Burmese language - Knowledge

6993:(but largely undocumented) standard within the country, telcos and major smartphone distributors (such as Huawei and Samsung) ship phones with Zawgyi font overwriting standard Unicode-compliant fonts, which are installed on most internationally distributed hardware. Facebook also supports Zawgyi as an additional language encoding for their app and website. As a result, almost all SMS alerts (including those from telcos to their customers), social media posts and other web resources may be incomprehensible on these devices without the custom Zawgyi font installed at the operating system level. These may include devices purchased overseas, or distributed by companies who do not customize software for the local market. 4075: 7309: 7249: 7231: 7213: 7195: 7177: 7159: 7141: 7469: 7481: 1231: 1700:, a Czech academic, proposed moving away from the high form of Burmese altogether. Although the literary form is heavily used in written and official contexts (literary and scholarly works, radio news broadcasts, and novels), the recent trend has been to accommodate the spoken form in informal written contexts. Nowadays, television news broadcasts, comics, and commercial publications use the spoken form or a combination of the spoken and simpler, less ornate formal forms. 1424:, fueled growing demand for Burmese to become the medium of education in British Burma; a short-lived but symbolic parallel system of "national schools" that taught in Burmese, was subsequently launched. The role and prominence of the Burmese language in public life and institutions was championed by Burmese nationalists, intertwined with their demands for greater autonomy and independence from the British in the lead-up to the independence of Burma in 1948. 447: 13461: 13033: 7087: 13471: 13057: 7103: 241: 477: 13045: 6927: 1396:

Britain's gradual annexation of Burma throughout the 19th century, in addition to concomitant economic and political instability in Upper Burma (e.g., increased tax burdens from the Burmese crown, British rice production incentives, etc.) also accelerated the migration of Burmese speakers from Upper

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to upriver in the north, spanning Bassein (now Pathein) and Rangoon (now Yangon) to Tharrawaddy, Toungoo, Prome (now Pyay), and Henzada (now Hinthada), were now Burmese-speaking. The language shift has been ascribed to a combination of population displacement, intermarriage, and voluntary changes in

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Orthographic changes subsequent to shifts in phonology (such as the merging of the and medials) rather than transformations in Burmese grammatical structure and phonology, which by contrast, has remained stable between Old Burmese and modern Burmese. For example, during the Pagan era, the medial

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and Rangoon University's Department of Translation and Publication were established in 1947 and 1948, respectively, with the joint goal of modernizing the Burmese language in order to replace English across all disciplines. Anti-colonial sentiment throughout the early post-independence era led to a

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has also influenced subtle grammatical differences between the varieties of Burmese spoken in Lower and Upper Burma. In Lower Burmese varieties, the verb ပေး ('to give') is colloquially used as a permissive causative marker, like in other Southeast Asian languages, but unlike in other Tibeto-Burman

2309:. Most Mon loanwords are so well assimilated that they are not distinguished as loanwords, as Burmese and Mon were used interchangeably for several centuries in pre-colonial Burma. Mon loans are often related to flora, fauna, administration, textiles, foods, boats, crafts, architecture, and music. 6999:

Until recently, Unicode compliant fonts have been more difficult to type than Zawgyi, as they have a stricter, less forgiving and arguably less intuitive method for ordering diacritics. However, intelligent input software such as Keymagic and recent versions of smartphone soft-keyboards including

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in modern Burmese). Likewise, written Burmese has preserved all nasalized finals , which have merged to in spoken Burmese. (The exception is , which, in spoken Burmese, can be one of many open vowels .) Similarly, other consonantal finals have been reduced to . Similar mergers are seen in other

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In spoken Burmese, some linguists classify two real tones (there are four nominal tones transcribed in written Burmese), "high" (applied to words that terminate with a stop or check, high-rising pitch) and "ordinary" (unchecked and non-glottal words, with falling or lower pitch), with those tones

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The literary form of Burmese retains archaic and conservative grammatical structures and modifiers (including affixes and pronouns) no longer used in the colloquial form. Literary Burmese, which has not changed significantly since the 13th century, is the register of Burmese taught in schools. In

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denotes that the action took place in the past. However, this affix is not always necessary to indicate the past tense such that it can convey the same information without it. But to emphasize that the action happened before another event that is also currently being discussed, the affix becomes

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Historically the literary register was preferred for written Burmese on the grounds that "the spoken style lacks gravity, authority, dignity". In the mid-1960s, some Burmese writers spearheaded efforts to abandon the literary form, asserting that the spoken vernacular form ought to be used. Some

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In addition to the development of computer fonts and standard keyboard layout, there is still a lot of scope of research for the Burmese language, specifically for Natural Language Processing (NLP) areas like WordNet, Search Engine, development of parallel corpus for Burmese language as well as

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In a testament to the power of media, the Yangon-based speech is gaining currency even in Upper Burma. Upper Burmese-specific usage, while historically and technically accurate, is increasingly viewed as distinctly rural or regional speech. In fact, some usages are already considered strictly

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encompassing a variety of pitches. The "ordinary" tone consists of a range of pitches. Linguist L. F. Taylor concluded that "conversational rhythm and euphonic intonation possess importance" not found in related tonal languages and that "its tonal system is now in an advanced state of decay."

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Standardized tone marking in written Burmese was not achieved until the 18th century. From the 19th century onward, orthographers created spellers to reform Burmese spelling, because of ambiguities that arose over transcribing sounds that had been merged. British rule saw continued efforts to

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The Burmese alphabet consists of 33 letters and 12 vowels and is written from left to right. It requires no spaces between words, although modern writing usually contains spaces after each clause to enhance readability. Characterized by its circular letters and diacritics, the script is an

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lutuing:sany tu-nyi lwatlapsau: gun.sikhka.hprang. lany:kaung:| tu-nyi-lwatlapsau: ahkwang.-are:mya:hprang. lany:kaung:| mwe:hpwa:la.su-mya: hpracsany|| htuisutui.hnai puing:hkra: wehpantatsau: nyanhnang. kyang.wat si.tatsau: cittui.hri.kra.rwe htuisutui.sany ahkyang:hkyang: mettahta:rwe

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The standard dialect is represented by the Yangon dialect because of the modern city's media influence and economic clout. In the past, the Mandalay dialect represented standard Burmese. The most noticeable feature of the Mandalay dialect is its use of the first person pronoun

4602:, which is used when an action that had been expected to be performed by the subject is now finally being performed, has no equivalent in English. So in the above example, if someone had been expecting the subject to eat, and the subject has finally started eating, the affix 4447:

almost always have affixes which convey information like tense, aspect, intention, politeness, mood, etc. Many of these affixes also have formal/literary and colloquial equivalents. In fact, the only time in which no suffix is attached to a verb is in imperative commands.

6978:, has been near-ubiquitous in Myanmar. Linguist Justin Watkins argues that the ubiquitous use of Zawgyi harms Myanmar languages, including Burmese, by preventing efficient sorting, searching, processing and analyzing Myanmar text through flexible diacritic ordering. 7039:လူတိုင်းသည် တူညီ လွတ်လပ်သော ဂုဏ်သိက္ခာဖြင့် လည်းကောင်း၊ တူညီလွတ်လပ်သော အခွင့်အရေးများဖြင့် လည်းကောင်း၊ မွေးဖွားလာသူများ ဖြစ်သည်။ ထိုသူတို့၌ ပိုင်းခြား ဝေဖန်တတ်သော ဉာဏ်နှင့် ကျင့်ဝတ် သိတတ်သော စိတ်တို့ရှိကြ၍ ထိုသူတို့သည် အချင်းချင်း မေတ္တာထား၍ ဆက်ဆံကျင့်သုံးသင့်၏။ 6240:"food offering " is preferred in Lower Burma, instead of , which is preferred in Upper Burma. However, the most obvious difference between Upper Burmese and Lower Burmese is that Upper Burmese speech still differentiates maternal and paternal sides of a family: 482: 4156:. Burmese orthography originally followed a square block format, but the cursive format took hold from the 17th century when increased literacy and the resulting explosion of Burmese literature led to the wider use of palm leaves and folded paper known as 5148:(numbers that end in zero), in which the word order is flipped, where the quantified noun precedes the classifier: quantified noun + classifier + numeral adjective. The only exception to this rule is the number 10, which follows the standard word order. 5123:, Burmese uses numerical classifiers (also called measure words) when nouns are counted or quantified. This approximately equates to English expressions such as "two slices of bread" or "a cup of coffee". Classifiers are required when counting nouns, so 8923: 5010:

Although Burmese does not have grammatical gender (e.g. masculine or feminine nouns), a distinction is made between the sexes, especially in animals and plants, by means of suffix particles. Nouns are masculinized with the following suffixes:

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among Burmese dialects, as they share a common set of tones, consonant clusters, and written script. However, several Burmese dialects differ substantially from standard Burmese with respect to vocabulary, lexical particles, and rhymes.

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which is never realised as a nasal, but rather as an open front vowel or . The final nasal is usually realised as nasalisation of the vowel. It may also allophonically appear as a homorganic nasal before stops. For example, in

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Polite pronouns are used to address elders, teachers, and strangers, through the use of feudal-era third person pronouns in lieu of first- and second-person pronouns. In such situations, one refers to oneself in third person:

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in formal) attached immediately after the pronoun. Proper nouns are often substituted for pronouns. One's status in relation to the audience determines the pronouns used, with certain pronouns used for different audiences.

1310:, which manifested itself in greater participation of laymen in scribing and composing legal and historical documents, domains that were traditionally the domain of Buddhist monks, and drove the ensuing proliferation of 9649: 6136:

In colloquial Burmese, possessive pronouns are contracted when the root pronoun itself is low toned. This does not occur in literary Burmese, which uses ၏ as postpositional marker for possessive case instead of

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A number of Unicode-compliant Burmese fonts exist. The national standard keyboard layout is known as the Myanmar3 layout, and it was published along with the Myanmar3 Unicode font. The layout, developed by the

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system for Burmese. There have been attempts to make one, but none have been successful. Replicating Burmese sounds in the Latin script is complicated. There is a Pali-based transcription system in existence,

4190:. Pronouns in Burmese vary according to the gender and status of the audience, although pronouns are often omitted. Affixes are used to convey information. Verbs are almost always suffixed and nouns declined. 6626:

In general, the male-centric names of old Burmese for familial terms have been replaced in standard Burmese with formerly female-centric terms, which are now used by both sexes. One holdover is the use of

5545:"ruler/master". So ingrained are these terms in the daily polite speech that people use them as the first and second person pronouns without giving a second thought to the root meaning of these pronouns. 1344:

served as the foundation of the pre-colonial monastic education system, which fostered uniformity of the language throughout the Upper Irrawaddy valley, the traditional homeland of Burmese speakers. The

7492: 7490: 7488: 7486: 7484: 930:. Despite substantial vocabulary and pronunciation differences, there is mutual intelligibility among most Burmese dialects. Below is a summary of lexical similarity between major Burmese dialects: 7009: 481: 432: 6967:). These character clusters are built using multiple keystrokes. In particular, the inconsistent placement of diacritics as a feature of the language presents a conflict between an intuitive 1322:, as opposed to the traditional square block-form letters used in earlier periods. The orthographic conventions used in written Burmese today can largely be traced back to Middle Burmese. 6989:

as Unicode Myanmar font. As it is not defined as a standard character encoding, Zawgyi is not built in to any major operating systems as standard. However, allow for its position as the

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language, was the principal language of Lower Burma, employed by the Mon people who inhabited the region. Lower Burma's shift from Mon to Burmese was accelerated by the Burmese-speaking

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Oct. 1 is "U-Day," when Myanmar officially will adopt the new system. ... Microsoft and Apple helped other countries standardize years ago, but Western sanctions meant Myanmar lost out.

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and voicing rules that involve tone changes (low tone → creaky tone) and voicing shifts depending on the pronunciation of surrounding words. A more thorough explanation is found on

8164: 820:), largely occur in vocabulary choice, not in pronunciation. Minor lexical and pronunciation differences exist throughout the Irrawaddy River valley. For instance, for the term 583:—a name with co-official status that had historically been predominantly used for the country. Burmese is the most widely-spoken language in the country, where it serves as the 9214: 8499: 1978:

in lieu of first- and second-person pronouns. Furthermore, with regard to vocabulary choice, spoken Burmese clearly distinguishes the Buddhist clergy (monks) from the laity (

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relay varying degrees of deference or respect. In many instances, polite speech (e.g., addressing teachers, officials, or elders) employs feudal-era third person pronouns or

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has been another major source of vocabulary, especially with regard to technology, measurements, and modern institutions. English loanwords tend to take one of three forms:

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most cases, the corresponding affixes in the literary and spoken forms are totally unrelated to each other. Examples of this phenomenon include the following lexical terms:

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More distinctive non-standard varieties emerge as one moves farther away from the Irrawaddy River valley toward peripheral areas of the country. These varieties include the

8529: 1105:. Beik has 250,000 speakers while Tavoyan has 400,000. The grammatical constructs of Burmese dialects in Southern Myanmar show greater Mon influence than Standard Burmese. 4106:) based on articulation, like other Brahmi scripts. Tone markings and vowel modifications are written as diacritics placed to the left, right, top, and bottom of letters. 7074:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

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Some words in Burmese may have many synonyms, each having certain usages, such as formal, literary, colloquial, and poetic. One example is the word "moon", which can be

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in 1757. By 1830, an estimated 90% of the population in Lower Burma self-identified as Burmese-speaking Bamars; huge swaths of former Mon-speaking territory, from the

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Valley, use a number of largely similar dialects, while a minority speak non-standard dialects found in the peripheral areas of the country. These dialects include:

2584:) in spoken Burmese. Some previously common English loanwords have fallen out of use with the adoption of neologisms. An example is the word "university", formerly 436:

Areas where Burmese is spoken (dark blue signifies areas where it is more widely spoken). This map does not indicate whether the language is a majority or minority.

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Spoken Burmese is remarkably uniform among Burmese speakers, particularly those living in the Irrawaddy valley, all of whom use variants of Standard Burmese. The

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similarities between the two languages, alongside the fact that the script used for Burmese can be used to reproduce Pali spellings with complete accuracy. Pali

1265:. These indirect borrowings can be traced back to orthographic idiosyncrasies in these loanwords, such as the Burmese word "to worship", which is spelt ပူဇော် ( 4206:

in which nouns are suffixed to determine their syntactic function in a sentence or clause. Sometimes the case markers are different between the two registers.

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Modern Burmese emerged in the mid-18th century. By this time, male literacy in Burma stood at nearly 50%, which enabled the wide circulation of legal texts,

6680:"beautiful" is reduplicated, then the intensity of the adjective's meaning increases. Many Burmese words, especially adjectives with two syllables, such as 2106:

Abbreviated loan: import of Pali words with accompanied syllable reduction and alteration in orthography, usually by means of a placing a diacritic, called

1097:, including Palaw, Merguese, and Tavoyan, are especially conservative in comparison to Standard Burmese. The Tavoyan and Intha dialects have preserved the 5475:

in formal) must be attached to the subject pronoun, although they are also generally omitted in conversation. Object pronouns must have an object marker (

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Transcription of Burmese is not standardized, as seen in the varying English transcriptions of Burmese names. For instance, a Burmese personal name like

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The Myanmar government has designated 1 October 2019 as "U-Day" to officially switch to Unicode. The full transition is estimated to take two years.

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per se. Rather, it has verbs that carry the meaning "to be X", where X is an English adjective. These verbs can modify a noun by means of the suffix

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Since the end of British rule, the Burmese government has attempted to limit usage of Western loans (especially from English) by coining new words (

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Bradley, D. 2007a. East and Southeast Asia. In C. Moseley (ed.), Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages , pp. 349–424. London: Routledge.

8258: 13426: 9831: 1334:, and religious texts. A major reason for the uniformity of the Burmese language was the near-universal presence of Buddhist monasteries (called 5372:

in Burmese), which are untranslatable words that are suffixed or prefixed to words to indicate tense, aspect, case, formality etc. For example,

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begin sentences, though the subject is generally omitted in the imperative forms and in conversation. Grammatically speaking, subject markers (

1206:, grammatical structure, and vocabulary have remained markedly stable well into Modern Burmese, with the exception of lexical content (e.g., 3886:

consists of a monophthong alone, a monophthong with a consonant, or a diphthong with a consonant. The only consonants that can stand in the

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requirements, where tone markings and vowel modifications are noted using diacritics. These can be placed before consonants (as with

1353:, found that the former kingdom had an "unusually high male literacy" rate of 62.5% for Upper Burmans aged 25 and above. For all of 13436: 12492: 12343: 8510: 9531:

Waxman, Nathan; Aung, Soe Tun (2014). "The Naturalization of Indic Loan-Words into Burmese: Adoption and Lexical Transformation".

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Barron, Sandy; Okell, John; Yin, Saw Myat; VanBik, Kenneth; Swain, Arthur; Larkin, Emma; Allott, Anna J.; Ewers, Kirsten (2007).

1491:): the high variety (formal and written), used in literature (formal writing), newspapers, radio broadcasts, and formal speeches 12972: 12699: 9594: 9114: 5390:('work' + suffix indicating imperative mood + suffix indicating politeness) does. Affixes are often stacked next to each other 3080: 1420:

studies at the University of Oxford. Student protests in December of that year, triggered by the introduction of English into

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and is supported within the Unicode standard, meaning it can be read and written from most modern computers and smartphones.

8172: 7411: 13100: 12718: 12527: 10023: 8347: 3089: 876:, Upper Burmese speakers differentiate the maternal and paternal sides of a family, whereas Lower Burmese speakers do not. 8228: 8138: 7004:

and ttKeyboard allow for more forgiving input sequences and Zawgyi keyboard layouts which produce Unicode-compliant text.

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Burmese primarily has a monosyllabic received Sino-Tibetan vocabulary. Nonetheless, many words, especially loanwords from

1503:): the low variety (informal and spoken), used in daily conversation, television, comics and literature (informal writing) 13395: 12637: 12522: 12502: 11409: 6996:

Keyboards which have a Zawgyi keyboard layout printed on them are the most commonly available for purchase domestically.

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Lieberman, Victor (2018). "Was the Seventeenth Century a Watershed in Burmese History?". In Reid, Anthony J. S. (ed.).

2064:, had a profound influence on Burmese vocabulary. Burmese has readily adopted words of Pali origin; this may be due to 8970: 8030: 5566:('you') may be used, although most speakers choose to use third person pronouns. For example, an older person may use 1440:

reactionary switch from English to Burmese as the national medium of education, a process that was accelerated by the

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The following sample sentence reveals that differences between literary and spoken Burmese mostly occur in affixes:

13515: 12849: 9967: 2990: 2869: 1452:) to standardize Burmese spelling, diction, composition, and terminology. The latest spelling authority, named the 1401:

eroded the strategic and economic importance of the Burmese language; Burmese was effectively subordinated to the

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In the 1930s, the Burmese language saw a linguistic revival, precipitated by the establishment of an independent

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Minor pronunciation differences do exist within regions of Irrawaddy valley. For example, the pronunciation of

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Several colloquial transcription systems have been proposed, but none is overwhelmingly preferred over others.

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medial, which is otherwise only found in Old Burmese inscriptions. They also often reduce the intensity of the

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occurred in the 16th century. The transition to Middle Burmese included phonological changes (e.g. mergers of

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in standard Burmese. Moreover, Arakanese features a variety of vowel differences, including the merger of the

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There are four contrastive tones in Burmese. In the following table, the tones are shown marked on the vowel

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languages. This usage is hardly used in Upper Burmese varieties, and is considered a sub-standard construct.

