Myanmar - Knowledge

2423: 7994: 2195: 4847:, Barack Obama's Special Assistant to the President on Human Rights, wrote on the White House blog that "Serious human rights abuses against civilians in several regions continue, including against women and children." Members of the United Nations and major international human rights organisations have issued repeated and consistent reports of widespread and systematic human rights violations in Myanmar. The United Nations General Assembly has repeatedly called on the Burmese military junta to respect human rights and in November 2009 the General Assembly adopted a resolution "strongly condemning the ongoing systematic violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms" and calling on the Burmese military regime "to take urgent measures to put an end to violations of international human rights and humanitarian law." 4586: 3441: 5000: 2981: 6503: 4340: 5808: 5116: 3207: 20507: 6586: 5235:, historically imposed investment and trade sanctions on Myanmar. The United States and European Union eased most of their sanctions in 2012. From May 2012 to February 2013, the United States began to lift its economic sanctions on Myanmar "in response to the historic reforms that have been taking place in that country." Foreign investment comes primarily from China, Singapore, the Philippines, South Korea, India, and Thailand. The military has stakes in some major industrial corporations of the country (from oil production and consumer goods to transportation and tourism). 6193: 153: 6727: 7129: 5457: 163: 20207: 5818: 2408: 20828: 7423: 2817: 2180: 4832: 4055: 3988: 4479: 4682: 86: 5781: 5244: 5223:

in East and Southeast Asia is now consolidated into the lower Mekong region. Countries in East and Southeast Asia have collectively witnessed sustained increases in seizures of methamphetamine over the last decade, totalling over 171 tons and a record of over 1 billion methamphetamine tablets in 2021 according to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, more than any other part of the world. In April and May 2020, Myanmar authorities reported Asia's largest ever drug operation in

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before publication. Following the announcement, newspapers and other outlets no longer required approved by state censors; however, journalists in the country can still face consequences for what they write and say. In April 2013, international media reports were published to relay the enactment of the media liberalisation reforms that we announced in August 2012. For the first time in numerous decades, the publication of privately owned newspapers commenced in the country.

2789: 20862: 20789: 6765: 6692: 845: 1844: 7143: 978: 20380: 19738: 2275:. The restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features continued well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated 72: 20904: 20672: 20611: 20598: 20559: 20546: 5539:. Nevertheless, much of the country is off-limits to tourists, and interactions between foreigners and the people of Myanmar, particularly in the border regions, are subject to police scrutiny. They are not to discuss politics with foreigners, under penalty of imprisonment and, in 2001, the Myanmar Tourism Promotion Board issued an order for local officials to protect tourists and limit "unnecessary contact" between foreigners and ordinary Burmese people. 18951: 4887: 20802: 6973: 5608: 20392: 19762: 20698: 20635: 20737: 20572: 7115: 4792: 2172: 20750: 20685: 20659: 20494: 20891: 1726: 6613:. The education system is based on the United Kingdom's system after nearly a century of British and Christian presences in Myanmar. Nearly all schools are government-operated, but there has been an increase in privately funded English language schools in the early 21st century. Schooling is compulsory until the end of elementary school, approximately 9 years old, while the compulsory schooling age is 15 or 16 at international level. 20930: 20815: 20724: 2287: 20956: 20776: 20763: 20711: 5771: 20943: 20917: 20533: 2011: 2091: 20585: 18966: 20520: 875: 822: 803: 770: 751: 19750: 5548:, getting into Myanmar is problematic: "No bus or train service connects Myanmar with another country, nor can you travel by car or motorcycle across the border – you must walk across." They further state that "It is not possible for foreigners to go to/from Myanmar by sea or river." There are a few border crossings that allow the passage of private vehicles, such as the border between 13235: 4349: 3063: 5375:, 52 modern rice varieties were released in the country between 1966 and 1997, helping increase national rice production to 14 million tons in 1987 and to 19 million tons in 1996. By 1988, modern varieties were planted on half of the country's ricelands, including 98 percent of the irrigated areas. In 2008 rice production was estimated at 50 million tons. 5218:(UNODC) has also warned that opium production in Myanmar may rise again if the economic crunch brought on by COVID-19 and the country's February 1 military coup persists, with significant public health and security consequences for much of Asia. At the same time, the Golden Triangle, and specifically Shan State of Myanmar, is believed to be the largest 2759:(SLORC). In 1989, SLORC declared martial law after widespread protests. The military government finalised plans for People's Assembly elections on 31 May 1989. SLORC changed the country's official English name from the "Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma" to the "Union of Myanmar" on 18 June 1989 by enacting the adaptation of the expression law. 13239: 4605:, have historically been strained, the situation has markedly improved since the reforms following the 2010 elections. After years of diplomatic isolation and economic and military sanctions, the United States relaxed curbs on foreign aid to Myanmar in November 2011 and announced the resumption of diplomatic relations on 13 January 2012 The 4625:

Despite Western isolation, Asian corporations have generally remained willing to continue investing in the country and to initiate new investments, particularly in natural resource extraction. The country has close relations with neighbouring India and China with several Indian and Chinese companies operating in the country. Under India's

5034:. The Burmese regime has attempted to forcibly expel Rohingya and bring in non-Rohingyas to replace them—this policy has resulted in the expulsion of approximately half of the 800,000 Rohingya from Burma, while the Rohingya people have been described as "among the world's least wanted" and "one of the world's most persecuted minorities." 5210:, producing some 25% of the world's opium, forming part of the Golden Triangle. While opium poppy cultivation in Myanmar had declined year-on-year since 2015, cultivation area increased by 33% totalling 40,100 hectares alongside an 88% increase in yield potential to 790 tonnes in 2022 according to latest data from the 2136:-speaking Hanthawaddy entered its golden age, and Arakan went on to become a power in its own right for the next 350 years. In contrast, constant warfare left Ava greatly weakened, and it slowly disintegrated from 1481 onward. In 1527, the Confederation of Shan States conquered Ava and ruled Upper Myanmar until 1555. 8641: 4039:

and Myanmar would enter a full partnership framework aimed to better access to electricity and other basic services for about six million people and expected to benefit three million pregnant woman and children through improved health services. Acquired funding and proper planning has allowed Myanmar

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By the second day of the coup, thousands of protesters were marching in the streets of Yangon, and other protests erupted nationwide, largely halting commerce and transportation. Despite the military's arrests and killings of protesters, the first weeks of the coup found growing public participation,

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Internet use is estimated to be relatively low compared to other countries. Myanmar's internet used to be subject to censorship, and authorities viewed e-mails and posts on Internet blogs until 2012 when the government removed media censorship. During the strict censorship days, activity at internet

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British colonial rule introduced Western elements of culture to Myanmar. Myanmar's education system is modelled after that of the United Kingdom. Colonial architectural influences are most evident in major cities such as Yangon. Many ethnic minorities, particularly the Karen in the southeast and the

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producing area in the world. The growing signs of an intensification of methamphetamine manufacturing activity within and around the Golden Triangle, and a corresponding decrease in the number of production facilities dismantled in other parts of the region, suggests that methamphetamine manufacture

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annually adopted a detailed resolution about the situation in Myanmar by consensus. But in 2006 a divided United Nations General Assembly voted through a resolution that strongly called upon the government of Myanmar to end its systematic violations of human rights. In January 2007, Russia and China

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explains, the English spellings of both Myanmar and Burma assume a non-rhotic variety of English, in which the letter r before a consonant or finally serves merely to indicate a long vowel: . So the pronunciation of the last syllable of Myanmar as or of Burma as by some speakers in the UK and most

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There are 101 universities, 12 institutes, 9 degree colleges and 24 colleges in Myanmar, a total of 146 higher education institutions. There are 10 technical training schools, 23 nursing training schools, 1 sport academy and 20 midwifery schools. There are four international schools acknowledged by

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is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals lack many of the basic facilities and equipment. The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Myanmar is 240. This is compared with 219.3 in 2008 and 662

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The relatively rapid decline in fertility is attributed to several factors, including extreme delays in marriage (almost unparalleled among developing countries in the region), the prevalence of illegal abortions, and the high proportion of single, unmarried women of reproductive age, with 25.9% of

5276:, mainly to European markets, while other colonies like India suffered mass starvation. Being a follower of free market principles, the British opened up the country to large-scale immigration with Rangoon exceeding New York City as the greatest immigration port in the world in the 1920s. Historian 2550:

in July 1945. The battles were intense with much of Burma laid waste by the fighting. Overall, the Japanese lost some 150,000 men in Burma with 1,700 prisoners taken. Although many Burmese fought initially for the Japanese as part of the Burma Independence Army, many Burmese, mostly from the ethnic

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In the era that followed the political events of 1988, the film industry has been increasingly controlled by the government. Film stars who had been involved in the political activities were banned from appearing in films. The government issues strict rules on censorship and largely determines who

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is the traditional breakfast dish and is Myanmar's national dish. Seafood is a common ingredient in coastal cities, while meat and poultry are more commonly used in landlocked cities like Mandalay. Freshwater fish and shrimp have been incorporated into inland cooking as a primary source of protein

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Many religions are practised in Myanmar. Religious edifices and orders have been in existence for many years. The Christian and Muslim populations do, however, face religious persecution and it is hard, if not impossible, for non-Buddhists to join the army or get government jobs, the main route to

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These patterns stem from economic dynamics, including high income inequality, which results in residents of reproductive age opting for delay of marriage and family-building in favour of attempting to find employment and establish some form of wealth; the average age of marriage in Myanmar is 27.5

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has encouraged a complete ban on the purchase of Burmese gems based on these reports and because nearly all profits go to the ruling junta, as the majority of mining activity in the country is government-run. The government of Myanmar controls the gem trade by direct ownership or by joint ventures

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reveals that half of Myanmar's 54 million population lives below poverty line. This drives many of them to the extreme measures such as online organ trade. This illegal action of selling their personal organs can earn them a payment equal to a two-year salary. Many advertise the organ they wish to

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in the world for its number of active troops in service. The military is very influential in Myanmar, with all top cabinet and ministry posts usually held by military officials. Official figures for military spending are not available. Estimates vary widely because of uncertain exchange rates, but

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praised the former general for political and economic reforms and the cessation of tensions between Myanmar and the United States. Political activists objected to the visit because of concerns over human rights abuses in Myanmar, but Obama assured Thein Sein that Myanmar will receive U.S. support.

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region is approximately 2,500 mm (98.4 in), while average annual rainfall in the dry zone in central Myanmar is less than 1,000 mm (39.4 in). The northern regions of Myanmar are the coolest, with average temperatures of 21 °C (70 °F). Coastal and delta regions have an

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in 1993, but the process appeared to stall several times, until 2008 when the Government published a new draft national constitution, and organised a (flawed) national referendum which adopted it. The new constitution provided for election of a national assembly with powers to appoint a president,

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monopoly. British Burma began exporting crude oil in 1853. European firms produced 75% of the world's teak. The wealth was, however, mainly concentrated in the hands of Europeans. In the 1930s, agricultural production fell dramatically as international rice prices declined and did not recover for

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The informal economy's share in Myanmar is one of the biggest in the world and is closely linked to corruption, smuggling and illegal trade activities. In addition, decades of civil war and unrest have contributed to Myanmar's current levels of poverty and lack of economic progress. Myanmar lacks

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found that, while contact with the Myanmar government was constrained by donor restrictions, international humanitarian non-governmental organisations (NGOs) see opportunities for effective advocacy with government officials, especially at the local level. At the same time, international NGOs are

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Sanctions imposed by the United States and European countries against the former military government, coupled with boycotts and other direct pressure on corporations by supporters of the democracy movement, have resulted in the withdrawal from the country of most U.S. and many European companies.

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Because of Myanmar's political climate, there are not many media companies in relation to the country's population. Some are privately owned. All programming must meet with the approval of the censorship board. The Burmese government announced on 20 August 2012 that it would stop censoring media

6707:. Bamar culture has been influenced by the cultures of neighbouring countries, manifested in its language, cuisine, music, dance and theatre. The arts, particularly literature, have historically been influenced by the local form of Theravada Buddhism. Considered the national epic of Myanmar, the 5091:

that consists of 15 members from various backgrounds. Several activists in exile, including Thee Lay Thee Anyeint members, have returned to Myanmar after President Thein Sein's invitation to expatriates to return home to work for national development. In an address to the United Nations Security

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are common in Myanmar. Human trafficking happens mostly to women who are unemployed and have low incomes. They are deceived by brokers that better opportunities and wages exist for them abroad. In 2017, the government reported 185 trafficking cases. The government of Burma makes little effort to

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in 2006, it chaired the forum and hosted the summit in 2014. In November 2008, Myanmar's political situation with neighbouring Bangladesh became tense as they began searching for natural gas in a disputed block of the Bay of Bengal. Controversy surrounding the Rohingya population also remains an

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and declared a state of emergency for one year and began closing the borders, restricting travel and electronic communications nationwide. The military announced it would replace the existing election commission with a new one, and a military media outlet indicated new elections would be held in

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Coupey, A. S. (2008). Infant and child burials in the Samon valley, Myanmar. In Archaeology in Southeast Asia, from Homo Erectus to the living traditions: choice of papers from the 11th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists, 25–29 September 2006,

6663:. The opium industry was a monopoly during colonial times and has since been illegally operated by corrupt officials in the Burmese military and rebel fighters, primarily as the basis for heroin manufacture. Myanmar is the largest producer of methamphetamines in the world, with the majority of 6471:

Buddhism is the most widespread. There are some 500,000 Buddhist monks and 75,000 nuns in this country of 54 million. Other religions are practised largely without obstruction, with the notable exception of some religious minorities such as the Rohingya people, who have continued to have their

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have been a constant feature of Myanmar's socio-political landscape since the attainment of independence in 1948. These wars are predominantly struggles for ethnic and sub-national autonomy, with the areas surrounding the ethnically Bamar central districts of the country serving as the primary

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totalling what was believed to be 193 million methamphetamine tablets, hundreds of kilogrammes of crystal methamphetamine as well as some heroin, and over 162,000 litres and 35.5 tons of drug precursors as well as sophisticated production equipment and several staging and storage facilities.

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Konbaung kings extended Restored Toungoo's administrative reforms and achieved unprecedented levels of internal control and external expansion. For the first time in history, the Burmese language and culture came to predominate the entire Irrawaddy valley. The evolution and growth of Burmese

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in the world with a nominal GDP of US$ 76.09 billion in 2019 and an estimated purchasing power adjusted GDP of US$ 327.629 billion in 2017 according to the World Bank. Foreigners are able to legally lease but not own property. In December 2014, Myanmar set up its first stock exchange, the

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When the non-Burman ethnic groups pushed for autonomy or federalism, alongside having a weak civilian government at the centre, the military leadership staged a coup d'état in 1962. Though incorporated in the 1947 Constitution, successive military governments construed the use of the term

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are principally located along the Thai-Myanmar border. There are nine permanent refugee camps along the Thai-Myanmar border, most of which were established in the mid-1980s. The refugee camps are under the care of the Thai-Burma Border Consortium (TBBC). Since 2006, over 55,000 Burmese

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As the election results began emerging, the USDP rejected them, urging a new election with the military as observers. More than 90 other smaller parties contested the vote, including more than 15 who complained of irregularities. However, election observers declared there were no major

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report also notes improvement, giving Myanmar a 6 for improvements in civil liberties and political rights, the release of political prisoners, and a loosening of restrictions. In 2013, Myanmar improved yet again, receiving a score of 5 in civil liberties and 6 in political freedoms.

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resulted in a victory for the military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party. Various foreign observers questioned the fairness of the elections. One criticism of the election was that only government-sanctioned political parties were allowed to contest in it and the popular

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literature and theatre continued, aided by an extremely high adult male literacy rate for the era (half of all males and 5% of females). Nonetheless, the extent and pace of reforms were uneven and ultimately proved insufficient to stem the advance of British colonialism.

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have consistently faced human rights abuses by the Burmese regime that has refused to acknowledge them as Burmese citizens (despite some of them having lived in Burma for over three generations)—the Rohingya have been denied Burmese citizenship since the enactment of a

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events for a boy, during which he enters the monastery for a short time. All male children in Buddhist families are encouraged to be a novice (beginner for Buddhism) before the age of twenty and to be a monk after the age of twenty. Girls have ear-piercing ceremonies

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Burmese traditional art concepts are popular and respected by the Burmese people and people from abroad. Burmese contemporary art has developed quite rapidly on its own terms. Artists born after the 1980s have had greater chances of art practice outside the country.

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of similar economic standing. There has been a significant decline in fertility in the 2000s, from a rate of 4.7 children per woman in 1983, down to 2.4 in 2001, despite the absence of any national population policy. The fertility rate is much lower in urban areas.

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Since the democratic transition began in 2011, there has been continuous violence as 280 people have been killed and 140,000 forced to flee from their homes in the Rakhine state in 2014. A UN envoy reported in March 2013 that unrest had re-emerged between Myanmar's

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Rohingya are not allowed to travel without official permission, are banned from owning land, and are required to sign a commitment to have no more than two children. As of July 2012, the Myanmar government does not include the Rohingya minority group—classified as

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to better prepare for the impacts of climate change by enacting programs which teach its people new farming methods, rebuild its infrastructure with materials resilient to natural disasters, and transition various sectors towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions.

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in 1990. The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 73 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 47. According to Doctors without Borders, 25,000 Burmese AIDS patients died in 2007, deaths that could largely have been prevented by

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success in the country. Such persecution and targeting of civilians is particularly notable in eastern Myanmar, where over 3,000 villages have been destroyed in the past ten years. More than 200,000 Muslims have fled to Bangladesh by 2007 to escape persecution.

3491:), formerly called divisions. Regions are predominantly Bamar (that is, mainly inhabited by Myanmar's dominant ethnic group). States, in essence, are regions that are home to particular ethnic minorities. The administrative divisions are further subdivided into 131: 6290:. Once forming a large and influential community, the Anglo-Burmese left the country in steady streams from 1958 onwards, principally to Australia and the United Kingdom. It is estimated that 52,000 Anglo-Burmese remain in Myanmar. As of 2009, 110,000 Burmese 137: 134: 2736:(BSPP). During this period, Myanmar became one of the world's most impoverished countries. There were sporadic protests against military rule during the Ne Win years, and these were almost always violently suppressed. On 7 July 1962, the government broke up 6419:, the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism, and English. More than a hundred languages are spoken in total. Since many of them are known only within small tribes around the country, they may have been lost (many if not all) after a few generations. 5319:

After independence, the country was in ruins with its major infrastructure completely destroyed. With the loss of India, Burma lost relevance and obtained independence from the British. After a parliamentary government was formed in 1948, Prime Minister

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embarked upon a policy of nationalisation and the state was declared the owner of all of the land in Burma. The government tried to implement an eight-year plan partly financed by injecting money into the economy, but this caused inflation to rise. The

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Yangon, Burma (AP) – Officially at least, America still calls this Southeast Asian nation Burma, the favoured appellation of dissidents and pro-democracy activists who opposed the former military junta's move to summarily change its name 23 years

1919:. Evidence also shows the presence of rice-growing settlements of large villages and small towns that traded with their surroundings as far as China between 500 BCE and 200 CE. Iron Age Burmese cultures also had influences from outside sources such as 6643:

Myanmar had a murder rate of 15.2 per 100,000 population with a total of 8,044 murders in 2012. Factors influencing Myanmar's high murder rate include communal violence and armed conflict. Myanmar is one of the world's most corrupt nations. The 2012

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indicated that there were approximately 100 political prisoners being held in Burmese prisons. Evidence gathered by a British researcher was published in 2005 regarding the extermination or "Burmisation" of certain ethnic minorities, such as the

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By the 9th century, several city-states had sprouted across the land: the Pyu in the central dry zone, Mon along the southern coastline and Arakanese along the western littoral. The balance was upset when the Pyu came under repeated attacks from

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and southern Arakan. However, the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia unravelled soon after Bayinnaung's death in 1581, completely collapsing by 1599. Ayutthaya seized Tenasserim and Lan Na, and Portuguese mercenaries established

14544: 1954:. The Pyu culture was heavily influenced by trade with India, importing Buddhism as well as other cultural, architectural and political concepts, which would have an enduring influence on later Burmese culture and political organisation. 2770:(i.e., 80% of the seats). However, the military junta refused to cede power and continued to rule the nation, first as SLORC and, from 1997, as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) until its dissolution in March 2011. General 14656: 2953:

in February 2015. The conflict had forced 40,000 to 50,000 civilians to flee their homes and seek shelter on the Chinese side of the border. During the incident, the government of China was accused of giving military assistance to the

6499:. Jehovah's Witnesses have been present since 1914 and have about 80 congregations around the country and a branch office in Yangon publishing in 16 languages. A tiny Jewish community in Yangon had a synagogue but no resident rabbi. 4933:

reported in June 2012 that "Children are being sold as conscripts into the Burmese military for as little as $ 40 and a bag of rice or a can of petrol." In September 2012, the Myanmar Armed Forces released 42 child soldiers, and the

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groups prefer the term "ethnic nationality" over "ethnic minority" as the term "minority" furthers their sense of insecurity in the face of what is often described as "Burmanisation"—the proliferation and domination of the dominant

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at the top, Indians, Chinese, and Christianized minorities in the middle, and Buddhist Burmese at the bottom. Forcefully integrated into the world economy, Burma's economy grew by involving itself with extractive industries and

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when people in the region were turning copper into bronze, growing rice and domesticating poultry and pigs; they were among the first people in the world to do so. Human remains and artefacts from this era were discovered in

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are the biggest earner; 90% of the world's rubies come from the country, whose red stones are prized for their purity and hue. Thailand buys the majority of the country's gems. Myanmar's "Valley of Rubies", the mountainous

18529: 15032: 3027:, the granting of general amnesties for more than 200 political prisoners, new labour laws that permitted labour unions and strikes, a relaxation of press censorship, and the regulation of currency practices. In response, 5127:, the Myanmar president declared that all of his nation's political prisoners will be released by the end of 2013, in addition to a statement of support for the well-being of the Rohingya Muslim community. In a speech at 3022:

A series of liberalising political and economic actions – or reforms – then took place. By the end of 2011 these included the release of pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi from house arrest, the establishment of the

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has identified at least 39 locations capable of geothermal power production and some of these hydrothermal reservoirs lie quite close to Yangon which is a significant underutilised resource for electrical production.

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emerged in central Myanmar. The city-states were founded as part of the southward migration by the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu people, the earliest inhabitants of Myanmar of whom records are extant, from present-day

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Heavy logging since the new 1995 forestry law went into effect has seriously reduced forest area and wildlife habitat. The lands along the coast support all varieties of tropical fruits and once had large areas of

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Murray, Nicholas J.; Keith, David A.; Duncan, Adam; Tizard, Robert; Ferrer-Paris, Jose R.; Worthington, Thomas A.; Armstrong, Kate; Nyan Hlaing; Win Thuya Htut; Aung Htat Oo; Kyaw Zay Ya; Grantham, Hedley (2020).

9404: 6571:, and early indicators of any progress against the HIV epidemic are inconsistent. However, the National AIDS Programme Myanmar found that 32% of sex workers and 43% of intravenous drug users in Myanmar have HIV. 4543:

in May 2008. The results, 92.4% of the 22 million voters with an official turnout of 99%, are considered suspect by many international observers and by the National League of Democracy with reports of widespread

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With Burma preoccupied by the Chinese threat, Ayutthaya recovered its territories by 1770 and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776. Burma and Siam went to war until 1855, but all resulted in a stalemate, exchanging

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and the wholesale nationalisation of private enterprise that took place in 1964. The Anglo-Burmese at this time either fled the country or changed their names and blended in with the broader Burmese society.

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magazine, "In the past, there were only 15 international airlines and increasing numbers of airlines have begun launching direct flights from Japan, Qatar, Taiwan, South Korea, Germany and Singapore."

16281: 11052: 6441:, the sacred language of Theravada Buddhism, as well as several ethnic minority languages, including Shan, several Karen dialects, and Kayah (Karenni), with the addition of specialised characters and 4154:. Despite several issues, Myanmar also ranks 64 and scores very good (i.e. a high percentage of 93.73%) in environmental effects of the agricultural industry because of an excellent management of the 4024:

Myanmar has displayed interest in expanding its use of renewable energy and lowering its level of carbon emissions. Groups involved in helping Myanmar with the transition and move forward include the

9348: 3182: 7940: 15062: 14534: 12298: 5202:. Goods travel primarily across the Thai border (where most illegal drugs are exported) and along the Irrawaddy River. Notably, opium production in Myanmar is the world's second-largest source of 2555:

and the Arakan National Army fought with the Japanese from 1942 to 1944 but switched allegiance to the Allied side in 1945. Overall, 170,000 to 250,000 Burmese civilians died during World War II.

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including tropical and subtropical vegetation, seasonally inundated wetlands, shoreline and tidal systems, and alpine ecosystems. Myanmar houses some of the largest intact natural ecosystems in

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on 8 November in a landslide. The USDP, regarded as a proxy for the military, suffered a "humiliating" defeat – even worse than in 2015 – capturing only 33 of the 476 elected seats.

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and are used in a variety of ways, fresh, salted whole or filleted, salted and dried, made into a salty paste, or fermented sour and pressed. Burmese cuisine also includes a variety of salads (

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A cyber-scam industry in Myanmar's borderlands has involved human trafficking, forced labour and other abuses. Many of the scam centres are in territories controlled by junta allies like the

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was requested, but concerns about foreign military or intelligence presence in the country delayed the entry of United States military planes delivering medicine, food, and other supplies.

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On 23 June 1997, Myanmar was admitted into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. On 27 March 2006, the military junta, which had moved the national capital from Yangon to a site near

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over the last 2–3 centuries, and nearly half of its ecosystems are threatened. Despite large gaps in information for some ecosystems, there is a large potential to develop a comprehensive

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states, "This was out of a total population of only 13 million; it was equivalent to the United Kingdom today taking 2 million people a year." By then, in most of Burma's largest cities,

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came to dominate the entire northwestern to eastern arc surrounding the Irrawaddy valley. The valley too was beset with petty states until the late 14th century when two sizeable powers,

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Both China and India have attempted to strengthen ties with the government for economic benefit in the early 2010s. Many Western nations, including the United States and Canada, and the

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The government receives a significant percentage of the income of private-sector tourism services. The most popular available tourist destinations in Myanmar include big cities such as

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and foreigners have been victims of sex trafficking in Myanmar. They are forced into prostitution, marriages or pregnancies. Sex trafficking in Myanmar has been fuelled by factors like

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and a handful of other artists, they were the pioneers of western painting style. Later on most young children learned the concepts from them. Some well known contemporary artists are

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Bengali Muslims from Bangladesh since 1982—on the government's list of more than 130 ethnic races and, therefore, the government states that they have no claim to Myanmar citizenship.

13161: 5296:, the Indian immigrants formed a majority of the population. The Burmese under British rule felt helpless, and reacted with a "racism that combined feelings of superiority and fear". 4721: 4020:

predict serious consequences to development for all economic, productive, social, and environmental sectors in Myanmar. In order to combat the hardships ahead and do its part to help

2488:

became the first Prime Minister and Premier of Burma. Ba Maw was an outspoken advocate for Burmese self-rule, and he opposed the participation of Britain, and by extension Burma, in

13774: 13486: 12503: 1410:. Since 2021, more than 600,000 people were displaced across Myanmar due to the surge in violence post-coup, with more than 3 million people in dire need of humanitarian assistance. 15725: 7678: 4560:

was declared illegal. However, immediately following the elections, the government ended the house arrest of the democracy advocate and leader of the National League for Democracy,

3048:, the NLD won 43 of the 45 available seats. The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar. 11134: 126: 18525: 15457: 15024: 12205: 9597: 7030:) in 1920 which proved a major success, despite its poor quality. During the 1920s and 1930s, many Burmese-owned film companies made and produced several films. The first Burmese 5434:

are also a significant export, as Myanmar supplies around 10% of the world's rare earths. Conflict in Kachin State has threatened the operations of its mines as of February 2021.

4696:

Myanmar has received extensive military aid from China in the past. Myanmar has been a member of ASEAN since 1997. Though it gave up its turn to hold the ASEAN chair and host the

3034:

visited Myanmar in December 2011 – the first visit by a US Secretary of State in more than fifty years – meeting both President Thein Sein and opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi.

