected, as they were treated in every respect like voiceless unaspirated stops due to the initial glottal stop. These stops are often described in the modern language as phonemically plain stops

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Five-level tone value: Mid , Low , Falling , High , Rising . Traditionally, the high tone was recorded as either or . This remains true for the older generation, but the high tone is changing to among

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There have been attempts by Thai language schools to create a perfect phonetic system for learners, but none have been successful so far. ... Only Thai script is prevalent and consistent in Thailand.

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was used as a prestige language in the early days of the Thai kingdoms which are believed to have been bilingual societies proficient in Thai and Khmer. There are over 2,500 Thai words derived from

5740:. Additionally, Thai is an isolating language lacking any form of inflectional morphology whatsoever. Thai pronouns are selected according to the gender and relative status of speaker and audience. 464: 694:

Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. The standard is based on the dialect of the central Thai people, and it is written in the

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there are still many people speaking kham mueang, but as an accent, not as a language. Because we now share the written language with Bangkok, we are beginning to use its vocabulary as well

16071: 5145: 13760:. Their influence in trade, especially weaponry, allowed them to establish a community just outside the capital and practise their faith, as well as exposing and converting the locals to 3109:

Not all researchers agree with Li. Pittayaporn (2009), for example, reconstructs a similar system for Proto-Southwestern-Tai, but believes that there was also a mid back unrounded vowel

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In Thai, each syllable in a word is articulated independently, so consonants from adjacent syllables (i.e. heterosyllabic) show no sign of articulation as a cluster. Thai has specific

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At an early time the Thais used Chinese characters. But, under the influence of Indian traders and monks, they soon dropped Chinese characters in favor of Sanskrit and Pali scripts.

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In Thailand, for instance, where the Chinese influence was strong until the Middle Ages, Chinese characters were abandoned in written Thai in the course of the thirteenth century.

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Although the overall 44 Thai consonant letters provide 21 sounds in case of initials, the case for finals is different. For finals, only eight sounds, as well as no sound, called

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Old Thai had a three-way tone distinction on "live syllables" (those not ending in a stop), with no possible distinction on "dead syllables" (those ending in a stop, i.e. either

14316: 14118:. Most literate Lao are able to read and understand Thai, as more than half of the Thai vocabulary, grammar, intonation, vowels and so forth are common with the Lao language. 5572:, closed syllables with a long vowel ending in an obstruent sound have a high tone, and closed syllables with a short vowel ending in an obstruent sound have a falling tone. 15950: 3281:(IPA), the second indicates the Thai characters in initial position (several letters appearing in the same box have identical pronunciation). The letter ห, one of the two 15834:. The Proceedings of the XIIIth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Vol. I, pp. 188–121. Stockholm: Royal Institute of Technology and Stockholm University. 14361:

Although "Thai" and "Central Thai" have become more common, the older term, "Siamese", is still used by linguists, especially when it is being distinguished from other

11971: 5222:) or in a short vowel, only three tonal distinctions are possible: low, high, and falling. Because syllables analyzed as ending in a short vowel may have a final 4014:, where a dash (–) indicates the position of the initial consonant after which the vowel is pronounced. A second dash indicates that a final consonant follows. 10868:) (lit: you) is semi-feminine. It is used only when the speaker or the listener (or both) are female. Males usually do not address each other by this pronoun. 15036: 15019: 14714: 11221: 3155: 11280:

As noted above, Thai has several registers, each having certain usages, such as colloquial, formal, literary, and poetic. Thus, the word 'eat' can be

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in English), as well as varying the level of formality. They are not used in elegant (written) Thai. The most common particles indicating respect are

3121:. He also seems to believe that the Proto-Southwestern-Tai vowel length distinctions can be reconstructed back to similar distinctions in Proto-Tai. 18719: 2943:). The distinction in writing has been lost in the informal writing of the Isan language with the Thai script and both sounds are represented by ย 15275: 14015: 10969:

are often untranslatable words added to the end of a sentence to indicate respect, a request, encouragement or other moods (similar to the use of

17824: 17247: 3891:, and vowel sequences. In core Thai words (i.e. excluding loanwords), only clusters of two consonants occur, of which there are 11 combinations: 3710:

Of the consonant letters, excluding the disused ฃ and ฅ, six (ฉ ผ ฝ ห อ ฮ) cannot be used as a final and the other 36 are grouped as following.

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and where both members have frequent correspondences throughout the Tai languages. More specifically, he notes the following facts about Thai:

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most commonly used aspect markers. A number of these aspect markers are also full verbs on their own and carry a distinct meaning. For example

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Proto-Tai had a system of nine pure vowels with no length distinction, and possessing approximately the same qualities as in modern Thai: high

18729: 16885: 16020: 5756:. Many words can be used in either function. They follow the word they modify, which may be a noun, verb, or another adjective or adverb. 10667:), which can mean any of: myself, yourself, ourselves, himself, herself, themselves. This can be mixed with another pronoun to create an 14322: 14300: 14295: 14183: 14163:

sounding after an initial consonant can be located before, after, above or below the consonant, or in a combination of these positions.

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could be both feminine first person (I) and feminine second person (you) and also neuter first and neuter second person for children.

16580: 16252: 10808:" all translate to "I", but each expresses a different gender, age, politeness, status, or relationship between speaker and listener. 3089:(both short and long) was introduced, through a combination of borrowing and sound change. Li believes that the development of long 17056: 14426:

differently from either the high-class or low-class variants, and all three eventually became phonemic due to further changes, e.g.

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VOLUBILIS (Romanized Thai – Thai – English – French): free databases (ods/xlsx) and dictionaries (PDF) – Thai transcription system.

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period onward. Ethnic minorities today are predominantly bilingual, speaking Thai alongside their native language or dialect.

16734: 16634: 16032: 15970: 15898: 15755: 15626: 15594: 15542: 15340: 15253: 15125: 14763: 14603: 14571: 3956: 16224: 16191:– Thai – English (also French, German, Italian, Russian, Chinese and others) dictionaries in Stardict and GoldenDict formats 17071: 16511: 16328: 11231:, written Thai): official and written version, includes respectful terms of address; used in simplified form in newspapers. 10170:. Specialised pronouns are used for royalty, and for Buddhist monks. The following are appropriate for conversational use: 4006:

The vowel nuclei of the Thai language are given in the following table. The top entry in every cell is the symbol from the

15845:, eds, Ozaka: The Organization Committee of the 26th Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, National Museum of Ethnology. 15292: 6112:. Because of this, many words used to indicate tense in verbs (see Verbs:Tense below) may be used to describe adjectives. 17817: 17240: 16617: 16560: 16343: 16338: 15633:

take a bit of time to learn the letters. The time you spend is saved many times over when you begin to really learn Thai.

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terminology is particularly indebted to these. Indic words have a more formal register, and may be compared to Latin and

3849: 3603: 3592: 3453: 16724: 2983:), and in general it is difficult or impossible to find minimal short–long pairs in Thai that involve vowels other than 16756: 16480: 16415: 14639: 10072:

However, classifiers are not utilized for negative quantification. Negative quantification is expressed by the pattern

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in Li Fang-Kuei (1977). Corresponding Thai words are generally spelled หย, which implies an Old Thai pronunciation of

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Linguists generally consider Bangkok Thai and Standard Thai, the Kingdom's national language, to be one and the same.

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The Portuguese were the first Western nation to arrive in what is modern-day Thailand in the 16th century during the

10120:; 'that/those'). The syntax for demonstrative phrases, however, differ from that of cardinals and follow the pattern 3105:, had occurred by the time of Proto-Southwestern-Tai, but the other missing modern Thai vowels had not yet developed. 1136: 594:. These languages are written with slightly different scripts, but are linguistically similar and effectively form a 15666: 3040:

has a different and often higher quality in many of the Tai languages compared with the vowel corresponding to Thai

16440: 16374: 16364: 12860: 4769: 4602: 3671: 1185:, the old capital of Thailand from 1351 - 1767 A.D., was from the beginning a bilingual society, speaking Thai and 2887:

in native words occurred in the pre-literary period. It is unclear whether Sanskrit and Pali words beginning with

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All Proto-Tai vowels were lengthened in open syllables, and low vowels were also lengthened in closed syllables.

18724: 17810: 17233: 16783: 16744: 16430: 16348: 15077:"Verb serialisation, grammaticalisation, and attractor positions in Chinese, Hmong, Vietnamese, Thai and Khmer" 14234:, although it does not seem to appear in many other contexts, such as textbooks and other instructional media. 4248: 4237: 4197: 4186: 1118: 1114: 17024: 13687: 13623: 9483:) may be used as a prefix of a noun or pronoun as a collective to pluralize or emphasise the following word. ( 16917: 16851: 16612: 16538: 16475: 16450: 16245: 15364: 15314: 13132: 11608:

has had the greatest influence, especially for scientific, technical, international, and other modern terms.

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indicating emphasis. Used in a less formal context when speaking to friends or someone younger than yourself

6976:) as a full verb means 'to stay, to live or to remain at'. However, as an auxiliary it can be described as a 5185:(2006) and Zsiga & Nitisaroj (2007) provide phonetic and phonological analyses of Thai tone realization. 438: 373: 5207:

The full complement of tones exists only in so-called "live syllables", those that end in a long vowel or a

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and numerous smaller languages, which together with the Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form the

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by both number of native and overall speakers. Over half of its vocabulary is derived from or borrowed from

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Frankfurter, Oscar. Elements of Siamese grammar with appendices. American Presbyterian mission press, 1900

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Diller, A.; Reynolds, Craig J. (2002). "What makes central Thai a national language?". In Reynolds (ed.).

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dates from 611 CE, inscriptions in Thai writing began to appear around 1292 CE. Notable features include:

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While in English, such classifiers are usually absent ("four chairs") or optional ("two bottles of beer"

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learn the Thai alphabet as early as possible, and get rid of romanized transcriptions as soon as you can

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we/us (common), I/me (casual), you (sometimes used but only when older person speaks to younger person)

9088:, where verbs are strung together. Some word combinations are common and may be considered set phrases. 18662: 18641: 18287: 17291: 17014: 16808: 16778: 16749: 16739: 16639: 16333: 16308: 14273: 13654: 11216:, spoken Thai): informal, without polite terms of address, as used between close relatives and friends. 6478:-less, the relationship between subject, direct and indirect object is conveyed through word order and 4124: 4113: 3862: 3807: 3796: 3614: 3431: 2948: 1263:

The major change between old and modern Thai was due to voicing distinction losses and the concomitant

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Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c.800–1830

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The dialect one hears on radio and television is the Bangkok dialect, considered the standard dialect.

9799:. As previously mentioned, these classifiers are obligatory for noun phrases containing numerals e.g. 17398: 16999: 16892: 16771: 16766: 16729: 16719: 16707: 16685: 16470: 16303: 16023:. Payap Research and Development Institute and The Summer Institute of Linguistics. Payap University. 16016:. Payap Research and Development Institute and The Summer Institute of Linguistics. Payap University. 15514: 15412: 14226:). By adding diacritics to the Latin letters it makes the transcription reversible, making it a true 11545: 6656: 4290: 4279: 4268: 4257: 4246: 4235: 4217: 4206: 4195: 4184: 4175: 4173: 4164: 4162: 4144: 4133: 4122: 4111: 4100: 4089: 3860: 3847: 3831: 3820: 3805: 3794: 3774: 3761: 3750: 3640: 3612: 3601: 3590: 3572: 3557: 3546: 3526: 3515: 3504: 3493: 3473: 3462: 3451: 3440: 3429: 3403: 3392: 3360: 3347: 3336: 3309: 1336: 634: 629:

in all aspects of society in Thailand, Thai initially saw gradual and later widespread adoption as a

352: 15734:สัทวิทยา : การวิเคราะห์ระบบเสียงในภาษา. 2547. กรุงเทพฯ : สำนักพิมพ์มหาวิทยาลัยเกษตรศาสตร์. 15391: 14507: 11269: 5041:. For purposes of determining tone, those marked with an asterisk are sometimes classified as long: 4802:. For purposes of determining tone, those marked with an asterisk are sometimes classified as long: 602:

education, news reporting, and all forms of media. A recent research found that the speakers of the

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Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand

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Enfield, N.J. "How to define 'Lao', 'Thai', and 'Isan' language? A view from linguistic science".

11005:, with a falling tone) when the speaker is a women. Used in a question or a request, the particle 10798:

Thai has many more pronouns than those listed above. Their usage is full of nuances. For example:

18277: 17684: 17411: 17174: 16672: 16553: 11884: 3822: 3464: 3394: 1107: 15824: 15817: 15726: 13984: 13590: 18704: 18524: 18498: 18447: 18427: 18165: 17791: 17599: 17515: 17450: 17358: 17327: 17255: 17169: 16846: 16543: 16405: 14948: 14810: 14434:. For similar reasons, Lao has developed more than two tonal distinctions in "dead" syllables. 14422: 4721: 4577: 4554: 4506: 4481: 4458: 4381: 4358: 4219: 4208: 3974: 3133: 1178:(暹羅) or Ayutthaya Kingdom, saying that it somewhat resembled the local patois as pronounced in 960: 922: 799: 668: 664: 603: 579: 18267: 15614: 15582: 13764:. Thus, Portuguese words involving trade and religion were introduced and used by the locals. 10159: 2970:

and suggests that the glottalization may have persisted through to the early literary period.

18622: 18589: 18262: 18257: 18229: 18183: 17931: 17833: 17738: 17669: 17457: 17263: 17103: 17019: 16939: 16880: 16793: 16565: 16526: 16460: 16393: 15562: 15267: 11151:

indicating emphasis or an imperative. It can come across as ordering someone to do something

10805:ผม เรา ฉัน ดิฉัน หนู กู ข้า กระผม ข้าพเจ้า กระหม่อม อาตมา กัน ข้าน้อย ข้าพระพุทธเจ้า อั๊ว เขา 7760:) is usually analyzed as a past tense marker when it occurs before the verb. As a full verb, 3842: 3763: 3752: 3642: 3405: 3349: 3338: 2828:, respectively. During the Old Thai period, these sounds merged into the corresponding stops 1691: 814: 680: 650: 578:

factors such as age, gender, class, spatial proximity, and the urban/rural divide, is partly

539: 501: 190: 24: 15532: 14811:"Khmero-Thai: The Great Change in the History of the Thai Language of the Chao Phraya Basin" 9435:

and can be interpreted as singular, plural, definite or indefinite. Some specific nouns are

9040:

This describes an action that is out of the receiver's control and, thus, conveys suffering.

7202:) is a post-verbal aspect marker which corresponds to the continuative or temporary aspect. 18539: 18324: 18252: 18237: 17902: 17612: 17576: 17120: 16934: 16912: 16902: 16897: 16836: 16607: 16600: 16585: 16575: 16499: 16293: 16288: 14263: 14219: 14209: 14173: 10966: 10783:), which can be used as singular (informal) or plural, but can also be used in the form of 5889: 2863:

at the end of a syllable. Most native Thai words that are reconstructed as beginning with

571: 15120:, Zürich: Seminar für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, Universität Zürich, pp. 97–140, 8: 18669: 18247: 18242: 18188: 18080: 17505: 17200: 17193: 17162: 17157: 16964: 16788: 16660: 16516: 16465: 16420: 16273: 16265: 16133: 13720: 13182: 13157: 11529: 10163: 9046: 6988: 5721: 5161:: mid, low, falling, high, and rising, sometimes referred to in older reference works as 3528: 3517: 3506: 3495: 3487: 3192: 3032:

are rare, and words with such sounds generally cannot be reconstructed back to Proto-Tai.

1587: 1294:) also caused original tone 1 to lower, but had no such effect on original tones 2 or 3. 611: 18482: 18442: 17384: 15054: 13841: 13086: 11953: 11947: 11912: 2847:

also exists, which is used to represent an alveolo-palatal nasal in words borrowed from

18655: 18648: 18534: 18529: 18477: 18437: 18432: 18334: 17786: 17679: 17674: 17429: 17342: 17135: 16994: 16929: 16907: 16702: 16622: 16435: 16067: 15994: 15259: 15204: 15196: 14984: 14929: 14577: 10822:) can be first person (I), second person (you), or both (we), depending on the context. 10696: 9424: 8047:

can either be a conjunction for sequential actions or an archaic word for 'to finish'.

7183: 7129: 6467: 5158: 3776: 3723: 3362: 3303: 1330: 17332: 15003:"The change of Standard Thai high tone: An acoustic study and a perceptual experiment" 13937: 13815: 12877: 8415:; 'will') before the verb or by a time expression indicating the future. For example: 424: 18384: 18349: 18319: 18314: 17950: 17761: 17622: 17528: 17485: 17311: 17209: 17088: 17078: 17066: 17061: 16954: 16841: 16629: 16318: 16313: 16028: 15998: 15966: 15936: 15921: 15894: 15867: 15820: 15813: 15778:

Rischel, Jørgen. 1998. 'Structural and Functional Aspects of Tone Split in Thai'. In

15751: 15737: 15722: 15622: 15590: 15538: 15515:"S̄yām-portukes̄ ṣ̄ụks̄ʹā: Khả reīyk "chā kāfæ" khır lxk khır thịy h̄rụ̄x portukes̄" 15346: 15336: 15308: 15263: 15249: 15208: 15188: 15121: 14976: 14968: 14933: 14921: 14901: 14839: 14784: 14759: 14599: 14581: 14567: 14536: 14526: 14383: 14154: 13757: 12970: 12901: 12871:

coffee shop, restaurant serving alcoholic drinks and providing entertainment (dated)

11693: 10668: 10143: 9440: 9428: 8026: 7490:, still) which is used in an incompleted action, and usually cognates in phrase with 7070: 5737: 5725: 3888: 3738: 3728: 3324: 3314: 2908: 1351: 1341: 1253: 1175: 1016: 742: 713: 638: 607: 595: 563: 528: 123: 113: 15719:วารสารภาษาและภาษาศาสตร์ ปีที่ 24 ฉบับที่ 2 (มกราคม – มิถุนายน 2549) หน้า 59–76. 15434: 14988: 10723:, lit: mother of I). This particle is often implicit, so the phrase is shortened to 18599: 18563: 18462: 18452: 18405: 18400: 18219: 18155: 18095: 18065: 18055: 17986: 17971: 17897: 17756: 17748: 17733: 17728: 17718: 17710: 17589: 17500: 17490: 17152: 17140: 17108: 16690: 16323: 15986: 15180: 14960: 14913: 14559: 14456:ฃ and ฅ are no longer used. Thus, modern Thai is said to have 42 consonant letters. 14366: 14231: 14110:

written from left to right. The language and its script are closely related to the

13791: 11605: 9420: 6475: 6470:. They do not change with person, tense, voice, mood, or number; nor are there any 3718: 3633: 3629: 3423: 3386: 3298: 3293: 3186: 3181: 3174: 3006:

are rare, and cases that do exist typically have diphthongs in other Tai languages.

1325: 1320: 1229: 862: 701: 575: 251: 103: 18467: 17374: 15002: 13889: 13039: 10381:

I/me (used by women when speaking to people much older than themselves; informal)

4017: 18604: 18394: 18362: 18329: 18309: 18208: 18178: 18173: 18140: 18127: 18113: 18105: 18090: 18085: 18060: 18050: 18040: 18022: 18014: 17966: 17884: 17874: 17864: 17766: 17632: 17561: 17475: 17465: 17439: 17214: 17130: 17034: 16595: 16590: 16570: 15151: 14964: 14888: 14268: 14253: 14248: 14227: 13865: 13785: 13063: 11918: 11888: 10851:

commonly means rat or mouse, though it also refers to small creatures in general.

10155: 9626: 7172:, currently) is used before the verb to denote an ongoing action (similar to the 6483: 5182: 3745: 3733: 3692: 3331: 3319: 2999: 1657: 1346: 1245: 1167: 1001: 847: 683:, which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from 630: 504: 182: 170: 18272: 16111: 15841:. Current Issues in Sino-Tibetan Linguistics, pp. 869–875. Hajime Kitamura 15534:

The Essential Thai Language Companion: Reference Book: Basics, Structures, Rules

15271: 12836: 5141:

The five phonemic tones of Standard Thai pronounced with the syllable '/naː/':

4029: 614:

of the educated classes by Central Thai and ethnic minorities in the area along

18685: 18632: 18579: 18554: 18519: 18472: 18344: 18339: 18075: 18045: 18032: 17955: 17939: 17912: 17907: 17892: 17854: 17689: 17659: 17652: 17584: 17556: 17444: 17434: 17424: 17337: 17145: 17098: 16972: 16188: 15958: 15946: 15041:

Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVI)

14378:

Xiānluó was the Chinese name for Ayutthaya, a kingdom created by the merger of

14135: 14123: 13913: 13679: 12993: 12947: 12924: 12813: 12102: 11577: 11573: 11567: 11261: 10151: 7092: 6479: 3789: 1221: 1186: 727: 559: 231: 165: 16165: 15990: 15184: 14917: 13493: 12303: 12265: 12233: 12201: 12169: 12131: 12096: 12048: 11990: 3069:

Modern Thai largely preserved the original lengths and qualities, but lowered

18698: 18514: 18457: 18389: 18355: 18304: 18203: 18150: 18004: 17996: 17961: 17859: 17849: 17841: 17637: 17617: 17607: 17541: 17534: 17523: 17379: 17306: 17051: 17029: 15350: 15192: 15076: 14972: 14925: 14563: 14418: 14362: 14258: 13016: 11689: 11630: 11581: 11555: 11533: 11185:

softening; indicating a request or making your sentence sound more friendly.

10167: 9436: 8909: 4052: 2992: 2912: 1035: 877: 785: 757: 676: 663:

Standard Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being

654: 626: 622: 587: 497: 195: 85: 20: 15113: 14647: 14540: 13543: 10956:('you'). Teachers, monks, and doctors are almost always addressed this way. 3085:. Eventually, length in all other vowels became phonemic as well and a new 18379: 18214: 18070: 17981: 17976: 17944: 17917: 17664: 17480: 17470: 17419: 17004: 15768: 14980: 14444: 14414: 14379: 14111: 14089: 13761: 11959: 10916:('you'), it is much more common for unrelated strangers to call each other 9530: 8396: 7772:

takes on a meaning of potentiality or successful outcome of the main verb.

7133: 6109: 5230:, and have the reduced tonal inventory characteristic of checked syllables. 5227: 5223: 4305: 3884: 3833: 3475: 2916: 2820:

as distinct phonemes. These were represented by the now-obsolete letters ฃ

1206: 1163: 1031: 583: 551: 524: 520: 246: 153: 141: 16194: 14495: 14465:

The glottal plosive appears at the end when no final follows a short vowel

13517: 408: 61: 18135: 18123: 17869: 17548: 17113: 17039: 16987: 16873: 16298: 16213: 15657: 14556:

The Routledge International Handbook of Language Education Policy in Asia

14334: 14243: 14192: 14103: 14085: 11982: 9792: 8524: 6471: 5909: 5038: 4084: 4047: 4011: 3585: 2966:), but a few such words are spelled อย, which implies a pronunciation of 1151: 772: 695: 658: 567: 508: 241: 137: 73: 10124:. For example, the noun phrase "this dog" would be expressed in Thai as 5204:

For the diachronic changes of tone value, please see Pittayaporn (2007).

1209:

that automatically closes syllables otherwise ending in a short vowel).

447: 18594: 18198: 17495: 16182: 16137: 15761:

Gandour, Jack, Tumtavitikul, Apiluck and Satthamnuwong, Nakarin. 1999.

