Lao language - Knowledge

2517: 2644:(although the latter was eventually returned) and forcing some of the Lao across the river to settle in Isan. Louang Phrabang was spared most of the destruction by submitting to Siamese overlordship. Although the kingdoms remained nominally autonomous, the Siamese demanded tribute and taxes, kept members of the respective royal houses as hostages to ensure loyalty and required the three Lao kings to come to the capital several times a year to hold an audience with the Siamese king. When the kingdoms revolted, the Siamese armies retaliated by rounding up entire villages, tattooing them to mark them as slaves and forced to settle what is now Isan, forced to serve as soldiers or manpower in 1599:

and registers of both languages and many are shared between them. Khmer loan words include body parts, urban living, tools, administration and local plants. The Thai, and likely the Lao, were able to make Khmer-style coinages that were later exported back to Khmer. The heavy imprint of Khmer is shown in the genetics of Tai speakers, with samples from Thai and Isan people of Lao descent showing proof of both the Tai migration but also intermarriage and assimilation of local populations. Scholars such as Khanittanan propose that the deep genetic and linguistic impact of the autochthonous Khmer and their language indicates that the earliest days of

4505:, which can be described as 'creaky'. Combined with the somewhat faster manner of speaking and reduced tendency to soften consonants at the end of words, Southern Lao sounds very rough and harsh to speakers of other dialects. Many of these features, such as the faster speaking pace and glottalization may be influences from Austroasiatic languages as most of the region was inhabited by the Khmer, Kuy and various other Austroasiatic peoples until the eighteenth century when the Lao began to settle and even now, Khmer speakers comprise half the population of Surin and roughly a quarter each of the populations of Sisaket and Buriram provinces. 9144: 5096: 9310: 9285: 9267: 9192: 1745: 44: 5170:, achieving full-member status in 1992. Many of the royalists and high-ranking families of Laos left Laos in the wake of the end of the Laotian Civil War for France, but as of 2010, it was estimated that 173,800 people, or three percent of the population, were fluent in French and French is studied by 35% of the population as a second language as a required subject and many courses in engineering, medicine, law, administration and other advanced studies are only available in French. 5184:

maintains a large Lao diaspora and some of the very well-to-do still send their children to France for study. The result of this long-standing French influence is the use of hundreds of loan words of French origin in the Lao language of Laos—although many are old-fashioned and somewhat obsolete or co-exist alongside more predominant native usages. They may be contrasted with the neighbouring languages in Thailand, which borrowed from English instead of French.

11936: 301: 11211: 289: 8864: 313: 3329:

to sound softer, sweeter and more effeminate than other Lao dialects, likely aided by the slower speed of speaking. Similar in tonal structure and quality to Tai Lanna, likely facilitated by the immigration of Lanna people to Louang Phrabang after Chiang Mai's fall to the Burmese in 1551, the dialect is classified apart from other Lao dialects as Chiang Saen language by Ethnologue. Northern Lao also resisted the merger of Proto-Tai *

889: 10954: 266: 495: 525: 2678:, whether paying their tribute directly to Bangkok or the remaining Lao kings and princes, were still nominally part of the separate kingdoms. Temples built in what is now Isan still featured the Tai Noi script on its murals and although Siam would intervene in some matters, daily administration was still left to the remaining kings and various Lao princes that served as governors of the larger 1814:) was developed to address or discuss the king and high-ranking clergy. Khmer and Sanskrit also contributed many belles-lettres as well as numerous technical, academic and cultural vocabulary, thus differentiating the Lao language from the tribal Tai peoples, but pushing the language closer to Thai, which underwent a similar process. The end of the Lao monarchy in 1975 made the Lao 3114:), 'Vientiane people' of the city and surrounding parts of the kingdom, were rounded up by Siamese armies and forced to the right bank, greatly boosting the Lao population of what is now Isan. The Tai Wiang strengthened numbers in the northern third, where Vientiane Lao was traditionally spoken, but were scattered across the Isan region overall, with heavier concentrations in 2670:

population of Isan and caused assimilation of the local peoples into the mix, a process that is occurring on a smaller scale even now. Siamese intervention paradoxically strengthened the Lao character of the region as the Siamese left the Lao areas alone as long as they continued to produce rice and continued to pay tribute. Direct Siamese rule did not extend past

3325:

history, as many of the earliest Lao literary works were composed in the dialect, and it served, in a refined form, as the royal speech of the Laotian kings until 1975 when the monarchy was abolished. Louang Phrabang remains the largest city in the northern region of Laos, serving as an important center of trade and communication with the surrounding areas.

2701:

French rule in Laos, the government standardized the spelling of the Lao language, with movement towards a phonetical spelling with preservation of a semi-etymological spelling for Pali, Sanskrit and French loan words and the addition of archaic letters for words of Pali and Sanskrit origin concerning Indic culture and Buddhism.

2715:

Spelling reforms under the communist rule of Laos in 1975 were more radical, with the complete abolition of semi-etymological spelling in favor of phonetical spelling, with the removal of silent letters, removal of special letters for Indic loan words, all vowels being written out implicitly and even

828:

branch of Tai languages. Lao (including Isan) and Thai, although they occupy separate groups, are mutually intelligible and were pushed closer through contact and Khmer influence, but all Southwestern Tai languages are mutually intelligible to some degree. The Tai languages also include the languages

6113:

brought Vietnamese to boost the population of the cities and help administer the region. Many Lao that received a French-language education during the period of French Indochina were educated in French-language schools in Vietnam, exposing them to French and Vietnamese languages and cultures. As the

3328:

Despite the proximity to speakers of Vientiane Lao, Northern Lao is quite distinct. Unlike other Lao dialects with six tones, Northern Lao speakers use only five. Due to the distinctive high-pitch, high-falling tone on words with live syllables starting with low-class consonants, the dialect is said

3324:

was originally the prestigious variety of the language with the city serving as the capital of Lan Xang for the first half of its existence, with the kings of the city made kings of all of Laos by the French. Although the language lost its prestige to Vientiane Lao, Northern Lao is important for its

3268:

Northern Lao is a very distinct dialect, exhibiting several features and lexical differences quite apart from other Lao dialects except Northeastern Lao (Phuan). Even though it borders the Vientiane Lao dialect region, there is a sharp boundary that divides them. The dialect shares many similarities

2696:

During French rule, missing words for new technologies and political realities were borrowed from French or Vietnamese, repurposed from old Lao vocabulary as well as coined from Sanskrit. These Sanskrit-derived neologisms were generally the same, although not always, as those that developed in Thai.

1598:

Thai and Lao also share similar sources of loan words. Aside from many of the deeply embedded Sinitic loan words adopted at various points in the evolution of Southwestern Tai at the periphery of Chinese influence, the Tais in Southeast Asia encountered the Khmer. Khmer loan words dominate all areas

4222:

Nevertheless, the tones of the southern Central varieties, such as spoken in Mukdahan, Thailand and Savannakhét, Laos have a tonal structure more akin to Vientiane Lao, sharing certain splits and contours. These areas do, however, exhibit some Southern features of their lexicon, such as the common

4182:

Central Lao represents a transitional variety, with northern varieties closer to Vientiane Lao and southern varieties, roughly south of the confluence of the Xé Noi river with the Mekong, the speech varieties begin to approach Southern Lao. Some linguists, such as Hartmann, place Vientiane Lao and

2700:

Whilst previously written in a mixture of etymological and phonetical spellings, depending on audience or author, Lao underwent several reforms that moved the language towards a purely phonetical spelling. During the restoration of the king of Louang Phabang as King of Laos under the last years of

2669:

In addition to forced transfers, many Lao were encouraged to settle in Isan, with some disillusioned princes granted lofty titles in exchange for loyalty and taxation, robbing the Lao kings of taxation and wealth as well as what little nominal authority they had left. This greatly expanded the Lao

1638:

Indic languages also pushed Thai and Lao closer together, particularly Sanskrit and Pali loan words that they share. Many Sanskrit words were adopted via the Khmer language, particularly concerning Indian concepts of astrology, astronomy, ritual, science, kingship, art, music, dance and mythology.

960:

As the Southwestern Tai-speaking peoples diverged, following paths down waterways, their dialects began to diverge into the various languages today, such as the Lao-Phuthai languages that developed along the Mekong River and includes Lao and its Isan sub-variety and the Chiang Saen languages which

6118:

forces, supplying Lao communist militia with weaponry and training during the two-decade-long Laotian Civil War, large numbers of Vietnamese troops have been stationed at various times in Laos' post-independence history, although the Vietnamese military presence began to wane in the late 1980s as

5103:

After the division of the Lao-speaking world in 1893, French would serve as the administrative language of the French Protectorate of Laos, carved from the Lao lands of the left bank, for sixty years until 1953 when Laos achieved full independence. The close relationship of the Lao monarchy with

1735:

of northern Vietnam were shielded from the influence of the Khmer language and the Indic cultural influences that came with them and remain traditionally a non-Buddhist people. Although the Tai Dam language is a Chiang Saen language, albeit with a lexicon and phonology closer to Lao, the lack of

3126:

provinces. This likely had a leveling effect on the Lao language as spoken in Isan, as most Isan speakers regardless of speech variety are prone to using /ʋ/ as opposed to /w/ and the informal conversion of syllable-initial /k/ to /tɕ/ in relaxed, informal speech, which in Laos, is particularly

3063:

In Laos, the written language has been mainly based on Vientiane Lao for centuries after the capital of Lan Xang was moved in 1560. The speech of the old élite families was cultivated into Standard Lao as emulated by television and radio broadcasts from the capital as well as taught to foreign

5183:

and sporadically on television ad radio. French still appears on signage, is the language of major civil engineering projects and is the language of the élite, especially the older generations that received secondary and tertiary education in French-medium schools or studied in France. France

527: 531: 530: 526: 532: 1938:), both of which signify 'loving kindness' although the Sanskrit term is more generally used for 'friendship'. The spread of Theravada Buddhism spread literacy, as monks served as teachers, teaching reading and writing as well other basic skills to village boys, and the 2666:) in 1828 which led to the death of Anouvông and most of his family. The Siamese abducted nearly the entire population of Vientiane and its surrounding area and forced them to the right bank. Continued raids of people continued until the end of the nineteenth century. 1873:-influenced script of Lan Na but was used in Lao specifically for religious literature. The influence of the related Tai Lan Na language was strengthened after the capitulation of Lan Na to the Burmese, leading many courtiers and people to flee to safety to Lan Xang. 1603:

had a largely bilingual population. Although evidence and research in Lao is lacking, major Lao cities were known to have been built atop existing Khmer settlements, suggesting assimilation of the locals. Isan and Lao commonly use a Khmer loan not found in Thai,

533: 2732:

The standard written Lao based on the speech of Vientiane has leveled many lexical differences between dialects found in Laos, and although spoken regional variations remain strong, speakers will adjust to it in formal situations and in dealings with outsiders.

4174:, but it is considered a Lao dialect in Laos. As a Tai language of northern Southeast Asia, it shares many similarities with Tai Dam and Tai Lan Na. In contrast to other minority languages of Isan, it is not losing ground to the Thai or Isan language in Isan. 5157:

Although English has mostly surpassed French as the preferred foreign language of international diplomacy and higher education since the country began opening up to foreign investment in the 1990s, the position of French is stronger in Laos than in

529: 3064:

students of Lao. The speech of the Isan city of Nong Khai, which sits on the opposite bank of the Mekong, is almost indistinguishable in tone and accent from the speech of Vientiane. Vientiane Lao predominates in Vientiane City, the surrounding

1827:

The 16th century would see the establishment of many of the hallmarks of the contemporary Lao language. Scribes abandoned the use of written Khmer or Lao written in the Khmer alphabet, adopting a simplified, cursive form of the script known as

1534:

Similar influences and proximity allowed for both languages to converge in many aspects as well. Thai and Lao, although separated, passively influenced each other through centuries of proximity. For instance, the Proto-Southwestern Tai

1800:

Khmer, and Sanskrit via Khmer, continued to influence the Lao language. Since Fa Ngoum was raised in the Khmer court, married to a Khmer princess and had numerous Khmer officials in his court, a now-extinct speech register known as

961:

includes the Central Thai dialect that is the basis of Standard Thai. Despite their close relationship, there were several phonological divergences that drifted the languages apart with time such as the following examples:

2577:. The arid hinterlands, deforested and depopulated after a series of droughts, likely led to the collapse of the Khmer Empire, was only occupied by small groups of Austroasiatic peoples and scattered outposts of Lao 3079:

In Isan, Vientiane Lao is the primary form of Isan spoken in the northern third of the region which was long settled since the days of Lan Xang and was ruled as part of the Kingdom of Vientiane, including most of

2682:. The result of the population movements re-centered the Lao world to the right bank, as today, if Isan and Lao speakers are counted together, Isan speakers form 80 percent of the Lao-speaking population. 1751:

in Nakhon Phanom. Built in the 16th century over earlier Khmer ruins when Isan was part of Lan Xang, the temple is an important place of pilgrimage, attracting Lao from Laos as well as Isan to its temple

4496:

Compared to other Isan and Lao dialects, Southern Lao has low tones in syllables that begin with high- or middle-class consonants and have long vowels. High- and middle-class consonants marked with the

5108:

when the monarchy was removed and the privileged position of French began its decline. Many of the initial borrowings for terms from Western culture were imported via French. For instance, Lao uses

6119:

Laos pursued closer relations with its other neighbors and entered the market economy. Since market reforms in Vietnam, market liberalization has been the main focus between the two countries now.

3289:

provinces, particularly the narrow strip hugging the shore of the Mekong and bordering Loei, outside of Isan are generally speakers of Northern Lao. In Laos, it is the primary dialect spoken in

1639:

New words were historically coined from Sanskrit roots just as European languages, including English, share Greek and Latin roots used for these purposes, such as 'telephone' from Greek roots

528: 4577:), 'what's wrong?'. Possibly as a result of historical Khmer influence and current influences from Thai, Southern dialects tend to pronounce some words with initial Proto-Southwestern Tai * 9959: 638:, bridging the linguistic diversity of a population that speaks many other languages. Its cultural significance is reflected in Laotian literature, media, and traditional arts. The 8906:

marks and can be placed above, below, in front of, or behind consonants. The script also contains distinct symbols for numerals, although Arabic numerals are more commonly used.

5099:

A bilingual Lao-French street sign in Vientiane. Although the influence of French on the Lao language has waned considerably, hundreds of words of French origin are used in Laos.

2565:) (1637–1694) ended with a successional dispute, with his grandsons, with Siamese intervention, carving out their separate kingdoms in 1707. From its ashes arose the kingdoms of 9821:

Center for Southeast Asian Studies. DeKalb: University of Northern Illinois. Based on Crisfield-Hartmann 2002/Enfield 2000, Brown 1965, and Chittavoravong (1980) (unpublished).

455: 2540:

and a long series of droughts during the 13th–15th centuries. The Lao settlements were found only along the banks of the Mekong River and in the wetter northern areas such as

572:. Spoken by over 3 million people in Laos and 3.2 million in all countries, it serves as a vital link in the cultural and social fabric of these areas. It is written in the 10329: 12047: 1523: 1503: 1442: 1392: 1333: 1313: 1252: 1202: 1143: 1123: 1062: 1012: 4171: 9409:

Paul, L. M., Simons, G. F. and Fennig, C. D. (eds.). 2013. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Retrieved from

7780:

The tone letters are 13 (˩˧) in citation form or before a pause and 11 (˩˩) elsewhere, e.g., /haː˩˧ paː˩˧/ ຫາປາ "look for fish" becomes (Osatananda, 1997, p. 119).

2516: 2724:(but usually pronounced /l/) in official publications, although older people and many in the Lao diaspora continue to use some of the older spelling conventions. 9897: 9729: 2552:, with most of the population inhabiting the wetter left banks. This began to change when the golden age of Lao prosperity and cultural achievements under King 7807:

This tone is realized as a low rising tone (23 or ˨˧) in a checked syllable with a long vowel (e.g., ຄາບ "dead skin of a reptile") (Osatananda, 2015, p. 122).