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Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland

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The standard word order of quantified words is: quantified noun + numeral adjective + classifier, except in

4883:, which indicates a group of persons or things, is also suffixed to the modified noun. An example is below: 2600:, a Pali-derived neologism recently created by the Burmese government and derived from the Pali spelling of 13510: 13390: 13295: 12859: 12803: 12711: 12672: 12657: 12611: 12586: 12482: 12457: 12336: 11551: 11437: 10450: 9797: 8616: 8110: 4074: 3353: 2983: 1381: 310: 297: 8462: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4975: 4959: 4943: 4056: 4045: 4034: 4023: 4012: 3984: 3968: 3956: 3944: 3932: 3920: 3908: 3895: 3891: 3850: 3834: 3818: 3805: 3793: 3777: 3761: 3745: 3711: 3670: 3636: 3605: 3546: 3503: 3494: 3485: 3481: 3480:

and the close portions of the diphthongs are somewhat mid-centralized () in closed syllables, i.e. before

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demonstrated here above ka (က → ကံ) which most often stands in for a homorganic nasal word medially as in

3176: 3169: 3162: 3155: 3148: 3141: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 2631: 2622: 1098: 13520: 13505: 12992: 12917: 12817: 12778: 12576: 12551: 11475: 10683: 9992: 6887: 6807: 3384: 3312: 3023: 1471: 1449: 1445: 1119: 675: 623: 258: 253: 6818:. Numerals beyond 'ten million' are borrowed from Indic languages like Sanskrit or Pali. Similarly, the 13400: 12997: 12884: 10868: 10145: 8250: 3404: 3053: 2975: 2862: 2853: 1127: 603: 599:

and also by those in neighboring countries. In 2022, the Burmese-speaking population was 38.8 million.

9074: 4146: 2117:(lit. 'nonexistence') atop the last letter in the syllable to suppress the consonant's inherent vowel 1254:

is dated to 1035, while a casting made in the 18th century of an old stone inscription points to 984.

13500: 13345: 13310: 13265: 12735: 12596: 12581: 12556: 10562: 9670: 9251:

Wheatley, Julian; Tun, San San Hnin (1999). "Languages in contact: The case of English and Burmese".

2953: 2410:(games and food). Burmese has also imported a handful of words from other European languages such as 1436: 1125: 1117: 8735: 7308: 7248: 7230: 7212: 7194: 7176: 7158: 7140: 13530: 13235: 13230: 13125: 13117: 13093: 13049: 12694: 12566: 12163: 9957: 7282:

Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in

6883: 5181: 3321: 2774: 2765: 1441: 509: 416: 9376: 9014:; Lai, Yunfan; Ryder, Robin; Thouzeau, Valentin; Greenhill, Simon J.; List, Johann-Mattis (2019). 8562: 6651:('younger sister to a male') now are used in standard Burmese only as part of compound words like 1986:(monks). The following are examples of varying vocabulary used for Buddhist clergy and for laity: 670:

languages. Burmese was the fifth of the Sino-Tibetan languages to develop a writing system, after

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Bradley, David (2006). Ulrich Ammon; Norbert Dittmar; Klaus J. Mattheier; Peter Trudgill (eds.).

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is prevalent in Burmese and is used to intensify or weaken adjectives' meanings. For example, if

2945: 2876: 2823: 2814: 2781: 2039: 1428: 1373: 568: 8423: 3534:, intensity (loudness), duration, and vowel quality. However, some linguists consider Burmese a 13441: 13320: 13315: 13195: 12768: 12667: 12057: 11647: 11319: 10088: 10083: 10039: 9902: 9460:

Green, Antony D. (2005). "Word, foot, and syllable structure in Burmese". In J. Watkins (ed.).

8730: 6795: 4386: 4199: 4097: 2892: 2691: 2568:, a direct English transliteration. Another example is the word "vehicle", which is officially 2261: 1979: 857:

by both men and women, whereas in Yangon, the said pronoun is used only by male speakers while

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The most commonly used verb affixes and their usage are shown below with an example verb root

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For example, the following words are distinguished from each other only on the basis of tone:

2556:). For instance, for the word "television", Burmese publications are mandated to use the term 13385: 13335: 13290: 13270: 13260: 13160: 12932: 12912: 12647: 12477: 12390: 12310: 12130: 12120: 11915: 10295: 9644: 8302: 8092: 7564: 7016:

development of a formally standardized and dense domain-specific corpus of Burmese language.

5403:, which is prefixed to verbs and adjectives to form nouns or adverbs. For instance, the word 3031: 2788: 2735: 2726: 2367:

Hybrid loan: construction of compound words by joining native Burmese words to English words

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Jones, Robert B. (1986). "Pitch register languages". In McCoy, John; Light, Timothy (eds.).

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The Burma Delta: Economic Development and Social Change on an Asian Rice Frontier, 1852–1941

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that take the speaker's status and age in relation to the audience into account. The suffix

13360: 13275: 13255: 13140: 13130: 13002: 12864: 12839: 12798: 12723: 12684: 12652: 12539: 12450: 11961: 11796: 11791: 11624: 11361: 11129: 7284: 7012:, has a smart input system to cover the complex structures of Burmese and related scripts. 4687:

is used when the action is about to be performed immediately when used in conjunction with

3535: 2837: 2742: 2341:

Neologism or calque: translation of an English word using native Burmese constituent words

1417: 1409: 1346: 1319: 1262: 607: 543:, the country's principal ethnic group. Burmese is also spoken by the indigenous tribes in 8944:"The Orthographic Standardization of Burmese: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Speculations" 8847: 8: 13415: 13405: 13340: 13305: 13240: 13220: 13210: 13170: 13155: 13150: 13086: 13012: 12869: 12625: 12601: 12435: 12262: 11981: 11786: 11781: 11574: 11488: 11428: 11253: 10823: 10470: 9962: 9909: 9738: 9733: 9367: 9188: 9075:"First Classified Annotated Bibliography of NLP Tasks in the Burmese Language of Myanmar" 8761:

Jenny, Mathias (2013). "The Mon language: Recipient and donor between Burmese and Thai".

6946: 6826:, the liturgical language of Theravada Buddhism. Ordinal numbers beyond ten are suffixed 4153: 3012: 2932: 2922: 2915: 2908: 2899: 2719: 2706: 2411: 1235: 1006: 984: 947: 942: 927: 873: 732: 514: 356: 102: 9655:

Download KaNaungConverter_Window_Build200508.zip from the Kanaung project page and Unzip

8467:

Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas

6208:

The contraction also occurs in some low toned nouns, making them possessive nouns (e.g.

1389:

self-identification among increasingly Mon–Burmese bilingual populations in the region.

13446: 13365: 13325: 13300: 13280: 13215: 13190: 13180: 13165: 13067: 12977: 12894: 12793: 12756: 12706: 12561: 12507: 12440: 12382: 12356: 12185: 11873: 11776: 11731: 10711: 10047: 9849: 9841: 9804: 9548: 9446: 9268: 9239: 9175: 9167: 9042: 9015: 8636: 8410: 8375: 3523: 2749: 2686: 2676: 1331: 1311: 1109: 1094: 1028: 952: 893: 761:

are also sometimes considered dialects of Burmese and sometimes as separate languages.

746: 702: 552: 8075:"Why we should stop Zawgyi in its tracks. It harms others and ourselves. Use Unicode!" 7261:

Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008), Chapter XV, Provision 450

1238:, dated to AD 1113, is the oldest surviving stone inscription of the Burmese language. 408: 13470: 13285: 13250: 13205: 13200: 13109: 13056: 12962: 12937: 12854: 12410: 12285: 12153: 11991: 11883: 11599: 11531: 11303: 11152: 10859: 10756: 10643: 10573: 10427: 10407: 10382: 10132: 10103: 9786: 9552: 9503: 9484: 9465: 9399: 9380: 9342: 9323: 9304: 9285: 9280:

Wheatley, Julian (2013). "12. Burmese". In Randy J. LaPolla; Graham Thurgood (eds.).

9243: 9199: 9179: 9099: 9047: 9011: 8979: 8908: 8888: 8867: 8824: 8797: 8778: 8744: 8700: 8640: 8540: 8478: 8447: 8319: 8283: 8039: 6811: 4306: 4179: 3346: 2696: 2655: 2042:

like English, are polysyllabic, and others, from Mon, an Austroasiatic language, are

1432: 1299:

that were distinct in Old Burmese) as well as accompanying changes in the underlying

789: 778: 671: 667: 659: 536: 10475: 9272: 9123: 8617:"Language policy and language planning in mainland Southeast Asia: Myanmar and Lisu" 4567:

is used to denote an action in progression. It is equivalent to the English '-ing'.

1448:

established the Literary and Translation Commission (the immediate precursor of the

792:) comes from the Irrawaddy River valley. Regional differences between speakers from 13037: 12987: 12982: 12957: 12942: 12922: 12874: 12829: 12679: 12462: 12280: 12272: 12257: 12252: 12234: 12213: 12143: 12115: 12105: 12100: 12042: 12032: 11925: 11858: 11758: 11726: 11680: 11604: 11589: 11513: 11279: 11274: 11221: 11184: 11114: 11007: 10741: 10736: 10731: 10693: 10678: 10663: 10442: 10422: 10412: 10402: 10397: 10387: 10367: 10347: 10334: 10285: 10224: 10118: 9934: 9819: 9809: 9762: 9748: 9654: 9540: 9260: 9231: 9159: 9037: 9027: 8816: 8770: 8740: 8628: 8470: 8402: 6891: 6860: 6815: 6803: 6789: 5454: 5186: 5120: 5116: 4203: 4183: 4069: 2681: 2442: 2407: 2317: 1971: 1402: 1377: 1350: 1315: 1251: 1199: 1162: 1152: 1050: 957: 923: 897: 868: 853: 834: 828: 710: 647: 643: 635: 523: 468: 454: 393: 376: 41: 12138: 9337:

Yanson, Rudolf (1994). "Chapter 3. Language". In Uta Gärtner; Jens Lorenz (eds.).

4652:) is used to indicate the future tense or an action which is yet to be performed: 4487:) can be viewed as an affix marking the present tense and/or a factual statement: 4142: 12967: 12947: 12445: 12420: 12395: 12290: 12203: 11976: 11945: 11930: 11920: 11863: 11716: 11695: 11670: 11660: 11655: 11579: 11536: 11460: 11396: 11380: 11174: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11048: 11028: 10794: 10784: 10774: 10751: 10746: 10673: 10633: 10612: 10392: 10372: 10362: 10352: 10290: 10239: 10229: 10209: 10183: 10178: 10113: 10108: 10093: 9987: 9939: 9824: 9624: 9590: 8791: 8306: 8277: 8165:"Unicode in, Zawgyi out: Modernity finally catches up in Myanmar's digital world" 7419: 7092: 6939: 6890:(MLC). However, it only transcribes sounds in formal Burmese and is based on the 6855:, which precede the nouns they modify. Moreover, numerals are subject to several 6819: 6799: 6229: 4293: 3333: 2713: 2701: 2524: 1975: 1385: 1225: 1195: 695: 683: 592: 218: 133: 123: 11584: 8474: 8359: 5991:, ('donor') are used. When speaking to a monk, the following pronouns are used: 1306:

From the 1500s onward, Burmese kingdoms saw substantial gains in the populace's

13061: 12927: 12902: 12472: 12425: 12400: 12247: 12198: 12171: 12090: 12037: 12027: 12022: 11935: 11898: 11868: 11753: 11700: 11675: 11594: 11569: 11564: 11541: 11521: 11498: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11189: 11179: 11109: 11089: 11084: 11053: 11012: 10918: 10913: 10892: 10887: 10850: 10840: 10830: 10799: 10726: 10721: 10516: 10490: 10460: 10432: 10417: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10259: 10249: 10244: 10234: 10214: 10158: 10078: 10062: 9861: 9752: 9712: 9521: 9020:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

9007: 7107: 7050: 6794:

Burmese digits are traditionally written using a set of numerals unique to the

5394: 3976: 3875: 3515: 3466: 3371: 2798: 2543: 2043: 1368:

also coincided with the emergence of Modern Burmese. As late as the mid-1700s,

1292: 1286: 1261:

era, Old Burmese borrowed a substantial corpus of vocabulary from Pali via the

1183: 639: 588: 560: 200: 188: 118: 9567: 9373:

Text, play, and story: The construction and reconstruction of self and society

9235: 9163: 8820: 8651:"High-Interest Loans": The Phonology of English Loanword Adaptation in Burmese 8632: 2301:

Burmese has also adapted numerous words from Mon, traditionally spoken by the

1230: 595:

by another 10 million people, including ethnic minorities in Myanmar like the

575:

in English, though most English speakers continue to refer to the language as

13489: 13464: 12952: 12497: 12430: 12415: 12405: 12148: 12110: 12095: 12085: 12075: 12070: 12065: 11986: 11971: 11966: 11907: 11850: 11813: 11690: 11685: 11665: 11559: 11526: 11503: 11493: 11483: 11226: 11205: 11124: 11119: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11002: 10997: 10987: 10971: 10966: 10933: 10923: 10908: 10845: 10835: 10809: 10804: 10789: 10779: 10769: 10716: 10706: 10701: 10658: 10628: 10607: 10591: 10581: 10548: 10506: 10485: 10480: 10465: 10455: 10357: 10342: 10315: 10280: 10275: 10254: 10219: 10204: 10188: 10173: 10098: 9997: 9895: 9743: 8782: 6823: 6750:

A few measure words can also be reduplicated to indicate "one or the other":

6671: 5112: 4280: 4267: 4257: 3887: 3883: 3726: 3642: 3527: 3442: 3282: 2495: 1708: 1365: 1358: 1354: 1307: 1258: 1207: 1187: 1113: 919: 909: 901: 750: 740: 719: 706: 584: 146: 9032: 8978:. London: The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 12907: 12788: 11940: 11888: 11878: 11840: 11638: 11465: 11134: 10992: 10668: 10586: 10532: 10511: 10320: 9855: 9095: 9051: 8815:. Cornell Linguistic Contributions, vol. 5. E. J. Brill. pp. 135–143. 6878: 6852: 5145: 3683: 3679: 3539: 3469:, and is the only vowel that is permitted in a minor syllable (see below). 2883: 2324:

Direct loan: adoption of an English word, adapted to the Burmese phonology

2079:

Direct loan: direct import of Pali words with no alteration in orthography

2065: 1413: 1412:

in 1920 and the inception of a Burmese language major at the university by

1369: 1296: 1102: 880: 754: 540: 151: 9544: 9264: 8989: 8570:

Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics No. 13: Studies in Burmese Languages

8297:

Allott, Anna J. (1983). "Language policy and language planning in Burma".

8049: 7296: 7236: 7218: 7200: 7182: 7164: 7146: 7128: 6926: 6822:

of primary Burmese numerals (i.e., from first to tenth) are borrowed from

5421:. Moreover, in colloquial Burmese, there is a tendency to omit the second 5384:('work' + suffix indicating politeness) does not indicate the imperative, 3212:

in both Pali and native vocabulary, especially after the OB vowel *u e.g.

1272: 1266: 388: 381: 371: 361: 351: 341: 332: 13474: 12467: 12193: 12047: 11768: 11745: 10928: 10008: 9767: 9707: 9617: 9517: 8507:

South-east Asian Linguisitics: Essays in Honour of Eugénie J.A. Henderson

6975: 6856: 4414: 4401: 3306: 3292: 3277: 3265: 2306: 1300: 1243: 1219: 1191: 1179: 915: 905: 807: 793: 723: 679: 315: 302: 183: 9414: 4932:

Plural suffixes are not used when the noun is quantified with a number.

4693:. Therefore, it could be termed as the "immediate future tense suffix". 4532:

in this case denotes a factual statement rather than the present tense:

12080: 12005: 11419: 11330: 9439:

45th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics

7301: 7241: 7223: 7205: 7187: 7169: 7151: 7133: 5093: 4175: 3396: 3298: 3287: 2302: 1203: 758: 728: 596: 98: 9577: 9171: 9016:"Dated language phylogenies shed light on the history of Sino-Tibetan" 8774: 8414: 6810:, with cognates with modern-day Sino-Tibetan languages, including the 6717:

Some nouns are also reduplicated to indicate plurality. For instance,

6473:

regional Upper Burmese speech and are likely to die out. For example:

5510:

for women, both meaning "your servant", and refer to the addressee as

11832: 9634: 9582: 8465:. In Wurm, Stephen A.; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, Darrell T. (eds.). 8393:

Benedict, Paul K. (Oct–Dec 1948). "Tonal Systems in Southeast Asia".

6851:

Burmese numerals follow the nouns they modify, with the exception of

5584:('uncle') to refer to himself, while a younger person may use either 4334: 3879: 3675: 3531: 3270: 2803: 2553: 2253: 2058: 1958: 1697: 1475: 1357:, the literacy rate was 49% for men and 5.5% for women (by contrast, 1202:

dynasties); modern Burmese from the mid-18th century to the present.

611: 548: 401: 325: 289: 271: 13078: 9434: 9150:

Taylor, L. F. (1920). "On the tones of certain languages of Burma".

8038:. The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 7342: 5132:(lit. 'child five') is incorrect, since the measure word for people 1405:

in the colonial educational system, especially in higher education.

12689: 12321: 9867: 9662: 9600: 9320:

Aspiration in the Burmese Phonological System: A Diachronic Account

8756:. Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. 8599: 8578: 8406: 7877: 7865: 7086: 4760:. Generally speaking, there are other suffixes on verb, along with 3871: 3180: 2399: 2069: 2061: 782: 70: 9874: 8882: 8649: 4865:(or if the word ends in a glottal stop) in colloquial Burmese or 12352: 9638: 9116:

Discourse Marking in Burmese and English: A Corpus-Based Approach

9060:"Origin of Sino-Tibetan language family revealed by new research" 8667: 7739: 7686: 6982: 6971:

typing approach, and a logical consonant-first storage approach.

6968: 5928: 5460: 5172:

Below are some of the most commonly used classifiers in Burmese.

4084: 3519: 2636: 2466: 1983: 1970:

is frequently used after a verb to express politeness. Moreover,

1318:

began employing cursive-style circular letters typically used in

736: 564: 532: 431: 366: 346: 246: 156: 92: 88: 84: 55: 9572: 8884:

Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era: Trade, Power, and Belief

5548:

When speaking to a person of the same status or of younger age,

4116:

was transcribed in writing, which has been replaced by medials

2264:

combining native Burmese words with Pali or combine Pali words:

1393:

standardize Burmese spelling through dictionaries and spellers.

11821: 9881: 9198:. Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. pp. 368–373. 8318:(illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 8233:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

7519: 7517: 7001: 6974:

Since its introduction in 2007, the most popular Burmese font,

6699: 6129: 2601: 2429: 2257: 2108: 1336: 786: 9322:. Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages IV. BRILL. pp. 17–29. 8369:

Refugees from Burma: Their Backgrounds and Refugee Experiences

7698: 7662: 6915: 3104::15), contrary to their use of symbols θ and ð, consonants of 2072:

are often related to religion, government, arts, and science.

1194:

dynasties); Middle Burmese from the 16th to the 18th century (

8902: 8695:

Herbert, Patricia M.; Milner, Anthony Crothers, eds. (1989).

7626: 7442: 7440: 7438: 6906:

may be variously romanized as Win, Winn, Wyn, or Wynn, while

6125: 5363: 4444: 3996:

It has only a simple (C) onset (no glide after the consonant)

3461:

occur only in closed syllables (those with a syllable coda).