15200: 15168: 14500: 14115: 9432: 8542:; 'give') often used in a sentence as prepositional or double objects. 5753: 5729: 4230: 4057: 2920: 2835:

At some point in the history of Thai, an alveolo-palatal nasal phoneme

1358: 1264: 1121: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 512: 145: 16159: 16021:

Grammatical conceptual structure of numeral classifiers in Thai-Part 2

14365:(Diller 2008:6). "Proto-Thai" is, for example, the ancestor of all of 14094: 10577:

younger brother, sister (also used for younger acquaintances; common)

5114: 3998:

as the second consonant sound and not more than two sounds at a time.

3986:); however, these usually only occur in initial position, with either 17647: 17627: 17125: 17046: 17008: 16677: 16171: 14223: 14143: 13213: 10454: 8006:'He is/was allowed to hit' or 'He is/was able to hit.' (Potentiality) 5226:(especially in slower speech), all "dead syllables" are phonetically 5174: 5132: 4787: 4157: 3541: 3380: 3285:

letters, is also used to help write certain tones (described below).

2840: 2811: 1445: 1225: 1213: 1179: 555: 516: 417: 401: 383: 365: 149: 17802: 16230: 16146: 1096: 17267: 16982: 16261: 16218: 16121: 16116: 16078:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

14836:

Ying-yai Sheng-lan: The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores (1433)

11597: 11589: 11559: 11238: 11034: 10771:) meaning the plural sense of 'you'. The only exception to this is 10184: 10147: 9905:('some'). The examples below are demonstrated using the classifier 5569: 5317: 5208: 5123: 4007: 3278: 3143: 2848: 1217: 547: 532: 327: 303: 280: 109: 99: 16014:

Lexical conceptual structure of numeral classifiers in Thai-Part 1

14598:. Melbourne, Australia: Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–4. 14327: 10553:

older brother, sister (also used for older acquaintances; common)

5105: 5096: 17642: 15619:

CultureShock! Thailand: A Survival Guide to Customs and Etiquette

15517:สยาม-โปรตุเกสศึกษา: คำเรียก "ชา กาแฟ" ใครลอกใคร ไทย หรือ โปรตุเกส 15413:"What Do 'krub' And 'ka' Mean In Thai Language & When To Use" 14179:

language courses recommend that learners master the Thai script.

14131: 14107: 13280: 11996: 10139: 9646: 5749: 5170: 4309: 3375: 2954:

Proto-Tai also had a glottalized palatal sound, reconstructed as

1440: 1171: 691:

south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border.

688: 475: 339: 119: 16207: 11593: 11585:

particularly preponderant in regard to royal court terminology.

11242: 10735:). Plural pronouns can be easily constructed by adding the word 16176: 10825:

Children or younger female could use or being referred by word

10088:) + NOUN. Classifiers are also used for demonstratives such as 8041:

has two other meanings in addition to its use as a TAM marker.

3206:, Thai distinguishes a third sound – the unvoiced, unaspirated 1260:), with the glottalized member of each set apparently missing. 1212:

There was a two-way voiced vs. voiceless distinction among all

684: 621:

In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related

14554:

Draper, John (2019), "Language education policy in Thailand",

3887:

that describe its syllable structure, including tautosyllabic

3081:

in closed syllables and created a phonemic length distinction

17723: 14558:, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, pp. 229–242, 14160: 14040: 13833: 11837: 8035:

marks the event as being completed at the time of reference.

5501: 5497: 5188: 3250:

pair, but the language lacks the corresponding voiced sounds

14949:"Tone Features, Tone Perception, and Peak Alignment in Thai" 10333:

I/me (from high-status to low-status or familiar; informal)

10309:

I/me (mainly used by women; common) Commonly pronounced as

7766:

means 'to get or receive'. However, when used after a verb,

2919:

still preserve the phoneme /ɲ/, which is represented in the

2832:, and as a result the use of these letters became unstable. 15480:

Language in Ethnicity: A View of Basic Ecological Relations

15118:

Aktionsart and Aspectotemporality in non-European languages

14644:

paper presented to a workshop of teachers of social science

13712: 13615: 13535: 11852: 10505:

you (from high-status to low-status or familiar; informal)

9642: 9416: 6463: 6432:

has many other uses as well. For example, in the sentence,

4441: 2852: 1309: 543: 315: 15977:

Tingsabadh, M.R. Kalaya; Abramson, Arthur (1993), "Thai",

15852:. Journal of Languages and Linguistics, 12.1.34 – 56. 15787:

The Metrical Structure of Thai in a Non-Linear Perspective

15644: 15461:

Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook

15112:

Jenny, Mathias; Ebert, Karen H.; Zúñiga, Fernando (2001),

14758:. Studies in Comparative World History (Kindle ed.). 14738: 10601:

he/him (common), she/her (common) Commonly pronounced as

15081:

Partizipation: das sprachliche Erfassen von Sachverhalten

14818:

Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society

14672:

Kemasingki, Pim; Prateepkoh, Pariyakorn (1 August 2017).

14523:

National identity and its defenders : Thailand today

12310: 12278: 12272: 12240: 12208: 12176: 12144: 12138: 12106: 10695:, lit: you yourself). Thai also does not have a separate 3675:) are used. To demonstrate, at the end of a syllable, บ ( 11604:. Since the beginning of the 20th century, however, the 16210:

English speakers' online resource for the Thai language

14902:"The Lexical and Post-Lexical Phonology of Thai Tones*" 6416:

mostly means 'I am hungry right now' because normally,

3222:

in "spin". There is similarly a laminal denti-alveolar

15701:อภิลักษณ์ ธรรมทวีธิกุล และ กัลยารัตน์ ฐิติกานต์นารา. 14646:. University of New Orleans. p. 2. Archived from 10895:) are polite neuter second person pronouns. However, 6659:(TAM), the Thai verbal system employs auxiliaries and 3950:

The number of clusters increases in loanwords such as

3036:

Furthermore, the vowel that corresponds to short Thai

15024:

Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, 3

14637: 14153:

Tone markers, if present, are placed above the final

12062: 12055: 12042:

older sister (used in Chinese community in Thailand)

12013: 12006: 12000: 11963: 11922: 10154:

for more details. Pronouns, when used, are ranked in

5169:

respectively. The table shows an example of both the

3017:

do occur. However, generally, only words with short

15864:

Thai Reference Grammar: The Structure of Spoken Thai

15775:. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1977. Print. 15647:, published by the Thai Royal Institute only in Thai 14671: 11245:) used when discussing Buddhism or addressing monks. 10625:

it, he/she (offensive if used to refer to a person)

3142:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see 2816:

Early Old Thai also apparently had velar fricatives

1750: 523:

people in Central Thailand and the vast majority of

15933:

Thai Without Tears: A Guide to Simple Thai Speaking

10989:, with a high tone) when the speaker is a men, and 10699:. Instead, possession is indicated by the particle 8025:; 'already') is treated as a marker indicating the 5218:

For "dead syllables", those that end in a plosive (

3691:respectively. Additionally, all plosive sounds are 1220:consonants, and up to a four-way distinction among 15976: 15167:Koenig, Jean-Pierre; Muansuwan, Nuttanart (2005). 14875: 14443:Initial อ is silent and therefore considered as a 4791: 4034: 4022: 16062:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 15979:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 15583:"Learning the Language: To Write or Not to Write" 15223:"The Acquisition Of Dative Constructions By Thai" 15052: 14838:, Hakluyt Society at the University Press, 1970, 14783:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. 14719:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistic Society 14404:, but the glottalization is still commonly heard. 9525:, '(the) dogs'). Plurals are expressed by adding 3198:Where English makes a distinction between voiced 705:Example of divergence among the Kra-Dai Languages 72:" (literally meaning "Thai language") written in 18696: 15601:you're far better off learning the Thai alphabet 15458: 15295:. Archived from the original on 11 November 2005 15111: 3707:sounds are pronounced as , , and respectively. 3234:triplet in Thai. In the velar series there is a 3156:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters 527:enclaves throughout the country. It is the sole 15166: 13444: 13419: 13394: 13368: 13362: 13337: 13312: 13287: 13260: 13235: 3210:that occurs in English only as an allophone of 2935:and its Lao letter ຢ, such as in the word ຢາ ( 2899:was re-introduced, followed by a second change 15149: 14946: 14693: 14520: 14198:International Organization for Standardization 11264:, this is used when addressing members of the 8948: 8800: 8678: 8559: 8435: 8267: 8167: 8064: 7924: 7636: 6623: 6588: 6542: 6507: 5748:There is no morphological distinction between 17818: 17241: 16246: 15335:(2nd ed.). Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. 14947:Zsiga, Elizabeth; Nitisaroj, Rattima (2007). 14407: 14389: 13725: 13692: 13659: 13628: 13595: 11196:Central Thai is composed of several distinct 7502:) or any other aspect markers in common use. 4010:, the second entry gives the spelling in the 3277:In each cell below, the first line indicates 3009:In closed syllables, both short and long mid 2871:in modern Thai, but generally spelled with ย 106:and Thai Chinese enclaves throughout country) 15796:. Mon–Khmer Studies XXVII, pp. 307–316. 15692: 14355: 14286: 14218:published an international standard for the 11850: 11844: 11807: 11801: 11795: 11789: 11558:and words of foreign origin, most words are 10150:used where English would use a pronoun. See 9649:, but it may often be omitted. For example: 9467:) to refer to a group of children. The word 2931:). This letter is distinct from the phoneme 16143:Thai Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words 15763:Effects of Speaking Rate on the Thai Tones. 15747:Diller, Anthony van Nostrand, et al. 2008. 15007:SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics, 4 14808: 14804: 14802: 14800: 14712: 14674:"Kham Mueang: the slow death of a language" 14053: 14020: 13989: 10910:Instead of a second person pronoun such as 10837:) when talking with older person. The word 9795:in Thai often use a special class of words 17825: 17811: 17248: 17234: 16253: 16239: 16162:: English–Thai bilingual online dictionary 15915: 15905: 15888: 15878: 15806: 15799: 15732: 15717: 15706: 15699: 15645:Royal Thai General System of Transcription 14899: 14184:Royal Thai General System of Transcription 14061: 14028: 13997: 13943: 13919: 13895: 13871: 13847: 13821: 13797: 13733: 13700: 13667: 13636: 13603: 13549: 13523: 13499: 13452: 13427: 13402: 13377: 13345: 13320: 13295: 13268: 13243: 13189: 13164: 13139: 13092: 13069: 13045: 13022: 12999: 12976: 12953: 12930: 12907: 12883: 12842: 12819: 12773: 12754: 12735: 12716: 12697: 12678: 12659: 12640: 12621: 12602: 12583: 12564: 12545: 12526: 12511: 12498: 12479: 12460: 12441: 12422: 12399: 12379: 12360: 12317: 12285: 12247: 12215: 12183: 12151: 12113: 12082: 12069: 12026: 12020: 11929: 11860: 11821: 11815: 11508: 11489: 11479: 11463: 11444: 11424: 11405: 11386: 11359: 11353: 11347: 11341: 11335: 11329: 11323: 11317: 11311: 11305: 11299: 11293: 11287: 11281: 11255: 11249: 11234:Rhetorical Thai: used for public speaking. 11226: 11211: 11169: 11162: 11156: 11135: 11128: 11122: 11101: 11094: 11088: 11063: 11056: 11050: 11044: 11012: 11006: 10996: 10990: 10980: 10974: 10951: 10945: 10939: 10933: 10923: 10917: 10911: 10902: 10896: 10890: 10884: 10878: 10872: 10863: 10857: 10846: 10838: 10832: 10826: 10817: 10811: 10803: 10790: 10784: 10778: 10772: 10766: 10760: 10754: 10748: 10742: 10736: 10730: 10724: 10718: 10712: 10706: 10700: 10690: 10684: 10678: 10672: 10662: 10656: 10637: 10630: 10613: 10606: 10589: 10582: 10565: 10558: 10541: 10534: 10517: 10510: 10493: 10486: 10469: 10462: 10441: 10434: 10417: 10410: 10393: 10386: 10369: 10362: 10345: 10338: 10321: 10314: 10297: 10290: 10273: 10266: 10249: 10242: 10225: 10218: 10201: 10194: 10125: 10111: 10105: 10095: 10089: 10079: 10073: 9906: 9900: 9894: 9888: 9882: 9636: 9630: 9539:), in the form of noun-number-classifier: 9534: 9520: 9515: 9505: 9500: 9490: 9484: 9474: 9468: 9462: 9456: 9450: 9444: 9080:) 'He is not hitting' or 'He doesn't hit'. 9075: 9069: 9056: 9050: 8919: 8913: 8533: 8527: 8406: 8400: 8042: 8036: 8030: 8016: 8010: 7767: 7761: 7751: 7745: 7497: 7491: 7481: 7475: 7193: 7187: 7177: 7163: 7157: 7143: 7138: 7117: 7112: 7102: 7097: 7080: 7075: 7058: 7053: 7043: 7038: 7028: 7023: 7013: 7008: 6998: 6993: 6971: 6965: 6958: 6443: 6433: 6427: 6417: 6411: 5919: 5913: 5899: 5893: 5695: 5688: 5666: 5659: 5637: 5630: 5608: 5601: 5548: 5541: 5519: 5512: 5482: 5475: 5453: 5446: 5394: 5387: 5364: 5357: 5335: 5328: 5301: 5294: 5272: 5265: 1764:Word in Sukhothai (in Modern Thai script) 1697: 1675: 1666: 1647: 1638: 1629: 1620: 1611: 1602: 1593: 1577: 1568: 1559: 1550: 1541: 1532: 1523: 1514: 1505: 1496: 1487: 1478: 1469: 1460: 1451: 1427: 1418: 1409: 1400: 1391: 1382: 1373: 1364: 1162:According to a Chinese source, during the 446: 67: 60: 51: 45: 16189:Thai dictionaries for Stardict/GoldenDict 16098:Learn how and when to remove this message 15857:Perhaps, the Tones are in the Consonants? 15808:ข้อคิดเกี่ยวกับหน่วยวากยสัมพันธ์ในภาษาไทย 15794:The Reflection on the X′ category in Thai 15242:The Hidden Structure of Thai Noun Phrases 14753: 14725:(1). University of Hawaii Press: 86–105. 14640:"Linguistic Perspectives of Thai Culture" 11588:Later, most vocabulary was borrowed from 5743: 1137:Learn how and when to remove this message 18720:Languages attested from the 13th century 16179:: LEXiTRON-based Thai–English dictionary 16168:, official standard Thai–Thai dictionary 15859:Mon–Khmer Studies XXIII, pp. 11–41. 15615:"Learning Thai: Writing Thai in English" 15477: 15459:Haspelmath, Martin; Tadmor, Uri (2009). 15248:(PhD dissertation). Harvard University. 15173:Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 14906:Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 14797: 14093: 10907:) is a feminine derogative third person. 9629:in Thai is indicated by adding the word 5187: 4028: 4016: 3177:among plosive and affricate consonants: 1310:Old Thai (Sukhothai) consonant inventory 700: 679:. The Tai languages are a branch of the 458: 452:Dark Blue: Majority Light Blue: Minority 15920:) Bangkok: Thammasat University, 2005. 15659:Handbook and standard for traffic signs 15495: 14900:Morén, Bruce; Zsiga, Elizabeth (2006). 14631: 11237:Religious Thai: (heavily influenced by 11200:, forms for different social contexts: 10928:(brother, sister, aunt, uncle, granny). 10747:) in front of a singular pronoun as in 7661: 3683:) are devoiced, becoming pronounced as 18697: 15893:) Bangkok: Chulalongkorn Press, 1998. 15850:FO – Induced VOT Variants in Thai 15612: 15580: 15560: 15389: 15074: 14696:Language and national identity in Asia 14553: 8520:'He will run' or 'He is going to run.' 7966: 5234: 3258:. (In loanwords from English, English 3242:pair and in the postalveolar series a 3047:This leads Li to posit the following: 3028:Both of the mid back unrounded vowels 3025:are reconstructible back to Proto-Tai. 1767:Pronunciation in IPA (excluding tone) 17832: 17806: 17229: 16260: 16234: 15965:, second edition. London: Routledge. 15880:ศาสตราจารย์กิตติคุณ ดร.กาญจนา นาคสกุล 15672:from the original on 15 November 2017 15530: 15407: 15405: 15330: 15326: 15324: 15238: 15145: 15143: 15107: 15105: 15103: 15101: 15099: 15097: 15070: 15068: 15066: 14890:(Full text available on Google Books) 14778: 14739:Antonio L. Rappa; Lionel Wee (2006), 14701:education became much more widespread 14638:Peansiri Vongvipanond (Summer 1994). 14593: 14491: 14489: 14487: 14222:into Roman script in September 2005 ( 14098:"Kingdom of Thailand" in Thai script. 12081:two (archaic, but still used in word 11268:or describing their activities. (See 10950:(each meaning 'teacher') rather than 10130:(literally 'dog (classifier) this'). 8973: 4315:The long-short pairs are as follows: 3117:), occurring only before final velar 3093:from diphthongs, and the lowering of 2973: 1685: 836:Northwestern Tai languages 574:. Spoken Thai, depending on standard 84: 18730:Languages written in Brahmic scripts 17883: 16185:: mobile OCR Thai–English dictionary 16042: 15912:Phonetics in Principle and Practical 15365:"The Many Different Ways To Say "I"" 14279: 13751: 11270:Monarchy of Thailand § Rachasap 8460: 5415: 5163:rectus, gravis, circumflexus, altus, 3146:. For the distinction between , 1275:) became voiceless aspirated stops ( 1228:. The maximal four-way occurred in 1119:adding citations to reliable sources 1090: 827:Southwestern Tai languages 15955:, first edition. London: Routledge. 15812:วารสารมนุษยศาสตร์วิชาการ. 4.57–66. 14618: 14150:in a syllable with final consonant. 11845: 11802: 11790: 11528:Thailand also uses the distinctive 10529:you (informal), she/her (informal) 8825: 8703: 8617: 6426:) marks the change of a state, but 4786:There are also opening and closing 2859:at the beginning of a syllable but 1282:Voiced fricatives became voiceless. 1244:); the three-way distinction among 616:the ring surrounding the Metropolis 538:Thai is the most spoken of over 60 474:A native Thai speaker, recorded in 13: 16221:(Formerly at thailanguagewiki.com) 16006: 15435:"The Languages spoken in Thailand" 15402: 15321: 15232: 15150:Boonyapatipark, Tasanalai (1983). 15140: 15094: 15083:, Tübingen: Narr, pp. 509–562 15063: 14484: 14369:, not just Siamese (Rischel 1998). 14230:. Notably, this system is used by 14203: 13109: 10457:; formal) Commonly pronounced as 10040: 9961: 9849: 9787: 9285:'I don't understand what was said' 8292: 8089: 7903:He visited Laos. (Past/Perfective) 6474:. The language being analytic and 6452:) is used as a discourse particle. 6108:Adjectives in Thai can be used as 5724:, Thai can be considered to be an 5142: 3173:Standard Thai distinguishes three 1285:Voiceless sonorants became voiced. 14: 18751: 16038: 15890:ระบบเสียงภาษาไทย, พิมพ์ครั้งที่ 4 15862:Higbie, James and Thinsan, Snea. 15708:การเน้นพยางค์กับทำนองเสียงภาษาไทย 15392:"How to say You in Thai Language" 15035:Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. (2007). 14079: 13567: 12335: 11878: 8912:is indicated by the insertion of 8782:'He obligates (us) to read book.' 5885:'a person who became fat quickly' 3266:are borrowed as the tenuis stops 2923:by ຍ, such as in the word ຍຸງ ( 2805: 1751:Historical Sukhothai pronuncation 990:Lao‑Phuthai languages 644: 17257: 16047: 15935:. Bangkok: BMD Book Mags, 1999. 15281:from the original on 3 May 2015. 15053:Warotamasikkhadit, Udom (1972). 14506: 14167: 12790: 11767: 11364:; royal), as illustrated below: 10711:). For example, "my mother" is 9455:, 'child') is often repeated as 8928:) before the verb. For example: 5736:, although the subject is often 5131: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5095: 4792:Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993) 4312:forming distinct words in Thai. 2875:, which consistently represents 1174:reported on the language of the 1095: 911:Chiang Saen languages 332: 320: 308: 296: 273: 17072:Traditional musical instruments 15866:. Bangkok: Orchid Press, 2003. 15765:Phonetica 56, pp. 123–134. 15676: 15650: 15638: 15606: 15574: 15554: 15524: 15507: 15489: 15471: 15452: 15427: 15383: 15357: 15285: 15215: 15160: 15046: 15037:"Directionality of Tone Change" 15029: 15012: 14995: 14940: 14893: 14881: 14876:Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993 14869: 14860: 14851: 14828: 14772: 14747: 14732: 14706: 14687: 14665: 14459: 14450: 14437: 14372: 13961: 13470: 13207: 11011:(falling tone) is changed to a 8335: 8209: 7156:The imperfective aspect marker 6104:'S/he is the fattest (of all).' 4035:Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993 4023:Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993 4008:International Phonetic Alphabet 3279:International Phonetic Alphabet 3138:International Phonetic Alphabet 3101:to create a length distinction 1157: 1106:needs additional citations for 16214:Say Hello in the Thai Language 16166:The Royal Institute Dictionary 15917:สัทศาสตร์ภาคทฤษฎีและภาคปฏิบัติ 15169:"The Syntax of Aspect in Thai" 15020:"Bangkok Thai Tones Revisited" 15018:Thepboriruk, Kanjana. (2010). 14809:Khanittanan, Wilaiwan (2004). 14715:"Bangkok Thai tones revisited" 14612: 14587: 14547: 14525:. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. 14514: 14340: 14307: 11439:Original meaning is 'to cram' 6442:): 'So where are you going?', 5037:Additionally, there are three 2891:were borrowed directly with a 2855:, and is currently pronounced 2281:n. business; affairs; errands 68: 16:Language spoken by Thai people 1: 18740:Subject–verb–object languages 15855:Tumtavitikul, Apiluck. 1993. 15848:Tumtavitikul, Apiluck. 1993. 15837:Tumtavitikul, Apiluck. 1994. 15785:Tumtavitikul, Apiluck, 1998. 15773:A handbook of comparative Tai 15714:Stress and Intonation in Thai 15001:Teeranon, Phanintra. (2007). 14713:Thepboriruk, Kanjana (2010). 14472: 11539: 10122:noun-classifier-demonstrative 7182:is commonly interpreted as a 6928:chan cha kin thi nan phrungni 5908:), 'A is more X than B'. The 4304:Each vowel quality occurs in 3163: 2839:also existed, inherited from 15792:Apiluck Tumtavitikul. 1997. 15567:. Bingo-Lingo. p. xii. 15498:Doing Business With Thailand 14965:10.1177/00238309070500030301 14743:, Springer, pp. 114–115 14477: 14142:in a syllable without final 12311: 12279: 12273: 12241: 12209: 12177: 12145: 12139: 12107: 12063: 12056: 12014: 12007: 12001: 11964: 11923: 11602:French borrowings in English 11550:List of Thai language idioms 11020:Other common particles are: 10960: 9911:, which is used for people. 6925:ฉัน จะ กิน ที่ นั่น พรุ่งนี้ 3124: 7: 16950:Water supply and sanitation 16117:Consonant Ear Training Tape 15780:Sound structure in language 15114:"The aspect system of Thai" 14698:. Oxford University Press. 14594:Baker, Christopher (2014). 14328: 14237: 14190:, and the almost identical 14188:Royal Institute of Thailand 14182:Official standards are the 14054: 14021: 13990: 13726: 13693: 13660: 13629: 13596: 12391:means 'bank' or 'banknote' 11851: 11808: 11796: 11580:, surpassing the number of 11360: 11348: 11336: 11324: 11312: 11300: 11288: 11256: 11227: 11212: 11191: 11170: 11136: 11102: 11064: 10997: 10981: 10903: 10891: 10879: 10864: 10833: 10818: 10791: 10779: 10767: 10755: 10743: 10731: 10719: 10707: 10691: 10679: 10663: 10638: 10614: 10590: 10566: 10542: 10518: 10494: 10470: 10442: 10418: 10394: 10370: 10346: 10322: 10298: 10274: 10250: 10133: 10112: 10096: 10080: 10030: 10014: 9997: 9951: 9935: 9918: 9907: 9883: 9839: 9823: 9806: 9750: 9733: 9722:child {belonging to} mother 9689: 9673: 9656: 9637: 9579: 9563: 9546: 9521: 9506: 9491: 9475: 9463: 9451: 9374: 9357: 9313: 9296: 9246: 9230: 9214: 9197: 9147: 9131: 9115: 9098: 9076: 9057: 8983: 8959: 8938: 8920: 8904:'He gives book to student.' 8851: 8835: 8811: 8790: 8729: 8713: 8689: 8668: 8602: 8584: 8568: 8549: 8534: 8470: 8446: 8425: 8407: 8320: 8302: 8278: 8257: 8194: 8176: 8157: 8099: 8075: 8054: 8043: 8037: 8031: 8017: 7951: 7933: 7914: 7854: 7841: 7828: 7815: 7798: 7782: 7768: 7762: 7752: 7687: 7671: 7647: 7626: 7560: 7545: 7528: 7512: 7492: 7482: 7415: 7400: 7383: 7367: 7318: 7303: 7289: 7242: 7225: 7209: 7194: 7178: 7164: 7144: 7118: 7103: 7081: 7059: 7044: 7029: 7014: 6999: 6966: 6959: 6914: 6901: 6888: 6875: 6862: 6848: 6804: 6791: 6778: 6765: 6751: 6710: 6697: 6684: 6670: 6613: 6597: 6578: 6532: 6516: 6497: 6359: 6344: 6330: 6282: 6265: 6249: 6201: 6184: 6168: 6133: 6119: 6061: 6046: 6032: 5981: 5964: 5949: 5935: 5920: 5900: 5852: 5839: 5826: 5812: 5777: 5763: 4021:Monophthongs of Thai. From 3878: 3168: 1994:v. to shine (on something) 1882:n. affair; matter; content 1196: 52: 10: 18756: 16804:Controlled-access highways 15963:Thai: An Essential Grammar 15952:Thai: An Essential Grammar 15830:Tumtavitikul, Appi. 1995. 14754:Lieberman, Victor (2003). 14332:; Not to be confused with 14274:Comparison of Lao and Thai 14207: 14171: 14157:consonant of the syllable. 14083: 13445: 13420: 13395: 13369: 13363: 13338: 13313: 13288: 13261: 13236: 12510:colloquially shortened to 11543: 10919:พี่ น้อง ลุง ป้า น้า อา ตา 10856:The second person pronoun 7186:aspect marker. Similarly, 6953:'I'll eat there tomorrow.' 5715: 3815:ฒ, ด, ต, ถ, ท, ธ, ศ, ษ, ส 2949:Comparison of Lao and Isan 2809: 1086: 648: 18: 18679: 18631: 18613: 18576: 18552: 18507: 18491: 18414: 18372: 18297: 18286: 18228: 18164: 18149: 18122: 18104: 18031: 18013: 17995: 17930: 17840: 17779: 17747: 17709: 17702: 17680:Red Karen (Eastern Kayah) 17598: 17575: 17514: 17410: 17397: 17367: 17351: 17320: 17299: 17290: 17274: 17187: 16963: 16886:Universities and colleges 16832: 16823: 16668: 16659: 16507: 16498: 16401: 16392: 16357: 16281: 16272: 16227:(30 exercises with audio) 16128:Glossaries and word lists 15991:10.1017/S0025100300004746 15916: 15906: 15889: 15879: 15807: 15800: 15733: 15718: 15707: 15700: 15693:General and cited sources 15537:. Schwabe AG. p. v. 15496:Leppert, Paul A. (1992). 15478:Haarmann, Harald (1986). 15313:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 15185:10.1007/s11049-004-0488-8 15153:A study of aspect in Thai 14918:10.1007/s11049-004-5454-y 14781:Thailand: A Short History 14347: 14315: 14314: 14294: 14293: 14186:(RTGS), published by the 14122:known inscription in the 14062: 14047: 14029: 14014: 13998: 13983: 13944: 13920: 13896: 13872: 13848: 13822: 13798: 13734: 13719: 13701: 13686: 13668: 13653: 13637: 13622: 13604: 13589: 13550: 13524: 13500: 13453: 13428: 13403: 13378: 13346: 13321: 13296: 13269: 13244: 13190: 13181: 13165: 13156: 13140: 13131: 13093: 13070: 13046: 13023: 13000: 12977: 12954: 12931: 12908: 12884: 12859: 12843: 12834: 12820: 12774: 12755: 12736: 12717: 12698: 12679: 12660: 12641: 12622: 12603: 12584: 12565: 12546: 12527: 12512: 12499: 12480: 12461: 12442: 12423: 12400: 12380: 12361: 12318: 12302: 12286: 12264: 12248: 12232: 12216: 12200: 12184: 12168: 12152: 12130: 12114: 12095: 12083: 12070: 12047: 12027: 12021: 11989: 11970: 11952: 11946: 11930: 11911: 11896: 11861: 11822: 11816: 11686: 11629: 11546:List of loanwords in Thai 11509: 11490: 11480: 11464: 11445: 11425: 11406: 11387: 11354: 11342: 11330: 11318: 11306: 11294: 11282: 11250: 11220: 11205: 11163: 11157: 11129: 11123: 11095: 11089: 11057: 11051: 11045: 11013: 11007: 10991: 10975: 10952: 10946: 10940: 10934: 10924: 10918: 10912: 10897: 10885: 10873: 10858: 10847: 10839: 10827: 10812: 10804: 10795:), which is only plural. 10785: 10773: 10761: 10749: 10737: 10725: 10713: 10701: 10685: 10673: 10657: 10655:The reflexive pronoun is 10631: 10607: 10583: 10559: 10535: 10511: 10487: 10481:you (familiar; informal) 10463: 10435: 10411: 10387: 10363: 10339: 10315: 10291: 10267: 10261:I/me (masculine; common) 10243: 10237:I/me (masculine; formal) 10219: 10195: 10126: 10106: 10090: 10074: 9901: 9895: 9889: 9631: 9535: 9516: 9501: 9485: 9469: 9457: 9445: 9263:chan fang mai {khao chai} 9086:serial verb constructions 9070: 9051: 8914: 8660:'He reads book for (us).' 