29:
179:
708:
had significant influence on Old
Burmese orthography and vocabulary, as Old Burmese borrowed many lexical items (especially relating to handicrafts, administration, flora and fauna, navigation and architecture), although grammatical influence was minimal. Many Mon
1105:'s Department of Archaeology in five volumes from 1972 to 1987. A digitized version of this collection and a corrected version of the same enhanced with metadata and transliteration are available at Zenodo.
302:
In Old
Burmese, postaspiration can be reconstructed to the proto-Burmese language, whereas preaspiration is comparatively newer, having derived from proto-prefixes. The merging of proto-prefixes (i.e.,
919:
Pali grammar also influenced negation in written Old
Burmese, as many Old Burmese inscriptions adopt the Pali method of negation. In Burmese, negation is accomplished by prefixing a negative particle
1340:
U Nyein Maung, Lewis-Wong, Jennifer, Khin Khin Zaw, McCormick, Patrick, & Hill, Nathan. (2020). A Structured Corpus of Old
Burmese Stone Inscriptions (Version 1) . Zenodo.
713:
are present in Old
Burmese inscriptions, including words that were absent in the Burmese vocabulary and those that substituted original Burmese words. Examples include:
1448:西田龍雄 (1955) "Myazedi 碑文における中古ビルマ語の研究 Myazedi hibu ni okeru chūko biruma go no kenkyū. Studies in the later ancient Burmese Language through Myazedi Inscriptions." 古代學
1645:
1087:
in India) is dated to 1035, while an 18th-century recast stone inscription points to 984. Perhaps the most well known inscription is the Old
Burmese face of the
1587:
1662:
235:, grammatical structure and vocabulary have remained markedly comparable, well into Modern Burmese, with the exception of lexical content (e.g.
1515:
1462:
Wāng Dànián 汪大年 (1983). "缅甸语中辅音韵尾的历史演变 Miǎndiànyǔ fǔyīn yùnwěi de lìshǐ yǎnbiàn [Historical evolution of
Burmese finals." 民族语文
1425:
1401:
916:
were interchangeable. This was a consequence of Pali grammar, which dictates that participles can be used in noun functions.
1262:
Tradition and
Modernity in Myanmar: Proceedings of an International Conference Held in Berlin from May 7th to May 9th, 1993
766:
Moreover, Mon influenced Old
Burmese orthography, particularly with regard to preference for certain spelling conventions:
196:
192:
1269:
1200:
1164:
1136:
1798:
317:
Old
Burmese maintains a number of distinctions which are no longer present in the orthography of standard Burmese.
309:
as an independent consonant used as a prefix) to preaspirated consonants was nearly complete by the 12th century.
1442:
Tokyo: Institute for the study of languages and cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
1508:
223:
occurred in the 16th century. The transition to Middle Burmese included phonological changes (e.g. mergers of
1623:
150:
1628:
338:
334:
330:
326:
1854:
1823:
79:
1849:
1501:
1788:
1753:
942:
Such grammatical influences from Pali on written Old Burmese had disappeared by the 15th century.
350:
Old Burmese orthography treated the preaspirated consonant as a separate segment, since a special
1780:
248:
73:
1286:
1733:
67:
1328:
U Nyein Maung. (2018). ရှေးဟောင်းမြန်မာကျောက်စာများ (Ancient Burmese Inscriptions ) . Zenodo.
1469:
Wun, Maung (1975). "Development of the Burmese language in the medieval period." 大阪外国語大学学報
869:
8:
1793:
1740:
1569:
1564:
1088:
274:
1680:
1672:
1635:
1380:
1481:Вопросы фонологии древнебирманского языка. Voprosy fonologii drevnebirmanskogo jazyka.
824:
Two grammatical markers presently found in Modern Burmese are extant to Old Burmese:
166:
28:
1617:
1397:
1265:
1196:
1160:
1155:
Wheatley, Julian (2013). "12. Burmese". In Randy J. LaPolla; Graham Thurgood (eds.).
1132:
1102:
227:
that were distinct in Old Burmese) as well as accompanying changes in the underlying
84:
1486:
Yanson, Rudolf (2006). 'Notes on the evolution of the Burmese Phonological System.'
