122:
1138:, Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.). pages 337â359. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics 124. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
499:
branch with
Southwestern Tai as a sister branch. Luo claims that the Northwestern Tai branch has many Northern Tai and Central Tai features that are not found in Southwestern Tai. His proposed tree for the Tai branch is as follows.
689:
Southern Thai (Pak Thai) is often posited to be the most divergent; it seems to retain regular reflexes of early tonal developments that were obscured in the other (CentralâEastern) languages. The reconstructed language is called
465:
This bipartite division of
Southwestern Tai is argued for by Edward Robinson in his paper "Features of Proto-NĂŒa-Khamti" (1994). The following features set off the NĂŒa-Khamti group from all the other Southwestern Tai dialects.
435:
Edmondson & Solnit (1997) divide the
Southwestern Tai dialects into two major subgroups. According to this classification, Dehong Tai and Khamti are the first languages to have split off from the Southwestern Tai branch.
1095:." In J. G. Harris and J. R. Chamberlain, eds, Studies in Tai Linguistics in Honor of William J. Gedney, pp. 49â60. Bangkok: Central Institute of English Language, Office of State Universities.
538:
Pittayaporn (2014) also suggests that
Southwestern Tai began to disperse southward after the 7th century C.E. but before the 11th century C.E. (between 700 and 1000 C.E., during the late
458:
A transition zone between the
Northern and Southern groups occurs among the Tai languages (including Tai Mau) around the Burma-China border region of Mangshi, Namhkam, and Mu-se near
980:(Sapa) of Vietnam, which Pittayaporn excludes from Southwestern Tai but classifies as the most closely related language outside of that group. Pittayaporn also includes
1312:
650:
Pittayaporn, et al. (2018) note that following sound changes from Proto-Southwestern Tai (PSWT) to the Tai varieties represented in the
1213:. Paper presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, held May 17â19, 2018 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
1200:. Paper presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, held May 17â19, 2018 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
495:
Luo
Yongxian (2001) also recognizes the uniqueness of Dehong Tai (Tai Nuea), but argues for that it should be placed in a separate
2192:
535:
According to
Pittayaporn (2009:301), Southwestern Tai (his subgroup Q) is defined by a phonological shift of *kr- â *Ê°r-.
2202:
1305:
1177:
Layers of
Chinese Loanwords in Proto-Southwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai
1298:
658:
inscriptions, and conclude that the
Sukhothai and Ayutthaya inscriptions in fact represent the same language.
1176:
1181:
Research
Findings in Southeast Asian Linguistics, a Festschrift in Honor of Professor Pranee Kullavanijaya
2150:
2129:
1209:
Pittayawat Pittayaporn, Sireemas Maspong, Shinnakrit Tangsiriwattanakul, and Yanyong Sikkharit (2018).
1118:
1270:
1681:
1104:
Chamberlain, James R. 1984. "The Tai dialects of Khammouan province: their diversity and origins".
1765:
1280:
424:
530:
2197:
2012:
1986:
1935:
1915:
1653:
1275:
1092:
727:
712:
573:, while the Western branch is much more internally diverse. The Western branch also contains a
412:
408:
397:
306:
157:
1755:
1285:
2110:
2077:
1750:
1745:
1717:
1671:
1419:
1321:
1149:
194:
49:
977:
2027:
1812:
1740:
1725:
1390:
955:
943:
180:
The internal classification of the Southwestern Tai dialects is still not well agreed on.