8902:, but Lao consonant letters are conceived of as simply representing the consonant sound, rather than a syllable with an inherent vowel. Vowels are written as 8929:

Experts disagree on the number and nature of tones in the various dialects of Lao. According to some, most dialects of Lao and Isan have six tones, those of

7798:

This tone is realized as a mid level-falling tone (332 or ˧˧˨) in a checked syllable with a long vowel (e.g., ຂາບ "prostrate") (Osatananda, 2015, p. 122).

11925: 9868: 5001:, much as Latin and Greek have influenced European languages. For politeness, pronouns (and more formal pronouns) are used, plus ending statements with 902:

The ancestors of the Lao people were speakers of Southwestern Tai dialects that migrated from what is now southeastern China, specifically what is now

11905: 9814: 9382: 7724:

Northeastern Lao is sometimes considered a separate language, as it is traditionally spoken by Phuan tribal members, a closely related but distinct

11865: 7394:

Lao has six lexical tones. However, the Vientiane and the Luang Prabang dialects have five tones (see below) (Brown 1965; Osatananda, 1997, 2015).

2598:, was founded as an outpost of Champasak, establishing the first major Lao presence and the beginning of the expansion of Lao settlement along the 3313:, native Lao speakers are a small minority in the major market towns but Northern Lao, highly influenced by the local languages, is spoken as the 940:

led some of the Tai peoples speaking Southwestern Tai to flee into Southeast Asia, with the small-scale migration mainly taking place between the

12407: 11199: 10990: 9941: 8891:. Although the Lao script bears resemblance to Thai, the former contains fewer letters than Thai because by 1960 it was simplified to be fairly 13307: 11860: 7789:

This tone is realized as a low level tone (22 or ˨˨) in a checked syllable with a short vowel (e.g., ຄັບ "tight") (Osatananda, 2015, p. 122).

9851:

Osantanda, V. (2015). "Lao Khrang and Luang Phrabang Lao: A Comparison of Tonal Systems and Foreign-Accent Rating by Luang Phrabang Judges."

4489:), particularly near the Mekong River close to the Laotian border. Many of the areas where Southern Lao is spoken were formerly part of the 3273:

and is classified accordingly as a Chiang Saen language by Ethnologue. The dialect is not common in Isan, restricted to western portions of

10080: 10038: 9974: 9917: 7962:

One difference between Thai and Lao is that in Lao initial clusters are simplified. For example, the official name of Laos is Romanized as

8003:

in the coda can be preceded only by a short vowel. Open syllables (i.e., those with no coda consonant) and syllables ending in one of the

10479: 10230: 4493:, one of the three successor states to the Kingdom of Lan Xang, prior to the division of the Lao-speaking world between France and Siam. 948:

centuries. The Tais split and followed the major river courses, with the ancestral Lao originating in the Tai migrants that followed the

916:. The Southwestern Tai languages began to diverge from the Northern and Central branches of the Tai languages, covered mainly by various 12084: 1901:. Although Lao belief is that the era of Lan Xang began the period of Theravada Buddhism for the Lao people, it was not until the mid- 10271: 1774: 642:

dialect has emerged as the de facto standard, though no official standard has been established. Internationally, Lao is spoken among

9352: 2528:. Dating to the reign of Siamese Ruler Rama III (1788–1851), the writing is in the Tai Noi script, an old form of the Lao alphabet. 10291: 11986: 9042:) placed before certain consonants will place the proceeding consonant in the high class tone. This can occur before the letters 117: 2648:

projects to build roads, to grow food, build canals, or serve as domestics. The greatest population transfer occurred after the

631:

languages, allows for effective intercommunication among their speakers, despite differences in script and regional variations.

11177: 11776: 8044:. Special particle words serve the purpose of prepositions and verb tenses in lieu of conjugations and declensions. Lao is a 12001: 4254:), which is the more common word and also signifies 'water' in general. Mukdahan-Savannakhét area speakers also understand 3337:

that occurred in all other Lao dialects, except Northeastern Lao. This affects the twenty or so words represented by Thai '

1912:. Many Pali terms existed alongside earlier Sanskrit borrowings or were Sanskritized, leading to doublets such as Sanskrit 9801:. Compton, C. J., Hartmann, J. F. Sysamouth, V. (eds.). (pp. 160–188). San Francisco, CA: Center for Lao Cultural Studies. 12400: 11192: 10983: 6991: 6804: 6797: 6645: 6109:

Because of the depopulation of the left bank to Siam prior to French colonization, the French who were already active in

929: 512: 474: 12069: 11915: 9894: 9726: 892:

Map showing the general migration patterns and diversification of the Tai peoples and languages from the original Tai

12091: 11900: 10435: 10420: 10405: 10390: 10375: 10358: 10343: 10153:"Lao Khrang and Luang Phrabang Lao: A comparison of tonal systems and foreign-accent rating by Luang Phrabang judges" 508: 9997: 9830:เรืองเดช ปันเขื่อนขัติย์. ภาษาถิ่นตระกูลไทย. กทม. สถาบันวิจัยภาษาและวัฒนธรรมเพื่อการพัฒนาชนบทมหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล. 2531. 9155:

Traditionally, only secular literature was written with the Lao alphabet. Religious literature was often written in

4183:

Central Lao together as a singular dialect region. More Vientiane-like speech predominates in the Isan provinces of

12027: 9458:"Layers of Chinese Loanwords in Protosouthwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai" 646:, especially in countries like the United States, France, and Australia, reflecting its global diasporic presence. 10472: 10365: 9727:"Language vitality and the ethnic tourism development of the Lao ethnic groups in the western region of Thailand" 7438: 7431: 7313: 7143: 6746: 464: 9327: 13297: 12393: 11185: 10976: 8048:(SVO) language, although the subject is often dropped. In contrast to Thai, Lao uses pronouns more frequently. 7341: 7320: 7171: 7150: 6791: 1838:. Lao literature was also given a major boost with the brief union of Lan Xang with Lan Na during the reign of 9884:

Hartmann, J. (2002). 'Spoken Lao—A regional approach.' SEASITE Laos. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University.

7995:

may appear in the coda. If the vowel in the nucleus is short, it must be followed by a consonant in the coda;

1731:

The effects of Khmer and Indic vocabulary did not affect all the Tai languages of Southeast Asia equally. The

595:, forming sentences through the combination of individual words without inflection. These features, common in 12221: 10543: 10452: 9865: 445: 359: 7819:

The number of contrastive tones is reduced to four in checked syllables, that is, in syllables ending in an

377: 13302: 12074: 7368: 7327: 7198: 7157: 6753: 4415:

Southern Lao is spoken along the southern third of Isan and Laos. This region covers the Thai provinces of

2521: 10330:"A linguistic analysis of the Lao writing system and its suitability for minority language orthographies". 9102: 9093: 9084: 9075: 9066: 9057: 9048: 9039: 8011: 8007: 7992: 7952: 7921: 7903: 7885: 7867: 7824: 7556: 7552: 7533: 7512: 7493: 7474: 7455: 7407: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7092: 6850: 6416: 6342: 6268: 6196: 6091: 6019: 5947: 5875: 5803: 5731: 5671: 5599: 5539: 5467: 5395: 5323: 5263: 5151: 5143: 5126: 5118: 5073: 5057: 5041: 5028: 5018: 5008: 4695: 4678: 4667:) to other Lao, but are really a strongly velarized /ɬ/ or a rhotic tap /ɾ/. Southerners also tend to use 4652: 4635: 4621: 4604: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4557: 4543: 4519: 4486: 4293: 4279: 4265: 4251: 4237: 3952: 3334: 3330: 3158: 3141: 3111: 2721: 2663: 2608: 2591: 2562: 2456: 2392: 2340: 2323: 2257: 2193: 2127: 2061: 1995: 1954: 1935: 1922: 1848: 1811: 1766: 1713: 1699: 1685: 1668: 1632: 1618: 1592: 1579: 1566: 1553: 12360: 11855: 11789: 11161: 9811: 9374: 8045: 7352: 7285: 7182: 7115: 6775: 2691: 1789:), modern-day Louang Phrabang. Lan Xang was powerful enough to thwart Siamese designs from their base at 338: 326: 100: 9429:

Edmondson, Jerold A.; Gregerson, Kenneth J. (2007). "The Languages of Vietnam: Mosaics and Expansions".

9413: 4982:

has contributed numerous terms, especially relating to religion and in conversation with members of the

13292: 13245: 13224: 12870: 12243: 12165: 11966: 11243: 10465: 9225: 9220: 7413: 7292: 7122: 7000: 6961: 6954: 6868: 6860: 6818: 6636: 6629: 4838: 4452: 3012: 2710: 1942:

was used for personal letters, record-keeping, and signage, as well as to record short stories and the

825: 702: 628: 182: 177: 9938: 9762:

Keyes, Charles (2013), Finding Their Voice: Northeastern Villagers and the Thai State, Silkworm Books.

12309: 12299: 12236: 12042: 11835: 11769: 11350: 8015: 7996: 7831: 7411: 6874: 6866: 6858: 5179:, but French-language content is sometimes seen alongside English in publications in older issues of 4440: 2996: 2566: 1890: 9309: 9284: 9266: 9143: 4532:

xé, /sȅː/)) and many of the words used in Savannakhét that are more typical of Southern Lao such as

4501:

tone mark are low and low-falling, respectively, but in these cases are pronounced with very strong

3361:' which is also /aj/. Northern Lao also contains numerous terms not familiar to other Lao speakers. 12776: 12240: 12194: 12079: 11956: 11518: 10764: 7299: 7129: 3085: 2783: 2541: 792:

The Lao language falls within the Lao-Phuthai group of languages, including its closest relatives,

439: 10152: 4439:, use Southern Lao as a second language to engage with their Isan neighbors. It is also spoken in 1508: 1488: 1427: 1377: 1318: 1298: 1237: 1187: 1128: 1108: 1047: 997: 12860: 12329: 12266: 12160: 11910: 11636: 11363: 11116: 11032: 10918: 10521: 9799:

Contemporary Lao Studies: Research on Development, Language and Culture, and Traditional Medicine

6970: 6876: 6659: 6599: 6592: 5090: 655: 608: 10077: 10035: 9914: 1736:

Khmer, Sanskrit and Pali loan words makes the language unintelligible to Thai and Lao speakers.

13107: 13081: 13030: 13010: 12748: 12137: 12106: 12101: 11991: 11981: 11935: 11743: 11551: 11467: 11402: 11310: 11279: 11207: 10939: 10868: 10787: 9170: 7750: 6689: 4830: 4444: 4432: 4212: 4192: 3290: 3270: 3037: 3000: 2953: 2820: 2525: 1908:

With Theravada Buddhism came its liturgical language, Pali, an Indic language derived from the

1569:), although this is only used in Royal Thai or restricted academic usage, with the common form 834: 821: 746: 733: 692: 616: 600: 12850: 10227: 9842:

Enfield, N. J. (1966). A Grammar of Lao. Mouton de Gruyter: New York, NY. 2007 reprint. p. 19.

9199:

in the Khom script. This Khmer script was used to write Buddhist, Brahmanic, and ritual texts.

13287: 13205: 13172: 12845: 12840: 12812: 12766: 12514: 12416: 11961: 11690: 11621: 11409: 11215: 10999: 10855: 10206: 10124: 9565: 6985: 6929: 6922: 6785: 6542: 6535: 4472: 4188: 4167: 3306: 2949: 2900: 2882: 2840: 838: 697: 596: 167: 87: 5129:). Lao people also tend to use French forms of geographic place names, thus the Republic of 820:

languages of China, the Chiang Saen languages—which include Standard Thai, Khorat Thai, and

13122: 12907: 12835: 12820: 12485: 12256: 12211: 12175: 12052: 12032: 11845: 11840: 11762: 11564: 11528: 9375:"LAO LANGUAGE: DIALECTS, GRAMMAR, NAMES, WRITING, PROVERBS AND INSULTS | Facts and Details" 7955:. Any consonant may appear in the onset, but the labialized consonants do not occur before 6551: 4546:) as a respectful term for an 'old lady' (as opposed to Vientiane 'mother-in-law') and use 4490: 4268:) as a respectful term for an 'old lady' (as opposed to Vientiane 'mother-in-law') and use 4216: 4200: 3282: 3069: 2991: 2940: 2936: 2861: 2770: 2766: 2574: 2570: 1748: 246: 83: 10266: 7402:

There are six tones in smooth syllables, that is, in syllables ending in a vowel or other

4986:. Due to their proximity, Lao has influenced the Khmer and Thai languages and vice versa. 104: 8: 13252: 12830: 12825: 12771: 12663: 12132: 12057: 11457: 11100: 11075: 10750: 10674: 9348: 9235: 7032: 6740: 6721: 6703: 6696: 4834: 4204: 3294: 3278: 3093: 3073: 2932: 2904: 2896: 2890: 2865: 2853: 2824: 2791: 2787: 2774: 1897:

introduced via the Khmer and Theravada Buddhism which had been adopted and spread by the

1721: 912: 612: 91: 13065: 13025: 11336: 10311:

Igunma, Jana. (2013). Aksoon Khoom: Khmer Heritage in Thai and Lao Manuscript Cultures.

10045:. Analysis based on L. N. Morev, A. A. Moskalyov and Y. Y. Plam, (1979). 5095: 13238: 13231: 13117: 13112: 13060: 13020: 13015: 12917: 12319: 11920: 11738: 11631: 11626: 11381: 11294: 11050: 10883: 10740: 10530: 10288: 10198: 10190: 10049:. Moscow: USSR Academy of Sciences, Institute of Oriental Studies. Accessed 2009-12-19. 9612: 9582:

Jonsson, Nanna L. (1991) Proto Southwestern Tai. Ph.D dissertation, available from UMI.

9552: 9527: 9230: 7733: 7729: 6938: 6894: 6560: 6479: 4818: 4456: 4448: 4196: 4184: 3310: 3302: 3286: 3119: 3115: 3097: 3081: 3065: 3016: 3004: 2975: 2965: 2961: 2912: 2908: 2886: 2869: 2844: 2832: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2779: 2549: 2537: 1725: 588: 11284: 430: 423: 108: 12967: 12932: 12902: 12897: 12533: 12216: 12180: 12096: 12037: 11944: 11895: 11885: 11713: 11574: 11480: 11437: 11263: 10636: 10431: 10416: 10401: 10386: 10371: 10354: 10339: 10202: 9993:

L'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF). Laos. (2013). Retrieved from

9557: 9442: 9148: 8041: 7036: 6948: 6909: 6899: 6843: 6585: 6494: 6484: 6458: 5105: 4460: 4208: 3349:', which preserve /aɰ/ in Northern Lao. This vowel has become /aj/, similar to Thai ' 3298: 3049: 2957: 2945: 2828: 2671: 2649: 1902: 1894: 1882: 1794: 1790: 1600: 842: 793: 763: 672: 662: 592: 9595:

Huffman, Franklin E. (1973). "Thai and Cambodian – A Case of Syntactic Borrowing?".

2532:

Despite the long presence of Lan Xang and Lao settlements along the riverbanks, the

470: 13182: 13146: 13045: 13035: 12988: 12983: 12802: 12738: 12678: 12648: 12638: 12569: 12554: 12480: 12261: 12231: 12015: 11996: 11805: 11708: 11700: 11685: 11680: 11670: 11662: 11541: 11452: 11442: 11166: 11095: 10923: 10893: 10888: 10845: 10805: 10777: 10745: 10702: 10646: 10608: 10578: 10558: 10182: 9604: 9547: 9539: 9508: 9469: 9438: 9191: 9186: 9166: 8895:, whereas Thai maintains many etymological spellings that are pronounced the same. 7940: 6889: 6474: 4822: 4464: 4424: 4420: 3029: 2987: 2979: 2629: 917: 865:

languages on the Chinese Mainland and in neighbouring regions of northern Vietnam.