8528: 8401: 8011: 7746: 7498: 7476: 7188: 7158: 7139: 7113: 7098: 7076: 7054: 7039: 7024: 7009: 6994: 6972: 6815:ฉัน กิน ที่ นั่น เมื่อวาน 6486:verbs follow the pattern 6444: 6434: 6428: 6418: 6412: 6024:'S/he is fatter than me.' 5914: 5894: 5696: 5689: 5667: 5660: 5638: 5631: 5609: 5602: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5562:'a lot, abundance, many' 5549: 5542: 5520: 5513: 5483: 5476: 5454: 5447: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5395: 5388: 5365: 5358: 5336: 5329: 5302: 5295: 5273: 5266: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5241: 4810: 4807: 4768: 4745: 4720: 4697: 4672: 4649: 4624: 4601: 4576: 4553: 4528: 4505: 4480: 4457: 4428: 4405: 4380: 4357: 4343: 4334: 4323: 4320: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4043: 4033:Diphthongs of Thai. From 4001: 3973: 3955: 3670: 3660: 3628: 3584: 3540: 3374: 3330: 3290: 2523: 2327: 2173: 2082: 1949: 1774: 1718: 1711: 1704: 1698: 1695: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1648: 1639: 1630: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1612: 1609: 1603: 1600: 1594: 1591: 1578: 1569: 1560: 1551: 1542: 1533: 1524: 1515: 1506: 1497: 1488: 1479: 1470: 1461: 1452: 1428: 1419: 1416: 1410: 1401: 1398: 1392: 1389: 1383: 1380: 1374: 1371: 1365: 1362: 1350: 1345: 1334: 1324: 1319: 1029: 1014: 999: 992: 958: 943: 936: 920: 913: 890: 875: 860: 845: 838: 830: 812: 797: 790: 770: 755: 740: 725: 718: 493: 445: 431: 415: 399: 381: 363: 358: 353:Royal Society of Thailand 346: 286: 268:Official language in 266: 261: 228: 179: 159: 133: 92: 80: 59: 46: 44: 39: 34: 16618:House of Representatives 16512:Administrative divisions 16219:FSI Thai language course 15749:The Tai–Kadai Languages. 15516: 14779:Wyatt, David K. (2003). 14564:10.4324/9781315666235-16 11219:Elegant or Formal Thai ( 10285:I/me (feminine; formal) 9881:In the previous example 9411: 9065:; not) before the verb. 9049:is indicated by placing 8029:aspect. That is to say, 7740:He can't even write yet. 6840:'I ate there yesterday.' 6818:chan kin thi nan mueawan 6458: 6322:'I am hungry right now.' 5720:From the perspective of 5533:'habitually, likely to' 5192:Thai language tone chart 5157:There are five phonemic 5086: 1770:Meaning and Definitions 934:Sukhothai language 168:: 21 million (2000) 19:Not to be confused with 16172:Thai-English dictionary 16160:English–Thai Dictionary 16019:Inglis, Douglas. 2000. 16012:Inglis, Douglas. 1999. 15832:Tonal Movements in Thai 15665:(in Thai), Appendix ง, 15613:Cooper, Robert (2019). 15561:Juyaso, Arthit (2015). 15396:Learn Thai in Singapore 15156:. University of London. 14694:Andrew Simpson (2007). 14220:transliteration of Thai 14102:Thai is written in the 13374:(/cʰlaːt/ or /cʰlaːh/) 12724:/tʰék.nōː.lōː.jīː,-jîː/ 11748: 11731: 11714: 11697: 11673: 11660: 11647: 11634: 11204:Street or Common Thai ( 10357:I/me (impolite/vulgar) 9282:I listen not understand 3813:จ, ช, ซ, ฌ, ฎ, ฏ, ฐ, ฑ, 3218:as in the sound of the 3214:, for example after an 3202:and unvoiced aspirated 3189:(unvoiced, unaspirated) 3134:phonetic transcriptions 3113:(which he describes as 3002:, the long high vowels 681:Kra–Dai language family 18735:Stress-timed languages 16757:Science and technology 16725:Special economic zones 16112:IPA and SAMPA for Thai 15801:อภิลักษณ์ ธรรมทวีธิกุล 15621:. Marshall Cavendish. 15589:. Marshall Cavendish. 15369:Beginner Thai Speaking 14423:northern Thai dialects 14395:The glottalized stops 14099: 13936: 13912: 13888: 13864: 13840: 13814: 13790: 13784: 13542: 13516: 13492: 13085: 13062: 13038: 13015: 12992: 12969: 12946: 12923: 12900: 12876: 12835: 12812: 10649:you (impolite/vulgar) 10226: 10202: 10158:, and may also make a 10027: 10011: 9994: 9948: 9932: 9915: 9836: 9820: 9803: 9747: 9730: 9686: 9670: 9653: 9576: 9560: 9543: 9407:'Leave!' or 'Get out!' 9371: 9354: 9310: 9293: 9243: 9227: 9211: 9194: 9144: 9128: 9112: 9095: 8980: 8954: 8935: 8848: 8832: 8806: 8787: 8726: 8710: 8684: 8665: 8597: 8581: 8565: 8546: 8467: 8441: 8422: 8315: 8299: 8273: 8254: 8189: 8173: 8154: 8096: 8070: 8051: 7946: 7930: 7911: 7851: 7838: 7825: 7812: 7793: 7779: 7684: 7668: 7642: 7623: 7555: 7542: 7523: 7509: 7410: 7397: 7378: 7364: 7313: 7300: 7286: 7239: 7220: 7206: 6911: 6898: 6885: 6872: 6859: 6845: 6801: 6788: 6775: 6762: 6748: 6707: 6694: 6681: 6667: 6657:tense, aspect and mood 6610: 6594: 6575: 6529: 6513: 6494: 6440:/lɛ́ːwtʰɤ̄ːtɕàʔpājnǎj/ 6401:'I am already hungry.' 6354: 6341: 6327: 6279: 6260: 6246: 6198: 6179: 6165: 6130: 6116: 6056: 6043: 6029: 5978: 5959: 5946: 5932: 5849: 5836: 5823: 5809: 5774: 5760: 5744:Adjectives and adverbs 5193: 5150: 4038: 4026: 3885:phonotactical patterns 3131:This article contains 2084:วรรค รฏ | Varga Ra Tor 961:Southern Thai language 923:Northern Thai language 800:Northern Tai languages 706: 635:minority ethnic groups 604:Northern Thai language 478: 18725:Languages of Thailand 17739:Southwestern Mandarin 17114:Mythological creature 16645:Deputy Prime Minister 16561:Intelligence agencies 16147:Swadesh-list appendix 15877:Nacaskul, Karnchana ( 15587:CultureShock! Bangkok 15531:Pronk, Marco (2013). 15331:Smyth, David (2014). 15239:Jenks, Peter (2011). 14596:A history of Thailand 14134:script, in which the 14097: 11117:indicating emphasis. 8876:{nang sue} {nak rian} 5912:is expressed as "A X 5191: 5149: 4308:: these are distinct 4032: 4020: 3077:, which became short 2879:. This suggests that 2810:Further information: 2057:v. Vietnam (archaic) 815:Central Tai languages 704: 649:Further information: 580:mutually intelligible 566:. Thai has a complex 540:languages of Thailand 473: 86:[pʰāːsǎːtʰāj] 40:Central Thai, Siamese 25:Central Tai languages 16772:Traditional medicine 16486:World Heritage Sites 16441:Environmental issues 16195:Volubilis Dictionary 16122:Tones of Tai Dialect 16068:improve this article 15904:Nanthana Ronnakiat ( 15581:Waites, Dan (2014). 15564:Read Thai in 10 Days 15059:. The Hague: Mouton. 14678:Chiang Mai City Life 14210:Thai transliteration 14174:Romanization of Thai 14009:curry, curry powder 13859:auction, low-priced 12807:English translation 10759:) meaning 'they' or 10683:, lit: I myself) or 10104:; 'this/these') and 9970:{nak rian} thuk khon 9186:'He went out to eat' 8399:can be indicated by 7876:pai thiao mueang lao 7615:He is still writing. 7176:suffix in English). 5177:realization, in the 2867:are also pronounced 1945:v. to whiten (hair) 1271:Plain voiced stops ( 1115:improve this article 633:among the country's 173:: 40 million (2001) 18715:Isolating languages 17403:by languages groups 16202:Learners' resources 16145:(from Wiktionary's 16080:footnote references 15907:ดร.นันทนา รณเกียรติ 15371:. 28 September 2021 15075:Bisang, W. (1991), 14953:Language and Speech 14650:on 20 November 2012 13883:(Christian) priest 11872:bad, vile (vulgar) 11532:in addition to the 11530:Thai six-hour clock 11478:Often shortened to 10213:I/me (very formal) 10156:honorific registers 10152:Thai name#Nicknames 9612:teacher five person 9514:, emphasised 'we'; 9499:, 'we', masculine; 8630:khao an {nang sue} 8392:He's already eaten. 7869:ไป เที่ยว เมือง ลาว 6982:continuative marker 6655:In order to convey 6488:subject-verb-object 6241:'I will be hungry.' 6110:complete predicates 5892:take the form "A X 5734:subject–verb–object 5722:linguistic typology 5235:Unchecked syllables 5213:/m/,/n/,/ŋ/,/j/,/w/ 4540:'tendon, ligament' 2106:n. petition notice 288:Recognised minority 18710:Analytic languages 18615:proposed groupings 17787:Thai Sign Language 17711:Immigrant language 16784:Telecommunications 16436:Floods in Thailand 16334:Siamese Revolution 15839:Thai Contour Tones 15683:ISO 11940 Standard 15293:"Thailanguage.org" 14866:Varasarin 1984: 91 14857:Kasetsiri 1999: 25 14100: 13147:/kʰāː.rāː.ʔōː.kèʔ/ 10697:possessive pronoun 9641:) in front of the 9260:ฉัน ฟัง ไม่ เข้าใจ 6661:verb serialization 5928:), 'A is most X'. 5443:Low (short vowel) 5194: 5151: 4039: 4027: 3889:consonant clusters 2974:Vowel developments 2799:n. first born son 2329:วรรค ป | Varga Por 2175:วรรค ต | Varga Tor 2148:n. base, platform 1951:วรรค จ | Varga Jor 1776:วรรค ก | Varga Kor 786:Tai languages 707: 637:from the mid-late 590:, and some fellow 572:relational markers 479: 18692: 18691: 18686:extinct languages 18572: 18571: 18548: 18547: 17926: 17925: 17834:Kra–Dai languages 17800: 17799: 17775: 17774: 17698: 17697: 17393: 17392: 17275:Official language 17223: 17222: 17183: 17182: 17170:Traditional games 16819: 16818: 16655: 16654: 16635:Political parties 16539:Foreign relations 16494: 16493: 16388: 16387: 16319:Ayutthaya Kingdom 16314:Sukhothai Kingdom 16208:thai-language.com 16108: 16107: 16100: 16033:978-311-017-371-0 15971:978-041-551-034-9 15931:Segaller, Denis. 15899:978-974-639-375-1 15887:, 4th printing. ( 15756:978-070-071-457-5 15628:978-981-4841-39-9 15596:978-981-4516-93-8 15544:978-3-9523664-9-3 15342:978-1-317-97457-4 15255:978-1-267-10767-1 15127:978-3-9521010-8-7 14765:978-0-521-80086-0 14605:978-1-316-00733-4 14573:978-1-315-66623-5 14504:(27th ed., 2024) 14326: 14280:Explanatory notes 14077: 14076: 13959: 13958: 13752:Portuguese-origin 13749: 13748: 13565: 13564: 13468: 13467: 13205: 13204: 13107: 13106: 12788: 12787: 12534:/kʰɔ̄ː.ráp.tɕʰân/ 12506:/kʰɔ̄m.pʰíw.tɤ̂ː/ 12333: 12332: 11876: 11875: 11829:/ʔānkùʔ.ráʔ.ʔāːn/ 11765: 11764: 11526: 11525: 11352:; religious), or 11260:): influenced by 11189: 11188: 10669:intensive pronoun 10653: 10652: 10209:/kʰâː.pʰáʔ.tɕâːw/ 9967:{นักเรียน} ทุก คน 9858:phuying song khon 9431:. Thai nouns are 9164:khao pai kin khao 8624:เขา อ่าน หนังสือ 7737:write {unable to} 5726:analytic language 5713: 5712: 5566: 5565: 5500:nut, areca palm, 5472:Low (long vowel) 5416:Checked syllables 5413: 5412: 5147: 5084: 5083: 5035: 5034: 4838:ไ–, ใ–, ไ–ย, -ัย 4784: 4783: 4565:'to be defeated' 4302: 4301: 3876: 3875: 3769:ญ, ณ, น, ร, ล, ฬ 3658: 3657: 3512:ฐ, ฑ, ฒ, ถ, ท, ธ 3490: 3426: 3389: 3175:voice-onset times 2909:northeastern Thai 2803: 2802: 1748: 1747: 1147: 1146: 1139: 1083: 1082: 1074: 1073: 1065: 1064: 1056: 1055: 1047: 1046: 980: 979: 971: 970: 901: 900: 743:Kam-Sui languages 651:Kra–Dai languages 627:dominant language 596:dialect continuum 564:analytic language 529:official language 471: 457: 456: 348:Regulated by 175:Total: 61 million 124:Kengtung District 114:Koh Kong province 18747: 18295: 18294: 18162: 18161: 17881: 17880: 17827: 17820: 17813: 17804: 17803: 17749:Working language 17707: 17706: 17551: 17544: 17537: 17460: 17453: 17408: 17407: 17404: 17297: 17296: 17262: 17261: 17260: 17250: 17243: 17236: 17227: 17226: 17203: 17196: 16945:Waste management 16830: 16829: 16681: 16666: 16665: 16505: 16504: 16399: 16398: 16329:Rattanakosin era 16324:Thonburi Kingdom 16279: 16278: 16255: 16248: 16241: 16232: 16231: 16177:Thai2english.com 16103: 16096: 16092: 16089: 16083: 16051: 16050: 16043: 16001: 15919: 15918: 15909: 15908: 15892: 15891: 15882: 15881: 15810: 15809: 15803: 15802: 15736: 15735: 15721: 15720: 15710: 15709: 15703: 15702: 15686: 15680: 15674: 15673: 15671: 15664: 15654: 15648: 15642: 15636: 15635: 15610: 15604: 15603: 15578: 15572: 15571: 15558: 15552: 15551: 15528: 15522: 15521: 15511: 15505: 15504: 15493: 15487: 15486: 15475: 15469: 15468: 15456: 15450: 15449: 15447: 15445: 15431: 15425: 15424: 15422: 15420: 15415:. 5 October 2021 15409: 15400: 15399: 15387: 15381: 15380: 15378: 15376: 15361: 15355: 15354: 15328: 15319: 15318: 15312: 15304: 15302: 15300: 15289: 15283: 15282: 15280: 15247: 15236: 15230: 15229: 15227: 15219: 15213: 15212: 15164: 15158: 15157: 15147: 15138: 15137: 15136: 15134: 15109: 15092: 15091: 15090: 15088: 15072: 15061: 15060: 15050: 15044: 15033: 15027: 15016: 15010: 14999: 14993: 14992: 14944: 14938: 14937: 14897: 14891: 14885: 14879: 14873: 14867: 14864: 14858: 14855: 14849: 14848: 14832: 14826: 14825: 14815: 14806: 14795: 14794: 14776: 14770: 14769: 14751: 14745: 14744: 14736: 14730: 14729: 14710: 14704: 14703: 14691: 14685: 14684: 14669: 14663: 14662: 14657: 14655: 14635: 14629: 14628: 14616: 14610: 14609: 14591: 14585: 14584: 14551: 14545: 14544: 14518: 14512: 14511: 14510: 14493: 14466: 14463: 14457: 14454: 14448: 14441: 14435: 14433: 14429: 14411: 14405: 14403: 14398: 14393: 14387: 14386:or Suvarnabhumi. 14376: 14370: 14367:Southwestern Tai 14359: 14353: 14349: 14344: 14338: 14331: 14329:Phasa Thai Klang 14321: 14320: 14319: 14311: 14305: 14299: 14298: 14290: 14232:Google Translate 14195: 14149: 14141: 14070: 14065: 14064: 14057: 14051: 14037: 14032: 14031: 14024: 14018: 14006: 14001: 14000: 13993: 13987: 13966: 13965: 13952: 13947: 13946: 13928: 13923: 13922: 13904: 13899: 13898: 13880: 13875: 13874: 13856: 13851: 13850: 13830: 13825: 13824: 13806: 13801: 13800: 13770:Portuguese words 13767: 13766: 13758:Ayutthaya period 13742: 13737: 13736: 13729: 13723: 13709: 13704: 13703: 13696: 13690: 13676: 13671: 13670: 13663: 13657: 13645: 13640: 13639: 13632: 13626: 13612: 13607: 13606: 13599: 13593: 13572: 13571: 13558: 13553: 13552: 13532: 13527: 13526: 13508: 13503: 13502: 13475: 13474: 13461: 13456: 13455: 13448: 13447: 13436: 13431: 13430: 13423: 13422: 13411: 13406: 13405: 13398: 13397: 13386: 13381: 13380: 13372: 13371: 13366: 13365: 13354: 13349: 13348: 13341: 13340: 13329: 13324: 13323: 13316: 13315: 13307:to steal, thief 13304: 13299: 13298: 13291: 13290: 13277: 13272: 13271: 13264: 13263: 13252: 13247: 13246: 13239: 13238: 13218: 13217: 13198: 13193: 13192: 13185: 13173: 13168: 13167: 13160: 13148: 13143: 13142: 13135: 13114: 13113: 13101: 13096: 13095: 13078: 13073: 13072: 13054: 13049: 13048: 13031: 13026: 13025: 13008: 13003: 13002: 12985: 12980: 12979: 12962: 12957: 12956: 12939: 12934: 12933: 12916: 12911: 12910: 12892: 12887: 12886: 12868: 12863: 12851: 12846: 12845: 12828: 12823: 12822: 12795: 12794: 12782: 12777: 12776: 12763: 12758: 12757: 12744: 12739: 12738: 12725: 12720: 12719: 12706: 12701: 12700: 12687: 12682: 12681: 12668: 12663: 12662: 12649: 12644: 12643: 12630: 12625: 12624: 12611: 12606: 12605: 12592: 12587: 12586: 12573: 12568: 12567: 12554: 12549: 12548: 12535: 12530: 12529: 12518: 12515: 12514: 12507: 12502: 12501: 12488: 12483: 12482: 12469: 12464: 12463: 12450: 12445: 12444: 12431: 12426: 12425: 12412: 12408: 12403: 12402: 12388: 12383: 12382: 12369: 12364: 12363: 12340: 12339: 12326: 12321: 12320: 12314: 12309:Middle Chinese: 12306: 12294: 12289: 12288: 12282: 12276: 12271:Middle Chinese: 12268: 12256: 12251: 12250: 12244: 12239:Middle Chinese: 12236: 12224: 12219: 12218: 12212: 12207:Middle Chinese: 12204: 12192: 12187: 12186: 12180: 12175:Middle Chinese: 12172: 12160: 12155: 12154: 12148: 12142: 12137:Middle Chinese: 12134: 12122: 12117: 12116: 12110: 12099: 12089: 12086: 12085: 12078: 12073: 12072: 12066: 12059: 12051: 12039: 12035: 12030: 12029: 12024: 12023: 12017: 12010: 12004: 11993: 11979: 11974: 11967: 11956: 11950: 11938: 11933: 11932: 11926: 11915: 11894: 11893: 11869: 11864: 11863: 11856: 11848: 11847: 11834: 11830: 11825: 11824: 11819: 11818: 11811: 11805: 11804: 11799: 11793: 11792: 11772: 11771: 11758: 11741: 11724: 11707: 11679: 11666: 11653: 11640: 11611: 11610: 11606:English language 11517: 11512: 11511: 11498: 11493: 11492: 11483: 11482: 11472: 11471:/ráp.pràʔ.tʰāːn/ 11467: 11466: 11456:formal, literary 11453: 11452:/bɔ̄ː.ríʔ.pʰôːk/ 11448: 11447: 11433: 11428: 11427: 11414: 11409: 11408: 11395: 11390: 11389: 11367: 11366: 11363: 11357: 11356: 11351: 11345: 11344: 11339: 11333: 11332: 11327: 11321: 11320: 11315: 11309: 11308: 11303: 11297: 11296: 11291: 11285: 11284: 11259: 11253: 11252: 11230: 11224: 11215: 11209: 11182: 11178: 11173: 11166: 11165: 11160: 11159: 11148: 11144: 11139: 11132: 11131: 11126: 11125: 11114: 11110: 11105: 11098: 11097: 11092: 11091: 11080: 11076: 11072: 11067: 11060: 11059: 11054: 11053: 11048: 11047: 11023: 11022: 11016: 11015: 11010: 11009: 11004: 11000: 10994: 10993: 10988: 10984: 10978: 10977: 10955: 10954: 10949: 10948: 10943: 10942: 10937: 10936: 10927: 10926: 10921: 10920: 10915: 10914: 10906: 10900: 10899: 10894: 10888: 10887: 10882: 10876: 10875: 10867: 10861: 10860: 10850: 10849: 10842: 10841: 10836: 10830: 10829: 10821: 10815: 10814: 10807: 10806: 10794: 10788: 10787: 10782: 10776: 10775: 10770: 10764: 10763: 10758: 10752: 10751: 10746: 10740: 10739: 10734: 10728: 10727: 10722: 10716: 10715: 10710: 10704: 10703: 10694: 10688: 10687: 10682: 10676: 10675: 10666: 10660: 10659: 10646: 10641: 10634: 10633: 10622: 10617: 10610: 10609: 10598: 10593: 10586: 10585: 10574: 10569: 10562: 10561: 10550: 10545: 10538: 10537: 10526: 10521: 10514: 10513: 10502: 10497: 10490: 10489: 10478: 10473: 10466: 10465: 10450: 10445: 10438: 10437: 10426: 10421: 10414: 10413: 10402: 10397: 10390: 10389: 10378: 10373: 10366: 10365: 10354: 10349: 10342: 10341: 10330: 10325: 10318: 10317: 10306: 10301: 10294: 10293: 10282: 10277: 10270: 10269: 10258: 10253: 10246: 10245: 10234: 10229: 10222: 10221: 10210: 10205: 10198: 10197: 10173: 10172: 10129: 10128: 10119: 10115: 10109: 10108: 10103: 10099: 10093: 10092: 10087: 10083: 10077: 10076: 10061: 10058: 10055: 10042: 10036: 10020: 10004: 9986:student every CL 9982: 9979: 9976: 9963: 9957: 9941: 9925: 9910: 9904: 9903: 9898: 9897: 9892: 9891: 9886: 9870: 9867: 9864: 9851: 9845: 9829: 9813: 9776: 9773: 9756: 9740: 9725:"mother's child" 9718: 9715: 9712: 9695: 9679: 9663: 9640: 9634: 9633: 9608: 9605: 9602: 9585: 9569: 9553: 9538: 9537: 9524: 9519: 9518: 9513: 9509: 9504: 9503: 9498: 9494: 9488: 9487: 9482: 9478: 9472: 9471: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9454: 9448: 9447: 9400: 9397: 9380: 9364: 9339: 9336: 9319: 9303: 9278: 9275: 9272: 9269: 9252: 9236: 9220: 9204: 9179: 9176: 9173: 9170: 9153: 9137: 9121: 9105: 9079: 9073: 9072: 9064: 9060: 9054: 9053: 9022: 9018: 9014: 8989: 8975: 8968: 8950: 8945: 8927: 8923: 8917: 8916: 8893: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8869:หนังสือ นักเรียน 8857: 8841: 8827: 8820: 8802: 8797: 8771: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8735: 8719: 8705: 8698: 8680: 8675: 8649: 8645: 8642: 8639: 8619: 8611: 8590: 8574: 8561: 8556: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8530: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8476: 8462: 8455: 8437: 8432: 8414: 8410: 8404: 8403: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8337: 8329: 8308: 8294: 8287: 8269: 8264: 8238: 8234: 8231: 8211: 8203: 8182: 8169: 8164: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8105: 8091: 8084: 8066: 8061: 8046: 8040: 8034: 8024: 8020: 8014: 8013: 7995: 7991: 7988: 7968: 7960: 7939: 7926: 7921: 7899: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7860: 7847: 7834: 7821: 7807: 7789: 7771: 7765: 7759: 7755: 7749: 7748: 7729: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7693: 7677: 7663: 7656: 7638: 7633: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7569: 7551: 7537: 7519: 7501: 7500: 7495: 7489: 7485: 7479: 7478: 7470:'He is running.' 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7424: 7406: 7392: 7374: 7355: 7351: 7348: 7327: 7309: 7296: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7248: 7234: 7216: 7201: 7197: 7191: 7190: 7181: 7171: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7150: 7147: 7142: 7141: 7124: 7121: 7116: 7115: 7109: 7106: 7101: 7100: 7087: 7084: 7079: 7078: 7065: 7062: 7057: 7056: 7050: 7047: 7042: 7041: 7035: 7032: 7027: 7026: 7020: 7017: 7012: 7011: 7005: 7002: 6997: 6996: 6978:temporary aspect 6975: 6974: 6969: 6962: 6960:chan kin thi nan 6949: 6946: 6943: 6940: 6937: 6934: 6920: 6907: 6894: 6881: 6868: 6855: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6810: 6797: 6784: 6771: 6758: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6724:chan kin thi nan 6721:ฉัน กิน ที่ นั่น 6716: 6703: 6690: 6677: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6625: 6619: 6603: 6590: 6585: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6544: 6538: 6522: 6509: 6504: 6451: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6431: 6430: 6425: 6421: 6420: 6415: 6414: 6396: 6392: 6389: 6368: 6350: 6337: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6288: 6274: 6256: 6237: 6233: 6229: 6207: 6193: 6175: 6156: 6153: 6139: 6126: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6070: 6052: 6039: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6009: 5987: 5973: 5955: 5942: 5927: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5872: 5866:khon thi uan reo 5863:คน ที่ อ้วน เร็ว 5858: 5845: 5832: 5819: 5800: 5797: 5783: 5770: 5704: 5699: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5675: 5670: 5669: 5663: 5662: 5646: 5641: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5617: 5612: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5575: 5574: 5568:In some English 5557: 5552: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5528: 5523: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5491: 5486: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5462: 5457: 5456: 5450: 5449: 5420: 5419: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5373: 5368: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5344: 5339: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5310: 5305: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5281: 5276: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5239: 5238: 5221: 5214: 5173:tones and their 5148: 5135: 5126: 5117: 5108: 5099: 5080: 5070: 5060: 5044: 5043: 5025: 5009: 4993: 4983: 4975: 4959: 4949: 4941: 4931: 4923: 4913: 4905: 4895: 4879: 4871: 4861: 4853: 4843: 4835: 4805: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4777: 4772: 4765: 4754: 4749: 4742: 4729: 4724: 4717: 4706: 4701: 4694: 4681: 4676: 4669: 4658: 4653: 4646: 4633: 4628: 4621: 4610: 4605: 4598: 4585: 4580: 4573: 4562: 4557: 4550: 4537: 4532: 4525: 4514: 4509: 4502: 4489: 4484: 4477: 4466: 4461: 4454: 4437: 4432: 4425: 4414: 4409: 4402: 4389: 4384: 4377: 4366: 4361: 4354: 4318: 4317: 4306:long-short pairs 4296: 4285: 4274: 4263: 4252: 4241: 4223: 4212: 4201: 4190: 4179: 4168: 4150: 4139: 4130: -ื- 4128: 4117: 4106: 4095: 4041: 4040: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3964:, from Sanskrit 3963: 3959: 3953: 3945: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3925: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3866: 3853: 3837: 3826: 3811: 3800: 3780: 3767: 3756: 3713: 3712: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3646: 3618: 3607: 3596: 3578: 3563: 3552: 3532: 3521: 3510: 3499: 3486: 3479: 3468: 3457: 3446: 3435: 3422: 3409: 3398: 3385: 3366: 3353: 3342: 3288: 3287: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3153: 3149: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3005: 3000:closed syllables 2986: 2982: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2838: 2831: 2819: 2736:n. court of law 2239:v. to move back 2036:adv. repeatedly 1755: 1754: 1701: 1700: 1679: 1678: 1670: 1669: 1651: 1650: 1642: 1641: 1633: 1632: 1624: 1623: 1615: 1614: 1606: 1605: 1597: 1596: 1581: 1580: 1572: 1571: 1563: 1562: 1554: 1553: 1545: 1544: 1536: 1535: 1527: 1526: 1518: 1517: 1509: 1508: 1500: 1499: 1491: 1490: 1482: 1481: 1473: 1472: 1464: 1463: 1455: 1454: 1431: 1430: 1422: 1421: 1413: 1412: 1404: 1403: 1395: 1394: 1386: 1385: 1377: 1376: 1368: 1367: 1314: 1313: 1293: 1278: 1274: 1259: 1251: 1243: 1235: 1204: 1142: 1135: 1131: 1128: 1122: 1099: 1091: 1017:Phuthai language 995: 994: 939: 938: 916: 915: 863:Tai Lue language 841: 840: 833: 832: 793: 792: 721: 720: 710: 709: 610:is based on the 500:language of the 495: 472: 450: 441: 427: 411: 404: 395: 394: 386: 377: 376: 368: 338: 336: 335: 326: 324: 323: 314: 312: 311: 302: 300: 299: 290:language in 279: 277: 276: 234: 185: 104:Central Thailand 88: 71: 70: 64: 55: 49: 48: 32: 31: 18755: 18754: 18750: 18749: 18748: 18746: 18745: 18744: 18695: 18694: 18693: 18688: 18675: 18633:Proto-languages 18627: 18609: 18568: 18544: 18503: 18487: 18410: 18368: 18290: 18282: 18224: 18194:Longsang Zhuang 18174:Standard Zhuang 18153: 18145: 18118: 18100: 18027: 18009: 17991: 17922: 17879: 17836: 17831: 17801: 17796: 17771: 17743: 17694: 17594: 17571: 17547: 17540: 17533: 17510: 17456: 17449: 17402: 17401: 17389: 17363: 17347: 17316: 17286: 17270: 17258: 17256: 17254: 17224: 17219: 17206: 17199: 17192: 17179: 17084:Public holidays 17079:Performing arts 16959: 16862:Sex trafficking 16815: 16679: 16651: 16490: 16456:Protected areas 16384: 16353: 16268: 16259: 16134:Thai phrasebook 16104: 16093: 16087: 16084: 16065: 16056:This section's 16052: 16048: 16041: 16009: 16007:Further reading 16004: 15695: 15690: 15689: 15681: 15677: 15669: 15662: 15656: 15655: 15651: 15643: 15639: 15629: 15611: 15607: 15597: 15579: 15575: 15559: 15555: 15545: 15529: 15525: 15518: 15513: 15512: 15508: 15494: 15490: 15482:. p. 165. 