8:
2157:
1735:
1730:
1676:
1568:
1251:
249:
1970:
1930:
757:
602:
566:
285:
2143:
2136:
2022:
2017:
1965:
1925:
1920:
1822:
967:
935:
895:
879:
851:
769:
763:
745:
606:
570:
280:
112:
1872:
1837:
1807:
1802:
1438:
939:
889:
863:
835:
804:
655:
651:
441:
358:
256:
245:
234:
1223:
2087:
2051:
1950:
1940:
1893:
1888:
1707:
1643:
1583:
1553:
1543:
1474:
1459:
1385:
963:
816:
798:
781:
775:
721:
619:
598:
562:
420:
378:
290:
270:
1955:
857:
2092:
1882:
1850:
1817:
1797:
1696:
1666:
1661:
1628:
1615:
1601:
1593:
1578:
1573:
1548:
1538:
1528:
1510:
1502:
1454:
1372:
1362:
1352:
959:
923:
905:
841:
445:
374:
44:
1760:
2173:
2120:
2067:
2042:
2007:
1960:
1832:
1827:
1563:
1533:
1520:
1443:
1427:
1400:
1395:
1380:
1342:
931:
927:
739:
547:
370:
149:
37:
1198:
Subgroup structure of Southwestern Tai based on early phonological innovations
1134:
Edmondson, Jerold A., Solnit, David B., authors. 1997. "Comparative Shan." In
191:
Chamberlain based his classification on the following phonological patterns. (
121:
2186:
2002:
1945:
1909:
1877:
1843:
1792:
1691:
1638:
1492:
1484:
1449:
1347:
1337:
1329:
1058:
1048:
1038:
1028:
1018:
1005:
947:
873:
827:
810:
751:
699:
637:
627:
615:
578:
451:
353:
332:
318:
296:
169:
165:
153:
145:
63:
795:(Laos; except Luang Prabang dialect is classified as Chiang Saen languages.)
1867:
1702:
1558:
1469:
1464:
1432:
1405:
989:
981:
950:(Thailand). It is not clear where they belong in the classification above.
792:
733:
641:
623:
582:
553:
Pittayaporn (2018) recognizes two branches within Southwestern Tai, namely
543:
539:
416:
392:
364:
161:
1623:
1611:
1357:
1064:
1054:
1044:
1034:
1024:
1014:
1001:
54:
2082:
1686:
706:
471:
326:
310:
483:
The low vowels /É/ and /É/ have merged with /e/ and /o/, respectively.
695:
106:
1290:
1166:. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Linguistics, Cornell University.
1068:
274:
300:
293:, a composite of varieties from many locations in several countries
193:
Note: For an explanation of the notation system for Tai tones, see
1125:, Special Issue 6, 74â86. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press.
970:(Laos). Geographically these would all appear to be Southwestern.
1271:
http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/wanna1992classification.pdf
322:
238:
1093:
A new look at the history and classification of the Tai dialects
561:. The Eastern branch consists of the closely related languages
1281:
http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/pranee1998linguistic.pdf
909:
899:
883:
867:
845:
831:
459:
314:
188:
Chamberlain (1975) divides Southwestern Tai into 4 branches.
1276:
http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/chamberlain1975new.pdf
1187:, Special Issue 20. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Press.
1019:
Black and white evidence for Vietnamese phonological history
1286:
http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/luo2001hypothesis.pdf
644:, etc. (defining innovations: *Él- > É- and *Ê°r > h-)
309:, a composite of varieties spoken in the capital towns of
1211:
The genetic relationship between Sukhothai and Ayutthaya
954:
also lists under Tai, without further classification,
1119:
The Tai Muong Vat do not Speak the Black Tai Language
736:(Lue, Tai Lue; China, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Burma)
1150:
The Hypothesis of a New Branch for the Tai Languages
363:Lao Neua spoken at "Nam Tha" (perhaps referring to
419:, even though it is geographically surrounded by
2184:
430:
126:Distribution of the Southwestern Tai languages.