1765:
1650:
1640:
1593:
1579:
1548:
1524:
1370:
1084:
212:
200:
186:
1818:
1770:
1655:
59:
1692:
1583:
1543:
1445:
220:
114:
107:
1843:
1828:
1726:
1574:
1476:
1440:
Four Papers on Burmese: Toward the history of Burmese (the Myanmar language).
1359:"The Myth of the "Three Shan Brothers" and the Ava Period in Burmese History"
252:
236:
143:
42:
815:) - attributed to the fact that Old Mon did not have preaspirated consonants
1686:
1455:
Pān Wùyún 潘悟雲 (2000). "緬甸文元音的轉寫 Miǎndiàn wényuán yīn de zhuǎn xiě. .” 民族語文
1435:
1417:
705:
407:
224:
219:, and is the oldest phase of Burmese linguistic history. The transition to
134:
1598:
1341:
1329:
803:) instead of HR- as done with other preaspirated consonants (e.g. "monk"
228:
1384:
232:
868:
Pali also had an influence in the construction of written Old Burmese
1422:
Tōyō gakuhō. The Journal of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko
1410:
Dempsey, Jakob (2001). “Remarks on the vowel system of old Burmese.”
710:
351:
296:
159:
127:
1375:
1358:
406:. The earliest Old Burmese documents, in particular the Myazedi and
1698:
1493:
1193:
Aspiration in the Burmese Phonological System: A Diachronic Account
1705:
1217:
1426:
Proto-Lolo-Burmese and Old Burmese Sources of Written Burmese -ac
1101:; lit. "Ancient Stone Inscriptions of Myanmar") was published by
1712:
1420:西 義郎 (1974) "ビルマ文語の-acについて Birumabungo-no-ac-ni tsuite" 東洋学報
1396:(illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.
1195:. Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages IV. Brill. pp. 17–29.
1126:
841:- nonfinite predicate (conjunction that connects two clauses)
251:, Burmese has a phonological system with two-way aspiration:
216:
1091:. The most complete set of Old Burmese inscriptions, called
1083:
The earliest evidence of Burmese script (inscription at the
862:
701:
1129:
South-East Asia: Languages and Literatures: a Select Guide
1719:
882:) construction can only modify the succeeding noun (e.g.
1259:
865:, whose inflected verbs can express the main predicate.
325:
Whereas Modern Standard Burmese uses 3 written medials (
295:). In Burmese, this distinction serves to differentiate
1304:
904:, "lover"), in Old Burmese, both constructions, verb +
374:) was stacked above the consonant being modified (e.g.
1490:. Christopher I. Beckwith, ed. Leiden: Brill. 103–20.
1394:
The Mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma
1369:(4). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 881–901.
341:, which was typically written as a stacked consonant
833:- finite predicate (placed at the end of a sentence)
1430:
Journal of the South East Asian Linguistics Society
1127:Herbert, Patricia; Anthony Crothers Milner (1989).
394:Examples of such differences include the consonant
364:) had not yet been innovated. As such, the letter
1841:
1191:Yanson, Rudolf A. (2012). Nathan W. Hill (ed.).
1509:
1096:
1066:
1059:
1045:
1038:
1025:
1019:
1011:
1005:
998:
984:
977:
930:
920:
911:
905:
899:
889:
883:
873:
856:
846:
836:
828:
810:
804:
798:
789:
783:
777:
771:
758:
742:
726:
381:
375:
369:
359:
342:
304:
287:
278:
265:
256:
1278:
1313:
1260:Uta Gärtner, Jens Lorenz, ed. (1994). "3".
898:) can only modify the preceding verb (e.g.
337:), Old Burmese had a fourth written medial
215:, as attested in the stone inscriptions of
1516:
1502:
1391:
1356:
1255:
27:
1424:56.1: 01–43. (Translation published as "
1374:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1150:
1148:
1131:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 5.
1122:
1120:
1118:
1078:
750:
734:
718:
1357:Aung-Thwin, Michael A. (November 1996).
1264:. LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 366–426.
1154:
1024:was a plural marker, now Modern Burmese
872:. Whereas in Modern Burmese, the verb +
1284:
197:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1842:
1232:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1145:
1115:
929:) to the verb being negated. In Pali,
347:underneath the letter being modified.