18977: 12909: 5079:, since Myanmar transitioned to a new government in August 2011, the country's human rights record has been improving. Previously giving Myanmar its lowest rating of 7, the 2012 19017: 12091:"Myanmar coup: Week(s) of Feb.1 to Feb. 21, EU action in focus as foreign ministers set to meet; Candlelight vigil held in Yangon; Facebook removes military's 'True News' page," 11827: 5337:. While the economy continued to grow at a slower rate, the country eschewed a Western-oriented development model, and by the 1980s, was left behind capitalist powerhouses like 4988: 3265:

International development and aid partners – business, non-governmental, and governmental – hinted at suspension of partnerships with Myanmar. Banks were closed and

16702: 14691: 14170: 11478: 2422: 12533: 3187: In January, 2021, just before the new parliament was to be sworn in, The NLD announced that Suu Kyi would retain her State Counsellor role in the upcoming government. 2590:

and other ethnic leaders in 1947. In 1947, Aung San became Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Myanmar, a transitional government. But in July 1947, political rivals

1927:, as seen in their funerary practices concerning child burials. This indicates some form of communication between groups in Myanmar and other places, possibly through trade. 17827: 17544: 17487: 16593: 16258: 15251: 12238: 7714: 5438: 17351:"Ethnic and Religious Diversity: Myanmar's Unfolding Nemesis", Matthews, Bruce, Institute of South East Asian Studies, Visiting Researcher Series, Volume 2001, No. 3. 2001. 17118: 16575: 12268: 11796: 11767: 10208: 4664:, Switzerland, the summit was held on 5–7 June and attended by 1,200 participants, including 10 heads of state, 12 ministers and 40 senior directors from around the world. 3012:

declared victory, stating that it had been favoured by 80 per cent of the votes; fraud, however, was alleged. A nominally civilian government was then formed, with retired

2442:

Company, which was expanding its interests eastwards over the same territory. Over the next 60 years, diplomacy, raids, treaties and compromises, known collectively as the

2346:

turned west, acquiring Arakan (1785), Manipur (1814) and Assam (1817). It was the second-largest empire in Burmese history but also one with a long ill-defined border with

17949: 15343: 12090: 7017:

Myanmar's first film was a documentary of the funeral of Tun Shein—a leading politician of the 1910s, who campaigned for Burmese independence in London. The first Burmese

18365: 14368: 13383: 11720: 8887:. ILCAA Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series No. 33. Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. pp. 43–54. 4633:, oil and gas exploration, information technology, hydropower and construction of ports and buildings. Myanmar also has close political relations with Vietnam and Japan. 3203:. By 15 March 2021 the military leadership continued to extend martial law into more parts of Yangon, while security forces killed 38 people in a single day of violence. 2747:

In 1988, unrest over economic mismanagement and political oppression by the government led to widespread pro-democracy demonstrations throughout the country known as the

1424:

The name of the country has been a matter of dispute and disagreement, particularly in the early 21st century, focusing mainly on the political legitimacy of those using

20430: 17795: 16017: 9396: 8356: 16937: 14596: 19936: 19836: 8158: 3199:

about one year – though the military avoided making an official commitment to that. The military expelled NLD party Members of Parliament from the capital city,

17056: 12155: 10661: 4032:

which directed in producing the final draft of the Myanmar national climate change policy that was presented to various sectors of the Myanmar government for review.

3222:, and leaders of democratic nations. The U.S. threatened sanctions on the military and its leaders, including a "freeze" of US$ 1 billion of their assets in the U.S. 2438:

In the 19th century, Burmese rulers sought to maintain their traditional influence in the western areas of Assam, Manipur and Arakan. Pressing them, however, was the

19811: 15589: 14970: 13550: 11509: 10332: 6539:

in Myanmar is poor. The government spends anywhere from 0.5% to 3% of the country's GDP on health care, consistently ranking among the lowest in the world. Although

5371:, which covers about 60% of the country's total cultivated land area. Rice accounts for 97% of total food grain production by weight. Through collaboration with the 15513: 15430: 14626: 14461: 13124: 11172: 10079: 8725: 16644: 16615: 13347: 9103: 7969: 718: 15392: 10995: 10786: 2831:

led by Buddhist monks that were dealt with harshly by the government. The government cracked down on them on 26 September 2007, with reports of barricades at the

2194: 15642: 13701: 8426: 6669:

found in Thailand produced in Myanmar, particularly in the Golden Triangle and northeastern Shan State, which borders Thailand, Laos and China. Burmese-produced

15782: 12563: 12004: 11088: 11018: 8967: 8384: 20977: 20483: 18493: 17078: 11655: 7876: 3170:

irregularities. However, despite the election commission validating the NLD's overwhelming victory, the USDP and Myanmar's military persistently alleged fraud.

1880:

age domestication of plants and animals and the use of polished stone tools dating to sometime between 10,000 and 6,000 BCE has been discovered in the form of

16285: 14937: 12600: 11353: 10855: 8505: 7798: 2903:

geographical setting of conflict. Foreign journalists and visitors require a special travel permit to visit the areas in which Myanmar's civil wars continue.

2667:, which combined Burma Proper, which consisted of Lower Burma and Upper Burma, and the Frontier Areas, which had been administered separately by the British. 12354: 11044: 10676: 3502:

Below are the number of districts, townships, cities/towns, wards, village groups and villages in each division and state of Myanmar as of 31 December 2001:

18399: 14197: 9344: 4489:

The constitution of Myanmar, its third since independence, was drafted by its military rulers and published in September 2008. The country is governed as a

19804: 14723: 13416: 11220: 9142: 7930: 6742:

In a traditional village, the monastery is the centre of cultural life. Monks are venerated and supported by the lay people. A novitiation ceremony called

5423:

jewellery companies, including Bulgari, Tiffany and Cartier, refuse to import these stones based on reports of deplorable working conditions in the mines.

4749: 3460: 17592: 15699: 15054: 12380: 9469: 2835:

and monks killed. There were also rumours of disagreement within the Burmese armed forces, but none was confirmed. The military crackdown against unarmed

21112: 12290: 9168: 1696:, and no single one is standard. Pronunciations with two syllables are found most often in major British and American dictionaries. Dictionaries—such as 1516:). Countries that do not officially recognise that name use the long form "Union of Burma" instead. In English, the country is popularly known as either 21029: 16383: 11952: 11111: 9276: 8664: 8403: 6787:, the Burman population is 68% and the ethnic groups constitute 32%. In contrast, the exiled leaders and organisations claim the country is 40% ethnic. 5676:

who were not counted. People who were out of the country at the time of the census are not included in these figures. There are over 600,000 registered

5131:, he revealed that "We are reviewing all cases. I guarantee to you that by the end of this year, there will be no prisoners of conscience in Myanmar." 4843:

There is consensus that the former military regime in Myanmar (1962–2010) was one of the world's most repressive and abusive regimes. In November 2012,

18343: 17229: 15664: 15273: 13446: 10703: 8306: 5684:, and millions more work illegally. Burmese citizens account for 80% of all migrant workers in Thailand. At the beginning of the 20th century, Burma's 4753: 2101:

Pagan's collapse was followed by 250 years of political fragmentation that lasted well into the 16th century. Like the Burmans four centuries earlier,

18656: 17913: 15913: 15804: 13740: 6823:), centred on one major ingredient, ranging from starches like rice, wheat and rice noodles, glass noodles and vermicelli, to potato, ginger, tomato, 18799: 16036: 10729: 4748:, Myanmar was suspected of using North Korean construction teams to build a fortified surface-to-air missile facility. As of 2019, the United States 4381: 4016:

average maximum temperature of 32 °C (89.6 °F). Previously and currently analysed data, as well as future projections on changes caused by

3259: 2840: 493: 16549: 15369: 14245: 14009: 10189:(Werner Gruhl is former chief of NASA's Cost and Economic Analysis Branch with a lifetime interest in the study of the First and Second World Wars.) 9190: 8750: 7908: 7841: 5688:

was approximately 10 million. The national population density is 76 per square kilometre (200/sq mi), among the lowest in Southeast Asia.

5099:

The government has also relaxed reporting laws, but these remain highly restrictive. In September 2011, several banned websites, including YouTube,

3095:. These were the first openly contested elections held in Myanmar since the 1990 general election (which was annulled). The results gave the NLD an 15755: 15114: 14771: 14399: 14324: 12116: 11902: 11877: 6609:

as of 2000 was 90%. Historically, Myanmar has had high literacy rates. The educational system of Myanmar is operated by the government agency, the

3285:(PDF) to protect its supporters from military junta attacks and as a first step towards a Federal Union Army. The civil war is ongoing as of 2024. 704: 14871: 14078: 13321: 8528: 5067:

donate on social media, this is a endless cycle as families time and again find themselves online to trade their organs as money runs out.

3215:

including groups of civil servants, teachers, students, workers, monks and religious leaders – even normally disaffected ethnic minorities.

20423: 18426: 16799: 14558: 13183: 12815: 12026: 10604: 10520: 7773: 6757:) at the same time. Burmese culture is most evident in villages where local festivals are held throughout the year, the most important being the 16352: 15189: 11976: 11927: 11255: 9743: 4866:

notes, "The military junta has ... suppressed nearly all basic rights; and committed human rights abuses with impunity." In July 2013, the

4768:

calling on the government of Myanmar to respect human rights and begin a democratic transition. South Africa also voted against the resolution.

4744:(IAEA) since 1957. The military junta had informed the IAEA in September 2000 of its intention to construct the reactor. In 2010 as part of the 3044:

party participated in the 2012 by-elections, facilitated by the government's abolition of the laws that previously barred it. In the April 2012

18209: 16318: 16141: 13980: 11852: 10760: 10464: 4867: 18838: 18633: 15482: 15308: 14513: 13291: 10964: 18053: 17518: 17168: 16910: 15136: 13152: 12874: 10442: 9250: 6334: 826: 17844: 13468: 12931: 21097: 15002: 14132: 13763: 13624: 13490: 12511: 9370: 8788: 8125: 4465: 4446: 4368: 886: 474: 18989: 17874: 15721: 9531: 8688: 8321: 2087:

temples in the Pagan capital zone alone. Repeated Mongol invasions in the late 13th century toppled the four-century-old kingdom in 1287.

1191:

refused to cede power, and has continued to rule the country through to the present. The country remains riven by ethnic strife among its

19927: 17320: 12970: 11483:

Wrapping up a historic three-day visit to Myanmar , the first by a secretary of state to the Southeast Asian nation in more than 50 years

11384: 11142: 10889: 9076: 7740: 6475:

According to 2014 census, 6.2% of the population identifies as Christian; 4.3% as Muslim; 0.8% as followers of tribal religions; 0.5% as

5717: 2701:, and the government had been under direct or indirect control by the military since then. Between 1962 and 1974, Myanmar was ruled by a 2347: 2255:

The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing

2220: 19014: 18974: 18102: 15454: 12202: 9704: 9012: 5272:

agriculture. However, much of the wealth was concentrated in the hands of Europeans. The country became the world's largest exporter of

20416: 18552: 18128: 17466: 13673: 13209: 12901: 7086: 673: 18934: 18906: 17710: 17644: 17618: 12328: 11824: 8564:

Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of Strategic and International Studies (MISIS) Report. p. 8.

4802: 3472: 2774:

took over the Chairmanship – effectively the position of Myanmar's top ruler – from General Saw Maung in 1992 and held it until 2011.

2628:

as its first prime minister. Unlike most other former British colonies and overseas territories, Burma did not become a member of the

18886: 15606: 15163: 9507: 8221: 5108: 4564:, and her ability to move freely around the country is considered an important test of the military's movement toward more openness. 2942: 2511:. Within months after they entered the war, Japanese troops had advanced on Rangoon, and the British administration had collapsed. A 774: 14681: 14162: 10937: 10412: 2457:

Throughout the colonial era, many Indians arrived as soldiers, civil servants, construction workers and traders and, along with the

19197: 19048: 18918: 18168: 17298: 17001: 16717: 16254: 15872: 15831: 15243: 14539: 14048: 13027: 12541: 11441: 9224: 7100: 5524: 5215: 5211: 5088: 4905:

Based on the evidence gathered by Amnesty photographs and video of the ongoing armed conflict between the Myanmar military and the

3024: 2725: 17540: 16742: 16597: 14101: 12748:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material" 12228: 11414: 7710: 4501:

accountable to the legislature), with 25% of the legislators appointed by the military and the rest elected in general elections.

3465: 2155:"grew more confident, popular, and stylistically diverse", and the second generation of Burmese law codes as well as the earliest 20339: 20216: 19217: 18291: 17414: 16579: 16520: 15216: 15085: 14815: 13647: 13594: 13572: 13269: 12260: 11764: 11585: 10915: 10580: 10554: 10200: 5437:

Other industries include agricultural goods, textiles, wood products, construction materials, gems, metals, oil and natural gas.

2967: 2675: 2603: 2319: 2043:, the first ever unification of the Irrawaddy valley and its periphery. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Pagan Empire and the 180: 17953: 17732: 17264: 16963: 16442: 12993: 11288: 11198: 10171:

Micheal Clodfelter. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002

10105: 9550: 9329: 2885:. During 8–12 August, the first days of the conflict, as many as 10,000 Burmese civilians fled to Yunnan in neighbouring China. 1279:. The military also arrested Aung San Suu Kyi in order to remove her from public life, and charged her with crimes ranging from 19677: 19404: 18468: 18369: 17666: 16996: 16155: 14358: 13373: 13098: 11717: 9782: 9046: 8348: 4980:, political instability, land confiscation, poor border management, and government restrictions on providing travel documents. 4540: 4533: 4439: 3159: 3009: 2958:

rebels. Clashes between Burmese troops and local insurgent groups have continued, fuelling tensions between China and Myanmar.

18015: 17799: 17389: 16173: 16021: 10497: 10297: 6881:

in December representing the third occasion that the event has been staged in Myanmar. Myanmar previously hosted the games in

2674:, the Union of Burma's Permanent Representative to the United Nations and former secretary to the prime minister, was elected 21117: 18772: 18749: 18726: 17767: 16934: 16117: 15959: 15570: 14853: 14588: 13525: 12858: 11558: 11321: 10655: 10623: 10384: 10239: 10186: 10141: 10052: 10007: 9847: 9829: 9636: 9580: 8922: 8892: 8252: 6886: 6882: 5372: 3456: 16228: 16082: 8445: 8147: 2117:, emerged. In the west, a politically fragmented Arakan was under competing influences of its stronger neighbours until the 19423: 19232: 18586: 18079: 17048: 15535: 14960: 13542: 12736:. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI) and Myanmar Institute of International and Strategic Studies (MISIS). 12147: 11535: 11500: 10639: 8721: 8154: 5580:, Thailand. At least one tourist company has successfully run commercial overland routes through these borders since 2013. 4745: 4025: 3278: 3194:, Myanmar's military, detained Suu Kyi and other members of the ruling party. The military handed power to military chief 3139: 2649: 2451: 1276: 856: 17202: 16202: 14223: 12186: 12057: 11743: 11612: 10070: 8474: 5664:

showed that the total population was 51,419,420. This figure includes an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern

4162:; this poses a number of social, political, economic and foreign policy challenges to the country. The country had a 2019 21127: 21082: 19342: 19227: 19207: 15393:"State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition" 14618: 14453: 11633: 11164: 10324: 10255: 9654:"pIRIR and IR-RF dating of archaeological deposits at Badahlin and Gu Myaung Caves – First luminescence ages for Myanmar" 9652:

Schaarschmidt, Maria; Fu, Xiao; Li, Bo; Marwick, Ben; Khaing, Kyaw; Douka, Katerina; Roberts, Richard G. (January 2018).

9434: 8714: 6345:

Muslims have fled Myanmar. Many refugees headed to neighbouring Bangladesh, including 200,000 in 1978 as a result of the

4836: 4725:

Myanmar's military forces' expenses are high. Myanmar imports most of its weapons from Russia, Ukraine, China and India.

3435: 3282: 3177: 3145: 2756: 1654: 1566: 1208: 1188: 995: 991: 15596:. Norwegian Institute of International Affairs (NUPI). Report commissioned by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 14714:"#trending: Chinese netizens afraid of Southeast Asia travel after hit movie No More Bets shows human trafficking scams" 13343: 7962: 21107: 21087: 20854: 19445: 19296: 18790: 17140: 16460: 15405: 14302: 12473: 12457: 12429: 11003: 10782: 9484: 4741: 4513: 4070: 3463: 3374:, at an elevation of 5,881 metres (19,295 ft), is the highest point in Myanmar. Many mountain ranges, such as the 807: 15778: 15638: 14745: 8981: 8373: 4107:, but the remaining ecosystems are under threat from land use intensification and over-exploitation. According to the 3454: 3258:

resolution called for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi and the other detained leaders – a position shared by the

1790: 20439: 19003:

Online Burma/Myanmar Library: Classified and annotated links to more than 17,000 full-text documents on Burma/Myanmar

15992: 14430: 12677: 12001: 11078: 10176: 9136: 9016: 8862: 4965: 4935: 3452: 1838: 1809: 1574: 1469: 1315: 18821: 18500: 17992: 17085: 14907: 11659: 11022: 10234:. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. 8814: 7866: 7809: 7656: 6999:

In regards to communications infrastructure, Myanmar is the last ranked Asian country in the World Economic Forum's

2318:, who had provided arms to Hanthawaddy. By 1770, Alaungpaya's heirs had subdued much of Laos and fought and won the 1762: 1484:. The renaming remains a contested issue. Many political and ethnic opposition groups and countries continue to use 19554: 14929: 11345: 10841: 9681: 8611: 8557:

Vakulchuk, Roman; Kyaw Kyaw Hlaing; Edward Ziwa Naing; Indra Overland; Beni Suryadi and Sanjayan Velautham (2017).

8497: 7057:

were made, although at least 800 VCDs were produced. Myanmar is the primary subject of a 2007 graphic novel titled

6660: 6651:

ranked the country at number 171, out of 176 countries in total. Myanmar is the world's second largest producer of

6301:. Conservative estimates state that there are over 295,800 minority refugees from Myanmar, with the majority being 6205: 5999: 5168: 4973: 4377: 4163: 3444: 3219: 3028: 2744:

at the funeral of U Thant. Student protests in 1975, 1976, and 1977 were quickly suppressed by overwhelming force.

2737: 2327: 1970:. It was one of several competing city-states until the late 10th century, when it grew in authority and grandeur. 1240: 1192: 497: 360: 200: 18450:"Internet Governance Capacity Building in Post-Authoritarian Contexts. Telecom Reform and Human Rights in Myanmar" 16638:"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" 15277: 12350: 10680: 9298: 4585: 4520:. The lower house consists of 330 members who are directly elected and 110 who are appointed by the armed forces. 2873:

in Shan State in northern Myanmar. For several weeks, junta troops fought against ethnic minorities including the

21102: 21092: 19920: 19549: 18391: 14193: 13942: 13918: 13894: 13870: 13846: 13822: 13798: 13053: 12710: 6656: 6610: 6346: 5207: 5176: 4914: 4765: 4760: 4147: 4123: 3469: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3255: 2733: 1176: 17362: 17110: 16498: 14713: 13406: 13128: 11230: 10816: 9126: 5807: 3406:

rivers. The Irrawaddy River, Myanmar's longest river at nearly 2,170 kilometres (1,348 mi), flows into the

20319: 19311: 19192: 17584: 16777: 15808: 15691: 13072: 12376: 9457: 9001: 6866: 6673:

is typically trafficked to Thailand via Laos, before being transported through the northeastern Thai region of

6213: 5016: 4007:

region of Asia, with its coastal regions receiving over 5,000 mm (196.9 in) of rain annually. Annual

2980: 1769: 1747: 1268: 1117: 755: 19222: 17977:

Chronicle of National Development Comparison Between Period Preceding 1988 and after (up to 31 December 2006).

15505: 13764:"Adherence to and Compliance with Arms Control, Non-Proliferation, and Disarmament Agreements and Commitments" 9164: 6719:, has been influenced greatly by Thai, Mon, and Indian versions of the play. Buddhism is practised along with 6625:, Yangon International School, and International School of Myanmar in Yangon. Myanmar was ranked 127th in the 5326: 5153:

have treated 113 Rohingya refugee females for sexual assault with all but one describing military assailants.

4169:

Myanmar's slow economic growth has contributed to the preservation of much of its environment and ecosystems.

3450: 3135: 2698: 2450:

proclaimed control over most of Burma. With the fall of Mandalay, all of Burma came under British rule, being

2342:(to Burma) and Lan Na (to Ayutthaya). Faced with a powerful China and a resurgent Ayutthaya in the east, King 2310:

defeating the Restored Hanthawaddy, and by 1759 he had reunited all of Myanmar and Manipur and driven out the

1260: 1168: 645: 606: 19488: 19433: 19276: 18154: 17831: 16375: 15898: 15857: 9272: 8672: 8399: 5150: 4557: 4552: 4529: 3440: 3163: 3151: 3092: 3041: 3005: 3001: 2767: 2763: 2657: 2653: 1252: 1248: 1228: 1212: 961: 18335: 14535:"Nowhere else to go: An examination of sexual trafficking and related human rights abuses in Southern Burma" 11107: 10711: 9546: 8418: 8302: 6479:; 0.2% as followers of other religions; and 0.1% follow no religion. According to the 2010 estimates of the 3448: 20323: 19564: 19508: 19416: 19377: 19362: 19316: 19291: 19187: 19162: 19041: 17924: 16666:

Spoorenberg, Thomas (2015). "Provisional results of the 2014 census of Myanmar: The surprise that wasn't".

15921: 13732: 12291:"India has a history of involvement in its neighbours' affairs. Why has it not condemned the Myanmar coup?" 7203:

Soe Win is the only vice chairman of the SAC, but he is one of five deputy prime ministers. The others are

6840: 6648: 6622: 6552: 6502: 4977: 4918: 4812: 4781: 4580: 4568: 4415: 3470: 3446: 3445: 3299:

Myanmar has a total area of 678,500 square kilometres (262,000 sq mi). It lies between latitudes

2894: 2512: 2303: 2280: 2147:

polities. Despite the wars, cultural synchronisation continued. This period is considered a golden age for

1391: 1284: 1232: 1196: 1153: 942: 937: 927: 517: 19005: 16847:

Spoorenberg, Thomas (2013). "Demographic changes in Myanmar since 1983: An examination of official data".

4999: 4326:. Hundreds of species of freshwater fish are wide-ranging, plentiful and are very important food sources. 2762:

In May 1990, the government held free multiparty elections for the first time in almost 30 years, and the

2279:

raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the

1287:

protocols; all of the charges against her are "politically motivated" according to independent observers.

1167:

Myanmar's post-independence history has been checkered by continuing unrest and conflict to this day. The

19697: 19622: 19522: 19483: 19281: 19256: 18900: 18846: 16553: 14840:

Islam, Syed; Islam, Serajul (2007). "Chapter 16, State Terrorism in Arakan". In Tan, Andrew T. H. (ed.).

14718: 14020: 9198: 7898: 6870: 6618: 4108: 4008: 3119: 2702: 2637: 2613: 1776: 1525: 1161: 15747: 14483: 8099: 8064: 8029: 3457: 3451: 21122: 19913: 19702: 19589: 18718: 18715:

Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland

18049: 17814: 16822: 14074: 9911: 8287: 6874: 6645: 5368: 5112:

mindful of the ethical quandary of how to work with the government without bolstering or appeasing it.

4951: 4906: 4215:

although much of the protective mangroves have disappeared. In much of central Myanmar (the dry zone),

3529: 3496: 2609: 2547: 2508: 2175:

Portuguese ruler mounting an Elephant and his soldiers . Philips, Jan Caspar (draughtsman and engraver)

1697: 1157: 913: 589: 20372:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.

18943: 18603: 18422: 13187: 12811: 10596: 7762: 6865:

are traditional sports in Myanmar. Football is played all over the country, even in villages, and its

6703:

A diverse range of indigenous cultures exist in Myanmar, with majority culture primarily Buddhist and

5583:

Flights are available from most countries, though direct flights are limited to mainly Thai and other

5316:), tin, lead and silver to keep them from the Japanese. Myanmar was bombed extensively by the Allies. 619: 85: 19440: 19301: 19286: 19261: 18830: 18764: 17572:. Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population. July 2016. pp. 12–15. 16344: 15951: 15332:. Soubhik Ronnie Saha The Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations Harvard University September 2011 15193: 11252: 11225: 10752: 9747: 8560:

Myanmar's Attractiveness for Investment in the Energy Sector. A Comparative International Perspective

7000: 6513:

Although Hinduism is practised by 0.5% of the population, it was a major religion in Myanmar's past.

6463:

A large majority of the population practices Buddhism; estimates range from 80% to 89%. According to

5855: 5752: 5692: 5342: 5186: 5100: 4450: 4364: 4021: 4017: 3455: 3123: 3045: 2493: 2204: 1395: 1125: 478: 18862: 18213: 16307: 13973: 10648:

Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present

6208:. There are at least 108 different ethnolinguistic groups in Myanmar, consisting mainly of distinct 5312:

policy. They destroyed major government buildings, oil wells and mines that developed for tungsten (

4756:

but that the Myanmar government had a history of non-transparency on its nuclear programs and aims.

3447: 1915:

began around 500 BCE with the emergence of iron-working settlements in an area south of present-day

1758: 21132: 20987: 19754: 19399: 19271: 18969: 18835: 17006: 16703:"Myanmar's first census in more than 30 years: A radical revision of the official population count" 15474: 14517: 13295: 8751:"Issue Brief: Dire Consequences: Addressing the Humanitarian Fallout from Myanmar's Coup - Myanmar" 7278: 7240: 6472:

citizenship status denied and treated as illegal immigrants instead, and Christians in Chin State.

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are the major Austroasiatic languages spoken in Myanmar. The two major Indo-European languages are

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List of Districts, Townships, Cities/Towns, Wards, Village Groups and Villages in Union of Myanmar

11578:""Myanmar's Chairmanship of ASEAN: Challenges and Opportunities", Myanmar's Growing Regional Role" 10434: 9246: 3464: 3459: 3114:

was elected as the first non-military president since the military coup of 1962. On 6 April 2016,

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Mental Culture in Burmese Crisis Politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy

9783:"A Pyu Homeland in the Samon Valley: a new theory of the origins of Myanmar's early urban system" 8854:

Mental Culture in Burmese Crisis Politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for Democracy

8183: 7808:. Department of Population Ministry of Labour, Immigration and Population MYANMAR. Archived from 6626: 6376: 6372: 6368: 5602: 5264: 5031: 4777: 4673: 4212: 3336: 2797: 2721: 2629: 2591: 2552: 2501: 2382: 2358: 2295: 1736: 1403: 1399: 1375: 1371: 1307: 1264: 1204: 1066: 1023: 864: 732: 691: 632: 388: 18874: 14992: 14140: 13632: 10528: 9374: 8780: 8325: 8113: 4516:. The upper house consists 168 members who are directly elected and 56 who are appointed by the 4339: 19473: 19372: 18986: 18630:"Burma VJ Nominated for the 2010 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, Rev. Danny Fisher" 17885: 12962: 11376: 10881: 10643: 9566: 9523: 8941: 8692: 6545: 6364: 5362: 5308:

several decades. During the Japanese invasion of Burma in World War II, the British followed a

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with a rank of 130th out of 180 countries worldwide, with 1st being least corrupt, as of 2019.

4509: 3471: 3453: 2741: 2536: 2528: 2121:

unified the Arakan coastline for the first time in 1437. The kingdom was a protectorate of the

1709: 782: 726: 20: 17327: 16192:, Facts About Cooperation, International Rice Research Institute. Retrieved 25 September 2007. 9068: 9020: 8852: 7736: 4991:

noted that at least 120,000 people in Myanmar were trapped in such centres by criminal gangs.

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to the southeast. Myanmar has 1,930 km (1,200 mi) of contiguous coastline along the

3206: 20313: 19637: 19617: 19352: 19182: 19095: 18997: 14136: 13411: 12850: 12843: 10704:"Aid arrives in Myanmar as death toll passes 22,000, but worst-hit area still cut off –" 10131: 9708: 8882: 7161: 6514: 6297:

Refugee camps exist along Indian, Bangladeshi and Thai borders while several thousand are in

5191: 4910: 4855: 4737: 4505: 4482: 3468: 3449: 2950: 2398: 2080: 1834: 1473: 1363: 1280: 1172: 1149: 919: 576: 91: 19796: 18931: 18564: 14325:"Myanmar: Villages burned, civilians injured and killed as Rakhine State conflict escalates" 13677: 13213: 5780: 5542:

The most common way for travellers to enter the country is by air. According to the website

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have repeatedly documented and condemned widespread human rights violations in Myanmar. The

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is dated to about 25,000 BP with discoveries of stone tools in central Myanmar. Evidence of

20992: 20833: 20181: 19707: 19569: 19544: 19503: 19428: 19389: 19357: 19244: 19155: 17640: 17614: 15167: 14933: 12759: 12631: 12320: 11807: 11168: 10851: 9915: 9464:. An occasional guide to the words and names in the news from Martha Figueroa-Clark of the 7095: 6976: 6902: 6580: 6496: 6358: 5817: 5757: 5172: 5115: 4657: 4653: 4498: 4490: 4454: 4435: 4408: 4390: 4275: 4135: 3492: 3294: 3158:, competed with various other smaller parties – particularly the military-affiliated 2973: 2870: 2492:. He resigned from the Legislative Assembly and was arrested for sedition. In 1940, before 2458: 2183: 2052: 1658: 1295: 1272: 660: 454: 437: 20408: 18883: 17706: 17415:"The Encounter of Missionary Christianity and Resurgent Buddhism in Post-colonial Myanmar" 15613: 15086:"Myanmar's poorest are so desperate they're turning to social media to sell their kidneys" 9503: 8213: 6781:

Kachin and Chin who populate the north and northeast, practice Christianity. According to

4126:(EPI) with an overall ranking of 153 out of 180 countries in 2016, among the worst in the 1451:

ethnic group, of uncertain etymology. The terms are also popularly thought to derive from

71: 8: 20258: 19717: 19574: 19330: 19306: 19140: 18915: 17498: 14559:"Give Us a Baby and We'll Let You Go: Trafficking of Kachin Brides from Myanmar to China" 13369: 13023: 12493:

published by Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of Union of Myanmar on 31 December 2001

11928:"Myanmar Military Refuses to Rule Out Coup as It Presses Claim of Fraud in Nov Election," 11437: 10941: 10404: 9220: 8972: 7283: 7245: 7216: 7090: 6967: 6564: 6480: 6464: 6454: 5661: 5431: 4984: 4890: 4808: 4431: 4386: 4254:, which are also tamed or bred in captivity for use as work animals, particularly in the 4112: 4049: 3511: 3316: 3312: 3304: 2844: 2583: 2543: 2272: 2129: 2114: 1997: 1466: 1379: 1109: 431: 400: 377: 18172: 17290: 14052: 13906: 13882: 13858: 13834: 13810: 12763: 12727:

Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier

12635: 12564:"Millions to Benefit from Myanmar's New Partnership Framework With the World Bank Group" 9485:"Definition of MYANMAR by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com (British & World English)" 6726: 4130:

region. The environmental areas where Myanmar performs worst (i.e. highest ranking) are

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headed by the general. Almost all aspects of society (business, media, production) were

20237: 19772: 19682: 19599: 19498: 19461: 19411: 19266: 19212: 19145: 19087: 19061: 18895: 18148: 16902: 16746: 16683: 16135: 15892: 15851: 15453:

AP News. (12 December 2017). "Army's rape of Rohingya women sweeping, methodical: AP".