3251: 2403: 2121: 1314:, both in terms of genres and works. During this period, the 1247: 1242:

The earliest attested form of the Burmese language is called

714: 80: 60: 9375:. Washington, D.C.: American Ethnological Society. pp. 8199:"Myanmar switch to Unicode to take two years: app developer" 7819: 7817: 7756: 7754: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7674: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7514: 5931:(Buddhist monks). When speaking to a bhikkhu, pronouns like 1246:, dating to the 11th and 12th century stone inscriptions of 9432: 9299:

Wheatley, Julian K. (1987). "Burmese". In B. Comrie (ed.).

8600:"The Characteristics of the Burmic Family of Tibeto-Burman" 8537:

The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World

7944: 4853: 4187: 2089: 2054: 2047: 764:

Despite vocabulary and pronunciation differences, there is

8688:

History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824

7998: 7710: 7638: 7435: 6702:. This is also true of some Burmese verbs and nouns (e.g. 5254:

Used exclusively for monks and nuns of the Buddhist order

1349:, conducted five years after the annexation of the entire 1277:), as would be expected by the original Pali orthography. 694:

The majority of Burmese speakers, who live throughout the

9888: 8697:

South-East Asia Languages and Literatures: A Select Guide

8229:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Burmese/Myanmar" 7814: 7802: 7790: 7778: 7751: 7722: 7592: 7590: 7529: 3874:

structure of Burmese is C(G)V((V)C), which is to say the

3526:

of a vowel. In Burmese, these contrasts involve not only

2398:

To a lesser extent, Burmese has also imported words from

1470:

Burmese is a diglossic language with two distinguishable

9650:

Ethnologue Map Main Spoken Languages of Myanmar Neighbor

9079:

Revista InforComp (INFOCOMP Journal of Computer Science)

8374:(Report). Center for Applied Linguistics. Archived from 8124: 7968: 7920: 7889: 7577: 7575: 7573: 7502: 7332: 7330: 5378:

is a suffix used to indicate the imperative mood. While

5234:

Used in formal context and also used for monks and nuns

666:, of which Burmese is the most widely spoken of the non- 7910: 7908: 7906: 7904: 7766: 7459: 7457: 7455: 6714:'frequently'), which become adverbs when reduplicated. 6457:

The youngest (paternal or maternal) aunt may be called

5038:, depending on the noun, and feminized with the suffix 2075:

Burmese loanwords from Pali primarily take four forms:

1186:. Old Burmese dates from the 11th to the 16th century ( 8924:"The Development of Voicing Rules in Standard Burmese" 7614: 7587: 5293:

Used with almost all nouns except for animate objects

4413:+ adjective, where X is the object being compared to. 2613:), an ancient university town in modern-day Pakistan. 2046:. Burmese loanwords are overwhelmingly in the form of 9196:

The Unicode Standard Version 6.1 – Core Specification

9006: 8789: 8333:

Aung Bala (1981). "Contemporary Burmese literature".

8316:

The Mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma

7883: 7871: 7650: 7570: 7327: 7057: 6806:

of Burmese numerals are primarily inherited from the

5967:('your lordship') are used depending on their status 3228: 3218: 3200: 3189: 3101: 872:

is used by female speakers. Moreover, with regard to

9303:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 834–54. 8366: 7956: 7901: 7452: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7386: 7384: 7371: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7357: 7348: 7082: 6938:

The Burmese alphabet can be entered from a standard

9423: 8010: 7853: 7841: 7602: 4003:Some examples of words containing minor syllables: 1257:Owing to the linguistic prestige of Old Pyu in the 12368: 9366: 9186: 9122:(Thesis). University of Nottingham. Archived from 8675:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 8145: 7932: 7745: 7264: 6741:, which means "a kind", but the reduplicated form 5397:. Among the most prominent of these is the prefix 4381:Gloss: "beautiful" + adjective particle + 'person' 838:, which is the pronunciation used in Upper Burma. 9223:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 7381: 7354: 6866: 5445:, which is pronounced and formally pronounced . 3878:consists of a consonant optionally followed by a 2417:Here is a sample of loan words found in Burmese: 2344:"human rights": English 'human rights' → Burmese 1361:more broadly had a male literacy rate of 8.44%). 13487: 9601:"E-books for children with narration in Burmese" 9464:. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 1–25. 9112: 9089: 8921: 8530:"9. Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam" 8299:Pacific Linguistics. Series A. Occasional Papers 7704: 7692: 7668: 7315: 4128:in modern Burmese (e.g. "school" in old Burmese 539:, lingua franca, and the native language of the 9424:Cornyn, William Stewart; D. Haigh Roop (1968). 7829: 3990:It must be an open syllable (no coda consonant) 826:, "food offering ", Lower Burmese speakers use 9441:. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. 9435:"A phonetic description of Burmese obstruents" 9433:Cooper, Lisa; Beau Cooper; Sigrid Lew (2012). 8579:"Changes in Burmese Phonology and Orthography" 8500:"Uncles and Aunts: Burmese Kinship and Gender" 6198:(postpositional marker for possessive case) = 6178:(postpositional marker for possessive case) = 6158:(postpositional marker for possessive case) = 5927:Other pronouns are reserved for speaking with 5899:* The basic particle to indicate plurality is 5362:The Burmese language makes prominent usage of 3441:occur only in open syllables (those without a 3144:is the value of the four native final nasals: 887: 13094: 12337: 11346: 10024: 9678: 9500:An introduction to the Burmese writing system 9318:Yanson, Rudolf A. (2012). Nathan Hill (ed.). 8694: 7632: 7548: 7446: 7037: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6912:may be romanized as Khaing, Khine, or Khain. 6907: 6901: 6827: 6774: 6768: 6760: 6754: 6742: 6736: 6730: 6724: 6718: 6709: 6703: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6628: 6614: 6603: 6596: 6573: 6550: 6543: 6520: 6509: 6502: 6464: 6458: 6445: 6438: 6415: 6408: 6397: 6390: 6379: 6372: 6349: 6341: 6318: 6311: 6300: 6292: 6280: 6272: 6235: 6215: 6209: 6199: 6193: 6187: 6179: 6173: 6167: 6159: 6153: 6147: 6138: 6116: 6094: 6080: 6066: 6052: 6033: 6020: 5983: 5974: 5968: 5959: 5950: 5941: 5932: 5909: 5900: 5881: 5867: 5853: 5839: 5820: 5806: 5792: 5778: 5764: 5750: 5736: 5717: 5703: 5689: 5675: 5661: 5647: 5594: 5585: 5576: 5567: 5558: 5549: 5537: 5520: 5511: 5502: 5493: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5336: 5317: 5298: 5278: 5259: 5239: 5219: 5199: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5133: 5124: 5084: 5073: 5062: 5051: 5039: 5030: 5021: 5012: 4920: 4909: 4898: 4887: 4875: 4866: 4857: 4814: 4779: 4770: 4761: 4752: 4720: 4688: 4679: 4644: 4635: 4603: 4594: 4559: 4524: 4514: 4479: 4470: 4461: 4452: 4427: 4418: 4405: 4390: 4371: 4360: 4347: 4338: 4161: 4135: 4129: 4123: 4117: 4111: 4101: 4088: 4051: 4040: 4029: 4018: 4007: 3999:It must not be the final syllable of the word 3963: 3951: 3939: 3927: 3915: 3903: 3845: 3829: 3813: 3788: 3772: 3756: 3740: 3716:centralized vowel quality, final glottal stop 3702: 3661: 3627: 3596: 3498: 3489: 3213: 3195: 3184: 3105: 2641: 2626: 2617: 2605: 2595: 2585: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2537: 2518: 2506: 2498: 2489: 2477: 2460: 2451: 2436: 2422: 2387: 2377: 2371: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2332: 2290: 2280: 2274: 2268: 2242: 2236: 2227: 2201: 2186: 2169: 2154: 2140: 2125: 2112: 2094: 2083: 2021: 2012: 2000: 1991: 1962: 1907: 1895: 1886: 1877: 1868: 1850: 1841: 1832: 1823: 1814: 1805: 1796: 1787: 1778: 1769: 1760: 1684: 1672: 1658: 1646: 1632: 1620: 1606: 1594: 1580: 1568: 1554: 1542: 1528: 1516: 1495: 1483: 1457: 1145: 1139: 1133: 858: 843: 821: 815: 801: 501: 9368:"Biography of a sentence: A Burmese proverb" 8951:Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology 8931:Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology 8196: 8125:"Keymagic Unicode Keyboard Input Customizer" 6639:('younger brother to a female'). Terms like 6220:, "mother's" and "Myanmar's" respectively). 5141:is missing; it needs to suffix the numeral. 4087:, with all letters having an inherent vowel 2562:(lit. 'see picture, hear sound') in lieu of 2305:, who until recently formed the majority in 1711:occurred, approximately 3,000 people died." 9523:Elementary handbook of the Burmese language 9419:. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America. 9250: 9143:Elementary Handbook of the Burmese Language 9140: 7823: 7808: 7796: 7784: 7772: 7760: 7733: 7680: 6916:Computer fonts and standard keyboard layout 6833: 3179:(used in Pali loans) and nasalisation mark 3118:) or affricates. These phonemes, alongside 1462:), was compiled in 1978 by the commission. 1364:The expansion of the Burmese language into 1178:The Burmese language's early forms include 13101: 13087: 12344: 12330: 11353: 11339: 10038: 10031: 10017: 9685: 9671: 9530: 9526:. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press. 9451:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9152:Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 9145:. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press. 8313: 8157: 7475: 6922:Zawgyi font § Unicode incompatibility 4725:is used alone, however, it is imperative: 3522:contrasts can be made on the basis of the 2665:The consonants of Burmese are as follows: 2406:(food, administration, and shipping), and 430: 9481:A reference grammar of colloquial Burmese 9194:. In Julie D. Allen; et al. (eds.). 9041: 9031: 8880: 8861: 8844:Myanmar Unicode & NLP Research Center 8790:Jenny, Mathias; San San Hnin Tun (2016). 8734: 8332: 8190: 8090: 7974: 7644: 7523: 7508: 7496: 4078:Sampling of various Burmese script styles 772: 11360: 9341:. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 366–426. 9298: 9279: 9073:Saini, Jatinderkumar R. (30 June 2016). 8837: 8754:Traditions of Buddhist Practice in Burma 8723:Transactions of the Philological Society 8668:"English loanword adaptation in Burmese" 8395:Journal of the American Oriental Society 8392: 8345: 7989:"DIFFERENTIAL OBJECT MARKING IN BURMESE" 7962: 7950: 7914: 7656: 7463: 6925: 6802:are also used in informal contexts. The 5973:. When referring to oneself, terms like 5100: 4073: 3344: 3269: 3264: 3262: 1982:), especially when speaking to or about 1229: 475: 9618:Myanmar Unicode and NLP Research Center 9301:Handbook of the world's major languages 9212: 8751: 8716:"Evolution of the Burmese Vowel System" 8614: 8597: 8576: 8560: 8527: 8497: 8469:. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 745–748. 8460: 8441: 8421: 8251:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 8016: 8004: 7859: 7716: 7620: 7608: 7596: 7581: 7336: 7270: 7010:Myanmar Unicode and NLP Research Center 5111:Like its neighboring languages such as 4856:in Burmese are pluralized by suffixing 3653:high, often with a fall before a pause 465:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 13488: 9412: 9393: 9364: 9336: 9317: 9149: 8685: 8296: 7938: 7926: 7375: 6735:('international'). Another example is 6723:('country'), but when reduplicated to 5151:Measurements of time, such as "hour", 4346:in colloquial Burmese (literary form: 4096:or . The consonants are arranged into 3233:'end'. It does not, however, apply to 591:by 33 million. Burmese is spoken as a 13108: 13082: 12325: 11334: 10012: 9666: 9478: 9459: 9072: 8968: 8941: 8907:. Myanmar Language Commission. 1993. 8813:Contributions to Sino-Tibetan Studies 8810: 8760: 8665: 8647: 8431:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 8151: 8111:"Facebook nods to Zawgyi and Unicode" 8028: 7986: 7895: 7847: 7398: 7321: 7124: 7122: 7068:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 7030:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 3865: 1435:of the newly independent nation. The 1161: 1151: 867: 852: 833: 827: 522: 489:A Burmese speaker, recorded in Taiwan 40: 13044: 12351: 9692: 9502:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 9497: 8840:"Old Usage Styles of Myanmar Script" 8713: 8275: 8091:Hotchkiss, Griffin (23 March 2016). 7560: 7276: 5409:means "to enter", but combined with 12503:State Peace and Development Council 9922: 9483:. London: Oxford University Press. 9428:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 9215:"Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese" 8972:Burmese By Ear or Essential Myanmar 8901: 8690:. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 8072: 8022: 7835: 6729:, it means "many countries", as in 2528: 1144:vowels. Hence, a word like "blood" 1108:The most pronounced feature of the 13: 9339:Tradition and Modernity in Myanmar 8796:. London and New York: Routledge. 8446:. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter. 8444:Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik 8261:from the original on Dec 13, 2023. 7416:Ethnologue: Languages of the World 7119: 6633:('younger brother to a male') and 6463:, and the youngest paternal uncle 6143:. Examples include the following: 4980: 3102:Jenny & San San Hnin Tun (2016 1957:Burmese has politeness levels and 626:word order. It is a member of the 14: 13542: 9561: 9187:Unicode Consortium (April 2012). 8922:Nishi, Yoshio (30 October 1998). 8654:(B.A. thesis). Harvard University 8239:from the original on Dec 7, 2023. 7987:Jenny, Mathias (26 August 2009). 7884:Jenny & San San Hnin Tun 2016 7872:Jenny & San San Hnin Tun 2016 5427:in words that follow the pattern 4460:('to eat'). Alone, the statement 4355:), which is suffixed as follows: 4285:hnai (၌), hma (မှာ), twin (တွင်) 4063: 3898:. Some representative words are: 3403: 3383: 3376: 3352: 3345: 3338: 3320: 3311: 3242:('storm'), which is pronounced . 3205:'bridge', or else replaces final 3088: 3079: 3059: 3052: 3045: 3022: 3011: 2989: 2982: 2974: 2952: 2944: 2921: 2914: 2907: 2898: 2882: 2875: 2868: 2861: 2852: 2836: 2829: 2822: 2813: 2787: 2780: 2773: 2764: 2748: 2741: 2734: 2725: 1380:'s victory over the Mon-speaking 1325: 1280: 796:(e.g., Mandalay dialect), called 653: 13469: 13460: 13459: 13055: 13043: 13032: 13031: 9968:BGN/PCGN romanization of Burmese 9413:Cornyn, William Stewart (1944). 8793:Burmese: A Comprehensive Grammar 8745:10.1111/j.1467-968x.2011.01282.x 7307: 7247: 7229: 7211: 7193: 7175: 7157: 7139: 7101: 7085: 6934:standard Burmese keyboard layout 6686:"beautiful", when reduplicated ( 6666: 6645:('elder brother to a male') and 6223: 4751:Verbs are negated by the prefix 3808:, the checked tone is excluded: 2223:derived from the same Pali word 1459:မြန်မာ စာလုံးပေါင်း သတ်ပုံ ကျမ်း 1444:. In August 1963, the socialist 445: 239: 9357: 8942:Nishi, Yoshio (31 March 1998). 8763:Journal of Language and Culture 8243: 8221: 8139:"TTKeyboard – Myanmar Keyboard" 8131: 8117: 8103: 8084: 8066: 7980: 7426: 7404: 7022: 6961:) or even around them (as with 5393:Some affixes modify the word's 5047:. Examples of usage are below: 4193: 3959:(term of address for young men) 1250:. The earliest evidence of the 810:(e.g., Yangon dialect), called 638:is ultimately descended from a 571:officially refers to it as the 13427:British Indian Ocean Territory 9645:Ayar Myanmar online dictionary 9462:Studies in Burmese linguistics 8866:. Cambridge University Press. 8699:. University of Hawaii Press. 8422:Bradley, David (Spring 1993). 8335:Contributions to Asian Studies 8171:. Sep 27, 2019. Archived from 7290: 7255: 6867:Romanization and transcription 4874:in formal Burmese. The suffix 4417:are indicated with the prefix 1454:Myanma Salonpaung Thatpon Kyan 1446:Union Revolutionary Government 1213: 587:. In 2007, it was spoken as a 1: 13526:Subject–object–verb languages 9189:"11. Southeast Asian Scripts" 9066:(Press release). May 6, 2019. 8862:Lieberman, Victor B. (2003). 8615:Bradley, David (2019-10-02). 8539:. Routledge. pp. 98–99. 8461:Bradley, David (1996-12-31). 8268: 6985:-compliant, but occupies the 6536:Younger brother (to a female) 5107:Burmese numerical classifiers 4328: 4230:thi (သည်), ká (က), hma (မှာ) 4152:Written Burmese dates to the 3694:high, often slightly falling 3497:('two') is phonetically and 3133:can occur as an alternate of 2660: 2392:(native Burmese, 'inscribe'). 2219:Double loan: adoption of two 2057:, the liturgical language of 2033: 1340:) in Burmese villages. These 12712:State Administration Council 12458:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom 9253:The Journal of Burma Studies 8887:. Cornell University Press. 8648:Chang, Charles Bond (2003). 8463:"Burmese as a lingua franca" 8314:Aung-Thwin, Michael (2005). 8276:Adas, Michael (2011-04-20). 8197:Saw Yi Nanda (21 Nov 2019). 6773:(measure word for things) → 6759:(measure word for people) → 6589:Younger sister (to a female) 5169:do not require classifiers. 4398:'person' + 'be beautiful'). 4311:hpyin (ဖြင့်), hnin (နှင့်) 4141:Sino-Tibetan languages like 3784:"to wait upon; to attend on" 3416: 3411: 3409: 3402: 3400: 3395: 3391: 3389: 3382: 3375: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3351: 3337: 3332: 3328: 3326: 3319: 3317: 3310: 3305: 3297: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 2649: 2505:foot (unit of measurement): 2312:As a natural consequence of 2295:(native Burmese word, 'fly') 2273:, lit. 'air machine fly', ← 1465: 1382:Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom 632:Sino-Tibetan language family 16:Official language of Myanmar 7: 12513:2011–2015 political reforms 9993:Myanmar Language Commission 9630:Myanmar 3 font and keyboard 9398:(in French). Paris: SELAF. 9396:Le prédicat en birman parlé 9213:Watkins, Justin W. (2001). 8577:Bradley, David (May 2011). 8535:. In Martin J. Ball (ed.). 8475:10.1515/9783110819724.2.745 8346:Aung Zaw (September 2010). 8282:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. 7078: 7058: 6947:complex character rendering 6894:rather than the phonology. 6888:Myanmar Language Commission 6808:Proto-Sino-Tibetan language 6783: 6533:Younger brother (to a male) 6495:Elder brother (to a female) 6124:Typically reserved for the 5528:('master, lord') (from 5448: 4971: 4955: 4939: 4829: 4794: 4732: 4700: 4659: 4615: 4574: 4539: 4494: 4385:Adjectives may also form a 4178:of the Burmese language is 3619:low, often slightly rising 3229: 3219: 3201: 3190: 3172:, as well as the retroflex 3122:, are prone to merger with 3114:), rather than fricatives ( 1450:Myanmar Language Commission 1273: 1267: 888:Outside the Irrawaddy basin 689: 385: – Marma ("မရမာ") 259:Myanmar Language Commission 10: 13547: 9605:Unite for Literacy library 9583:Burmese language resources 9568:Omniglot: Burmese Language 9416:Outline of Burmese grammar 8904:Myanmar–English Dictionary 8666:Chang, Charles B. (2009). 8424:"Pronouns in Burmese–Lolo" 8348:"Tell the World the Truth" 7060:hcakhcamkyang.sum:sang.e|| 6919: 6870: 6787: 6586:Younger sister (to a male) 6566:Elder sister (to a female) 6227: 5452: 5357: 5104: 4169: 4145:, and to a lesser extent, 4067: 3841:"dry up (usually a river)" 3506:('cat') is phonetically . 2653: 2279:(native Burmese, 'air') + 1696:Burmese linguists such as 1431:prescribed Burmese as the 1422:matriculation examinations 1284: 1223: 1217: 1173: 891: 13455: 13414: 13374: 13116: 13027: 12893: 12825: 12816: 12764: 12755: 12633: 12624: 12547: 12538: 12381: 12369:Myanmar is also known as 12367: 12363: 12303: 12271: 12233: 12226: 12184: 12162: 12129: 12056: 12013: 12004: 11954: 11906: 11897: 11849: 11831: 11812: 11767: 11744: 11709: 11646: 11637: 11617: 11550: 11512: 11474: 11436: 11427: 11418: 11405: 11389: 11368: 11312: 11296: 11262: 11246: 11239: 11214: 11198: 11167: 11160: 11151: 11102: 11077: 11021: 10980: 10959: 10946: 10901: 10880: 10867: 10858: 10822: 10692: 10651: 10642: 10621: 10600: 10572: 10561: 10541: 10525: 10499: 10441: 10333: 10268: 10197: 10166: 10157: 10144: 10131: 10071: 10055: 10046: 9980: 9948: 9930: 9921: 9840: 9776: 9726: 9700: 9658:Ka Naung Converter Engine 9635:Burmese online dictionary 9371:. In E. M. Bruner (ed.). 9365:Becker, Alton L. (1984). 9236:10.1017/S0025100301002122 9164:10.1017/S0041977X00101685 9113:San San Hnin Tun (2006). 9090:San San Hnin Tun (2001). 8957:: 975–999. Archived from 8821:10.1163/9789004655409_006 8752:Houtman, Gustaaf (1990). 8633:10.1515/lingvan-2018-0071 8509:: 147–162. Archived from 8301:(67). Canberra: 131–154. 7633:Herbert & Milner 1989 7549:Herbert & Milner 1989 7447:Herbert & Milner 1989 7038: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6908: 6902: 6886:which was devised by the 6828: 6775: 6769: 6761: 6755: 6743: 6737: 6731: 6725: 6719: 6710: 6704: 6694: 6688: 6682: 6676: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6635: 6629: 6615: 6604: 6597: 6574: 6570: 6551: 6544: 6540: 6521: 6510: 6503: 6492:Elder brother (to a male) 6484: 6481: 6478: 6465: 6459: 6446: 6439: 6416: 6409: 6405: 6398: 6391: 6387: 6380: 6373: 6350: 6342: 6319: 6312: 6308: 6301: 6293: 6289: 6281: 6273: 6254: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6236: 6216: 6210: 6200: 6194: 6188: 6180: 6174: 6168: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6139: 6117: 6095: 6081: 6067: 6053: 6034: 6021: 5999: 5996: 5984: 5975: 5969: 5960: 5951: 5942: 5933: 5910: 5901: 5882: 5868: 5854: 5840: 5821: 5807: 5793: 5779: 5765: 5751: 5737: 5718: 5704: 5690: 5676: 5662: 5648: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5595: 5586: 5577: 5568: 5559: 5550: 5538: 5521: 5512: 5503: 5494: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5337: 5318: 5299: 5279: 5260: 5240: 5220: 5214:Used in informal context 5200: 5165: 5159: 5153: 5134: 5125: 5085: 5074: 5063: 5052: 5040: 5031: 5022: 5013: 4921: 4910: 4899: 4888: 4876: 4867: 4858: 4815: 4780: 4771: 4762: 4753: 4721: 4689: 4680: 4645: 4636: 4604: 4595: 4560: 4525: 4515: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4453: 4428: 4419: 4406: 4404:are usually ordered: X + 4391: 4372: 4361: 4348: 4339: 4300: 4243: 4162: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4102: 4089: 4052: 4041: 4030: 4019: 4008: 3964: 3952: 3940: 3928: 3916: 3904: 3846: 3830: 3814: 3804:In syllables ending with 3789: 3773: 3757: 3741: 3703: 3662: 3628: 3597: 3499: 3490: 3245: 3227:('three; use'), and ဆုံး 3214: 3196: 3185: 3106: 3030: 2931: 2797: 2712: 2673: 2642: 2627: 2618: 2606: 2596: 2586: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2538: 2519: 2507: 2499: 2490: 2478: 2461: 2452: 2437: 2423: 2388: 2378: 2372: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2333: 2291: 2281: 2275: 2269: 2243: 2237: 2228: 2202: 2187: 2170: 2155: 2141: 2126: 2113: 2095: 2084: 2022: 2013: 2001: 1992: 1963: 1908: 1896: 1887: 1878: 1869: 1851: 1842: 1833: 1831: 1824: 1815: 1806: 1804: 1797: 1788: 1786: 1779: 1770: 1768: 1761: 1759: 1685: 1673: 1659: 1647: 1633: 1621: 1607: 1595: 1581: 1569: 1555: 1543: 1529: 1517: 1496: 1484: 1458: 1437:Burma Translation Society 1146: 1140: 1134: 859: 844: 822: 816: 802: 502: 429: 415: 399: 323: 287: 269: 264: 252: 234:Official language in 232: 227: 197: 176: 130: 112: 48: 36: 31: 26: 21: 13176:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 12638:Administrative divisions 9958:MLC Transcription System 9533:Journal of Burma Studies 8838:Khin Min, Maung (1987). 8714:Hill, Nathan W. (2012). 8604:Language and Linguistics 7113: 6884:MLC Transcription System 6747:means "multiple kinds". 6663:('brother and sister'). 6563:Elder sister (to a male) 6431:Maternal uncle (younger) 6365:Paternal uncle (younger) 5923:Used by female speakers. 5605:The basic pronouns are: 5536: 'lord master') or 4848: 4438: 3509: 2625:(native Tibeto-Burman), 2574:(derived from Pali) but 1921:The Four Eights Uprising 1766:hracle:lum:a.re:a.hkang: 1482:Literary High (H) form ( 1442:Burmese Way to Socialism 1397:Burma into Lower Burma. 1160:in standard Burmese and 1124:sound, which has become 1116:is its retention of the 563:) in Bangladesh, and in 121:: 33 million (2007) 32:မြန်မာဘာသာ, Mranma bhasa 13516:Languages of Bangladesh 13437:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 13008:Twelve Auspicious Rites 12789:Myanmar kyat (currency) 9498:Roop, D. Haigh (1972). 