824:Northwestern Tai dialects (Shanic family) (9)
259:spoken at Muang Ka in Muang Baw, Yunnan, China
1306:
1245:
1243:
16:Branch of the Tai languages of Southeast Asia
671:the loss of voicing distinction in sonorants
454:("Shan proper"), all other Southwestern Tai
1313:
1299:
1240:
1085:
754:(Central/Standard Thai, Siamese; Thailand)
1049:S-implificaition in Black Tai and Bao Yen
1128:
730:(Lanna, Tai Yuan; Thailand, Laos, Burma)
546:), as evidenced by loanwords from Late
531:Tai languages § Pittayaporn (2009)
386:Branch with distinguishing innovation:
347:Branch with distinguishing innovation:
341:Branch with distinguishing innovation:
264:Branch with distinguishing innovation:
227:Branch with distinguishing innovation:
221:Branch with distinguishing innovation:
208:tone *BCD columns split/merger patterns
2185:
1039:*(C).r-usters in Black Tai and Bao Yen
698:, which is the ancestor of all of the
630:(defining innovation: *kÊ°r- > kÊ°-)
477:Tripartite split of the A tone A1-23-4
1320:
1294:
1249:
1059:Brown's (1979) "Vowel length in Thai"
524:
415:, Vietnam is a PH-type language like
183:
1371:
760:(White Tai, Tai Kao; Vietnam, China)
724:(Black Tai; Vietnam, Thailand, Laos)
668:the merger of PSWT *ÉČ-, *j- and *Êj-
813:(Northeastern Thai; Thailand, Laos)
705:The following tree follows that of
470:Labialized velar stops have become
205:tone *A column split/merger pattern
86:Proto-Southwestern Tai (Proto-Thai)
13:
1253:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
1141:
995:
922:, other Southwestern dialects are
14:
2214:
1264:
1136:Comparative Kadai: The Tai branch
1010:'Vietnamese' a loanword from Lao?
175:
1256:(16 ed.), SIL International
1196:Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2018).
1175:Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2014. "
892:(China, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos)
120:
1216:
1162:Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. 2009.
662:the merger of dorsal obstruents
1203:
1190:
1169:
1156:
1123:Manusya: Journal of Humanities
1111:
1098:
1029:D-ou-b-led letters in Tai Viet
665:the merger of PSWT *aÉŻ and *aj
1:
1117:Theraphan L-Thongkum. 2003. "
1091:Chamberlain, James R. 1975. "
1078:
490:
444:= Shan-Tayok (Chinese Shan),
431:Edmondson & Solnit (1997)
7:
2193:Languages of Southeast Asia
684:
237:spoken at Zhefang (éźæŸé) in
10:
2219:
2203:Southwestern Tai languages
1164:The Phonology of Proto-Tai
1153:. University of Melbourne.
718:Chiang Saen dialects (10)
528:
2167:
2119:
2101:
2064:
2040:
1995:
1979:
1902:
1860:
1785:
1774:
1716:
1652:
1637:
1610:
1592:
1519:
1501:
1483:
1418:
1328:
876:(Tai Shan, Dehong; Burma)
427:2003; Chamberlain 1984).
119:
105:
90:
82:
45:Linguistic classification
43:
31:
26:
21:
789:LaoâPhutai dialects (4)
195:Proto-Tai language#Tones
152:. Its languages include
1250:Lewis, M. Paul (2009),
381:, Thailand and Pak Seng
255:Muang Ka, a variety of
233:Tse Fang, a variety of
244:Tai Mao, a variety of
216:Proto-Southwestern Tai
211:B-DL tonal coalescence
154:Central Thai (Siamese)
715:(Pak Thai) (Thailand)
252:, Shan State, Myanmar
158:Northern Thai (Lanna)
1147:Luo Yongxian. 2001.
801:(Cambodia, Thailand)
577:group consisting of
480:Merger of A23 and B4
144:are a branch of the
99:CentralâEastern Thai
1106:Science of language
2103:proposed groupings
838:is Indo-European.)