14109: 14105: 13954: 13930: 12788: 12747: 12659: 12229:"On Bloodiest Day for Myanmar Civilians, India Attends Military Parade by Coup Leaders" 11406: 10846: 10102:"China-Burma-India: Merrill's Marauders. Veterans History Project, Library of Congress" 9673: 8603: 8379: 7156: 6783: 6686: 6585: 6192: 5451: 5424: 5162: 4851: 4472: 4231: 4111:

categories and criteria more than a third of Myanmar's land area has been converted to

3982: 3687: 3363: 3308: 3300: 2828: 2664: 2645: 2567: 2443: 2439: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2118: 2001: 1823: 1383: 1236: 1224: 1184: 1145: 1141: 1102: 524: 18320: 18287: 17736: 17462: 17421: 16524: 15220: 14811: 13651: 13602: 13580: 13261: 11577: 10911: 10576: 10550: 10101: 8078: 8043: 8008: 6333:

in 1962 led to the expulsion or emigration of 300,000 people. They migrated to escape

4929:

Child soldiers were reported in 2012 to have played a major part in the Burmese Army.

2407: 2227:

went on to conquer a vast swath of mainland Southeast Asia including the Shan states,

1488:

because they do not recognise the legitimacy or authority of the military government.

20391: 20016: 19905: 19761: 19667: 19642: 19559: 19115: 18786: 18768: 18745: 18722: 17763: 17260: 16955: 16906: 16860: 16818: 16773: 16687: 16446: 16159: 16123: 16113: 16048: 15998: 15988: 15965: 15955: 15722:"Synthetic Drugs in East and Southeast Asia: Latest Developments and Challenges 2022" 15586: 15566: 14849: 14219: 13521: 13054:"Aung San Suu Kyi has to tread softly – but governments must tell it like it is" 13001: 12854: 12838: 12793: 12775: 12726: 12663: 12453: 12425: 11327: 11317: 11280: 11194: 10651: 10380: 10235: 10182: 10172: 10137: 10048: 10042: 10003: 9843: 9825: 9677: 9632: 9576: 9572: 9371:"'Birmanie ou Myanmar ? Le vrai faux débat francophone' – La France en Birmanie" 9321: 9132: 8918: 8888: 8858: 8595: 8558: 8248: 8086: 8051: 8016: 7012: 6530: 6488: 6426: 5685: 5263:

administration, the people of Burma were at the bottom of the social hierarchy, with

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The military forces took over Myanmar in 2021. A yearlong investigation conducted by

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A clickable map of Burma/Myanmar exhibiting its first-level administrative divisions.

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minority groups, and the government in the eastern half of the country. In addition,

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tried to modernise the kingdom and in 1875 narrowly avoided annexation by ceding the

2339: 2323: 2245: 2236: 1866:

lived in the region now known as Myanmar as early as 750,000 years ago, with no more

1783: 1678: 1247:, continued to be a source of international tension and consternation. Following the 1244: 503: 18449: 17670: 17010: 16056: 13102: 12504:"Impact of Climate Change and the Case of Myanmar | Myanmar Climate Change Alliance" 9793: 9744:"Skeletal Remains of Nyaunggan, Budalin Township, Monywa District, Sagaing Division" 9042: 5123:

Following Thein Sein's first ever visit to the UK and a meeting with Prime Minister

3190:

In the early morning of 1 February 2021, the day parliament was set to convene, the

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with ethnic leaders that guaranteed the independence of Myanmar as a unified state.

2163:

monarchs introduced religious reforms that later spread to the rest of the country.

152: 21077: 21007: 21002: 20997: 20276: 19742: 19692: 19687: 19662: 19647: 19627: 19579: 19534: 19384: 19167: 18460: 18023: 17399: 16894: 16856: 16814: 16675: 16180: 14779: 14775: 14686: 14649:"Trafficked to China to marry, a Myanmar woman hopes to save others from same fate" 12783: 12767: 12649: 12639: 12233: 11977:"Myanmar Military Chief Warns Constitution Should Be Revoked If Laws Not Followed," 11963: 11775: 11474: 11469: 10489: 10309: 9904: 9665: 8977: 8587: 7604: 7572: 7537: 7505: 7473: 7433: 7389: 7357: 7322: 7292: 7266: 7254: 7228: 7166: 7148: 7071: 7045:

Over the years, the movie industry has also shifted to producing many lower-budget

6952: 6638: 6560: 6507: 6430: 6422: 6408: 6380: 6201: 5532: 5456: 5146: 5142: 5104: 5093: 4678:

Since the late 1950s, Myanmar's military has had major roles in Myanmar's politics.

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for a Sino-Myanmar border total of 2,185 km (1,358 mi). It is bounded by

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and culture gradually became dominant in the upper Irrawaddy valley, eclipsing the

2048: 1987: 1674: 1670: 1558: 1541: 1512: 1492: 1433: 1419: 1347: 1319: 1291: 1220: 1129: 1098: 999: 985: 834: 563: 394: 285: 245: 47: 16407:"Geothermal Energy in Myanmar Securing Electricity for Eastern Border Development" 16376:"China rare earths extend surge on worries over Myanmar supply, inspection threat" 14746:"Trapped inside Myanmar's refugee camps, the Rohingya people call for recognition" 12620:"Myanmar's terrestrial ecosystems: Status, threats and conservation opportunities" 11848: 11846: 10373: 9568:

Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society

6761:. Many villages have a guardian nat, and superstition and taboos are commonplace. 4831: 4054: 1633:. Most English-speaking international news media refer to the country by the name 20473: 20468: 20463: 20458: 20453: 20232: 19948: 19672: 19652: 19150: 19125: 19100: 19021: 19009: 18993: 18981: 18938: 18922: 18890: 18878: 18866: 18842: 18825: 18075: 17494: 16941: 16679: 16282:"Burmese Gem Emporium Rakes in $ 1.5 Billion Despite Human Rights Abuse Concerns" 16232: 16086: 15593: 15461: 15437: 14772:"US Holocaust Museum highlights plight of Myanmar's downtrodden Rohingya Muslims" 12733: 12714: 12654: 12644: 12619: 12209: 12190: 12097: 12061: 12033: 12008: 11983: 11959: 11934: 11909: 11884: 11859: 11831: 11803: 11771: 11747: 11724: 11616: 11531: 11263: 11259: 10619: 10471: 9669: 9626: 8912: 8441: 8400:"The 8 Stages of Genocide Against Burma's Rohingya | UN DispatchUN Dispatch" 7903: 7128: 7076: 7046: 7026: 6878: 6801: 6796: 6758: 6723:, which involves elaborate rituals to propitiate one from a pantheon of 37 nats. 6425:, the mother tongue of the Bamar and official language of Myanmar, is related to 6342: 6326: 6322: 6302: 6283: 6271: 6259: 6236: 6116: 6086: 5837: 5219: 5054:

communities, with violence spreading to towns that are located closer to Yangon.

5026: 5004: 4839:

and regions affected by fighting during and after 1995 are highlighted in yellow.

4729: 4646: 4545: 4478: 4442: 4360: 4235: 3771: 3415: 3395: 3195: 3031: 3013: 2989: 2915: 2907: 2729: 2706: 2427: 2283:. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty. 2212: 1983: 1936: 1904: 1885: 1847: 1662: 1339: 1216: 1121: 1090: 1070: 550: 484: 460: 265: 162: 77: 18800:"Burma's Western Border as Reported by the Diplomatic Correspondence(1947–1975)" 14454:"Exclusive: Women most at risk from traffickers in India, Libya, Myanmar - poll" 5341:

which were integrated with Western economies. Myanmar asked for admittance to a

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to the southwest and the south, which forms one quarter of its total perimeter.

2732:, with the general and other military officers resigning and ruling through the 20872: 19828: 19766: 19632: 19607: 19177: 19130: 19105: 18955: 17950:"Adult (15+) Literacy Rates and Illiterate Population by Region and Gender for" 17762:(illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 31–34. 16206: 15431:

Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi accused of 'legitimising genocide of Rohingya Muslims'

14363: 13761: 12771: 12183: 12054: 11843: 11740: 11629: 11609: 11276: 11083: 9002:"Burma v Myanmar – what's in a name? Obama plays it safe during historic visit" 8470: 7120: 7054: 6993: 6898: 6769: 6594: 6310: 6279: 6240: 6232: 6161: 6071: 5927: 5770: 5696: 5677: 5612: 5508: 5420: 5405: 5309: 5260: 5232: 5199: 4876: 4844: 4689: 4681: 4630: 4606: 4319: 4287: 4159: 4155: 4104: 3659: 3411: 3403: 3103:, enough to ensure that its candidate would become president, while NLD leader 2955: 2874: 2851: 2820: 2621: 2484:

On 1 April 1937, Burma became a separately administered colony of Britain, and

2447: 2402: 2374: 2362: 2315: 2211:

Political unification returned in the mid-16th century, through the efforts of

2179: 2110: 1993: 1908: 1682: 1582: 1407: 1311: 1200: 1019: 593: 441: 418: 381: 354: 324: 275: 270: 17326:. International Organization for Standardization. 2 April 2006. Archived from 16898: 14619:"NGO Report: Malaysia Now a Destination for Sex-Trafficking of Rohingya Girls" 14077:(Press release). International Federation for Human Rights. 20 November 2009. 11970: 10259: 9598:"Prehistory to Protohistory of Myanmar: A Perspective of Historical Geography" 9426: 6433:

consisting of circular and semi-circular letters, which were adapted from the

5096:

confirmed the government's intention to release prisoners in the near future.

21071: 21045: 21031: 20384: 20242: 19657: 19202: 19135: 19120: 19110: 18959: 18657:"TIFF List 2011: A Complete Guide To The Toronto International Film Festival" 18238: 17394: 16127: 16052: 14273:"Myanmar's 'slow genocide' is revealed through the eyes of its child victims" 13236:"Burma, India to sign accord on use of India's remote sensing satellite data" 12779: 12214: 12038: 11988: 11939: 11914: 11889: 11878:"Myanmar Military Condemns Speaker's Refusal to Probe Election Fraud Claims," 11864: 11836: 11331: 10750: 10038: 9547:"Myanmar – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary" 9397:"Birmanie: 87.000 Rohingyas réfugiés au Bangladesh en dix jours, selon l'ONU" 8599: 7935: 7931:"Myanmar Junta Leader Reshuffles Cabinet Days After Extending Emergency Rule" 7871: 6932: 6924: 6858: 6747: 6606: 6400: 6388: 6287: 6263: 6209: 6131: 5981: 5976: 5798: 5665: 5589: 5544: 5468: 5416: 5277: 5243: 5128: 5124: 5039: 4956: 4863: 4602: 4461: 4405: 4255: 4200: 4186: 4131: 3855: 3827: 3743: 3399: 3352: 3173: 3096: 3075: 2919: 2882: 2748: 2532: 2276: 2260: 2256: 2160: 2140: 2040: 2032: 2026: 1979: 1881: 1704: 1180: 1156:, Myanmar was reconquered by the Allies. On 4 January 1948, Myanmar declared 1113: 1094: 1082: 1074: 1051: 954: 537: 348: 290: 260: 215: 202: 18314: 17321:"Proposal for encoding characters for Myanmar minority languages in the UCS" 16468: 16002: 15985:

Late Victorian holocausts: El Niño famines and the making of the third world

15969: 14298: 12477: 11760: 11758: 11756: 9488: 8471:"Myanmar military takes control of country after detaining Aung San Suu Kyi" 7799:"The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census- The Union Report: Religion" 5738: 1120:, and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the 20867: 20794: 20297: 20176: 20141: 19612: 19493: 18741: 17206: 16490: 14965: 13959: 13487:"Pheonix Voyages appointed travel manager for Myanmar's first major summit" 12797: 12196: 12027:"Myanmar's Daw Aung San Suu Kyi to Keep State Counselor Position NLD Says," 12013: 11871: 11713: 11711: 11709: 10127: 10126: 7208: 6940: 6720: 6704: 6518: 6434: 6404: 6384: 6306: 6275: 6255: 6245: 6224: 6056: 6026: 5945: 5669: 5569: 5512: 5464: 5353: 5076: 4894: 4872: 4733: 4713: 4709: 4697: 4641: 4610: 4590: 4494: 4139: 4076: 3547: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3266: 3071: 2985: 2931: 2859: 2854:

caused extensive damage in the densely populated rice-farming delta of the

2633: 2571: 2559: 2520: 2489: 2331: 2216: 2132:

but could never quite reassemble the lost empire. Having held off Ava, the

2056: 2044: 2035:

gradually grew to absorb its surrounding states until the 1050s–1060s when

1963: 1940: 1872: 1862: 1448: 1086: 1078: 897: 464: 318: 312: 300: 280: 118: 18046:"Myanmar still near bottom of corruption rankings in 2012 despite reforms" 17988: 14422: 13996:

Burma continues to be ruled by one of the world's most repressive regimes.

12685: 12203:"Tens of Thousands Take to Streets in Myanmar to Protest Military Regime," 12109: 11921: 11896: 11311: 10808: 8529:"Myanmar's junta condemned over guilty verdicts in Aung San Suu Kyi trial" 6483:, 7% of the population is Christian; 4% is Muslim; 1% follows traditional 6468: 4994: 4207:

of the north, oak, pine and various rhododendrons cover much of the land.

3394:. The mountain chains divide Myanmar's three river systems, which are the 2788: 2083:

remained heavily entrenched. Pagan's rulers and wealthy built over 10,000

1382:

in Myanmar is among the widest in the world, as a large proportion of the

20982: 20396: 20126: 20066: 20061: 19956: 19879: 19172: 18818: 18464: 17366: 14903: 13378: 12102: 12020: 11753: 10181:

Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007

8810: 7652: 7134: 7066: 7062: 7050: 7018: 6824: 6764: 6709: 6691: 6540: 6536: 6392: 6267: 6254:, who form 2% of the population, are ethno-linguistically related to the 6228: 6146: 6041: 5891: 5873: 5868: 5822: 5673: 5561: 5553: 5492: 5334: 5300: 4880: 4637: 4151: 4059: 4012: 3715: 3603: 3575: 3356: 3247: 3079: 2927: 2923: 2575: 2507:

As a major battleground, Burma was devastated during World War II by the

2264: 2106: 2102: 2005: 1626: 1367: 1359: 1351: 1335: 1047: 342: 330: 17695:. Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc. 2013. p. 85. 17667:"Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs – Background Note: Burma" 13439:"Japan should not follow the Western policy on Myanmar - Diplomat op-ed" 12849:(10th ed.). Footscray, Victoria, Australia: Lonely Planet. p. 11853:"Myanmar Election Body Rejects Military Allegations of Electoral Fraud," 11792: 11790: 11788: 11786: 11784: 11706: 8607: 8575: 6992:

was sentenced to prison for publishing a video of destruction caused by

4636:

In May 2013, Thein Sein became the first Myanmar president to visit the

4357:

Head of Government, Deputy Head of Government, and acting Head of State

1491:

The country's official full name is "Republic of the Union of Myanmar" (

20909: 20677: 20616: 20603: 20564: 20551: 20186: 20161: 20076: 20056: 20006: 19976: 19966: 19854: 18604:"Burma VJ – Academy Award Nominee – Best Documentary Feature" 17796:"PPI: Almost Half of All World Health Spending is in the United States" 10783:"Burma: imperialists exploit natural disaster to promote regime change" 9653: 9306: 8121: 7204: 7031: 6928: 6916: 6805: 6556: 6251: 6101: 5958: 5909: 5615:. Much of Yangon's urban population resides in densely populated flats. 5304: 5224: 4972:

were complicit in sex and labour trafficking. Women and girls from all

4886: 4752:

assessed that Myanmar is not in violation of its obligations under the

4227: 4216: 4127: 4100: 4036: 3883: 3631: 3423: 3383: 3320: 3231: 3100: 3067: 3016: 2683: 2416: 2370: 2307: 2224: 2187: 2133: 2105:

who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind. Several competing

1946: 1892: 1750: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1614: 1132:

ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled

1031: 336: 16037:"The Burma Development Disaster in Comparative Historical Perspective" 15025:"Exodus grows as Muslim Rohingya flee persecution in Myanmar homeland" 12707: 12148:"Chinese factories set on fire in Myanmar in deadliest day since coup" 12086: 12084: 12082: 12080: 12078: 12076: 12074: 12072: 12070: 11718:"Myanmar Election Delivers Another Decisive Win for Aung San Suu Kyi," 11465:"Budding Friendship on Display as Clinton, Burma's Suu Kyi Meet Again" 6972: 5607: 4166:

mean score of 7.18/10, ranking it 49th globally out of 172 countries.

3110:

The new parliament convened on 1 February 2016, and on 15 March 2016,

1843: 1203:

and several other organisations have reported consistent and systemic

20807: 20350: 20151: 20146: 20026: 19884: 19859: 15665:"Myanmar's Economic Meltdown Likely to Push Opium Output Up, Says UN" 15639:"Myanmar Opium Survey 2021: Cultivation, Production and Implications" 14997: 13885: page 19. The President 23 December 2005 at 10:00. 13813: page 30. The President 17 December 1999 at 10:00. 12055:"Myanmar coup: Aung San Suu Kyi detained as military seizes control," 11995: 11953:"Military Thrests: Coup Fears Overshadow Myanmar Parliament Opening," 11946: 11820: 11818: 11816: 11781: 11683:"Myanmar Lawmakers Name Htin Kyaw President, Affirming Civilian Rule" 11605: 11603: 11135:"Karen fighters and Burma Army soldiers killed over ceasefire breach" 10751:

Stevenson, Rachel; Borger, Julian & MacKinnon, Ian (9 May 2008).

10620:"100,000 Protestors Flood Streets of Rangoon in "Saffron Revolution"" 9790:

Myanmar Historical Commission Golden Jubilee International Conference

8944:. National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma. Archived from 8498:"Fatalities Reported After Military Truck Rams Protesters in Myanmar" 7212: 7142: 6980: 6442: 6412: 5963: 5940: 5850: 5812: 5704:

women aged 30–34 and 33.1% of men and women aged 25–34 being single.

5500: 5484: 5338: 5269: 4307: 4291: 4239: 4116: 4096: 3799: 3391: 3379: 3200: 3111: 2899: 2878: 2862:

government was accused of hindering United Nations recovery efforts.

2782: 2771: 2752: 2470: 2415:, which resulted in the abdication of the last Burmese monarch, King 2343: 2171: 2068: 2036: 1877: 1692:

There are at least nine different pronunciations of the English name

1594: 1331: 1106: 1055: 194: 15401:

International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association

13837: page 22. The President 4 December 2000 at 15:00. 11622: 11559:"Aung San Suu Kyi hails 'new era' for Burma after landslide victory" 10457: 10044:

The World of Buddhism-Buddhist Monks and Nuns in Society and Culture

8591: 6772:(Rakhine) girl pours water at revellers during the Burmese New Year 4909:(AA), attacks escalated on civilians in Rakhine State. Ming Yu Hah, 4177:

in lower Myanmar, cover over 49% of the country, including areas of

2612:, the nation became an independent republic, under the terms of the 1725: 1700:—and other sources also report pronunciations with three syllables. 1374:. In 2013, its GDP (nominal) stood at US$ 56.7 billion and its GDP ( 20742: 20703: 20640: 20577: 20369:

Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.

20227: 20166: 20121: 20101: 20096: 20091: 19991: 19889: 19869: 19849: 19783: 19394: 19026: 18926: 18210:"The Worshipping of Nats – The Special Festival of Mount Popa" 18196:

The Thirty-seven Nats-A Phase of Spirit-Worship prevailing in Burma

16308:"U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2021" 12067: 11825:"Military-Backed USDP Leaders Defeated by NLD in Myanmar Election," 11734: 7899:"Myanmar reshuffle of generals suggests 'instability,' experts say" 7081: 6989: 6920: 6862: 6773: 6735: 6715: 6590: 6492: 6476: 6298: 6227:

form an estimated 68% of the population. 10% of the population are

5904: 5832: 5785: 5681: 5573: 5557: 5504: 5480: 5409: 5388: 5293: 5252: 5047: 4969: 4736:

with help from Russia. It is one of the signatories of the nuclear

4705: 4517: 4469: 4427: 4423: 4411: 4303: 4267: 4251: 4247: 4204: 3348: 3328: 3270: 3243: 3227: 3191: 2946: 2935: 2778: 2663:

The geographical area Burma encompasses today can be traced to the

2587: 2563: 2524: 2497: 2478: 2286: 2249: 2240: 2232: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2064: 1924: 1916: 1912: 1452: 1444: 1387: 1327: 1256: 1043: 949: 901: 11813: 11630:"Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy Wins Majority in Myanmar" 11600: 9045:. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australian Government. 6329:

and other ethnic groups after the military coup headed by General

5412:, is noted for its rare pigeon's blood rubies and blue sapphires. 2740:, killing 15 students. In 1974, the military violently suppressed 2481:, an activist monk, died in prison after a 166-day hunger strike. 2465:

became the capital of British Burma and an important port between

2198:

Myanmar (缅甸国) delegates in Peking in 1761, at the time of Emperor

1962:

between the 750s and the 830s. In the mid-to-late 9th century the

20896: 20690: 20664: 20499: 20191: 20086: 19971: 19961: 19894: 18707:

Until the World Shatters: Truth, Lies, and the Looting of Myanmar

16611: 13543:"Caution by Junta's Asian Neighbors Reflects Their Self-Interest" 12117:"Myanmar Military Takes Power for One Year, Suu Kyi in Detention" 11797:"Explainer: Crisis in Myanmar after army alleges election fraud," 11701:

Until the World Shatters: Truth, Lies, and the Looting of Myanmar

11656:"Suu Kyi's novice MPs learn ropes in outgoing Myanmar parliament" 10465:"Burmese Vote Rejects Army Rule With Big Victory for Opposition," 9273:"Myanmar blast hits anti-Muslim monk's event – Asia-Pacific" 6912: 6854: 6846: 6819: 6813: 6743: 6731: 6696: 6659:, producing some 25% of the world's opium, and forms part of the 6484: 6396: 6315: 6291: 5577: 5528: 5520: 5488: 5289: 5281: 5247:

The trains are relatively slow in Myanmar. The railway trip from

5182: 5051: 4458: 4283: 4196: 4143: 4092: 4004: 4000: 3324: 3274: 3239: 2836: 2751:. Security forces killed thousands of demonstrators, and General 2671: 2474: 2466: 2354: 2095: 2090: 1959: 1650: 1602: 1343: 1133: 410: 19015:

Historical Photographs of Burma | Southeast Asia Digital Library

18785:(illustrated with text by Tom Vater ed.). Visionary World. 17570:

The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census Report Volume 2-C

17360: 17230:"Why deadly race riots could rattle Myanmar's fledgling reforms" 17157:. London, New Jersey: Zed Books. pp. 43–44, 98, 56–57, 176. 15807:. U.S. Department of the Treasury. 18 March 2013. Archived from 15370:"LGBT relationships are illegal in 74 countries, research finds" 14682:"Myanmar's cyber-scam industry limps on amid regional crackdown" 14356: 13127:. United States Library of Congress. 4 June 2003. Archived from 12184:"Myanmar coup: Teachers join growing protests against military," 12179: 12177: 12175: 12173: 11045:"About 75,000 Rohingyas in Myanmar camps: Refugee International" 7069:. The graphic novel was translated into English under the title 6438: 6416: 4921:. The military is notorious for rampant use of sexual violence. 3150:

In Myanmar's 2020 parliamentary election, the ostensibly ruling

2531:

groups trained to operate deep behind Japanese lines. A similar

2411:

The landing of British forces in Mandalay after the last of the

2215:, a former vassal state of Ava. Taungoo's young, ambitious King 1712:

based on a misunderstanding of non-rhotic spelling conventions.

20935: 20820: 20729: 20590: 20247: 20171: 20136: 20071: 20051: 20041: 20001: 19986: 19981: 19844: 19002: 17488:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project: Burma

12261:"China Responds to Bloodshed in Myanmar With Deafening Silence" 12050: 12048: 7035: 6828: 6602: 6568: 6330: 5922: 5886: 5793: 5775: 5536: 5496: 5476: 5313: 4594: 4323: 4263: 4259: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4084: 4080: 3390:

exist within Myanmar, all of which run north-to-south from the

3340: 3235: 2906:

In October 2012, the ongoing conflicts in Myanmar included the

2793: 2695: 2516: 2485: 2462: 2431: 2311: 2268: 2228: 2018: 2014: 2010: 1951: 1630: 1618: 1598: 1459: 1355: 1059: 235: 15692:"Parts of Asia are slipping into the hands of organized crime" 14133:"Amnesty International 2009 Report on Human Rights in Myanmar" 13318:"India to develop two hydel power projects in Myanmar – 56908" 13292:"Myanmar, India to build IT centres in Myanmar_English_Xinhua" 11765:"Myanmar election commission rejects military's fraud claims," 11741:"Myanmar: Aung San Suu Kyi's party wins majority in election," 9824:(3rd ed.). Hutchinson University Library. pp. 8–10. 7482: 6379:. Sino-Tibetan languages are most widely spoken. They include 5691:

Myanmar's fertility rate in 2011 was 2.23, slightly above the

5333:, a plan to nationalise all industries, with the exception of 20961: 20849: 20781: 20768: 20716: 20525: 20512: 20355: 20196: 20156: 20131: 20111: 20046: 20021: 20011: 19996: 19826: 16255:"Burma: Gem Trade Bolsters Military Regime, Fuels Atrocities" 16083:"Political and Economic History of Myanmar (Burma) Economics" 15748:"Huge fentanyl haul seized in Asia's biggest-ever drugs bust" 15585:

Stokke, Kristian; Vakulchuk, Roman and Indra Overland (2018)

14491: 14359:"MTV and Burmese pop stars campaign to end human trafficking" 13514:

The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia

13149: 12170: 11346:"A Changing Ethnic Landscape: Analysis of Burma's 2010 Polls" 7584: 7445: 7401: 6936: 6850: 6809: 6665: 6652: 5584: 5565: 5549: 5516: 5392: 5285: 5248: 5203: 4898: 4661: 4508:, is bicameral and made up of two houses: The 224-seat upper 4430:

declared a one-year state emergency and First Vice President

4315: 4311: 4299: 4223: 3251: 3223: 3056: 3052: 3051:

Myanmar's improved international reputation was indicated by

2686:' as being anti-national, anti-unity and pro-disintegration. 2022: 1967: 1920: 1622: 1610: 1606: 1590: 1299: 1137: 1035: 1027: 176: 18336:"SPORTS IN MYANMAR: SOCCER, OLYMPICS AND TRADITIONAL SPORTS" 17952:. UNESCO Institute of Statistics. April 2006. Archived from 17735:. U.S. Department of State. 17 November 2010. Archived from 13648:"World Military Spending Topped US$ 1 trillion in 2004" 12045: 11903:"Myanmar Military Demands Proof November Election Was Fair," 11462: 10726:"Official: UN plane lands in Myanmar with aid after cyclone" 8283: 7625: 7593: 7561: 7526: 7494: 7454: 7413: 7378: 7346: 6286:

and other ethnic minorities. Included in this group are the

4158:. Myanmar is one of the most highly vulnerable countries to 4030:

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation

3335:

states of India. Its north and northeast border is with the

2827:

In August 2007, an increase in the price of fuel led to the

2728:

was adopted in 1974. Until 1988, the country was ruled as a

1144:

seized control of the administration of Myanmar after three

1026:

and has a population of about 55 million. It is bordered by

20948: 20922: 20538: 20438: 20206: 20116: 20081: 20036: 20031: 19940: 19864: 18607: 18316:

The Silken East – A Record of Life and Travel in Burma

18275:. New York: Norton Library 1963. pp. 211–216, 317–319. 14835: 14833: 14589:"Thousands of Myanmar women forced into marriages in China" 12932:"Reuters, Cyclone-hit Myanmar says 92 percent back charter" 11501:"Clinton Says U.S. Will Relax Some Restrictions on Myanmar" 11100: 7613: 7578: 7549: 7546: 7511: 7485: 7053:. In 2008, only 12 films worthy of being considered for an 6804:

is characterised by extensive use of fish products such as

6674: 5400: 5396: 5384: 5321: 5273: 4629:, fields of co-operation between India and Myanmar include 4295: 4279: 4271: 4243: 4174: 4088: 3344: 3062: 2625: 2060: 1323: 1039: 17828:

A preventable fate: The failure of ART scale-up in Myanmar

17641:"International Religious Freedom Report 2007 – Burma" 16594:"International airlines to open direct flights to Myanmar" 15192:. Australia Network News. 7 September 2011. Archived from 14075:"UN General Assembly Resolution: Time for Concrete Action" 14010:"Are EU Trade Sanctions on Burma Compatible With WTO Law?" 13374:"PM calls for stronger Vietnam-Myanmar parliamentary ties" 12100:(reverse chronology) 1 February through 21 February 2021, 10996:"Displaced by fighting, villagers take shelter in Hpakant" 10965:"Ethnic Rifts Strain Myanmar as It Moves Toward Democracy" 10882:"Refugees Flee to China as Fighting Breaks Out in Myanmar" 6239:

form approximately 3% of the population. Myanmar's ethnic

4938:

met with representatives of the government as well as the

4601:

Though the country's foreign relations, particularly with

4348: 1054:

to its south and southwest. The country's capital city is

18975:

Interactive timeline of turning points in Burmese history

18859: 16800:"Delayed Marriage and Very Low Fertility in Pacific Asia" 15276:. Agence France-Presse. 20 September 2011. Archived from 14842:

A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in South East Asia

14839: 13595:"24th ASEAN Summit, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar, 10–11 May 2014" 13573:"24th ASEAN Summit, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar, 10–11 May 2014" 11682: 11221:"Tens of thousands flee war, airstrikes in Kokang region" 10201:"Author Discusses Martyrs' Day Assassination of Aung San" 10000:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

9465: 9345:"Aung San Suu Kyi arrives in Thailand for official visit" 8349:"Obama administration eases Burma sanctions before visit" 7616: 7517: 7442: 7398: 7369: 7366: 7334: 7331: 5092:

Council on 22 September 2011, Myanmar's Foreign Minister

5063: 4226:, occur sparsely in Myanmar. In upper Myanmar, there are 2843:

and led to an increase in economic sanctions against the

2539:, followed the Chindits into the Burmese jungle in 1943. 2461:

community, dominated commercial and civil life in Burma.