15476: 15472: 15463:. p. 611. 15457: 15453: 15443: 15441: 15433: 15432: 15428: 15418: 15416: 15411: 15410: 15403: 15388: 15384: 15374: 15372: 15363: 15362: 15358: 15343: 15329: 15322: 15306: 15305: 15298: 15296: 15291: 15290: 15286: 15278: 15256: 15245: 15237: 15233: 15225: 15221: 15220: 15216: 15165: 15161: 15148: 15141: 15132: 15130: 15128: 15110: 15095: 15086: 15084: 15073: 15064: 15051: 15047: 15034: 15030: 15017: 15013: 15000: 14996: 14945: 14941: 14898: 14894: 14886: 14882: 14874: 14870: 14865: 14861: 14856: 14852: 14846: 14834: 14833: 14829: 14813: 14807: 14798: 14791: 14777: 14773: 14766: 14752: 14748: 14737: 14733: 14711: 14707: 14692: 14688: 14670: 14666: 14653: 14651: 14636: 14632: 14617: 14613: 14606: 14592: 14588: 14574: 14552: 14548: 14533: 14519: 14515: 14505: 14494: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14469: 14464: 14460: 14455: 14451: 14442: 14438: 14412: 14408: 14394: 14390: 14377: 14373: 14360: 14356: 14345: 14341: 14312: 14308: 14291: 14287: 14282: 14269:Thai typography 14254:Thai literature 14249:Thai honorifics 14240: 14228:transliteration 14212: 14206: 14204:Transliteration 14196:defined by the 14191: 14176: 14170: 14092: 14084:Main articles: 14082: 13964: 13754: 13570: 13511:sailor, seaman 13473: 13373: 13210: 13112: 13110:Japanese-origin 12793: 12338: 12060: 12011: 11889:Teochew Chinese 11881: 11770: 11688: 11552: 11544:Main articles: 11542: 11194: 10963: 10162:in relation to 10160:T–V distinction 10136: 10070: 10065:teacher some CL 10044: 10025: 10009: 9991: 9989:"every student" 9965: 9946: 9930: 9879: 9853: 9834: 9818: 9793:Nominal phrases 9790: 9788:Nominal phrases 9785: 9783:"uncle's field" 9762: 9745: 9727: 9701: 9684: 9668: 9617: 9615:"five teachers" 9591: 9574: 9558: 9427:; there are no 9414: 9409: 9386: 9369: 9352: 9348: 9325: 9308: 9291: 9287: 9258: 9241: 9225: 9209: 9192: 9188: 9161:เขา ไป กิน ข้าว 9159: 9142: 9126: 9110: 9093: 9035: 8995: 8978: 8952: 8933: 8906: 8863: 8846: 8830: 8804: 8784: 8741: 8724: 8708: 8682: 8662: 8622: 8595: 8579: 8563: 8522: 8482: 8465: 8439: 8420: 8394: 8340: 8313: 8297: 8271: 8251: 8214: 8187: 8171: 8151: 8111: 8094: 8068: 8008: 7971: 7944: 7928: 7909: 7905: 7863: 7849: 7836: 7823: 7810: 7791: 7777: 7742: 7712:khian {mai pen} 7699: 7682: 7666: 7640: 7621: 7617: 7573: 7553: 7540: 7521: 7507: 7472: 7428: 7408: 7395: 7376: 7361: 7331: 7311: 7298: 7283: 7251: 7237: 7218: 6955: 6923: 6909: 6896: 6883: 6870: 6857: 6842: 6813: 6799: 6786: 6773: 6760: 6745: 6719: 6705: 6692: 6679: 6653: 6627: 6608: 6592: 6572: 6546: 6527: 6511: 6480:auxiliary verbs 6461: 6403: 6372: 6352: 6339: 6324: 6291: 6277: 6258: 6243: 6210: 6196: 6177: 6162: 6142: 6128: 6106: 6074: 6054: 6041: 6026: 5990: 5976: 5957: 5944: 5887: 5861: 5847: 5834: 5821: 5806: 5786: 5772: 5746: 5718: 5418: 5237: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5143: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5128: 5127: 5119: 5118: 5110: 5109: 5101: 5100: 5089: 4790:in Thai, which 4732:'thick (soup)' 4297: 4286: 4275: 4264: 4253: 4242: 4224: 4213: 4202: 4191: 4180: 4169: 4152: -ู 4151: 4141: -ุ 4140: 4129: 4119: -ึ 4118: 4108: -ี 4107: 4097: -ิ 4096: 4004: 3982:, from English 3881: 3867: 3854: 3827: 3814: 3812: 3801: 3781: 3768: 3757: 3695:. Hence, final 3663: 3647: 3619: 3608: 3597: 3579: 3564: 3553: 3533: 3522: 3511: 3500: 3480: 3469: 3458: 3447: 3436: 3410: 3399: 3379: 3367: 3354: 3343: 3313: 3302: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3160: 3159: 3127: 2976: 2895:, or whether a 2814: 2808: 2778:adj. beautiful 2169:n. novice monk 1753: 1444: 1340: 1329: 1312: 1238:denti-alveolars 1199: 1168:Yingya Shenglan 1160: 1143: 1132: 1126: 1123: 1112: 1100: 1089: 1084: 1075: 1066: 1057: 1048: 1002:Tai Yo language 981: 972: 902: 848:Khamti language 661: 647: 631:second language 576:sociolinguistic 505:language family 459: 453: 437: 423: 407: 400: 390: 389: 382: 372: 371: 364: 342: 333: 331: 330: 321: 319: 318: 309: 307: 306: 297: 295: 291: 289: 274: 272: 269: 262:Official status 257: 254:(religious use) 235: 230: 224: 186: 183:Language family 181: 174: 169: 162: 161:Native speakers 129: 76: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 18753: 18743: 18742: 18737: 18732: 18727: 18722: 18717: 18712: 18707: 18690: 18689: 18680: 18677: 18676: 18674: 18673: 18666: 18659: 18652: 18645: 18637: 18635: 18629: 18628: 18626: 18625: 18619: 18617: 18611: 18610: 18608: 18607: 18602: 18597: 18592: 18586: 18584: 18574: 18573: 18570: 18569: 18567: 18566: 18560: 18558: 18550: 18549: 18546: 18545: 18543: 18542: 18537: 18532: 18527: 18522: 18517: 18511: 18509: 18505: 18504: 18502: 18501: 18495: 18493: 18489: 18488: 18486: 18485: 18480: 18475: 18470: 18465: 18460: 18455: 18450: 18445: 18440: 18435: 18430: 18425: 18418: 18416: 18412: 18411: 18409: 18408: 18403: 18398: 18392: 18387: 18382: 18376: 18374: 18370: 18369: 18367: 18366: 18359: 18352: 18347: 18342: 18337: 18332: 18327: 18322: 18317: 18312: 18307: 18301: 18299: 18292: 18284: 18283: 18281: 18280: 18275: 18270: 18265: 18260: 18255: 18250: 18245: 18240: 18234: 18232: 18226: 18225: 18223: 18222: 18217: 18212: 18206: 18201: 18196: 18191: 18186: 18181: 18176: 18170: 18168: 18159: 18147: 18146: 18144: 18143: 18138: 18132: 18130: 18120: 18119: 18117: 18116: 18110: 18108: 18102: 18101: 18099: 18098: 18093: 18088: 18083: 18078: 18073: 18068: 18063: 18058: 18053: 18048: 18043: 18037: 18035: 18029: 18028: 18026: 18025: 18019: 18017: 18011: 18010: 18008: 18007: 18001: 17999: 17993: 17992: 17990: 17989: 17984: 17979: 17974: 17969: 17964: 17959: 17953: 17948: 17942: 17936: 17934: 17928: 17927: 17924: 17923: 17921: 17920: 17915: 17910: 17905: 17900: 17895: 17889: 17887: 17878: 17877: 17872: 17867: 17862: 17857: 17852: 17846: 17844: 17838: 17837: 17830: 17829: 17822: 17815: 17807: 17798: 17797: 17795: 17794: 17789: 17783: 17781: 17780:Sign languages 17777: 17776: 17773: 17772: 17770: 17769: 17764: 17759: 17753: 17751: 17745: 17744: 17742: 17741: 17736: 17731: 17726: 17721: 17715: 17713: 17704: 17703:Non-Indigenous 17700: 17699: 17696: 17695: 17693: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17677: 17672: 17667: 17662: 17657: 17656: 17655: 17650: 17645: 17640: 17635: 17630: 17620: 17615: 17610: 17604: 17602: 17596: 17595: 17593: 17592: 17587: 17581: 17579: 17573: 17572: 17570: 17569: 17564: 17559: 17554: 17553: 17552: 17545: 17538: 17526: 17520: 17518: 17512: 17511: 17509: 17508: 17503: 17498: 17493: 17488: 17483: 17478: 17473: 17468: 17463: 17462: 17461: 17454: 17442: 17437: 17432: 17427: 17422: 17416: 17414: 17405: 17395: 17394: 17391: 17390: 17388: 17387: 17382: 17377: 17371: 17369: 17365: 17364: 17362: 17361: 17355: 17353: 17349: 17348: 17346: 17345: 17340: 17335: 17330: 17324: 17322: 17318: 17317: 17315: 17314: 17309: 17303: 17301: 17294: 17288: 17287: 17285: 17284: 17278: 17276: 17272: 17271: 17253: 17252: 17245: 17238: 17230: 17221: 17220: 17218: 17217: 17212: 17205: 17204: 17197: 17189: 17188: 17185: 17184: 17181: 17180: 17178: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17166: 17165: 17163:Solar calendar 17160: 17158:Lunar calendar 17150: 17149: 17148: 17143: 17138: 17133: 17128: 17123: 17118: 17117: 17116: 17111: 17106: 17091: 17086: 17081: 17076: 17075: 17074: 17064: 17059: 17054: 17049: 17044: 17043: 17042: 17032: 17027: 17022: 17017: 17012: 17002: 16997: 16992: 16991: 16990: 16980: 16975: 16969: 16967: 16961: 16960: 16958: 16957: 16952: 16947: 16942: 16937: 16932: 16927: 16922: 16921: 16920: 16915: 16905: 16900: 16895: 16890: 16889: 16888: 16878: 16877: 16876: 16866: 16865: 16864: 16859: 16854: 16849: 16839: 16833: 16827: 16821: 16820: 16817: 16816: 16814: 16813: 16812: 16811: 16806: 16801: 16791: 16786: 16781: 16779:Stock Exchange 16776: 16775: 16774: 16769: 16764: 16754: 16753: 16752: 16747: 16742: 16737: 16732: 16722: 16717: 16716: 16715: 16710: 16700: 16695: 16694: 16693: 16683: 16675: 16669: 16663: 16657: 16656: 16653: 16652: 16650: 16649: 16648: 16647: 16640:Prime Minister 16637: 16632: 16627: 16626: 16625: 16620: 16610: 16605: 16604: 16603: 16598: 16593: 16583: 16578: 16573: 16568: 16563: 16558: 16557: 16556: 16546: 16541: 16536: 16535: 16534: 16524: 16519: 16514: 16508: 16502: 16496: 16495: 16492: 16491: 16489: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16473: 16468: 16463: 16458: 16453: 16448: 16443: 16438: 16433: 16428: 16423: 16418: 16416:Municipalities 16413: 16408: 16402: 16396: 16390: 16389: 16386: 16385: 16383: 16382: 16377: 16372: 16367: 16361: 16359: 16355: 16354: 16352: 16351: 16346: 16341: 16336: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16309:Initial states 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16285: 16283: 16276: 16270: 16269: 16258: 16257: 16250: 16243: 16235: 16229: 16228: 16222: 16216: 16211: 16204: 16203: 16199: 16198: 16192: 16186: 16183:Daoulagad Thai 16180: 16174: 16169: 16163: 16156: 16155: 16151: 16150: 16140: 16130: 16129: 16125: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16106: 16105: 16060:external links 16055: 16053: 16046: 16040: 16039:External links 16037: 16036: 16035: 16024: 16017: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16002: 15974: 15956: 15944: 15929: 15902: 15885:Thai Phonology 15875: 15860: 15853: 15846: 15835: 15828: 15797: 15790: 15783: 15776: 15766: 15759: 15745: 15730: 15696: 15694: 15691: 15688: 15687: 15675: 15649: 15637: 15627: 15605: 15595: 15573: 15553: 15543: 15523: 15506: 15500:. p. 13. 15488: 15470: 15451: 15426: 15401: 15382: 15356: 15341: 15320: 15284: 15254: 15231: 15214: 15179:(2): 335–380. 15159: 15139: 15126: 15093: 15062: 15045: 15028: 15011: 14994: 14959:(3): 343–383. 14939: 14912:(1): 113–178. 14892: 14880: 14868: 14859: 14850: 14844: 14827: 14796: 14789: 14771: 14764: 14746: 14731: 14705: 14686: 14664: 14630: 14611: 14604: 14586: 14572: 14546: 14531: 14513: 14482: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14468: 14467: 14458: 14449: 14436: 14406: 14388: 14371: 14354: 14339: 14306: 14284: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14277: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14246: 14239: 14236: 14208:Main article: 14205: 14202: 14172:Main article: 14169: 14166: 14165: 14164: 14158: 14151: 14136:implicit vowel 14124:Khmer language 14081: 14080:Writing system 14078: 14075: 14074: 14071: 14066: 14059: 14044: 14043: 14038: 14033: 14026: 14011: 14010: 14007: 14002: 13995: 13980: 13979: 13976: 13973: 13972:Thai rendition 13970: 13963: 13960: 13957: 13956: 13953: 13948: 13941: 13933: 13932: 13929: 13924: 13917: 13909: 13908: 13905: 13900: 13893: 13885: 13884: 13881: 13876: 13869: 13861: 13860: 13857: 13852: 13845: 13837: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13819: 13811: 13810: 13807: 13802: 13795: 13781: 13780: 13777: 13774: 13773:Thai rendition 13771: 13753: 13750: 13747: 13746: 13743: 13738: 13731: 13716: 13715: 13710: 13708:/sàk.kàʔ.làːt/ 13705: 13698: 13683: 13682: 13677: 13672: 13665: 13650: 13649: 13646: 13641: 13634: 13619: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13601: 13586: 13585: 13582: 13579: 13578:Thai rendition 13576: 13569: 13568:Persian-origin 13566: 13563: 13562: 13559: 13554: 13547: 13539: 13538: 13533: 13528: 13521: 13513: 13512: 13509: 13504: 13497: 13489: 13488: 13485: 13482: 13481:Thai rendition 13479: 13472: 13469: 13466: 13465: 13462: 13457: 13450: 13441: 13440: 13437: 13432: 13425: 13416: 13415: 13412: 13407: 13400: 13391: 13390: 13387: 13382: 13375: 13359: 13358: 13355: 13350: 13343: 13334: 13333: 13330: 13325: 13318: 13309: 13308: 13305: 13300: 13293: 13284: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13266: 13257: 13256: 13253: 13248: 13241: 13232: 13231: 13228: 13225: 13224:Thai rendition 13222: 13209: 13206: 13203: 13202: 13199: 13194: 13187: 13178: 13177: 13174: 13169: 13162: 13153: 13152: 13149: 13144: 13137: 13128: 13127: 13124: 13121: 13120:Thai rendition 13118: 13117:Japanese words 13111: 13108: 13105: 13104: 13102: 13097: 13090: 13082: 13081: 13079: 13074: 13067: 13059: 13058: 13055: 13050: 13043: 13035: 13034: 13032: 13027: 13020: 13012: 13011: 13009: 13004: 12997: 12989: 12988: 12986: 12981: 12974: 12966: 12965: 12963: 12958: 12951: 12943: 12942: 12940: 12935: 12928: 12920: 12919: 12917: 12912: 12905: 12897: 12896: 12893: 12891:/kāː.fēː.ʔīːn/ 12888: 12881: 12873: 12872: 12869: 12864: 12856: 12855: 12852: 12847: 12840: 12832: 12831: 12829: 12824: 12817: 12809: 12808: 12805: 12802: 12801:Thai rendition 12799: 12792: 12789: 12786: 12785: 12783: 12778: 12771: 12767: 12766: 12764: 12759: 12752: 12748: 12747: 12745: 12740: 12733: 12729: 12728: 12726: 12721: 12714: 12710: 12709: 12707: 12702: 12695: 12691: 12690: 12688: 12683: 12676: 12672: 12671: 12669: 12664: 12657: 12653: 12652: 12650: 12645: 12638: 12634: 12633: 12631: 12626: 12619: 12615: 12614: 12612: 12607: 12600: 12596: 12595: 12593: 12588: 12581: 12577: 12576: 12574: 12569: 12562: 12558: 12557: 12555: 12550: 12543: 12539: 12538: 12536: 12531: 12524: 12520: 12519: 12508: 12503: 12496: 12492: 12491: 12489: 12484: 12477: 12473: 12472: 12470: 12465: 12458: 12454: 12453: 12451: 12446: 12439: 12435: 12434: 12432: 12427: 12420: 12416: 12415: 12413: 12404: 12397: 12393: 12392: 12389: 12384: 12377: 12373: 12372: 12370: 12365: 12358: 12354: 12353: 12350: 12347: 12346:Thai rendition 12344: 12337: 12336:English-origin 12334: 12331: 12330: 12327: 12322: 12315: 12307: 12299: 12298: 12295: 12290: 12283: 12269: 12261: 12260: 12257: 12252: 12245: 12237: 12229: 12228: 12225: 12220: 12213: 12205: 12197: 12196: 12193: 12188: 12181: 12173: 12165: 12164: 12161: 12156: 12149: 12135: 12127: 12126: 12123: 12118: 12111: 12103:Middle Chinese 12100: 12092: 12091: 12079: 12074: 12067: 12052: 12044: 12043: 12040: 12031: 12018: 11994: 11986: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11968: 11957: 11943: 11942: 11939: 11934: 11927: 11916: 11908: 11907: 11904: 11901: 11900:Thai rendition 11898: 11897:Chinese words 11885:Middle Chinese 11880: 11879:Chinese-origin 11877: 11874: 11873: 11870: 11865: 11858: 11841: 11840: 11835: 11826: 11813: 11786: 11785: 11782: 11779: 11778:Thai rendition 11776: 11769: 11766: 11763: 11762: 11759: 11754: 11746: 11745: 11742: 11737: 11729: 11728: 11725: 11720: 11712: 11711: 11708: 11706:/ʔàk.kʰáʔ.nīː/ 11703: 11696: 11687:Indic sources: 11684: 11683: 11680: 11675: 11671: 11670: 11667: 11662: 11658: 11657: 11654: 11649: 11645: 11644: 11641: 11636: 11633: 11627: 11626: 11623: 11618: 11615: 11568:Middle Chinese 11556:compound words 11541: 11538: 11524: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11513: 11505: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11494: 11486: 11485: 11476: 11475:formal, polite 11473: 11468: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11449: 11441: 11440: 11437: 11434: 11429: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11410: 11402: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11391: 11383: 11382: 11379: 11376: 11371: 11274: 11273: 11246: 11235: 11232: 11217: 11193: 11190: 11187: 11186: 11183: 11174: 11167: 11153: 11152: 11149: 11140: 11133: 11119: 11118: 11115: 11106: 11099: 11085: 11084: 11081: 11068: 11061: 11041: 11040: 11037: 11032: 11027: 10962: 10959: 10958: 10957: 10929: 10908: 10869: 10854: 10853: 10852: 10823: 10809: 10720:mae khong phom 10651: 10650: 10647: 10642: 10635: 10627: 10626: 10623: 10618: 10611: 10603: 10602: 10599: 10594: 10587: 10579: 10578: 10575: 10570: 10563: 10555: 10554: 10551: 10546: 10539: 10531: 10530: 10527: 10522: 10515: 10507: 10506: 10503: 10498: 10491: 10483: 10482: 10479: 10474: 10467: 10459: 10458: 10451: 10446: 10439: 10431: 10430: 10427: 10422: 10415: 10407: 10406: 10403: 10398: 10391: 10383: 10382: 10379: 10374: 10367: 10359: 10358: 10355: 10350: 10343: 10335: 10334: 10331: 10326: 10319: 10311: 10310: 10307: 10302: 10295: 10287: 10286: 10283: 10278: 10271: 10263: 10262: 10259: 10254: 10247: 10239: 10238: 10235: 10230: 10223: 10215: 10214: 10211: 10206: 10199: 10191: 10190: 10187: 10182: 10177: 10135: 10132: 10068:"some teacher" 10049:khru bang khon 10026: 10010: 9993: 9992: 9947: 9931: 9914: 9913: 9855:ผู้หญิง สอง คน 9835: 9819: 9802: 9801: 9789: 9786: 9746: 9729: 9728: 9685: 9669: 9652: 9651: 9575: 9559: 9542: 9541: 9413: 9410: 9370: 9353: 9350: 9349: 9309: 9292: 9289: 9288: 9242: 9226: 9210: 9193: 9190: 9189: 9183:he go eat rice 9143: 9127: 9111: 9094: 9091: 9090: 9084:Thai exhibits 9082: 9081: 9044: 9043: 9042: 9041: 8979: 8953: 8934: 8931: 8930: 8847: 8831: 8805: 8786: 8785: 8725: 8709: 8683: 8664: 8663: 8654:3SG read book 8596: 8580: 8564: 8545: 8544: 8466: 8440: 8421: 8418: 8417: 8314: 8298: 8272: 8253: 8252: 8188: 8172: 8153: 8152: 8095: 8069: 8050: 8049: 7945: 7929: 7910: 7907: 7906: 7850: 7837: 7824: 7811: 7792: 7778: 7775: 7774: 7683: 7667: 7641: 7622: 7619: 7618: 7554: 7541: 7522: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7409: 7396: 7377: 7363: 7362: 7312: 7299: 7285: 7284: 7238: 7219: 7205: 7204: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7151: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7110: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7051: 7036: 7021: 7006: 6910: 6897: 6884: 6871: 6858: 6844: 6843: 6800: 6787: 6774: 6761: 6747: 6746: 6743:'I eat there.' 6706: 6693: 6680: 6666: 6665: 6651:'S/He hit me.' 6609: 6593: 6574: 6573: 6528: 6512: 6493: 6492: 6460: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6435:แล้วเธอจะไปไหน 6353: 6340: 6326: 6325: 6278: 6259: 6245: 6244: 6197: 6178: 6164: 6163: 6160:'I am hungry.' 