715: 643: 604: 13050: 11326: 10863: 9699:

Wajuppa Tossa (translator). (pp. 27–34). Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press.

9162: 5175: 841:

branches of the Tai languages. The Tai languages form a major division within the

13187: 12977: 12945: 12912: 12892: 12791: 12761: 12756: 12723: 12710: 12696: 12688: 12673: 12668: 12643: 12633: 12623: 12605: 12597: 12549: 12467: 12457: 12447: 12353: 12281: 12170: 12155: 12120: 11875: 11797: 11718: 11584: 11513: 11427: 11417: 11391: 11085: 11080: 10835: 10810: 10735: 10664: 10659: 10598: 10593: 10588: 10548: 10295: 10275: 10262: 10234: 10210: 10084: 10042: 10001: 9945: 9921: 9901: 9872: 9818: 9733: 9569: 9417: 9157: 9138: 8914: 8910: 7307: 7238: 7137: 7072: 6916: 6904: 6854: 6489: 5167: 4826: 4817:

Western Lao (Standard Isan) does not occur in Laos but is the primary dialect of

4468: 3123: 3033: 2983: 2595: 2553: 1857: 945: 805: 758: 710: 159: 149: 12855: 10128: 9697:

Phya Khankhaak, the Toad King: A Translation of an Isan Fertility Myth in Verse.

9630:

Khanittanan, W. (2001). "Khmero-Thai: The great change in the history of Thai".

13268: 13215: 13162: 13137: 13102: 13055: 12927: 12922: 12658: 12628: 12615: 12538: 12522: 12495: 12490: 12475: 12437: 12304: 12226: 12150: 11880: 11641: 11611: 11604: 11536: 11508: 11396: 11386: 11376: 11289: 11136: 11126: 11070: 11060: 11045: 11013: 10873: 10820: 10815: 10772: 10692: 10687: 10568: 9786:

Creating Laos: The Making of a Lao Space Between Indochina and Siam, 1860–1945.

8880: 8872: 7944: 7737: 7335: 7165: 6579: 4502: 4416: 4163: 4157: 3008: 2836: 2637: 2533: 1939: 1830: 1744: 1732: 941: 667: 229: 144: 9788:(pp. 127–135, 190–197) Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. 9474: 9457: 13281: 13097: 13040: 13004: 12972: 12938: 12887: 12786: 12733: 12587: 12579: 12544: 12442: 12432: 12424: 12369: 12334: 12324: 12289: 12271: 12206: 11589: 11569: 11559: 11493: 11486: 11475: 11331: 11258: 11233: 11141: 11121: 11090: 11065: 11040: 10878: 10840: 10830: 10825: 10800: 10795: 10730: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10654: 10626: 10621: 10573: 10538: 10351:

Lao for Beginners: An Introduction to the Spoken and Written Language of Laos

10089:

Lao for Beginners: An Introduction to the Spoken and Written Language of Laos

9528:"The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics" 8930: 8888: 8040:, and are not inflected to reflect declension or verbal tense, making Lao an 7956: 7948: 7243: 7226: 7077: 7060: 6811: 6760: 6728: 6710: 6680: 6666: 6652: 6622: 6567: 6504: 6454: 4965: 4593:

by speakers of other Lao dialects which have /h/. For example, Vientiane Lao

3321: 3274: 3089: 2916: 2849: 2803: 2545: 1944: 1839: 921: 874: 858: 846: 830: 813: 809: 776: 741: 720: 687: 677: 635: 624: 620: 581: 569: 408: 172: 7939:

Lao syllables are of the form (C)V(C), i.e., they consist of a vowel in the

12797: 12653: 12564: 12559: 12527: 12500: 12314: 11616: 11432: 11422: 11371: 11055: 10898: 10725: 10682: 10631: 10616: 10563: 10553: 10173:

Benedict, Paul K. (August 1947). "Languages and Literatures of Indochina".

10016:(pp. 280–292). Singapore: Asian Media Information and Communication Centre. 9561: 9208: 8876: 8017: 7998: 7833: 7828: 7028: 6977: 6847: 6673: 6461:. The complete inventory of Lao consonants is as shown in the table below: 4428: 1582:), actually an archaic variant. In slang and relaxed speech, Thai also has 949: 937: 552: 516: 55: 10447: 9493: 9297: 9272: 9254: 7570:

The tones in the Vientiane and Luang Prabang dialects in smooth syllables

403: 396: 12718: 12706: 12452: 12374: 12294: 12064: 11850: 11820: 11500: 10958: 10583: 9773:

Isan Writers, Thai Literature Writing and Regionalism in Modern Thailand.

8884: 8031: 7754: 7725: 7279: 7273: 7221: 7109: 7103: 7055: 5104:

France continued the promotion and spread of French until the end of the

4969: 2633: 925: 878: 850: 682: 331:

Educational Science Research Institute, Ministry of Education and Sports

241: 132: 10968: 9994: 9650:

Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor

9526:

Greenhill, Simon J.; Blust, Robert; Gray, Russell D. (3 November 2008).

9078:

and combined in special ligatures (considered separate letters) such as

7016:

The glottal stop appears at the end when no final follows a short vowel.

568:

region of northeastern Thailand, where it is usually referred to as the

43: 13177: 12781: 11890: 11870: 11815: 11810: 11447: 10194: 10012:

Panthamaly, P. (2008). Lao PDR. In B. Indrachit & S. Logan (eds.),

9512: 9302: 9277: 9259: 8858: 7360: 7231: 7190: 7065: 7039:. The monophthongs and diphthongs are as shown in the following table: 6529: 4961: 4436: 3045: 1898: 1870: 1852: 1835: 817: 573: 236: 128: 9616: 7728:

group. Also spoken in a few small and scattered Tai Phuan villages in

845:, distantly related to other languages of southern China, such as the 11599: 11579: 10488: 10313:

Tai Culture, 23: Route of the Roots: Tai-Asiatic Cultural Interaction

9543: 9323: 8903: 7820: 7250: 7084: 3041: 2857: 2762: 2641: 2612: 2599: 1881:

Lan Xang was religiously diverse, with most of the people practicing

1782: 639: 416: 387: 369: 351: 12385: 10457: 10268:

Revised proposal for encoding the Lanna script in the BMP of the UCS

10186: 8863: 7951:. The only consonant clusters allowed are syllable initial clusters 4974:

The Lao language consists primarily of native Lao words. Because of

4199:

provinces and on the Laotian side, portions of eastern and southern

2645: 11976: 11830: 11825: 11219: 9608: 8037: 8004: 7519: 7403: 5159: 4998: 4990: 4975: 2653: 1820: 1778: 894: 482: 306: 294: 79: 70: 1957:) poetry that were often incorporated into traditional folksongs. 591:, where the pitch or tone of a word can alter its meaning, and is 12142: 11594: 8899: 6123:

Vietnamese loanwords into Lao and differences with Thai and Isan

6110: 5163: 4207:

provinces. More Southern Lao features are found in the speech of

2704: 1909: 1886: 1757: 1756:

Taking advantage of rapid decline in the Khmer Empire, Phra Chao

933: 907: 903: 862: 577: 478: 318: 96: 11754: 9203:

Mystical, magical, and some religious literature was written in

888: 11971: 6374: 6300: 6226: 6154: 6049: 5977: 5905: 5833: 5761: 5689: 5629: 5557: 5497: 5425: 5353: 5281: 5221: 5130: 4983: 4471:

provinces. There are also small pockets of speakers located in

4010: 3946: 3940: 3879: 3818: 3733: 3669: 3605: 3541: 3477: 3413: 2625: 2467: 2403: 2334: 2268: 2204: 2138: 2072: 2006: 854: 11675: 9712:. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaiʻi Press. p. 14. 9196: 454: 113: 9410: 11785: 10289:

Towards a Computerization of the Lao Tham System of Writing

9960:"A model for the alignment of dialects in southwestern Tai" 8918: 5021:). Negative statements are made more polite by ending with 4994: 4979: 4240:), 'river', which is typical of Southern Lao as opposed to 3365:

Lack of /aj/-/aɯ/ merger in Northern (Louang Phrabang) Lao

2624:

The bulk of the Lao, however, settled after 1778 when King

1717: 1635:), which means 'building', 'foundation' or 'dorsal ridge'. 936:

and turbulence associated with the decline and fall of the

565: 561: 271: 74: 66: 9753:. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. (pp. 1–20). 3127:

characteristic of Vientiane speech. For example, the word

634:

In Laos, Lao is not only the official language but also a

481:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

7757:

and, to some extent, Northern Khmer in Nakhon Ratchasima.

4053:

Northern Lao (Louang Phrabang) Dialect Tone Distribution

3263: 2632:(1767–1782) conquered Champasak and Vientiane and raided 910:

where the diversity of various Tai languages suggests an

9710:

Spirits of the Place: Buddhism and Lao Religious Culture

9664:

Diller, A. V. N., Edmondson, J. A. & Luo, Y. (2004)

4151: 2511: 9681:. (pp. 40–60). Banglamung, Thailand: White Lotus Press. 6368: 6294: 6220: 6148: 6043: 5971: 5899: 5827: 5755: 5683: 5623: 5551: 5491: 5419: 5347: 5275: 5215: 4435:

variety of Khmer and another Austroasiatic people, the

4004: 3934: 3873: 3812: 3727: 3663: 3599: 3535: 3471: 3407: 2461: 2397: 2328: 2262: 2198: 2132: 2066: 2000: 10426:

Simmala, Buasawan and Benjawan Poomsan Becker (2003),

9494:"Proto-Southwestern-Tai revised: A new reconstruction" 3297:

provinces. In the other northern Laotian provinces of

920:, sometime around 112 CE, but likely completed by the 10253:(pp. 635–637). Mountain View, CA: Unicode Consortium. 10087:. Analysis based on T. Hoshino and R. Marcus (1981). 9721:

Burusphat, S., Deepadung, S., & Suraratdecha, S.

9652:. Ooi, K. G. (ed.). Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc. 7947:

and optionally followed by a single consonant in the

3320:

Northern Lao, specifically the speech of the city of

1818:

obsolete, but as Thailand retains its monarchy, Thai

1511: 1491: 1430: 1380: 1321: 1301: 1240: 1190: 1131: 1111: 1050: 1000: 8948:

Short vowel, or short vowel plus unvoiced consonant

1905:

that the religion had become the dominant religion.

10336:

System for the Romanization of Lao, Khmer, and Pali

10287:Kourilsky, Grégory & Berment, Vincent. (2005). 7943:, optionally preceded by a single consonant in the 4296:), 'what's wrong?', as is typical of Southern Lao. 883: 10265:, Hosken, Martin, & Constable, Peter. (2007). 9525: 9501:Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 9428: 8917:purposes and is still used in temples in Laos and 8867:Lao script on a sign at Wat That Luang, Vientiane. 6388: 6314: 6240: 6168: 6063: 5991: 5919: 5847: 5775: 5703: 5643: 5571: 5511: 5439: 5367: 5295: 5235: 3996: 3926: 3865: 3804: 3719: 3655: 3591: 3527: 3463: 3399: 2481: 2450: 2417: 2386: 2351: 2317: 2282: 2251: 2218: 2187: 2152: 2121: 2086: 2055: 2020: 1989: 1885:albeit somewhat influenced by local Austroasiatic 1517: 1497: 1436: 1386: 1327: 1307: 1246: 1196: 1137: 1117: 1056: 1006: 10146: 10144: 10142: 10140: 10138: 10114: 10112: 10110: 8879:in the 14th century, is ultimately rooted in the 6427: 6402: 6353: 6328: 6279: 6254: 6207: 6182: 6077: 6030: 6005: 5958: 5933: 5886: 5861: 5814: 5789: 5742: 5717: 5657: 5610: 5585: 5525: 5478: 5453: 5406: 5381: 5334: 5309: 5249: 4038: 4024: 3977: 3963: 3907: 3893: 3846: 3832: 3761: 3747: 3697: 3683: 3633: 3619: 3569: 3555: 3505: 3491: 3441: 3427: 2495: 2431: 2365: 2296: 2232: 2166: 2100: 2034: 1781:in 1354. Fa Ngoum was a grandson of the ruler of 13279: 10078:"On the Origins of Labialized Consonants in Lao" 10036:"On the Origins of Labialized Consonants in Lao" 9161:, a Mon-based script that is still used for the 8014:take one of four tones, and syllables ending in 6881:sounds are pronounced as , , and respectively. 6410: 6336: 6262: 6190: 4833:in Isan, Thailand. It is also spoken in much of 4300:Central Dialect Tone Distribution (Savannakhét) 1869:) or 'dharma letters' which was essentially the 808:. Together with Northwestern Tai—which includes 8010:take one of the six tones, syllables ending in 5031:). The following are formal register examples. 4845:Western Lao Dialect Tone Distribution (Roi Et) 3100:. As a result of the Lao rebellion of 1826 the 2581:in the far north. In 1718, Mueang Suwannaphum ( 1961:Shared Pali loan words from Theravada Buddhism 337:Institute of Social Sciences, Faculty of Arts, 10135: 10107: 9989: 9987: 9838: 9836: 9151:formerly used in Laos for religious literature 2716:the elimination or replacement of the letter ' 2705:Independence and Communist rule (1953–present) 1834:that with a few modifications survives as the 1707: 1693: 12401: 11770: 11193: 10984: 10473: 10300:First International Conference on Lao Studies 10091:. Rutland/Tokyo: Tuttle. Accessed 2009-12-19. 9679:The Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang: Rise and Decline 8898:The script is traditionally classified as an 955: 10520: 10349:Hoshino, Tatsuo and Marcus, Russel. (1989). 8933:have five. Tones are determined as follows: 7767: 6085: 6013: 5941: 5869: 5797: 5725: 5665: 5593: 5533: 5461: 5389: 5317: 5257: 5166:. Since 1972, Laos has been associated with 10030: 10028: 10026: 10024: 10022: 9984: 9833: 9629: 9491: 9455: 9173:. The Lao style of this script is known as 9117:(falling tone), there also exists the rare 8942:Long vowel, or vowel plus voiced consonant 4702:Southern Dialect Tone (Pakxé) Distribution 1716:), 'sound'. Indic influences also came via 1649: 1640: 1626: 12408: 12394: 11777: 11763: 11200: 11186: 10991: 10977: 10480: 10466: 10370:. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 10245: 10243: 10150: 10118: 10104:Bangkok: Social Science Association Press. 9456:Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (1 January 2014). 7975: 7972:Satharanarat Prachathipatai Prachachon Lao 6382: 6308: 6234: 6162: 6057: 5985: 5913: 5841: 5769: 5697: 5637: 5565: 5505: 5433: 5361: 5289: 5229: 5173:Laos maintains the French-language weekly 4681:) to mean 'to know someone' as opposed to 3990: 3920: 3859: 3798: 3713: 3649: 3585: 3521: 3457: 3393: 3350: 3338: 3277:and pockets of villages spread throughout 2685: 2475: 2444: 2411: 2380: 2345: 2311: 2276: 2245: 2212: 2181: 2146: 2115: 2080: 2049: 2014: 1983: 1662: 1587: 1574: 1561: 1539:has produced the expected Lao /m/ outcome 1475: 1451: 1285: 1261: 1095: 1071: 453: 42: 10998: 10066:. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter. 9824: 9660: 9658: 9551: 9473: 9124: 9118: 9112: 9106: 9097: 9088: 9079: 9070: 9061: 9052: 9043: 9033: 8961: 8952: 7980:), indicating the simplification of Thai 6421: 6396: 6347: 6322: 6273: 6248: 6201: 6176: 6071: 6024: 5999: 5952: 5927: 5880: 5855: 5808: 5783: 5736: 5711: 5651: 5604: 5579: 5519: 5472: 5447: 5400: 5375: 5328: 5303: 5243: 5138: 5113: 5067: 5051: 5035: 5022: 5012: 5002: 4873: 4862: 4730: 4719: 4686: 4672: 4643: 4629: 4612: 4598: 4565: 4551: 4537: 4527: 4513: 4480: 4427:, where a large minority of speakers are 4328: 4317: 4287: 4273: 4259: 4245: 4228: 4074: 4065: 4032: 4018: 3971: 3957: 3901: 3887: 3840: 3826: 3755: 3741: 3691: 3677: 3627: 3613: 3563: 3549: 3499: 3485: 3435: 3421: 3356: 3344: 3186: 3177: 3149: 3132: 3105: 2924: 2657: 2616: 2603: 2582: 2557: 2489: 2425: 2359: 2290: 2226: 2160: 2094: 2028: 1949: 1930: 1917: 1843: 1806: 1761: 1676: 1609: 1544: 1469: 1401: 1279: 1211: 1089: 1021: 545: 28: 10172: 10019: 9957: 9948:Based on Yuphaphann Hoonchamlong (1981). 9708:Holt, J. C. (2009). 9597:Journal of the American Oriental Society 9590: 9588: 9487: 9485: 9422: 9207:(Aksar Khom), a modified version of the 9190: 9142: 8862: 5094: 4455:. In Laos, it is the primary dialect of 3165:Vientiane Dialect Six-Tone Distribution 3058: 2515: 1769:) defeated the Khmer and united the Tai 1743: 887: 523: 10383:Lao Phrasebook: A Language Survival Kit 10240: 10222: 10220: 10061: 9915:The Story of Lao r: Filling in the Gaps 9691: 9689: 9687: 9648:Gunn, G. C. (2004). 'Laotinization' in 9594: 9405: 9403: 9401: 9399: 7753:in Sisaket, Surin, and Buriram, and to 6104: 1739: 513:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 475:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 13280: 10226:UCLA International Institute, (n.d.). 9668:(pp. 49–56). New York, NYC: Routledge. 9655: 8924: 4989:Formal writing has a larger number of 3264:Northern Lao (Louang Phrabang) dialect 1773:of what is now Laos and Isan into the 928:soldiers and settlers, the end of the 12415: 12389: 11758: 11181: 10972: 10487: 10461: 10102:From Ancient Thai to Modern Dialects. 10057: 10055: 9995:http://www.francophonie.org/Laos.html 9855:. pp. 110–143. Special Issue 2(2015). 9765: 9756: 9585: 9576: 9519: 9482: 7968:Sathalanalat Pasathipatai Pasason Lao 7964:Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao 7218: 7052: 6471: 6464: 4152:Northeastern Lao dialect (Tai Phouan) 2512:Lao Three Kingdoms period (1713–1893) 1876: 1159:(initial) > Lao /h/, > Thai /r/ 551: 54: 12466: 10217: 9845: 9775:(pp. 145–149). Singapore: NUS Press. 9684: 9396: 7814: 7042: 6114:Vietnamese communists supported the 4655:), respectively but may sound like * 1556:) and the expected Thai /l/ outcome 8945:Long vowel plus unvoiced consonant 7397: 6837: 5084: 1595:), likely due to influence of Lao. 13: 10322: 10151:Osatananda, Varisa (August 2015). 10052: 9532:Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online 9351:. Ccat.sas.upenn.edu. 1995-01-20. 9248: 9132: 3317:across ethnic groups of the area. 2895:Scattered in isolated villages of 564:and a significant language in the 208:Northern Lao (Louang Phrabang Lao) 16:Kra–Dai language of Southeast Asia 14: 13319: 11784: 10441: 10251:The Unicode Standard Version 12.0 10014:Asian communication handbook 2008 9904:Madison: University of Wisconsin. 8871:The Lao script, derived from the 8847: 7367: 7351: 7340: 7326: 7319: 7312: 7298: 7291: 7284: 7197: 7181: 7170: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7128: 7121: 7114: 6999: 6990: 6976: 6969: 6960: 6953: 6937: 6928: 6921: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6790: 6774: 6759: 6752: 6745: 6727: 6720: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6679: 6672: 6665: 6658: 6651: 6644: 6635: 6628: 6598: 6591: 6566: 6559: 6550: 6541: 6534: 4508:Specific dialectal words include 3144:), 'cheek', is often pronounced * 649: 11934: 11209: 10952: 10448:Lao Language and Culture website 9895:Central Lao Tones (Savannakhét). 9492:Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2009). 9443:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00033.x 9431:Language and Linguistics Compass 9372: 9308: 9283: 9265: 7582:(Osatananda, 2015, p. 122) 7031:distinction. Diphthongs are all 6857:in final position. Hence, final 6457:and plain form, thus creating a 5121:) in an approximation of French 1851:) (1546–1551). The libraries of 1657:which was introduced in Thai as 884:Tai migration (8th–12th century) 493: 311: 299: 287: 264: 10305: 10281: 10256: 10166: 10094: 10070: 10006: 9951: 9931: 9907: 9887: 9878: 9858: 9804: 9791: 9778: 9743: 9715: 9702: 9671: 9642: 9623: 9385:from the original on 2021-03-02 9355:from the original on 2013-01-19 9330:from the original on 2017-12-27 7801: 7792: 7783: 7774: 7766:Itself a loan word from French 7760: 7743: 7718: 6126: 5342:'cinema', 'movie theater' (US) 4932: 4912: 4892: 4848: 4789: 4769: 4749: 4705: 4410: 4387: 4367: 4347: 4303: 4056: 3168: 3021: 2970: 2921: 2875: 2813: 2757: 2740: 2536:remained depopulated since the 10400:. White Lotus, Bangkok, 2001. 9928:, Special 2(2015), pps 97–109. 9462:Manusya: Journal of Humanities 9449: 9366: 9349:"Ausbau and Abstand languages" 9341: 9316: 9291: 9180: 8036:The majority of Lao words are 7977:สาธารณรัฐประชาธิปไตยประชาชนลาว 7577:(Osatananda, 1997, p. 40) 6453:Many consonants in Lao have a 5377:ດີຊອນແນ/ດີຊອນແນຣ໌ (*ดิซอนแนร์) 4812: 4698:) used in all other dialects. 4177: 3281:provinces. The Isan people of 1512: 1492: 1431: 1381: 1322: 1302: 1241: 1191: 1132: 1112: 1051: 1001: 560:, is the official language of 1: 13308:Subject–verb–object languages 9893:Hmong Research Group (2009). 9241: 8852: 8025: 7970:, with the Thai analog being 6448: 4955: 3776:Northern Lao dialectal words 1855:were copied, introducing the 8022:take one of only two tones. 7934: 6443: 6375: 6301: 6227: 6155: 6050: 5978: 5906: 5834: 5762: 5738:ຄົນສົ່ງໜັງສື (*คนส่งหนังสือ) 5690: 5630: 5558: 5498: 5426: 5354: 5282: 5222: 4431:people speaking the archaic 4011: 3947: 3941: 3880: 3819: 3734: 3670: 3606: 3542: 3478: 3414: 3023:Western Lao (Standard Isan) 2468: 2404: 2335: 2269: 2205: 2139: 2073: 2007: 1518:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1498:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1437:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1387:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1328:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1308:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1247:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1197:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1138:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1118:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1057:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 1007:{\displaystyle \rightarrow } 599:, also bear similarities to 556:), sometimes referred to as 7: 10162:. Special Issue 2: 110–143. 10119:Osatananda, Varisa (1997). 9967:Journal of the Siam Society 9939:Southern Lao Tones (Pakxé). 9214: 7027:All vowels make a phonemic 6428: 6403: 6389: 6354: 6329: 6315: 6280: 6255: 6241: 6208: 6183: 6169: 6078: 6064: 6031: 6006: 5992: 5959: 5934: 5920: 5887: 5862: 5848: 5815: 5790: 5776: 5743: 5718: 5713:ຟັກເຕີ/ຟັກເຕີຣ໌ (*ฟักเตอร์) 5704: 5658: 5644: 5611: 5586: 5572: 5526: 5521:ຫມາກປົ່ມ/ໝາກປົ່ມ (*หมากป่ม) 5512: 5479: 5454: 5440: 5407: 5382: 5368: 5335: 5310: 5296: 5250: 5236: 5058:/kʰa᷆ːnɔ̂ːjhētbɔ̄ːdâjdɔ᷆ːk/ 4168:Chiang Saen (Thai) language 4099:High-Falling (glottalized) 4039: 4025: 3997: 3978: 3964: 3927: 3908: 3894: 3866: 3847: 3833: 3805: 3762: 3748: 3720: 3698: 3684: 3656: 3634: 3620: 3592: 3570: 3556: 3528: 3506: 3492: 3464: 3442: 3428: 3400: 3231:High-Falling (glottalized) 2727: 2692:French protectorate of Laos 2496: 2482: 2451: 2432: 2418: 2387: 2366: 2352: 2318: 2297: 2283: 2252: 2233: 2219: 2188: 2167: 2153: 2122: 2101: 2087: 2056: 2035: 2021: 1990: 1621:), 'doorframe', from Khmer 1349:> Lao /ɲ/, > Thai /j/ 969:> Lao /m/, > Thai /l/ 833:, which are split into the 824:—and Southern Tai form the 707:Northwestern Tai languages 339:National University of Laos 10: 13324: 10160:The Journal of Lao Studies 9973:(2): 72–87. Archived from 9926:The Journal of Lao Studies 9853:The Journal of Lao Studies 9226:Comparison of Lao and Thai 9221:Comparison of Lao and Isan 9184: 9136: 8856: 8051: 8029: 7749:Southern Lao gives way to 6369: 6295: 6221: 6149: 6044: 5972: 5900: 5828: 5756: 5750:'postman', 'mailman' (US) 5684: 5624: 5552: 5492: 5420: 5348: 5276: 5245:ກາລະວັດ/ກາຣະວັດ (*การะวัด) 5216: 5088: 4959: 4780:Low-Falling (glottalized) 4215:provinces of Thailand and 4155: 4005: 3935: 3874: 3813: 3728: 3664: 3600: 3536: 3472: 3408: 3211:Low-Falling (glottalized) 2711:History of Laos since 1945 2708: 2689: 2628:, Siamese king during the 2462: 2398: 2329: 2263: 2199: 2133: 2067: 2001: 956:Divergence and convergence 872: 868: 703:Southwestern Tai languages 653: 580:that evolved from ancient 13262: 13214: 13196: 13159: 13135: 13090: 13074: 12997: 12955: 12880: 12869: 12811: 12747: 12732: 12705: 12687: 12614: 12596: 12578: 12513: 12423: 12347: 12280: 12202: 12193: 12128: 12119: 12023: 12014: 11952: 11943: 11932: 11796: 11731: 11699: 11661: 11654: 11632:Red Karen (Eastern Kayah) 11550: 11527: 11466: 11362: 11349: 11319: 11303: 11272: 11251: 11242: 11226: 11154: 11109: 11031: 11022: 11006: 10948: 10932: 10911: 10854: 10786: 10763: 10701: 10673: 10645: 10607: 10529: 10511: 10495: 10249:Unicode. (2019). Lao. In 10175:The Far Eastern Quarterly 9475:10.1163/26659077-01703004 9411:http://www.ethnologue.com 9326:. About World Languages. 9125: 9119: 9113: 9107: 9098: 9089: 9080: 9071: 9062: 9053: 9044: 9034: 8962: 8953: 8064: 8058: 7976: 7618:high-falling-to-mid-level 7579: 7574: 7318: 7290: 7271: 7259: 7249: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7148: 7120: 7101: 7091: 7083: 7064: 7059: 7054: 7022: 6784: 6739: 6578: 6528: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6422: 6397: 6383: 6348: 6323: 6309: 6274: 6249: 6235: 6215:'Vietnamese noodle soup' 6202: 6177: 6163: 6072: 6058: 6025: 6000: 5986: 5953: 5928: 5914: 5881: 5856: 5842: 5809: 5784: 5770: 5737: 5712: 5698: 5652: 5638: 5605: 5580: 5566: 5520: 5506: 5473: 5448: 5434: 5401: 5376: 5362: 5329: 5304: 5290: 5244: 5230: 5181:Khaosane Phathét Lao News 5139: 5114: 5068: 5056:(kha noi het bo lai dok, 5052: 5036: 5023: 5013: 5003: 4874: 4863: 4731: 4720: 4687: 4673: 4644: 4630: 4613: 4599: 4581:as either the rhotic tap 4566: 4552: 4538: 4528: 4514: 4481: 4329: 4318: 4288: 4274: 4260: 4246: 4229: 4119:Mid-Rising (glottalized) 4075: 4066: 4033: 4019: 3991: 3972: 3958: 3921: 3902: 3888: 3860: 3841: 3827: 3799: 3756: 3742: 3714: 3692: 3678: 3650: 3628: 3614: 3586: 3564: 3550: 3522: 3500: 3486: 3458: 3436: 3422: 3394: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3187: 3178: 3150: 3133: 3106: 2925: 2658: 2617: 2604: 2594:) in 1718 in what is now 2583: 2558: 2490: 2476: 2445: 2426: 2412: 2381: 2360: 2346: 2312: 2291: 2277: 2246: 2227: 2213: 2182: 2161: 2147: 2116: 2095: 2081: 2050: 2029: 2015: 1984: 1950: 1931: 1918: 1844: 1807: 1762: 1708: 1694: 1677: 1663: 1650: 1641: 1627: 1610: 1588: 1575: 1562: 1545: 1476: 1470: 1452: 1402: 1286: 1280: 1262: 1212: 1096: 1090: 1072: 1022: 546: 461: 452: 438: 414: 385: 367: 349: 344: 325: 277: 259:Official language in 257: 252: 226: 202: 156: 147:: 3.7 million (2015) 138: 124: 62: 50: 41: 29: 26: 21: 12028:Administrative divisions 10398:Thai–Isan–Lao Phrasebook 10100:Brown, J. Marvin. 1965. 8836:/(nɯ̄ŋ) pʰán lâːn lâːn/ 7389: 5188:French loanwords in Lao 5042:/kʰɔ᷆ːptɕàjlǎːjlǎːjdɤ̂ː/ 5040:(khop chai lai lai doe, 4585:or a strongly velarized 4170:rather than part of the 3015:(Nakhon Ratsasima), and 2636:for slaves, seizing the 1849:/sájsȅːt.tʰăː.tʰīʔ.lȃːt/ 1671:) and spread to Isan as 1338:{'to vomit'} {} {} {} {} 932:of Vietnam, the fall of 434: Northeastern Thai 211:Northeastern Lao (Phuan) 11117:Cambodian Sign Language 10381:Cummings, Joe. (2002). 10364:Enfield, N. J. (2007). 10076:Blaine Erickson, 2001. 10062:Enfield, N. J. (2007). 10034:Blaine Erickson, 2001. 9749:Stuart-Fox, M. (1997). 9695:Phra Ariyuwat. (1996). 9677:Stuart-Fox, M. (1998). 