377:
Edmondson, Jerold A. and David B. Solnit, editors. 1988. Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai. Summer
Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics, 86. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. vii,
387:
Edmondson, Jerold A. and David B. Solnit, editors. 1997. Comparative Kadai: the Tai branch. Summer
Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics, 124. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. vi, 382
423:
Ostapirat, Weera. (2005). "Kra–Dai and
Austronesian: Notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution", pp. 107–131 in Sagart, Laurent, Blench, Roger & Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (eds.),
401:. Edited by Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit. Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics No. 86: 239–288.
525:
320:
Liang & Zhang (1996:18) estimate that the Kam-Sui, Tai, and Hlai branches had already formed by about 5,000 years B.P.
518:
464:. Summer Institute of Linguistics publications in linguistics, no. 86. Arlington, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
487:
469:
450:
354:
210:, due to the extensive documentation and comparative work done on Kra languages in China starting from the 2000s.
1405:
511:
17:
1363:
1342:
988:
894:
978:
1225:
1199:
1148:
1128:
866:
312:
However, Ostapirat (2005) and various other linguists do not make use of the Kam–Tai grouping.
968:
1290:
963:
958:
930:
884:
632:
534:
282:
257:
242:
235:
227:
203:
175:
97:
70:
1240:
1025:
953:
938:
603:
8:
1370:
948:
943:
889:
781:
1183:
1143:
1356:
1349:
1235:
1230:
1178:
1138:
1133:
1035:
360:
137:
1085:
1050:
1020:
1015:
651:
483:
465:
446:
397:
Hansell, Mark. 1988. The
Relation of Be to Tai: Evidence from Tones and Initials. In
364:
350:
306:
269:
1300:
1264:
1163:
1153:
1106:
1101:
920:
856:
796:
766:
756:
687:
672:
598:
342:
290:
195:
183:
167:
155:
1168:
426:
The
Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics.
1305:
1095:
1063:
1030:
1010:
909:
879:
874:
841:
828:
814:
806:
791:
786:
761:
751:
741:
723:
715:
667:
585:
575:
565:
265:
121:
107:
65:
973:
1386:
1333:
1280:
1255:
1220:
1173:
1045:
1040:
776:
746:
733:
656:
640:
613:
608:
593:
555:
253:(in most Western classifications, and also the definition used in this article)
250:
54:
50:
346:
1399:
1215:
1158:
1122:
1090:
1056:
1005:
904:
851:
705:
697:
662:
560:
550:
542:
298:
286:
261:
246:
223:
207:
117:
111:
1080:
915:
771:
682:
677:
645:
618:
337:
Norquest, Peter (2021). "Classification of (Tai-)Kadai/Kra-Dai languages".
294:
836:
824:
570:
103:
1295:
899:
131:
503:
500:. Beijing: Central Nationalities Research Institute Press 中央民族学院出版社.
305:
grouping within Kam–Tai. This classification is also followed by
58:
482:. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社.
445:. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社.
293:& Solnit (1988). Hansell (1988) considers Be to be a
339:
The
Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia
281:
In
Western scholarship, a Kam–Tai group consisting of
460:
Edmondson, J. A., & Solnit, D. B. (eds.) (1988).
260:
group that includes all Kra–Dai languages except for
301:branch based on shared vocabulary, and proposes a
174:) in China, are a proposed primary branch of the
1397:
462:Comparative Kadai: linguistic studies beyond Tai
399:Comparative Kadai: Linguistic studies beyond Tai
178:. However, since the 2000s in China, the names
519:
417:
371:
276:
412:A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai
526:
512:
474:Liang Min 梁敏 & Zhang Junru 张均如. 1996.
437:Liang Min 梁敏 & Zhang Junru 张均如. 1996.
391:
330:
498:An introduction to the Kam-Tai languages
480:An introduction to the Kam–Tai languages
443:An introduction to the Kam–Tai languages
431:
336:
202:) have been used to refer to the entire
14:
1398:
238:(as used by Chinese-speaking scholars)
533:
507:
584:
24:
428:London/New York: Routledge-Curzon.
381:
245:branches, but typically excluding
27:Proposed primary branch of Kra–Dai
25:
1417:
230:by definition, and can refer to:
341:. De Gruyter. pp. 225–246.
404:
222:always includes at least both
213:
13:
1:
323:
315:
7:
10:
1422:
1380:
1332:
1314:
1277:
1253:
1208:
1192:
1115:
1073:
998:
987:
929:
865:
850:
823:
805:
732:
714:
696:
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541:
347:10.1515/9783110558142-013
277:History of classification
199:
187:
171:
159:
130:
91:
83:
66:Linguistic classification
64:
44:
37:
32:
410:Norquest, Peter. 2015.