1642: 1638: 966: 16645:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

16616:

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs

15506:"Exclusive: Myanmar drafts new foreign investment rules" 15330:

Working Through Ambiguity: International NGOs in Myanmar

14958: 14904:"Bangladesh accused of 'crackdown' on Rohingya refugees" 14830: 14017:

Are EU Trade Sanctions on Burma Compatible with WTO Law?

12745: 11195:"Concern in India as Al Qaeda announces new India front" 10569: 10136:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 48. 9651: 8945: 8242: 2918:

Muslims and the government and non-government groups in

16770:

The population of Burma: An analysis of the 1973 Census

14872:"Burma's monks call for Muslim community to be shunned" 14392:"Two Burmese children a week conscripted into military" 12837:

Reid, Robert; Bindloss, Joseph; Butler, Stuart (2009).

12616: 5214:(UNODC) Myanmar Opium Survey 2022. With that said, the 4995:

Genocide allegations and crimes against Rohingya people

4418:. But in February 2021, the civilian government led by 2977:

while practically ensuring army control at all levels.

19935: 18577:

Kyi Soe Tun quoted in the Bangkok Post, 11 August 2006

17875:"A scaled-up response to AIDS in Asia and the Pacific" 13702:"Nuclear Watchdog asks Burma to Open Up Suspect Sites" 13407:"Japan's Defense of Myanmar and the Rohingya Genocide" 13262:"India looks to Burma to slake growing thirst for gas" 12902:"The last thing the Myanmar people need is false hope" 11750:

11 November 2020, BBC News, retrieved 18 December 2020

11532:"US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to visit Burma" 11132: 9707:. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University. Archived from 9322:"Carr apprehensive about Rohingyas' future in Myanmar" 4771: 4652:

In June 2013, Myanmar held its first ever summit, the

4539:

Myanmar's army-drafted constitution was approved in a

4146:(142). Myanmar performs best (i.e. lowest ranking) in 2961: 2938:

signalled an intention to become involved in Myanmar.

2067:

slowly began to spread to the village level, although

1472:

the English translations of many names dating back to

18871: 18819:

Republic of the Union of Myanmar – President's Office

18366:"Myanmar prepares for the 2013 Southeast Asian Games" 18171:. Goldenland Pages. 13 September 2003. Archived from 17760:

The Mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma

17295:

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Burma – Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity

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Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition

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Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance.

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11316:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 142–147. 9455: 8324:. Human Rights Watch. 22 January 2012. Archived from 7619: 7587: 7552: 7540: 7520: 7488: 7448: 7404: 7392: 7372: 7337: 7325: 4989:

Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights

2047:

were two main powers in mainland Southeast Asia. The

1547: 1530: 1501: 1275:

by the military, as well as a larger outbreak of the

111: 54: 17363:"Internal Displacement in Eastern Burma 2006 Survey" 16745:. Amnesty International. 8 June 2006. Archived from 13471:. NPR. Associated Press. 20 May 2013. Archived from 12994:"2010 Burmese Election may be Illegitimate: Clinton" 12064:

1 February 2021, BBC News, retrieved 1 February 2021

11253:

Myanmar Kokang Rebels Deny Receiving Chinese Weapons

11165:"Myanmar: Karen groups cautious on peace initiative" 9128:

Burma Or Myanmar? The Struggle for National Identity

8419:"EU welcomes "measured" Myanmar response to rioting" 7110: 7042:

produces films, as well as who gets academy awards.

6551:

HIV/AIDS, recognised as a disease of concern by the

4917:

must urgently refer the situation in Myanmar to the

4913:'s Deputy Regional Director for Campaigns said, the 4708:, which numbers 488,000. The Tatmadaw comprises the 4656:

on East Asia 2013. A regional spinoff of the annual

3414:. The majority of Myanmar's population lives in the 3004:- the first for twenty years - was boycotted by the 1870:

finds after 75,000 years ago. The first evidence of

1366:, poor infrastructure, as well as a long history of 17733:"Burma—International Religious Freedom Report 2010" 17615:"Burma-International Religious Freedom Report 2007" 15612:. International IDEA. November 2001. Archived from 15536:"Yangon Stock Exchange Formally Opens for Business" 14930:"Myanmar, Bangladesh leaders 'to discuss Rohingya'" 14220:"Myanmar: Final push on political prisoners needed" 13650:. Common Dreams NewsCenter. Reuters. Archived from 13368: 13294:. Xinhua News Agency. 4 August 2008. Archived from 13150:Myers, Steven Lee; Mydans, Seth (13 January 2012). 12739: 12424:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 10285:. London and New Jersey: Zed Books. pp. 42–43. 9620:

Homo erectus had lived in Myanmar 750,000 years ago

8220:. U.S. Central Intelligence Agency. 8 August 2023. 8079:

https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MMR

8044:

https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MMR

8009:

https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/profile/MMR

7622: 7610: 7607: 7590: 7581: 7575: 7558: 7555: 7543: 7523: 7514: 7508: 7491: 7479: 7476: 7451: 7439: 7436: 7410: 7407: 7395: 7375: 7363: 7360: 7343: 7340: 7328: 7099:had its world premiere on 12 September 2011 at the 6467:, 87.9% of the population identifies as Buddhists. 5255:

takes about 7.5 hours (179 km or 111 mi).