9394:Bernot, Denise (1980). 9033:10.1073/pnas.1817972116 8598:Bradley, David (2012). 8563:"Reflexives in Burmese" 8561:Bradley, David (1995). 8528:Bradley, David (2010). 8498:Bradley, David (1989). 7824:Wheatley & Tun 1999 7809:Wheatley & Tun 1999 7797:Wheatley & Tun 1999 7785:Wheatley & Tun 1999 7773:Wheatley & Tun 1999 7761:Wheatley & Tun 1999 7746:Unicode Consortium 2012 7734:Wheatley & Tun 1999 6955:), above them (as with 6873:Romanization of Burmese 6334:Maternal aunt (younger) 6265:Paternal aunt (younger) 5958:('royal teacher'), and 4822:indicates a statement: 4787:) indicates a command: 3979:has some restrictions: 3911:(title for young women) 3729:; can vary in context) 3536:pitch-register language 2040:Indo-European languages 658:Burmese belongs to the 612:syllable-timed language 569:Constitution of Myanmar 10988:Sani (Southeastern Yi) 10040:Lolo-Burmese languages 9578:Online Burmese lessons 9282:Sino-Tibetan Languages 8686:Harvey, G. E. (1925). 8585:. Kasetsart University 7418:. 2016. Archived from 7076: 7064: 7043: 6935: 6428:Maternal uncle (older) 6362:Paternal uncle (older) 6121:is suffixed for women. 5982:('royal disciple') or 5920:Used by male speakers. 5415:, it means "entrance" 4968: 4952: 4936: 4826: 4791: 4729: 4697: 4656: 4612: 4571: 4536: 4523:imperative. The affix 4491: 4333:Burmese does not have 4209:The case markers are: 4200:agglutinative language 4079: 1239: 773:Irrawaddy River valley 766:mutual intelligibility 664:Sino-Tibetan languages 545:Chittagong Hill Tracts 529:Tibeto-Burman language 490: 453:This article contains 126:: 10 million (no date) 12311:Burmese sign language 12121:Southwestern Mandarin 11390:Semiofficial language 9793:Numerical classifiers 9545:10.1353/jbs.2014.0016 9265:10.1353/jbs.1999.0001 8093:"Battle of the fonts" 7705:San San Hnin Tun 2001 7693:San San Hnin Tun 2001 7669:San San Hnin Tun 2001 7072: 7055: 7049:of the text into the 7035: 6929: 6877:There is no official 6331:Maternal aunt (older) 6262:Paternal aunt (older) 5101:Numerical classifiers 4443:The roots of Burmese 4077: 3682:, sometimes with lax 2634:(derivatives of Pali 2327:"democracy": English 2314:British rule in Burma 1642:"and" (conjunction): 1494:Spoken Low (L) form ( 1429:Constitution of Burma 1410:University of Rangoon 1399:British rule in Burma 1320:palm-leaf manuscripts 1233: 1224:Further information: 628:Lolo-Burmese grouping 488: 13496:Languages of Myanmar 13351:United Arab Emirates 12845:Environmental issues 12804:Units of measurement 12451:First Toungoo Empire 11406:Indigenous languages 11362:Languages of Myanmar 10948:Southeastern Loloish 9798:Units of measurement 9573:Learn Burmese online 9479:Okell, John (1969). 9141:Taw Sein Ko (1924). 8969:Okell, John (2002). 8621:Linguistics Vanguard 8029:Okell, John (2002). 7285:Nationalencyklopedin 5439:+ noun/adverb, like 4608:is used as follows: 4389:with the noun (e.g. 4098:six consonant groups 3800:"to beat; to strike" 1762:ရှစ်လေးလုံးအရေးအခင်း 1668:"if" (conjunction): 1418:Anglo Saxon language 1347:1891 Census of India 806:) and speakers from 13511:Isolating languages 13378:limited recognition 12483:Japanese occupation 12436:Hanthawaddy Kingdom 10951:(Southeastern Ngwi) 10888:Nuosu (Northern Yi) 10785:Lolopo (Central Yi) 9963:ALA-LC romanization 9026:(21): 10317–10322. 8964:on 22 October 2013. 8358:(9). Archived from 8209:on 24 December 2019 8007:, pp. 157–160. 7953:, pp. 184–191. 7898:, pp. 135–136. 7719:, pp. 135–136. 7526:, pp. 202–206. 5519:('your highness'), 4715:'I'm going to eat ' 4213: 3993:It cannot bear tone 3641:sometimes slightly 3259: 3137:in some loanwords. 2670: 2669:Consonant phonemes 2260:): construction of 2252:Hybrid loan (e.g., 1712: 1616:possessive (case): 1476:diglossic varieties 1271:) instead of ပူဇာ ( 1236:Myazedi inscription 874:kinship terminology 624:subject–object–verb 524:[mjəmàbàθà] 42:[mjəmàbàθà] 13521:Languages of India 13506:Analytic languages 13110:Languages of Asia 13068:Outline of Myanmar 12784:Telecommunications 12700:commander-in-chief 12493:Socialist Republic 12441:Kingdom of Mrauk U 12235:Immigrant language 11369:Official languages 10967:Nisu (Southern Yi) 9623:2022-01-26 at the 9589:2009-09-01 at the 9092:Burmese Phrasebook 9012:Jacques, Guillaume 7929:, pp. 91–106. 7349:Barron et al. 2007 7108:Myanmar portal 6936: 6796:Mon–Burmese script 5290:general classifier 4212: 4202:with an extensive 4154:early Pagan period 4080: 3866:Syllable structure 3445:); the diphthongs 3257: 3235:⟨ည်⟩ 3210:⟨မ်⟩ 3167:⟨င်⟩ 3160:⟨ဉ်⟩ 3153:⟨န်⟩ 3146:⟨မ်⟩ 3110:are dental stops ( 2668: 2511:, from Portuguese 2241:('arrogance') and 1706: 1538:"that" (pronoun): 1512:"this" (pronoun): 1312:Burmese literature 1291:The transition to 1240: 1110:Arakanese language 1095:Tanintharyi Region 894:Arakanese language 703:Tanintharyi Region 535:, where it is the 491: 214:Mon–Burmese script 13483: 13482: 13420:other territories 13076: 13075: 13023: 13022: 12860:Human trafficking 12812: 12811: 12751: 12750: 12719:Political parties 12658:Foreign relations 12620: 12619: 12411:Myinsaing Kingdom 12377: 12376: 12319: 12318: 12299: 12298: 12222: 12221: 12180: 12179: 12000: 11999: 11740: 11739: 11633: 11632: 11613: 11612: 11328: 11327: 11313:(Proto-languages) 11292: 11291: 11288: 11287: 11235: 11234: 11147: 11146: 11143: 11142: 11098: 11097: 10942: 10941: 10909:Nasu (Eastern Yi) 10893:Nyisu (Yellow Yi) 10818: 10817: 10765: 10764: 10659:Lalo (Western Yi) 10557: 10556: 10329: 10328: 10127: 10126: 10006: 10005: 9976: 9975: 9509:978-0-300-01528-7 9490:978-0-7007-1136-9 9471:978-0-85883-559-7 9426:Beginning Burmese 9405:978-2-85297-072-4 9348:978-3-8258-2186-9 9329:978-90-04-23202-0 9310:978-0-19-520521-3 9291:978-1-135-79717-1 9205:978-1-936213-02-3 9105:978-1-74059-048-8 9098:. Lonely Planet. 8985:978-1-86013-758-7 8914:978-1-881265-47-4 8894:978-1-5017-3217-1 8873:978-0-521-80496-7 8775:10.5167/uzh-81044 8706:978-0-8248-1267-6 8546:978-0-415-42278-9 8484:978-3-11-013417-9 8453:978-3-11-018418-1 8325:978-0-8248-2886-8 8203:The Myanmar Times 8073:Watkins, Justin. 7695:, pp. 48–49. 7683:, pp. 68–70. 7647:, pp. 81–99. 7351:, pp. 16–17. 7305:(27th ed., 2024) 7245:(27th ed., 2024) 7227:(27th ed., 2024) 7209:(27th ed., 2024) 7191:(27th ed., 2024) 7173:(27th ed., 2024) 7155:(27th ed., 2024) 7137:(27th ed., 2024) 7066:Article 1 of the 7027:Article 1 of the 6624: 6623: 6485:Standard Burmese 6455: 6454: 6109: 6108: 6104: 6090: 6076: 6062: 6043: 6030: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5877: 5863: 5849: 5830: 5816: 5802: 5788: 5774: 5760: 5746: 5727: 5713: 5699: 5685: 5671: 5657: 5355: 5354: 5310:for round objects 4989:hka.le: nga: yauk 4326: 4325: 4272:hmá (မှ), ká (က) 3987:as its only vowel 3733: 3732: 3472:The close vowels 3465:only occurs in a 3425:The monophthongs 3423: 3422: 3174:⟨ဏ⟩ 3098: 3097: 2656:Burmese phonology 1955: 1954: 1590:plural (suffix): 1433:official language 1091: 1090: 790:dialect continuum 672:Classical Chinese 537:official language 486: 461:rendering support 441: 440: 338:Individual codes: 254:Regulated by 13538: 13501:Burmese language 13473: 13463: 13462: 13432:Christmas Island 13118:Sovereign states 13103: 13096: 13089: 13080: 13079: 13059: 13047: 13046: 13035: 13034: 12993:National symbols 12823: 12822: 12779:Opium production 12762: 12761: 12631: 12630: 12545: 12544: 12463:Konbaung dynasty 12365: 12364: 12346: 12339: 12332: 12323: 12322: 12273:Working language 12231: 12230: 12011: 12010: 11904: 11903: 11644: 11643: 11434: 11433: 11425: 11424: 11416: 11415: 11355: 11348: 11341: 11332: 11331: 11263:Nuclear Southern 11244: 11243: 11165: 11164: 11158: 11157: 10957: 10956: 10878: 10877: 10869:Northern Loloish 10865: 10864: 10649: 10648: 10570: 10569: 10164: 10163: 10155: 10154: 10146:Southern Loloish 10142: 10141: 10072:Nuclear Mondzish 10053: 10052: 10033: 10026: 10019: 10010: 10009: 9928: 9927: 9850:Royal chronicles 9749:Rakhine language 9694:Burmese language 9687: 9680: 9673: 9664: 9663: 9614: 9612: 9611: 9556: 9527: 9513: 9494: 9475: 9456: 9450: 9442: 9429: 9420: 9409: 9390: 9370: 9352: 9333: 9314: 9295: 9276: 9247: 9219: 9209: 9193: 9183: 9146: 9137: 9135: 9134: 9128: 9121: 9109: 9086: 9067: 9055: 9045: 9035: 9003: 9001: 9000: 8994: 8988:. Archived from 8977: 8965: 8963: 8948: 8938: 8928: 8918: 8898: 8877: 8858: 8856: 8855: 8846:. Archived from 8834: 8807: 8786: 8757: 8748: 8738: 8720: 8710: 8691: 8682: 8672: 8662: 8660: 8659: 8644: 8611: 8594: 8592: 8590: 8583:SEALS Conference 8573: 8572:(A-83): 139–172. 8567: 8557: 8555: 8549:. Archived from 8534: 8524: 8522: 8521: 8515: 8504: 8494: 8492: 8491: 8457: 8438: 8428: 8418: 8389: 8387: 8386: 8380: 8373: 8363: 8342: 8329: 8310: 8293: 8263: 8262: 8247: 8241: 8240: 8225: 8219: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8205:. Archived from 8194: 8188: 8187: 8182: 8180: 8161: 8155: 8149: 8143: 8142: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8121: 8115: 8114: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8088: 8082: 8081: 8079: 8070: 8064: 8063: 8061: 8060: 8054: 8048:. Archived from 8037: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8008: 8002: 7996: 7995: 7993: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7918: 7912: 7899: 7893: 7887: 7881: 7875: 7869: 7863: 7857: 7851: 7845: 7839: 7833: 7827: 7821: 7812: 7806: 7800: 7794: 7788: 7782: 7776: 7770: 7764: 7758: 7749: 7743: 7737: 7731: 7720: 7714: 7708: 7702: 7696: 7690: 7684: 7681:Taw Sein Ko 1924 7678: 7672: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7642: 7636: 7635:, pp. 5–21. 7630: 7624: 7618: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7594: 7585: 7579: 7568: 7558: 7552: 7546: 7527: 7521: 7512: 7506: 7500: 7494: 7479: 7473: 7467: 7461: 7450: 7444: 7433: 7430: 7424: 7423: 7408: 7402: 7396: 7379: 7373: 7352: 7346: 7340: 7334: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7294: 7288: 7280: 7274: 7268: 7262: 7259: 7253: 7252: 7251: 7237:Tavoyan dialects 7234: 7233: 7216: 7215: 7198: 7197: 7180: 7179: 7162: 7161: 7144: 7143: 7126: 7106: 7105: 7104: 7095: 7090: 7089: 7062: 7041: 7040: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6959: 6954: 6953: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6904: 6892:Burmese alphabet 6861:Burmese numerals 6847: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6835: 6831: 6830: 6790:Burmese numerals 6778: 6777: 6772: 6771: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6757: 6746: 6745: 6740: 6739: 6734: 6733: 6732:အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ 6728: 6727: 6722: 6721: 6713: 6712: 6707: 6706: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6684: 6679: 6678: 6662: 6661: 6657:('brothers') or 6656: 6655: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6643: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6631: 6618: 6617: 6607: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6577: 6576: 6554: 6553: 6547: 6546: 6524: 6523: 6513: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6476: 6475: 6468: 6467: 6462: 6461: 6449: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6419: 6418: 6412: 6411: 6401: 6400: 6394: 6393: 6383: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6353: 6352: 6345: 6344: 6322: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6304: 6303: 6296: 6295: 6284: 6283: 6276: 6275: 6243: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6219: 6218: 6213: 6212: 6203: 6202: 6197: 6196: 6191: 6190: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6176: 6171: 6170: 6163: 6162: 6157: 6156: 6151: 6150: 6142: 6141: 6120: 6119: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6058: 6056: 6055: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6026: 6024: 6023: 5994: 5993: 5987: 5986: 5978: 5977: 5972: 5971: 5963: 5962: 5954: 5953: 5945: 5944: 5936: 5935: 5913: 5912: 5904: 5903: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5873: 5871: 5870: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5812: 5810: 5809: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5784: 5782: 5781: 5770: 5768: 5767: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5608: 5607: 5598: 5597: 5589: 5588: 5580: 5579: 5571: 5570: 5562: 5561: 5553: 5552: 5541: 5540: 5524: 5523: 5515: 5514: 5506: 5505: 5497: 5496: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5479: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5455:Burmese pronouns 5444: 5443: 5438: 5437: 5433:+ noun/adverb + 5432: 5431: 5426: 5425: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5413: 5408: 5407: 5402: 5401: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5376: 5371: 5370: 5340: 5339: 5329:for flat objects 5321: 5320: 5302: 5301: 5282: 5281: 5263: 5262: 5243: 5242: 5223: 5222: 5203: 5202: 5175: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5155: 5137: 5136: 5128: 5127: 5088: 5087: 5077: 5076: 5066: 5065: 5055: 5054: 5043: 5042: 5034: 5033: 5025: 5024: 5016: 5015: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4982: 4977: 4961: 4945: 4924: 4923: 4913: 4912: 4902: 4901: 4891: 4890: 4879: 4878: 4870: 4869: 4861: 4860: 4818: 4817: 4813:The verb suffix 4783: 4782: 4778:(literary form: 4774: 4773: 4769:The verb suffix 4765: 4764: 4756: 4755: 4724: 4723: 4692: 4691: 4683: 4682: 4648: 4647: 4643:(literary form: 4639: 4638: 4607: 4606: 4598: 4597: 4563: 4562: 4528: 4527: 4518: 4517: 4483: 4482: 4478:(literary form: 4474: 4473: 4465: 4464: 4456: 4455: 4431: 4430: 4422: 4421: 4409: 4408: 4394: 4393: 4375: 4374: 4364: 4363: 4351: 4350: 4342: 4341: 4233:ha (ဟာ), ká (က) 4214: 4211: 4165: 4164: 4139: 4138: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4120: 4115: 4114: 4105: 4104: 4092: 4091: 4070:Burmese alphabet 4058: 4055: 4054: 4047: 4044: 4043: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4015:'switch, button' 4014: 4011: 4010: 3986: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3897: 3893: 3856: 3849: 3848: 3840: 3833: 3832: 3824: 3817: 3816: 3807: 3799: 3792: 3791: 3783: 3776: 3775: 3767: 3760: 3759: 3751: 3744: 3743: 3713: 3706: 3705: 3672: 3665: 3664: 3638: 3631: 3630: 3607: 3600: 3599: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3419: 3414: 3407: 3387: 3380: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3349: 3342: 3324: 3315: 3260: 3256: 3254:of Burmese are: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3204: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3188: 3187: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3140:The final nasal 3136: 3132: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3092: 3083: 3072: 3063: 3056: 3049: 3038: 3026: 3015: 3004: 2993: 2986: 2978: 2969: 2956: 2948: 2939: 2925: 2918: 2911: 2902: 2895: 2886: 2879: 2872: 2865: 2856: 2849: 2840: 2833: 2826: 2817: 2810: 2791: 2784: 2777: 2768: 2761: 2752: 2745: 2738: 2729: 2722: 2671: 2667: 2645: 2644: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2624: 2621: 2620: 2609: 2608: 2599: 2598: 2589: 2588: 2579: 2578: 2573: 2572: 2567: 2566: 2561: 2560: 2541: 2540: 2530: 2522: 2521: 2510: 2509: 2502: 2501: 2493: 2492: 2481: 2480: 2464: 2463: 2455: 2454: 2440: 2439: 2426: 2425: 2391: 2390: 2381: 2380: 2375: 2374: 2361: 2360: 2355: 2354: 2349: 2348: 2336: 2335: 2294: 2293: 2284: 2283: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2271: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2239: 2231: 2230: 2208: 2207: 2193: 2192: 2176: 2175: 2161: 2160: 2144: 2143: 2132: 2131: 2116: 2115: 2098: 2097: 2087: 2086: 2025: 2024: 2016: 2015: 2004: 2003: 1995: 1994: 1990:"sleep" (verb): 1972:Burmese pronouns 1966: 1965: 1911: 1910: 1899: 1898: 1890: 1889: 1881: 1880: 1872: 1871: 1865: 1854: 1853: 1845: 1844: 1836: 1835: 1827: 1826: 1818: 1817: 1809: 1808: 1800: 1799: 1791: 1790: 1782: 1781: 1773: 1772: 1764: 1763: 1757: 1713: 1705: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1520: 1519: 1515: 1499: 1498: 1487: 1486: 1461: 1460: 1403:English language 1378:Konbaung Dynasty 1351:Konbaung Kingdom 1332:royal chronicles 1316:Burmese alphabet 1276: 1270: 1252:Burmese alphabet 1169: 1159: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1136: 1131: 1123: 1100: 933: 932: 898:Tavoyan dialects 871: 869:[tɕəma̰] 862: 861: 856: 854:[tɕənɔ̀] 847: 846: 837: 835:[sʰwáɰ̃] 831: 829:[sʰʊ́ɰ̃] 825: 824: 819: 818: 805: 804: 781:of Burmese (the 779:standard dialect 660:Southern Burmish 636:Burmese alphabet 573:Myanmar language 526: 521: 516: 507: 506: 505: 487: 467: instead of 449: 448: 434: 425: 411: 394:Tavoyan dialects 391: 384: 374: 364: 354: 344: 336:– inclusive code 335: 328: 319: 313: 306: 300: 292: 283: 282: 274: 245: 243: 242: 203: 136: 44: 27:Myanmar language 19: 18: 13546: 13545: 13541: 13540: 13539: 13537: 13536: 13535: 13531:Tonal languages 13486: 13485: 13484: 13479: 13451: 13419: 13410: 13391:Northern Cyprus 13377: 13370: 13112: 13107: 13077: 13072: 13019: 12998:Public holidays 12889: 12885:Sex trafficking 12808: 12747: 12685:Law enforcement 12616: 12592:Protected areas 12534: 12446:Toungoo dynasty 12421:Sagaing Kingdom 12396:Pyu city-states 12373: 12359: 12350: 12320: 12315: 12295: 12267: 12218: 12176: 12158: 12125: 12052: 11996: 11950: 11893: 11845: 11827: 11808: 11763: 11736: 11705: 11629: 11609: 11546: 11508: 11470: 11410:state or region 11407: 11401: 11385: 11364: 11359: 11329: 11324: 11308: 11284: 11258: 11231: 11210: 11194: 11139: 11094: 11073: 11017: 10976: 10952: 10950: 10938: 10897: 10873: 10872:(Northern Ngwi) 10871: 10854: 10814: 10761: 10688: 10638: 10617: 10596: 10565: 10563:Central Loloish 10553: 10537: 10521: 10495: 10437: 10325: 10264: 10193: 10150: 10149:(Southern Ngwi) 10148: 10137: 10135: 10123: 10067: 10042: 10037: 10007: 10002: 9988:Burmese English 9972: 9944: 9917: 9836: 9778: 9772: 9722: 9696: 9691: 9625:Wayback Machine 9609: 9607: 9599: 9591:Wayback Machine 9564: 9559: 9516: 9510: 9491: 9472: 9444: 9443: 9406: 9387: 9360: 9355: 9349: 9330: 9311: 9292: 9217: 9206: 9191: 9132: 9130: 9126: 9119: 9106: 9058: 9008:Sagart, Laurent 8998: 8996: 8992: 8986: 8975: 8961: 8946: 8926: 8915: 8895: 8874: 8853: 8851: 8831: 8804: 8736:10.1.1.694.9405 8718: 8707: 8670: 8657: 8655: 8588: 8586: 8565: 8553: 8547: 8532: 8519: 8517: 8513: 8502: 8489: 8487: 8485: 8454: 8426: 8384: 8382: 8378: 8371: 8326: 8290: 8271: 8266: 8249: 8248: 8244: 8227: 8226: 8222: 8212: 8210: 8195: 8191: 8178: 8176: 8169:The Japan Times 8163: 8162: 8158: 8150: 8146: 8137: 8136: 8132: 8123: 8122: 8118: 8109: 8108: 8104: 8089: 8085: 8077: 8071: 8067: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8046: 8035: 8027: 8023: 8015: 8011: 8003: 7999: 7991: 7985: 7981: 7973: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7949: 7945: 7937: 7933: 7925: 7921: 7913: 7902: 7894: 7890: 7882: 7878: 7870: 7866: 7858: 7854: 7846: 7842: 7834: 7830: 7822: 7815: 7807: 7803: 7795: 7791: 7783: 7779: 7771: 7767: 7759: 7752: 7744: 7740: 7732: 7723: 7715: 7711: 7703: 7699: 7691: 7687: 7679: 7675: 7667: 7663: 7655: 7651: 7643: 7639: 7631: 7627: 7619: 7615: 7607: 7603: 7595: 7588: 7580: 7571: 7559: 7555: 7547: 7530: 7522: 7515: 7507: 7503: 7495: 7482: 7476:Aung-Thwin 2005 7474: 7470: 7462: 7453: 7445: 7436: 7431: 7427: 7410: 7409: 7405: 7397: 7382: 7374: 7355: 7347: 7343: 7335: 7328: 7320: 7316: 7306: 7295: 7291: 7281: 7277: 7269: 7265: 7260: 7256: 7246: 7235: 7228: 7217: 7210: 7199: 7192: 7181: 7174: 7163: 7156: 7145: 7138: 7127: 7120: 7116: 7102: 7100: 7093:Language portal 7091: 7084: 7081: 7025: 6987:same code space 6940:QWERTY keyboard 6924: 6918: 6875: 6869: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6800:Arabic numerals 6792: 6786: 6669: 6232: 6230:Burmese kinship 6226: 6105: 6099: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6088:a.hrang bhu.ra: 6085: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6063: 6057: 6044: 6038: 6025: 5965:a.hrang bhu.ra: 5892: 5886: 5878: 5872: 5864: 5858: 5850: 5844: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5814:khang bya: tui. 5811: 5803: 5797: 5789: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5769: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5741: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5708: 5700: 5694: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5672: 5666: 5658: 5652: 5481:in colloquial, 5469:in colloquial, 5457: 5451: 5360: 5109: 5103: 5008: 5006:"five children" 4984: 4966: 4950: 4851: 4846: 4834: 4811: 4799: 4749: 4737: 4717: 4705: 4676: 4664: 4632: 4620: 4591: 4579: 4556: 4544: 4511: 4499: 4466:is imperative. 4441: 4331: 4196: 4172: 4072: 4066: 3868: 3571: 3562: 3549:as an example. 