1497:
1412:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
1342:http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4321314
1330:http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1202320
1294:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
1222:Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area
1523:
1300:(1). Melbourne: La Trobe University.
1215:
1488:Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages II
1310:Aung-Thwin (2005): 167–178, 197–200
1173:
13:
16:Early form of the Burmese language
14:
1866:
299:verbs of Sino-Tibetan etymology.
33:Detail of the Myazedi inscription
1799:BGN/PCGN romanization of Burmese
177:
1392:Aung-Thwin, Michael A. (2005).
1334:
418:. Old Burmese also had a final
1471:Ōsaka gaikokugo daigaku gakuhō
1414:24.2: 205–34. Errata 26.1 183.
1322:
1285:Bradley, David (Spring 1993).
1209:
1098:ရှေးဟောင်း မြန်မာ ကျောက်စာများ
577:ကျောင်း/ကြောင်း (school/line)
312:
1:
1350:
1218:"Three notes on Laufer's law"
695:
410:inscriptions frequently have
320:
1363:The Journal of Asian Studies
1093:She-haung Myanma Kyauksa Mya
861:), following the pattern in
449:Example for Written Burmese
242:
7:
1824:Myanmar Language Commission
945:
297:causative and non-causative
10:
1871:
1287:"Pronouns in Burmese-Lolo"
819:
751:
719:
434:as shown by Nishi (1974).
380:where Modern Burmese uses
1811:
1779:
1761:
1752:
1671:
1607:
1557:
1531:
1452:4.1:17-31 and 5.1: 22–40.
1097:
1067:
1060:
1046:
1039:
1026:
1020:
1012:
1006:
999:
985:
978:
931:
921:
912:
906:
900:
890:
884:
874:
857:
847:
837:
829:
811:
805:
799:
790:
784:
778:
772:
398:and the lateral clusters
382:
376:
370:
360:
343:
305:
288:
279:
266:
257:
211:was an early form of the
157:
141:
125:
120:
104:
56:
48:
38:
26:
21:
1789:MLC Transcription System
1216:Hill, Nathan W. (2013).
1108:
951:Pronouns in Old Burmese
446:Example for Old Burmese
414:where later Burmese has
389:
888:, "man who loves") and
735:
249:Tibeto-Burman languages
1157:Sino-Tibetan Languages
1079:Surviving inscriptions
759:
743:
727:
185:This article contains
1624:Numerical classifiers
1450:Kodaigaku Palaeologia
1056:he/she (third person)
794:as in modern Burmese)
1629:Units of measurement
1319:Aung-Thwin 1996: 900
1794:ALA-LC romanization
1089:Myazedi inscription
1035:you (second person)
952:
939:) is used instead.
52:12th–16th centuries
1855:Medieval languages
950:
782:) (e.g. "destroy"
776:) instead of -Y- (
733:"excrement" - Mon
1837:
1836:
1807:
1806:
1403:978-0-8248-2886-8
1103:Yangon University
1076:
1075:
995:we (first person)
693:
692:
647:စည်းဝေး (gather)
193:rendering support
173:
172:
1862:
1850:Burmese language
1759:
1758:
1681:Royal chronicles
1580:Rakhine language
1525:Burmese language
1518:
1511:
1504:
1495:
1494:
1407:
1388:
1378:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1257:
1230:
1229:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1188:
1171:
1170:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1124:
1100:
1099:
1085:Mahabodhi Temple
1070:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1002:
1001:
988:
987:
981:
980:
974:I (first person)
953:
949:
934:
933:
924:
923:
915:
914:
909:
908:
903:
902:
893:
892:
887:
886:
877:
876:
870:verbal modifiers
860:
859:
850:
849:
845:In Old Burmese,
840:
839:
832:
831:
814:
813:
808:
807:
802:
801:
793:
792:
787:
786:
781:
780:
775:
774:
762:
756:
755:
754:
746:
740:
738:
730:
724:
723:
722:
443:Written Burmese
437:
436:
385:
384:
379:
378:
373:
372:
363:
362:
346:
345:
340:
336:
332:
328:
308:
307:
291:
290:
282:
281:
269:
268:
260:
259:
213:Burmese language
199: instead of
181:
180:
169:
153:
137:
130:
110:
62:
31:
19:
18:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1819:Burmese English
1803:
1775:
1748:
1667:
1609:
1603:
1553:
1527:
1522:
1404:
1376:10.2307/2646527
1353:
1348:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1289:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1258:
1233:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1189:
1174:
1167:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1125:
1116:
1111:
1081:
966:(informal form)
965:
961:c. 12th century
960:
948:
822:
752:
736:
720:
698:
549:ထွေး (to spit)
392:
323:
315:
245:
206:
205:
204:
191:Without proper
182:
178:
165:
149:
146:
133:
126:
111:
106:
100:
63:
60:Language family
58:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1868:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1754:Writing system
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1693:Burmese poetry
1690:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1621:
1613:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1549:Modern Burmese
1546:
1544:Middle Burmese
1541:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1477:Yanson, Rudolf
1474:
1467:
1460:
1459:2000.2: 17–21.