4850:International human rights organisations including 4649:and investment framework agreement on 21 May 2013. 2781:in November 2005, officially named the new capital 2477:became the vanguards of the independence movement. 1358:Subregion. However, Myanmar has long suffered from 1354:potential compared to other countries of the Great 19073: 18632:. Dannyfisher.org. 2 February 2010. Archived from 18312: 18260:. Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co. pp. 36–37. 17111:"From tropical Burma to Syracuse, refugees adjust" 15368: 15301:"Burmese junta relaxes access to foreign websites" 14961:"The Rohingya: Unwanted at Home, Unwelcome Abroad" 14959:Bento, Lucas & Yusuf, Guled (9 October 2012). 14870: 14357:Rodion Ebbighausen, Shamil Shams (19 March 2012). 14299:"2013 UNHCR country operations profile – Thailand" 14049:"List of UN General Assembly Resolutions on Burma" 13909: page 14. 22 December 2006 at 10:00. 13700: 13151: 12842: 12836: 12422:Myanmar in ASEAN: Regional Co-operation Experience 11499: 11463:Hepler, Lauren; Voorhees, Josh (1 December 2011). 10372: 10159:The Battle For Naw Seng's Kingdom: General Stilwel 10069: 9903: 9628:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture 8372: 7840:. Multicultural Health Policy Unit. Archived from 6487:beliefs; and 2% follow other religions, including 4617:, and suspension of all aid with the exception of 4258:. Smaller mammals are also numerous, ranging from 3410:. Fertile plains exist in the valleys between the 2713:, which combined Soviet-style nationalisation and 2551:minorities, served in the British Burma Army. The 1476:or earlier, including that of the country itself: 17412: 16743:"Thailand: The Plight of Burmese Migrant Workers" 16107: 15244:"Burma flags mass release of political prisoners" 15113:. Crisis Group. 22 September 2011. Archived from 13861: page 7. 24 December 2001 at 11:00. 13404: 11619:3 December 2015, BBC News, retrieved 1 March 2021 11575: 11497: 8391: 8208: 8206: 8204: 7963:"The 2014 Myanmar Populations and Housing Census" 6363:Myanmar is home to four major language families: 5611:A block of apartments in downtown Yangon, facing 4382:Vice Chairman of the State Administration Council 4122:Myanmar continues to perform badly in the global 3260:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 3055:'s approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of 2972:The military-backed Government had promulgated a 2841:international reactions to the Saffron Revolution 2542:Beginning in late 1944, allied troops launched a 1269:continuous ongoing widespread protests in Myanmar 21069: 17143:". U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 16643:("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). 15879:. Archived from the original on 27 February 2012 15779:"Myanmar: Tales from the last business frontier" 15341: 15298: 15241: 14868: 14007: 13469:"Obama Vows US Support As Myanmar Leader Visits" 13153:"U.S. to Renew Myanmar Ties in Light of Reforms" 13047: 13045: 12321:"Myanmar coup: ASEAN split over the way forward" 11313:Burma/Myanmar : what everyone needs to know 10987: 10366: 10364: 9589: 9100:"Burma or Myanmar: Will the US make the switch?" 8968:"Burma or Myanmar? Obama calls it both on visit" 8397: 8374:"European Union Suspends Most Myanmar Sanctions" 7049:films. Most of the movies produced nowadays are 6996:in 2008; Zarganar was released in October 2011. 6567:was 1.3% (200,000–570,000 people), according to 5299:Crude oil production, an indigenous industry of 4945: 4589:Myanmar President Thein Sein meets US President 3254:refrained from criticizing the military coup. A 3107:is constitutionally barred from the presidency. 2519:was established by the Japanese in August 1942. 1402:, it ranks 147 out of 189 countries in terms of 1018:(the official name until 1989), is a country in 17908: 17906: 17821: 17617:. U.S. Department of State. 14 September 2007. 15948:The river of lost footsteps: histories of Burma 15838:. Archived from the original on 6 November 2004 14641: 14581: 14451: 14423:"ILO in Talks with Kachins over Child Soldiers" 13979:. Geneva: Freedom House. 2003. pp. vii–7. 13238:. NewsLibrary.com. 9 March 2006. Archived from 12452:. Singapore: Inst. of Southeast Asian Studies. 11438:"Obstacles lie ahead in Burma's bid for reform" 11108:"Myanmar Shan refugees struggle at Thai border" 11076: 10875: 10873: 10836: 10834: 10637: 10283:Burma -Insurgency and the Politics of Ethnicity 10156: 8576:"Why Has Myanmar not Developed Like East Asia?" 8371:Fuller, Thomas; Geitner, Paul (23 April 2012). 5357:Rice is Myanmar's largest agricultural product. 4173:, including dense tropical growth and valuable 3495:, which are further subdivided into townships, 3443: 3210:Protesters against the military coup in Myanmar 2377:. The British, alarmed by the consolidation of 1524:. In Burmese, the pronunciation depends on the 1124:, the country became the largest empire in the 1093:valley, and following the establishment of the 672:676,579 km (261,229 sq mi) ( 18761:The River of Lost Footsteps—Histories of Burma 18237: 18076:"UN report: Opium cultivation rising in Burma" 16467:. p. Tourist Destinations. Archived from 16440: 16229:"Gems of Burma and their Environmental Impact" 15217:"Anyeint group returns from exile in Thailand" 15061:. Australian Associated Press. 27 March 2013. 14993:"Rohingyas are not citizens: Myanmar minister" 14809: 14389: 13625:"For Rohingya in Bangladesh, No Place is Home" 13320:. Steelguru.com. 1 August 2008. Archived from 11610:"Myanmar's 2015 landmark elections explained," 11072: 11070: 10993: 10962: 10842:"More fighting feared as thousands flee Burma" 10809:"Fighting forces up to 30,000 to flee Myanmar" 10490:"1990 Multi-party Democracy General Elections" 10487: 10352: 10350: 8876: 8874: 8201: 7075:in 2008. In 2009, a documentary about Burmese 6877:took place in Naypyidaw, Yangon, Mandalay and 6231:. The Kayin make up 7% of the population. The 5329:was followed by an economic scheme called the 5303:, was taken over by the British and put under 4942:to secure the release of more child soldiers. 4868:Assistance Association for Political Prisoners 4609:has placed sanctions on Myanmar, including an 3315:. Myanmar is bordered in the northwest by the 2709:or brought under government control under the 2381:, annexed the remainder of the country in the 2219:defeated the more powerful Hanthawaddy in the 1945:Around the second century BCE the first-known 1263:. The coup, which was widely condemned by the 1148:in the 19th century, and the country became a 20424: 19921: 19812: 19042: 18693:, May 2020, vol. 70, issue 4, pp. 90–93. 17509: 17507: 17152: 16991: 16989: 16987: 16985: 16983: 16981: 15503: 15161: 14901: 13579:(Press release). 4 April 2014. Archived from 13070: 13042: 12963:"U.N. Doubts Fairness of Election in Myanmar" 12443: 12441: 11377:"U.N. Doubts Fairness of Election in Myanmar" 10361: 10198: 10067: 9595: 9165:"Representations and travel advice – Myanmar" 8370: 7270: 7232: 6752: 4805:to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies 3991:Myanmar map of Köppen climate classification. 3486: 3480: 3160:Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) 2974:"Roadmap to Discipline-flourishing Democracy" 2694:On 2 March 1962, the military led by General 2357:, Assam and Tenasserim to the British in the 1065:Early civilisations in the area included the 105: 38: 18494:"Internet Access and Openness: Myanmar 2012" 18243:Flowers and Festivals Round the Burmese Year 18212:. Myanmar Travel Information. Archived from 18135:. Archived from the original on 15 July 2010 17903: 17815:"Myanmar junta faulted for rampant diseases" 16630: 16279: 15055:"'Brutal efficiency' in Myanmar attacks: UN" 14805: 14803: 14801: 14194:"Burma Govt Releases 73 Political Prisoners" 13540: 13212:. BBC News. 18 December 2009. Archived from 12991: 12406:. Random House Australia. pp. 738, 741. 12401: 12002:"UN, embassies fret over Myanmar coup talk," 11350:Transnational Institute – Burma Project 11021:. Al Jazeera. 4 October 2012. Archived from 10870: 10831: 10650:. Oxford University Press. pp. 354–70. 9897: 9895: 9603:. Myanmar Environment Institute. p. 1. 9195:Government of Canada – Global Affairs Canada 9043:"Countries, economies and regions – Myanmar" 8906: 8904: 8662: 7995:"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects" 7303: 7284:Pranyhtaungcu. Sa.ma.ta. Mranma Nuingngamtau 6605:Institute of Statistics, Myanmar's official 5145:was accused of failing to protect Myanmar's 5138:and can be punishable by life imprisonment. 4466:Chairman of the State Administration Council 4447:Chairman of the State Administration Council 4369:Chairman of the State Administration Council 4274:is notable with over 800 species, including 4119:that protects its terrestrial biodiversity. 3129: 3066:Map of Myanmar and its divisions, including 2914:and the government; a civil war between the 2689: 2392: 19:"Burma" redirects here. For other uses, see 16846: 16700: 16665: 16110:General Ne Win : a political biography 16085:. San Jose State University. Archived from 16034: 14185: 14102:"Statement to the EU Development Committee" 14099: 13792: 12960: 12415: 12413: 12377:"The civil war in Myanmar: No end in sight" 11493: 11491: 11435: 11374: 11067: 11019:"Blood and Gold: Inside Burma's Hidden War" 10347: 10130:; Kosuge, Margaret; Kibata, Yōichi (2000). 10002:. Cambridge University Press. p. 287. 9813: 9521: 9456:Martha Figueroa-Clark (26 September 2007). 8999: 8917:. Georgetown University Press. p. xi. 8871: 8691:. Democratic Voice of Burma. Archived from 7470:examples of three-syllable pronunciations: 6988:cafes was regulated, and one blogger named 6946: 5718:List of cities and largest towns in Myanmar 4548:, ballot stuffing, and voter intimidation. 4028:, Myanmar Climate Change Alliance, and the 3429: 2699:took control of Burma through a coup d'état 2597: 2582:were among the negotiators of the historic 2128:In the 14th and 15th centuries, Ava fought 1665:. Myanmar is known by a name deriving from 1183:then resulted in a nominal transition to a 1128:for a short period. The early 19th-century 1112:slowly became dominant in the country. The 21113:States and territories established in 1948 20431: 20417: 19928: 19914: 19819: 19805: 19049: 19035: 18441: 18423:"Myanmar shows new signs of press freedom" 18270: 17757: 17504: 17032:Than, Mya (1997). Suryadinata, Leo (ed.). 16978: 16140:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 15776: 14420: 14163:"Myanmar set to release some 70 prisoners" 13974:"The World's Most Repressive Regimes 2013" 12534:"National climate change policy finalised" 12438: 11806:31 January 2021, updated 1 February 2021, 10402: 9705:"The Art and Culture of Burma (Chapter 1)" 9631:. Columbia University Press. p. 476. 7293:[pjìdàʊɴzṵθàɴməda̰mjəmànàɪɴŋàɴdɔ̀] 7085:was released. This film was nominated for 6911:One of the first to study western art was 6318:have been resettled in the United States. 6294:were living in refugee camps in Thailand. 6212:peoples, but with sizeable populations of 5564:(Thailand)—the most direct border between 4815:this issue before removing this message. 4329: 3218:The coup was immediately condemned by the 2766:(NLD), the party of Aung San Suu Kyi, won 2063:norms by the late 12th century. Theravada 1513:[pjìdàʊɴzṵθàɴməda̰mjəmànàɪɴŋàɴdɔ̀] 1239:, although the country's treatment of its 161: 151: 18550: 18447: 17361:Thailand Burma Border Consortium (2007). 17284: 17282: 17031: 16883:"The Economic Position of Women in Burma" 16880: 15864: 15829: 15274:"Free press is the key to Myanmar reform" 14798: 14155: 13184:"The EU's relations with Burma / Myanmar" 13125:"Burma Freedom and Democracy Act of 2003" 13024:"Western states dismiss Burma's election" 12787: 12653: 12643: 11681:Moe, Wae; Ramzy, Austin (15 March 2016). 11556: 11309: 10597:"Military junta threatens monks in Burma" 10375:Living Silence: Burma under Military Rule 10298:"Can Another Asian Fill U Thant's Shoes?" 10295: 10071:"Chindits remember their fallen comrades" 9901: 9892: 9167:. Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. 8976:. Bristol, England: Hybrid News Limited. 8910: 8901: 8884:Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics 8656: 8526: 7867:"Myanmar Junta Reshuffles Governing Body" 7319:examples of two-syllable pronunciations: 6220:, and Austroasiatic (Mon–Khmer) peoples. 5408:area, 200 km (120 mi) north of 5383:Myanmar produces precious stones such as 5109:Hauser Center for Nonprofit Organizations 4567:Myanmar rates as a corrupt nation on the 4035:In April 2015, it was announced that the 3086: 2996:and her staff at her home in Yangon, 2012 1810:Learn how and when to remove this message 1685:. French-language media consistently use 1255:won a clear majority in both houses, the 844: 18738:Under the Dragon-A Journey through Burma 18273:The Myanmarn – His Life and Notions 18249: 18126: 18100: 18013: 17845:"At a glance: Myanmar – statistics" 17463:"Burmese exiles in desperate conditions" 17387: 17200: 17002:Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs 16257:. 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A 2011 report by the 4897:, Thailand, one of the largest of nine 2757:State Law and Order Restoration Council 2676:Secretary-General of the United Nations 2636:parliament was formed, consisting of a 2166: 1708:speakers in North America is in fact a 1503:Pyihtaungsu Thamada Myanma Naingngantaw 1314:. Myanmar is a Dialogue Partner of the 1022:. It is the largest country by area in 996:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 21070: 18285: 18193: 17980: 17288: 17279: 17258: 16953: 16694: 16404: 15941: 15939: 15905: 15344:"No more political prisoners: Myanmar" 15299:Buncombe, Andrew (17 September 2011). 15254:from the original on 30 September 2011 15242:Murdoch, Lindsay (29 September 2011). 15083: 14940:from the original on 15 September 2014 14676: 14674: 14529: 14527: 14352: 14350: 14036:repressive and abusive military regime 13645: 12570:from the original on 23 September 2018 11576:Cabellero-Anthony, Mely (March 2014). 11197:. 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The primary Tai–Kadai language is 5373:International Rice Research Institute 5119:A Rohingya refugee camp in Bangladesh 5070: 4764:vetoed a draft resolution before the 4645:The two governments agreed to sign a 4222:Typical jungle animals, particularly 3995:Much of the country lies between the 2586:negotiated with Bamar leader General 1557: 1540: 1511: 1432:. Both names derive from the earlier 1211:was officially dissolved following a 179: (dark grey) – [ 173:Location of Myanmar (green) 19788: 19749: 19056: 18781: 18667:from the original on 27 October 2018 18228: 17693:2013 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses 17585:"Monks in Myanmar have a new target" 17559: 17481: 17267:from the original on 7 December 2012 17227: 17141:Office Of Refugee Resettlement: Data 17049:"Myanmar refugees to try resettling" 17046: 16966:from the original on 7 December 2012 16925: 16867: 16786: 16768:Maung, M. Ismael Khin (April 1986). 16539: 16501:from the original on 20 October 2013 16445:. Tayzathuria.org.uk. 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International Monetary Fund. 8638:World Economic Outlook Database 8614:from the original on 8 May 2023 8567: 8551: 8520: 8489: 8261: 8236: 8176: 8106: 8071: 8036: 8001: 7987: 7955: 7923: 7891: 7859: 7464: 7313: 7260: 7222: 7197: 6619:The International School Yangon 6347:King Dragon operation in Arakan 5660:The provisional results of the 5596: 5177:Oil and gas industry in Myanmar 5087:The government has assembled a 4766:United Nations Security Council 4761:United Nations General Assembly 4728:Myanmar is building a research 4124:Environmental Performance Index 4043: 3256:United Nations Security Council 3146:Myanmar protests (2021–present) 2802:non-violence: national movement 2785:, meaning "city of the kings". 2734:Burma Socialist Programme Party 1735:needs additional citations for 1398:; as of 2020, according to the 1346:, as well as also endowed with 1310:despite once being part of the 1271:and has been marked by violent 1177:Burma Socialist Programme Party 20320:British Indian Ocean Territory 18712: 17813:Anwar, Yasmin (28 June 2007). 17782: 17175:. 17 July 1964. Archived from 15190:"Burma gets rights commission" 13601:. 4 April 2014. Archived from 13052:Tisdall, Simon (4 July 2011). 12877:. Myanmars.net. Archived from 12135:– via www.bloomberg.com. 11632:. BBC News. 13 November 2015. 11110:. Al Jazeera. 2 October 2012. 10702:Fountain, Henry (6 May 2008). 10519:Horn, Robert (11 April 2011). 9985: 9961: 9937: 9928:Maung Maung Tin, Vol. 2, p. 25 9886: 9874: 9596:Win Naing Tun (24 July 2015). 9191:"Canada and Myanmar relations" 8267: 8157:. 13 March 2024. p. 289. 7827: 7791: 7755: 7729: 7703: 7671: 7645: 7188: 7179: 6565:HIV prevalence rate in Myanmar 5428:with private owners of mines. 5348: 5017:2013 Myanmar anti-Muslim riots 4079:country with more than 16,000 2494:Japan formally entered the war 1966:founded a small settlement at 1318:. The country is very rich in 1231:was held, leading to improved 1189:post-uprising military council 1: 18713:Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). 18701:. Cambridge University Press. 18421:Sukri, Azhar (1 April 2013). 18286:Martin, Steven (March 2004). 18169:"Ramayana in Myanmar's heart" 18103:"Myanmar's rising drug trade" 18078:. BBC News. 31 October 2012. 18016:"ASEAN: As safe as we think?" 17884:. 1 July 2005. Archived from 17707:"Office and Tour Information" 17234:The Christian Science Monitor 17205:. Ipsnews.net. Archived from 17009:. August 2005. Archived from 16280:Ferro, Shane (19 July 2011). 15464:. Retrieved 12 December 2017. 15404:. 17 May 2016. Archived from 13646:Starck, Peter (7 June 2005). 13445:. 26 May 2021. Archived from 13266:The Christian Science Monitor 13210:"Overview of Burma sanctions" 12938:. 15 May 2008. Archived from 12839:"Environment: National Parks" 12404:Geographica's World Reference 10646:; Timothy Garton Ash (eds.). 10494:National League for Democracy 10435:"Pyithu Hluttaw Election Law" 10199:Moe, Kyaw Zwa (August 1977). 10157:Fellowes-Gordon, Ian (1971). 10104:. Loc.gov. 14 November 2012. 8665:"Income Gap 'world's widest'" 8473:. BBC News. 1 February 2021. 8305:. Amnesty International USA. 8243:O'Reilly, Dougald JW (2007). 7639: 6349:. 250,000 more left in 1991. 4946:Slavery and human trafficking 4558:National League for Democracy 4530:National League for Democracy 3164:2020 Myanmar general election 2922:; and a conflict between the 2888: 2823:in southern Myanmar, May 2008 2764:National League for Democracy 2594:and several cabinet members. 2290:A British 1825 lithograph of 2143:and the Shan states were all 1896: 1851: 1828: 1249:2020 Myanmar general election 1229:2015 Myanmar general election 253:Recognised regional languages 21118:1948 establishments in Burma 19417:State Administration Council 19163:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom 18758: 18735: 18697:Charney, Michael W. (1999). 18392:"Burma Abolishes Censorship" 17228:Ford, Peter (12 June 2012). 16701:Spoorenberg, Thomas (2015). 16680:10.1080/17441730.2014.972084 15766:– via www.reuters.com. 15563:A Colonial Economy in Crisis 13346:. BBC News. 2 January 2008. 12992:Jha, Lalit K (21 May 2009). 12725:Overland, I. et al. (2017). 12645:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108834 12218:, retrieved 28 February 2021 11840:, retrieved 28 February 2021 11810:, retrieved 28 February 2021 11778:, retrieved 28 February 2021 11731:, retrieved 18 December 2020 11407:"Myanmar profile - Timeline" 11310:Steinberg, David I. (2010). 10914:. BBC News. 26 August 2009. 10708:International Herald Tribune 10579:. BBC News. 15 August 2007. 10441:. iBiblio.org. 31 May 1989. 10356: 10296:Zaw, Aung (September 2006). 9973: 9949: 9862: 9838:Moore, Elizabeth H. (2007). 9768: 9729: 9670:10.1016/j.quageo.2018.01.001 9275:. Al Jazeera. 22 July 2013. 8911:Steinberg, David I. (2002). 8689:"Income inequality in Burma" 6841:Traditional games of Myanmar 6649:Corruption Perceptions Index 6623:Myanmar International School 6574: 6548:drugs and proper treatment. 6352: 6204:. The government recognises 5149:minority. Since August 2017 4919:International Criminal Court 4782:Internal conflict in Myanmar 4581:Foreign relations of Myanmar 4569:Corruption Perceptions Index 4504:The legislature, called the 4438:and handed the power to the 4099:species, and 64 terrestrial 3366:form the border with China. 3288: 3093:were held on 8 November 2015 2910:, between the Pro-Christian 2895:Internal conflict in Myanmar 2353:In 1826, Burma lost Arakan, 2281:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom 2139:Like the Pagan Empire, Ava, 1567:United States foreign policy 1413: 1378:) at US$ 221.5 billion. The 518:State Administration Council 7: 19827:Countries and territory in 19218:2011–2015 political reforms 18954:Geographic data related to 18901:Central Intelligence Agency 18872:Burma Myanmar search Engine 18847:Central Intelligence Agency 18587:Through the Director's Lens 17669:. State.gov. Archived from 16935:WorldMarriage Patterns 2000 16374:Daly, Tom (26 March 2021). 16035:Booth, Anne (Spring 2003). 14719:Today (Singapore newspaper) 14192:Weng, Lawi (24 July 2013). 12042:, retrieved 6 February 2021 12017:, retrieved 30 January 2021 11992:, retrieved 7 February 2021 11943:, retrieved 7 February 2021 11918:, retrieved 7 February 2021 11893:, retrieved 7 February 2021 11868:, retrieved 6 February 2021 10938:"Restricted Areas in Burma" 10553:. BBC News. 27 March 2006. 10258:. DVB. 1947. Archived from 9840:Early Landscapes of Myanmar 9703:Cooler, Richard M. (2002). 8914:Burma: The State of Myanmar 7185:Formerly known as "Rangoon" 7106: 6961: 6927:, Myint Swe, Min Wai Aung, 6871:Myanmar Football Federation 6713:, an adaptation of India's 6448: 5439:Myanmar Engineering Society 4667: 4436:Acting President of Myanmar 4109:IUCN Red List of Ecosystems 4058:The limestone landscape of 2624:as its first president and 2614:Burma Independence Act 1947 2302:After the fall of Ava, the 2125:at different time periods. 1548: 1531: 1502: 1290:Myanmar is a member of the 1257:Burmese military (Tatmadaw) 1195:and has one of the world's 1162:Burma Independence Act 1947 112: 55: 10: 21149: 21128:Protected areas of Myanmar 21083:Former socialist republics 20324:British Overseas Territory 19937:Countries and dependencies 18970:Wikimedia Atlas of Myanmar 18719:Cambridge University Press 18526:"NRI Overall Ranking 2016" 18050:Thomson Reuters Foundation 17448:The Rough Guide to Myanmar 17413:Ling, Samuel Ngun (2003). 16710:Population & Societies 16550:"Getting there & away" 15950:(1st ed.). New York: 15219:. MM Times. Archived from 12772:10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 11281:"A Chinese war in Myanmar" 9912:Cambridge University Press 9781:Hudson, Bob (March 2005). 9528:Collins English Dictionary 9223:. BBC News. 16 July 2013. 8322:"World Report 2012: Burma" 7010: 6965: 6950: 6896: 6875:2013 Southeast Asian Games 6838: 6794: 6790: 6684: 6680: 6646:Transparency International 6636: 6578: 6555:, is most prevalent among 6553:Myanmar Ministry of Health 6528: 6506:Praying Buddhist monks in 6452: 6356: 6262:are 2%. The remainder are 6206:135 distinct ethnic groups 5997: 5805: 5768: 5725: 5715: 5600: 5449: 5445: 5360: 5166: 5160: 5156: 5010: 4952:Sex trafficking in Myanmar 4949: 4775: 4671: 4578: 4064: 4047: 3980: 3976: 3433: 3292: 3178:Excessive citations inline 3143: 3133: 2965: 2892: 2601: 2396: 1991: 1977: 1934: 1832: 1821: 1715: 1417: 1085:. In the 9th century, the 1058:, and its largest city is 18: 21108:Southeast Asian countries 21088:Least developed countries 20970: 20881: 20842: 20649: 20625: 20482: 20446: 20364: 20337: 20306: 20290: 20269: 20256: 20214: 20203: 19947: 19835: 19794: 19732: 19598: 19530: 19521: 19469: 19460: 19338: 19329: 19252: 19243: 19086: 19074:Myanmar is also known as 19072: 19068: 18765:Farrar, Straus and Giroux 18153:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 16899:10.1080/10357820008713272 16231:. Uvm.edu. Archived from 15952:Farrar, Straus and Giroux 15897:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 15856:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 15248:The Sydney Morning Herald 13489:. TTGmice. Archived from 11534:. BBC. 18 November 2011. 11352:. TNI. 14 December 2010. 11226:Democratic Voice of Burma 11000:Democratic Voice of Burma 10230:Houtman, Gustaaf (1999). 10133:Japanese prisoners of war 9902:Htin Aung, Maung (1967). 9468:Pronunciation Unit. BBC. 8881:Houtman, Gustaaf (1999). 8851:Houtman, Gustaaf (1999). 8840:(3 ed.). p. 13. 8574:Wong, John (March 1997). 8188:worldpopulationreview.com 7271: 7233: 7001:Networked Readiness Index 6776:Water Festival in Yangon. 6753: 6524: 6183: 6175: 6170: 6160: 6155: 6145: 6140: 6130: 6125: 6115: 6110: 6100: 6095: 6085: 6080: 6070: 6065: 6055: 6050: 6040: 6035: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6008: 5708:for men, 26.4 for women. 5697:Southeast Asian countries 5621: 5572:, and the border between 5515:; ancient cities such as 5187:fastest growing economies 5101:Democratic Voice of Burma 4860:Freedom in the World 2011 4134:(174), health impacts of 3487: 3481: 3130:Coup d'état and civil war 2800:with a banner that reads 2690:Military rule (1962–2011) 2393:British Burma (1885–1948) 1496: 1396:least developed countries 1126:history of Southeast Asia 960: 948: 936: 926: 908: 893: 863: 833: 814: 795: 781: 762: 743: 725: 711: 697: 690: 680: 666: 659: 655: 642: 629: 616: 603: 586: 573: 560: 547: 534: 530: 523: 513: 509: 490: 471: 451: 447: 430: 409: 369: 299: 251: 241: 231: 190: 148: 119:Till the End of the World 106: 100: 66: 39: 30: 16:Country in Southeast Asia 20988:SCO Interbank Consortium 19343:Administrative divisions 18553:"Celluloid Disillusions" 18551:Zaw, Aung (March 2004). 18528:. World Economic Forum. 17832:Médecins Sans Frontières 17541:"Children of the Mekong" 17007:U.S. Department of State 16997:"Background Note: Burma" 16940:25 December 2003 at the 16798:Jones, Gavin W. (2007). 16668:Asian Population Studies 16018:"Oil and Gas in Myanmar" 15460:12 December 2017 at the 15307:. London. Archived from 14398:. London. Archived from 14019:: 166 ff. Archived from 13026:. BBC. 8 November 2010. 12295:South China Morning Post 12208:27 December 2021 at the 12189:22 February 2021 at the 12106:, retrieved 1 March 2021 12007:24 February 2021 at the 11802:28 February 2021 at the 10638:Fink, Christina (2009). 10478:, retrieved 1 March 2021 10470:15 February 2021 at the 10405:"The Burma road to ruin" 10379:. Bangkok: White Lotus. 10371:Fink, Christina (2001). 10023:Collis, Maurice (1945). 9658:Quaternary Geochronology 9125:Dittmer, Lowell (2010). 7711:"ISP Myanmar talk shows" 7172: 7087:Best Documentary Feature 7034:was produced in 1932 in 6979:women in a village near 6947:Media and communications 6834: 6632: 6248:over minority cultures. 5523:; as well as beaches in 5331:Burmese Way to Socialism 5141:In 2016, Myanmar leader 4940:Kachin Independence Army 4754:Non-Proliferation Treaty 4746:leaked diplomatic cables 4514:House of Representatives 4445:and he assumed the role 4150:(21) but with declining 4113:anthropogenic ecosystems 4067:Deforestation in Myanmar 4026:UN Environment Programme 3430:Administrative divisions 3162:. Suu Kyi's NLD won the 3136:2021 Myanmar coup d'état 3002:general election in 2010 2912:Kachin Independence Army 2742:anti-government protests 2711:Burmese Way to Socialism 2642:Chamber of Nationalities 2598:Independence (1948–1962) 2426:British troops firing a 2367:Second Anglo-Burmese War 2304:Konbaung–Hanthawaddy War 1394:. Myanmar is one of the 1253:Aung San Suu Kyi’s party 1179:. On 8 August 1988, the 20282:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 19713:Twelve Auspicious Rites 19494:Myanmar kyat (currency) 18992:11 October 2012 at the 18944:Encyclopædia Britannica 18889:1 December 2021 at the 18865:16 October 2015 at the 18831:Myanmar National Portal 18759:Myint-U, Thant (2006). 18699:History of Modern Burma 18313:Scott O'Connor (1904). 17493:10 October 2017 at the 17201:Macan-Markar, Marwaan. 17190:(subscription required) 16491:"Myanmar Travel Agency" 15946:Myint-U, Thant (2006). 15111:"Major Reform Underway" 14846:Edward Elgar Publishing 13518:Oxford University Press 12624:Biological Conservation 12060:31 January 2021 at the 11958:30 January 2021 at the 11770:3 February 2021 at the 9549:. Merriam-webster.com. 9524:"Definition of Myanmar" 8580:ASEAN Economic Bulletin 7006: 6627:Global Innovation Index 6617:WASC and College Board— 5603:Demographics of Myanmar 5587:airlines. According to 5343:least developed country 5151:Doctors Without Borders 4778:Human rights in Myanmar 4674:Armed forces of Myanmar 4640:in 47 years. President 4512:and the 440-seat lower 4330:Government and politics 4219:is sparse and stunted. 3337:Tibet Autonomous Region 3183:considered for deletion 2988:and Secretary of State 2941:Armed conflict between 2808:. In the background is 2798:2007 Saffron Revolution 2648:elections were held in 2502:Burma Independence Army 2383:Third Anglo-Burmese War 2359:First Anglo-Burmese War 2296:First Anglo-Burmese War 2221:Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War 1474:Burma's colonial period 1400:Human Development Index 1308:Commonwealth of Nations 1265:international community 1160:under the terms of the 1024:Mainland Southeast Asia 754:$ 283.572 billion ( 21103:Military dictatorships 21093:Member states of ASEAN 20340:Special administrative 20316:(Sovereign Base Areas) 18980:25 August 2014 at the 18841:1 January 2016 at the 18736:Maclean, Rory (2008). 17446:Zatko, Martin (2015). 17261:"Languages of Myanmar" 17153:Smith, Martin (1991). 16956:"Languages of Myanmar" 16343:Subramanian, Sribala. 15475:"world bank indicator" 15436:27 August 2017 at the 15162:Freedom House (2013). 13933: 12 January 2007. 13771:2019 Compliance Report 12875:""Flora and Fauna" at" 10281:Smith, Martin (1991). 9565:Ammon, Ulrich (2004). 8857:. ILCAA. p. 352. 8303:"Myanmar Human Rights" 8286:. Human Rights Watch. 6984: 6892: 6831:(pickled tea leaves). 