834:â extinct. Modern
525:Pittayaporn (2009)
184:Chamberlain (1975)
2180:
2179:
2174:extinct languages
2060:
2059:
2036:
2035:
1414:
1413:
1322:KraâDai languages
450:Southern: Burman
388:*BCD 1-23-4; Bâ DL
266:*ABCD 123-4; B=DL
131:
130:
27:Southwestern Thai
2210:
1783:
1782:
1650:
1649:
1369:
1368:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1220:
1214:
1207:
1201:
1194:
1188:
1173:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1145:
1139:
1132:
1126:
1115:
1109:
1102:
1096:
1089:
988:classifies as a
854:(Tai Lai; Burma)
819:(Thailand, Laos)
742:(Laos, Thailand)
589:Southwestern Tai
497:Northwestern Tai
343:/ph/ (*A 1-23-4)
135:Southwestern Tai
124:
115:
69:Southwestern Tai
22:Southwestern Tai
19:
18:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2163:
2121:Proto-languages
2115:
2097:
2056:
2032:
1991:
1975:
1898:
1856:
1778:
1770:
1712:
1682:Longsang Zhuang
1662:Standard Zhuang
1641:
1633:
1606:
1588:
1515:
1497:
1479:
1410:
1367:
1324:
1319:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1248:
1241:
1232:
1230:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1129:
1116:
1112:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1086:
1081:
998:
996:Further reading
687:
533:
527:
522:
493:
433:
241:, Yunnan, China
186:
178:
127:
111:
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2216:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2178:
2177:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2125:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1864:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1780:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1722:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1656:
1647:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1598:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1265:External links
1263:
1260:
1259:
1239:
1224:"Southwestern"
1215:
1202:
1189:
1168:
1155:
1140:
1127:
1110:
1097:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1062:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1022:
1012:
997:
994:
976:also includes
916:
915:
914:
913:
903:
893:
887:
877:
871:
861:
855:
849:
839:
822:
821:
820:
814:
808:
802:
796:
787:
786:
785:
779:
773:
767:
761:
755:
749:
743:
737:
731:
725:
716:
686:
683:
682:
681:
678:
677:*kÊ°r- > kÊ°-
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
648:
647:
646:
645:
609:
591:
590:
548:Middle Chinese
526:
523:
521:
520:
519:
518:
515:
512:
509:
502:
492:
489:
488:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
456:
455:
448:
432:
429:
405:
404:
403:
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401:
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261:
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242:
218:
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213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
185:
182:
177:
176:Classification
174:
150:Southeast Asia
129:
128:
125:
117:
116:
109:
103:
102:
101:
100:
97:
92:
88:
87:
84:
83:Proto-language
80:
79:
78:
77:
76:
75:
74:
73:
72:
71:
47:
41:
40:
38:Southeast Asia
35:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2215:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:Tai languages
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2175:
2171:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2151:Proto-KamâSui
2148:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2130:Proto-KraâDai
2127:
2126:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:mixed origins
2063:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:Tai Muong Vat
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1987:Southern Thai
1985:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:Tai Hang Tong
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1916:Northern Thai
1914:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1591:
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1562:
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1494:
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1476:
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1471:
1468:
1466:
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1423:
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1399:
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1255:
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1244:
1229:
1225:
1219:
1212:
1206:
1199:
1193:
1186:
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1178:
1172:
1165:
1159:
1152:
1151:
1144:
1137:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1114:
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1101:
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1066:
1063:
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1056:
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1033:
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1026:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1003:
1000:
999:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
918:According to
911:
907:
904:
901:
897:
894:
891:
888:
885:
881:
878:
875:
872:
869:
865:
862:
860:(Kuen; Burma)
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
843:
840:
837:
833:
829:
826:
825:
823:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
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790:
788:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
728:Northern Thai
726:
723:
720:
719:
717:
714:
713:Southern Thai
711:
710:
709:
708:
703:
701:
700:Tai languages
697:
693:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
660:
659:
657:
653:
643:
639:
635:
632:
631:
629:
625:
621:
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613:
610:
608:
604:
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596:
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584:
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568:
564:
560:
556:
551:
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541:
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516:
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507:
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503:
501:
498:
485:
482:
479:
476:
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469:
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463:
461:
453:
449:
447:
443:
439:
438:
437:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:Tai Muong Vat
399:
398:Southern Thai
396:
394:
391:
390:
389:
385:
380:
376:
372:
369:
366:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
351:
350:
346:
345:
344:
340:
334:
331:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
305:
302:
298:
295:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
276:
272:
269:
268:
267:
263:
258:
254:
251:
247:
243:
240:
236:
232:
231:
230:
226:
225:
224:
220:
219:
215:
214:
210:
207:
204:
201:
200:
199:
197:
196:
189:
181:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
146:Tai languages
143:
140:
136:
123:
118:
114:
110:
108:
104:
98:
96:Southern Thai
95:
94:
93:
89:
85:
81:
70:
67:
66:
65:
62:
61:
60:BeâTai ?