8664:(ໜຶ່ງ)ໝື່ນ/(ໜຶ່ງ)ຫມື່ນ 7668:/kʰaː˧˨/ ຂ່າ "galangal" 7657:/kʰaː˧˧/ ຂ່າ "galangal" 5091:French language in Laos 4589:which is confused with 4560:) instead of Vientiane 4282:) instead of Vientiane 2686:French Laos (1893–1953) 2573:and later in 1713, the 924:. Due to the influx of 843:Kra-Dai language family 11155:Main foreign languages 10940:Laotian sign languages 10912:Main foreign languages 10430:. Paiboon Publishing. 10413:Lao–English Dictionary 10237:. Accessed 2010-07-27. 9866:Louang Phrabang Tones. 9797:Compton, C. J. (2009) 9738:Journal of Lao Studies 9200: 9152: 8909:Lao is written in the 8868: 8707:'one hundred thousand' 7768: 6411: 6337: 6263: 6191: 6086: 6014: 5942: 5870: 5798: 5726: 5666: 5594: 5534: 5462: 5449:ອາຟິກ/ອາຟຣິກ (*อาฟรีก) 5390: 5318: 5305:ໂຮງຊີເນມາ (*โฮงซิเนมา) 5258: 5100: 4522:), 'riparian island', 2529: 2526:Maha Sarakham Province 1753: 1528:'mosquito' {} {} {} {} 1519: 1499: 1438: 1388: 1329: 1309: 1248: 1198: 1148:'slippery' {} {} {} {} 1139: 1119: 1058: 1008: 899: 755:Lao-Phuthai languages 747:Southern Thai language 734:Northern Thai language 730:Chiang Saen languages 693:Northern Tai languages 617:mutual intelligibility 553:[pʰáː.sǎːláːw] 538: 501:This article contains 463:This article contains 56:[pʰáː.sǎːláːw] 13298:Languages of Thailand 11866:Japanese puppet state 11691:Southwestern Mandarin 11000:Languages of Cambodia 10411:Kerr, Allen. (1994). 10353:. Tuttle Publishing. 10121:Tone in Vientiane Lao 9958:Hartmann, J. (1971). 9937:Hartmann, J. (2002). 9913:Davis, G. W. (2015). 9864:Hartmann, J. (2002). 9810:Hartmann, J. (2002). 9771:Platt, M. B. (2013). 9194: 9146: 9129:(rising) tone marks. 8866: 8839:1,000,000,000,000,000 7710:/kʰaː˧˦/ ຄ້າ "trade" 7690:/kʰaː˥˥˨/ ຂ້າ "kill" 7670:/kʰaː˧˨/ ຄ່າ "trade" 7048:Short vowel phonemes 6361:'carpenter's square', 5098: 5089:Further information: 5078:Open the door, please 5074:/kʰǎjpáʔ.tùːha᷆jdɛ̄ː/ 4970:Sanskrit global usage 4806:Lower-Middle (short) 4607:), 'to receive', and 4473:Steung Treng Province 3854:'to joke', 'to play' 3059:Vientiane Lao dialect 2519: 2240:'to share rejoicing' 1747: 1520: 1500: 1439: 1389: 1330: 1310: 1249: 1199: 1140: 1120: 1059: 1009: 898:of southeastern China 891: 873:Further information: 698:Central Tai languages 654:Further information: 536: 12002:World Heritage Sites 9784:Ivarson, S. (2008). 9666:Tai-Kadai languages. 7701:/kʰaː˥˨/ ຄ້າ "trade" 7659:/kʰaː˧˧/ ຄ່າ "value" 7214:Long vowel phonemes 7033:centering diphthongs 6105:Vietnamese loanwords 5072:(khai patu hai dae, 5053:ຂ້ານ້ອຍເຮັດບໍ່ໄດ້ດອກ 4937:Rising-High-Falling 4624:) are pronounced as 4491:Kingdom of Champasak 4217:Savannakhét Province 4172:Lao–Phutai languages 4046:'parcel', 'package' 3026:* Not found in Laos 2817:Louang Phrabang Lao 2767:Vientiane Prefecture 2563:/súʔ.līʔ.ɲāʔwóŋ.sǎː/ 1749:Wat Phra That Phanom 1740:Lan Xang (1354–1707) 1509: 1489: 1428: 1378: 1319: 1299: 1238: 1188: 1129: 1109: 1048: 998: 644:diaspora communities 400: – PDR Lao 247:Thai and Lao Braille 13303:Isolating languages 11901:Vietnamese invasion 11856:French protectorate 11355:by languages groups 10453:Lao True Type Fonts 10328:Lew, Sigrid. 2013. 9875:Based Brown (1965). 9379:factsanddetails.com 9273:Isan (Thailand Lao) 9236:Romanization of Lao 9169:, and formerly for 8925:Indication of tones 8831:໑໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐ 8797:/(nɯ̄ŋ) lâːn lâːn/ 8767:/(nɯ̄ŋ) pʰán lâːn/ 8603:/(nɯ̄ŋ) hɔ̂ːj ʔét/ 8046:subject–verb–object 7681:/kʰaː˧˩/ ຂ້າ "kill" 7644:/kʰaː˩˨/ ຄາ "stuck" 7635:/kʰaː˧˥/ ຄາ "stuck" 7624:/kʰaː˥˧˧/ ຂາ "leg" 7615:/kaː˩(˧)/ ກາ "crow" 7613:/kʰaː˩(˧)/ ຂາ "leg" 7571: 7215: 7049: 6124: 5785:ປາບາແລນ (*ปลาบาแลน) 5189: 5046:Thank you very much 4917:Rising-Mid-Falling 4846: 4703: 4301: 4093:Mid-Falling Rising 4054: 3777: 3366: 3166: 3052:(Nakhon Ratsasima) 2999:(Ubon Ratsathani), 2879:Phuan (Phouan) Lao 2860:(Khon Chaen), also 2738: 2592:/súʔ.wán.nāʔ.pʰúːm/ 2588:Muang Souvannaphoum 1962: 1722:liturgical language 1482:{} {} nyung {} yung 738:Sukhothai language 656:Tai–Kadai languages 409:Isan (Thailand Lao) 279:Recognised minority 152:: 800,000 (no date) 13198:proposed groupings 12166:Telecommunications 11916:History since 1945 11911:History until 1945 11739:Thai Sign Language 11663:Immigrant language 10334:ANSI Z39.35-1979, 10294:2007-08-02 at the 10274:2019-06-14 at the 10233:2010-12-30 at the 10083:2017-10-11 at the 10041:2017-10-11 at the 10000:2017-06-10 at the 9944:2020-07-13 at the 9920:2021-03-05 at the 9900:2010-06-14 at the 9871:2022-01-26 at the 9817:2020-08-11 at the 9732:2013-12-02 at the 9416:2007-12-27 at the 9231:Literature of Laos 9201: 9153: 9147:An example of the 8869: 8841:'one quadrillion' 8833:(ນຶ່ງ)ພັນລ້ານລ້ານ 7684:high level-falling 7646:/kaː˩˨/ ກາ "crow" 7569: 7213: 7047: 6465:Initial consonants 6122: 5705:khon song praisani 5691:khon song praisani 5581:ເບີ/ເບີຣ໌ (*เบอร์) 5187: 5101: 4844: 4760:Low (glottalized) 4701: 4299: 4195:and some areas of 4052: 3775: 3364: 3164: 3072:and some areas of 3066:Vientiane Province 3048:(Sainyaphum), and 2736: 2538:Post-Angkor Period 2530: 1960: 1877:Theravada Buddhism 1754: 1726:Theravada Buddhism 1702:), 'distant', and 1515: 1495: 1434: 1384: 1325: 1305: 1244: 1194: 1135: 1115: 1102:{} {} muen {} luen 1054: 1004: 930:Chinese occupation 900: 539: 220:Western Lao (Isan) 13293:Languages of Laos 13275: 13274: 13269:extinct languages 13155: 13154: 13131: 13130: 12509: 12508: 12417:Kra–Dai languages 12383: 12382: 12343: 12342: 12189: 12188: 12115: 12114: 12092:Political parties 12080:National Assembly 12048:General Secretary 12043:Foreign relations 12010: 12009: 11926:2007 coup attempt 11896:Laotian Civil War 11886:Ho Chi Minh trail 11861:Japanese invasion 11752: 11751: 11727: 11726: 11650: 11649: 11345: 11344: 11227:Official language 11175: 11174: 11150: 11149: 11007:Official language 10966: 10965: 10907: 10906: 10759: 10758: 10496:Official language 10489:Languages of Laos 10428:Lao for Beginners 10396:Mollerup, Asger. 10385:. Lonely Planet. 9751:A History of Laos 9632:ภาษาและภาษาศาสตร์ 9306:(27th ed., 2024) 9281:(27th ed., 2024) 9263:(27th ed., 2024) 9149:Tai Tham alphabet 9105:. In addition to 9030: 9029: 8845: 8844: 8800:1,000,000,000,000 8608:'one hundred one' 8303:/săːm síp sɔ̌ːŋ/ 8042:analytic language 7932: 7931: 7815:Checked syllables 7714: 7713: 7567: 7566: 7386: 7385: 7379: 7378: 7209: 7208: 7011: 7010: 6835: 6834: 6692: 6625: 6588: 6459:phonemic contrast 6441: 6440: 6102: 6101: 6098:'gramme', 'gram' 5744:khon song nangsue 5106:Laotian Civil War 4953: 4952: 4810: 4809: 4408: 4407: 4149: 4148: 4050: 4049: 3773: 3772: 3261: 3260: 3056: 3055: 3050:Nakhon Ratchasima 3013:Nakhon Ratchasima 2672:Nakhon Ratchasima 2659:ອານຸວົງ/ອານຸວົງສ໌ 2650:Laotian Rebellion 2509: 2508: 1903:sixteenth century 1895:Mahayana Buddhism 1889:, as well as the 1883:Tai folk religion 1824:is still active. 673:Kam-Sui languages 597:Kra-Dai languages 534: 509:rendering support 489: 488: 471:rendering support 467:phonetic symbols. 327:Regulated by 13315: 12878: 12877: 12745: 12744: 12464: 12463: 12410: 12403: 12396: 12387: 12386: 12363: 12356: 12200: 12199: 12146: 12126: 12125: 12021: 12020: 11950: 11949: 11938: 11779: 11772: 11765: 11756: 11755: 11701:Working language 11659: 11658: 11503: 11496: 11489: 11412: 11405: 11360: 11359: 11356: 11249: 11248: 11214: 11213: 11212: 11202: 11195: 11188: 11179: 11178: 11029: 11028: 10993: 10986: 10979: 10970: 10969: 10957: 10956: 10955: 10527: 10526: 10518: 10517: 10482: 10475: 10468: 10459: 10458: 10367:A Grammar of Lao 10316: 10309: 10303: 10285: 10279: 10263:Everson, Michael 10260: 10254: 10247: 10238: 10224: 10215: 10214: 10170: 10164: 10163: 10157: 10148: 10133: 10132: 10116: 10105: 10098: 10092: 10074: 10068: 10067: 10064:A Grammar of Lao 10059: 10050: 10047:The Lao Language 10032: 10017: 10010: 10004: 9991: 9982: 9981: 9979: 9964: 9955: 9949: 9935: 9929: 9911: 9905: 9891: 9885: 9882: 9876: 9862: 9856: 9849: 9843: 9840: 9831: 9828: 9822: 9812:Vientiane Tones. 9808: 9802: 9795: 9789: 9782: 9776: 9769: 9763: 9760: 9754: 9747: 9741: 9719: 9713: 9706: 9700: 9693: 9682: 9675: 9669: 9662: 9653: 9646: 9640: 9639: 9627: 9621: 9620: 9592: 9583: 9580: 9574: 9573: 9555: 9544:10.4137/ebo.s893 9523: 9517: 9516: 9498: 9489: 9480: 9479: 9477: 9453: 9447: 9446: 9426: 9420: 9407: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9390: 9370: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9360: 9345: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9320: 9314: 9313: 9312: 9295: 9289: 9288: 9287: 9270: 9269: 9252: 9187:Khom Thai script 9128: 9127: 9122: 9121: 9116: 9115: 9110: 9109: 9104: 9101: 9100: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9086: 9083: 9082: 9077: 9074: 9073: 9068: 9065: 9064: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9050: 9047: 9046: 9041: 9037: 9036: 8971:High consonants 8965: 8964: 8956: 8955: 8936: 8935: 8711: 8676: 8056: 8055: 8021: 8013: 8009: 8002: 7994: 7979: 7978: 7954: 7941:syllable nucleus 7923: 7905: 7887: 7869: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7826: 7808: 7805: 7799: 7796: 7790: 7787: 7781: 7778: 7772: 7771: 7764: 7758: 7747: 7741: 7722: 7572: 7568: 7558: 7554: 7546:Mid-low falling 7535: 7514: 7495: 7476: 7457: 7421: 7420: 7417: 7409: 7398:Smooth syllables 7371: 7355: 7344: 7330: 7323: 7316: 7302: 7295: 7288: 7267: 7262: 7257: 7216: 7212: 7201: 7185: 7174: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7132: 7125: 7118: 7094: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7037:falling sonority 7003: 6994: 6980: 6973: 6964: 6957: 6941: 6932: 6925: 6884: 6883: 6880: 6872: 6864: 6852: 6838:Final consonants 6821: 6814: 6807: 6800: 6794: 6778: 6763: 6756: 6749: 6731: 6724: 6713: 6706: 6699: 6688: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6662: 6655: 6648: 6639: 6632: 6621: 6602: 6595: 6584: 6570: 6563: 6554: 6545: 6538: 6469: 6468: 6431: 6425: 6424: 6418: 6414: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6378: 6372: 6371: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6344: 6340: 6332: 6326: 6325: 6318: 6312: 6311: 6304: 6298: 6297: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6270: 6266: 6258: 6252: 6251: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6230: 6224: 6223: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6198: 6194: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6125: 6121: 6093: 6089: 6081: 6075: 6074: 6073:ກາມ/ກຣາມ (*กราม) 6067: 6061: 6060: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6034: 6028: 6027: 6021: 6017: 6009: 6003: 6002: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5949: 5945: 5937: 5931: 5930: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5877: 5873: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5837: 5831: 5830: 5818: 5812: 5811: 5805: 5801: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5765: 5759: 5758: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5733: 5729: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5673: 5669: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5647: 5641: 5640: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5601: 5597: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5541: 5537: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5482: 5476: 5475: 5469: 5465: 5457: 5451: 5450: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5397: 5393: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5325: 5321: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5265: 5261: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5190: 5186: 5153: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5128: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5085:French loanwords 5075: 5071: 5070: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5037:ຂອບໃຈຫຼາຍ ໆ ເດີ້ 5030: 5026: 5025: 5020: 5016: 5015: 5010: 5006: 5005: 4877: 4876: 4866: 4865: 4847: 4843: 4839:Nakhon Ratsasima 4837:and portions of 4734: 4733: 4723: 4722: 4704: 4700: 4697: 4690: 4689: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4654: 4647: 4646: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4623: 4616: 4615: 4606: 4602: 4601: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4568: 4559: 4555: 4554: 4545: 4541: 4540: 4531: 4530: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4453:Nakhon Ratsasima 4447:and portions of 4332: 4331: 4321: 4320: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4291: 4290: 4281: 4277: 4276: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4239: 4232: 4231: 4078: 4077: 4069: 4068: 4055: 4051: 4042: 4036: 4035: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4000: 3994: 3993: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3973:ຂມົນປັງ (ขนมปัง) 3967: 3961: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3883: 3877: 3876: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3850: 3844: 3843: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3778: 3774: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3737: 3731: 3730: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3673: 3667: 3666: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3417: 3411: 3410: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3347: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3190: 3189: 3181: 3180: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3153: 3152: 3143: 3136: 3135: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3092:and portions of 3068:and portions of 2997:Ubon Ratchathani 2935:and portions of 2928: 2927: 2877:Northeastern Lao 2868:(Phetsabun) and 2739: 2735: 2723: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2620: 2619: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2593: 2586: 2585: 2564: 2561: 2560: 2520:Temple mural of 2499: 2493: 2492: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2471: 2465: 2464: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2394: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2342: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2325: 2321: 2315: 2314: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2259: 2255: 2249: 2248: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2195: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2176:'transgression' 2170: 2164: 2163: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2129: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2104: 2098: 2097: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2063: 2059: 2053: 2052: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2010: 2004: 2003: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1840:Xay Xétthathirat 1813: 1810: 1809: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1688:) from Sanskrit 1687: 1680: 1679: 1670: 1666: 1665: 1653: 1652: 1648:, 'distant' and 1644: 1643: 1634: 1630: 1629: 1620: 1613: 1612: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1555: 1548: 1547: 1524: 1522: 1521: 1516: 1504: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1472: 1455: 1454: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1405: 1404: 1393: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1334: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1314: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1292:{} {} hak {} rak 1289: 1288: 1283: 1282: 1265: 1264: 1253: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1215: 1214: 1203: 1201: 1200: 1195: 1144: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1124: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1099: 1098: 1093: 1092: 1075: 1074: 1063: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1025: 1024: 1013: 1011: 1010: 1005: 918:Zhuang languages 764:Phuthai language 716:Tai Lue language 629:Southwestern Tai 555: 549: 548: 535: 515: instead of 497: 496: 457: 448: 433: 426: 406: 399: 390: 381: 380: 372: 363: 362: 354: 317: 315: 314: 305: 303: 302: 293: 291: 290: 281:language in 270: 268: 267: 232: 162: 58: 46: 32: 31: 19: 18: 13323: 13322: 13318: 13317: 13316: 13314: 13313: 13312: 13278: 13277: 13276: 13271: 13258: 13216:Proto-languages 13210: 13192: 13151: 13127: 13086: 13070: 12993: 12951: 12873: 12865: 12807: 12777:Longsang Zhuang 12757:Standard Zhuang 12736: 12728: 12701: 12683: 12610: 12592: 12574: 12505: 12462: 12419: 12414: 12384: 12379: 12366: 12359: 12352: 12339: 12330:Public holidays 12276: 12267:Sex trafficking 12185: 12144: 12111: 12070:Law enforcement 12006: 11987:Protected areas 11939: 11930: 11876:Kingdom of Laos 11792: 11783: 11753: 11748: 11723: 11695: 11646: 11546: 11523: 11499: 11492: 11485: 11462: 11408: 11401: 11354: 11353: 11341: 11315: 11299: 11268: 11238: 11222: 11210: 11208: 11206: 11176: 11171: 11146: 11105: 11024: 11018: 11002: 10997: 10967: 10962: 10959:Laos portal 10953: 10951: 10944: 10928: 10903: 10850: 10782: 10755: 10697: 10669: 10641: 10603: 10513: 10507: 10491: 10486: 10444: 10415:. White Lotus. 