6777: 6746:is the most important 6739: 6700: 6598: 6546:antiretroviral therapy 6510: 6395:, and Chinese (mainly 6197: 5616: 5472: 5461: 5363:Agriculture in Myanmar 5358: 5256: 5120: 5008: 4902: 4840: 4750:Bureau of Arms Control 4693: 4598: 4510:House of Nationalities 4486: 4117:protected area network 4062: 3992: 3476: 3283:People's Defence Force 3211: 3087:2015 general elections 3083: 3008:. The military-backed 2997: 2869:In early August 2009, 2824: 2813: 2529:long-range penetration 2435: 2419: 2299: 2208: 2191: 2176: 2098: 2029: 1857: 1710:spelling pronunciation 1370:with little regard to 1362:, factional violence, 1227:were released and the 984:This article contains 806:$ 68.006 billion ( 21:Burma (disambiguation) 20314:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 18998:International Futures 18937:28 April 2015 at the 18911:UCB Libraries GovPubs 18194:Temple, R.C. (1906). 17297:. SIL International. 17263:. SIL International. 16962:. SIL International. 16647:, Population Division 16618:, Population Division 14329:Amnesty International 14222:. 27 September 2012. 14137:Amnesty International 13897: Session 61 13873: Session 60 13849: Session 56 13825: Session 55 13801: Session 54 13412:Middle East Institute 12752:Nature Communications 12713:24 April 2017 at the 12655:1959.4/unsworks_73305 12597:myanmarccalliance.org 12508:myanmarccalliance.org 11908:10 March 2021 at the 11883:10 March 2021 at the 11746:29 March 2023 at the 11615:21 March 2021 at the 9910:. New York / London: 9820:Hall, D.G.E. (1960). 9249:. CNN. 30 July 2013. 8813:. 26 September 2007. 7907:. 26 September 2023. 7770:constituteproject.org 7162:Censorship in Myanmar 7065:author and animator, 6975: 6767: 6729: 6694: 6637:Further information: 6611:Ministry of Education 6588: 6535:The general state of 6517:is practised by many 6515:Burmese folk religion 6505: 6335:racial discrimination 6195: 5716:Further information: 5610: 5556:, the border between 5483:; religious sites in 5467: 5459: 5379:Extractive industries 5361:Further information: 5356: 5246: 5192:Yangon Stock Exchange 5167:Further information: 5118: 5002: 4966:U.S. State Department 4950:Further information: 4911:Amnesty International 4889: 4856:Amnesty International 4834: 4684: 4588: 4506:Assembly of the Union 4495:bicameral legislature 4483:Assembly of the Union 4481: 4422:, was deposed by the 4378:Deputy Prime Minister 4065:Further information: 4057: 4022:combat climate change 3990: 3485:) and seven regions ( 3474: 3209: 3065: 2983: 2943:ethnic Chinese rebels 2819: 2791: 2703:revolutionary council 2592:assassinated Aung San 2425: 2410: 2399:British rule in Burma 2289: 2197: 2182: 2174: 2093: 2025:, the capital of the 2013: 1846: 1835:Prehistory of Myanmar 1368:colonial exploitation 1350:, having the highest 1213:2010 general election 1173:military dictatorship 1140:as well. The British 682:• Water (%) 498:Deputy Prime Minister 20993:Eurasian Land Bridge 20834:United Arab Emirates 20182:United Arab Emirates 19550:Environmental issues 19509:Units of measurement 19156:First Toungoo Empire 19008:16 July 2006 at the 18921:26 June 2014 at the 18877:22 June 2013 at the 18567:on 13 February 2005. 18465:10.2139/ssrn.2686095 16887:Asian Studies Review 16600:on 10 November 2013. 16186:on 7 September 2005. 15983:Davis, Mike (2001). 15924:on 29 September 2012 15914:"Boom Days in Burma" 15592:28 July 2020 at the 15223:on 30 September 2011 15196:on 26 September 2011 15031:. 18 November 2014. 14934:Agence France-Presse 14625:. 20 December 2019. 14143:on 12 September 2009 13739:. 10 December 2010. 13635:on 20 February 2010. 13372:(17 December 2019). 12881:on 23 September 2006 12814:. BurmaLibrary.org. 12732:28 July 2020 at the 12448:Thein, Myat (2005). 12297:. 24 February 2021. 12096:2 March 2021 at the 12032:1 March 2021 at the 11982:1 March 2021 at the 11933:1 March 2021 at the 11858:1 March 2021 at the 11830:1 March 2021 at the 11808:Reuters News Service 11723:1 March 2021 at the 11413:. 3 September 2018. 10852:Agence France-Presse 9998:Baten, Jörg (2016). 9799:on 26 November 2013. 9458:"How to say Myanmar" 9403:. 4 September 2017. 9247:"Myanmar Fast Facts" 9075:. 1 September 2007. 8724:. 8 September 2022. 8695:on 15 September 2014 8675:on 15 September 2014 7713:. 15 December 2020. 6903:Myanmar architecture 6581:Education in Myanmar 6521:alongside Buddhism. 6497:East Asian religions 6359:Languages of Myanmar 5695:and low compared to 5173:Transport in Myanmar 5134:Homosexual acts are 5081:Freedom in the World 5032:1982 citizenship law 4658:World Economic Forum 4654:World Economic Forum 4518:Burmese Armed Forces 4491:parliamentary system 4485:(Pyidaungsu Hluttaw) 4455:President of Myanmar 4426:. In February 2021, 4409:assembly-independent 4391:President of Myanmar 4136:environmental issues 3295:Geography of Myanmar 3279:full-scale civil war 2947:Myanmar Armed Forces 2871:a conflict broke out 2548:end of Japanese rule 2544:series of offensives 2167:Taungoo and Konbaung 2157:pan-Burma chronicles 1744:improve this article 1296:Non-Aligned Movement 1273:political repression 1193:myriad ethnic groups 1062:(formerly Rangoon). 699:• 2022 estimate 633:Current constitution 438:assembly-independent 21041: / 20217:States with limited 19188:Japanese occupation 19141:Hanthawaddy Kingdom 19020:1 July 2022 at the 18854:General information 18824:3 June 2021 at the 18782:Kemp, Hans (2013). 18563:(3). Archived from 18271:Yoe, Shway (1882). 17891:on 23 February 2007 17855:on 1 September 2010 17817:. UC Berkeley News. 17739:on 21 November 2010 17499:Pew Research Center 17402:on 19 January 2012. 16582:on 29 January 2015. 16465:southernmyanmar.com 16162:on 26 October 2013. 15561:Brown, Ian (2005). 15444:. 25 November 2016. 15411:on 2 September 2017 15143:on 11 November 2013 14782:. 6 November 2013. 14722:. 10 October 2023. 14331:. 12 October 2020. 13547:The Washington Post 13493:on 10 November 2013 13370:Vietnam News Agency 13004:on 10 November 2013 12764:2020NatCo..11.5978G 12636:2020BCons.25208834M 12544:on 15 December 2018 12480:on 4 November 2013. 12123:. 31 January 2021. 11258:11 May 2019 at the 11006:on 27 November 2012 10847:Mail & Guardian 10732:on 6 September 2015 10714:on 11 October 2008. 10683:on 28 February 2008 10531:on 1 September 2011 10308:(9). Archived from 9792:: 1. Archived from 9750:on 28 December 2008 9711:on 26 December 2016 9309:on 27 October 2012. 9201:on 20 November 2018 8984:on 21 November 2012 8973:Asian Correspondent 8948:on 9 September 2015 8757:. 21 October 2021. 7875:. 2 February 2023. 7091:2010 Academy Awards 7059:Chroniques Birmanes 6968:Internet in Myanmar 6481:Pew Research Center 6465:2014 Myanmar Census 6455:Religion in Myanmar 6445:for each language. 6321:The persecution of 5662:2014 Myanmar Census 5499:; nature trails in 5460:Tourists in Myanmar 5432:Rare-earth elements 4915:UN Security Council 4497:(with an executive 4270:. The abundance of 4050:Wildlife of Myanmar 3317:Chittagong Division 3122:, a role akin to a 3101:national parliament 2638:Chamber of Deputies 2584:Panglong Conference 2553:Burma National Army 2537:Merrill's Marauders 2454:on 1 January 1886. 2320:Burmese–Siamese War 2130:wars of unification 2115:Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1998:Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1528:used and is either 1467:military government 1259:again seized power 1225:political prisoners 1217:civilian government 1169:coup d'état in 1962 1154:Japanese occupation 212: / 19773:Outline of Myanmar 19489:Telecommunications 19405:commander-in-chief 19198:Socialist Republic 19146:Kingdom of Mrauk U 18896:The World Factbook 17930:on 16 January 2007 17673:on 22 January 2017 17179:on 8 December 2008 17169:"Asians v. Asians" 17013:on 22 January 2017 16881:Mon, Myat (2000). 16461:"Southern Myanmar" 16288:on 5 February 2016 16174:"Myanmar and IRRI" 15540:The New York Times 15455:Al Jazeera website 15311:on 20 October 2011 15170:on 2 December 2013 15117:on 2 December 2012 14752:. 20 December 2012 14690:. 5 October 2023. 14655:. 23 August 2017. 14563:Human Rights Watch 14402:on 26 October 2014 14106:Human Rights Watch 14055:on 4 November 2016 13512:Han, Enze (2024). 13324:on 16 January 2009 13298:on 11 January 2009 13158:The New York Times 13131:on 25 January 2004 12967:The New York Times 12942:on 10 January 2009 12906:The Canberra Times 12688:on 4 February 2016 12514:on 5 December 2018 12420:Than, Mya (2005). 12212:12 November 2020, 11834:12 November 2020, 11729:The New York Times 11727:11 November 2020, 11687:The New York Times 11662:on 27 January 2016 11582:NBR Special Report 11506:The New York Times 11381:The New York Times 10969:The New York Times 10886:The New York Times 10854:. 27 August 2009. 10815:. 28 August 2009. 10476:The New York Times 10463:Erlanger, Steven: 9906:A History of Burma 9023:on 20 October 2013 8502:The New York Times 8402:. Undispatch.com. 8380:The New York Times 8218:The World Factbook 8118:data.worldbank.org 7304:Pronunciations of 7157:Outline of Myanmar 6985: 6923:, Aung Kyaw Htet, 6784:The World Factbook 6778: 6740: 6701: 6687:Culture of Myanmar 6599: 6511: 6202:ethnically diverse 6198: 5617: 5473: 5462: 5452:Tourism in Myanmar 5425:Human Rights Watch 5359: 5257: 5163:Economy of Myanmar 5136:illegal in Myanmar 5121: 5071:Government reforms 5009: 4985:Border Guard Force 4903: 4852:Human Rights Watch 4841: 4694: 4599: 4487: 4473:head of government 4232:wild water buffalo 4063: 3993: 3983:Climate of Myanmar 3688:Tanintharyi Region 3477: 3400:Salween (Thanlwin) 3364:Hengduan Mountains 3362:In the north, the 3212: 3091:General elections 3084: 2998: 2856:Irrawaddy Division 2845:Burmese Government 2829:Saffron Revolution 2825: 2814: 2665:Panglong Agreement 2568:Panglong Agreement 2446:, continued until 2444:Anglo-Burmese Wars 2440:British East India 2436: 2420: 2413:Anglo-Burmese Wars 2300: 2209: 2192: 2177: 2153:Burmese literature 2119:Kingdom of Mrauk U 2099: 2030: 2002:Kingdom of Mrauk U 1858: 1855: 8th century 1824:History of Myanmar 1470:officially changed 1237:economic sanctions 1215:, and a nominally 1185:multi-party system 1146:Anglo-Burmese Wars 1142:East India Company 1097:in the 1050s, the 1089:entered the upper 1038:to its northeast, 1034:to its southwest, 1014:and also known as 791:2024 estimate 739:2024 estimate 301:Ethnic groups 21123:Countries in Asia 21024: 21023: 21018: 21017: 20998:Working languages 20650:Dialogue partners 20406: 20405: 20333: 20332: 19903: 19902: 19781: 19780: 19728: 19727: 19565:Human trafficking 19517: 19516: 19456: 19455: 19424:Political parties 19363:Foreign relations 19325: 19324: 19116:Myinsaing Kingdom 19082: 19081: 18774:978-0-374-16342-6 18751:978-1-84511-622-4 18728:978-0-521-80496-7 18593:. 16 January 2009 18340:Facts and Details 18056:on 5 January 2015 17802:on 27 April 2011. 17769:978-0-8248-2886-8 17117:. 25 April 2012. 16449:on 30 April 2011. 16119:978-981-4620-13-0 16081:Watkins, Thayer. 16024:on 15 April 2015. 15987:. London: Verso. 15961:978-0-374-16342-6 15641:. February 2022. 15572:978-0-415-30580-8 14855:978-1-84542-543-2 14565:. 21 March 2019. 14167:The Myanmar Times 13680:on 19 August 2007 13583:on 16 April 2016. 13527:978-0-19-769659-0 13268:. 26 April 2006. 13216:on 12 August 2011 12860:978-1-74104-718-9 12606:on 22 March 2020. 12538:The Myanmar Times 12327:. 29 March 2021. 12237:. 28 March 2021. 12036:25 January 2021, 12011:28 January 2021, 11986:28 January 2021, 11937:26 January 2021, 11912:21 January 2021, 11887:15 January 2021, 11862:28 January 2021, 11774:29 January 2021, 11481:on 17 June 2013. 11323:978-0-19-539067-4 11101:National Archives 11025:on 1 January 2019 10944:on 2 January 2013 10657:978-0-19-955201-6 10386:978-1-85649-926-2 10312:on 14 March 2012. 10241:978-4-87297-748-6 10187:978-0-7658-0352-8 10143:978-1-85285-192-7 10054:978-0-87196-982-8 10009:978-1-107-50718-0 9849:978-974-9863-31-2 9831:978-1-4067-3503-1 9638:978-0-231-50004-3 9582:978-3-11-018418-1 9573:Walter de Gruyter 9221:"Myanmar profile" 9013:"Burma (Myanmar)" 8924:978-1-58901-285-1 8894:978-4-87297-748-6 8634:"Burma (Myanmar)" 8254:978-0-7591-0279-8 8094:Missing or empty 8059:Missing or empty 8024:Missing or empty 7939:. 4 August 2023. 7806:myanmar.unfpa.org 7013:Cinema of Myanmar 6861:martial arts and 6827:, long bean, and 6601:According to the 6531:Health in Myanmar 6489:Mahayana Buddhism 6188: 6187: 5990: 5989: 5693:replacement level 5658: 5657: 5075:According to the 5021:Rohingya genocide 5013:Rohingya conflict 4978:internal conflict 4961:human trafficking 4901:camps in Thailand 4829: 4828: 4807:. Please help to 4799:This section may 4738:non-proliferation 4692:multirole fighter 4687:Myanmar Air Force 4615:trade preferences 4575:Foreign relations 4553:elections of 2010 4524:Political culture 4416:2008 constitution 4400:Myanmar operates 4192:Magnolia champaca 4003:. It lies in the 3974: 3973: 3912:Ayeyarwady Region 3333:Arunachal Pradesh 3307:, and longitudes 3097:absolute majority 2580:Myoma U Than Kywe 2527:were formed into 2509:Japanese invasion 2237:Ayutthaya Kingdom 1931:Early city-states 1820: 1819: 1812: 1794: 1447:for the majority 1404:human development 1386:is controlled by 1372:human development 1320:natural resources 1245:Rohingya conflict 1241:ethnic minorities 1233:foreign relations 1010:, officially the 992:rendering support 972: 971: 852:medium inequality 816:• Per capita 764:• Per capita 625:18 September 1988 494:SAC Vice Chairman 440:republic under a 242:Official language 216:21.000°N 96.000°E 167:Show map of ASEAN 141: 21140: 21065: 21064: 21062: 21061: 21060: 21058: 21053: 21052: 21047: 21042: 21039: 21038: 21037: 21034: 20960: 20958: 20957: 20947: 20945: 20944: 20934: 20932: 20931: 20921: 20919: 20918: 20908: 20906: 20905: 20895: 20893: 20892: 20866: 20864: 20863: 20832: 20830: 20829: 20819: 20817: 20816: 20806: 20804: 20803: 20793: 20791: 20790: 20780: 20778: 20777: 20767: 20765: 20764: 20754: 20752: 20751: 20741: 20739: 20738: 20728: 20726: 20725: 20715: 20713: 20712: 20702: 20700: 20699: 20689: 20687: 20686: 20676: 20674: 20673: 20663: 20661: 20660: 20639: 20637: 20636: 20615: 20613: 20612: 20602: 20600: 20599: 20589: 20587: 20586: 20576: 20574: 20573: 20563: 20561: 20560: 20550: 20548: 20547: 20537: 20535: 20534: 20524: 20522: 20521: 20511: 20509: 20508: 20498: 20496: 20495: 20433: 20426: 20419: 20410: 20409: 20394: 20382: 20381: 20342:regions of China 20277:Christmas Island 20267: 20266: 20209: 19949:Sovereign states 19930: 19923: 19916: 19907: 19906: 19837:Sovereign states 19821: 19814: 19807: 19798: 19797: 19789:Related articles 19785: 19784: 19764: 19752: 19751: 19740: 19739: 19698:National symbols 19528: 19527: 19484:Opium production 19467: 19466: 19336: 19335: 19250: 19249: 19168:Konbaung dynasty 19070: 19069: 19051: 19044: 19037: 19028: 19027: 18968: 18967: 18953: 18952: 18796: 18778: 18755: 18732: 18702: 18677: 18676: 18674: 18672: 18652: 18646: 18645: 18643: 18641: 18636:on 29 April 2011 18626: 18620: 18619: 18617: 18615: 18600: 18594: 18584: 18578: 18575: 18569: 18568: 18548: 18542: 18541: 18539: 18537: 18522: 18516: 18515: 18513: 18511: 18506:on 14 April 2014 18505: 18499:. Archived from 18498: 18490: 18484: 18483: 18481: 18479: 18473: 18454: 18445: 18439: 18438: 18436: 18434: 18418: 18412: 18411: 18409: 18407: 18388: 18382: 18381: 18379: 18377: 18368:. Archived from 18362: 18356: 18355: 18353: 18351: 18331: 18325: 18324: 18310: 18304: 18303: 18301: 18299: 18283: 18277: 18276: 18268: 18262: 18261: 18253: 18247: 18246: 18235: 18226: 18225: 18223: 18221: 18206: 18200: 18199: 18191: 18185: 18184: 18182: 18180: 18175:on 26 April 2006 18165: 18159: 18158: 18152: 18144: 18142: 18140: 18124: 18118: 18117: 18115: 18113: 18098: 18092: 18091: 18089: 18087: 18072: 18066: 18065: 18063: 18061: 18042: 18036: 18035: 18033: 18031: 18022:. Archived from 18011: 18005: 18004: 18002: 18000: 17984: 17978: 17975: 17969: 17968: 17966: 17964: 17958: 17946: 17940: 17939: 17937: 17935: 17929: 17918: 17910: 17901: 17900: 17898: 17896: 17890: 17879: 17871: 17865: 17864: 17862: 17860: 17851:. Archived from 17841: 17835: 17825: 17819: 17818: 17810: 17804: 17803: 17792: 17786: 17780: 17774: 17773: 17755: 17749: 17748: 17746: 17744: 17729: 17723: 17722: 17720: 17718: 17703: 17697: 17696: 17689: 17683: 17682: 17680: 17678: 17663: 17657: 17656: 17654: 17652: 17637: 17631: 17630: 17628: 17626: 17611: 17605: 17604: 17602: 17600: 17580: 17574: 17573: 17566: 17557: 17556: 17554: 17552: 17543:. 2 March 2023. 17537: 17531: 17530: 17528: 17526: 17511: 17502: 17485: 17479: 17478: 17476: 17474: 17458: 17452: 17451: 17443: 17437: 17436: 17434: 17432: 17426: 17419: 17410: 17404: 17403: 17398:. Archived from 17385: 17379: 17378: 17376: 17374: 17365:. Archived from 17358: 17352: 17349: 17343: 17342: 17340: 17338: 17332: 17325: 17317: 17311: 17310: 17308: 17306: 17286: 17277: 17276: 17274: 17272: 17256: 17250: 17249: 17247: 17245: 17225: 17219: 17218: 17216: 17214: 17209:on 11 March 2009 17198: 17192: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17184: 17165: 17159: 17158: 17150: 17144: 17137: 17131: 17130: 17128: 17126: 17107: 17101: 17100: 17098: 17096: 17090: 17083: 17075: 17069: 17068: 17066: 17064: 17044: 17038: 17037: 17029: 17023: 17022: 17020: 17018: 16993: 16976: 16975: 16973: 16971: 16951: 16945: 16944:. United Nations 16932: 16923: 16922: 16920: 16918: 16878: 16865: 16864: 16844: 16838: 16837: 16835: 16833: 16827: 16821:. Archived from 16804: 16795: 16784: 16783: 16765: 16759: 16758: 16756: 16754: 16739: 16733: 16732: 16730: 16728: 16723:on 8 August 2019 16722: 16707: 16698: 16692: 16691: 16663: 16657: 16656: 16654: 16652: 16642: 16634: 16628: 16627: 16625: 16623: 16608: 16602: 16601: 16590: 16584: 16583: 16578:. Archived from 16572: 16566: 16565: 16563: 16561: 16556:on 1 August 2013 16546: 16537: 16536: 16534: 16532: 16527:on 29 April 2009 16517: 16511: 16510: 16508: 16506: 16487: 16481: 16480: 16478: 16476: 16457: 16451: 16450: 16438: 16432: 16431: 16430: 16428: 16422: 16411: 16402: 16396: 16395: 16393: 16391: 16371: 16365: 16364: 16362: 16360: 16340: 16334: 16333: 16331: 16329: 16323: 16312: 16304: 16298: 16297: 16295: 16293: 16277: 16271: 16270: 16268: 16266: 16251: 16245: 16244: 16242: 16240: 16225: 16219: 16218: 16216: 16214: 16199: 16193: 16191: 16187: 16185: 16179:. Archived from 16178: 16170: 16164: 16163: 16152: 16146: 16145: 16139: 16131: 16105: 16099: 16098: 16096: 16094: 16078: 16072: 16071: 16069: 16067: 16062:on 9 August 2007 16061: 16055:. Archived from 16032: 16026: 16025: 16020:. Archived from 16013: 16007: 16006: 15980: 15974: 15973: 15943: 15934: 15933: 15931: 15929: 15920:. Archived from 15909: 15903: 15902: 15896: 15888: 15886: 15884: 15868: 15862: 15861: 15855: 15847: 15845: 15843: 15827: 15821: 15820: 15818: 15816: 15801: 15795: 15794: 15792: 15790: 15774: 15768: 15767: 15765: 15763: 15744: 15738: 15737: 15735: 15733: 15718: 15712: 15711: 15709: 15707: 15687: 15681: 15680: 15678: 15676: 15661: 15655: 15654: 15652: 15650: 15635: 15629: 15628: 15626: 15624: 15618: 15611: 15603: 15597: 15583: 15577: 15576: 15558: 15552: 15551: 15549: 15547: 15532: 15526: 15525: 15523: 15521: 15501: 15495: 15494: 15492: 15490: 15471: 15465: 15451: 15445: 15427: 15421: 15420: 15418: 15416: 15410: 15397: 15389: 15383: 15382: 15372: 15365: 15359: 15358: 15356: 15354: 15339: 15333: 15327: 15321: 15320: 15318: 15316: 15296: 15290: 15289: 15287: 15285: 15270: 15264: 15263: 15261: 15259: 15239: 15233: 15232: 15230: 15228: 15212: 15206: 15205: 15203: 15201: 15186: 15180: 15179: 15177: 15175: 15166:. Archived from 15159: 15153: 15152: 15150: 15148: 15133: 15127: 15126: 15124: 15122: 15107: 15101: 15100: 15098: 15096: 15081: 15075: 15074: 15072: 15070: 15051: 15045: 15044: 15042: 15040: 15021: 15015: 15014: 15012: 15010: 14989: 14983: 14982: 14980: 14978: 14956: 14950: 14949: 14947: 14945: 14936:. 25 June 2012. 14926: 14920: 14919: 14917: 14915: 14899: 14893: 14892: 14890: 14888: 14874: 14866: 14860: 14859: 14837: 14828: 14827: 14825: 14823: 14807: 14796: 14795: 14793: 14791: 14780:Associated Press 14776:Fox News Channel 14768: 14762: 14761: 14759: 14757: 14742: 14736: 14735: 14733: 14731: 14710: 14704: 14703: 14701: 14699: 14687:Frontier Myanmar 14678: 14669: 14668: 14666: 14664: 14645: 14639: 14638: 14636: 14634: 14615: 14609: 14608: 14606: 14604: 14595:. 12 July 2018. 14585: 14579: 14578: 14576: 14574: 14555: 14549: 14548: 14531: 14522: 14521: 14520:on 25 July 2018. 14516:. Archived from 14510: 14504: 14503: 14501: 14499: 14490:. Archived from 14484:"Myanmar UN ACT" 14480: 14474: 14473: 14471: 14469: 14449: 14443: 14442: 14440: 14438: 14418: 14412: 14411: 14409: 14407: 14387: 14381: 14380: 14378: 14376: 14354: 14345: 14344: 14342: 14340: 14321: 14315: 14314: 14312: 14310: 14295: 14289: 14288: 14286: 14284: 14268: 14262: 14261: 14259: 14257: 14242: 14236: 14235: 14233: 14231: 14216: 14210: 14209: 14207: 14205: 14189: 14183: 14182: 14180: 14178: 14169:. 24 July 2013. 14159: 14153: 14152: 14150: 14148: 14139:. Archived from 14128: 14122: 14121: 14119: 14117: 14108:. Archived from 14097: 14091: 14090: 14088: 14086: 14071: 14065: 14064: 14062: 14060: 14051:. Archived from 14045: 14039: 14038: 14033: 14031: 14025: 14014: 14005: 13999: 13998: 13993: 13991: 13985: 13978: 13970: 13964: 13940: 13934: 13916: 13910: 13892: 13886: 13868: 13862: 13844: 13838: 13820: 13814: 13796: 13790: 13789: 13787: 13785: 13779: 13768: 13759: 13753: 13752: 13750: 13748: 13729: 13723: 13722: 13720: 13718: 13704: 13696: 13690: 13689: 13687: 13685: 13670: 13664: 13663: 13661: 13659: 13643: 13637: 13636: 13621: 13615: 13614: 13612: 13610: 13605:on 16 April 2016 13591: 13585: 13584: 13569: 13563: 13562: 13560: 13558: 13538: 13532: 13531: 13516:. New York, NY: 13509: 13503: 13502: 13500: 13498: 13483: 13477: 13476: 13465: 13459: 13458: 13456: 13454: 13449:on 3 August 2022 13435: 13429: 13428: 13426: 13424: 13402: 13396: 13395: 13393: 13391: 13366: 13360: 13359: 13357: 13355: 13340: 13334: 13333: 13331: 13329: 13314: 13308: 13307: 13305: 13303: 13288: 13282: 13281: 13279: 13277: 13258: 13252: 13251: 13249: 13247: 13232: 13226: 13225: 13223: 13221: 13206: 13200: 13199: 13197: 13195: 13180: 13174: 13173: 13171: 13169: 13155: 13147: 13141: 13140: 13138: 13136: 13121: 13115: 13114: 13112: 13110: 13095: 13089: 13088: 13086: 13084: 13068: 13062: 13061: 13049: 13040: 13039: 13037: 13035: 13020: 13014: 13013: 13011: 13009: 13000:. Archived from 12989: 12983: 12982: 12980: 12978: 12958: 12952: 12951: 12949: 12947: 12928: 12922: 12921: 12919: 12917: 12897: 12891: 12890: 12888: 12886: 12871: 12865: 12864: 12848: 12834: 12828: 12827: 12825: 12823: 12808: 12802: 12801: 12791: 12743: 12737: 12723: 12717: 12704: 12698: 12697: 12695: 12693: 12684:. Archived from 12674: 12668: 12667: 12657: 12647: 12614: 12608: 12607: 12605: 12599:. Archived from 12594: 12586: 12580: 12579: 12577: 12575: 12560: 12554: 12553: 12551: 12549: 12540:. Archived from 12530: 12524: 12523: 12521: 12519: 12510:. Archived from 12500: 12494: 12488: 12482: 12481: 12470: 12464: 12463: 12445: 12436: 12435: 12417: 12408: 12407: 12399: 12393: 12392: 12390: 12388: 12373: 12367: 12366: 12364: 12362: 12347: 12341: 12340: 12338: 12336: 12317: 12311: 12310: 12308: 12306: 12287: 12281: 12280: 12278: 12276: 12267:. 2 March 2021. 12257: 12251: 12250: 12248: 12246: 12225: 12219: 12200: 12194: 12181: 12168: 12167: 12165: 12163: 12143: 12137: 12136: 12134: 12132: 12113: 12107: 12088: 12065: 12052: 12043: 12024: 12018: 11999: 11993: 11974: 11968: 11964:Channel NewsAsia 11950: 11944: 11925: 11919: 11900: 11894: 11875: 11869: 11850: 11841: 11822: 11811: 11794: 11779: 11776:Associated Press 11762: 11751: 11738: 11732: 11715: 11704: 11697: 11691: 11690: 11678: 11672: 11671: 11669: 11667: 11652: 11646: 11645: 11643: 11641: 11626: 11620: 11607: 11598: 11597: 11595: 11593: 11573: 11567: 11566: 11554: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11543: 11528: 11522: 11521: 11519: 11517: 11503: 11495: 11486: 11485: 11477:. Archived from 11475:Associated Press 11460: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11449: 11433: 11427: 11426: 11424: 11422: 11403: 11397: 11396: 11394: 11392: 11372: 11366: 11365: 11363: 11361: 11342: 11336: 11335: 11307: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11296: 11279:(5 April 2017). 11273: 11267: 11249: 11243: 11242: 11240: 11238: 11233:on 28 March 2015 11217: 11211: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11191: 11185: 11184: 11182: 11180: 11171:. 5 March 2012. 11161: 11155: 11154: 11152: 11150: 11141:. Archived from 11130: 11124: 11123: 11121: 11119: 11104: 11098: 11096: 11074: 11065: 11064: 11062: 11060: 11041: 11035: 11034: 11032: 11030: 11015: 11013: 11011: 11002:. Archived from 10991: 10985: 10984: 10982: 10980: 10960: 10954: 10953: 10951: 10949: 10934: 10928: 10927: 10925: 10923: 10908: 10902: 10901: 10899: 10897: 10877: 10868: 10867: 10865: 10863: 10838: 10829: 10828: 10826: 10824: 10805: 10799: 10798: 10796: 10794: 10779: 10773: 10772: 10770: 10768: 10748: 10742: 10741: 10739: 10737: 10722: 10716: 10715: 10710:. Archived from 10699: 10693: 10692: 10690: 10688: 10673: 10671: 10669: 10635: 10633: 10631: 10616: 10614: 10612: 10592: 10590: 10588: 10573: 10567: 10566: 10564: 10562: 10547: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10527:. Archived from 10516: 10510: 10509: 10507: 10505: 10485: 10479: 10461: 10455: 10454: 10452: 10450: 10431: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10420: 10400: 10391: 10390: 10378: 10368: 10359: 10354: 10345: 10344: 10342: 10340: 10320: 10314: 10313: 10293: 10287: 10286: 10278: 10272: 10271: 10269: 10267: 10252: 10246: 10245: 10227: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10216: 10196: 10190: 10169: 10163: 10162: 10154: 10148: 10147: 10124: 10118: 10117: 10115: 10113: 10098: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10087: 10073: 10065: 10059: 10058: 10035: 10029: 10028: 10020: 10014: 10013: 9995: 9989: 9983: 9977: 9971: 9965: 9959: 9953: 9947: 9941: 9935: 9929: 9926: 9920: 9919: 9909: 9899: 9890: 9884: 9878: 9872: 9866: 9860: 9854: 9853: 9835: 9817: 9811: 9807: 9801: 9800: 9798: 9787: 9778: 9772: 9766: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9739: 9733: 9727: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9716: 9700: 9694: 9693: 9691: 9689: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9622: 9617: 9615: 9609: 9602: 9593: 9587: 9586: 9575:. p. 2012. 9562: 9560: 9558: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9522:Thackrah, J. R. 9519: 9517: 9515: 9500: 9498: 9496: 9491:on 29 April 2021 9481: 9479: 9477: 9462:Magazine Monitor 9453: 9447: 9446: 9444: 9442: 9423: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9412: 9393: 9387: 9386: 9384: 9382: 9367: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9341: 9339: 9337: 9317: 9311: 9310: 9295: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9284: 9269: 9263: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9243: 9237: 9236: 9234: 9232: 9217: 9211: 9210: 9208: 9206: 9197:. Archived from 9187: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9176: 9161: 9155: 9154: 9152: 9150: 9122: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9106:on 21 March 2013 9102:. Archived from 9095: 9089: 9088: 9086: 9084: 9065: 9059: 9058: 9056: 9054: 9039: 9033: 9032: 9030: 9028: 9019:. Archived from 9009: 8997: 8991: 8989: 8978:Associated Press 8964: 8958: 8957: 8955: 8953: 8938: 8929: 8928: 8908: 8899: 8898: 8878: 8869: 8868: 8848: 8842: 8841: 8833: 8827: 8826: 8824: 8822: 8807: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8796: 8777: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8747: 8741: 8740: 8738: 8736: 8730: 8719: 8711: 8705: 8704: 8702: 8700: 8684: 8682: 8680: 8671:. Archived from 8660: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8571: 8565: 8555: 8549: 8548: 8546: 8544: 8524: 8518: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8493: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8482: 8467: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8425:. 11 June 2012. 8415: 8413: 8411: 8395: 8389: 8388: 8376: 8368: 8366: 8364: 8344: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8318: 8316: 8314: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8280: 8271: 8265: 8259: 8258: 8240: 8234: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8210: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8180: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8169: 8163: 8152: 8144: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8133: 8110: 8104: 8103: 8097: 8092: 8090: 8082: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8062: 8057: 8055: 8047: 8040: 8034: 8033: 8027: 8022: 8020: 8012: 8005: 7999: 7998: 7991: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7980: 7974: 7967: 7959: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7918: 7916: 7895: 7889: 7888: 7886: 7884: 7863: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7847:on 11 April 2015 7846: 7839: 7831: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7815:on 29 March 2018 7814: 7803: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7778: 7767: 7759: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7748: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7707: 7701: 7700: 7698: 7696: 7690: 7683: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7649: 7633: 7632: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7624: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7609: 7600: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7592: 7589: 7586: 7583: 7580: 7577: 7568: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7560: 7557: 7554: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7542: 7533: 7532: 7529: 7528: 7525: 7522: 7519: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7501: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7493: 7490: 7487: 7484: 7481: 7478: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7453: 7450: 7447: 7444: 7441: 7438: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7426: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7412: 7409: 7406: 7403: 7400: 7397: 7394: 7385: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7371: 7368: 7365: 7362: 7353: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7333: 7330: 7327: 7317: 7297: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7276: 7275: 7274: 7264: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7238: 7237: 7236: 7226: 7220: 7201: 7195: 7192: 7186: 7183: 7167:Burmese language 7151: 7149:Countries portal 7146: 7145: 7137: 7132: 7131: 7123: 7118: 7117: 7116: 7077:videojournalists 7072:Burma Chronicles 6953:Media of Myanmar 6915:. Together with 6869:is ruled by the 6756: 6755: 6639:Crime in Myanmar 6561:intravenous drug 6508:Shwedagon Pagoda 6260:Overseas Indians 6237:Overseas Chinese 6011:(rough estimate) 6006: 6005: 5820: 5810: 5783: 5773: 5735: 5723: 5722: 5680:from Myanmar in 5619: 5618: 5327:1962 coup d'état 5239:Economic history 5143:Aung San Suu Kyi 5105:Voice of America 5094:Wunna Maung Lwin 4824: 4821: 4794: 4793: 4786: 4759:Until 2005, the 4627:Look East policy 4619:humanitarian aid 4562:Aung San Suu Kyi 4428:Myanmar military 4420:Aung San Suu Kyi 4351: 4342: 3997:Tropic of Cancer 3505: 3504: 3499:, and villages. 