1453:
1446:Nishida Tatsuo
1443:
1433:
1415:
1408:
1402:
1389:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1333:
1321:
1312:
1303:
1277:
1270:
1231:
1208:
1201:
1172:
1165:
1144:
1137:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1016:
1003:
996:
992:
991:
989:
982:
975:
971:
970:
967:
964:Modern Burmese
962:
957:
947:
944:
843:
842:
834:
821:
818:
817:
816:
795:
764:
763:
747:
731:
717:"widow" - Mon
697:
694:
691:
690:
687:
684:
681:
677:
676:
673:
670:
667:
663:
662:
659:
656:
653:
649:
648:
645:
642:
639:
635:
634:
631:
628:
625:
621:
620:
619:ကျွန် (slave)
617:
614:
611:
607:
606:
603:
600:
597:
593:
592:
589:
586:
583:
579:
578:
575:
572:
569:
565:
564:
561:
558:
555:
551:
550:
547:
544:
541:
537:
536:
535:ပေး (to give)
533:
530:
527:
523:
522:
520:
518:
515:
514:-o (early OB)
511:
510:
508:
506:
503:
499:
498:
496:
494:
491:
487:
486:
484:
482:
479:
475:
474:
472:
470:
467:
463:
462:
460:
458:
455:
451:
450:
447:
444:
441:
426:distinct from
391:
388:
322:
319:
314:
311:
275:postaspiration
244:
241:
237:function words
221:Middle Burmese
201:Burmese script
195:, you may see
187:Burmese script
183:
176:
175:
174:
171:
170:
163:
155:
154:
147:
142:
139:
138:
131:
123:
122:
121:Language codes
118:
117:
115:Burmese script
112:
108:Writing system
105:
102:
101:
99:
98:
97:
96:
95:
94:
93:
92:
66:
64:
57:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1867:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1830:
1829:Burmese names
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1656:Kinship terms
1654:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1646:Postpositions
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1489:
1485:
1483:Moscow: Nauk.
1482:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1354:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1299:
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1159:. Routledge.
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725:> Burmese
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253:preaspiration
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144:Linguist List
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74:Tibeto-Burman
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55:
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43:Pagan Kingdom
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
1812:Other topics
1781:Romanization
1739:
1732:
1725:
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1704:
1697:
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1616:
1608:Grammar and
1538:
1487:
1480:
1470:
1463:
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1436:Nishi Yoshio
1429:
1421:
1418:Nishi Yoshio
1411:
1393:
1366:
1362:
1336:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1293:
1280:
1261:
1225:
1221:
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1192:
1156:
1128:
1092:
1082:
1018:Old Burmese
941:
936:
926:
918:
895:
879:
867:
852:
844:
823:
797:use of RH- (
770:use of -E- (
765:
749:"sun" - Mon
706:Mon language
699:
689:စော (early)
661:ငယ် (young)
440:Old Burmese
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
408:Lokatheikpan
403:
399:
395:
393:
365:
355:
349:
324:
316:
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283:
270:
261:
247:Unlike most
246:
208:
207:
184:
158:
89:
80:Lolo–Burmese
68:Sino-Tibetan
1539:Old Burmese
1473:36: 63–119.
1464:Mínzú Yǔwén
1457:Mínzú Yǔwén
1432:9: 97–129.
1228:(1): 57–72.