3512: 3258:Vowel phonemes 3248: 3234: 3209: 3173: 3166: 3159: 3152: 3145: 3070: 3036: 3002: 2967: 2937: 2891: 2847: 2808: 2802: 2759: 2718: 2695: 2663: 2658: 2652: 2590:, from English 2289:, 'vehicle') + 2221:different terms 2036: 1951:sentence final 1912: 1900: 1891: 1882: 1873: 1863: 1862: 1855: 1846: 1837: 1828: 1819: 1810: 1801: 1792: 1783: 1774: 1765: 1755: 1754: 1681: 1669: 1655: 1643: 1629: 1617: 1603: 1591: 1577: 1565: 1551: 1539: 1525: 1513: 1468: 1386:Irrawaddy Delta 1328: 1289: 1283: 1228: 1226:Nanzhao Kingdom 1222: 1216: 1176: 912: 892:Main articles: 890: 775: 709:(Myeik, Beik), 696:Irrawaddy River 692: 656: 593:second language 519: 503: 476: 474: 473: 472: 459:Without proper 450: 446: 437: 421: 407: 387: 386: 380: 379: 370: 369: 360: 359: 350: 349: 340: 339: 337: 331: 324: 309: 308: 307: 296: 295: 288: 278: 277: 270: 240: 238: 235: 228:Official status 223: 219:Burmese Braille 204: 199: 193: 179: 172: 137: 134:Language family 132: 122: 115: 114:Native speakers 108: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13544: 13534: 13533: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13513: 13508: 13503: 13498: 13481: 13480: 13478: 13477: 13467: 13456: 13453: 13452: 13450: 13449: 13444: 13439: 13434: 13429: 13423: 13421: 13412: 13411: 13409: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13393: 13388: 13382: 13380: 13372: 13371: 13369: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13183: 13178: 13173: 13168: 13163: 13158: 13153: 13148: 13143: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13122: 13120: 13114: 13113: 13106: 13105: 13098: 13091: 13083: 13074: 13073: 13071: 13070: 13065: 13053: 13041: 13028: 13025: 13024: 13021: 13020: 13018: 13017: 13016: 13015: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12990: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12899: 12897: 12891: 12890: 12888: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12826: 12820: 12814: 12813: 12810: 12809: 12807: 12806: 12801: 12799:Transportation 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12765: 12759: 12753: 12752: 12749: 12748: 12746: 12745: 12744: 12743: 12736:Prime Minister 12733: 12732: 12731: 12721: 12716: 12715: 12714: 12704: 12703: 12702: 12697: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12676: 12675: 12673:Women's rights 12670: 12660: 12655: 12650: 12645: 12640: 12634: 12628: 12622: 12621: 12618: 12617: 12615: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12548: 12542: 12536: 12535: 12533: 12532: 12531: 12530: 12525: 12515: 12510: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12488:Union of Burma 12485: 12480: 12475: 12473:Karenni States 12470: 12465: 12460: 12455: 12454: 12453: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12426:Kingdom of Ava 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12401:Thaton Kingdom 12398: 12393: 12387: 12385: 12379: 12378: 12375: 12374: 12361: 12360: 12349: 12348: 12341: 12334: 12326: 12317: 12316: 12314: 12313: 12307: 12305: 12304:Sign languages 12301: 12300: 12297: 12296: 12294: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12277: 12275: 12269: 12268: 12266: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12239: 12237: 12228: 12227:Non-Indigenous 12224: 12223: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12190: 12188: 12182: 12181: 12178: 12177: 12175: 12174: 12168: 12166: 12160: 12159: 12157: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12135: 12133: 12127: 12126: 12124: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12103: 12098: 12093: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12062: 12060: 12054: 12053: 12051: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12019: 12017: 12008: 12002: 12001: 11998: 11997: 11995: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11958: 11956: 11952: 11951: 11949: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11912: 11910: 11901: 11895: 11894: 11892: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11855: 11853: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11843: 11837: 11835: 11829: 11828: 11826: 11825: 11818: 11816: 11810: 11809: 11807: 11806: 11801: 11800: 11799: 11794: 11784: 11779: 11773: 11771: 11765: 11764: 11762: 11761: 11756: 11750: 11748: 11742: 11741: 11738: 11737: 11735: 11734: 11729: 11724: 11719: 11713: 11711: 11707: 11706: 11704: 11703: 11698: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11652: 11650: 11641: 11635: 11634: 11631: 11630: 11628: 11627: 11621: 11619: 11615: 11614: 11611: 11610: 11608: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11556: 11554: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11529: 11524: 11518: 11516: 11510: 11509: 11507: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11480: 11478: 11472: 11471: 11469: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11442: 11440: 11431: 11422: 11413: 11403: 11402: 11400: 11399: 11393: 11391: 11387: 11386: 11384: 11383: 11378: 11372: 11370: 11366: 11365: 11358: 11357: 11350: 11343: 11335: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11322: 11316: 11314: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11306: 11300: 11298: 11294: 11293: 11290: 11289: 11286: 11285: 11283: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11266: 11264: 11260: 11259: 11257: 11256: 11250: 11248: 11241: 11237: 11236: 11233: 11232: 11230: 11229: 11224: 11222:Lhao Vo (Maru) 11218: 11216: 11212: 11211: 11209: 11208: 11202: 11200: 11196: 11195: 11193: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11171: 11169: 11162: 11155: 11149: 11148: 11145: 11144: 11141: 11140: 11138: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11106: 11104: 11100: 11099: 11096: 11095: 11093: 11092: 11087: 11081: 11079: 11078:Riverine Phula 11075: 11074: 11072: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11046: 11041: 11036: 11031: 11025: 11023: 11022:Highland Phula 11019: 11018: 11016: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10984: 10982: 10978: 10977: 10975: 10974: 10969: 10963: 10961: 10954: 10944: 10943: 10940: 10939: 10937: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10905: 10903: 10899: 10898: 10896: 10895: 10890: 10884: 10882: 10875: 10862: 10856: 10855: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10826: 10820: 10819: 10816: 10815: 10813: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10766: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10698: 10696: 10690: 10689: 10687: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10655: 10653: 10646: 10640: 10639: 10637: 10636: 10631: 10625: 10623: 10619: 10618: 10616: 10615: 10610: 10604: 10602: 10598: 10597: 10595: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10578: 10576: 10567: 10566:(Central Ngwi) 10559: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10551: 10545: 10543: 10539: 10538: 10536: 10535: 10529: 10527: 10523: 10522: 10520: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10503: 10501: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10447: 10445: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10415: 10410: 10405: 10400: 10395: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10339: 10337: 10331: 10330: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10278: 10272: 10270: 10266: 10265: 10263: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10217: 10212: 10207: 10201: 10199: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10170: 10168: 10161: 10152: 10139: 10129: 10128: 10125: 10124: 10122: 10121: 10116: 10111: 10106: 10101: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10075: 10073: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10065: 10059: 10057: 10050: 10044: 10043: 10036: 10035: 10028: 10021: 10013: 10004: 10003: 10001: 10000: 9995: 9990: 9984: 9982: 9978: 9977: 9974: 9973: 9971: 9970: 9965: 9960: 9954: 9952: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9942: 9937: 9931: 9925: 9923:Writing system 9919: 9918: 9916: 9915: 9914: 9913: 9906: 9899: 9892: 9885: 9878: 9871: 9862:Burmese poetry 9859: 9852: 9846: 9844: 9838: 9837: 9835: 9834: 9829: 9828: 9827: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9801: 9800: 9790: 9782: 9780: 9774: 9773: 9771: 9770: 9765: 9760: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9730: 9728: 9724: 9723: 9721: 9720: 9718:Modern Burmese 9715: 9713:Middle Burmese 9710: 9704: 9702: 9698: 9697: 9690: 9689: 9682: 9675: 9667: 9661: 9660: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9632: 9627: 9615: 9597: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9563: 9562:External links 9560: 9558: 9557: 9539:(2): 259–290. 9528: 9514: 9508: 9495: 9489: 9476: 9470: 9457: 9430: 9421: 9410: 9404: 9391: 9385: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9353: 9347: 9334: 9328: 9315: 9309: 9296: 9290: 9277: 9248: 9230:(2): 291–295. 9210: 9204: 9184: 9147: 9138: 9110: 9104: 9087: 9070: 9069: 9068: 9004: 8984: 8966: 8939: 8919: 8913: 8899: 8893: 8878: 8872: 8859: 8835: 8829: 8808: 8802: 8787: 8758: 8749: 8711: 8705: 8692: 8683: 8663: 8645: 8612: 8595: 8574: 8558: 8556:on 2016-07-16. 8545: 8525: 8495: 8483: 8458: 8452: 8439: 8419: 8407:10.2307/595942 8401:(4): 184–191. 8390: 8364: 8362:on 2010-09-18. 8343: 8330: 8324: 8311: 8294: 8288: 8272: 8270: 8267: 8265: 8264: 8255:United Nations 8242: 8220: 8189: 8156: 8144: 8130: 8116: 8102: 8083: 8065: 8044: 8032:Burmese By Ear 8021: 8009: 7997: 7979: 7977:, p. 136. 7975:Lieberman 2003 7967: 7955: 7943: 7931: 7919: 7900: 7888: 7876: 7864: 7852: 7840: 7828: 7813: 7801: 7789: 7777: 7765: 7750: 7748:, p. 370. 7738: 7721: 7709: 7697: 7685: 7673: 7661: 7649: 7645:Aung Bala 1981 7637: 7625: 7623:, p. 746. 7613: 7601: 7599:, p. 140. 7586: 7569: 7553: 7528: 7524:Lieberman 2003 7513: 7511:, p. 189. 7509:Lieberman 2003 7501: 7497:Lieberman 2018 7480: 7468: 7451: 7434: 7425: 7422:on 2016-10-10. 7403: 7380: 7353: 7341: 7339:, p. 147. 7326: 7314: 7289: 7275: 7263: 7254: 7219:Marma ("မရမာ") 7117: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7110: 7097: 7096: 7080: 7077: 7051:Latin alphabet 7024: 7021: 6981:Zawgyi is not 6930:Myanmar3, the 6917: 6914: 6871:Main article: 6868: 6865: 6804:cardinal forms 6788:Main article: 6785: 6782: 6781: 6780: 6766: 6668: 6665: 6622: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6610: 6609: 6608: 6601: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6548: 6539: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6525: 6516: 6515: 6514: 6507: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6493: 6487: 6486: 6483: 6482:Upper Burmese 6480: 6453: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6443: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6429: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6413: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6395: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6377: 6368: 6367: 6366: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6347: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6316: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6298: 6288: 6287: 6286: 6278: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6255:Myeik dialect 6253: 6252:Lower Burmese 6250: 6249:Upper Burmese 6247: 6228:Main article: 6225: 6222: 6206: 6205: 6185: 6165: 6134: 6133: 6122: 6107: 6106: 6078: 6050: 6049:Second person 6046: 6045: 6031: 6018: 6014: 6013: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5998: 5925: 5924: 5921: 5918: 5894: 5893: 5879: 5865: 5851: 5837: 5833: 5832: 5804: 5790: 5762: 5734: 5733:Second person 5730: 5729: 5725:kywan ma. tui. 5701: 5687: 5659: 5645: 5641: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5602:('daughter'). 5453:Main article: 5450: 5447: 5395:part of speech 5359: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5333: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5256: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5196: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5105:Main article: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5082: 5081:"rooster/cock" 5071: 5060: 4967: 4951: 4935: 4934: 4930: 4929: 4918: 4907: 4896: 4850: 4847: 4825: 4824: 4790: 4789: 4728: 4727: 4696: 4695: 4655: 4654: 4630:'I am eating' 4611: 4610: 4570: 4569: 4535: 4534: 4490: 4489: 4440: 4437: 4426:+ adjective + 4383: 4382: 4379: 4368: 4366:hkyau: tai. lu 4330: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4312: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4264: 4263: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4231: 4228: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4219:High register 4217: 4198:Burmese is an 4195: 4192: 4171: 4168: 4068:Main article: 4065: 4064:Writing system 4062: 4061: 4060: 4049: 4038: 4027: 4016: 4001: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3977:minor syllable 3973: 3972: 3960: 3948: 3936: 3924: 3912: 3867: 3864: 3859: 3858: 3842: 3826: 3802: 3801: 3785: 3769: 3753: 3731: 3730: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3673: 3668: 3666: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3639: 3634: 3632: 3625: 3621: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3601: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3568: 3559: 3556: 3518:, which means 3516:tonal language 3511: 3508: 3467:minor syllable 3421: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3401: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3381: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3350: 3343: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3318: 3316: 3309: 3303: 3302: 3296: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3247: 3244: 3223:'salty', သုံး 3096: 3095: 3093: 3086: 3084: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3057: 3050: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2987: 2980: 2972: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2950: 2942: 2940: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2919: 2912: 2905: 2903: 2896: 2888: 2887: 2880: 2873: 2866: 2859: 2857: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2834: 2827: 2820: 2818: 2811: 2806: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2785: 2778: 2771: 2769: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2746: 2739: 2732: 2730: 2723: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2662: 2659: 2654:Main article: 2651: 2648: 2580:(from English 2559:ရုပ်မြင်သံကြား 2550: 2549: 2534: 2515: 2503: 2486: 2474: 2457: 2448: 2433: 2396: 2395: 2394: 2393: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2296: 2250: 2249: 2248: 2217: 2216: 2215: 2185:"merit": Pali 2183: 2151: 2104: 2103: 2102: 2053:Historically, 2044:sesquisyllabic 2035: 2032: 2031: 2030: 2020:for monks vs. 2011:"die" (verb): 2009: 1999:for monks vs. 1953: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1905: 1902: 1893: 1884: 1875: 1866: 1858: 1857: 1848: 1839: 1830: 1821: 1812: 1803: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1767: 1758: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1693: 1692: 1666: 1640: 1614: 1588: 1562: 1536: 1505: 1504: 1492: 1467: 1464: 1327: 1326:Modern Burmese 1324: 1293:Middle Burmese 1287:Middle Burmese 1285:Main article: 1282: 1281:Middle Burmese 1279: 1218:Main article: 1215: 1212: 1208:function words 1184:Middle Burmese 1175: 1172: 1170:in Arakanese. 1150:is pronounced 1089: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1073: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1003: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 987: 981: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 965: 961: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 937: 928:Intha dialects 889: 886: 774: 771: 744: 743: 726: 717: 691: 688: 662:branch of the 655: 654:Classification 652: 640:Brahmic script 608:pitch-register 589:first language 567:in India. The 469:Burmese script 463:, you may see 455:Burmese script 451: 444: 443: 442: 439: 438: 435: 427: 426: 419: 413: 412: 405: 397: 396: 329: 321: 320: 293: 285: 284: 275: 267: 266: 265:Language codes 262: 261: 256: 250: 249: 236: 233: 230: 229: 225: 224: 222: 221: 216: 211: 207: 205: 201:Writing system 198: 195: 194: 192: 191: 189:Middle Burmese 182: 180: 177: 174: 173: 171: 170: 169: 168: 167: 166: 165: 164: 140: 138: 131: 128: 127: 116: 113: 110: 109: 107: 106: 96: 78: 68: 58: 52: 50: 49:Native to 46: 45: 38: 34: 33: 29: 28: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13543: 13532: 13529: 13527: 13524: 13522: 13519: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13502: 13499: 13497: 13494: 13493: 13491: 13476: 13472: 13468: 13466: 13458: 13457: 13454: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13440: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13424: 13422: 13417: 13413: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13401:South Ossetia 13399: 13397: 13394: 13392: 13389: 13387: 13384: 13383: 13381: 13379: 13373: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13289: 13287: 13284: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13262: 13259: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13202: 13199: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13182: 13179: 13177: 13174: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13162: 13159: 13157: 13154: 13152: 13149: 13147: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13123: 13121: 13119: 13115: 13111: 13104: 13099: 13097: 13092: 13090: 13085: 13084: 13081: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13063: 13058: 13054: 13052: 13051: 13042: 13040: 13039: 13030: 13029: 13026: 13014: 13011: 13010: 13009: 13006: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12989: 12986: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12900: 12898: 12896: 12892: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12850:Ethnic groups 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12827: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12815: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12766: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12754: 12742: 12739: 12738: 12737: 12734: 12730: 12727: 12726: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12713: 12710: 12709: 12708: 12705: 12701: 12698: 12696: 12695:military rule 12693: 12692: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12665: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12635: 12632: 12629: 12627: 12623: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12567:Deforestation 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12549: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12537: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12520: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12511: 12509: 12508:2007 protests 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12498:8888 Uprising 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12484: 12481: 12479: 12476: 12474: 12471: 12469: 12466: 12464: 12461: 12459: 12456: 12452: 12449: 12448: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12431:Prome Kingdom 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12416:Pinya Kingdom 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12406:Pagan Kingdom 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12388: 12386: 12384: 12380: 12372: 12366: 12362: 12358: 12354: 12347: 12342: 12340: 12335: 12333: 12328: 12327: 12324: 12312: 12309: 12308: 12306: 12302: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12278: 12276: 12274: 12270: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12240: 12238: 12236: 12232: 12229: 12225: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12191: 12189: 12187: 12183: 12173: 12170: 12169: 12167: 12165: 12161: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12136: 12134: 12132: 12128: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12102: 12099: 12097: 12094: 12092: 12089: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12063: 12061: 12059: 12055: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12020: 12018: 12016: 12015:Austroasiatic 12012: 12009: 12007: 12003: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11959: 11957: 11953: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11913: 11911: 11909: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11896: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11856: 11854: 11852: 11848: 11842: 11839: 11838: 11836: 11834: 11830: 11823: 11820: 11819: 11817: 11815: 11811: 11805: 11802: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11789: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11774: 11772: 11770: 11766: 11760: 11757: 11755: 11752: 11751: 11749: 11747: 11743: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11715: 