6129: 6115: 6114: 6055: 6042: 6028: 6027: 5977: 5958: 5945: 5931: 5930: 5848: 5835: 5822: 5808: 5807: 5804:'a fat person' 5773: 5759: 5758: 5745: 5742: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5700: 5693: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5653: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5613: 5606: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5564: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5553: 5546: 5539: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5524: 5517: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5494: 5492: 5487: 5480: 5473: 5469: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5424: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5381: 5380: 5377: 5374: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5322: 5321: 5314: 5311: 5306: 5299: 5292: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5277: 5270: 5263: 5259: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5231: 5216: 5205: 5202: 5181:. Moren & 5140: 5139: 5130: 5129: 5121: 5120: 5112: 5111: 5103: 5102: 5094: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5066: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5048: 5033: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5021: 5017: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4976: 4971: 4967: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4924: 4919: 4915: 4914: 4909: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4896: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4854: 4849: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4817: 4813: 4812: 4809: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4750: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4733: 4730: 4725: 4718: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4702: 4695: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4682: 4677: 4670: 4665: 4662: 4659: 4654: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4637: 4634: 4629: 4622: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4606: 4599: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4586: 4581: 4574: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4558: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4533: 4526: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4510: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4490: 4485: 4478: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4462: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4438: 4433: 4426: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4410: 4403: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4390: 4385: 4378: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4362: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4325: 4322: 4300: 4299: 4288: 4277: 4266: 4255: 4244: 4233: 4227: 4226: 4215: 4204: 4193: 4182: 4171: 4160: 4154: 4153: 4142: 4131: 4120: 4109: 4098: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4003: 4000: 3948: 3947: 3941: 3931: 3921: 3907: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3858: 3856: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3829: 3818: 3816: 3803: 3802:บ, ป, พ, ฟ, ภ 3792: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3772: 3770: 3759: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3638: 3636: 3626: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3610: 3599: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3555: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3534:ข, ฃ, ค, ฅ, ฆ 3524: 3513: 3502: 3491: 3483: 3482: 3471: 3460: 3449: 3438: 3427: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3401: 3390: 3383: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3358: 3356: 3345: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3306: 3296: 3291: 3196: 3195: 3190: 3184: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3154:⟩, see 3130: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3107: 3106: 3067: 3064: 3034: 3033: 3026: 3007: 2996: 2993:open syllables 2975: 2972: 2807: 2806:Early Old Thai 2804: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2786: 2780: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2770: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2673:adj. handsome 2671: 2668: 2665: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2639: 2633: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2618: 2612: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2589:v. to step on 2587: 2584: 2581: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525:อวรรค | Avarga 2521: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2506: 2500: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2422: 2416: 2415: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2380: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2321: 2318: 2315: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2226: 2220: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2119: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2098: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2031: 2028: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1932: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1898: 1895: 1890: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1869: 1863: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1848: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1827: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1806: 1800: 1799: 1798:v. to be born 1796: 1793: 1790: 1785: 1779: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1752: 1749: 1746: 1745: 1738: 1731: 1724: 1717: 1710: 1703: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1672: 1663: 1660: 1654: 1653: 1644: 1635: 1626: 1617: 1608: 1599: 1590: 1584: 1583: 1574: 1565: 1556: 1547: 1538: 1529: 1520: 1511: 1502: 1493: 1484: 1475: 1466: 1457: 1448: 1437: 1436: 1433: 1424: 1415: 1406: 1397: 1388: 1379: 1370: 1361: 1355: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1333: 1323: 1318: 1311: 1308: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1280: 1198: 1195: 1159: 1156: 1145: 1144: 1103: 1101: 1094: 1088: 1085: 1081: 1080: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1006: 1005: 998: 993: 991: 987: 986: 983: 982: 978: 977: 974: 973: 969: 968: 965: 964: 957: 954: 953: 950: 949: 942: 937: 935: 931: 930: 927: 926: 919: 914: 912: 908: 907: 904: 903: 899: 898: 895: 894: 889: 886: 885: 882: 881: 874: 871: 870: 867: 866: 859: 856: 855: 852: 851: 844: 839: 837: 831: 829: 823: 822: 819: 818: 811: 808: 807: 804: 803: 796: 791: 789: 781: 780: 777: 776: 769: 766: 765: 762: 761: 754: 751: 750: 747: 746: 739: 736: 735: 732: 731: 728:Hlai languages 724: 719: 717: 708: 646: 645:Classification 643: 592:Thai topolects 570:and system of 507:spoken by the 488:(historically 455: 454: 451: 443: 442: 435: 429: 428: 421: 413: 412: 405: 397: 396: 387: 379: 378: 369: 361: 360: 359:Language codes 356: 355: 350: 344: 343: 294: 292: 287: 284: 283: 270: 267: 264: 263: 259: 258: 256: 255: 249: 244: 238: 236: 232:Writing system 229: 226: 225: 223: 222: 221: 220: 219: 218: 217: 216: 215: 214: 189: 187: 180: 177: 176: 163: 160: 157: 156: 135: 131: 130: 128: 127: 117: 107: 96: 94: 90: 89: 82: 78: 77: 65: 57: 56: 42: 41: 37: 36: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18752: 18741: 18738: 18736: 18733: 18731: 18728: 18726: 18723: 18721: 18718: 18716: 18713: 18711: 18708: 18706: 18705:Thai language 18703: 18702: 18700: 18687: 18683: 18678: 18672: 18671: 18667: 18665: 18664: 18663:Proto-Kam–Sui 18660: 18658: 18657: 18653: 18651: 18650: 18646: 18644: 18643: 18642:Proto-Kra–Dai 18639: 18638: 18636: 18634: 18630: 18624: 18621: 18620: 18618: 18616: 18612: 18606: 18603: 18601: 18598: 18596: 18593: 18591: 18588: 18587: 18585: 18582: 18581: 18580:mixed origins 18575: 18565: 18562: 18561: 18559: 18556: 18551: 18541: 18538: 18536: 18533: 18531: 18528: 18526: 18525:Tai Muong Vat 18523: 18521: 18518: 18516: 18513: 18512: 18510: 18506: 18500: 18499:Southern Thai 18497: 18496: 18494: 18490: 18484: 18481: 18479: 18476: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18466: 18464: 18461: 18459: 18456: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18448:Tai Hang Tong 18446: 18444: 18441: 18439: 18436: 18434: 18431: 18429: 18428:Northern Thai 18426: 18423: 18420: 18419: 18417: 18413: 18407: 18404: 18402: 18399: 18396: 18393: 18391: 18388: 18386: 18383: 18381: 18378: 18377: 18375: 18371: 18365: 18364: 18360: 18358: 18357: 18353: 18351: 18348: 18346: 18343: 18341: 18338: 18336: 18333: 18331: 18328: 18326: 18323: 18321: 18318: 18316: 18313: 18311: 18308: 18306: 18303: 18302: 18300: 18296: 18293: 18289: 18285: 18279: 18276: 18274: 18271: 18269: 18266: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18256: 18254: 18251: 18249: 18246: 18244: 18241: 18239: 18236: 18235: 18233: 18231: 18227: 18221: 18218: 18216: 18213: 18210: 18207: 18205: 18202: 18200: 18197: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18187: 18185: 18182: 18180: 18177: 18175: 18172: 18171: 18169: 18167: 18163: 18160: 18157: 18152: 18148: 18142: 18139: 18137: 18134: 18133: 18131: 18129: 18125: 18121: 18115: 18112: 18111: 18109: 18107: 18103: 18097: 18094: 18092: 18089: 18087: 18084: 18082: 18079: 18077: 18074: 18072: 18069: 18067: 18064: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18047: 18044: 18042: 18039: 18038: 18036: 18034: 18030: 18024: 18021: 18020: 18018: 18016: 18012: 18006: 18003: 18002: 18000: 17998: 17994: 17988: 17985: 17983: 17980: 17978: 17975: 17973: 17970: 17968: 17965: 17963: 17960: 17957: 17954: 17952: 17949: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938: 17937: 17935: 17933: 17929: 17919: 17916: 17914: 17911: 17909: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17899: 17896: 17894: 17891: 17890: 17888: 17886: 17882: 17876: 17873: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17847: 17845: 17843: 17839: 17835: 17828: 17823: 17821: 17816: 17814: 17809: 17808: 17805: 17793: 17792:Ban Khor Sign 17790: 17788: 17785: 17784: 17782: 17778: 17768: 17765: 17763: 17760: 17758: 17755: 17754: 17752: 17750: 17746: 17740: 17737: 17735: 17732: 17730: 17727: 17725: 17722: 17720: 17717: 17716: 17714: 17712: 17708: 17705: 17701: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17641: 17639: 17636: 17634: 17631: 17629: 17626: 17625: 17624: 17621: 17619: 17616: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17606: 17605: 17603: 17601: 17597: 17591: 17588: 17586: 17583: 17582: 17580: 17578: 17574: 17568: 17565: 17563: 17560: 17558: 17555: 17550: 17546: 17543: 17542:Pattani Malay 17539: 17536: 17535:Bangkok Malay 17532: 17531: 17530: 17527: 17525: 17522: 17521: 17519: 17517: 17513: 17507: 17504: 17502: 17499: 17497: 17494: 17492: 17489: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17459: 17455: 17452: 17448: 17447: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17426: 17423: 17421: 17418: 17417: 17415: 17413: 17412:Austroasiatic 17409: 17406: 17400: 17396: 17386: 17383: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17372: 17370: 17366: 17360: 17359:Southern Thai 17357: 17356: 17354: 17350: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17329: 17328:Northern Thai 17326: 17325: 17323: 17319: 17313: 17310: 17308: 17305: 17304: 17302: 17298: 17295: 17293: 17289: 17283: 17280: 17279: 17277: 17273: 17269: 17265: 17251: 17246: 17244: 17239: 17237: 17232: 17231: 17228: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17207: 17202: 17198: 17195: 17191: 17190: 17186: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17155: 17154: 17151: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17101: 17100: 17097: 17096: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17073: 17070: 17069: 17068: 17065: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17041: 17038: 17037: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17021: 17018: 17016: 17013: 17010: 17006: 17003: 17001: 16998: 16996: 16993: 16989: 16986: 16985: 16984: 16981: 16979: 16976: 16974: 16971: 16970: 16968: 16966: 16962: 16956: 16953: 16951: 16948: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16931: 16928: 16926: 16923: 16919: 16916: 16914: 16911: 16910: 16909: 16906: 16904: 16901: 16899: 16896: 16894: 16893:Ethnic groups 16891: 16887: 16884: 16883: 16882: 16879: 16875: 16872: 16871: 16870: 16867: 16863: 16860: 16858: 16855: 16853: 16850: 16848: 16845: 16844: 16843: 16840: 16838: 16835: 16834: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16822: 16810: 16807: 16805: 16802: 16800: 16797: 16796: 16795: 16792: 16790: 16787: 16785: 16782: 16780: 16777: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16759: 16758: 16755: 16751: 16748: 16746: 16743: 16741: 16738: 16736: 16733: 16731: 16728: 16727: 16726: 16723: 16721: 16720:Manufacturing 16718: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16705: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16692: 16689: 16688: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16670: 16667: 16664: 16662: 16658: 16646: 16643: 16642: 16641: 16638: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16624: 16621: 16619: 16616: 16615: 16614: 16611: 16609: 16606: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16588: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16577: 16574: 16572: 16569: 16567: 16564: 16562: 16559: 16555: 16552: 16551: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16537: 16533: 16530: 16529: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16509: 16506: 16503: 16501: 16497: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16477: 16474: 16472: 16469: 16467: 16464: 16462: 16459: 16457: 16454: 16452: 16449: 16447: 16444: 16442: 16439: 16437: 16434: 16432: 16429: 16427: 16424: 16422: 16419: 16417: 16414: 16412: 16409: 16407: 16404: 16403: 16400: 16397: 16395: 16391: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16362: 16360: 16356: 16350: 16347: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16337: 16335: 16332: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16304:Early history 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16286: 16284: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16271: 16267: 16263: 16256: 16251: 16249: 16244: 16242: 16237: 16236: 16233: 16226: 16223: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16209: 16206: 16205: 16201: 16200: 16196: 16193: 16190: 16187: 16184: 16181: 16178: 16175: 16173: 16170: 16167: 16164: 16161: 16158: 16157: 16153: 16152: 16148: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16135: 16132: 16131: 16127: 16126: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16109: 16102: 16099: 16091: 16081: 16077: 16076:inappropriate 16073: 16069: 16063: 16061: 16054: 16045: 16044: 16034: 16030: 16025: 16022: 16018: 16015: 16011: 16010: 16000: 15996: 15992: 15988: 15984: 15980: 15975: 15972: 15968: 15964: 15960: 15957: 15954: 15953: 15948: 15945: 15942: 15941:974-87115-2-8 15938: 15934: 15930: 15927: 15926:974-571-929-3 15923: 15913: 15903: 15900: 15896: 15886: 15876: 15873: 15872:974-8304-96-5 15869: 15865: 15861: 15858: 15854: 15851: 15847: 15844: 15840: 15836: 15833: 15829: 15826: 15822: 15819: 15815: 15811: 15798: 15795: 15791: 15788: 15784: 15781: 15777: 15774: 15770: 15769:Li, Fang-Kuei 15767: 15764: 15760: 15757: 15753: 15750: 15746: 15743: 15742:974-537-499-7 15739: 15731: 15728: 15724: 15715: 15711: 15698: 15697: 15684: 15679: 15668: 15661: 15660: 15653: 15646: 15641: 15634: 15630: 15624: 15620: 15616: 15609: 15602: 15598: 15592: 15588: 15584: 15577: 15570: 15566: 15565: 15557: 15550: 15546: 15540: 15536: 15535: 15527: 15519: 15510: 15503: 15499: 15492: 15485: 15481: 15474: 15467: 15462: 15455: 15440: 15436: 15430: 15414: 15408: 15406: 15397: 15393: 15386: 15370: 15366: 15360: 15352: 15348: 15344: 15338: 15334: 15327: 15325: 15316: 15310: 15294: 15288: 15277: 15273: 15269: 15265: 15261: 15257: 15251: 15244: 15243: 15235: 15224: 15218: 15210: 15206: 15202: 15198: 15194: 15190: 15186: 15182: 15178: 15174: 15170: 15163: 15155: 15154: 15146: 15144: 15129: 15123: 15119: 15115: 15108: 15106: 15104: 15102: 15100: 15098: 15082: 15078: 15071: 15069: 15067: 15058: 15057: 15049: 15042: 15038: 15032: 15025: 15021: 15015: 15008: 15004: 14998: 14990: 14986: 14982: 14978: 14974: 14970: 14966: 14962: 14958: 14954: 14950: 14943: 14935: 14931: 14927: 14923: 14919: 14915: 14911: 14907: 14903: 14896: 14889: 14884: 14877: 14872: 14863: 14854: 14847: 14845:0-521-01032-2 14841: 14837: 14831: 14823: 14819: 14812: 14805: 14803: 14801: 14792: 14790:0-300-08475-7 14786: 14782: 14775: 14767: 14761: 14757: 14750: 14742: 14735: 14728: 14724: 14720: 14716: 14709: 14702: 14697: 14690: 14683: 14679: 14675: 14668: 14661: 14649: 14645: 14641: 14634: 14626: 14622: 14615: 14607: 14601: 14597: 14590: 14583: 14579: 14575: 14569: 14565: 14561: 14557: 14550: 14542: 14538: 14534: 14532:974-7551-88-8 14528: 14524: 14517: 14509: 14503: 14502: 14497: 14492: 14490: 14488: 14483: 14462: 14453: 14446: 14440: 14424: 14420: 14416: 14410: 14392: 14385: 14381: 14375: 14368: 14364: 14363:Tai languages 14358: 14352: 14343: 14337: 14336: 14330: 14324: 14318: 14310: 14304: 14303: 14297: 14289: 14285: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14259:Thai numerals 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14241: 14235: 14233: 14229: 14225: 14221: 14217: 14211: 14201: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14185: 14180: 14175: 14168:Transcription 14162: 14159: 14156: 14152: 14145: 14137: 14133: 14129: 14128: 14127: 14125: 14119: 14117: 14113: 14109: 14105: 14096: 14091: 14087: 14072: 14067: 14060: 14056: 14050: 14046: 14045: 14042: 14039: 14034: 14027: 14023: 14017: 14013: 14012: 14008: 14003: 13996: 13992: 13986: 13982: 13981: 13977: 13974: 13971: 13968: 13967: 13954: 13949: 13942: 13940: 13939: 13935: 13934: 13930: 13925: 13918: 13916: 13915: 13911: 13910: 13906: 13901: 13894: 13892: 13891: 13887: 13886: 13882: 13877: 13870: 13868: 13867: 13863: 13862: 13858: 13853: 13846: 13844: 13843: 13839: 13838: 13835: 13832: 13827: 13820: 13818: 13817: 13813: 13812: 13808: 13803: 13796: 13794: 13793: 13788: 13787: 13783: 13782: 13778: 13775: 13772: 13769: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13759: 13744: 13739: 13732: 13728: 13722: 13718: 13717: 13714: 13711: 13706: 13699: 13695: 13689: 13685: 13684: 13681: 13680:balance scale 13678: 13673: 13666: 13662: 13656: 13652: 13651: 13647: 13642: 13635: 13631: 13625: 13621: 13620: 13617: 13614: 13609: 13602: 13598: 13592: 13588: 13587: 13583: 13580: 13577: 13575:Persian words 13574: 13573: 13561:small mosque 13560: 13555: 13548: 13546: 13545: 13541: 13540: 13537: 13534: 13529: 13522: 13520: 13519: 13515: 13514: 13510: 13507:/kàʔ.lāː.sǐː/ 13505: 13498: 13496: 13495: 13491: 13490: 13486: 13483: 13480: 13477: 13476: 13463: 13458: 13451: 13443: 13442: 13438: 13433: 13426: 13418: 13417: 13413: 13408: 13401: 13393: 13392: 13388: 13383: 13376: 13361: 13360: 13356: 13351: 13344: 13336: 13335: 13331: 13326: 13319: 13317:(/crɑː.moh/) 13311: 13310: 13306: 13301: 13294: 13286: 13285: 13282: 13279: 13274: 13267: 13259: 13258: 13255:capital city 13254: 13249: 13242: 13234: 13233: 13229: 13226: 13223: 13220: 13219: 13216: 13215: 13200: 13195: 13188: 13184: 13180: 13179: 13175: 13170: 13163: 13159: 13155: 13154: 13150: 13145: 13138: 13134: 13130: 13129: 13125: 13122: 13119: 13116: 13115: 13103: 13098: 13091: 13089: 13088: 13084: 13083: 13080: 13075: 13068: 13066: 13065: 13061: 13060: 13056: 13051: 13044: 13042: 13041: 13037: 13036: 13033: 13028: 13021: 13019: 13018: 13014: 13013: 13010: 13005: 12998: 12996: 12995: 12991: 12990: 12987: 12982: 12975: 12973: 12972: 12968: 12967: 12964: 12959: 12952: 12950: 12949: 12945: 12944: 12941: 12936: 12929: 12927: 12926: 12922: 12921: 12918: 12913: 12906: 12904: 12903: 12899: 12898: 12894: 12889: 12882: 12880: 12879: 12875: 12874: 12870: 12865: 12862: 12858: 12857: 12853: 12848: 12841: 12839: 12838: 12833: 12830: 12825: 12818: 12816: 12815: 12811: 12810: 12806: 12803: 12800: 12797: 12796: 12791:French-origin 12784: 12779: 12772: 12769: 12768: 12765: 12760: 12753: 12750: 12749: 12746: 12741: 12734: 12731: 12730: 12727: 12722: 12715: 12712: 12711: 12708: 12703: 12696: 12693: 12692: 12689: 12684: 12677: 12674: 12673: 12670: 12667:/tɕʰɛ̄m.pʰūː/ 12665: 12658: 12655: 12654: 12651: 12646: 12639: 12636: 12635: 12632: 12627: 12620: 12617: 12616: 12613: 12608: 12601: 12598: 12597: 12594: 12589: 12582: 12579: 12578: 12575: 12572:/dāj.nōː.sǎw/ 12570: 12563: 12560: 12559: 12556: 12551: 12544: 12541: 12540: 12537: 12532: 12525: 12522: 12521: 12509: 12504: 12497: 12494: 12493: 12490: 12485: 12478: 12475: 12474: 12471: 12466: 12459: 12456: 12455: 12452: 12447: 12440: 12437: 12436: 12433: 12428: 12421: 12418: 12417: 12414: 12405: 12398: 12395: 12394: 12390: 12385: 12378: 12375: 12374: 12371: 12366: 12359: 12356: 12355: 12351: 12348: 12345: 12343:English words 12342: 12341: 12329:to step back 12328: 12323: 12316: 12313: 12308: 12305: 12301: 12300: 12296: 12291: 12284: 12281: 12275: 12270: 12267: 12263: 12262: 12258: 12253: 12246: 12243: 12238: 12235: 12231: 12230: 12226: 12221: 12214: 12211: 12206: 12203: 12199: 12198: 12194: 12189: 12182: 12179: 12174: 12171: 12167: 12166: 12162: 12157: 12150: 12147: 12141: 12136: 12133: 12129: 12128: 12124: 12119: 12112: 12109: 12104: 12101: 12098: 12094: 12093: 12080: 12075: 12068: 12065: 12058: 12053: 12050: 12046: 12045: 12041: 12032: 12019: 12016: 12009: 12003: 11998: 11995: 11992: 11988: 11987: 11984: 11981: 11976: 11973: 11969: 11966: 11961: 11958: 11955: 11949: 11945: 11944: 11940: 11935: 11928: 11925: 11920: 11917: 11914: 11910: 11909: 11905: 11902: 11899: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11886: 11871: 11866: 11859: 11855: 11854: 11843: 11842: 11839: 11836: 11827: 11814: 11810: 11798: 11788: 11787: 11783: 11780: 11777: 11774: 11773: 11768:Arabic-origin 11760: 11755: 11752: 11747: 11743: 11738: 11735: 11730: 11726: 11721: 11718: 11713: 11709: 11704: 11701: 11695: 11691: 11685: 11681: 11676: 11672: 11668: 11663: 11659: 11655: 11650: 11646: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11628: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11616: 11613: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11586: 11583: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11569: 11563: 11561: 11557: 11551: 11547: 11537: 11535: 11534:24-hour clock 11531: 11522: 11519: 11514: 11507: 11506: 11503: 11500: 11495: 11488: 11487: 11477: 11474: 11469: 11462: 11461: 11458: 11455: 11450: 11443: 11442: 11438: 11435: 11430: 11423: 11422: 11419: 11416: 11411: 11404: 11403: 11400: 11397: 11392: 11385: 11384: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11369: 11368: 11365: 11362: 11350: 11338: 11326: 11314: 11302: 11290: 11278: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11258: 11247: 11244: 11240: 11236: 11233: 11229: 11223: 11218: 11214: 11208: 11203: 11202: 11201: 11199: 11184: 11175: 11172: 11168: 11155: 11154: 11150: 11141: 11138: 11134: 11121: 11120: 11116: 11107: 11104: 11100: 11087: 11086: 11082: 11069: 11066: 11062: 11043: 11042: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11025: 11024: 11021: 11018: 11017:(high tone). 