959:Old Burmese
910:and verb +
700:Aside from
543:ေွ (ေွး)
313:Orthography
229:orthography
225:sound pairs
209:Old Burmese
90:Old Burmese
22:Old Burmese
1844:Categories
1687:Dhammathat
1673:Literature
1636:Honorifics
1610:vocabulary
1351:References
851:was spelt
800:ဟြ > ရှ
711:loan words
696:Vocabulary
633:ဆူ (boil)
591:သား (son)
563:သို့ (to)
321:Diacritics
233:Word order
1618:Phonology
1575:Merguiese
1466:2: 41–50.
885:ချစ်သောလူ
574:က္လောင်း
352:diacritic
243:Phonology
160:Glottolog
128:ISO 639-3
1766:Alphabet
1734:Thanbauk
1699:Ainggyin
1651:Pronouns
1641:Numerals
1588:Sandoway
1558:Dialects
1479:(1990).
1438:(1999).
969:Remarks
946:Pronouns
167:oldb1235
1771:Braille
1594:Tavoyan
1385:2646527
1000:အတိုဝ့်
956:Pronoun
820:Grammar
644:စည်ဝည်
616:ကျောန်
85:Burmish
1713:Mawgun
1584:Ramree
1532:Stages
1400:
1383:
1268:
1199:
1163:
1135:
1021:တိုဝ့်
1007:ငါတို့
901:ချစ်သူ
809:, not
788:, not
704:, the
560:သိုဝ်
356:ha hto
333:, and
277:(e.g.
273:) and
255:(e.g.
39:Region
1741:Yagan
1706:Égyin
1663:Verbs
1570:Intha
1381:JSTOR
1290:(PDF)
1109:Notes
853:ruy-e
760:taŋuy
744:haruk
728:kamay
675:အစဉ်
672:အစန်
602:ဟေတ်
588:သာဟ်
571:ျ/ ြ
554:ိုဝ်
546:ထုယ်
532:ပိယ်
390:Gloss
339:/-l-/
335:/-r-/
331:/-w-/
327:/-y-/
217:Pagan
1727:Yadu
1565:Danu
1398:ISBN
1266:ISBN
1197:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1133:ISBN
1061:အယင်
1027:တို့
1013:တို့
880:sau:
863:Pali
858:ရုယ်
812:ဟြင်
806:ရှင်
791:ဖျက်
785:ဖဧက်
753:တ္ၚဲ
721:ကၟဲာ
702:Pali
686:စဝ်
683:ော
680:-ဝ်
669:-ဉ်
666:-န်
655:-ယ်
641:ေး
638:-ည်
630:ဆော
624:ော
599:-စ်
596:-တ်
582:-ဟ်
557:ို့
540:ုယ်
526:ိယ်
517:-wa
502:-iy
493:-we
490:-uy
481:ky-
478:kl-
469:pr-
466:pl-
457:rh-
454:yh-
432:-any
430:and
422:and
404:khl-
402:and
286:vs.
284:kha.
264:vs.
262:hma.
1720:Pyo
1599:Yaw
1428:".
1371:doi
1047:နင်
1040:နင်
1010:or
927:ma.
907:သော
875:သော
773:-ဧ-
737:...
658:ငဲ
585:ား
568:္လ
529:ေ
505:-e
428:-ac
424:-an
420:-at
416:-wa
412:-o-
400:kl-
396:yh-
386:).
377:ဟ္မ
293:ka.
271:ma.
239:).
151:obr
135:obr
49:Era
1846::
1586:,
1379:.
1367:55
1365:.
1361:.
1298:16
1296:.
1292:.
1234:^
1226:36
1224:.
1220:.
1175:^
1147:^
1117:^
1068:သူ
1030:.
986:ငါ
979:ငာ
937:a.
913:သူ
896:su
891:သူ
652:ဲ
627:ူ
613:ွ
610:ာ
383:မှ
366:ha
358:,
344:္လ
329:,
258:မှ
231:.
1590:)
1582:(
1517:e
1510:t
1503:v
1406:.
1387:.
1373::
1274:.
1205:.
1169:.
1141:.
1095:(
935:(
932:အ
925:(
922:မ
894:(
878:(
855:(
848:၍
838:၍
830:၏
779:ျ
371:ဟ
368:(
361:ှ
354:(
306:ဟ
289:က
280:ခ
267:မ
203:.
189:.
76:)
72:(
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