10325: 10323:Further reading 10320: 10319: 10310: 10306: 10296:Wayback Machine 10286: 10282: 10276:Wayback Machine 10261: 10257: 10248: 10241: 10235:Wayback Machine 10225: 10218: 10187:10.2307/2049433 10171: 10167: 10155: 10149: 10136: 10117: 10108: 10099: 10095: 10085:Wayback Machine 10075: 10071: 10060: 10053: 10043:Wayback Machine 10033: 10020: 10011: 10007: 10002:Wayback Machine 9992: 9985: 9977: 9962: 9956: 9952: 9946:Wayback Machine 9936: 9932: 9922:Wayback Machine 9912: 9908: 9902:Wayback Machine 9892: 9888: 9883: 9879: 9873:Wayback Machine 9863: 9859: 9850: 9846: 9841: 9834: 9829: 9825: 9819:Wayback Machine 9809: 9805: 9796: 9792: 9783: 9779: 9770: 9766: 9761: 9757: 9748: 9744: 9734:Wayback Machine 9720: 9716: 9707: 9703: 9694: 9685: 9676: 9672: 9663: 9656: 9647: 9643: 9628: 9624: 9593: 9586: 9581: 9577: 9524: 9520: 9496: 9490: 9483: 9454: 9450: 9427: 9423: 9418:Wayback Machine 9408: 9397: 9388: 9386: 9373:Hays, Jeffrey. 9371: 9367: 9358: 9356: 9347: 9346: 9342: 9333: 9331: 9322: 9321: 9317: 9307: 9296: 9292: 9282: 9271: 9264: 9253: 9249: 9244: 9217: 9189: 9183: 9141: 9139:Tai Tham script 9135: 9133:Tai Tham script 9111:(low tone) and 9011:Low consonants 8991:Mid consonants 8927: 8911:Tai Tham script 8861: 8855: 8850: 8840: 8832: 8827: 8825: 8810: 8808: 8802:'one trillion' 8801: 8794:(ນຶ່ງ)ລ້ານລ້ານ 8793: 8788: 8786: 8778: 8771: 8763: 8758: 8756: 8748: 8741: 8733: 8728: 8726: 8718: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8702:/(nɯ̄ŋ) sɛ̆ːn/ 8698: 8693: 8691: 8683: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8667:/(nɯ̄ŋ) mɯ̄ːn/ 8663: 8658: 8656: 8648: 8641: 8639: 8631: 8626: 8624: 8616: 8609: 8607: 8600:(ນຶ່ງ)ຮ້ອຍເອັດ 8599: 8594: 8592: 8584: 8577: 8575: 8571:/(nɯ̄ŋ) hɔ̂ːj/ 8567: 8562: 8560: 8552: 8545: 8543: 8535: 8530: 8528: 8518: 8516: 8509: 8507: 8497: 8495: 8490: 8488: 8478: 8476: 8469: 8467: 8457: 8455: 8450: 8448: 8438: 8436: 8429: 8427: 8417: 8415: 8410: 8408: 8398: 8396: 8389: 8387: 8377: 8375: 8370: 8368: 8358: 8356: 8349: 8347: 8337: 8335: 8330: 8328: 8318: 8316: 8309: 8307: 8297: 8295: 8290: 8288: 8278: 8276: 8269: 8267: 8263:/săːm síp ʔét/ 8257: 8255: 8250: 8248: 8238: 8236: 8229: 8227: 8217: 8215: 8210: 8208: 8198: 8196: 8189: 8187: 8177: 8175: 8170: 8168: 8158: 8156: 8149: 8147: 8137: 8135: 8130: 8128: 8118: 8116: 8109: 8107: 8097: 8095: 8088: 8086: 8076: 8074: 8054: 8034: 8028: 7937: 7910:if, inevitably 7897:Mid-low falling 7821:obstruent sound 7817: 7812: 7811: 7806: 7802: 7797: 7793: 7788: 7784: 7779: 7775: 7765: 7761: 7748: 7744: 7723: 7719: 7669: 7658: 7645: 7614: 7581: 7576: 7400: 7392: 7387: 7276: 7106: 7025: 6840: 6467: 6451: 6446: 6436: 6432: 6426: 6415: 6407: 6401: 6393: 6387: 6379: 6373: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6341: 6333: 6327: 6319: 6313: 6305: 6299: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6267: 6259: 6253: 6245: 6239: 6231: 6225: 6212: 6206: 6195: 6187: 6181: 6173: 6167: 6159: 6153: 6107: 6090: 6082: 6076: 6068: 6062: 6054: 6048: 6035: 6029: 6018: 6010: 6004: 5996: 5990: 5982: 5976: 5963: 5957: 5946: 5938: 5932: 5924: 5918: 5910: 5904: 5891: 5885: 5874: 5866: 5860: 5852: 5846: 5838: 5832: 5819: 5813: 5802: 5794: 5788: 5780: 5774: 5766: 5760: 5747: 5741: 5730: 5722: 5716: 5708: 5702: 5694: 5688: 5670: 5662: 5656: 5648: 5642: 5634: 5628: 5615: 5609: 5598: 5590: 5584: 5576: 5570: 5562: 5556: 5538: 5530: 5524: 5516: 5510: 5502: 5496: 5483: 5477: 5466: 5458: 5452: 5444: 5438: 5430: 5424: 5411: 5405: 5394: 5386: 5380: 5372: 5369:photchananukrom 5366: 5358: 5355:photchananukrom 5352: 5339: 5333: 5322: 5314: 5308: 5300: 5297:rong phapphayon 5294: 5286: 5283:hong phapphayon 5280: 5262: 5254: 5248: 5240: 5234: 5226: 5220: 5206: 5168:La Francophonie 5119:/sáŋ.tìː.mɛ́ːt/ 5093: 5087: 4972: 4958: 4815: 4441:Ubon Ratsathani 4413: 4398:Rising-Falling 4378:Rising-Falling 4180: 4160: 4154: 4043: 4037: 4029: 4023: 4015: 4009: 4001: 3995: 3982: 3976: 3968: 3962: 3953: 3951: 3945: 3939: 3931: 3925: 3912: 3906: 3898: 3892: 3884: 3878: 3870: 3864: 3851: 3845: 3837: 3831: 3823: 3817: 3809: 3803: 3766: 3760: 3752: 3746: 3738: 3732: 3724: 3718: 3705:'wood'. 'tree' 3702: 3696: 3688: 3682: 3674: 3668: 3660: 3654: 3638: 3632: 3624: 3618: 3610: 3604: 3596: 3590: 3574: 3568: 3560: 3554: 3546: 3540: 3532: 3526: 3510: 3504: 3496: 3490: 3482: 3476: 3468: 3462: 3446: 3440: 3432: 3426: 3418: 3412: 3404: 3398: 3322:Louang Phrabang 3291:Louang Phrabang 3266: 3086:Nong Bua Lamphu 3061: 2878: 2872:(outside Isan) 2821:Louang Phrabang 2816: 2784:Nong Bua Lamphu 2730: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2694: 2688: 2630:Thonburi Period 2596:Roi Et Province 2567:Louang Phrabang 2542:Nong Bua Lamphu 2514: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2486: 2480: 2472: 2466: 2455: 2449: 2436: 2430: 2422: 2416: 2408: 2402: 2391: 2385: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2356: 2350: 2341: 2339: 2333: 2322: 2316: 2305: 2301: 2295: 2287: 2281: 2273: 2267: 2256: 2250: 2237: 2231: 2223: 2217: 2209: 2203: 2194:/ʔanumoːd̪anaː/ 2192: 2186: 2175: 2171: 2165: 2157: 2151: 2143: 2137: 2126: 2120: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2091: 2085: 2077: 2071: 2060: 2054: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2025: 2019: 2011: 2005: 1994: 1988: 1879: 1775:mandala kingdom 1742: 1678:ໂທຣະສັບ/ໂທລະສັບ 1532: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1466: 1448: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1416: 1398: 1379: 1376: 1375: 1366: 1342: 1320: 1317: 1316: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1276: 1258: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1226: 1208: 1189: 1186: 1185: 1176: 1152: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1086: 1068: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1036: 1018: 999: 996: 995: 986: 958: 886: 881: 871: 790: 759:Tai Yo language 711:Khamti language 658: 652: 611:languages like 603:languages like 524: 522: 521: 520: 507:Without proper 498: 494: 469:Without proper 444: 429: 428: 422: 402: 401: 395: 394: 386: 376: 375: 368: 358: 357: 350: 336: 332: 321: 312: 310: 309: 300: 298: 297: 288: 286: 282: 280: 265: 263: 260: 253:Official status 245: 240: 233: 228: 198: 163: 160:Language family 158: 148: 141: 140:Native speakers 131: 112: 95: 78: 69: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13321: 13311: 13310: 13305: 13300: 13295: 13290: 13273: 13272: 13263: 13260: 13259: 13257: 13256: 13249: 13242: 13235: 13228: 13220: 13218: 13212: 13211: 13209: 13208: 13202: 13200: 13194: 13193: 13191: 13190: 13185: 13180: 13175: 13169: 13167: 13157: 13156: 13153: 13152: 13150: 13149: 13143: 13141: 13133: 13132: 13129: 13128: 13126: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13094: 13092: 13088: 13087: 13085: 13084: 13078: 13076: 13072: 13071: 13069: 13068: 13063: 13058: 13053: 13048: 13043: 13038: 13033: 13028: 13023: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13001: 12999: 12995: 12994: 12992: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12959: 12957: 12953: 12952: 12950: 12949: 12942: 12935: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12915: 12910: 12905: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12884: 12882: 12875: 12867: 12866: 12864: 12863: 12858: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12817: 12815: 12809: 12808: 12806: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12789: 12784: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12753: 12751: 12742: 12730: 12729: 12727: 12726: 12721: 12715: 12713: 12703: 12702: 12700: 12699: 12693: 12691: 12685: 12684: 12682: 12681: 12676: 12671: 12666: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12620: 12618: 12612: 12611: 12609: 12608: 12602: 12600: 12594: 12593: 12591: 12590: 12584: 12582: 12576: 12575: 12573: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12536: 12531: 12525: 12519: 12517: 12511: 12510: 12507: 12506: 12504: 12503: 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12472: 12470: 12461: 12460: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12429: 12427: 12421: 12420: 12413: 12412: 12405: 12398: 12390: 12381: 12380: 12378: 12377: 12372: 12365: 12364: 12357: 12349: 12348: 12345: 12344: 12341: 12340: 12338: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12286: 12284: 12278: 12277: 12275: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12248: 12247: 12246:hybrid variant 12234: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12203: 12197: 12191: 12190: 12187: 12186: 12184: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12161:Stock exchange 12158: 12153: 12148: 12140: 12135: 12129: 12123: 12117: 12116: 12113: 12112: 12110: 12109: 12107:Prime Minister 12104: 12102:Vice President 12099: 12094: 12089: 12088: 12087: 12077: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12061: 12060: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12024: 12018: 12012: 12011: 12008: 12007: 12005: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11984: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11953: 11947: 11941: 11940: 11933: 11931: 11929: 11928: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11881:Indochina Wars 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11836:Luang Phrabang 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11802: 11800: 11794: 11793: 11782: 11781: 11774: 11767: 11759: 11750: 11749: 11747: 11746: 11741: 11735: 11733: 11732:Sign languages 11729: 11728: 11725: 11724: 11722: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11705: 11703: 11697: 11696: 11694: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11678: 11673: 11667: 11665: 11656: 11655:Non-Indigenous 11652: 11651: 11648: 11647: 11645: 11644: 11639: 11634: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11608: 11607: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11556: 11554: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11544: 11539: 11533: 11531: 11525: 11524: 11522: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11505: 11504: 11497: 11490: 11478: 11472: 11470: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11414: 11413: 11406: 11394: 11389: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11368: 11366: 11357: 11347: 11346: 11343: 11342: 11340: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11323: 11321: 11317: 11316: 11314: 11313: 11307: 11305: 11301: 11300: 11298: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11276: 11274: 11270: 11269: 11267: 11266: 11261: 11255: 11253: 11246: 11240: 11239: 11237: 11236: 11230: 11228: 11224: 11223: 11205: 11204: 11197: 11190: 11182: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11169: 11164: 11158: 11156: 11152: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11145: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11113: 11111: 11107: 11106: 11104: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11063: 11058: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11037: 11035: 11026: 11020: 11019: 11017: 11016: 11010: 11008: 11004: 11003: 10996: 10995: 10988: 10981: 10973: 10964: 10963: 10949: 10946: 10945: 10943: 10942: 10936: 10934: 10933:Sign languages 10930: 10929: 10927: 10926: 10921: 10915: 10913: 10909: 10908: 10905: 10904: 10902: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10860: 10858: 10852: 10851: 10849: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10792: 10790: 10784: 10783: 10781: 10780: 10775: 10769: 10767: 10761: 10760: 10757: 10756: 10754: 10753: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10713: 10707: 10705: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10679: 10677: 10671: 10670: 10668: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10651: 10649: 10643: 10642: 10640: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10613: 10611: 10605: 10604: 10602: 10601: 10596: 10591: 10586: 10581: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10535: 10533: 10524: 10515: 10509: 10508: 10506: 10505: 10499: 10497: 10493: 10492: 10485: 10484: 10477: 10470: 10462: 10456: 10455: 10450: 10443: 10442:External links 10440: 10439: 10438: 10424: 10409: 10394: 10379: 10362: 10347: 10332: 10324: 10321: 10318: 10317: 10304: 10280: 10255: 10239: 10216: 10181:(4): 379–389. 10165: 10134: 10106: 10093: 10069: 10051: 10018: 10005: 9983: 9980:on 2021-04-18. 9950: 9930: 9906: 9886: 9877: 9857: 9844: 9832: 9823: 9803: 9790: 9777: 9764: 9755: 9742: 9740:, 2(2), 23–46. 9714: 9701: 9683: 9670: 9654: 9641: 9622: 9609:10.2307/600168 9603:(4): 488–509. 9584: 9575: 9518: 9481: 9448: 9437:(6): 727–749. 9421: 9395: 9365: 9340: 9315: 9290: 9246: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9216: 9213: 9185:Main article: 9182: 9179: 9137:Main article: 9134: 9131: 9028: 9027: 9024: 9021: 9018: 9015: 9012: 9008: 9007: 9004: 9001: 8998: 8995: 8992: 8988: 8987: 8984: 8981: 8978: 8975: 8972: 8968: 8967: 8958: 8949: 8946: 8943: 8940: 8926: 8923: 8889:Brahmi scripts 8885:Southern India 8881:Pallava script 8873:Khmer alphabet 8857:Main article: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8848:Writing system 8846: 8843: 8842: 8837: 8834: 8829: 8822: 8821:/sáːw (nɯ̄ŋ)/ 8819: 8804: 8803: 8798: 8795: 8792:໑໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐ 8790: 8783: 8780: 8774: 8773: 8772:'one billion' 8768: 8765: 8764:(ນຶ່ງ)ພັນລ້ານ 8760: 8753: 8750: 8744: 8743: 8742:'one million' 8738: 8737:/(nɯ̄ŋ) lâːn/ 8735: 8730: 8723: 8720: 8714: 8713: 8703: 8700: 8695: 8688: 8685: 8679: 8678: 8668: 8665: 8660: 8653: 8650: 8644: 8643: 8640:'one thousand' 8636: 8635:/(nɯ̄ŋ) pʰán/ 8633: 8628: 8621: 8618: 8612: 8611: 8604: 8601: 8596: 8589: 8586: 8580: 8579: 8572: 8569: 8564: 8557: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8540: 8537: 8532: 8525: 8522: 8512: 8511: 8504: 8501: 8492: 8485: 8482: 8472: 8471: 8464: 8461: 8452: 8445: 8442: 8432: 8431: 8424: 8421: 8412: 8405: 8402: 8392: 8391: 8384: 8381: 8372: 8365: 8362: 8352: 8351: 8344: 8341: 8332: 8325: 8322: 8312: 8311: 8304: 8301: 8292: 8285: 8282: 8272: 8271: 8264: 8261: 8252: 8245: 8242: 8232: 8231: 8224: 8221: 8212: 8205: 8202: 8192: 8191: 8188:'twenty-three' 8184: 8181: 8172: 8165: 8162: 8152: 8151: 8144: 8141: 8132: 8125: 8122: 8112: 8111: 8104: 8101: 8092: 8083: 8080: 8070: 8069: 8066: 8063: 8060: 8053: 8050: 8030:Main article: 8027: 8024: 7957:rounded vowels 7945:syllable onset 7936: 7933: 7930: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7919: 7916: 7912: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7901: 7898: 7894: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7883: 7880: 7876: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7865: 7862: 7858: 7857: 7854: 7851: 7848: 7845: 7816: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7800: 7791: 7782: 7773: 7759: 7751:Northern Khmer 7742: 7716: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7692: 7691: 7688: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7676: 7672: 7671: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7655: 7652: 7648: 7647: 7642: 7639: 7636: 7633: 7630: 7626: 7625: 7622: 7619: 7616: 7611: 7608: 7604: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7584: 7583: 7578: 7565: 7564: 7563:kill, servant 7561: 7559: 7550: 7547: 7543: 7542: 7539: 7536: 7531: 7528: 7524: 7523: 7522:, value resp. 7517: 7515: 7510: 7507: 7503: 7502: 7499: 7496: 7491: 7488: 7484: 7483: 7480: 7477: 7472: 7469: 7465: 7464: 7461: 7458: 7453: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7442: 7435: 7428: 7425: 7404:sonorant sound 7399: 7396: 7391: 7388: 7384: 7383: 7377: 7376: 7374: 7372: 7365: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7349: 7347: 7345: 7338: 7332: 7331: 7324: 7317: 7310: 7304: 7303: 7296: 7289: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7269: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7235: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7195: 7193: 7187: 7186: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7168: 7162: 7161: 7154: 7147: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7126: 7119: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7095: 7090: 7087: 7081: 7080: 7075: 7069: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7041: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7004: 6997: 6995: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6965: 6958: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6942: 6935: 6933: 6926: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6844:plosive sounds 6839: 6836: 6833: 6832: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6822: 6815: 