3490: 3489: 3484: 3483: 3442: 3408:Gulf of Martaban 3388:Tenasserim Hills 3186: 3156:Aung San Suu Kyi 3120:state counsellor 3116:Aung San Suu Kyi 3105:Aung San Suu Kyi 3038:Aung San Suu Kyi 2994:Aung San Suu Kyi 2951:Kokang offensive 2949:resulted in the 2864:Humanitarian aid 2833:Shwedagon Pagoda 2810:Shwedagon Pagoda 2730:one-party system 2722:new constitution 2715:central planning 2546:that led to the 2379:French Indochina 2328:Sino-Burmese War 2292:Shwedagon Pagoda 2223:. His successor 2123:Bengal Sultanate 2049:Burmese language 1988:Konbaung dynasty 1901: 1898: 1856: 1853: 1815: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1795: 1793: 1752: 1728: 1720: 1637:, including the 1575:State Department 1561: 1556: 1551: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1498: 1420:Names of Myanmar 1406:, the lowest in 1348:renewable energy 1292:East Asia Summit 1283:to violation of 1261:in a coup d'état 1221:Aung San Suu Kyi 1152:. After a brief 1130:Konbaung dynasty 1118:Mongol invasions 1099:Burmese language 998: instead of 980: 979: 917: 884: 883: 877: 876: 870: 854: 853: 847: 846: 840: 824: 823: 805: 804: 788: 772: 771: 753: 752: 736: 703:55,770,232 ( 646:2021 coup d'état 620:1988 coup d'état 607:1962 coup d'état 569:29 February 1752 254: 227: 226: 224: 223: 222: 217: 213: 210: 209: 208: 205: 168: 165: 158: 155: 143: 142: 115: 109: 108: 88: 74: 58: 51: 43: 42: 41: 28: 27: 21148: 21147: 21143: 21142: 21141: 21139: 21138: 21137: 21133:Buddhist states 21068: 21067: 21057:Myanmar (Burma) 21056: 21054: 21050: 21048: 21044: 21043: 21040: 21035: 21032: 21030: 21028: 21027: 21025: 21020: 21019: 21014: 20966: 20955: 20953: 20942: 20940: 20929: 20927: 20916: 20914: 20903: 20901: 20890: 20888: 20877: 20861: 20859: 20838: 20827: 20825: 20814: 20812: 20801: 20799: 20788: 20786: 20775: 20773: 20762: 20760: 20749: 20747: 20736: 20734: 20723: 20721: 20710: 20708: 20697: 20695: 20684: 20682: 20671: 20669: 20658: 20656: 20645: 20634: 20632: 20626:Observer states 20621: 20610: 20608: 20597: 20595: 20584: 20582: 20571: 20569: 20558: 20556: 20545: 20543: 20532: 20530: 20519: 20517: 20506: 20504: 20493: 20491: 20478: 20442: 20437: 20407: 20402: 20375: 20360: 20344: 20341: 20329: 20302: 20286: 20263: 20260: 20252: 20233:Northern Cyprus 20221: 20218: 20210: 20201: 19943: 19934: 19904: 19899: 19831: 19825: 19790: 19782: 19777: 19724: 19703:Public holidays 19594: 19590:Sex trafficking 19513: 19452: 19390:Law enforcement 19321: 19297:Protected areas 19239: 19151:Toungoo dynasty 19126:Sagaing Kingdom 19101:Pyu city-states 19078: 19064: 19055: 19022:Wayback Machine 19010:Wayback Machine 18994:Wayback Machine 18982:Wayback Machine 18965: 18950: 18939:Wayback Machine 18923:Wayback Machine 18891:Wayback Machine 18879:Wayback Machine 18867:Wayback Machine 18843:Wayback Machine 18826:Wayback Machine 18810: 18805: 18793: 18775: 18752: 18729: 18705:Combs, Daniel. 18685: 18680: 18670: 18668: 18653: 18649: 18639: 18637: 18628: 18627: 18623: 18613: 18611: 18602: 18601: 18597: 18585: 18581: 18576: 18572: 18549: 18545: 18535: 18533: 18524: 18523: 18519: 18509: 18507: 18503: 18496: 18492: 18491: 18487: 18477: 18475: 18471: 18452: 18446: 18442: 18432: 18430: 18419: 18415: 18405: 18403: 18396:The Daily Beast 18390: 18389: 18385: 18375: 18373: 18372:on 24 June 2018 18364: 18363: 18359: 18349: 18347: 18334:Hays, Jeffrey. 18332: 18328: 18311: 18307: 18297: 18295: 18284: 18280: 18269: 18265: 18254: 18250: 18236: 18229: 18219: 18217: 18216:on 23 June 2006 18208: 18207: 18203: 18192: 18188: 18178: 18176: 18167: 18166: 18162: 18146: 18145: 18138: 18136: 18125: 18121: 18111: 18109: 18099: 18095: 18085: 18083: 18074: 18073: 18069: 18059: 18057: 18044: 18043: 18039: 18029: 18027: 18026:on 22 June 2019 18020:Inside Investor 18012: 18008: 17998: 17996: 17985: 17981: 17976: 17972: 17962: 17960: 17959:on 25 June 2007 17956: 17948: 17947: 17943: 17933: 17931: 17927: 17916: 17912: 17911: 17904: 17894: 17892: 17888: 17877: 17873: 17872: 17868: 17858: 17856: 17843: 17842: 17838: 17834:. November 2008 17826: 17822: 17811: 17807: 17794: 17793: 17789: 17781: 17777: 17770: 17756: 17752: 17742: 17740: 17731: 17730: 17726: 17716: 17714: 17705: 17704: 17700: 17691: 17690: 17686: 17676: 17674: 17665: 17664: 17660: 17650: 17648: 17639: 17638: 17634: 17624: 17622: 17613: 17612: 17608: 17598: 17596: 17581: 17577: 17568: 17567: 17560: 17550: 17548: 17539: 17538: 17534: 17524: 17522: 17515:"Buddhanet.net" 17513: 17512: 17505: 17495:Wayback Machine 17486: 17482: 17472: 17470: 17459: 17455: 17444: 17440: 17430: 17428: 17427:on 2 March 2006 17424: 17417: 17411: 17407: 17390:"The Outsiders" 17386: 17382: 17372: 17370: 17359: 17355: 17350: 17346: 17336: 17334: 17333:on 23 July 2006 17330: 17323: 17319: 17318: 17314: 17304: 17302: 17287: 17280: 17270: 17268: 17257: 17253: 17243: 17241: 17226: 17222: 17212: 17210: 17199: 17195: 17189: 17182: 17180: 17167: 17166: 17162: 17151: 17147: 17138: 17134: 17124: 17122: 17109: 17108: 17104: 17094: 17092: 17091:on 21 June 2006 17088: 17081: 17077: 17076: 17072: 17062: 17060: 17045: 17041: 17030: 17026: 17016: 17014: 16995: 16994: 16979: 16969: 16967: 16952: 16948: 16942:Wayback Machine 16933: 16926: 16916: 16914: 16879: 16868: 16845: 16841: 16831: 16829: 16828:on 9 March 2011 16825: 16802: 16796: 16787: 16780: 16766: 16762: 16752: 16750: 16749:on 26 June 2006 16741: 16740: 16736: 16726: 16724: 16720: 16705: 16699: 16695: 16664: 16660: 16650: 16648: 16640: 16636: 16635: 16631: 16621: 16619: 16610: 16609: 16605: 16592: 16591: 16587: 16574: 16573: 16569: 16559: 16557: 16548: 16547: 16540: 16530: 16528: 16519: 16518: 16514: 16504: 16502: 16489: 16488: 16484: 16474: 16472: 16459: 16458: 16454: 16439: 16435: 16426: 16424: 16420: 16409: 16403: 16399: 16389: 16387: 16372: 16368: 16358: 16356: 16341: 16337: 16327: 16325: 16321: 16310: 16306: 16305: 16301: 16291: 16289: 16278: 16274: 16264: 16262: 16253: 16252: 16248: 16238: 16236: 16227: 16226: 16222: 16212: 16210: 16209:on 13 July 2011 16201: 16200: 16196: 16189: 16183: 16176: 16172: 16171: 16167: 16154: 16153: 16149: 16133: 16132: 16120: 16106: 16102: 16092: 16090: 16079: 16075: 16065: 16063: 16059: 16033: 16029: 16014: 16010: 15995: 15981: 15977: 15962: 15944: 15937: 15927: 15925: 15910: 15906: 15890: 15889: 15882: 15880: 15869: 15865: 15849: 15848: 15841: 15839: 15828: 15824: 15814: 15812: 15811:on 27 July 2013 15803: 15802: 15798: 15788: 15786: 15775: 15771: 15761: 15759: 15754:. 18 May 2020. 15746: 15745: 15741: 15731: 15729: 15720: 15719: 15715: 15705: 15703: 15688: 15684: 15674: 15672: 15667:. 31 May 2021. 15663: 15662: 15658: 15648: 15646: 15637: 15636: 15632: 15622: 15620: 15619:on 23 July 2006 15616: 15609: 15605: 15604: 15600: 15594:Wayback Machine 15584: 15580: 15573: 15559: 15555: 15545: 15543: 15542:. 25 March 2016 15534: 15533: 15529: 15519: 15517: 15502: 15498: 15488: 15486: 15473: 15472: 15468: 15462:Wayback Machine 15452: 15448: 15442:The Independent 15438:Wayback Machine 15428: 15424: 15414: 15412: 15408: 15395: 15391: 15390: 15386: 15377:. 17 May 2016. 15375:The Independent 15367: 15366: 15362: 15352: 15350: 15340: 15336: 15328: 15324: 15314: 15312: 15305:The Independent 15297: 15293: 15283: 15281: 15280:on 29 July 2012 15272: 15271: 15267: 15257: 15255: 15240: 15236: 15226: 15224: 15213: 15209: 15199: 15197: 15188: 15187: 15183: 15173: 15171: 15160: 15156: 15146: 15144: 15135: 15134: 15130: 15120: 15118: 15109: 15108: 15104: 15094: 15092: 15082: 15078: 15068: 15066: 15053: 15052: 15048: 15038: 15036: 15023: 15022: 15018: 15008: 15006: 14991: 14990: 14986: 14976: 14974: 14957: 14953: 14943: 14941: 14928: 14927: 14923: 14913: 14911: 14900: 14896: 14886: 14884: 14877:The Independent 14867: 14863: 14856: 14848:. p. 342. 14838: 14831: 14821: 14819: 14808: 14799: 14789: 14787: 14770: 14769: 14765: 14755: 14753: 14744: 14743: 14739: 14729: 14727: 14712: 14711: 14707: 14697: 14695: 14680: 14679: 14672: 14662: 14660: 14647: 14646: 14642: 14632: 14630: 14617: 14616: 14612: 14602: 14600: 14587: 14586: 14582: 14572: 14570: 14557: 14556: 14552: 14533: 14532: 14525: 14512: 14511: 14507: 14497: 14495: 14482: 14481: 14477: 14467: 14465: 14450: 14446: 14436: 14434: 14419: 14415: 14405: 14403: 14396:The Independent 14388: 14384: 14374: 14372: 14355: 14348: 14338: 14336: 14323: 14322: 14318: 14308: 14306: 14297: 14296: 14292: 14282: 14280: 14269: 14265: 14255: 14253: 14244: 14243: 14239: 14229: 14227: 14218: 14217: 14213: 14203: 14201: 14190: 14186: 14176: 14174: 14161: 14160: 14156: 14146: 14144: 14129: 14125: 14115: 14113: 14112:on 20 June 2006 14098: 14094: 14084: 14082: 14073: 14072: 14068: 14058: 14056: 14047: 14046: 14042: 14029: 14027: 14023: 14012: 14006: 14002: 13989: 13987: 13983: 13976: 13972: 13971: 13967: 13947:Verbotim Report 13941: 13937: 13917: 13913: 13899:Verbotim Report 13893: 13889: 13875:Verbotim Report 13869: 13865: 13851:Verbotim Report 13845: 13841: 13827:Verbotim Report 13821: 13817: 13803:Verbotim Report 13797: 13793: 13783: 13781: 13777: 13766: 13760: 13756: 13746: 13744: 13731: 13730: 13726: 13716: 13714: 13697: 13693: 13683: 13681: 13672: 13671: 13667: 13657: 13655: 13654:on 20 June 2006 13644: 13640: 13623: 13622: 13618: 13608: 13606: 13593: 13592: 13588: 13571: 13570: 13566: 13556: 13554: 13539: 13535: 13528: 13510: 13506: 13496: 13494: 13485: 13484: 13480: 13475:on 21 May 2013. 13467: 13466: 13462: 13452: 13450: 13437: 13436: 13432: 13422: 13420: 13403: 13399: 13389: 13387: 13367: 13363: 13353: 13351: 13342: 13341: 13337: 13327: 13325: 13316: 13315: 13311: 13301: 13299: 13290: 13289: 13285: 13275: 13273: 13260: 13259: 13255: 13245: 13243: 13234: 13233: 13229: 13219: 13217: 13208: 13207: 13203: 13193: 13191: 13190:on 25 July 2006 13182: 13181: 13177: 13167: 13165: 13148: 13144: 13134: 13132: 13123: 13122: 13118: 13108: 13106: 13105:on 23 June 2020 13097: 13096: 13092: 13082: 13080: 13069: 13065: 13050: 13043: 13033: 13031: 13022: 13021: 13017: 13007: 13005: 12990: 12986: 12976: 12974: 12959: 12955: 12945: 12943: 12930: 12929: 12925: 12915: 12913: 12898: 12894: 12884: 12882: 12873: 12872: 12868: 12861: 12845:Myanmar (Burma) 12835: 12831: 12821: 12819: 12810: 12809: 12805: 12744: 12740: 12734:Wayback Machine 12724: 12720: 12715:Wayback Machine 12705: 12701: 12691: 12689: 12676: 12675: 12671: 12615: 12611: 12603: 12592: 12588: 12587: 12583: 12573: 12571: 12562: 12561: 12557: 12547: 12545: 12532: 12531: 12527: 12517: 12515: 12502: 12501: 12497: 12489: 12485: 12472: 12471: 12467: 12460: 12446: 12439: 12432: 12418: 12411: 12400: 12396: 12386: 12384: 12375: 12374: 12370: 12360: 12358: 12349: 12348: 12344: 12334: 12332: 12319: 12318: 12314: 12304: 12302: 12289: 12288: 12284: 12274: 12272: 12259: 12258: 12254: 12244: 12242: 12227: 12226: 12222: 12210:Wayback Machine 12201: 12197: 12191:Wayback Machine 12182: 12171: 12161: 12159: 12144: 12140: 12130: 12128: 12115: 12114: 12110: 12098:Wayback Machine 12089: 12068: 12062:Wayback Machine 12053: 12046: 12034:Wayback Machine 12025: 12021: 12009:Wayback Machine 12000: 11996: 11984:Wayback Machine 11975: 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11145:on 15 June 2013 11131: 11127: 11117: 11115: 11106: 11105: 11094: 11092: 11075: 11068: 11058: 11056: 11043: 11042: 11038: 11028: 11026: 11017: 11016: 11009: 11007: 10992: 10988: 10978: 10976: 10961: 10957: 10947: 10945: 10936: 10935: 10931: 10921: 10919: 10910: 10909: 10905: 10895: 10893: 10878: 10871: 10861: 10859: 10840: 10839: 10832: 10822: 10820: 10807: 10806: 10802: 10792: 10790: 10781: 10780: 10776: 10766: 10764: 10749: 10745: 10735: 10733: 10724: 10723: 10719: 10700: 10696: 10686: 10684: 10675: 10674: 10667: 10665: 10658: 10636: 10629: 10627: 10618: 10617: 10610: 10608: 10593: 10586: 10584: 10575: 10574: 10570: 10560: 10558: 10549: 10548: 10544: 10534: 10532: 10517: 10513: 10503: 10501: 10496:. iBiblio.org. 10486: 10482: 10474:, 29 May 1990, 10472:Wayback Machine 10462: 10458: 10448: 10446: 10433: 10432: 10428: 10418: 10416: 10401: 10394: 10387: 10369: 10362: 10355: 10348: 10338: 10336: 10321: 10317: 10294: 10290: 10279: 10275: 10265: 10263: 10262:on 15 June 2006 10254: 10253: 10249: 10242: 10228: 10224: 10214: 10212: 10197: 10193: 10180: 10170: 10166: 10155: 10151: 10144: 10125: 10121: 10111: 10109: 10100: 10099: 10095: 10085: 10083: 10076:The Independent 10066: 10062: 10055: 10036: 10032: 10025:Trials in Burma 10021: 10017: 10010: 9996: 9992: 9984: 9980: 9972: 9968: 9960: 9956: 9948: 9944: 9936: 9932: 9927: 9923: 9900: 9893: 9885: 9881: 9873: 9869: 9861: 9857: 9850: 9836: 9832: 9818: 9814: 9808: 9804: 9796: 9785: 9779: 9775: 9767: 9763: 9753: 9751: 9740: 9736: 9728: 9724: 9714: 9712: 9701: 9697: 9687: 9685: 9650: 9646: 9639: 9623: 9613: 9611: 9607: 9600: 9594: 9590: 9583: 9563: 9556: 9554: 9545: 9544: 9537: 9535: 9520: 9513: 9511: 9502: 9501: 9494: 9492: 9483: 9482: 9475: 9473: 9454: 9450: 9440: 9438: 9425: 9424: 9420: 9410: 9408: 9395: 9394: 9390: 9380: 9378: 9377:on 8 April 2014 9369: 9368: 9364: 9354: 9352: 9343: 9342: 9335: 9333: 9318: 9314: 9297: 9296: 9292: 9282: 9280: 9271: 9270: 9266: 9256: 9254: 9245: 9244: 9240: 9230: 9228: 9219: 9218: 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7009: 6970: 6964: 6955: 6949: 6905: 6897:Main articles: 6895: 6879:Ngwesaung Beach 6843: 6837: 6802:Burmese cuisine 6799: 6797:Burmese cuisine 6793: 6759:pagoda festival 6697:Kinnayi Kinnaya 6689: 6683: 6661:Golden Triangle 6641: 6635: 6583: 6577: 6533: 6527: 6457: 6451: 6361: 6355: 6327:Burmese Chinese 6323:Burmese Indians 6190: 6189: 6181: 6168: 6153: 6138: 6123: 6108: 6093: 6078: 6063: 6048: 6033: 6010: 6002: 5996: 5991: 5821: 5815: 5811: 5784: 5778: 5774: 5742: 5741: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5720: 5714: 5678:migrant workers 5605: 5599: 5454: 5448: 5381: 5365: 5351: 5241: 5220:methamphetamine 5179: 5165: 5159: 5073: 5060: 5027:Rohingya people 5023: 5005:Rohingya people 4997: 4954: 4948: 4931:The Independent 4927: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4795: 4791: 4784: 4776:Main articles: 4774: 4730:nuclear reactor 4676: 4670: 4647:bilateral trade 4613:, cessation of 4603:Western nations 4583: 4577: 4526: 4443:Min Aung Hlaing 4398: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4361:Min Aung Hlaing 4354: 4353: 4352: 4344: 4343: 4332: 4320:Burmese pythons 4256:lumber industry 4236:clouded leopard 4073: 4052: 4046: 3985: 3979: 3772:Mandalay Region 3535: 3525: 3520: 3473: 3438: 3432: 3412:mountain chains 3297: 3291: 3196:Min Aung Hlaing 3171: 3148: 3142: 3134:Main articles: 3132: 3089: 3059:chair in 2014. 3032:Hillary Clinton 2990:Hillary Clinton 2984:U.S. President 2970: 2964: 2908:Kachin conflict 2897: 2891: 2692: 2606: 2600: 2566:negotiated the 2434:road, July 1944 2405: 2397:Main articles: 2395: 2361:. In 1852, the 2246:Portuguese rule 2169: 2149:Burmese culture 2021:in present-day 2008: 1990: 1984:Toungoo dynasty 1978:Main articles: 1976: 1943: 1937:Pyu city-states 1935:Main articles: 1933: 1905:Monywa District 1900: 1500 BCE 1899: 1886:Padah-Lin Caves 1854: 1848:Pyu city-states 1841: 1833:Main articles: 1831: 1826: 1816: 1805: 1799: 1796: 1753: 1751: 1741: 1729: 1718: 1663:Radio Australia 1579:Burma (Myanmar) 1559:[mjəmà] 1554: 1537: 1508: 1422: 1416: 1219:was installed. 1122:Taungoo dynasty 1071:Pyu city-states 1005: 1004: 1003: 990:Without proper 981: 977: 912: 881: 880: 879: 868: 851: 850: 849: 838: 817: 798: 786: 765: 746: 730: 714: 700: 683: 669: 651:1 February 2021 648: 638:31 January 2011 635: 622: 609: 596: 579: 566: 556:16 October 1510 553: 543:23 December 849 540: 500: 485:Min Aung Hlaing 481: 461:Min Aung Hlaing 457: 426: 405: 365: 305: 295: 252: 220: 218: 214: 211: 206: 203: 201: 199: 198: 197: 186: 185: 170: 169: 166: 159: 144: 124: 116: 110: 96: 95: 94: 89: 81: 80: 75: 62: 61: 45: 33: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 21146: 21136: 21135: 21130: 21125: 21120: 21115: 21110: 21105: 21100: 21095: 21090: 21085: 21080: 21022: 21021: 21016: 21015: 21013: 21012: 21011: 21010: 21005: 20995: 20990: 20985: 20980: 20974: 20972: 20968: 20967: 20965: 20964: 20951: 20938: 20925: 20912: 20899: 20885: 20883: 20879: 20878: 20876: 20875: 20873:United Nations 20870: 20857: 20852: 20846: 20844: 20840: 20839: 20837: 20836: 20823: 20810: 20797: 20784: 20771: 20758: 20745: 20732: 20719: 20706: 20693: 20680: 20667: 20653: 20651: 20647: 20646: 20644: 20643: 20629: 20627: 20623: 20622: 20620: 20619: 20606: 20593: 20580: 20567: 20554: 20541: 20528: 20515: 20502: 20488: 20486: 20480: 20479: 20477: 20476: 20471: 20469:Samarkand 2022 20466: 20461: 20456: 20450: 20448: 20444: 20443: 20436: 20435: 20428: 20421: 20413: 20404: 20403: 20401: 20400: 20388: 20374: 20373: 20370: 20366: 20365: 20362: 20361: 20359: 20358: 20353: 20347: 20345: 20338: 20335: 20334: 20331: 20330: 20328: 20327: 20317: 20310: 20308: 20307:United Kingdom 20304: 20303: 20301: 20300: 20294: 20292: 20288: 20287: 20285: 20284: 20279: 20273: 20271: 20264: 20257: 20254: 20253: 20251: 20250: 20245: 20240: 20235: 20230: 20224: 20222: 20215: 20212: 20211: 20204: 20202: 20200: 20199: 20194: 20189: 20184: 20179: 20174: 20169: 20164: 20159: 20154: 20149: 20144: 20139: 20134: 20129: 20124: 20119: 20114: 20109: 20104: 20099: 20094: 20089: 20084: 20079: 20074: 20069: 20064: 20059: 20054: 20049: 20044: 20039: 20034: 20029: 20024: 20019: 20014: 20009: 20004: 19999: 19994: 19989: 19984: 19979: 19974: 19969: 19964: 19959: 19953: 19951: 19945: 19944: 19933: 19932: 19925: 19918: 19910: 19901: 19900: 19898: 19897: 19892: 19887: 19882: 19877: 19872: 19867: 19862: 19857: 19852: 19847: 19841: 19839: 19833: 19832: 19829:Southeast Asia 19824: 19823: 19816: 19809: 19801: 19795: 19792: 19791: 19779: 19778: 19776: 19775: 19770: 19758: 19746: 19733: 19730: 19729: 19726: 19725: 19723: 19722: 19721: 19720: 19710: 19705: 19700: 19695: 19690: 19685: 19680: 19675: 19670: 19665: 19660: 19655: 19650: 19645: 19640: 19635: 19630: 19625: 19620: 19615: 19610: 19604: 19602: 19596: 19595: 19593: 19592: 19587: 19582: 19577: 19572: 19567: 19562: 19557: 19552: 19547: 19542: 19537: 19531: 19525: 19519: 19518: 19515: 19514: 19512: 19511: 19506: 19504:Transportation 19501: 19496: 19491: 19486: 19481: 19476: 19470: 19464: 19458: 19457: 19454: 19453: 19451: 19450: 19449: 19448: 19441:Prime Minister 19438: 19437: 19436: 19426: 19421: 19420: 19419: 19409: 19408: 19407: 19402: 19392: 19387: 19382: 19381: 19380: 19378:Women's rights 19375: 19365: 19360: 19355: 19350: 19345: 19339: 19333: 19327: 19326: 19323: 19322: 19320: 19319: 19314: 19309: 19304: 19299: 19294: 19289: 19284: 19279: 19274: 19269: 19264: 19259: 19253: 19247: 19241: 19240: 19238: 19237: 19236: 19235: 19230: 19220: 19215: 19210: 19205: 19200: 19195: 19193:Union of Burma 19190: 19185: 19180: 19178:Karenni States 19175: 19170: 19165: 19160: 19159: 19158: 19148: 19143: 19138: 19133: 19131:Kingdom of Ava 19128: 19123: 19118: 19113: 19108: 19106:Thaton Kingdom 19103: 19098: 19092: 19090: 19084: 19083: 19080: 19079: 19066: 19065: 19054: 19053: 19046: 19039: 19031: 19025: 19024: 19012: 19000: 18984: 18972: 18962: 18947: 18929: 18913: 18904: 18881: 18869: 18851: 18850: 18833: 18828: 18809: 18808:External links 18806: 18804: 18803: 18797: 18792:978-9628563708 18791: 18779: 18773: 18756: 18750: 18733: 18727: 18710: 18703: 18694: 18686: 18684: 18681: 18679: 18678: 18647: 18621: 18610:on 21 May 2009 18595: 18579: 18570: 18543: 18517: 18485: 18440: 18425:. Al Jazeera. 18413: 18383: 18357: 18326: 18305: 18278: 18263: 18256:Tsaya (1886). 18248: 18239:Chit, Khin Myo 18227: 18201: 18186: 18160: 18119: 18093: 18067: 18037: 18006: 17979: 17970: 17941: 17902: 17866: 17836: 17820: 17805: 17787: 17775: 17768: 17750: 17724: 17698: 17684: 17658: 17632: 17606: 17575: 17558: 17532: 17503: 17480: 17453: 17450:. p. 357. 17438: 17405: 17380: 17369:on 15 May 2007 17353: 17344: 17312: 17278: 17251: 17220: 17193: 17160: 17145: 17132: 17102: 17070: 17039: 17024: 16977: 16946: 16924: 16893:(2): 243–255. 16866: 16855:(2): 309–324. 16839: 16813:(3): 453–478. 16785: 16778: 16760: 16734: 16693: 16658: 16629: 16603: 16585: 16567: 16538: 16512: 16482: 16471:on 11 May 2015 16452: 16443:"Burma Digest" 16433: 16397: 16366: 16335: 16299: 16272: 16246: 16235:on 26 May 2010 16220: 16194: 16190:(21.2 KB) 16165: 16147: 16118: 16100: 16089:on 26 May 2006 16073: 16027: 16008: 15993: 15975: 15960: 15935: 15904: 15863: 15822: 15796: 15769: 15739: 15713: 15682: 15656: 15630: 15598: 15578: 15571: 15553: 15527: 15496: 15466: 15446: 15422: 15384: 15360: 15348:The Australian 15334: 15322: 15291: 15265: 15234: 15207: 15181: 15154: 15128: 15102: 15076: 15059:The Australian 15046: 15016: 14984: 14951: 14921: 14894: 14861: 14854: 14829: 14797: 14763: 14737: 14705: 14670: 14640: 14610: 14580: 14550: 14523: 14505: 14475: 14444: 14413: 14382: 14364:Deutsche Welle 14346: 14316: 14290: 14263: 14237: 14211: 14184: 14154: 14123: 14092: 14066: 14040: 14026:on 7 June 2010 14000: 13965: 13935: 13911: 13887: 13863: 13839: 13815: 13791: 13754: 13724: 13691: 13665: 13638: 13616: 13586: 13564: 13533: 13526: 13504: 13478: 13460: 13430: 13397: 13361: 13335: 13309: 13283: 13253: 13227: 13201: 13175: 13142: 13116: 13090: 13063: 13041: 13015: 12984: 12953: 12923: 12892: 12866: 12859: 12829: 12803: 12738: 12718: 12699: 12669: 12609: 12581: 12566:. World Bank. 12555: 12525: 12495: 12483: 12465: 12459:978-9812302113 12458: 12437: 12431:978-9812302106 12430: 12409: 12394: 12368: 12342: 12325:Deutsche Welle 12312: 12282: 12252: 12220: 12195: 12169: 12146:Regan, Helen. 12138: 12108: 12066: 12044: 12019: 11994: 11969: 11945: 11920: 11895: 11870: 11842: 11812: 11780: 11752: 11733: 11705: 11699:Daniel Combs, 11692: 11673: 11647: 11621: 11599: 11568: 11549: 11523: 11508:. p. A6. 11487: 11455: 11428: 11398: 11367: 11337: 11322: 11302: 11268: 11244: 11212: 11186: 11156: 11125: 11084:whitehouse.gov 11066: 11036: 10986: 10955: 10929: 10903: 10869: 10830: 10800: 10774: 10743: 10717: 10694: 10656: 10568: 10542: 10511: 10480: 10456: 10426: 10392: 10385: 10360: 10346: 10315: 10288: 10273: 10247: 10240: 10222: 10191: 10164: 10149: 10142: 10119: 10093: 10060: 10053: 10039:Bechert, Heinz 10030: 10015: 10008: 9990: 9978: 9966: 9954: 9942: 9930: 9921: 9891: 9879: 9867: 9855: 9848: 9830: 9812: 9810:Bougon, France 9802: 9773: 9761: 9742:Yee Yee Aung. 9734: 9722: 9695: 9644: 9637: 9588: 9581: 9448: 9418: 9388: 9362: 9312: 9290: 9264: 9238: 9212: 9182: 9156: 9137: 9117: 9090: 9060: 9034: 8959: 8930: 8923: 8900: 8893: 8870: 8863: 8843: 8828: 8802: 8772: 8742: 8706: 8655: 8625: 8586:(3): 344–358. 8566: 8550: 8519: 8488: 8459: 8390: 8339: 8272: 8260: 8253: 8235: 8200: 8175: 8139: 8105: 8070: 8035: 8000: 7986: 7954: 7922: 7890: 7858: 7826: 7790: 7754: 7728: 7702: 7670: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7635: 7634: 7463: 7311: 7310: 7308: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7259: 7221: 7196: 7187: 7177: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7164: 7159: 7153: 7152: 7138: 7124: 7121:Myanmar portal 7108: 7105: 7011:Main article: 7008: 7005: 6994:Cyclone Nargis 6966:Main article: 6963: 6960: 6951:Main article: 6948: 6945: 6899:Art of Myanmar 6894: 6891: 6836: 6833: 6795:Main article: 6792: 6789: 6685:Main article: 6682: 6679: 6634: 6631: 6595:Sagaing Region 6579:Main article: 6576: 6573: 6529:Main article: 6526: 6523: 6453:Main article: 6450: 6447: 6357:Main article: 6354: 6351: 6233:Rakhine people 6186: 6185: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6172: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6158: 6157: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6113: 6112: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6083: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6038: 6037: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6023: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6012: 6004: 6003: 5998:Main article: 5995: 5992: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5969: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5952: 5951: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5934: 5933: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5898: 5897: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5862: 5861: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5825: 5804: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5788: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5737: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5721: 5713: 5712:Largest cities 5710: 5656: 5655: 5652: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5640: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5613:Bogyoke Market 5601:Main article: 5598: 5595: 5560:(Myanmar) and 5450:Main article: 5447: 5444: 5380: 5377: 5350: 5347: 5310:scorched earth 5240: 5237: 5233:European Union 5200:infrastructure 5185:is one of the 5161:Main article: 5158: 5155: 5072: 5069: 5059: 5056: 4996: 4993: 4947: 4944: 4926: 4925:Child soldiers 4923: 4845:Samantha Power 4827: 4826: 4811:. Discuss and 4798: 4796: 4789: 4773: 4770: 4722:ranked twelfth 4720:. The country 4690:Mikoyan MiG-29 4672:Main article: 4669: 4666: 4631:remote sensing 4607:European Union 4579:Main article: 4576: 4573: 4525: 4522: 4451:Prime Minister 4394: 4393: 4384: 4371: 4365:Prime Minister 4356: 4355: 4346: 4345: 4337: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4288:red junglefowl 4160:climate change 4156:nitrogen cycle 4105:Southeast Asia 4048:Main article: 4045: 4042: 4018:climate change 3981:Main article: 3978: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3889: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3764: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3660:Sagaing Region 3657: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3514: 3509: 3434:Main article: 3431: 3428: 3293:Main article: 3290: 3287: 3131: 3128: 3124:prime minister 3088: 3085: 3019:as president. 