11714: 11712: 11708: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11653: 11651: 11649: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11636: 11626: 11623: 11622: 11620: 11616: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11557: 11555: 11553: 11549: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11519: 11517: 11515: 11511: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11481: 11479: 11477: 11473: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11443: 11441: 11439: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11417: 11414: 11411: 11404: 11398: 11395: 11394: 11392: 11388: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11367: 11363: 11356: 11351: 11349: 11344: 11342: 11337: 11336: 11333: 11321: 11320:Proto-Loloish 11318: 11317: 11315: 11311: 11305: 11302: 11301: 11299: 11295: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11267: 11265: 11261: 11255: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11245: 11242: 11238: 11228: 11225: 11223: 11220: 11219: 11217: 11213: 11207: 11204: 11203: 11201: 11197: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11168:High Northern 11166: 11163: 11159: 11156: 11154: 11150: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11107: 11105: 11101: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11082: 11080: 11076: 11070: 11067: 11065: 11062: 11060: 11057: 11055: 11052: 11050: 11047: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11020: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10985: 10983: 10979: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10964: 10962: 10958: 10955: 10949: 10945: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10906: 10904: 10900: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10885: 10883: 10879: 10876: 10870: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10857: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10825: 10821: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10767: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10699: 10697: 10695: 10691: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10641: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10626: 10624: 10620: 10614: 10611: 10609: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10599: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10579: 10577: 10575: 10571: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10550: 10547: 10546: 10544: 10540: 10534: 10531: 10530: 10528: 10524: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10498: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10448: 10446: 10444: 10440: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10340: 10338: 10336: 10332: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10273: 10271: 10267: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10218: 10216: 10213: 10211: 10208: 10206: 10203: 10202: 10200: 10196: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10156: 10153: 10147: 10143: 10140: 10134: 10130: 10120: 10117: 10115: 10112: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10076: 10074: 10070: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10034: 10029: 10027: 10022: 10020: 10015: 10014: 10011: 9999: 9998:Burmese names 9996: 9994: 9991: 9989: 9986: 9985: 9983: 9979: 9969: 9966: 9964: 9961: 9959: 9956: 9955: 9953: 9951: 9947: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9932: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9920: 9912: 9911: 9907: 9905: 9904: 9900: 9898: 9897: 9893: 9891: 9890: 9886: 9884: 9883: 9879: 9877: 9876: 9872: 9870: 9869: 9865: 9864: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9857: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9843: 9839: 9833: 9830: 9826: 9825:Kinship terms 9823: 9822: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9815:Postpositions 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9799: 9796: 9795: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9788: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9775: 9769: 9766: 9764: 9761: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9731: 9729: 9725: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9705: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9688: 9683: 9681: 9676: 9674: 9669: 9668: 9665: 9659: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9640: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9616: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9554: 9550: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9529: 9525: 9524: 9519: 9515: 9511: 9505: 9501: 9496: 9492: 9486: 9482: 9477: 9473: 9467: 9463: 9458: 9454: 9448: 9440: 9436: 9431: 9427: 9422: 9418: 9417: 9411: 9407: 9401: 9397: 9392: 9388: 9386:9780942976052 9382: 9378: 9374: 9369: 9363: 9362: 9350: 9344: 9340: 9335: 9331: 9325: 9321: 9316: 9312: 9306: 9302: 9297: 9293: 9287: 9284:. Routledge. 9283: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9225: 9224: 9216: 9211: 9207: 9201: 9197: 9190: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9158:(4): 91–106. 9157: 9153: 9148: 9144: 9139: 9129:on 2013-10-21 9125: 9118: 9117: 9111: 9107: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9071: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9056: 9053: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9005: 8995:on 2021-04-20 8991: 8987: 8981: 8974: 8973: 8967: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8945: 8940: 8937:(1): 253–260. 8936: 8932: 8925: 8920: 8916: 8910: 8906: 8905: 8900: 8896: 8890: 8886: 8885: 8879: 8875: 8869: 8865: 8860: 8850:on 2006-09-23 8849: 8845: 8841: 8836: 8832: 8830:9789004655409 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8809: 8805: 8803:9781317309314 8799: 8795: 8794: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8759: 8755: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8728: 8724: 8717: 8712: 8708: 8702: 8698: 8693: 8689: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8669: 8664: 8653: 8652: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8613: 8610:(1): 171–192. 8609: 8605: 8601: 8596: 8584: 8580: 8575: 8571: 8564: 8559: 8552: 8548: 8542: 8538: 8531: 8526: 8516:on 2017-10-11 8512: 8508: 8501: 8496: 8486: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8459: 8455: 8449: 8445: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8425: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8391: 8381:on 2011-04-27 8377: 8370: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8353: 8352:The Irrawaddy 8349: 8344: 8340: 8336: 8331: 8327: 8321: 8317: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8300: 8295: 8291: 8289:9780299283537 8285: 8281: 8280: 8274: 8273: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8246: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8224: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8193: 8186: 8175:on 2019-09-30 8174: 8170: 8166: 8160: 8153: 8148: 8140: 8134: 8126: 8120: 8112: 8106: 8098: 8094: 8087: 8076: 8069: 8055:on 2021-04-20 8051: 8047: 8041: 8034: 8033: 8025: 8018: 8013: 8006: 8001: 7990: 7983: 7976: 7971: 7964: 7963:Khin Min 1987 7959: 7952: 7951:Benedict 1948 7947: 7940: 7935: 7928: 7923: 7916: 7915:Wheatley 1987 7911: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7897: 7892: 7886:, p. 30. 7885: 7880: 7874:, p. 15. 7873: 7868: 7861: 7856: 7850:, p. 63. 7849: 7844: 7837: 7832: 7826:, p. 68. 7825: 7820: 7818: 7811:, p. 94. 7810: 7805: 7799:, p. 67. 7798: 7793: 7787:, p. 81. 7786: 7781: 7774: 7769: 7763:, p. 65. 7762: 7757: 7755: 7747: 7742: 7736:, p. 64. 7735: 7730: 7728: 7726: 7718: 7713: 7707:, p. 26. 7706: 7701: 7694: 7689: 7682: 7677: 7671:, p. 39. 7670: 7665: 7658: 7657:Aung Zaw 2010 7653: 7646: 7641: 7634: 7629: 7622: 7617: 7610: 7605: 7598: 7593: 7591: 7584:, p. 99. 7583: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7566: 7562: 7557: 7550: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7525: 7520: 7518: 7510: 7505: 7498: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7487: 7485: 7477: 7472: 7465: 7464:Wheatley 2013 7460: 7458: 7456: 7448: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7429: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7407: 7400: 7395: 7393: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7385: 7377: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7360: 7358: 7350: 7345: 7338: 7333: 7331: 7323: 7318: 7310: 7304: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7279: 7272: 7267: 7258: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7214: 7208: 7207: 7202: 7196: 7190: 7189: 7184: 7178: 7172: 7171: 7166: 7160: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7142: 7136: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7123: 7118: 7109: 7099: 7098: 7094: 7088: 7083: 7075: 7071: 7069: 7063: 7061: 7054: 7052: 7048: 7042: 7034: 7032: 7031: 7020: 7017: 7013: 7011: 7005: 7003: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6979: 6977: 6972: 6970: 6948: 6943: 6941: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6913: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6880: 6874: 6864: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6853:round numbers 6849: 6825: 6821: 6820:ordinal forms 6817: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6791: 6779:('something') 6767: 6762:တစ်ယောက်ယောက် 6753: 6752: 6751: 6748: 6715: 6708:'a moment' → 6701: 6673: 6672:Reduplication 6667:Reduplication 6664: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6602: 6595: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6572: 6571: 6565: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6549: 6542: 6541: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6529: 6519: 6518: 6517: 6508: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6477: 6474: 6470: 6444: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6425: 6424: 6414: 6407: 6406: 6396: 6389: 6388: 6378: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6348: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6317: 6310: 6309: 6299: 6291: 6290: 6279: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6244: 6241: 6231: 6224:Kinship terms 6221: 6186: 6166: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6115: 6112:The particle 6111: 6110: 6103: 6089: 6079: 6075: 6061: 6051: 6048: 6047: 6042: 6032: 6029: 6019: 6017:First person 6016: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6003: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5981: 5980:ta. paey. tau 5966: 5957: 5948: 5939: 5930: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5908:, colloquial 5907: 5898: 5897: 5890: 5880: 5876: 5866: 5862: 5852: 5848: 5838: 5836:Third person 5835: 5834: 5829: 5815: 5805: 5801: 5791: 5787: 5773: 5763: 5759: 5745: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5712: 5711:kywan to tui. 5705:ကျွန်တော်တို့ 5702: 5698: 5688: 5684: 5670: 5660: 5656: 5646: 5644:First person 5643: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5592: 5583: 5574: 5565: 5557:('I/me') and 5556: 5546: 5544: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5518: 5509: 5500: 5489: 5462: 5456: 5446: 5396: 5391: 5365: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5335: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5297: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5218: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5198: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5149: 5147: 5146:round numbers 5142: 5140: 5131: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5095: 5091: 5083: 5080: 5072: 5069: 5061: 5058: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5037: 5028: 5019: 5007: 5004: 5003:child five CL 5001: 4990: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4970: 4965: 4962: 4957: 4954: 4949: 4946: 4941: 4938: 4933: 4927: 4919: 4916: 4908: 4905: 4897: 4894: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4873: 4864: 4855: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4823: 4821: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4788: 4786: 4777: 4767: 4759: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4726: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4694: 4686: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4653: 4651: 4642: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4625:(ca.) ca: pri 4623: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4609: 4601: 4590: 4589:'I am eating' 4587: 4585: 4582: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4568: 4566: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4549:ca: hkai. tai 4547: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4533: 4531: 4521: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4488: 4486: 4477: 4467: 4459: 4449: 4446: 4436: 4434: 4425: 4416: 4412: 4403: 4399: 4397: 4388: 4380: 4378: 4377:hkyau: so: lu 4369: 4367: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4345: 4336: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4298:hnín (နှင့်) 4297: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4278: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4240: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4222:Low register 4221: 4218: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4148: 4144: 4107: 4099: 4095: 4086: 4076: 4071: 4050: 4039: 4028: 4017: 4006: 4005: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3961: 3949: 3937: 3925: 3913: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3854: 3843: 3838: 3827: 3822: 3811: 3810: 3809: 3797: 3786: 3781: 3770: 3765: 3754: 3749: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3710: 3708: 3701: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3669: 3667: 3660: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3626: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3595: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3569: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3550: 3543: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3514:Burmese is a 3507: 3470: 3468: 3444: 3443:syllable coda 3406: 3398: 3394: 3386: 3379: 3373: 3369: 3355: 3348: 3341: 3335: 3331: 3323: 3314: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3253: 3243: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3208: 3203: 3192: 3182: 3138: 3127: 3103: 3100:According to 3094: 3091: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3069: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3058: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3001: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2971: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2917: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2871: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2783: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2747: 2744: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2666: 2657: 2647: 2639: 2638: 2614: 2612: 2603: 2593: 2583: 2565:တယ်လီဗီးရှင်း 2555: 2548: 2545: 2535: 2533: 2526: 2516: 2514: 2504: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2482:, from Hindi 2475: 2472: 2468: 2458: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2431: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2385: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2347:လူ့အခွင့်အရေး 2343: 2342: 2340: 2330: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2319: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2304: 2288: 2266: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2234: 2225: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2206: 2199: 2198: 2191: 2184: 2182: 2181: 2174: 2167: 2166: 2159: 2153:"dawn": Pali 2152: 2150: 2149: 2138: 2137: 2130: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2111: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2092: 2091: 2082:"life": Pali 2081: 2080: 2078: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2028: 2019: 2010: 2007: 1998: 1989: 1988: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1976:kinship terms 1973: 1969: 1960: 1950: 1948:plural marker 1947: 1944: 1941: 1939:approximately 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1906: 1903: 1894: 1885: 1876: 1867: 1860: 1859: 1849: 1840: 1822: 1813: 1795: 1777: 1752: 1751: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1709:8888 Uprising 1704: 1701: 1699: 1691: 1679: 1667: 1665: 1653: 1641: 1639: 1627: 1615: 1613: 1601: 1589: 1587: 1575: 1564:"at" (case): 1563: 1561: 1549: 1537: 1535: 1523: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1502: 1501:mranma ca.ka: 1493: 1490: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1463: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1416:, modeled on 1415: 1411: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1394: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1374:Austroasiatic 1371: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1359:British India 1356: 1355:British Burma 1352: 1348: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1333: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1308:literacy rate 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1288: 1278: 1275: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1259:Pagan Kingdom 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1221: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1158: 1156: 1129: 1121: 1115: 1114:Rakhine State 1111: 1106: 1104: 1096: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1057: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 986: 983: 982: 978: 975: 972: 969: 966: 963: 962: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 938: 935: 934: 931: 929: 925: 921: 917: 911: 910:Myeik dialect 907: 903: 902:Intha dialect 899: 895: 885: 882: 877: 875: 870: 866: 855: 851: 839: 836: 830: 813: 809: 799: 795: 791: 788: 784: 780: 770: 767: 762: 760: 756: 752: 751:Rakhine State 748: 742: 738: 734: 730: 727: 725: 721: 720:Magway Region 718: 716: 713:(Dawei), and 712: 708: 704: 701: 700: 699: 697: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 651: 649: 645: 642:, either the 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620:agglutinative 617: 613: 609: 605: 602:Burmese is a 600: 598: 594: 590: 586: 585:lingua franca 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 565:Tripura state 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 525: 517: 511: 499: 495: 470: 466: 462: 458: 456: 433: 428: 424: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 404: 403: 398: 395: 392: – 390: 383: 378: 375: – 373: 368: 365: – 363: 358: 355: – 353: 348: 345: – 343: 334: 330: 327: 322: 317: 312: 304: 299: 294: 291: 286: 281: 276: 273: 268: 263: 260: 257: 255: 251: 248: 237: 231: 226: 220: 217: 215: 212: 209: 208: 206: 202: 196: 190: 187: 186: 185: 181: 175: 163: 160: 159: 158: 155: 154: 153: 150: 149: 148: 147:Tibeto-Burman 145: 144: 143: 139: 135: 129: 125: 120: 117: 111: 104: 100: 97: 94: 90: 86: 82: 79: 76: 72: 69: 66: 62: 59: 57: 54: 53: 51: 47: 43: 39: 37:Pronunciation 35: 30: 25: 20: 13416:Dependencies 13346:Turkmenistan 13311:Saudi Arabia 13060: 13048: 13036: 12880:Prostitution 12835:Demographics 12774:Central bank 12663:Human rights 12643:Constitution 12478:British rule 12370: 12242: 12058:Sino-Tibetan 11916:Khiamniungan 11648:Sino-Tibetan 11375: 11269: 11215:Mid Northern 9981:Other topics 9950:Romanization 9908: 9901: 9894: 9887: 9880: 9873: 9866: 9854: 9785: 9777:Grammar and 9717: 9693: 9608:. Retrieved 9604: 9536: 9532: 9522: 9499: 9480: 9461: 9438: 9425: 9415: 9395: 9372: 9358:Bibliography 9338: 9319: 9300: 9281: 9256: 9252: 9227: 9221: 9195: 9155: 9151: 9142: 9131:. Retrieved 9124:the original 9115: 9096:Vicky Bowman 9091: 9082: 9078: 9064:ScienceDaily 9063: 9023: 9019: 8997:. Retrieved 8990:the original 8971: 8959:the original 8954: 8950: 8934: 8930: 8903: 8883: 8863: 8852:. Retrieved 8848:the original 8843: 8812: 8792: 8766: 8762: 8753: 8729:(1): 64–79. 8726: 8722: 8696: 8687: 8678: 8674: 8656:. Retrieved 8650: 8624: 8620: 8607: 8603: 8587:. Retrieved 8582: 8569: 8551:the original 8536: 8518:. Retrieved 8511:the original 8506: 8488:. Retrieved 8466: 8443: 8434: 8430: 8398: 8394: 8383:. Retrieved 8376:the original 8360:the original 8355: 8351: 8338: 8334: 8315: 8298: 8278: 8254: 8245: 8232: 8223: 8211:. Retrieved 8207:the original 8202: 8192: 8184: 8177:. Retrieved 8173:the original 8168: 8159: 8154:, p. 8. 8147: 8133: 8119: 8105: 8096: 8086: 8068: 8057:. Retrieved 8050:the original 8031: 8024: 8017:Bradley 1993 8012: 8005:Bradley 1993 8000: 7982: 7970: 7958: 7946: 7934: 7922: 7891: 7879: 7867: 7860:Watkins 2001 7855: 7843: 7831: 7804: 7792: 7780: 7768: 7741: 7717:Houtman 1990 7712: 7700: 7688: 7676: 7664: 7659:, p. 2. 