10999: 10983: 10972: 10968: 10930: 10909: 10905: 10893: 10881: 10870: 10866: 10855: 10845: 10844: 10835: 10824: 10820: 10810: 10801: 10800: 10799: 10796: 10793: 10781: 10769: 10757: 10745: 10733: 10721: 10709: 10698: 10693: 10681: 10670: 10665: 10648: 10643: 10640: 10636: 10629: 10628: 10624: 10619: 10616: 10612: 10605: 10604: 10600: 10595: 10592: 10588: 10581: 10580: 10576: 10571: 10568: 10564: 10557: 10556: 10552: 10547: 10544: 10540: 10533: 10532: 10528: 10523: 10520: 10516: 10509: 10508: 10504: 10499: 10496: 10492: 10485: 10484: 10480: 10475: 10472: 10468: 10461: 10460: 10456: 10452: 10447: 10444: 10440: 10433: 10432: 10429:you (common) 10428: 10423: 10420: 10416: 10409: 10408: 10404: 10399: 10396: 10392: 10385: 10384: 10380: 10375: 10372: 10368: 10361: 10360: 10356: 10351: 10348: 10344: 10337: 10336: 10332: 10327: 10324: 10320: 10313: 10312: 10308: 10303: 10300: 10296: 10289: 10288: 10284: 10279: 10276: 10272: 10265: 10264: 10260: 10255: 10252: 10248: 10241: 10240: 10236: 10231: 10228: 10224: 10217: 10216: 10212: 10207: 10204: 10200: 10193: 10192: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10168:social status 10165: 10161: 10157: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10144:often omitted 10141: 10131: 10123: 10114: 10098: 10082: 10069: 10066: 10063: 10050: 10047: 10043: 10038: 10032: 10029: 10024: 10021: 10016: 10013: 10008: 10005: 9999: 9996: 9990: 9987: 9984: 9971: 9968: 9964: 9959: 9953: 9950: 9945: 9942: 9937: 9934: 9929: 9926: 9920: 9917: 9912: 9909: 9885: 9878: 9875: 9872: 9859: 9856: 9852: 9847: 9841: 9838: 9833: 9830: 9825: 9822: 9817: 9814: 9808: 9805: 9800: 9798: 9794: 9784: 9781: 9778: 9768: 9765: 9761: 9758: 9752: 9749: 9744: 9741: 9735: 9732: 9726: 9723: 9720: 9707: 9706:luk khong mae 9704: 9700: 9697: 9691: 9688: 9683: 9680: 9675: 9672: 9667: 9664: 9658: 9655: 9650: 9648: 9644: 9639: 9628: 9624: 9622: 9616: 9613: 9610: 9597: 9594: 9590: 9587: 9581: 9578: 9573: 9570: 9565: 9562: 9557: 9554: 9548: 9545: 9540: 9532: 9531:measure words 9528: 9523: 9508: 9493: 9477: 9465: 9453: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9408: 9405: 9402: 9392: 9389: 9385: 9382: 9376: 9373: 9368: 9365: 9359: 9356: 9347: 9344: 9341: 9331: 9328: 9324: 9321: 9315: 9312: 9307: 9304: 9298: 9295: 9286: 9283: 9280: 9264: 9261: 9257: 9254: 9248: 9245: 9240: 9237: 9232: 9229: 9224: 9221: 9216: 9213: 9208: 9205: 9199: 9196: 9187: 9184: 9181: 9165: 9162: 9158: 9155: 9149: 9146: 9141: 9138: 9133: 9130: 9125: 9122: 9117: 9114: 9109: 9106: 9100: 9097: 9089: 9087: 9078: 9068: 9067: 9066: 9059: 9048: 9039: 9038: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9033:'He got hit.' 9031: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9009: 9007: 9002: 9000: 8994: 8991: 8985: 8982: 8977: 8976: 8970: 8969: 8963: 8962: 8958: 8957: 8951: 8946: 8940: 8937: 8929: 8922: 8911: 8910:passive voice 8905: 8902: 8900: 8895: 8887: 8877: 8875: 8870: 8868: 8862: 8859: 8853: 8850: 8845: 8842: 8837: 8834: 8829: 8828: 8822: 8821: 8815: 8814: 8810: 8809: 8803: 8798: 8792: 8789: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8773: 8765: 8755: 8754:an {nang sue} 8753: 8748: 8746: 8740: 8737: 8731: 8728: 8723: 8720: 8715: 8712: 8707: 8706: 8700: 8699: 8693: 8692: 8688: 8687: 8681: 8676: 8670: 8667: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8652: 8650: 8634: 8633: 8628: 8627: 8621: 8620: 8614: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8601: 8600: 8594: 8591: 8586: 8583: 8578: 8575: 8570: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8551: 8548: 8543: 8536: 8526: 8525:Dative marker 8521: 8518: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8496: 8494: 8489: 8487: 8481: 8478: 8472: 8469: 8464: 8463: 8457: 8456: 8450: 8449: 8445: 8444: 8438: 8433: 8427: 8424: 8416: 8409: 8398: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8385: 8380: 8378: 8370: 8360: 8359: 8355: 8350: 8349: 8345: 8339: 8338: 8332: 8330: 8324: 8323: 8319: 8318: 8312: 8309: 8304: 8301: 8296: 8295: 8289: 8288: 8282: 8281: 8277: 8276: 8270: 8265: 8259: 8256: 8250: 8249:He has eaten. 8247: 8246: 8241: 8239: 8226: 8225: 8220: 8219: 8213: 8212: 8206: 8204: 8198: 8197: 8193: 8192: 8186: 8183: 8178: 8175: 8170: 8165: 8159: 8156: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8140: 8135: 8125: 8123: 8118: 8116: 8110: 8107: 8101: 8098: 8093: 8092: 8086: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8074: 8073: 8067: 8062: 8056: 8053: 8048: 8045: 8039: 8033: 8028: 8019: 8007: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7996: 7983: 7982: 7977: 7976: 7970: 7969: 7963: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7950: 7949: 7943: 7940: 7935: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7916: 7913: 7904: 7901: 7887: 7877: 7875: 7870: 7868: 7862: 7856: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7814: 7809: 7808: 7802: 7801: 7797: 7796: 7790: 7784: 7781: 7773: 7770: 7764: 7754: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7731: 7723: 7713: 7711: 7706: 7705:เขียน ไม่เป็น 7704: 7698: 7695: 7689: 7686: 7681: 7678: 7673: 7670: 7665: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7651: 7650: 7646: 7645: 7639: 7634: 7628: 7625: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7603: 7593: 7592: 7588: 7583: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7559: 7558: 7552: 7547: 7544: 7539: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7527: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7511: 7503: 7494: 7484: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7458: 7448: 7447: 7443: 7438: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7414: 7413: 7407: 7402: 7399: 7394: 7393: 7387: 7386: 7382: 7381: 7375: 7369: 7366: 7360: 7358: 7356: 7343: 7342: 7337: 7336: 7330: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7317: 7316: 7310: 7305: 7302: 7297: 7291: 7288: 7282: 7280: 7275: 7265: 7263: 7258: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7241: 7236: 7235: 7229: 7228: 7224: 7223: 7217: 7211: 7208: 7203: 7196: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7166: 7146: 7137: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7128: 7120: 7111: 7105: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7091: 7083: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7069: 7061: 7052: 7046: 7037: 7031: 7022: 7016: 7007: 7001: 6992: 6991: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6968: 6961: 6957:The sentence 6954: 6951: 6929: 6926: 6922: 6916: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6861: 6856: 6850: 6847: 6841: 6838: 6819: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6764: 6759: 6753: 6750: 6744: 6741: 6725: 6722: 6718: 6712: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6683: 6678: 6672: 6669: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6652: 6649: 6646: 6633: 6630: 6626: 6621: 6615: 6612: 6607: 6604: 6599: 6596: 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5802: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5779: 5776: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5757: 5755: 5751: 5741: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5723: 5708: 5706: 5701: 5694: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5677: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5648: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5622:'Marc, Mark' 5621: 5619: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5561: 5559: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5530: 5525: 5518: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5493: 5488: 5481: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5466: 5464: 5459: 5452: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5421: 5408: 5405: 5400: 5393: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5370: 5363: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5346: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5307: 5300: 5293: 5290: 5289: 5285: 5283: 5278: 5271: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5240: 5229: 5225: 5217: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5190: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5134: 5125: 5116: 5107: 5098: 5077: 5074: 5073: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5030: 5027: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5011: 5006: 5003: 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A letter ญ 2842: 2833: 2827: 2823: 2813: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2753: 2751:ฤๅษรี (ฤๅษี) 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2386: 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1301: 1295: 1284: 1281: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1266: 1261: 1255: 1247: 1239: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1194: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1170:(1405–1433), 1169: 1165: 1155: 1153: 1141: 1138: 1130: 1120: 1116: 1110: 1109: 1104:This section 1102: 1098: 1093: 1092: 1079: 1078: 1070: 1069: 1061: 1060: 1052: 1051: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1036:Isan language 1033: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1004: 1003: 997: 996: 989: 988: 985: 984: 976: 975: 967: 966: 963: 962: 956: 955: 952: 951: 948: 947: 946:Thai language 941: 940: 933: 932: 929: 928: 925: 924: 918: 917: 910: 909: 906: 905: 897: 896: 893: 888: 887: 884: 883: 880: 879: 878:Shan language 873: 872: 869: 868: 865: 864: 858: 857: 854: 853: 850: 849: 843: 842: 835: 834: 828: 825: 824: 821: 820: 817: 816: 810: 809: 806: 805: 802: 801: 795: 794: 787: 783: 782: 779: 778: 775: 774: 768: 767: 764: 763: 760: 759: 758:Kra languages 753: 752: 749: 748: 745: 744: 738: 737: 734: 733: 730: 729: 723: 722: 715: 712: 711: 703: 699: 697: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 677:Tai languages 674: 670: 669:Southern Thai 666: 665:Northern Thai 660: 656: 655:Tai languages 652: 642: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 623:Tai languages 619: 617: 613: 609: 608:Standard Thai 605: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 536: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 503: 499: 491: 487: 483: 477: 449: 444: 440: 436: 434: 430: 426: 422: 420: 419: 414: 410: 406: 403: 398: 393: 388: 385: 380: 375: 370: 367: 362: 357: 354: 351: 349: 345: 341: 329: 317: 305: 293: 285: 282: 271: 265: 260: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 239: 237: 233: 227: 213: 210: 209: 207: 206: 204: 203: 202: 199: 198: 197: 194: 193: 192: 188: 184: 178: 172: 167: 164: 158: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 136: 132: 125: 121: 118: 115: 111: 108: 105: 101: 98: 97: 95: 91: 87: 83: 81:Pronunciation 79: 75: 63: 58: 54: 43: 38: 33: 30: 26: 22: 21:Tai languages 18681: 18668: 18661: 18654: 18647: 18640: 18614: 18590:Hezhang Buyi 18578: 18421: 18361: 18354: 18298:Northwestern 18288:Southwestern 18263:Myang Zhuang 18258:Pyang Zhuang 18184:Hezhang Buyi 17670:Northern Pwo 17600:Sino-Tibetan 17516:Austronesian 17368:Northwestern 17281: 17126:Architecture 17057:Martial arts 16978:Architecture 16924: 16869:Demographics 16857:Prostitution 16852:Lèse majesté 16698:Car industry 16691:Central bank 16549:Human rights 16522:Constitution 16154:Dictionaries 16094: 16085: 16070:by removing 16057: 15985:(1): 24–28, 15982: 15978: 15962: 15959:Smyth, David 15951: 15947:Smyth, David 15932: 15911: 15884: 15863: 15856: 15849: 15842: 15838: 15831: 15805: 15793: 15786: 15779: 15772: 15762: 15748: 15713: 15705: 15678: 15658: 15652: 15640: 15632: 15618: 15608: 15600: 15586: 15576: 15568: 15563: 15556: 15548: 15533: 15526: 15509: 15501: 15497: 15491: 15483: 15479: 15473: 15464: 15460: 15454: 15442:. Retrieved 15439:Studycountry 15438: 15429: 15417:. Retrieved 15395: 15390:Joanne Tan. 15385: 15373:. Retrieved 15368: 15359: 15332: 15299:18 September 15297:. Retrieved 15287: 15241: 15234: 15217: 15176: 15172: 15162: 15152: 15131:, retrieved 15117: 15085:, retrieved 15080: 15055: 15048: 15040: 15031: 15026:(1), 86–105. 15023: 15014: 15006: 14997: 14956: 14952: 14942: 14909: 14905: 14895: 14883: 14871: 14862: 14853: 14835: 14830: 14821: 14817: 14780: 14774: 14755: 14749: 14740: 14734: 14726: 14722: 14718: 14708: 14699: 14695: 14689: 14681: 14677: 14667: 14659: 14652:. Retrieved 14648:the original 14643: 14633: 14624: 14620: 14614: 14595: 14589: 14555: 14549: 14522: 14516: 14499: 14461: 14452: 14445:glottal stop 14439: 14409: 14391: 14374: 14357: 14350: 14342: 14333: 14309: 14301: 14288: 14264:Thai braille 14213: 14181: 14177: 14146:and a short 14120: 14112:Lao language 14101: 14090:Thai braille 14036:/kāːn.pʰlūː/ 13962:Tamil-origin 13762:Christianity 13755: 13471:Malay-origin 13449:(/tɔn.leː/) 13385:/tɕʰàʔ.làːt/ 13353:/tɕàʔ.rɤ̄ːn/ 13276:/kàʔ.tʰɤ̄ːj/ 13211: 13208:Khmer-origin 12984:/kʰrūa.sɔ̄ŋ/ 12915:/tɕʰōː.fɤ̂ː/ 12798:French words 12629:/fɛ̄ː.tɕʰân/ 12090:; 'twenty') 11882: 11775:Arabic words 11750: 11733: 11716: 11699: 11587: 11572: 11564: 11560:monosyllabic 11553: 11527: 11279: 11275: 11266:royal family 11248:Royal Thai ( 11195: 11019: 10964: 10797: 10692:tua khun eng 10680:tua phom eng 10654: 10453:you (highly 10137: 10121: 10071: 10067: 10064: 10051: 10048: 10045: 10039: 10033: 10022: 10017: 10006: 10000: 9988: 9985: 9972: 9969: 9966: 9960: 9954: 9943: 9938: 9927: 9921: 9880: 9876: 9874:woman two CL 9873: 9860: 9857: 9854: 9848: 9842: 9831: 9826: 9815: 9809: 9791: 9782: 9779: 9769: 9766: 9763: 9759: 9753: 9742: 9736: 9724: 9721: 9708: 9705: 9702: 9698: 9692: 9682:belonging to 9681: 9676: 9665: 9659: 9625: 9620: 9618: 9614: 9611: 9598: 9596:khru ha khon 9595: 9592: 9588: 9582: 9571: 9566: 9555: 9549: 9437:reduplicated 9423:and have no 9415: 9406: 9403: 9393: 9390: 9387: 9383: 9377: 9366: 9360: 9345: 9342: 9332: 9329: 9326: 9322: 9316: 9305: 9299: 9284: 9281: 9265: 9262: 9259: 9255: 9249: 9238: 9233: 9222: 9217: 9206: 9200: 9185: 9182: 9166: 9163: 9160: 9156: 9150: 9139: 9134: 9123: 9118: 9107: 9101: 9083: 9045: 9032: 9027: 9025: 9015: 9010: 9005: 9003: 8998: 8996: 8992: 8986: 8972: 8971: 8965: 8964: 8960: 8955: 8947: 8941: 8907: 8903: 8901:book student 8898: 8896: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8871: 8866: 8864: 8860: 8854: 8843: 8838: 8824: 8823: 8817: 8816: 8812: 8807: 8799: 8793: 8781: 8776: 8774: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8749: 8747:อ่าน หนังสือ 8744: 8742: 8738: 8732: 8721: 8716: 8702: 8701: 8695: 8694: 8690: 8685: 8677: 8671: 8659: 8655: 8653: 8646: 8635: 8631: 8629: 8625: 8623: 8616: 8615: 8608: 8607: 8603: 8598: 8592: 8587: 8576: 8571: 8558: 8552: 8523: 8519: 8514: 8512: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8490: 8485: 8483: 8479: 8473: 8459: 8458: 8452: 8451: 8447: 8442: 8434: 8428: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8381: 8374: 8366: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8341: 8334: 8333: 8326: 8325: 8321: 8316: 8310: 8305: 8291: 8290: 8284: 8283: 8279: 8274: 8266: 8260: 8248: 8244: 8242: 8235: 8227: 8223: 8221: 8217: 8215: 8208: 8207: 8200: 8199: 8195: 8190: 8184: 8179: 8166: 8160: 8148: 8143: 8141: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8119: 8114: 8112: 8108: 8102: 8088: 8087: 8081: 8080: 8076: 8071: 8063: 8057: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7999: 7992: 7984: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7972: 7965: 7964: 7957: 7956: 7952: 7947: 7941: 7936: 7923: 7917: 7902: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7871: 7866: 7864: 7857: 7844: 7831: 7818: 7804: 7803: 7799: 7794: 7785: 7743: 7739: 7734: 7732: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7707: 7702: 7700: 7696: 7690: 7679: 7674: 7660: 7659: 7653: 7652: 7648: 7643: 7635: 7629: 7614: 7607: 7599: 7594: 7590: 7586: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7574: 7566: 7565: 7561: 7556: 7548: 7534: 7533: 7529: 7524: 7515: 7473: 7469: 7462: 7454: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7439: 7435: 7431: 7429: 7421: 7420: 7416: 7411: 7403: 7389: 7388: 7384: 7379: 7370: 7359: 7352: 7344: 7340: 7338: 7334: 7332: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7314: 7306: 7292: 7281: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7259: 7254: 7252: 7245: 7231: 7230: 7226: 7221: 7212: 7173: 7155: 6989:Imperfective 6981: 6977: 6956: 6952: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6917: 6904: 6891: 6878: 6865: 6851: 6839: 6820: 6817: 6814: 6807: 6794: 6781: 6768: 6754: 6742: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6713: 6700: 6687: 6673: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6634: 6632:khao ti chan 6631: 6628: 6622: 6616: 6605: 6600: 6587: 6581: 6570:'I hit him.' 6569: 6566: 6553: 6551:chan ti khao 6550: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6524: 6519: 6506: 6500: 6487: 6462: 6408: 6400: 6393: 6385: 6381: 6379: 6375: 6373: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6355: 6347: 6333: 6321: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6299: 6294: 6292: 6285: 6271: 6270: 6266: 6261: 6252: 6240: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6218: 6213: 6211: 6204: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6180: 6171: 6159: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6136: 6122: 6107: 6103: 6096: 6088: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6075: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6057: 6049: 6035: 6023: 6013: 6005: 6000: 5998: 5993: 5991: 5984: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5960: 5952: 5938: 5890:Comparatives 5888: 5884: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5855: 5842: 5829: 5815: 5803: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5780: 5766: 5747: 5719: 5567: 5224:glottal stop 5195: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5047:Thai script 5036: 4822:Thai script 4816:Thai script 4785: 4469:'to inhale' 4314: 4303: 4005: 3983: 3965: 3949: 3882: 3709: 3666: 3664: 3282: 3276: 3219: 3197: 3172: 3150:and ⟨ 3132: 3108: 3046: 3035: 2977: 2953: 2940: 2928: 2917:Lao language 2872: 2844: 2834: 2825: 2821: 2815: 2788: 2783: 2767: 2762: 2746: 2741: 2725: 2720: 2704: 2699: 2683: 2678: 2662: 2657: 2641: 2636: 2620: 2615: 2599: 2594: 2578: 2573: 2557: 2552: 2547:adv. do not 2536: 2531: 2524: 2508: 2503: 2487: 2482: 2477:n. language 2466: 2461: 2445: 2440: 2424: 2419: 2403: 2398: 2382: 2377: 2361: 2356: 2340: 2335: 2328: 2312: 2307: 2291: 2286: 2270: 2265: 2249: 2244: 2228: 2223: 2207: 2202: 2186: 2181: 2174: 2158: 2153: 2137: 2132: 2127:n. Ganymede 2116: 2111: 2095: 2090: 2083: 2067: 2062: 2046: 2041: 2025: 2020: 2004: 1999: 1983: 1978: 1962: 1957: 1950: 1934: 1929: 1924:adj. greedy 1913: 1908: 1892: 1887: 1876:ฅวาม (ความ) 1871: 1866: 1850: 1845: 1840:v. to go up 1834:ฃึ้น (ขึ้น) 1829: 1824: 1808: 1803: 1787: 1782: 1775: 1741: 1740: 1734: 1733: 1727: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1713: 1712: 1706: 1705: 1696: 1674: 1665: 1646: 1637: 1628: 1619: 1610: 1601: 1592: 1576: 1567: 1558: 1549: 1540: 1531: 1522: 1513: 1504: 1495: 1486: 1477: 1468: 1459: 1450: 1426: 1417: 1408: 1399: 1390: 1381: 1372: 1363: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1288: 1262: 1211: 1207:glottal stop 1200: 1191: 1164:Ming dynasty 1161: 1158:Early spread 1148: 1133: 1124: 1113:Please help 1108:verification 1105: 1032:Lao language 1030: 1015: 1000: 959: 945: 944: 921: 891: 876: 861: 846: 813: 798: 771: 756: 741: 726: 693: 673:Southwestern 662: 620: 600: 537: 525:Thai Chinese 509:Central Thai 489: 486:Central Thai 485: 481: 480: 433:Linguasphere 416: 247:Thai Braille 211: 201:Southwestern 142:Thai Chinese 138:Central Thai 29: 18415:Chiang Saen 18325:Tai Hongjin 18253:Yang Zhuang 18238:Nong Zhuang 17685:S'gaw Karen 17613:Eastern Pwo 17567:Urak Lawoi’ 17549:Satun Malay 17321:Chiang Saen 17292:Other Thais 17175:Video games 16767:Measurement 16673:Agriculture 16426:Earthquakes 16365:Archaeology 16299:Tai peoples 16225:Spoken Thai 15444:26 December 15375:12 November 15056:Thai Syntax 14627:(1): 62–67. 