59:
58:
56:
53:
52:
51:
48:
46:
42:
39:
36:
30:
25:
20:
2169:
2156:
2149:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2102:
2078:Hezhang Buyi
2066:
1849:
1842:
1786:Northwestern
1776:Southwestern
1775:
1751:Myang Zhuang
1746:Pyang Zhuang
1672:Hezhang Buyi
1252:
1231:. Retrieved
1227:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1163:
1158:
1148:
1143:
1135:
1130:
1122:
1113:
1105:
1100:
1087:
1070:
1065:Miyake, Marc
1055:Miyake, Marc
1045:Miyake, Marc
1035:Miyake, Marc
1025:Miyake, Marc
1015:Miyake, Marc
1007:
1002:Miyake, Marc
990:Northern Tai
985:
973:
972:
966:(Laos), and
962:(Viet Nam),
951:
919:
917:
704:
691:
688:
680:*Ê°r- > h-
674:*Él- > d-
649:
636:sub-branch:
633:
611:
594:
574:
558:
554:
552:
544:Song dynasty
540:Tang dynasty
537:
534:
517:Northwestern
514:Southwestern
496:
494:
464:
457:
434:
406:
387:
365:Luang Namtha
348:
342:
265:
228:
222:
202:/p/ vs. /ph/
192:
190:
187:
179:
172:and others.
141:
138:
134:
132:
91:Subdivisions
68:
34:distribution
1903:Chiang Saen
1813:Tai Hongjin
1741:Yang Zhuang
1726:Nong Zhuang
944:Tai Hongjin
938:(Vietnam),
618:varieties,
472:velar stops
164:(including
2187:Categories
2158:Proto-Hlai
1861:LaoâPhutai
1736:Min Zhuang
1731:Dai Zhuang
1677:Yei Zhuang
1569:Changjiang
1446:(Naxi Yao)
1233:2020-06-29
1228:Ethnologue
1108:, 4:62â95.
1079:References
1073:... ?
992:language.
986:Ethnologue
974:Ethnologue
952:Ethnologue
920:Ethnologue
807:(Thailand)
748:(Thailand)
707:Ethnologue
692:Proto-Thai
529:See also:
491:Luo (2001)
486:*Êb > m
440:Northern:
373:spoken at
349:*BCD 123-4
329:, Thailand
327:Chiang Mai
311:Chiang Rai
299:spoken at
273:spoken at
248:spoken at
32:Geographic
2172:indicate
2144:Proto-Tai
2137:Proto-Kra
2023:Tai Khang
2018:Tai Thanh
1966:Thai Song
1926:Tai Meuay
1921:Tai Daeng
1912:(Siamese)
1823:Tai Laing
1766:TsÊ»ĂŒn-Lao
978:TĂ y Sa Pa
968:Tay Khang
946:(China),
936:Tai Thanh
934:(China),
926:(China),
896:Tai Phake
880:Tai Aiton
852:Tai Laing
784:(Vietnam)
778:(Vietnam)
770:Tai Meuay
766:(Vietnam)
764:Tai Daeng
746:Thai Song
696:Proto-Tai
656:Ayutthaya
652:Sukhothai
603:White Tai
599:Black Tai
567:White Tai
563:Black Tai
542:or early
425:Theraphan
421:Black Tai
303:ca. 1930s
286:White Tai
277:, Vietnam
271:Black Tai
229:*A 1-23-4
142:languages
107:Glottolog
1980:Southern
1873:Phu Thai
1838:Khamyang
1808:Tai Long
1803:Tai Nuea
1654:Northern
1439:Cao Miao
1067:. 2010.
1057:. 2010.
1047:. 2014.
1037:. 2014.
1027:. 2014.
1017:. 2014.
1006:Is Thai
1004:. 2014.
984:, which
958:(Laos),
942:(Laos),
940:Tai Long
930:(Laos),
890:Tai Nuea
864:Khamyang
848:, Burma)
836:Assamese
805:Phu Thai
685:Dialects
634:Southern
622:, Yuan,
614:branch:
597:branch:
575:Southern
508:Northern
413:Yen Chau
301:Kengtung
257:Tai Nuea
250:Nam Hkam
246:Tai Nuea
235:Tai Nuea
113:sout3184
2170:Italics
2111:KamâTai
2088:Cao Lan
2052:Cao Lan
1996:(other)
1971:TĂ y Tac
1951:Tai Dam
1941:Tai Lue
1931:Tai DĂłn
1894:Kaloeng
1889:Lao Nyo
1718:Central
1708:Tai Pao
1646:, etc.)