6808: 6801: 6788: 6782: 6781: 6779: 6772: 6770: 6768: 6766: 6764: 6757: 6750: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6732: 6725: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6707: 6700: 6693: 6685: 6684: 6677: 6670: 6663: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6640: 6633: 6626: 6618: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6603: 6596: 6589: 6582: 6576: 6575: 6573: 6571: 6564: 6557: 6555: 6548: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6507: 6502: 6498: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6466: 6463: 6450: 6447: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6419: 6408: 6394: 6380: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6345: 6334: 6320: 6306: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6271: 6260: 6246: 6232: 6217: 6216: 6213: 6199: 6188: 6174: 6160: 6145: 6144: 6141: 6140:Lao alternate 6138: 6135: 6132: 6129: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6083: 6069: 6055: 6040: 6039: 6038:'money order' 6036: 6022: 6011: 6001:ມັງດາ (*มังดา) 5997: 5983: 5968: 5967: 5964: 5950: 5939: 5925: 5911: 5896: 5895: 5892: 5878: 5867: 5853: 5839: 5824: 5823: 5820: 5806: 5795: 5781: 5767: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5734: 5723: 5709: 5695: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5663: 5649: 5635: 5620: 5619: 5616: 5602: 5591: 5577: 5563: 5548: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5531: 5517: 5503: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5474:ອາຟິກາ/ອາຟຣິກາ 5470: 5459: 5445: 5431: 5416: 5415: 5412: 5408:photchananukom 5398: 5387: 5373: 5359: 5344: 5343: 5340: 5326: 5315: 5301: 5287: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5255: 5241: 5227: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5146:) from French 5086: 5083: 5082: 5081: 5065: 5049: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4931: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4895: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4869: 4858: 4853: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4726: 4715: 4710: 4503:glottalization 4475:, Cambodia or 4412: 4409: 4406: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4324: 4313: 4308: 4179: 4176: 4164:Phuan language 4158:Phuan language 4156:Main article: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4087: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4071: 4062: 4061:Inherent Tone 4059: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4030: 4016: 4002: 3987: 3986: 3983: 3969: 3955: 3936:ข้าวจี่ ขนมปัง 3932: 3917: 3916: 3913: 3899: 3885: 3871: 3856: 3855: 3852: 3838: 3824: 3810: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3788: 3787:Vientiane Lao 3785: 3782: 3771: 3770: 3767: 3753: 3739: 3725: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3703: 3689: 3675: 3661: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3625: 3611: 3597: 3583: 3579: 3578: 3575: 3561: 3547: 3533: 3519: 3515: 3514: 3511: 3497: 3483: 3469: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3447: 3433: 3419: 3405: 3391: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3379:Vientiane Lao 3377: 3374: 3371: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3257:Middle (high) 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3183: 3174: 3173:Inherent Tone 3171: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3053: 3044:(Khon Chaen), 3040:, portions of 3027: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3003:, portions of 2994: 2990:, portions of 2973: 2969: 2968: 2960:; portions of 2943: 2930: 2920: 2919: 2893: 2885:, portions of 2880: 2874: 2873: 2852:, portions of 2847: 2843:, portions of 2818: 2812: 2811: 2794:, portions of 2777: 2760: 2759:Vientiane Lao 2756: 2755: 2753:Thai Provinces 2750: 2745: 2729: 2726: 2717: 2709:Main article: 2706: 2703: 2690:Main article: 2687: 2684: 2674:, and the Lao 2638:Emerald Buddha 2554:Sourignavôngsa 2534:Khorat Plateau 2513: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2501: 2487: 2473: 2459: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2423: 2409: 2395: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2357: 2343: 2326: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2288: 2274: 2260: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2224: 2210: 2196: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2158: 2144: 2130: 2112: 2111: 2106: 2092: 2078: 2064: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2026: 2012: 1998: 1980: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1940:Tai Noi script 1878: 1875: 1741: 1738: 1686:/tʰóː.lāʔ.sáp/ 1669:/tʰōː.ráʔ.sàp/ 1514: 1494: 1449: 1433: 1417: 1399: 1383: 1367: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1350: 1324: 1304: 1259: 1243: 1227: 1209: 1193: 1177: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1134: 1114: 1069: 1053: 1037: 1019: 1003: 987: 973: 972: 971: 970: 957: 954: 885: 882: 870: 867: 789: 788: 787: 786: 785: 784: 783: 782: 781: 780: 766: 761: 753: 752: 751: 750: 749: 744: 736: 728: 727: 726: 723: 718: 713: 700: 695: 685: 680: 675: 670: 668:Hlai languages 659: 651: 650:Classification 648: 589:tonal language 511:, you may see 499: 492: 491: 490: 487: 486: 473:, you may see 459: 458: 450: 449: 442: 436: 435: 420: 412: 411: 391: 383: 382: 373: 365: 364: 355: 347: 346: 345:Language codes 342: 341: 329: 323: 322: 285: 283: 278: 275: 274: 261: 258: 255: 254: 250: 249: 234: 230:Writing system 227: 224: 223: 222: 221: 218: 215: 212: 209: 204: 200: 199: 197: 196: 195: 194: 193: 192: 191: 190: 166: 164: 157: 154: 153: 142: 139: 136: 135: 126: 122: 121: 64: 63:Native to 60: 59: 52: 48: 47: 39: 38: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13320: 13309: 13306: 13304: 13301: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13285: 13283: 13270: 13266: 13261: 13255: 13254: 13250: 13248: 13247: 13246:Proto-Kam–Sui 13243: 13241: 13240: 13236: 13234: 13233: 13229: 13227: 13226: 13225:Proto-Kra–Dai 13222: 13221: 13219: 13217: 13213: 13207: 13204: 13203: 13201: 13199: 13195: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13164: 13163:mixed origins 13158: 13148: 13145: 13144: 13142: 13139: 13134: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13109: 13108:Tai Muong Vat 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13095: 13093: 13089: 13083: 13082:Southern Thai 13080: 13079: 13077: 13073: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13057: 13054: 13052: 13049: 13047: 13044: 13042: 13039: 13037: 13034: 13032: 13031:Tai Hang Tong 13029: 13027: 13024: 13022: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13011:Northern Thai 13009: 13006: 13003: 13002: 13000: 12996: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12960: 12958: 12954: 12948: 12947: 12943: 12941: 12940: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12914: 12911: 12909: 12906: 12904: 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12885: 12883: 12879: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12862: 12859: 12857: 12854: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12818: 12816: 12814: 12810: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12754: 12752: 12750: 12746: 12743: 12740: 12735: 12731: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12716: 12714: 12712: 12708: 12704: 12698: 12695: 12694: 12692: 12690: 12686: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12672: 12670: 12667: 12665: 12662: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12621: 12619: 12617: 12613: 12607: 12604: 12603: 12601: 12599: 12595: 12589: 12586: 12585: 12583: 12581: 12577: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12520: 12518: 12516: 12512: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12474: 12473: 12471: 12469: 12465: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12430: 12428: 12426: 12422: 12418: 12411: 12406: 12404: 12399: 12397: 12392: 12391: 12388: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12367: 12362: 12358: 12355: 12351: 12350: 12346: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12300:Dramatic arts 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12287: 12285: 12283: 12279: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12250: 12245: 12242: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12229: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12222:Ethnic groups 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12204: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12192: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12130: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12118: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12086: 12083: 12082: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12059: 12056: 12055: 12054: 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12025: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12013: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11983: 11980: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11962:Deforestation 11960: 11958: 11955: 11954: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11942: 11937: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11803: 11801: 11799: 11795: 11791: 11787: 11780: 11775: 11773: 11768: 11766: 11761: 11760: 11757: 11745: 11744:Ban Khor Sign 11742: 11740: 11737: 11736: 11734: 11730: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11706: 11704: 11702: 11698: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11677: 11674: 11672: 11669: 11668: 11666: 11664: 11660: 11657: 11653: 11643: 11640: 11638: 11635: 11633: 11630: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11577: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11557: 11555: 11553: 11549: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11534: 11532: 11530: 11526: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11502: 11498: 11495: 11494:Pattani Malay 11491: 11488: 11487:Bangkok Malay 11484: 11483: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11469: 11465: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11411: 11407: 11404: 11400: 11399: 11398: 11395: 11393: 11390: 11388: 11385: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11369: 11367: 11365: 11364:Austroasiatic 11361: 11358: 11352: 11348: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11324: 11322: 11318: 11312: 11311:Southern Thai 11309: 11308: 11306: 11302: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11280:Northern Thai 11278: 11277: 11275: 11271: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11256: 11254: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11241: 11235: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11225: 11221: 11217: 11203: 11198: 11196: 11191: 11189: 11184: 11183: 11180: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11159: 11157: 11153: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11114: 11112: 11108: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11057: 11054: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11038: 11036: 11034: 11030: 11027: 11021: 11015: 11012: 11011: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10994: 10989: 10987: 10982: 10980: 10975: 10974: 10971: 10961: 10960: 10947: 10941: 10938: 10937: 10935: 10931: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10916: 10914: 10910: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10869:Northern Thai 10867: 10865: 10862: 10861: 10859: 10857: 10853: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10793: 10791: 10789: 10785: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10770: 10768: 10766: 10762: 10752: 10749: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10708: 10706: 10704: 10700: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10680: 10678: 10676: 10672: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10656: 10653: 10652: 10650: 10648: 10644: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10614: 10612: 10610: 10606: 10600: 10597: 10595: 10592: 10590: 10587: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10555: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10536: 10534: 10532: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10522:Austroasiatic 10519: 10516: 10510: 10504: 10501: 10500: 10498: 10494: 10490: 10483: 10478: 10476: 10471: 10469: 10464: 10463: 10460: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10445: 10437: 10436:1-887521-28-3 10433: 10429: 10425: 10422: 10421:974-8495-69-8 10418: 10414: 10410: 10407: 10406:974-7534-88-6 10403: 10399: 10395: 10392: 10391:1-74059-168-2 10388: 10384: 10380: 10377: 10376:3-11-018588-1 10373: 10369: 10368: 10363: 10360: 10359:0-8048-1629-8 10356: 10352: 10348: 10345: 10344:0-88738-968-6 10341: 10337: 10333: 10331: 10327: 10326: 10314: 10308: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10290: 10284: 10277: 10273: 10270: 10269: 10264: 10259: 10252: 10246: 10244: 10236: 10232: 10229: 10223: 10221: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10184: 10180: 10176: 10169: 10161: 10154: 10147: 10145: 10143: 10141: 10139: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10115: 10113: 10111: 10103: 10097: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10079: 10073: 10065: 10058: 10056: 10048: 10044: 10040: 10037: 10031: 10029: 10027: 10025: 10023: 10015: 10009: 10003: 9999: 9996: 9990: 9988: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9961: 9954: 9947: 9943: 9940: 9934: 9927: 9923: 9919: 9916: 9910: 9903: 9899: 9896: 9890: 9881: 9874: 9870: 9867: 9861: 9854: 9848: 9839: 9837: 9827: 9820: 9816: 9813: 9807: 9800: 9794: 9787: 9781: 9774: 9768: 9759: 9752: 9746: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9728: 9724: 9718: 9711: 9705: 9698: 9692: 9690: 9688: 9680: 9674: 9667: 9661: 9659: 9651: 9645: 9637: 9633: 9626: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9591: 9589: 9579: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9522: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9495: 9488: 9486: 9476: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9452: 9444: 9440: 9436: 9432: 9425: 9419: 9415: 9412: 9406: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9369: 9354: 9350: 9344: 9329: 9325: 9319: 9311: 9305: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9274: 9268: 9262: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9247: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9212: 9210: 9206: 9198: 9193: 9188: 9178: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9160: 9159: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9130: 9026:high falling 9025: 9022: 9019: 9017:high falling 9016: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9006:high falling 9005: 9002: 8999: 8996: 8993: 8990: 8989: 8985: 8982: 8979: 8976: 8973: 8970: 8969: 8959: 8950: 8947: 8944: 8941: 8938: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8931:Luang Prabang 8922: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8907: 8905: 8901: 8896: 8894: 8890: 8887:, one of the 8886: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8865: 8860: 8838: 8835: 8830: 8823: 8820: 8817: 8813: 8806: 8805: 8799: 8796: 8791: 8784: 8781: 8776: 8775: 8770:1,000,000,000 8769: 8766: 8761: 8754: 8751: 8746: 8745: 8739: 8736: 8731: 8724: 8721: 8716: 8715: 8704: 8701: 8696: 8689: 8686: 8681: 8680: 8669: 8666: 8661: 8654: 8651: 8646: 8645: 8637: 8634: 8629: 8622: 8619: 8614: 8613: 8605: 8602: 8597: 8590: 8587: 8582: 8581: 8576:'one hundred' 8573: 8570: 8565: 8558: 8555: 8550: 8549: 8541: 8538: 8533: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8514: 8513: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8493: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8474: 8473: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8453: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8434: 8433: 8425: 8422: 8420: 8413: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8394: 8393: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8373: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8354: 8353: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8333: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8314: 8313: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8293: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8274: 8273: 8265: 8262: 8260: 8253: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8234: 8233: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8194: 8193: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8173: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8154: 8153: 8145: 8143:/sáːw sɔ̆ːŋ/ 8142: 8140: 