14621:Tai Culture 14351:Phasa Sayam 14335:Central Tai 14317:ภาษาไทยกลาง 14244:Thai script 14193:ISO 11940-2 14138:is a short 14104:Thai script 14086:Thai script 13969:Tamil words 13879:/bàːt.lǔaŋ/ 13805:/kràʔ.dàːt/ 13745:spare part 13675:/trāːtɕʰūː/ 13478:Malay words 13424:(/pʰləːŋ/) 13357:prosperous 13328:/tɕàʔ.mùːk/ 13303:/kʰàʔ.mōːj/ 13292:(/kʰmuəj/) 13265:(/kʰtəːj/) 13221:Khmer words 13197:/sūː.tɕʰíʔ/ 13100:/pēː.tɔ̄ːŋ/ 12961:/kʰūː.pɔ̄ŋ/ 12713:technology 12705:/tʰɛ́k.sîː/ 12553:/kʰáw.dāːw/ 12547:เคานต์ดาวน์ 12523:corruption 12500:คอมพิวเตอร์ 12487:/kʰlíʔ.nìk/ 12368:/ʔɛ́p.pɤ̂n/ 11983:rice noodle 11978:/kǔaj.tǐaw/ 11761:prosperous 11682:prosperous 11554:Other than 11516:/sàʔ.wɤ̌ːj/ 11340:; formal), 11328:; formal), 11316:; vulgar), 11304:; vulgar), 11292:; common), 11228:phasa khian 10281:/dìʔ.tɕʰǎn/ 10233:/kràʔ.pʰǒm/ 9797:classifiers 9780:field uncle 9703:ลูก ของ แม่ 9527:classifiers 9497:/pʰûakpʰǒm/ 9441:collectives 9421:uninflected 9077:khao mai ti 7744:The marker 7474:Comparably 7184:progressive 7130:Prospective 6648:3SG hit 1SG 6567:1SG hit 3SG 6472:participles 5910:superlative 5467:'marinate' 5379:'to trade' 5220:/p/,/t/,/k/ 5201:youngsters. 5039:triphthongs 4794:analyze as 4636:'to go up' 4492:'rearmost' 4392:'to dream' 4369:'to slice' 4012:Thai script 3962:/ʔīn.tʰrāː/ 3843:Approximant 3828:ก, ข, ค, ฆ 3586:Approximant 3565:ซ, ศ, ษ, ส 2610:v. to love 1903:v. to kill 1861:n. teacher 1692:Approximant 1292:/ptktɕʔbʔd/ 1277:/pʰtʰkʰtɕʰ/ 1203:/p/,/t/,/k/ 1152:orthography 773:Be language 696:Thai script 659:Tai peoples 568:orthography 242:Thai script 205:Chiang Saen 74:Thai script 18699:Categories 18670:Proto-Hlai 18373:Lao–Phutai 18248:Min Zhuang 18243:Dai Zhuang 18189:Yei Zhuang 18081:Changjiang 17958:(Naxi Yao) 17577:Hmong-Mien 17506:Vietnamese 17300:Lao–Phutai 17035:Literature 16847:Corruption 16762:Inventions 16680:(currency) 16613:Parliament 16581:Ministries 16544:Government 16532:Commission 16431:Ecoregions 16349:since 2001 16289:Prehistory 16282:Chronology 16138:Wikivoyage 15419:1 November 15009:(3), 1–16. 14501:Ethnologue 14473:References 14302:Phasa Thai 13829:/kràʔ.sǎː/ 13648:loincloth 13644:/kʰǎːwmáː/ 13611:/kùʔ.làːp/ 13531:/sǎː.kʰūː/ 13460:/tʰáʔ.lēː/ 13410:/tʰàʔ.nǒn/ 13399:(/tʰnɑl/) 13342:(/craən/) 13172:/nīn.tɕāː/ 12867:/kʰāː.fêː/ 12850:/kāː.fɛ̄ː/ 12542:countdown 12528:คอร์รัปชัน 12468:/kāː.tūːn/ 11972:ก๋วยเตี๋ยว 11833:/kōː.ràːn/ 11757:/wíʔ.rôːt/ 11740:/tʰāː.nīː/ 11678:/rûŋrɯ̄aŋ/ 11674:รุ่งเรือง 11631:Native Tai 11540:Vocabulary 11337:rapprathan 11213:phasa phut 10971:intonation 10768:phuak thoe 10756:phuak khao 10671:, such as 10203:khaphachao 10046:ครู บาง คน 9627:Possession 9593:ครู ห้า คน 9529:, used as 9512:/pʰûakrāw/ 9492:phuak phom 9433:bare nouns 9343:enter come 9256:understand 7339:khao wing 7071:Perfective 6629:เขา ตี ฉัน 6548:ฉัน ตี เขา 6484:Transitive 6413:ฉันหิวแล้ว 6082:khao uan { 5754:adjectives 5730:word order 5703:/rɛ́k.kêt/ 5680:'make-up' 5674:/méːk.ʔâp/ 4788:diphthongs 4709:'to fell' 4661:'to walk' 3916:(ขล, คล), 3912:(ขร, คร), 3693:unreleased 3164:Consonants 2921:Lao script 2757:n. hermit 2568:adj. cold 2498:n. mother 2435:n. father 1265:tone split 1226:affricates 1034:(PDR Lao, 675:branch of 558:. It is a 69:Phasa Thai 53:Phasa Thai 18684:indicate 18656:Proto-Tai 18649:Proto-Kra 18535:Tai Khang 18530:Tai Thanh 18478:Thai Song 18438:Tai Meuay 18433:Tai Daeng 18424:(Siamese) 18335:Tai Laing 18278:Tsʻün-Lao 17675:Phrae Pwo 17648:Hainanese 17628:Cantonese 17352:Sukhothai 17343:Thai Song 17264:Languages 17025:Festivals 17020:Etiquette 16973:Animation 16940:Squatting 16881:Education 16794:Transport 16713:Renewable 16601:Air Force 16566:Judiciary 16527:Elections 16476:Volcanoes 16461:Provinces 16451:Mountains 16406:Addresses 16394:Geography 16375:Education 16344:1973–2001 16339:1932–1973 16088:June 2015 16072:excessive 15999:249403146 15825:2673-0502 15818:0859-3485 15727:0857-1406 15351:879025983 15272:915016895 15264:118127511 15209:170429648 15193:0167-806X 14973:0023-8309 14934:170764533 14926:0167-806X 14582:159127015 14478:Citations 14384:Sukhothai 14346:In Thai: 14313:In Thai: 14292:In Thai: 14224:ISO 11940 14144:consonant 14130:It is an 14016:கிராம்பு‎ 14005:/kàʔ.rìː/ 13951:/sàʔ.bùː/ 13873:บาท(หลวง) 13855:/lēː.lǎŋ/ 13823:(นก)กระสา 13741:/ʔàʔ.làj/ 13630:kamarband 13557:/sùʔ.ràw/ 13435:/pʰlɤ̄ːŋ/ 13240:(/kroŋ/) 13214:Old Khmer 13141:คาราโอเกะ 13077:/pāː.kêː/ 12971:croissant 12938:/kōŋ.sǔn/ 12902:chauffeur 12895:caffeine 12827:/búp.fêː/ 12775:(พวง)หรีด 12762:/wīː.sâː/ 12718:เทคโนโลยี 12686:/sàʔ.líp/ 12610:/ʔīːmēːw/ 12566:ไดโนเสาร์ 12561:dinosaur 12495:computer 12449:/kàp.tān/ 12297:to smear 12227:fishbone 12061:Teochew: 12054:Hokkien: 12012:Teochew: 11937:/kâw.ʔîː/ 11868:/ráʔ.jām/ 11817:อัลกุรอาน 11797:al-qurʾān 11791:الْقُرْآن 11749:วิโรจน์ ( 11501:religious 11484:/tʰāːn/. 11465:รับประทาน 11331:รับประทาน 11257:racha sap 11251:ราชาศัพท์ 11222:ภาษาเขียน 11198:registers 10967:particles 10961:Particles 10904:khun thoe 10792:phuak rao 10686:ตัวคุณเอง 10455:honorific 10148:nicknames 10127:หมาตัวนี้ 9899:('all'), 9877:two women 9507:phuak rao 9346:'Come in' 9247:khao chai 8779:read book 8222:khao kin 7697:unable to 7333:เขา วิ่ง 7049:/kām.lāŋ/ 6948:pʰrûŋ.níː 6919:pʰrûŋ.níː 6835:mɯ̂a.wāːn 6809:mɯ̂a.wāːn 6380:chan hio 6076:เขา อ้วน 5999:khao uan 5992:เขา อ้วน 5926:/tʰîːsùt/ 5709:'racket' 5651:'charge' 5590:Phonetic 5587:Phonemic 5570:loanwords 5504:, fruit' 5435:Phonetic 5432:Phonemic 5254:Phonetic 5251:Phonemic 5167:demissus, 4684:'silver' 4609:/kʰlɯ̂ːn/ 4593:–ื- 4417:'to cut' 3679:) and ด ( 3542:Fricative 3488:aspirated 3381:Affricate 3193:aspirated 3125:Phonology 3021:and long 2841:Proto-Tai 2822:kho khuat 2812:Proto-Tai 2631:conj. or 2456:n. tooth 2414:n. dream 2351:n. house 2323:n. mouse 2302:n. water 2103:ʔdiː.kaː 2078:n. woman 1973:n. heart 1819:n. thing 1588:Fricative 1446:Affricate 1258:/tɕtɕʰdʑ/ 1214:fricative 1183:Ayutthaya 1180:Guangdong 639:Ayutthaya 556:Old Khmer 517:Lao Wiang 418:Glottolog 402:ISO 639-3 384:ISO 639-2 366:ISO 639-1 252:Khom Thai 208:Sukhothai 150:Lao Wiang 134:Ethnicity 18492:Southern 18385:Phu Thai 18350:Khamyang 18320:Tai Long 18315:Tai Nuea 18166:Northern 17951:Cao Miao 17762:Japanese 17486:Nyah Kur 17451:Northern 17399:Minority 17312:Phu Thai 17268:Thailand 17210:Category 17052:Marriage 17030:Folklore 17000:Clothing 16935:Religion 16925:Language 16918:COVID-19 16903:Gambling 16898:Feminism 16837:Abortion 16809:Railways 16799:Airports 16608:Monarchy 16586:Military 16576:Localism 16500:Politics 16481:Wildlife 16380:Military 16370:Economic 16358:By topic 16294:Peopling 16266:articles 16262:Thailand 15961:(2014). 15949:(2002). 15804:. 2539. 15667:archived 15309:cite web 15276:Archived 15268:ProQuest 14989:18595049 14981:17974323 14654:26 April 14541:54373362 14348:ภาษาสยาม 14238:See also 13897:(ขนม)ปัง 13694:saqerlât 13151:karaoke 13087:pétanque 13071:ปาร์เกต์ 12978:ครัวซ็อง 12656:shampoo 12618:fashion 12457:cartoon 12438:captain 12088:/jîːsìp/ 11965:kóe-tiâu 11751:virocana 11694:Sanskrit 11598:Buddhist 11590:Sanskrit 11370:"to eat" 11325:boriphok 11239:Sanskrit 11192:Register 11039:Meaning 10732:mae phom 10714:แม่ของผม 10674:ตัวผมเอง 10196:ข้าพเจ้า 10189:Meaning 10140:pronouns 10138:Subject 10134:Pronouns 10086:/mâjmīː/ 9919:nak rian 9916:นักเรียน 9863:pʰûː.jǐŋ 9812:pʰûː.jǐŋ 9536:ลักษณนาม 9522:phuak ma 9439:to form 9429:articles 9277:kʰâwtɕāj 9251:kʰâwtɕāj 9071:เขาไม่ตี 9047:Negation 8852:nak rian 8849:นักเรียน 8836:nang sue 8730:nang sue 8585:nang sue 8243:3SG eat 8216:เขา กิน 8000:3SG hit 7979:khao ti 7170:/kāmlāŋ/ 7064:/kʰɤ̄ːj/ 6915:phrungni 6912:พรุ่งนี้ 6802:เมื่อวาน 6374:ฉัน หิว 6147:chan hio 5791:khon uan 5685:Falling 5656:Falling 5645:/tɕʰáːt/ 5584:Example 5538:Falling 5429:Example 5349:'value' 5325:Falling 5318:galangal 5286:'stick' 5248:Example 5209:sonorant 5175:phonetic 5171:phonemic 4753:/klɔ̄ːŋ/ 4616:–ึ 4472:–ุ 4449:–ู 4420:–ิ 4397:–ี 4344:Example 4335:Example 4310:phonemes 4265:-ะ, -ั- 3972:(ฟร) in 3954:(ทร) in 3940:(ผล, พล) 3920:(ขว, คว) 3879:Clusters 3724:Alveolar 3523:ฉ, ช, ฌ 3501:ผ, พ, ภ 3310:Alveolo- 3304:Alveolar 3169:Initials 3148:/ / 3144:Help:IPA 3091:/iːɯːuː/ 3015:/ɛɛːɔɔː/ 3013:and low 3011:/eeːooː/ 3004:/iːɯːuː/ 2941:medicine 2929:mosquito 2915:and the 2911:dialect 2849:Sanskrit 2826:kho khon 2754:rɯː.siː 2715:n. comb 2652:n. wind 2474:baː.saː 2372:n. fish 2260:n. gold 2197:n. star 2124:taː.raʔ 2015:n. name 1758:Letters 1337:Alveolo- 1331:Alveolar 1254:palatals 1242:/ttʰdʔd/ 1234:/ppʰbʔb/ 1218:sonorant 1197:Old Thai 1127:May 2020 612:register 548:Sanskrit 533:Thailand 496:), is a 492:; Thai: 439:47-AAA-b 425:thai1261 328:Malaysia 304:Cambodia 281:Thailand 110:Cambodia 100:Thailand 18682:Italics 18623:Kam–Tai 18600:Cao Lan 18564:Cao Lan 18508:(other) 18483:Tày Tac 18463:Tai Dam 18453:Tai Lue 18443:Tai Dón 18406:Kaloeng 18401:Lao Nyo 18230:Central 18220:Tai Pao 18158:, etc.) 18096:Yuanmen 18066:Baoting 18056:Tongzha 17987:Ai-Cham 17972:Chadong 17932:Kam–Sui 17757:English 17734:Russian 17729:Punjabi 17719:Burmese 17653:Hokchew 17643:Hokkien 17633:Teochew 17623:Sinitic 17590:Iu Mien 17501:Thavung 17496:Ten'edn 17491:Palaung 17458:Western 17385:Tai Nüa 17194:Outline 17104:Aquatic 17094:Symbols 17005:Cuisine 16965:Culture 16825:Society 16789:Tourism 16708:Nuclear 16661:Economy 16517:Cabinet 16466:Regions 16446:Islands 16421:Climate 16411:Borders 16274:History 16066:Please 16058:use of 15782:, 2009. 15201:4048104 14413:Modern 14325:: 14296:ภาษาไทย 14132:abugida 14108:abugida 14073:butter 14069:/nɤ̄ːj/ 14022:kirāmpu 13702:สักหลาด 13624:کمربند‎ 13551:สุเหร่า 13281:kathoey 13064:parquet 12909:โชเฟอร์ 12885:กาเฟอีน 12878:caféine 12854:coffee 12821:บุฟเฟต์ 12770:wreath 12699:แท็กซี่ 12599:e-mail 12517:/kʰɔ̄m/ 12476:clinic 12462:การ์ตูน 12430:/kʰéːk/ 12362:แอปเปิล 12352:Remark 12325:/tʰɔ̌j/ 11997:Hokkien 11960:Min Nan 11931:เก้าอี้ 11919:Teochew 11823:โกหร่าน 11723:/tɕʰōn/ 11698:อัคนี ( 11665:/mɯ̄aŋ/ 11617:Example 11497:/tɕʰǎn/ 11413:/dɛ̀ːk/ 11207:ภาษาพูด 10987:/kʰráp/ 10947:อาจารย์ 10664:tua eng 10573:/nɔ́ːŋ/ 10525:/tʰɤ̄ː/ 10449:/tʰâːn/ 10305:/tɕʰǎn/ 10227:kraphom 10164:kinship 10146:, with 10007:teacher 9975:nákrīan 9928:student 9924:nákrīan 9807:phuying 9804:ผู้หญิง 9647:pronoun 9556:teacher 9481:/pʰûak/ 9464:dek dek 9404:exit go 9388:ออก ไป! 9330:khao ma 9327:เข้า มา 8926:/tʰùːk/ 8892:nákrian 8889:nǎŋsɯ̌ː 8861:student 8856:nákrian 8840:nǎŋsɯ̌ː 8833:หนังสือ 8770:nǎŋsɯ̌ː 8734:nǎŋsɯ̌ː 8727:หนังสือ 8644:nǎŋsɯ̌ː 8589:nǎŋsɯ̌ː 8582:หนังสือ 8149:He ate. 8027:perfect 8023:/lɛ́ːw/ 7973:เขา ตี 7688:mai pen 7685:ไม่เป็น 7456:kām.lāŋ 7442:kamlang 7391:kām.lāŋ 7385:kamlang 7273:kām.lāŋ 7262:kamlang 7233:kām.lāŋ 7227:kamlang 7179:Kamlang 7165:kamlang 7108:/lɛ́ːw/ 7093:Perfect 7045:kamlang 6805:mueawan 6468:inflect 6466:do not 6450:/lɛ́ːw/ 6424:/lɛ́ːw/ 6313:kām.lāŋ 6302:kamlang 6273:kām.lāŋ 6267:kamlang 6144:ฉัน หิว 6098:tʰîːsùt 6084:thi sut 6069:tʰîːsùt 6063:thi sut 5921:thi sut 5788:คน อ้วน 5750:adverbs 5738:omitted 5716:Grammar 5697:แร็กเกต 5384:Rising 5228:checked 5196:Notes: 5075:เ–ือย* 5055:เ–ียว* 4776:/klɔ̀ŋ/ 4757:'drum' 4705:/kʰôːn/ 4657:/dɤ̄ːn/ 4632:/kʰɯ̂n/ 4613:'wave' 4588:'goat' 4584:/pʰɛ́ʔ/ 4561:/pʰɛ́ː/ 4413:/krìːt/ 4053:Central 4044: 3790:Plosive 3739:Glottal 3729:Palatal 3376:Plosive 3325:Glottal 3315:Palatal 3136:in the 2845:yo ying 2694:n. day 2583:เหยียบ 2519:n. dog 2393:n. bee 2278:du.raʔ 2218:n. eye 1991:tɕʰaːj 1686: 1683: 1662: 1613:ศ, ษ, ส 1441:Plosive 1435: 1352:Glottal 1342:Palatal 1317: 1304:mai tho 1273:/bdɡdʑ/ 1230:labials 1205:or the 1176:Xiānluó 1172:Ma Huan 1087:History 892:others 788: 716: 714:Kra-Dai 689:Guangxi 502:Kra–Dai 494:ภาษาไทย 490:Siamese 476:Bangkok 340:Myanmar 191:Kra–Dai 120:Myanmar 47:ภาษาไทย 18605:Jiamao 18397:(Nyaw) 18395:Tai Yo 18363:Turung 18330:Khamti 18310:Tai Ya 18291:(Thai) 18211:(Nyaw) 18209:Tai Yo 18179:Bouyei 18156:Zhuang 18141:Jizhao 18128:Jizhao 18114:Jiamao 18106:Jiamao 18091:Baisha 18086:Moyfaw 18061:Zandui 18051:Lauhut 18041:Bouhin 18023:Lakkia 18015:Lakkia 17967:Maonan 17947:(Dong) 17875:Qabiao 17865:Buyang 17767:Korean 17562:Moklen 17476:Mlabri 17466:Kintaq 17440:Kensiu 17333:Tai Lü 17215:Portal 17146:Flower 17136:Emblem 17121:Anthem 17099:Animal 17089:Sports 17040:Poetry 16995:Cinema 16988:Comics 16930:Racism 16908:Health 16874:People 16703:Energy 16630:Police 16623:Senate 16471:Rivers 16264: 16031: 15997: 15969: 15939: 15924: 15897: 15870: 15843:et al. 15823: 15816: 15754: 15740: 15725: 15704:2549. 15625: 15593: 15541: 15466:immune 15349: 15339: 15270: 15262: 15252: 15207: 15199: 15191: 15124: 14987: 14979: 14971: 14932: 14924: 14842: 14787: 14762: 14602: 14580: 14570: 14539: 14529: 14397:/ʔbʔd/ 14161:Vowels 14116:script 14030:กานพลู 13999:กะหรี่ 13978:Gloss 13927:/rǐan/ 13921:เหรียญ 13907:bread 13849:เลหลัง 13842:leilão 13809:paper 13799:กระดาษ 13792:cartaz 13779:Gloss 13735:อะไหล่ 13688:سقرلات 13661:tarâzu 13638:ขาวม้า 13605:กุหลาบ 13584:Gloss 13501:กะลาสี 13494:kelasi 13487:Gloss 13389:smart 13314:ច្រមុះ 13251:/krūŋ/ 13230:Gloss 13201:sushi 13176:ninja 13126:Gloss 13057:metre 13053:/méːt/ 13007:/krām/ 12994:gramme 12948:coupon 12925:consul 12814:buffet 12781:/rìːt/ 12743:/wāːw/ 12732:valve 12648:/kɔ́p/ 12623:แฟชั่น 12591:/dūan/ 12481:คลินิก 12443:กัปตัน 12387:/bɛ́ŋ/ 12357:apple 12293:/tʰāː/ 12255:/kʰǔm/ 12223:/kâːŋ/ 12191:/kāːw/ 12163:basin 12159:/ʔàːŋ/ 12121:/tʰùa/ 12084:ยี่สิบ 12038:/tɕéː/ 12034:/tɕêː/ 12015:zê/zia 11941:chair 11924:gao in 11906:Gloss 11809:qurʾān 11803:قُرْآن 11784:Gloss 11732:ธานี ( 11727:water 11661:เมือง 11656:water 11652:/náːm/ 11625:Gloss 11614:Origin 11446:บริโภค 11436:vulgar 11417:vulgar 11398:common 11361:sawoei 11319:บริโภค 11079:/tɕǎː/ 11075:/tɕâː/ 11071:/tɕâʔ/ 11003:/kʰâʔ/ 10941:คุณครู 10898:คุณเธอ 10883:) and 10786:พวกเรา 10762:พวกเธอ 10750:พวกเขา 10658:ตัวเอง 10645:/mɯ̄ŋ/ 10597:/kʰǎw/ 10549:/pʰîː/ 10477:/kɛ̄ː/ 10425:/kʰūn/ 10329:/kʰâː/ 10275:dichan 10257:/pʰǒm/ 10081:mai mi 9714:kʰɔ̌ːŋ 9699:mother 9678:kʰɔ̌ːŋ 9589:person 9517:พวกหมา 9502:พวกเรา 9458:เด็ก ๆ 9425:gender 9391:ok pai 9244:เข้าใจ 9223:listen 8413:/tɕàʔ/ 8397:Future 7842:mueang 7826:เที่ยว 7758:/dâːj/ 7728:mâjpēn 7692:mâjpēn 7589:khian 7579:เขียน 7149:/tɕàʔ/ 7134:Future 7086:/dâːj/ 6409:Remark 6078:ที่สุด 6058:ที่สุด 5915:ที่สุด 5906:/kwàː/ 5728:. The 5668:เมกอัป 5616:/máːk/ 5593:Gloss 5556:/mâːk/ 5490:/màːk/ 5438:Gloss 5409:'leg' 5402:/kʰǎː/ 5372:/kʰáː/ 5343:/kʰâː/ 5309:/kʰàː/ 5280:/kʰāː/ 5257:Gloss 4978:เ–ือะ 4874:เ–ียะ 4811:Short 4780:'box' 4728:/kʰôn/ 4680:/ŋɤ̄n/ 4513:/ʔēːn/ 4465:/sùːt/ 4436:/krìt/ 4365:/fǎːn/ 4324:Short 4002:Vowels 3980:/frīː/ 3957:อินทรา 3936:(พร), 3926:(ปร), 3902:(กล), 3898:(กร), 3719:Labial 3703:, and 3661:Finals 3634:Liquid 3630:Rhotic 3424:tenuis 3387:voiced 3299:Dental 3294:Labial 3187:tenuis 3182:voiced 3152: 3059:, low 3055:, mid 3023:/ɛːɔː/ 2947:(See: 2907:. The 2873:yo yak 2824:and ฅ 2586:j̊iap 2348:ʔbaːn 2194:ʔdaːw 2145:tʰaːn 1942:ŋ̊ɔːk 1879:ɣwaːm 1816:kʰɔːŋ 1326:Dental 1321:Labial 1300:mai ek 1252:) and 1250:/kkʰɡ/ 1246:velars 1236:) and 784: 685:Hainan 657:, and 337: 325: 313: 301: 278: 93:Region 18555:mixed 18520:Pa Di 18473:Phuan 18345:Aiton 18340:Phake 18076:Nadou 18046:Ha Em 17956:Nuoxi 17940:Mulam 17913:Telue 17908:Hagei 17903:Mulao 17893:Vandu 17885:Gelao 17855:Lachi 17724:Hindi 17690:Ugong 17660:Nuosu 17638:Hakka 17585:Hmong 17557:Moken 17529:Malay 17445:Khmer 17435:Jahai 17430:Chung 17425:Chong 17338:Phuan 17201:Index 17131:Deity 17067:Music 17062:Media 17047:Names 17015:Drama 16955:Women 16842:Crime 16686:Banks 16678:Baht 16136:from 15995:S2CID 15670:(PDF) 15663:(PDF) 15279:(PDF) 15260:S2CID 15246:(PDF) 15226:(PDF) 15205:S2CID 15197:JSTOR 15133:2 May 15087:2 May 14985:S2CID 14930:S2CID 14814:(PDF) 14680:: 8. 14578:S2CID 14430:> 14155:onset 14106:, an 14041:clove 13955:soap 13938:sabão 13931:coin 13903:/pāŋ/ 13866:padre 13834:heron 13816:garça 13786:carta 13669:ตราชู 13655:ترازو 13597:golâb 13591:گلاب‎ 13544:surau 13446:ទន្លេ 13439:fire 13429:เพลิง 13421:ភ្លើង 13414:road 13396:ថ្នល់ 13370:ឆ្លាស 13364:ឆ្លាត 13347:เจริญ 13339:ច្រើន 13332:nose 13289:ខ្មួយ 13270:กะเทย 13262:ខ្ទើយ 13237:ក្រុង 13212:From 13166:นินจา 13094:เปตอง 13040:mètre 13030:/lít/ 13017:litre 12955:คูปอง 12932:กงสุล 12861:คาเฟ่ 12756:วีซ่า 12751:visa 12737:วาล์ว 12694:taxi 12675:slip 12661:แชมพู 12642:กอล์ฟ 12637:golf 12604:อีเมล 12580:duel 12419:cake 12411:/bīw/ 12407:/bīn/ 12396:bill 12381:แบงก์ 12376:bank 12312:tʰuʌi 12195:glue 12125:bean 12077:/jîː/ 11883:From 11838:Quran 11800:) or 11744:town 11734:dhānī 11710:fire 11669:town 11643:fire 11639:/fāj/ 11578:Khmer 11574:Khmer 11520:royal 11432:/ját/ 11394:/kīn/ 11381:Note 11378:Usage 11262:Khmer 11181:/nâʔ/ 11177:/náʔ/ 11147:/síʔ/ 11143:/sìʔ/ 11113:/lâʔ/ 11109:/láʔ/ 11026:Word 10982:khrap 10871:Both 10744:phuak 10726:แม่ผม 10708:khong 10639:mueng 10621:/mān/ 10501:/ʔēŋ/ 10401:/rāw/ 10377:/nǔː/ 10353:/kūː/ 10268:ดิฉัน 10220:กระผม 10118:/nán/ 10102:/níː/ 10075:ไม่มี 10054:kʰrūː 10003:kʰrūː 9944:every 9866:sɔ̌ːŋ 9828:sɔ̌ːŋ 9816:woman 9764:นา อา 9760:uncle 9743:field 9674:khong 9666:child 9638:khong 9601:kʰrūː 9552:kʰrūː 9486:พวกผม 9476:phuak 9417:Nouns 9412:Nouns 9396:ʔɔ̀ːk 9363:ʔɔ̀ːk 9306:enter 9268:tɕʰǎn 9203:tɕʰǎn 9178:kʰâːw 9152:kʰâːw 9063:/mâj/ 9017:tʰùːk 9004:khao 8967:tʰùːk 8872:khao 8750:khao 8540:/hâj/ 8491:khao 8376:lɛ́ːw 8352:khao 8328:lɛ́ːw 8237:lɛ́ːw 8202:lɛ́ːw 8120:khao 7895:mɯ̄aŋ 7892:tʰîaw 7872:khao 7846:mɯ̄aŋ 7839:เมือง 7833:tʰîaw 7829:thiao 7725:kʰiǎn 7708:khao 7680:write 7676:kʰiǎn 7672:khian 7669:เขียน 7605:kʰiǎn 7585:khao 7550:kʰiǎn 7546:khian 7543:เขียน 7488:/jāŋ/ 7444:wing 7440:khao 7434:วิ่ง 7432:กำลัง 7380:กำลัง 7260:khao 7255:กำลัง 7222:กำลัง 7200:/jùː/ 7159:กำลัง 7123:/māː/ 7060:khoey 7040:กำลัง 7034:/jāŋ/ 7019:/pāj/ 7004:/jùː/ 6933:tɕʰǎn 6854:tɕʰǎn 6823:tɕʰǎn 6757:tɕʰǎn 6729:tɕʰǎn 6676:tɕʰǎn 6643:tɕʰǎn 6618:tɕʰǎn 6556:tɕʰǎn 6503:tɕʰǎn 6464:Verbs 6459:Verbs 6395:lɛ́ːw 6388:tɕʰǎn 6367:lɛ́ːw 6336:tɕʰǎn 6309:tɕʰǎn 6300:chan 6295:กำลัง 6262:กำลัง 6255:tɕʰǎn 6228:tɕʰǎn 6219:chan 6174:tɕʰǎn 6152:tɕʰǎn 6125:tɕʰǎn 6019:tɕʰǎn 5986:tɕʰǎn 5639:ชาร์จ 5627:High 5610:มาร์ก 5598:High 5581:Thai 5578:Tone 5527:/mák/ 5509:High 5502:betel 5498:areca 5461:/màk/ 5426:Thai 5423:Tone 5389:จัตวา 5354:High 5267:สามัญ 5245:Thai 5242:Tone 5183:Zsiga 5159:tones 5087:Tones 5079:/ɯaj/ 5069:/uaj/ 5065:–วย* 5059:/iaw/ 5024:/oːj/ 5008:/ɔːj/ 4992:/ɤːj/ 4982:/ɯaʔ/ 4970:เ–ือ 4958:/ɛːw/ 4944:เ–็ว 4940:/eːw/ 4922:/uːj/ 4912:/uaʔ/ 4908:–ัวะ 4878:/iaʔ/ 4866:เ–ีย 4852:/aːw/ 4834:/aːj/ 4808:Long 4770:กล่อง 4603:คลื่น 4536:/ʔēn/ 4488:/sùt/ 4388:/fǎn/ 4338:Thai 4329:Thai 4321:Long 4287:เ-าะ 4192:เ-อะ 4085:Close 4079:long 4076:short 4070:short 4064:short 4048:Front 3994:, or 3968:) or 3966:indrā 3952:/tʰr/ 3938:/pʰl/ 3934:/pʰr/ 3918:/kʰw/ 3914:/kʰl/ 3910:/kʰr/ 3746:Nasal 3734:Velar 3672:มาตรา 3667:mātrā 3620:ญ, ย 3609:ล, ฬ 3580:ห, ฮ 3554:ฝ, ฟ 3448:ฏ, ต 3411:ฎ, ด 3355:ณ, น 3332:Nasal 3320:Velar 3264:/d͡ʒ/ 3248:/tɕʰ/ 3140:(IPA) 3103:/aaː/ 3083:/aaː/ 3061:/ɛaɔ/ 3057:/eɤo/ 3053:/iɯu/ 3030:/ɤɤː/ 2981:/aaː/ 2937:/jàː/ 2925:/ɲúŋ/ 2903:> 2883:> 2830:/kʰɡ/ 2796:ʔaːj 2793:อ้าย 2775:suaj 2733:saːn 2670:l̥ɔː 2667:หล่อ 2628:r̊ɯː 2625:หรือ 2562:เย็น 2544:ʔjaː 2541:อย่า 2516:m̊aː 2471:ภาษา 2390:pʰɯŋ 2387:ผึ้ง 2369:plaː 2345:บ้าน 2320:n̊uː 2299:naːm 2275:ธุระ 2257:dɔːŋ 2236:tʰɔj 2166:neːn 2100:ฎีกา 2075:ɲ̊iŋ 2072:หญิง 2054:ɲuan 2026:z - ʑ 2012:dʑɯː 2009:ชื่อ 1970:tɕaɯ 1939:หงอก 1858:gruː 1795:kɤːt 1792:เกิด 1658:Trill 1359:Nasal 1347:Velar 1222:stops 1187:Khmer 582:with 560:tonal 521:Phuan 484:, or 154:Phuan 18540:Kuan 18515:Sapa 18468:Khün 18458:Yong 18422:Thai 18390:Isan 18356:Ahom 18305:Shan 18268:Nùng 18204:Saek 18033:Hlai 18005:Biao 17997:Biao 17962:Then 17898:A'ou 17860:Paha 17850:Laha 17618:Lisu 17608:Akha 17524:Cham 17380:Shan 17375:Khün 17307:Isan 17282:Thai 17153:Time 17141:Flag 17109:Bird 17009:wine 16745:NEEC 16735:CWEC 16596:Navy 16591:Army 16554:LGBT 16029:ISBN 15967:ISBN 15937:ISBN 15922:ISBN 15895:ISBN 15868:ISBN 15821:ISSN 15814:ISSN 15752:ISBN 15738:ISBN 15723:ISSN 15623:ISBN 15591:ISBN 15539:ISBN 15446:2017 15421:2021 15377:2021 15347:OCLC 15337:ISBN 15333:Thai 15315:link 15301:2010 15250:ISBN 15189:ISSN 15135:2021 15122:ISBN 15089:2021 14977:PMID 14969:ISSN 14922:ISSN 14878::25) 14840:ISBN 14785:ISBN 14760:ISBN 14656:2011 14600:ISBN 14568:ISBN 14537:OCLC 14527:ISBN 14496:Thai 14432:/kʰ/ 14428:/kr/ 14421:and 14419:Isan 14402:/bd/ 14382:and 14380:Lavo 14323:RTGS 14214:The 14114:and 14088:and 14049:நெய் 13991:kaṟi 13985:கறி‎ 13945:สบู่ 13914:real 13727:âlat 13713:felt 13616:rose 13536:sago 13525:สาคู 13518:sagu 13464:sea 13454:ทะเล 13379:ฉลาด 13322:จมูก 13297:ขโมย 13245:กรุง 13191:ซูชิ 13133:カラオケ 13047:เมตร 13024:ลิตร 13001:กรัม 12844:กาแฟ 12837:café 12680:สลิป 12424:เค้ก 12259:pit 12242:kʰʌm 12217:ก้าง 12210:kˠæŋ 12178:kˠau 12153:อ่าง 12115:ถั่ว 12002:chiá 11862:ระยำ 11853:rajm 11717:jala 11715:ชล ( 11700:agni 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