1584:Yuanmen
1554:Baoting
1544:Tongzha
1475:Ai-Cham
1460:Chadong
1420:KamâSui
1185:Manusya
964:Tai Pao
817:Kaloeng
799:Lao Nyo
782:Thu Lao
776:Tay Tac
758:Tai DĂłn
722:Tai Dam
612:Western
607:Red Tai
595:Eastern
571:Red Tai
559:Western
555:Eastern
511:Central
442:Tai Nua
379:Lopburi
367:, Laos)
359:Phu Tai
354:Siamese
323:Lampang
281:Red Tai
239:Mangshi
57: ?
55:KamâTai
50:KraâDai
2093:Jiamao
1885:(Nyaw)
1883:Tai Yo
1851:Turung
1818:Khamti
1798:Tai Ya
1779:(Thai)
1699:(Nyaw)
1697:Tai Yo
1667:Bouyei
1644:Zhuang
1629:Jizhao
1616:Jizhao
1602:Jiamao
1594:Jiamao
1579:Baisha
1574:Moyfaw
1549:Zandui
1539:Lauhut
1529:Bouhin
1511:Lakkia
1503:Lakkia
1455:Maonan
1435:(Dong)
1363:Qabiao
1353:Buyang
1179:". In
1121:". In
960:Tai Do
924:Tai Ya
906:Turung
842:Khamti
772:(Laos)
694:; cf.
569:, and
446:Khamti
375:Ban Mi
325:, and
275:SÆĄn La
2043:mixed
2008:Pa Di
1961:Phuan
1833:Aiton
1828:Phake
1564:Nadou
1534:Ha Em
1444:Nuoxi
1428:Mulam
1401:Telue
1396:Hagei
1391:Mulao
1381:Vandu
1373:Gelao
1343:Lachi
932:Pa Di
928:Pu Ko
910:Assam
900:Assam
884:Assam
868:Assam
846:Assam
832:Assam
740:Phuan
460:Ruili
371:Phuan
315:Phrae
2028:Kuan
2003:Sapa
1956:KhĂŒn
1946:Yong
1910:Thai
1878:Isan
1844:Ahom
1793:Shan
1756:NĂčng
1692:Saek
1521:Hlai
1493:Biao
1485:Biao
1450:Then
1386:A'ou
1348:Paha
1338:Laha
1071:x ex
1069:Lao
1008:yuan
956:Kuan
948:Yong
874:Shan
858:KhĂŒn
828:Ahom
811:Isan
752:Thai
654:and
638:Thai
628:Thai
616:Shan
581:and
579:Thai
557:and
505:Tai
452:Shan
407:The
333:Ahom
307:Yuan
297:Shan
170:Shan
166:Isan
139:Thai
133:The
1868:Lao
1761:TĂ y
1703:Yoy
1639:Tai
1559:Cun
1470:Mak
1465:Sui
1433:Kam
1406:Qau
1330:Kra
982:Yoy
793:Lao
734:Lue
642:Lao
624:Lao
620:Lue
583:Lao
417:Lao
411:of
393:Lao
319:Nan
291:Lue
223:/p/
198:.)
168:),
162:Lao
148:of
137:or
64:Tai
2189::
1624:Be
1612:Be
1358:En
1242:^
1226:.
1183:.
702:.
640:,
626:,
605:,
601:,
585:.
565:,
550:.
462:.
377:,
321:,
317:,
313:,
160:,
156:,
2083:E
2071:)
2065:(
2045:)
2041:(
1687:E
1642:(
1614:â
1314:e
1307:t
1300:v
1236:.
1061:.
1051:.
1041:.
1031:.
1021:.
912:)
908:(
902:)
898:(
886:)
882:(
870:)
866:(
844:(
830:(
474:.
423:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