7652: 7640: 7628: 7621:Bradley 1996 7616: 7609:Bradley 2019 7604: 7597:Bradley 1995 7582:Bradley 2010 7556: 7504: 7471: 7449:, p. 5. 7428: 7420:the original 7415: 7406: 7344: 7337:Bradley 1993 7317: 7300: 7292: 7283: 7278: 7271:Bradley 1996 7266: 7257: 7240: 7222: 7204: 7186: 7168: 7150: 7132: 7073: 7067: 7065: 7056: 7047:romanization 7044: 7036: 7028: 7026: 7023:Example text 7018: 7014: 7006: 6998: 6995: 6990: 6980: 6973: 6945:Burmese has 6944: 6937: 6931: 6899: 6896: 6879:romanization 6876: 6850: 6793: 6749: 6716: 6670: 6625: 6471: 6456: 6233: 6207: 6192:"he, she" + 6135: 6132:(monastery). 6113: 6101: 6087: 6074:(u:) pasang: 6073: 6059: 6040: 6028:ta.paey. tau 6027: 6010: 6005: 5988: 5979: 5964: 5955: 5946: 5937: 5926: 5914: 5905: 5888: 5874: 5860: 5846: 5827: 5813: 5799: 5785: 5771: 5757: 5743: 5724: 5710: 5696: 5682: 5668: 5654: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5604: 5599: 5590: 5581: 5575:('aunt') or 5572: 5563: 5554: 5547: 5542: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5516: 5507: 5501:for men and 5498: 5490: 5458: 5392: 5361: 5171: 5163:or "month", 5150: 5143: 5138: 5130:hka.le: nga: 5129: 5110: 5089: 5078: 5070:"female cat" 5067: 5056: 5044: 5035: 5026: 5017: 5009: 5005: 5002: 4991: 4988: 4986:ကလေး ၅ ယောက် 4985: 4979: 4974: 4963: 4958: 4947: 4942: 4931: 4925: 4914: 4903: 4892: 4880: 4871: 4862: 4852: 4844:' don't eat' 4843: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4819: 4812: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4784: 4775: 4768: 4757: 4750: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4718: 4714: 4712: 4710:ca: tau. mai 4709: 4707:စား တော့ မယ် 4706: 4703: 4684: 4677: 4674:'I will eat' 4673: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4649: 4640: 4633: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4599: 4592: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4564: 4557: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4529: 4519: 4512: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4484: 4475: 4468: 4457: 4450: 4442: 4432: 4423: 4415:Superlatives 4410: 4402:Comparatives 4400: 4395: 4384: 4376: 4365: 4359:Colloquial: 4352: 4343: 4332: 4307:Instrumental 4208: 4197: 4194:Case affixes 4173: 4157: 4151: 4143:Shanghainese 4108: 4093: 4081: 4059:'rice-water' 4002: 3983:It contains 3974: 3869: 3860: 3852: 3836: 3820: 3803: 3795: 3779: 3763: 3747: 3734: 3684:glottal stop 3573: 3564: 3544: 3540:Shanghainese 3513: 3471: 3424: 3266:Monophthongs 3249: 3240:/mòʊɰ̃dáɪɰ̃/ 3224: 3206: 3194:'door', and 3139: 3129:An alveolar 3128: 3099: 2664: 2646:(Sanskrit). 2640:'moon'), or 2635: 2615: 2610: 2591: 2581: 2551: 2546: 2531: 2512: 2483: 2470: 2459:springroll: 2445: 2428: 2427:, from Pali 2416: 2402:(religion), 2397: 2383: 2328: 2311: 2300: 2286: 2267:"airplane": 2232: 2211: 2209: 2204: 2196: 2194: 2189: 2179: 2177: 2172: 2164: 2162: 2157: 2147: 2145: 2135: 2133: 2128: 2107: 2099: 2088: 2074: 2052: 2037: 2026: 2017: 2005: 1996: 1980:householders 1967: 1956: 1933:measure word 1784:sau:a.hkaka. 1702: 1694: 1689: 1677: 1663: 1651: 1637: 1625: 1611: 1599: 1585: 1573: 1559: 1547: 1533: 1521: 1506: 1500: 1488: 1469: 1453: 1426: 1414:Pe Maung Tin 1407: 1395: 1391: 1363: 1341: 1335: 1329: 1305: 1290: 1263:Pyu language 1256: 1241: 1177: 1164: 1154: 1107: 1103:glottal stop 1093:Dialects in 1092: 922:(Merguese), 913: 881:Mon language 878: 864: 849: 840: 811: 797: 776: 763: 745: 693: 657: 616:monosyllabic 601: 580: 576: 572: 515:Mranma bhasa 513: 497: 493: 492: 452: 417:Linguasphere 400: 161: 152:Lolo-Burmese 142:Sino-Tibetan 75:Mae Hong Son 13475:Asia portal 13376:States with 13296:Philippines 13236:South Korea 13231:North Korea 13126:Afghanistan 12769:Agriculture 12607:Earthquakes 12468:Shan States 12186:Tanintharyi 11962:Akyaung Ari 11804:S’gaw Karen 11625:Anu-Hkongso 10953:(Axi-Puoid) 9708:Old Burmese 9518:Taw Sein Ko 8769:(2): 5–33. 8213:24 December 8179:24 December 7939:Taylor 1920 7927:Taylor 1920 7563:, pp. 7499:, p. . 7478:, p. . 7376:Allott 1983 7070:in English: 7033:in Burmese: 6857:tone sandhi 6798:, although 6765:('someone') 6744:အမျိုးမျိုး 6068:(ဦး)ပဉ္စင်း 6060:bhun: bhun: 5938:bhun: bhun: 5808:ခင်ဗျားတို့ 5593:('son') or 5271:for animals 5057:kraung hti: 4839:ma.ca: bhu: 4809:'don't eat' 4804:ma.ca: nai. 4622:(စ) စား ပြီ 4593:This affix 4546:စား ခဲ့ တယ် 4316:Possessive 4262:thó (သို့) 4204:case system 4057:/tʰə.mə.jè/ 4048:'be wanton' 3768:"be bitter" 3530:, but also 3032:Approximant 2536:storeroom: 2421:suffering: 2370:'to sign': 2307:Lower Burma 2285:(from Pali 2066:phonotactic 2018:pyam tau mu 1366:Lower Burma 1301:orthography 1297:sound pairs 1244:Old Burmese 1220:Old Burmese 1214:Old Burmese 1180:Old Burmese 906:Yaw dialect 832:instead of 808:Lower Burma 794:Upper Burma 680:Old Tibetan 650:alphabets. 561:Cox's Bazar 557:Khagrachari 184:Old Burmese 178:Early forms 13490:Categories 13356:Uzbekistan 13331:Tajikistan 13246:Kyrgyzstan 13226:Kazakhstan 13146:Bangladesh 13136:Azerbaijan 12978:Literature 12933:Censorship 12913:State Seal 12707:Parliament 12648:Corruption 12572:Ecoregions 12391:Prehistory 12263:Vietnamese 12172:Hmong Njua 12164:Hmong–Mien 12081:Geko Karen 11982:Long Phuri 11824:(Taungtha) 11782:Geba Karen 11489:Hakha Chin 11254:Intha-Danu 11247:Intha-Danu 9856:Dhammathat 9842:Literature 9805:Honorifics 9779:vocabulary 9610:2014-06-21 9133:2013-10-20 9085:(1): 1–11. 8999:2013-10-20 8854:2008-07-29 8658:2011-05-24 8589:19 October 8520:2013-10-20 8490:2022-08-22 8385:2010-08-20 8307:1297859465 8269:References 8152:Saini 2016 8059:2013-10-20 8045:186013758X 7896:Jones 1986 7848:Chang 2003 7399:Jenny 2013 7322:Chang 2003 7302:Ethnologue 7242:Ethnologue 7224:Ethnologue 7206:Ethnologue 7188:Ethnologue 7170:Ethnologue 7152:Ethnologue 7134:Ethnologue 6920:See also: 6204:"his, her" 6126:chief monk 6082:အရှင်ဘုရား 6054:ဘုန်းဘုန်း 5961:အရှင်ဘုရား 5947:phun: kri: 5934:ဘုန်းဘုန်း 5828:hrang tui. 5772:khang bya: 5719:ကျွန်မတို့ 5526:khang bya: 5442:အဆောက်အအုံ 5387:လုပ်စမ်းပါ 5348:for groups 5251:for people 5231:for people 5211:for people 5094:toddy palm 5090:htan: hpui 5068:kraung ma. 5059:"male cat" 4678:The affix 4634:The affix 4584:ca: ne tai 4581:စား နေ တယ် 4558:The affix 4513:The affix 4469:The affix 4335:adjectives 4329:Adjectives 4294:Comitative 4288:hma (မှာ) 4249:Recipient 4176:word order 4174:The basic 4013:/kʰə.loʊʔ/ 3923:'to crave' 3882:, and the 3572:(shown on 3563:(shown on 3271:Diphthongs 2661:Consonants 2628:စန္ဒာ/စန်း 2592:university 2554:neologisms 2456:, from Mon 2412:Portuguese 2382:(English, 2373:ဆိုင်းထိုး 2359:အခွင့်အရေး 2356:'human' + 2334:ဒီမိုကရေစီ 2331:→ Burmese 2303:Mon people 2254:neologisms 2235:→ Burmese 2200:→ Burmese 2168:→ Burmese 2139:→ Burmese 2093:→ Burmese 2034:Vocabulary 1959:honorifics 1945:past tense 1707:"When the 1497:မြန်မာစကား 1204:Word order 759:Bangladesh 729:Shan State 614:, largely 531:spoken in 520:pronounced 504:မြန်မာဘာသာ 103:Chittagong 99:Bangladesh 13442:Hong Kong 13396:Palestine 13321:Sri Lanka 13316:Singapore 13196:Indonesia 13003:Tattooing 12963:Festivals 12958:Etymology 12865:Languages 12840:Education 12724:President 12653:Elections 12612:Volcanoes 12587:Mountains 12540:Geography 12528:Civil war 12518:2021 coup 11874:Mro-Khimi 11777:Bwe Karen 11732:Tai Laing 11429:Kuki-Chin 10981:Sani–Azha 10824:Kazhuoish 10151:(Hanoish) 9787:Phonology 9744:Merguiese 9553:110774660 9447:cite book 9259:: 61–99. 9244:232344700 9180:179005822 8783:0125-6424 8731:CiteSeerX 8641:203848291 7561:Adas 2011 7412:"Myanmar" 6726:အပြည်ပြည် 6698:) become 6102:chara dau 6022:တပည့်တော် 6000:Singular 5976:တပည့်တော် 5956:chara dau 5949:'monk'), 5943:ဘုန်းကြီး 5889:sang tui. 5861:(a.) sang 5800:nang tui. 5683:kywan ma. 5663:ကျွန်တော် 5614:Singular 5534:သခင်ဘုရား 5495:ကျွန်တော် 5351:Can be . 5079:krak hpa. 5053:ကြောင်ထီး 4926:mrac tou: 4917:"rivers" 4915:mrac mya: 4906:"rivers" 4396:lu hkyau: 4373:ချောသောလူ 4362:ချောတဲ့လူ 4322:yé (ရဲ့) 4301:né (နဲ့) 4244:ko (ကို) 4241:ko (ကို) 4158:parabaiks 4147:Cantonese 3857:"appoint" 3825:"undergo" 3725:high (in 3585:Intensity 3579:Phonation 3532:phonation 3334:Close-mid 3301:offglide 3295:offglide 3071:voiceless 3003:aspirated 2968:voiceless 2933:Fricative 2893:aspirated 2804:Affricate 2760:voiceless 2707:Laryngeal 2650:Phonology 2611:Takkasīla 2597:တက္ကသိုလ် 2587:ယူနီဗာစတီ 2462:ကော်ပြန့် 2362:'rights') 2329:democracy 2270:လေယာဉ်ပျံ 2262:compounds 2247:('pride') 2070:loanwords 2059:Theravada 2029:for laity 2014:ပျံတော်မူ 2008:for laity 1698:Minn Latt 1489:mranma ca 1472:registers 1466:Registers 1427:The 1948 1198:to early 936:Dialects 918:, Palaw, 845:ကျွန်တော် 747:Arakanese 553:Bandarban 549:Rangamati 402:Glottolog 326:ISO 639-3 290:ISO 639-2 272:ISO 639-1 13465:Category 13386:Abkhazia 13336:Thailand 13291:Pakistan 13271:Mongolia 13266:Maldives 13261:Malaysia 13161:Cambodia 13038:Category 13013:Weddings 12973:Folklore 12943:Clothing 12923:Calendar 12918:Capitals 12870:Religion 12690:Military 12680:Conflict 12626:Politics 12602:Wildlife 12523:Protests 12357:articles 12286:Japanese 12154:Tai Nuea 11992:Tangkhul 11884:Rohingya 11600:Thaiphum 11552:Southern 11532:Senthang 11438:Northern 11304:Pai-lang 11297:Pai-lang 11240:Southern 11161:Northern 10874:(Nisoid) 10757:Gomotage 10428:Khongsat 10408:Phongset 10383:Sangkong 10104:Muangphe 10048:Mondzish 9935:Alphabet 9903:Thanbauk 9868:Ainggyin 9820:Pronouns 9810:Numerals 9757:Sandoway 9727:Dialects 9621:Archived 9587:Archived 9520:(1924). 9273:60685584 9052:31061123 8681:: 77–94. 8303:ProQuest 8259:Archived 8237:Archived 8097:Frontier 7836:MLC 1993 7079:See also 6991:de facto 6843:to raise 6784:Numerals 6660:မောင်နှမ 6343:ဒေါ်ကြီး 6294:ဒေါ်ကြီး 6274:အရီးကြီး 6172:"you" + 6006:Informal 5929:bhikkhus 5822:ရှင်တို့ 5697:nga tui. 5669:kywan to 5633:Informal 5623:Informal 5617:Plural* 5508:kya. ma. 5499:kya. nau 5461:pronouns 5459:Subject 5449:Pronouns 5366:(called 5194:Remarks 4928:"rivers" 4922:မြစ်တို့ 4911:မြစ်များ 4904:mrac twe 4836:မစား ဘူး 4801:မစား နဲ့ 4742:ca: tau. 4739:စား တော့ 4411:htak pui 4387:compound 4370:Formal: 4281:Locative 4268:Ablative 4258:Allative 4252:à (အား) 4227:Subject 4163:ပုရပိုက် 4100:(called 4053:ထမင်းရည် 4046:/kə.lɛʔ/ 4035:/θə.jɔ̀/ 4024:/pə.lwè/ 3969:/mjáʊɰ̃/ 3872:syllable 3787:Checked 3727:citation 3582:Duration 3520:phonemic 3372:Open-mid 3181:anusvara 2692:Post-al. 2687:Alveolar 2677:Bilabial 2539:ဂိုဒေါင် 2500:ၶဝ်ႈသွႆး 2491:ခေါက်ဆွဲ 2488:noodle: 2471:jūn-piáⁿ 2450:method: 2400:Sanskrit 2124:": Pali 2062:Buddhism 1984:bhikkhus 1753:Literary 1485:မြန်မာစာ 1200:Konbaung 964:Burmese 939:Burmese 817:အောက်သား 798:anya tha 783:Mandalay 707:Merguese 690:Dialects 579:, after 423:77-AAA-a 409:sout3159 71:Thailand 13361:Vietnam 13276:Myanmar 13256:Lebanon 13186:Georgia 13141:Bahrain 13131:Armenia 13050:Commons 12948:Cuisine 12895:Culture 12818:Society 12794:Tourism 12757:Economy 12577:Islands 12562:Climate 12552:Borders 12383:History 12353:Myanmar 12281:English 12258:Russian 12253:Punjabi 12243:Burmese 12214:Tavoyan 12144:Tai Lue 12131:Kra–Dai 12116:Taungyo 12106:Padaung 12043:Tai Loi 12033:Palaung 11926:Leinong 11899:Sagaing 11859:Rakhine 11851:Rakhine 11797:Western 11792:Eastern 11759:Karenni 11727:Palaung 11681:Lhao Vo 11605:Welaung 11590:Songlai 11476:Central 11397:English 11381:English 11376:Burmese 11280:Tavoyan 11275:Rakhine 11270:Burmese 11185:Chashan 11153:Burmish 11008:Alingpo 10860:Nisoish 10742:Laizisi 10737:Kuamasi 10732:Kua-nsi 10679:Xuzhang 10664:Yangliu 10644:Lisoish 10622:Nusoish 10601:Lahoish 10574:Lawoish 10423:Bantang 10413:Phunyot 10403:Phongku 10398:Laoseng 10388:Tsukong 10368:Sinsali 10348:Laomian 10286:Baihong 10225:Luomian 10133:Loloish 10119:Mongphu 9940:Braille 9763:Tavoyan 9639:Unicode 9043:6534992 7297:Burmese 7201:Rakhine 7183:Taungyo 7147:Myanmar 7129:Burmese 6983:Unicode 6969:WYSIWYG 6932:de jure 6837: 6816:Tibetan 6812:Chinese 6776:တစ်ခုခု 6700:adverbs 6654:ညီနောင် 6460:ထွေးလေး 6351:ဒေါ်လေး 6302:ဒေါ်လေး 6282:အရီးလေး 6217:မြန်မာ့ 6096:ဆရာတော် 5997:Person 5952:ဆရာတော် 5883:သင်တို့ 5875:su tui. 5794:နင်ဒို့ 5766:ခင်ဗျား 5611:Person 5582:u: lei: 5573:dau le: 5569:ဒေါ်လေး 5530:Burmese 5522:ခင်ဗျား 5369:ပစ္စည်း 5364:affixes 5358:Affixes 5178:Burmese 5157:"day", 5121:Chinese 5117:Bengali 5086:ထန်းဖို 5064:ကြောင်မ 4940:hka.le: 4900:မြစ်တွေ 4895:"river" 4669:ca: mai 4666:စား မယ် 4554:'I ate' 4509:'I eat' 4504:ca: tai 4501:စား တယ် 4275:ká (က) 4238:Object 4180:subject 4170:Grammar 4137:ကျောင်း 4131:က္လောင် 4085:abugida 4026:'flute' 3971:'ditch' 3965:မြောင်း 3957:/màʊɰ̃/ 3935:'earth' 3844:Creaky 3771:Creaky 3752:"shake" 3704:တိုင်သံ 3699:Checked 3643:breathy 3598:နိမ့်သံ 3558:Burmese 3488:. Thus 3283:Central 3124:/t,d,s/ 3112:/t̪,d̪/ 2697:Palatal 2607:တက္ကသီလ 2542:, from 2494:, from 2467:Hokkien 2465:, from 2443:English 2441:, from 2438:ရေဒီယို 2435:radio: 2408:Chinese 2318:English 2258:calques 1874:tum:ka. 1829:sehcum: 1780:သောအခါက 1196:Toungoo 1174:History 1163:[θw 1153:[θw 1064:84-92% 1051:Taungyo 1045:84-92% 1036:85-94% 1029:Rakhine 998:85-94% 958:Taungyo 953:Rakhine 924:Tavoyan 865:kya.ma. 850:kya.nau 812:auk tha 737:Taungyo 711:Tavoyan 668:Sinitic 648:Pallava 644:Kadamba 630:of the 622:with a 577:Burmese 533:Myanmar 527:) is a 498:Burmese 494:Burmese 377:Rakhine 367:Taungyo 347:Myanmar 314: ( 301: ( 247:Myanmar 210:Myanmar 162:Burmese 157:Burmish 93:Tripura 89:Manipur 85:Mizoram 56:Myanmar 22:Burmese 13406:Taiwan 13341:Turkey 13306:Russia 13241:Kuwait 13221:Jordan 13211:Israel 13171:Cyprus 13156:Brunei 13151:Bhutan 13062:Portal 12938:Cinema 12928:Zodiac 12908:Anthem 12855:Health 12597:Rivers 12557:Cities 12355: 12291:Korean 12204:Moklen 11977:Makury 11946:Tangsa 11931:Makyam 11921:Konyak 11864:Chakma 11822:Rungtu 11814:Magway 11717:Khamti 11696:Rawang 11671:Jingpo 11656:Achang 11639:Kachin 11580:Nga La 11537:Zotung 11514:Maraic 11461:Thadou 11175:Achang 11103:others 11069:Zokhuo 11064:Thopho 11059:Phukha 11049:Laghuu 11029:Khlula 10902:Nasoid 10881:Nosoid 10795:Hlersu 10775:Toloza 10752:Sonaga 10747:Zibusi 10712:Lang'e 10694:Taloid 10674:Mangdi 10652:Laloid 10634:Zauzou 10613:Kucong 10471:Phana’ 10443:Siloid 10393:Laopan 10373:Cantan 10363:Phunoi 10353:Laopin 10335:Bisoid 10291:Bukong 10240:Guozuo 10230:Angluo 10210:Nuomei 10184:Muteun 10179:Chepya 10159:Hanoid 10138:(Ngwi) 10114:Motang 10109:Mauphu 10094:Mantsi 9882:Mawgun 9753:Ramree 9701:Stages 9551: 9506: 9487: 9468: 9402: 9383: 9377:135–55 9345: 9326: 9307: 9288: 9271: 9242: 9202: 9178: 9172:607065 9170: 9102: 9050: 9040: 8982: 8911: 8891: 8870: 8827: 8800: 8781: 8733: 8703: 8639: 8543: 8481: 8450: 8415:595942 8413: 8322: 8305: 8286: 8042: 7002:Gboard 6976:Zawgyi 6829:မြောက် 6738:အမျိုး 6695:လှလှပပ 6522:အစ်ကို 6511:အစ်ကို 6440:ဦးကြီး 6313:မိကြီး 6184:"your" 6152:"I" + 6130:kyaung 6041:da. ka 6011:Formal 5989:da. ka 5940:(from 5869:သူဒို့ 5855:(အ)သင် 5691:ငါဒို့ 5677:ကျွန်မ 5638:Formal 5628:Formal 5600:sa.mi: 5504:ကျွန်မ 5381:လုပ်ပါ 5126:ကလေး ၅ 5119:, and 5096:plant" 5092:"male 4993:/kʰəlé 4944:/kʰəlé 4830:ma.ca: 4795:ma.ca: 4785:hnang. 4747:'eat ' 4407:ထက်ပို 4392:လူချော 4319:í (၏) 4184:object 4037:'mock' 3962:CGVVC 3945:/mjɛʔ/ 3688:medium 3680:creaky 3658:Creaky 3613:medium 3588:Pitch 3570:Symbol 3504:/tɕàũ/ 3500:ကြောင် 3495:/n̥iʔ/ 3252:vowels 3246:Vowels 3191:tankhá 3037:voiced 2938:voiced 2809:voiced 2720:voiced 2682:Dental 2643:သော်တာ 2602:Taxila 2594:, now 2547:gudang 2525:Arabic 2517:flag: 2476:wife: 2430:dukkha 2379:ဆိုင်း 1993:ကျိန်း 1930:people 1924:happen 1918:Gloss 1883:a.yauk 1879:အယောက် 1861:Spoken 1825:သေဆုံး 1756:(HIGH) 1748:part. 1678:hlyang 1652:hnang. 1342:kyaung 1337:kyaung 1072:Marma 908:, and 860:ကျွန်မ 803:အညာသား 787:Yangon 739:, and 684:Tangut 634:. The 610:, and 244: 65:Dehong 13447:Macau 13366:Yemen 13326:Syria 13301:Qatar 13281:Nepal 13216:Japan 13191:India 13181:Egypt 13166:China 12988:Music 12983:Media 12953:Dance 12875:Women 12830:Crime 12582:Lakes 12371:Burma 12248:Hindi 12209:S’gaw 12199:Moken 12194:Malay 12091:Lahta 12086:Intha 12038:Riang 12028:Danau 12023:Blang 11955:Other 11936:Ponyo 11869:Laitu 11769:Kayin 11754:Kayaw 11746:Kayah 11710:Other 11701:Zaiwa 11676:Lashi 11661:Drung 11618:Other 11595:Sumtu 11575:Kʼchò 11570:Khumi 11565:Kaang 11542:Zyphe 11522:Lautu 11499:Ngawn 11456:Tedim 11451:Siyin 11446:Falam 11190:Zaiwa 11180:Lashi 11110:Pholo 11090:Phupa 11085:Phola 11054:Phowa 11013:Samei 10919:Luoji 10914:Chesu 10851:Meuma 10841:Sanie 10831:Katso 10800:Micha 10727:Naruo 10722:Popei 10517:Kaduo 10500:Bi-Ka 10491:Gokhy 10476:Wanyä 10461:Cosao 10433:Habei 10418:Cauho 10378:Cốông 10311:Duota 10306:Duoni 10301:Suobi 10269:Haoni 10260:Kabie 10250:Yiche 10245:Gehuo 10235:Guohe 10215:Nuobi 10089:Mango 10084:Manga 10079:Maang 10063:Kathu 10056:Kathu 9910:Yagan 9875:Égyin 9832:Verbs 9739:Intha 9549:S2CID 9269:S2CID 9240:S2CID 9218:(PDF) 9192:(PDF) 9176:S2CID 9168:JSTOR 9127:(PDF) 9120:(PDF) 8993:(PDF) 8976:(PDF) 8962:(PDF) 8947:(PDF) 8927:(PDF) 8719:(PDF) 8671:(PDF) 8637:S2CID 8627:(1). 8566:(PDF) 8554:(PDF) 8533:(PDF) 8514:(PDF) 8503:(PDF) 8427:(PDF) 8411:JSTOR 8379:(PDF) 8372:(PDF) 8078:(PDF) 8053:(PDF) 8036:(PDF) 7992:(PDF) 7565:67–77 7165:Intha 7114:Notes 6909:ခိုင် 6756:ယောက် 6642:နောင် 6636:မောင် 6552:မောင် 6504:နောင် 6479:Term 6466:ဘထွေး 6447:ဦးလေး 6410:ဖကြီး 6399:ဦးလေး 6392:ဘကြီး 6374:ဘကြီး 6346:(or ) 6320:မိငယ် 6297:(or ) 6285:(or ) 6277:(or ) 6246:Term 6237:ဆွမ်း 6128:of a 5786:hrang 5758:mang: 5578:ဦးလေး 5543:hrang 5532: 5266:kaung 5261:ကောင် 5201:ယောက် 5191:Usage 5135:ယောက် 5075:ကြက်ဖ 5029:, or 4999:jaʊʔ/ 4976:jaʊʔ/ 4969:ယောက် 4948:child 4854:Nouns 4849:Nouns 4781:နှင့် 4719:When 4616:(ca.) 4520:hkai. 4445:verbs 4439:Verbs 4433:hcum: 4122:and 4031:သရော် 4009:ခလုတ် 3953:မောင် 3950:CVVC 3947:'eye' 3938:CGVC 3933:/mjè/ 3921:/mɛʔ/ 3909:/mɛ̀/ 3880:glide 3876:onset 3828:High 3755:High 3719:short 3676:tense 3663:သက်သံ 3629:တက်သံ 3610:modal 3538:like 3528:pitch 3510:Tones 3307:Close 3293:Front 3278:Front 3225:thóum 3202:tantá 3197:တံတား 3186:တံခါး 3116:/θ,ð/ 2848:plain 2714:Nasal 2702:Velar 2637:canda 2544:Malay 2532:ʿalam 2446:radio 2424:ဒုက္ခ 2404:Hindi 2226:Pali 2210:kusui 2203:ကုသို 2122:karma 2109:athat 2048:nouns 1997:kyin: 1936:3,000 1888:လောက် 1870:တုံးက 1864:(LOW) 1856:sany 1838:hkai. 1820:hmya. 1775:hprac 1745:Affix 1742:Affix 1736:Affix 1730:Affix 1724:Affix 1674:လျှင် 1648:နှင့် 1574:hnai. 1372:, an 1248:Pagan 1188:Pagan 1167:] 1157:] 1130:] 1126:[ 1122:] 1118:[ 1067:100% 1042:100% 1017:100% 1007:Intha 992:100% 967:100% 948:Intha 920:Myeik 823:ဆွမ်း 755:Marma 733:Intha 715:Palaw 604:tonal 581:Burma 541:Bamar 510:MLCTS 357:Intha 81:India 61:China 13286:Oman 13251:Laos 13206:Iraq 13201:Iran 12968:Flag 12741:list 12729:list 12668:LGBT 12149:Shan 12139:Khün 12111:Pyen 12101:Pa’o 12096:Lahu 12076:Danu 12071:Akha 12066:Akeu 12006:Shan 11987:Para 11972:Koki 11967:Anal 11722:Nùng 11691:Nusu 11686:Lisu 11666:Hpon 11560:Daai 11527:Mara 11504:Tawr 11494:Mizo 11484:Bawm 11420:Chin 11408:(by 11227:Pela 11206:Hpon 11199:Hpon 11125:Xiqi 11120:Long 11115:Ache 11044:Moji 11039:Muzi 11034:Muji 11003:Azha 10998:Azhe 10972:Lope 10960:Nisu 10934:Aluo 10924:Gepo 10846:Sadu 10836:Samu 10810:Limi 10805:Lamu 10790:Mili 10780:Lipo 10770:Lisu 10717:Tagu 10707:Lavu 10702:Talu 10629:Nusu 10608:Lahu 10592:Lewu 10582:Lawu 10549:Jino 10542:Jino 10507:Piyo 10486:Luma 10481:Akeu 10466:Paza 10456:Khir 10451:Sila 10358:Pyen 10343:Bisu 10316:Asuo 10296:Budu 10281:Woni 10276:Honi 10255:Qidi 10220:Lami 10205:Hani 10198:Hani 10189:Muda 10174:Akha 10167:Akha 10136:(Yi) 10099:Maza 9896:Yadu 9734:Danu 9595:SOAS 9593:) – 9504:ISBN 9485:ISBN 9466:ISBN 9453:link 9400:ISBN 9381:ISBN 9343:ISBN 9324:ISBN 9305:ISBN 9286:ISBN 9200:ISBN 9100:ISBN 9048:PMID 8980:ISBN 8909:ISBN 8889:ISBN 8868:ISBN 8825:ISBN 8798:ISBN 8779:ISSN 8701:ISBN 8591:2013 8541:ISBN 8479:ISBN 8448:ISBN 8437:(1). 8320:ISBN 8284:ISBN 8215:2019 8181:2019 8040:ISBN 7045:The 6903:ဝင်း 6834:lit. 6824:Pali 6814:and 6720:ပြည် 6711:ခဏခဏ 6677:ချော 6575:အစ်မ 6417:ဖငယ် 6381:ဘလေး 6211:အမေ့ 6181:နင့် 6164:"my" 5915:dui. 5911:ဒို့ 5906:tui. 5902:တို့ 5780:ရှင် 5752:မင်း 5744:nang 5596:သမီး 5564:nang 5539:ရှင် 5513:မင်း 5418:အဝင် 5375:စမ်း 5324:pra: 5319:ပြား 5305:lum: 5300:လုံး 5285:hku. 5206:yauk 5154:နာရီ 5139:yauk 5113:Thai 5036:hpui 5018:hti: 4972:yauk 4964:five 4956:nga: 4937:ကလေး 4893:mrac 4889:မြစ် 4881:tou. 4877:တို့ 4872:mya: 4868:များ 4827:မစား 4820:bhu: 4792:မစား 4776:nai. 4722:တော့ 4685:tau. 4681:တော့ 4650:many 4485:sany 4429:ဆုံး 4353:sau: 4344:tai. 4188:verb 4042:ကလက် 4020:ပလွေ 3941:မျက် 3926:CGV 3914:CVC 3896:/ɰ̃/ 3894:and 3890:are 3888:coda 3884:rime 3870:The 3847:ခန့် 3831:ခန်း 3812:Low 3806:/ɰ̃/ 3739:Low 3722:high 3691:high 3650:high 3647:long 3624:High 3555:Tone 3524:tone 3491:နှစ် 3484:and 3482:/ɰ̃/ 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