2963: 2960: 2956:ethnic Chinese 2893:Main article: 2890: 2887: 2852:Cyclone Nargis 2821:Cyclone Nargis 2792:Protesters in 2691: 2688: 2622:Sao Shwe Thaik 2618:Union of Burma 2610:4 January 1948 2602:Main article: 2599: 2596: 2475:Buddhist monks 2403:Burma campaign 2394: 2391: 2375:Karenni States 2184:Toungoo Empire 2168: 2165: 1994:Kingdom of Ava 1975: 1972: 1932: 1929: 1909:Sagaing Region 1882:cave paintings 1830: 1827: 1822:Main article: 1818: 1817: 1732: 1730: 1723: 1717: 1714: 1589:, as does the 1583:United Nations 1542:[bəmà] 1418:Main article: 1415: 1412: 1408:Southeast Asia 1392:military junta 1312:British Empire 1209:military junta 1201:United Nations 1171:resulted in a 1150:British colony 1020:Southeast Asia 1000:Burmese script 994:, you may see 986:Burmese script 982: 975: 974: 973: 970: 969: 964: 958: 957: 952: 946: 945: 940: 934: 933: 930: 924: 923: 910: 906: 905: 895: 891: 890: 871: 861: 860: 841: 831: 830: 818: 815: 812: 811: 799: 796: 793: 792: 789: 779: 778: 766: 763: 760: 759: 747: 744: 741: 740: 737: 723: 722: 715: 713:• Density 712: 709: 708: 701: 698: 695: 694: 688: 687: 684: 681: 678: 677: 670: 667: 664: 663: 657: 656: 653: 652: 649: 643: 640: 639: 636: 630: 627: 626: 623: 617: 614: 613: 610: 604: 601: 600: 599:4 January 1948 597: 594:United Kingdom 587: 584: 583: 582:1 January 1886 580: 574: 571: 570: 567: 561: 558: 557: 554: 548: 545: 544: 541: 535: 532: 531: 528: 527: 521: 520: 515: 511: 510: 507: 506: 501: 491: 488: 487: 482: 479:Prime Minister 472: 469: 468: 458: 452: 449: 448: 445: 444: 442:military junta 434: 428: 427: 425: 424: 421: 415: 413: 407: 406: 404: 403: 397: 391: 385: 373: 371: 367: 366: 364: 363: 357: 351: 345: 339: 333: 327: 321: 315: 308: 306: 303: 297: 296: 294: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 257: 255: 249: 248: 243: 239: 238: 233: 229: 228: 221:21.000; 96.000 192: 188: 187: 172: 171: 160: 150: 149: 146: 145: 122: 98: 97: 90: 83: 82: 76: 69: 68: 67: 64: 63: 60: 59: 52: 35: 34: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21145: 21134: 21131: 21129: 21126: 21124: 21121: 21119: 21116: 21114: 21111: 21109: 21106: 21104: 21101: 21099: 21096: 21094: 21091: 21089: 21086: 21084: 21081: 21079: 21076: 21075: 21073: 21066: 21063: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21001: 21000: 20999: 20996: 20994: 20991: 20989: 20986: 20984: 20981: 20979: 20978:Member states 20976: 20975: 20973: 20969: 20963: 20952: 20950: 20939: 20937: 20926: 20924: 20913: 20911: 20900: 20898: 20887: 20886: 20884: 20880: 20874: 20871: 20869: 20858: 20856: 20853: 20851: 20848: 20847: 20845: 20841: 20835: 20824: 20822: 20811: 20809: 20798: 20796: 20785: 20783: 20772: 20770: 20759: 20757: 20746: 20744: 20733: 20731: 20720: 20718: 20707: 20705: 20694: 20692: 20681: 20679: 20668: 20666: 20655: 20654: 20652: 20648: 20642: 20631: 20630: 20628: 20624: 20618: 20607: 20605: 20594: 20592: 20581: 20579: 20568: 20566: 20555: 20553: 20542: 20540: 20529: 20527: 20516: 20514: 20503: 20501: 20490: 20489: 20487: 20485: 20484:Member states 20481: 20475: 20472: 20470: 20467: 20465: 20462: 20460: 20459:Dushanbe 2014 20457: 20455: 20452: 20451: 20449: 20445: 20441: 20434: 20429: 20427: 20422: 20420: 20415: 20414: 20411: 20399: 20398: 20393: 20389: 20387: 20386: 20377: 20376: 20371: 20368: 20367: 20363: 20357: 20354: 20352: 20349: 20348: 20346: 20343: 20336: 20325: 20321: 20318: 20315: 20312: 20311: 20309: 20305: 20299: 20296: 20295: 20293: 20289: 20283: 20280: 20278: 20275: 20274: 20272: 20268: 20265: 20262: 20255: 20249: 20246: 20244: 20243:South Ossetia 20241: 20239: 20236: 20234: 20231: 20229: 20226: 20225: 20223: 20220: 20213: 20208: 20198: 20195: 20193: 20190: 20188: 20185: 20183: 20180: 20178: 20175: 20173: 20170: 20168: 20165: 20163: 20160: 20158: 20155: 20153: 20150: 20148: 20145: 20143: 20140: 20138: 20135: 20133: 20130: 20128: 20125: 20123: 20120: 20118: 20115: 20113: 20110: 20108: 20105: 20103: 20100: 20098: 20095: 20093: 20090: 20088: 20085: 20083: 20080: 20078: 20075: 20073: 20070: 20068: 20065: 20063: 20060: 20058: 20055: 20053: 20050: 20048: 20045: 20043: 20040: 20038: 20035: 20033: 20030: 20028: 20025: 20023: 20020: 20018: 20015: 20013: 20010: 20008: 20005: 20003: 20000: 19998: 19995: 19993: 19990: 19988: 19985: 19983: 19980: 19978: 19975: 19973: 19970: 19968: 19965: 19963: 19960: 19958: 19955: 19954: 19952: 19950: 19946: 19942: 19938: 19931: 19926: 19924: 19919: 19917: 19912: 19911: 19908: 19896: 19893: 19891: 19888: 19886: 19883: 19881: 19878: 19876: 19873: 19871: 19868: 19866: 19863: 19861: 19858: 19856: 19853: 19851: 19848: 19846: 19843: 19842: 19840: 19838: 19834: 19830: 19822: 19817: 19815: 19810: 19808: 19803: 19802: 19799: 19793: 19786: 19774: 19771: 19769: 19768: 19763: 19759: 19757: 19756: 19747: 19745: 19744: 19735: 19734: 19731: 19719: 19716: 19715: 19714: 19711: 19709: 19706: 19704: 19701: 19699: 19696: 19694: 19691: 19689: 19686: 19684: 19681: 19679: 19676: 19674: 19671: 19669: 19666: 19664: 19661: 19659: 19656: 19654: 19651: 19649: 19646: 19644: 19641: 19639: 19636: 19634: 19631: 19629: 19626: 19624: 19621: 19619: 19616: 19614: 19611: 19609: 19606: 19605: 19603: 19601: 19597: 19591: 19588: 19586: 19583: 19581: 19578: 19576: 19573: 19571: 19568: 19566: 19563: 19561: 19558: 19556: 19555:Ethnic groups 19553: 19551: 19548: 19546: 19543: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19533: 19532: 19529: 19526: 19524: 19520: 19510: 19507: 19505: 19502: 19500: 19497: 19495: 19492: 19490: 19487: 19485: 19482: 19480: 19477: 19475: 19472: 19471: 19468: 19465: 19463: 19459: 19447: 19444: 19443: 19442: 19439: 19435: 19432: 19431: 19430: 19427: 19425: 19422: 19418: 19415: 19414: 19413: 19410: 19406: 19403: 19401: 19400:military rule 19398: 19397: 19396: 19393: 19391: 19388: 19386: 19383: 19379: 19376: 19374: 19371: 19370: 19369: 19366: 19364: 19361: 19359: 19356: 19354: 19351: 19349: 19346: 19344: 19341: 19340: 19337: 19334: 19332: 19328: 19318: 19315: 19313: 19310: 19308: 19305: 19303: 19300: 19298: 19295: 19293: 19290: 19288: 19285: 19283: 19280: 19278: 19275: 19273: 19272:Deforestation 19270: 19268: 19265: 19263: 19260: 19258: 19255: 19254: 19251: 19248: 19246: 19242: 19234: 19231: 19229: 19226: 19225: 19224: 19221: 19219: 19216: 19214: 19213:2007 protests 19211: 19209: 19206: 19204: 19203:8888 Uprising 19201: 19199: 19196: 19194: 19191: 19189: 19186: 19184: 19181: 19179: 19176: 19174: 19171: 19169: 19166: 19164: 19161: 19157: 19154: 19153: 19152: 19149: 19147: 19144: 19142: 19139: 19137: 19136:Prome Kingdom 19134: 19132: 19129: 19127: 19124: 19122: 19121:Pinya Kingdom 19119: 19117: 19114: 19112: 19111:Pagan Kingdom 19109: 19107: 19104: 19102: 19099: 19097: 19094: 19093: 19091: 19089: 19085: 19077: 19071: 19067: 19063: 19059: 19052: 19047: 19045: 19040: 19038: 19033: 19032: 19029: 19023: 19019: 19016: 19013: 19011: 19007: 19004: 19001: 18999: 18995: 18991: 18988: 18985: 18983: 18979: 18976: 18973: 18971: 18963: 18961: 18960:OpenStreetMap 18957: 18948: 18946: 18945: 18940: 18936: 18933: 18930: 18928: 18924: 18920: 18917: 18916:Burma profile 18914: 18912: 18908: 18905: 18902: 18898: 18897: 18892: 18888: 18885: 18882: 18880: 18876: 18873: 18870: 18868: 18864: 18861: 18858: 18857: 18856: 18855: 18848: 18844: 18840: 18837: 18834: 18832: 18829: 18827: 18823: 18820: 18817: 18816: 18815: 18814: 18801: 18798: 18794: 18788: 18784: 18780: 18776: 18770: 18766: 18762: 18757: 18753: 18747: 18743: 18739: 18734: 18730: 18724: 18720: 18716: 18711: 18708: 18704: 18700: 18695: 18692: 18691:History Today 18688: 18687: 18666: 18662: 18658: 18651: 18635: 18631: 18625: 18609: 18605: 18599: 18592: 18588: 18583: 18574: 18566: 18562: 18558: 18554: 18547: 18531: 18527: 18521: 18502: 18495: 18489: 18470: 18466: 18462: 18458: 18451: 18444: 18428: 18424: 18417: 18401: 18397: 18393: 18387: 18371: 18367: 18361: 18345: 18341: 18337: 18330: 18322: 18318: 18317: 18309: 18293: 18289: 18282: 18274: 18267: 18259: 18252: 18244: 18240: 18234: 18232: 18215: 18211: 18205: 18197: 18190: 18174: 18170: 18164: 18156: 18150: 18134: 18130: 18123: 18108: 18104: 18097: 18081: 18077: 18071: 18055: 18051: 18047: 18041: 18025: 18021: 18017: 18010: 17994: 17990: 17983: 17974: 17955: 17951: 17945: 17926: 17922: 17915: 17909: 17907: 17887: 17883: 17876: 17870: 17854: 17850: 17846: 17840: 17833: 17829: 17824: 17816: 17809: 17801: 17797: 17791: 17785:, pp. 115–116 17784: 17779: 17771: 17765: 17761: 17754: 17738: 17734: 17728: 17712: 17708: 17702: 17694: 17688: 17672: 17668: 17662: 17646: 17642: 17636: 17620: 17616: 17610: 17594: 17590: 17589:The Economist 17586: 17579: 17571: 17565: 17563: 17546: 17542: 17536: 17520: 17516: 17510: 17508: 17500: 17496: 17492: 17489: 17484: 17468: 17464: 17457: 17449: 17442: 17423: 17416: 17409: 17401: 17397: 17396: 17395:The Irrawaddy 17391: 17384: 17368: 17364: 17357: 17348: 17329: 17322: 17316: 17300: 17296: 17292: 17285: 17283: 17266: 17262: 17255: 17239: 17235: 17231: 17224: 17208: 17204: 17197: 17178: 17174: 17170: 17164: 17156: 17149: 17142: 17136: 17120: 17116: 17112: 17106: 17087: 17080: 17074: 17058: 17054: 17050: 17043: 17035: 17028: 17012: 17008: 17004: 17003: 16998: 16992: 16990: 16988: 16986: 16984: 16982: 16965: 16961: 16957: 16950: 16943: 16939: 16936: 16931: 16929: 16912: 16908: 16904: 16900: 16896: 16892: 16888: 16884: 16877: 16875: 16873: 16871: 16862: 16858: 16854: 16850: 16843: 16824: 16820: 16816: 16812: 16808: 16801: 16794: 16792: 16790: 16781: 16775: 16771: 16764: 16748: 16744: 16738: 16719: 16715: 16711: 16704: 16697: 16689: 16685: 16681: 16677: 16673: 16669: 16662: 16646: 16639: 16633: 16617: 16613: 16607: 16599: 16595: 16589: 16581: 16577: 16571: 16555: 16551: 16545: 16543: 16526: 16522: 16516: 16500: 16496: 16492: 16486: 16470: 16466: 16462: 16456: 16448: 16444: 16437: 16419: 16415: 16408: 16401: 16385: 16381: 16377: 16370: 16354: 16350: 16346: 16339: 16320: 16316: 16309: 16303: 16287: 16283: 16276: 16260: 16256: 16250: 16234: 16230: 16224: 16208: 16204: 16198: 16182: 16175: 16169: 16161: 16157: 16151: 16143: 16137: 16129: 16125: 16121: 16115: 16112:. Singapore. 16111: 16104: 16088: 16084: 16077: 16058: 16054: 16050: 16046: 16042: 16038: 16031: 16023: 16019: 16012: 16004: 16000: 15996: 15994:1-85984-739-0 15990: 15986: 15979: 15971: 15967: 15963: 15957: 15953: 15949: 15942: 15940: 15923: 15919: 15915: 15908: 15900: 15894: 15878: 15874: 15867: 15859: 15853: 15837: 15833: 15826: 15810: 15806: 15800: 15784: 15780: 15773: 15757: 15753: 15749: 15743: 15727: 15723: 15717: 15701: 15697: 15693: 15686: 15670: 15666: 15660: 15644: 15640: 15634: 15615: 15608: 15602: 15595: 15591: 15588: 15582: 15574: 15568: 15565:. Routledge. 15564: 15557: 15541: 15537: 15531: 15515: 15511: 15507: 15500: 15484: 15480: 15476: 15470: 15463: 15459: 15456: 15450: 15443: 15439: 15435: 15432: 15426: 15407: 15403: 15402: 15394: 15388: 15380: 15376: 15371: 15364: 15349: 15345: 15338: 15331: 15326: 15310: 15306: 15302: 15295: 15279: 15275: 15269: 15253: 15249: 15245: 15238: 15222: 15218: 15211: 15195: 15191: 15185: 15169: 15165: 15158: 15142: 15138: 15132: 15116: 15112: 15106: 15091: 15087: 15080: 15064: 15060: 15056: 15050: 15034: 15030: 15026: 15020: 15004: 15000: 14999: 14994: 14988: 14972: 14968: 14967: 14962: 14955: 14939: 14935: 14931: 14925: 14909: 14905: 14898: 14882: 14878: 14873: 14865: 14857: 14851: 14847: 14843: 14836: 14834: 14817: 14813: 14806: 14804: 14802: 14785: 14781: 14777: 14773: 14767: 14751: 14747: 14741: 14725: 14721: 14720: 14715: 14709: 14693: 14689: 14688: 14683: 14677: 14675: 14658: 14654: 14650: 14644: 14628: 14624: 14620: 14614: 14598: 14594: 14590: 14584: 14568: 14564: 14560: 14554: 14546: 14542: 14541: 14536: 14530: 14528: 14519: 14515: 14509: 14494:on 6 May 2019 14493: 14489: 14485: 14479: 14463: 14459: 14455: 14448: 14432: 14428: 14427:The Irrawaddy 14424: 14417: 14401: 14397: 14393: 14386: 14370: 14366: 14365: 14360: 14353: 14351: 14334: 14330: 14326: 14320: 14304: 14300: 14294: 14278: 14277:The Telegraph 14274: 14267: 14251: 14247: 14241: 14225: 14221: 14215: 14199: 14195: 14188: 14172: 14168: 14164: 14158: 14142: 14138: 14134: 14131:Adams, Brad. 14127: 14111: 14107: 14103: 14096: 14080: 14076: 14070: 14054: 14050: 14044: 14037: 14022: 14018: 14011: 14004: 13997: 13982: 13975: 13969: 13962: 13961: 13956: 13952: 13948: 13944: 13939: 13932: 13928: 13924: 13920: 13915: 13908: 13904: 13900: 13896: 13891: 13884: 13880: 13876: 13872: 13867: 13860: 13856: 13852: 13848: 13843: 13836: 13832: 13828: 13824: 13819: 13812: 13808: 13804: 13800: 13795: 13776: 13772: 13765: 13758: 13742: 13738: 13734: 13728: 13712: 13708: 13707:The Telegraph 13703: 13695: 13679: 13675: 13669: 13653: 13649: 13642: 13634: 13630: 13626: 13620: 13604: 13600: 13596: 13590: 13582: 13578: 13574: 13568: 13552: 13548: 13544: 13537: 13529: 13523: 13519: 13515: 13508: 13492: 13488: 13482: 13474: 13470: 13464: 13448: 13444: 13440: 13434: 13418: 13414: 13413: 13408: 13401: 13385: 13381: 13380: 13375: 13371: 13365: 13349: 13345: 13339: 13323: 13319: 13313: 13297: 13293: 13287: 13271: 13267: 13263: 13257: 13242:on 1 May 2011 13241: 13237: 13231: 13215: 13211: 13205: 13189: 13185: 13179: 13163: 13159: 13154: 13146: 13130: 13126: 13120: 13104: 13100: 13094: 13078: 13074: 13067: 13059: 13055: 13048: 13046: 13029: 13025: 13019: 13003: 12999: 12998:The Irrawaddy 12995: 12988: 12972: 12968: 12964: 12957: 12941: 12937: 12933: 12927: 12911: 12907: 12903: 12896: 12880: 12876: 12870: 12862: 12856: 12852: 12847: 12846: 12840: 12833: 12817: 12813: 12807: 12799: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12781: 12777: 12773: 12769: 12765: 12761: 12757: 12753: 12749: 12742: 12735: 12731: 12728: 12722: 12716: 12712: 12709: 12703: 12687: 12683: 12679: 12678:"2016 Report" 12673: 12665: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12637: 12633: 12629: 12625: 12621: 12613: 12602: 12598: 12591: 12585: 12569: 12565: 12559: 12543: 12539: 12535: 12529: 12513: 12509: 12505: 12499: 12492: 12487: 12479: 12475: 12469: 12461: 12455: 12451: 12444: 12442: 12433: 12427: 12423: 12416: 12414: 12405: 12398: 12382: 12378: 12372: 12356: 12352: 12346: 12330: 12326: 12322: 12316: 12300: 12296: 12292: 12286: 12270: 12266: 12262: 12256: 12240: 12236: 12235: 12230: 12224: 12217: 12216: 12215:The Irrawaddy 12211: 12207: 12204: 12199: 12192: 12188: 12185: 12180: 12178: 12176: 12174: 12157: 12153: 12149: 12142: 12126: 12122: 12121:Bloomberg.com 12118: 12112: 12105: 12104: 12099: 12095: 12092: 12087: 12085: 12083: 12081: 12079: 12077: 12075: 12073: 12071: 12063: 12059: 12056: 12051: 12049: 12041: 12040: 12039:The Irrawaddy 12035: 12031: 12028: 12023: 12016: 12015: 12010: 12006: 12003: 11998: 11991: 11990: 11989:The Irrawaddy 11985: 11981: 11978: 11973: 11966: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11954: 11949: 11942: 11941: 11940:The Irrawaddy 11936: 11932: 11929: 11924: 11917: 11916: 11915:The Irrawaddy 11911: 11907: 11904: 11899: 11892: 11891: 11890:The Irrawaddy 11886: 11882: 11879: 11874: 11867: 11866: 11865:The Irrawaddy 11861: 11857: 11854: 11849: 11847: 11839: 11838: 11837:The Irrawaddy 11833: 11829: 11826: 11821: 11819: 11817: 11809: 11805: 11801: 11798: 11793: 11791: 11789: 11787: 11785: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11766: 11761: 11759: 11757: 11749: 11745: 11742: 11737: 11730: 11726: 11722: 11719: 11714: 11712: 11710: 11702: 11696: 11688: 11684: 11677: 11661: 11657: 11651: 11635: 11631: 11625: 11618: 11614: 11611: 11606: 11604: 11587: 11583: 11579: 11572: 11564: 11560: 11553: 11537: 11533: 11527: 11511: 11507: 11502: 11494: 11492: 11484: 11480: 11476: 11472: 11471: 11466: 11459: 11443: 11439: 11432: 11416: 11412: 11408: 11402: 11386: 11382: 11378: 11371: 11355: 11351: 11347: 11341: 11333: 11329: 11325: 11319: 11315: 11314: 11306: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11272: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11254: 11248: 11232: 11228: 11227: 11222: 11216: 11200: 11196: 11190: 11174: 11170: 11166: 11160: 11144: 11140: 11136: 11129: 11113: 11109: 11102: 11090: 11086: 11085: 11080: 11073: 11071: 11054: 11050: 11046: 11040: 11024: 11020: 11005: 11001: 10997: 10990: 10974: 10970: 10966: 10959: 10943: 10939: 10933: 10917: 10913: 10907: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10876: 10874: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10848: 10843: 10837: 10835: 10818: 10814: 10810: 10804: 10788: 10784: 10778: 10762: 10758: 10754: 10747: 10731: 10727: 10721: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10698: 10682: 10678: 10663: 10659: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10625: 10621: 10606: 10602: 10598: 10582: 10578: 10572: 10556: 10552: 10546: 10530: 10526: 10522: 10515: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10484: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10466: 10460: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10430: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10399: 10397: 10388: 10382: 10377: 10376: 10367: 10365: 10358: 10353: 10351: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10319: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10302:The Irrawaddy 10299: 10292: 10284: 10277: 10261: 10257: 10251: 10243: 10237: 10233: 10226: 10210: 10206: 10205:The Irrawaddy 10202: 10195: 10188: 10184: 10178: 10177:0-7864-1204-6 10174: 10168: 10160: 10153: 10145: 10139: 10135: 10134: 10129: 10128:Towle, Philip 10123: 10107: 10103: 10097: 10081: 10077: 10072: 10064: 10056: 10050: 10046: 10045: 10040: 10034: 10026: 10019: 10011: 10005: 10001: 9994: 9988:, pp. 202–206 9987: 9982: 9975: 9970: 9964:, pp. 184–187 9963: 9958: 9951: 9946: 9939: 9934: 9925: 9917: 9913: 9908: 9907: 9898: 9896: 9888: 9883: 9876: 9871: 9864: 9859: 9851: 9845: 9841: 9833: 9827: 9823: 9816: 9806: 9795: 9791: 9784: 9777: 9770: 9765: 9749: 9745: 9738: 9731: 9726: 9710: 9706: 9699: 9683: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9648: 9640: 9634: 9630: 9629: 9621: 9606: 9599: 9592: 9584: 9578: 9574: 9570: 9569: 9552: 9548: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9509: 9505: 9490: 9486: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9452: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9422: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9392: 9376: 9372: 9366: 9350: 9346: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9316: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9294: 9278: 9274: 9268: 9252: 9248: 9242: 9226: 9222: 9216: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9186: 9170: 9166: 9160: 9144: 9140: 9138:9789814313643 9134: 9130: 9129: 9121: 9105: 9101: 9094: 9078: 9074: 9070: 9064: 9048: 9044: 9038: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9007: 9003: 8996: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8974: 8969: 8963: 8947: 8943: 8937: 8935: 8926: 8920: 8916: 8915: 8907: 8905: 8896: 8890: 8886: 8885: 8877: 8875: 8866: 8864:9784872977486 8860: 8856: 8855: 8847: 8839: 8832: 8816: 8812: 8806: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8776: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8746: 8727: 8723: 8716: 8710: 8694: 8690: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8659: 8643: 8639: 8635: 8629: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8570: 8563: 8561: 8554: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8523: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8492: 8476: 8472: 8466: 8464: 8447: 8443: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8405: 8401: 8394: 8386: 8382: 8381: 8375: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8343: 8327: 8323: 8308: 8304: 8289: 8285: 8279: 8277: 8269: 8264: 8256: 8250: 8246: 8239: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8209: 8207: 8205: 8189: 8185: 8179: 8160: 8156: 8149: 8143: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8109: 8101: 8088: 8080: 8074: 8066: 8053: 8045: 8039: 8031: 8018: 8010: 8004: 7996: 7990: 7971: 7964: 7958: 7942: 7938: 7937: 7936:The Irrawaddy 7932: 7926: 7910: 7906: 7905: 7900: 7894: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7872:The Irrawaddy 7868: 7862: 7843: 7836: 7830: 7811: 7807: 7800: 7794: 7775: 7771: 7764: 7758: 7742: 7738: 7732: 7716: 7712: 7706: 7687: 7680: 7674: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7644: 7630: 7598: 7566: 7531: 7499: 7467: 7459: 7425: 7418: 7383: 7351: 7316: 7312: 7307: 7294: 7286: 7280: 7268: 7263: 7256: 7248: 7242: 7230: 7225: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7200: 7191: 7182: 7178: 7168: 7165: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7150: 7144: 7139: 7136: 7130: 7125: 7122: 7111: 7104: 7102: 7098: 7097: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7083: 7078: 7074: 7073: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7055:Academy Award 7052: 7048: 7043: 7039: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7028: 7023: 7020: 7014: 7004: 7002: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6969: 6959: 6954: 6944: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6933:Kin Maung Yin 6930: 6926: 6925:MPP Yei Myint 6922: 6918: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6900: 6890: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6867:national team 6864: 6860: 6859:Pongyi thaing 6856: 6852: 6848: 6842: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6822: 6821: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6798: 6788: 6786: 6785: 6775: 6771: 6766: 6762: 6760: 6749: 6748:coming of age 6745: 6737: 6733: 6728: 6724: 6722: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6667: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6640: 6630: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6607:literacy rate 6604: 6596: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6549: 6547: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6522: 6520: 6516: 6509: 6504: 6500: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6461: 6456: 6446: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6377:Indo-European 6374: 6373:Austroasiatic 6370: 6366: 6360: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6319: 6317: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6300: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6288:Anglo-Burmese 6285: 6281: 6277: 6276:Anglo-Indians 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6247: 6246:Bamar culture 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6221: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6210:Tibeto-Burman 6207: 6203: 6194: 6178: 6174: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6045: 6043: 6039: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6018: 6014: 6007: 6001: 5994:Ethnic groups 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5953: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5724: 5719: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5666:Rakhine State 5663: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5637: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5545:Lonely Planet 5540: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5470: 5469:U Bein Bridge 5466: 5458: 5453: 5443: 5440: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5376: 5374: 5370: 5364: 5355: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5317: 5315: 5311: 5306: 5302: 5297: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5278:Thant Myint-U 5275: 5271: 5266: 5262: 5254: 5250: 5245: 5236: 5234: 5229: 5226: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5193: 5188: 5184: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5164: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5139: 5137: 5132: 5130: 5129:Chatham House 5126: 5125:David Cameron 5117: 5113: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5082: 5078: 5068: 5065: 5058:Organ trading 5055: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5041: 5035: 5033: 5028: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5006: 5001: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4974:ethnic groups 4971: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4957:Forced labour 4953: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4864:Freedom House 4861: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4846: 4838: 4833: 4823: 4820:November 2020 4814: 4810: 4806: 4804: 4797: 4788: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4723: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4699: 4691: 4688: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4665: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4632: 4628: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4572: 4570: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4462:head of state 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4392: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4358: 4350: 4341: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4075:Myanmar is a 4072: 4068: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4041: 4038: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3989: 3984: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3856:Yangon Region 3854: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3828:Rakhine State 3826: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3744:Magway Region 3742: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3689: 3686: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3494: 3488:တိုင်းဒေသကြီး 3437: 3427: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3370:, located in 3369: 3365: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3353:Bay of Bengal 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3296: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3137: 3127: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3081: 3077: 3076:Rakhine State 3073: 3069: 3064: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2959: 2957: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2920:Rakhine State 2917: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2901: 2896: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2850:In May 2008, 2848: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2822: 2818: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2786: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2749:8888 Uprising 2745: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2687: 2685: 2679: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2459:Anglo-Burmese 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2400: 2390: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2349: 2348:British India 2345: 2341: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261:Upper Myanmar 2258: 2257:Lower Myanmar 2253: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2207: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2173: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2103:Shan migrants 2097: 2092: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2081:folk religion 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2041:Pagan Kingdom 2038: 2034: 2028: 2027:Pagan Kingdom 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1980:Pagan Kingdom 1974:Pagan Kingdom 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1955: 1953: 1948: 1942: 1938: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1894: 1889: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1864: 1849: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1825: 1814: 1811: 1803: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1761: – 1760: 1756: 1755:Find sources: 1749: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1733:This section 1731: 1727: 1722: 1721: 1713: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1695: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1560: 1552: 1550: 1543: 1535: 1533: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1506: 1504: 1494: 1489: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1465:In 1989, the 1463: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181:8888 Uprising 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1114:Pagan Kingdom 1111: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1095:Pagan Kingdom 1092: 1088: 1084: 1083:Lower Myanmar 1080: 1076: 1075:Upper Myanmar 1072: 1068: 1067:Tibeto-Burman 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1052:Bay of Bengal 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1030:to its west, 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 987: 968: 965: 963: 959: 956: 953: 951: 950:ISO 3166 code 947: 944: 941: 939: 935: 931: 929: 925: 921: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 896: 892: 888: 872: 866: 862: 858: 842: 836: 832: 828: 825:$ 1,250 ( 819: 813: 809: 800: 794: 790: 784: 780: 776: 773:$ 5,200 ( 767: 761: 757: 748: 742: 738: 734: 728: 724: 720: 716: 710: 706: 702: 696: 693: 689: 685: 679: 675: 671: 665: 662: 658: 654: 650: 647: 641: 637: 634: 628: 624: 621: 615: 611: 608: 602: 598: 595: 591: 585: 581: 578: 572: 568: 565: 559: 555: 552: 546: 542: 539: 533: 529: 526: 522: 519: 516: 512: 508: 505: 502: 499: 495: 489: 486: 483: 480: 476: 470: 466: 462: 459: 456: 450: 446: 443: 439: 435: 433: 429: 422: 420: 417: 416: 414: 412: 408: 402: 398: 396: 392: 390: 386: 383: 379: 375: 374: 372: 368: 362: 358: 356: 352: 350: 346: 344: 340: 338: 334: 332: 328: 326: 322: 320: 316: 314: 310: 309: 307: 302: 298: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 258: 256: 250: 247: 244: 240: 237: 234: 230: 225: 196: 193: 189: 184: 182: 178: 164: 154: 147: 120: 114: 103: 99: 93: 87: 79: 73: 65: 57: 53: 49: 37: 36: 29: 26: 22: 21026: 20868:Turkmenistan 20795:Saudi Arabia 20755: 20454:Beijing 2012 20395: 20383: 20298:Kastellorizo 20177:Turkmenistan 20142:Saudi Arabia 20106: 19874: 19765: 19753: 19741: 19585:Prostitution 19540:Demographics 19479:Central bank 19368:Human rights 19348:Constitution 19183:British rule 19075: 19057: 18942: 18910: 18894: 18853: 18852: 18812: 18811: 18783: 18760: 18742:Tauris Parke 18737: 18714: 18706: 18698: 18690: 18683:Bibliography 18669:. Retrieved 18660: 18650: 18638:. Retrieved 18634:the original 18624: 18612:. Retrieved 18608:the original 18598: 18590: 18582: 18573: 18565:the original 18560: 18556: 18546: 18534:. Retrieved 18520: 18508:. Retrieved 18501:the original 18488: 18476:. Retrieved 18456: 18443: 18431:. Retrieved 18416: 18404:. Retrieved 18395: 18386: 18374:. Retrieved 18370:the original 18360: 18348:. Retrieved 18339: 18329: 18315: 18308: 18296:. Retrieved 18290:. BBC News. 18281: 18272: 18266: 18257: 18251: 18242: 18218:. Retrieved 18214:the original 18204: 18195: 18189: 18177:. Retrieved 18173:the original 18163: 18137:. Retrieved 18132: 18122: 18110:. Retrieved 18107:Bangkok Post 18106: 18096: 18084:. Retrieved 18070: 18058:. Retrieved 18054:the original 18040: 18028:. Retrieved 18024:the original 18019: 18009: 17997:. Retrieved 17982: 17973: 17961:. Retrieved 17954:the original 17944: 17932:. Retrieved 17925:the original 17920: 17893:. Retrieved 17886:the original 17881: 17869: 17857:. 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18300:2006 18222:2012 18181:2006 18155:link 18141:2012 18114:2012 18088:2013 18062:2015 18032:2013 18001:2015 17965:2006 17936:2007 17897:2007 17861:2007 17764:ISBN 17745:2011 17719:2015 17679:2010 17653:2010 17627:2019 17601:2019 17553:2023 17527:2011 17475:2012 17433:2006 17375:2007 17339:2006 17307:2006 17273:2006 17246:2014 17215:2014 17185:2012 17173:Time 17127:2012 17097:2006 17065:2014 17019:2006 16972:2007 16919:2020 16834:2015 16774:ISBN 16755:2006 16729:2015 16653:2022 16624:2022 16562:2013 16533:2010 16507:2013 16477:2015 16429:2015 16392:2021 16361:2021 16330:2021 16294:2013 16267:2017 16241:2012 16215:2012 16142:link 16124:OCLC 16114:ISBN 16095:2006 16068:2012 16049:ISSN 15999:OCLC 15989:ISBN 15966:OCLC 15956:ISBN 15930:2012 15899:link 15885:2012 15858:link 15844:2006 15817:2013 15791:2013 15764:2023 15734:2023 15708:2023 15677:2021 15651:2023 15625:2006 15567:ISBN 15548:2016 15522:2012 15491:2021 15417:2018 15355:2013 15317:2011 15286:2011 15260:2011 15229:2011 15202:2011 15176:2013 15149:2012 15123:2011 15097:2024 15071:2013 15041:2014 15011:2012 14979:2021 14946:2014 14916:2012 14889:2014 14850:ISBN 14824:2012 14792:2015 14758:2015 14732:2023 14700:2023 14665:2023 14635:2023 14605:2023 14575:2020 14500:2019 14470:2022 14439:2013 14408:2013 14377:2022 14341:2020 14311:2013 14285:2012 14258:2013 14232:2013 14206:2013 14179:2013 14149:2010 14118:2006 14087:2010 14061:2010 14032:2010 13992:2010 13951:5619 13786:2020 13749:2024 13719:2011 13686:2011 13660:2006 13629:Time 13611:2016 13559:2010 13522:ISBN 13499:2013 13455:2023 13425:2023 13392:2023 13356:2010 13330:2012 13304:2010 13278:2010 13248:2010 13222:2011 13196:2006 13170:2013 13137:2007 13111:2020 13085:2012 13036:2010 13010:2013 12979:2017 12948:2010 12918:2021 12887:2010 12855:ISBN 12824:2006 12794:PMID 12776:ISSN 12694:2016 12576:2018 12550:2018 12520:2018 12454:ISBN 12426:ISBN 12389:2023 12363:2021 12337:2021 12307:2021 12277:2021 12247:2021 12164:2021 12133:2021 11668:2016 11642:2015 11594:2014 11544:2011 11518:2013 11450:2011 11423:2021 11393:2017 11362:2013 11328:OCLC 11318:ISBN 11297:2022 11239:2015 11207:2014 11181:2013 11169:IRIN 11151:2013 11120:2013 11097:2013 11061:2013 11031:2013 11012:2013 10981:2017 10950:2013 10924:2009 10898:2009 10864:2009 10825:2012 10795:2013 10769:2016 10738:2015 10689:2012 10670:2023 10652:ISBN 10632:2009 10613:2010 10589:2012 10563:2006 10537:2011 10525:Time 10506:2006 10451:2006 10421:2016 10381:ISBN 10341:2017 10268:2006 10236:ISBN 10217:2013 10183:ISBN 10173:ISBN 10138:ISBN 10114:2012 10088:2012 10049:ISBN 10004:ISBN 9844:ISBN 9826:ISBN 9756:2008 9717:2012 9690:2020 9633:ISBN 9616:2016 9577:ISBN 9559:2012 9540:2012 9516:2021 9497:2021 9478:2019 9443:2017 9413:2017 9383:2014 9357:2016 9338:2016 9285:2014 9259:2014 9233:2018 9207:2018 9177:2016 9151:2023 9133:ISBN 9112:2013 9085:2013 9055:2016 9029:2014 8995:ago. 8990:2012 8954:2012 8919:ISBN 8889:ISBN 8859:ISBN 8823:2020 8797:2020 8767:2022 8737:2022 8701:2014 8681:2014 8650:2017 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