236:Kra–Dai language family
204:Kra–Dai language family
176:Kra–Dai language family
492:Ni Dabai 倪大白. 1990.
476:Dongtai yuzu gailun
439:Dongtai yuzu gailun
1316:proposed groupings
1406:Kra–Dai languages
1393:
1392:
1387:extinct languages
1273:
1272:
1249:
1248:
627:
626:
535:Kra–Dai languages
494:Dongtai yu gailun
148:Kam–Tai languages
144:
143:
16:(Redirected from
1413:
996:
995:
863:
862:
582:
581:
528:
521:
514:
505:
504:
453:
435:
429:
421:
415:
414:. Leiden: Brill.
408:
402:
395:
389:
385:
379:
375:
369:
368:
334:
206:, including the
201:
189:
173:
161:
140:
30:
29:
21:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1376:
1334:Proto-languages
1328:
1310:
1269:
1245:
1204:
1188:
1111:
1069:
991:
983:
925:
895:Longsang Zhuang
875:Standard Zhuang
854:
846:
819:
801:
728:
710:
692:
623:
580:
537:
532:
457:
456:
436:
432:
422:
418:
409:
405:
396:
392:
386:
382:
376:
372:
357:
335:
331:
326:
318:
289:is accepted by
279:
216:
136:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1419:
1409:
1408:
1391:
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1377:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
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1338:
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1329:
1327:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1312:
1311:
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1298:
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1274:
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1244:
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1233:
1228:
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1196:
1194:
1190:
1189:
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1166:
1161:
1156:
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1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
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1113:
1112:
1110:
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1088:
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1070:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1002:
1000:
993:
985:
984:
982:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
935:
933:
927:
926:
924:
923:
918:
913:
907:
902:
897:
892:
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882:
877:
871:
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860:
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847:
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844:
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833:
831:
821:
820:
818:
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811:
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802:
800:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
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749:
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738:
736:
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729:
727:
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720:
718:
712:
711:
709:
708:
702:
700:
694:
693:
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690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
654:
649:
643:
637:
635:
629:
628:
625:
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622:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
590:
588:
579:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
547:
545:
539:
538:
531:
530:
523:
516:
508:
502:
501:
490:
472:
455:
454:
430:
416:
403:
390:
380:
370:
355:
328:
327:
325:
322:
317:
314:
278:
275:
274:
273:
254:
239:
215:
212:
150:, also called
142:
141:
134:
128:
127:
126:
125:
115:
100:
93:
89:
88:
85:
84:Proto-language
81:
80:
79:
78:
68:
62:
61:
55:Southeast Asia
51:Southern China
48:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1418:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1364:Proto-Kam–Sui
1361:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1343:Proto-Kra–Dai
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:mixed origins
1276:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1226:Tai Muong Vat
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1200:Southern Thai
1198:
1197:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1149:Tai Hang Tong
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1129:Northern Thai
1127:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1001:
997:
994:
990:
986:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
934:
932:
928:
922:
919:
917:
914:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
870:
868:
864:
861:
858:
853:
849:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
832:
830:
826:
822:
816:
813:
812:
810:
808:
804:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
737:
735:
731:
725:
722:
721:
719:
717:
713:
707:
704:
703:
701:
699:
695:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
658:
655:
653:
650:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
636:
634:
630:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
591:
589:
587:
583:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
548:
546:
544:
540:
536:
529:
524:
522:
517:
515:
510:
509:
506:
499:
495:
491:
489:
488:9787500416814
485:
481:
477:
473:
471:
470:0-88312-066-6
467:
463:
459:
458:
452:
451:9787500416814
448:
444:
440:
434:
427:
420:
413:
407:
400:
394:
384:
374:
366:
362:
358:
356:9783110558142
352:
348:
344:
340:
333:
329:
321:
313:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
252:
248:
244:
240:
237:
233:
232:
231:
229:
225:
221:
211:
209:
208:Kra languages
205:
197:
193:
185:
181:
177:
169:
165:
157:
153:
149:
139:
135:
133:
129:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
105:
101:
99:
96:
95:
94:
90:
87:Proto-Kam–Tai
86:
82:
77:
74:
73:
72:
69:
67:
63:
60:
56:
52:
49:
43:
36:
31:
19:
1382:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1323:
1315:
1291:Hezhang Buyi
1279:
1062:
1055:
999:Northwestern
989:Southwestern
964:Myang Zhuang
959:Pyang Zhuang
885:Hezhang Buyi
497:
493:
479:
475:
461:
442:
438:
433:
425:
419:
411:
406:
398:
393:
383:
373:
338:
332:
319:
311:
302:
280:
219:
217:
191:
179:
163:
151:
147:
145:
92:Subdivisions
75:
47:distribution
1116:Chiang Saen
1026:Tai Hongjin
954:Yang Zhuang
939:Nong Zhuang
234:The entire
214:Definitions
192:Zhuang–Dong
164:Zhuang–Dong
40:Zhuang–Dong
1371:Proto-Hlai
1074:Lao–Phutai
949:Min Zhuang
944:Dai Zhuang
890:Yei Zhuang
782:Changjiang
659:(Naxi Yao)
324:References
45:Geographic
1385:indicate
1357:Proto-Tai
1350:Proto-Kra
1236:Tai Khang
1231:Tai Thanh
1179:Thai Song
1139:Tai Meuay
1134:Tai Daeng
1125:(Siamese)
1036:Tai Laing
979:Tsʻün-Lao
478:侗台语族概论 /
441:侗台语族概论 /
365:238672319
316:Dispersal
291:Edmondson
218:The term
132:Glottolog
1400:Category
1193:Southern
1086:Phu Thai
1051:Khamyang
1021:Tai Long
1016:Tai Nuea
867:Northern
652:Cao Miao
496:侗台语概论 /
309:(2015).
307:Norquest
270:Norquest
180:Dong–Tai
152:Dong–Tai
138:kamt1241
102:Be–Tai (
38:Dong–Tai
1383:Italics
1324:Kam–Tai
1301:Cao Lan
1265:Cao Lan
1209:(other)
1184:Tày Tac
1164:Tai Dam
1154:Tai Lue
1144:Tai Dón
1107:Kaloeng
1102:Lao Nyo
931:Central
921:Tai Pao
859:, etc.)
797:Yuanmen
767:Baoting
757:Tongzha
688:Ai-Cham
673:Chadong
633:Kam–Sui
297:of the
283:Kam–Sui
258:Kra–Dai
256:A core
243:Kra–Dai
228:Kam–Sui
220:Kam–Tai
196:Chinese
184:Chinese
168:Chinese
156:Chinese
98:Kam–Sui
76:Kam–Tai
71:Kra–Dai
33:Kam–Tai
18:Kam–Tai
1306:Jiamao
1098:(Nyaw)
1096:Tai Yo
1064:Turung
1031:Khamti
1011:Tai Ya
992:(Thai)
912:(Nyaw)
910:Tai Yo
880:Bouyei
857:Zhuang
842:Jizhao
829:Jizhao
815:Jiamao
807:Jiamao
792:Baisha
787:Moyfaw
762:Zandui
752:Lauhut
742:Bouhin
724:Lakkia
716:Lakkia
668:Maonan
648:(Dong)
576:Qabiao
566:Buyang
486:
468:
449:
378:374 p.
363:
353:
303:Be–Tai
295:sister
266:Lakkia
198::
190:) and
186::
170::
158::
122:Lakkia
108:Jizhao
59:Hainan
1256:mixed
1221:Pa Di
1174:Phuan
1046:Aiton
1041:Phake
777:Nadou
747:Ha Em
657:Nuoxi
641:Mulam
614:Telue
609:Hagei
604:Mulao
594:Vandu
586:Gelao
556:Lachi
361:S2CID
272:2021)
241:Most
162:) or
1241:Kuan
1216:Sapa
1169:Khün
1159:Yong
1123:Thai
1091:Isan
1057:Ahom
1006:Shan
969:Nùng
905:Saek
734:Hlai
706:Biao
698:Biao
663:Then
599:A'ou
561:Paha
551:Laha
484:ISBN
466:ISBN
447:ISBN
351:ISBN
285:and
264:and
262:Biao
251:Hlai
249:and
226:and
200:壮侗语族
188:侗台语支
172:壮侗语族
160:侗台语支
146:The
118:Biao
110:and
1081:Lao
974:Tày
916:Yoy
852:Tai
772:Cun
683:Mak
678:Sui
646:Kam
619:Qau
543:Kra
343:doi
299:Tai
287:Tai
247:Kra
224:Tai
112:Tai
1402::
837:Be
825:Be
571:En
388:p.
359:.
349:.
114:)?
104:Be
57:,
53:,
1296:E
1284:)
1278:(
1258:)
1254:(
900:E
855:(
827:–
527:e
520:t
513:v
367:.
345::
268:(
194:(
182:(
166:(
154:(
124:?
120:–
106:–
20:)
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