8133: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8114: 8113: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8093: 8091: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8072: 8071: 8067: 8061: 8057: 8049: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8033: 8023: 8019: 8006: 8000: 7989: 7987: 7983: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7960: 7958: 7950: 7949:syllable coda 7946: 7942: 7927: 7925: 7920: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7909: 7907: 7902: 7899: 7896: 7895: 7891: 7889: 7884: 7881: 7878: 7877: 7873: 7871: 7866: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7855: 7852: 7849: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7839: 7835: 7830: 7822: 7804: 7795: 7786: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7756: 7752: 7746: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7721: 7717: 7709: 7706: 7703: 7700: 7697: 7694: 7693: 7689: 7686: 7683: 7680: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7667: 7664: 7661: 7656: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7643: 7640: 7637: 7634: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7601: 7598: 7595: 7592: 7589: 7586: 7585: 7580:Luang Prabang 7573: 7562: 7560: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7544: 7540: 7537: 7532: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7511: 7508: 7505: 7504: 7500: 7497: 7492: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7481: 7478: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7459: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7443: 7440: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7419: 7415: 7405: 7395: 7382: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7366: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7322: 7315: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7287: 7283: 7281: 7278: 7275: 7270: 7264: 7254: 7252: 7248: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7217: 7211: 7205: 7203: 7200: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7152: 7145: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7124: 7117: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7105: 7100: 7096: 7088: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7051: 7045: 7044: 7040: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7015: 7014: 7013: 7012: 7007: 7005: 7002: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6972: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6943: 6940: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6885: 6882: 6878: 6870: 6862: 6856: 6849: 6846:(besides the 6845: 6831: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6802: 6799: 6793: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6777: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6758: 6755: 6751: 6748: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6708: 6705: 6701: 6698: 6694: 6691: 6687: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6671: 6668: 6664: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6608: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6565: 6562: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6540: 6537: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6470: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6434: 6430: 6420: 6417:/viə̯̣k/ 6413: 6409: 6405: 6395: 6391: 6381: 6377: 6367: 6366: 6360: 6356: 6346: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6321: 6317: 6307: 6303: 6293: 6292: 6289:'to refrain' 6287:'to abstain', 6286: 6282: 6272: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6247: 6243: 6233: 6229: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6200: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6175: 6171: 6161: 6157: 6147: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6120: 6117: 6112: 6097: 6095: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6070: 6066: 6056: 6052: 6042: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6023: 6016: 6012: 6008: 5998: 5994: 5984: 5980: 5970: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5951: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5926: 5922: 5912: 5908: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5879: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5854: 5850: 5840: 5836: 5826: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5807: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5782: 5778: 5768: 5764: 5754: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5735: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5710: 5706: 5699:คนส่งไปรษณีย์ 5696: 5692: 5685:คนส่งไปรษณีย์ 5682: 5681: 5677: 5675: 5668: 5664: 5660: 5650: 5646: 5636: 5632: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5603: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5578: 5574: 5564: 5560: 5550: 5549: 5545: 5543: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5518: 5514: 5504: 5500: 5490: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5471: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5446: 5442: 5432: 5428: 5418: 5417: 5414:'dictionary' 5413: 5409: 5399: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5374: 5370: 5360: 5356: 5346: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5327: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5302: 5298: 5288: 5284: 5274: 5273: 5269: 5267: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5242: 5238: 5228: 5224: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5176:Le Rénovateur 5171: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5111: 5107: 5097: 5092: 5079: 5066: 5063: 5050: 5047: 5034: 5033: 5032: 5000: 4996: 4993:, especially 4992: 4987: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4971: 4967: 4966:Greater India 4963: 4948: 4945: 4943:High-Falling 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4870: 4868: 4859: 4857: 4856:Inherent Tone 4854: 4852: 4849: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4831:Maha Sarakham 4828: 4824: 4820: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4797:Lower-Middle 4796: 4793: 4790: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4777:Lower-Middle 4776: 4773: 4770: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4757:Lower-Middle 4756: 4753: 4750: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4727: 4725: 4716: 4714: 4713:Inherent Tone 4711: 4709: 4706: 4699: 4693: 4684: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4650: 4641: 4627: 4619: 4610: 4596: 4572: 4563: 4549: 4535: 4525: 4511: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4492: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4445:Amnat Charoen 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4403: 4401:High-Falling 4400: 4397: 4394: 4392:High-Falling 4391: 4388: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4372:High-Falling 4371: 4368: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4325: 4323: 4314: 4312: 4311:Inherent Tone 4309: 4307: 4304: 4297: 4285: 4271: 4257: 4243: 4235: 4226: 4220: 4218: 4214: 4213:Nakhon Phanom 4211:and southern 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4193:Nakhon Phanom 4190: 4186: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4122:High-Falling 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4102:High-Falling 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4072: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4045: 4041: 4031: 4027: 4017: 4013: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3970: 3966: 3956: 3949: 3943: 3933: 3929: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3900: 3896: 3886: 3882: 3872: 3868: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3835: 3825: 3821: 3811: 3807: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3790:Northern Lao 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3768: 3764: 3754: 3750: 3740: 3736: 3726: 3722: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3658: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3608: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3562: 3558: 3548: 3544: 3534: 3530: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3498: 3494: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3434: 3430: 3420: 3416: 3406: 3402: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3382:Northern Lao 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3362: 3326: 3323: 3318: 3316: 3315:lingua franca 3312: 3308: 3307:Louang Namtha 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3256: 3254:High-Falling 3253: 3251:High-Falling 3250: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3236: 3234:High-Falling 3233: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3193: 3184: 3175: 3172: 3169: 3162: 3156: 3147: 3139: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3038:Maha Sarakham 3035: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 3001:Amnat Charoen 2998: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2974: 2972:Southern Lao 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2954:Nakhon Phanom 2951: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2931: 2923:Central Lao ( 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2842: 2841:Louang Namtha 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2814: 2810:(Khon Chaen) 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773:and southern 2772: 2768: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2748:Lao Provinces 2746: 2744: 2741: 2737:Lao Dialects 2734: 2725: 2712: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2664:/ʔàː.nūʔ.wóŋ/ 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2614: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2502: 2498: 2488: 2484: 2474: 2470: 2460: 2453: 2443: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2424: 2420: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2389: 2379: 2378: 2372: 2368: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2337: 2327: 2320: 2310: 2309: 2303: 2299: 2289: 2285: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2254: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2225: 2221: 2211: 2207: 2197: 2190: 2180: 2179: 2173: 2169: 2159: 2155: 2145: 2141: 2131: 2124: 2114: 2113: 2107: 2103: 2093: 2089: 2079: 2075: 2065: 2058: 2048: 2047: 2041: 2037: 2027: 2023: 2013: 2009: 1999: 1992: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1958: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1928: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1854: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1825: 1823: 1822: 1817: 1804: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1759: 1750: 1746: 1737: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1705: 1691: 1683: 1674: 1660: 1656: 1647: 1636: 1624: 1616: 1607: 1602: 1596: 1585: 1572: 1559: 1551: 1542: 1538: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1483: 1480: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1456: 1447: 1444: 1423: 1420: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1397: 1394: 1373: 1370: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1293: 1290: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1257: 1254: 1233: 1230: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1207: 1204: 1183: 1180: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1103: 1100: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1067: 1064: 1043: 1040: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1017: 1014: 993: 990: 985: 982: 979: 976: 968: 964: 963: 962: 953: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 922:sixth century 919: 915: 914: 909: 906:and northern 905: 897: 896: 890: 880: 876: 875:Tai languages 866: 864: 860: 856: 853:languages of 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 778: 777:Isan language 774: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 756: 754: 748: 745: 743: 742:Thai language 740: 739: 737: 735: 732: 731: 729: 724: 722: 721:Shan language 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 708: 706: 705: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 690: 689: 688:Tai languages 686: 684: 681: 679: 678:Kra languages 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 665: 664: 661: 660: 657: 647: 645: 641: 637: 636:lingua franca 632: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 609:Austroasiatic 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 585: 583: 579: 575: 571: 570:Isan language 567: 563: 559: 554: 543: 537:A Lao speaker 518: 514: 510: 506: 504: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 466: 460: 456: 451: 447: 443: 441: 437: 432: 425: 421: 419: 418: 413: 410: 407: – 405: 398: 392: 389: 384: 379: 374: 371: 366: 361: 356: 353: 348: 343: 340: 335: 330: 328: 324: 320: 308: 296: 284: 276: 273: 262: 256: 251: 248: 243: 238: 235: 231: 225: 219: 216: 213: 210: 207: 206: 205: 201: 189: 186: 185: 184: 181: 180: 179: 176: 175: 174: 171: 170: 169: 165: 161: 155: 151: 146: 143: 137: 134: 130: 127: 123: 119: 118:Xishuangbanna 115: 110: 106: 102: 98: 93: 89: 85: 81: 76: 72: 68: 65: 61: 57: 53: 51:Pronunciation 49: 45: 40: 37: 33: 25: 20: 13288:Lao language 13264: 13251: 13244: 13237: 13230: 13223: 13197: 13173:Hezhang Buyi 13161: 12962: 12944: 12937: 12881:Northwestern 12871:Southwestern 12846:Myang Zhuang 12841:Pyang Zhuang 12767:Hezhang Buyi 12257:Prostitution 12251: 12212:Demographics 12176:Trade unions 12138:Central bank 12053:Human rights 12033:Constitution 11622:Northern Pwo 11552:Sino-Tibetan 11468:Austronesian 11320:Northwestern 11131: 10950: 10788:Sino-Tibetan 10665:Phong-Kniang 10502: 10427: 10412: 10397: 10382: 10366: 10350: 10335: 10312: 10307: 10299: 10283: 10267: 10258: 10250: 10178: 10174: 10168: 10159: 10120: 10101: 10096: 10088: 10072: 10063: 10046: 10013: 10008: 9975:the original 9970: 9966: 9953: 9933: 9925: 9909: 9889: 9880: 9860: 9852: 9847: 9826: 9806: 9798: 9793: 9785: 9780: 9772: 9767: 9758: 9750: 9745: 9737: 9722: 9717: 9709: 9704: 9696: 9678: 9673: 9665: 9649: 9644: 9635: 9631: 9625: 9600: 9596: 9578: 9535: 9531: 9521: 9504: 9500: 9468:(3): 47–68. 9465: 9461: 9451: 9434: 9430: 9424: 9387:. Retrieved 9378: 9368: 9357:. Retrieved 9343: 9332:. Retrieved 9318: 9301: 9298:Lao language 9293: 9276: 9258: 9250: 9209:Khmer script 9204: 9202: 9174: 9156: 9154: 9031: 8997:low falling 8986:low falling 8977:low falling 8928: 8908: 8897: 8892: 8877:Khmer Empire 8870: 8815: 8811: 8752:/síp pɛ́ːt/ 8672:ten thousand 8556:/síp sɔ̌ːŋ/ 8519: 8503:/pɛ̏ːt sìp/ 8498: 8479: 8458: 8439: 8418: 8399: 8378: 8359: 8338: 8319: 8308:'thirty-two' 8299:sam sip song 8298: 8279: 8268:'thirty-one' 8258: 8239: 8218: 8199: 8183:/sáːw săːm/ 8178: 8159: 8148:'twenty-two' 8138: 8119: 8108:'twenty-one' 8098: 8089: 8077: 8038:monosyllabic 8035: 7990: 7985: 7981: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7961: 7938: 7928:vomit, root 7829:glottal stop 7818: 7803: 7794: 7785: 7776: 7762: 7745: 7720: 7610:1(3) or ˩(˧) 7599:Tone letters 7590:Tone letters 7401: 7393: 7380: 7274:Monophthongs 7104:Monophthongs 7026: 6848:glottal stop 6841: 6452: 6437:'to labour' 6115: 6108: 5966:'billiards' 5929:ບີຢາ (*บียา) 5894:'chemistry' 5857:ຊີມີ (*ซิมี) 5513:phon aeppoen 5480:afika/afrika 5402:ພົດຈະນານຸກົມ 5396:/dik.sjɔnɛʁ/ 5391:dictionnaire 5180: 5174: 5172: 5156: 5147: 5134: 5122: 5109: 5102: 5077: 5069:ໄຂປະຕູໃຫ້ແດ່ 5061: 5045: 4988: 4973: 4923:Mid-Falling 4887: 4882: 4871: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4816: 4803:Low-Falling 4800:Low-Falling 4794:Mid-Falling 4786:High-Rising 4766:High-Rising 4754:High-Rising 4744: 4739: 4728: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4691: 4682: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4653:/hɔ̏ːŋɾɛ̏ːm/ 4648: 4639: 4625: 4617: 4608: 4594: 4570: 4561: 4547: 4533: 4523: 4509: 4507: 4498: 4495: 4476: 4414: 4411:Southern Lao 4384:Low-Falling 4364:Low-Falling 4358:Low-Falling 4342: 4337: 4326: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4283: 4269: 4255: 4241: 4233: 4224: 4221: 4189:Sakon Nakhon 4181: 4161: 4085:Short Vowel 3327: 3319: 3314: 3267: 3245:High-Rising 3214:Low-Falling 3197:Short Vowel 3154: 3145: 3137: 3128: 3101: 3078: 3062: 2950:Sakon Nakhon 2901:Sakon Nakhon 2883:Xiangkhouang 2815:Northern Lao 2752: 2747: 2742: 2731: 2714: 2699: 2695: 2679: 2675: 2668: 2623: 2587: 2578: 2531: 2522:Wat Photaram 2393:/tʃakkajuga/ 2306:'happiness' 2234:anoumo thana 2162:ບາບກຳ/ບາບກັມ 2128:/paːpakamma/ 1943: 1926: 1913: 1907: 1880: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1845:ໄຊເສດຖາທິຣາດ 1829: 1826: 1819: 1815: 1812:/láː.sáːsáp/ 1802: 1799: 1786: 1770: 1755: 1730: 1703: 1689: 1681: 1672: 1658: 1654: 1645: 1637: 1622: 1614: 1605: 1597: 1583: 1570: 1557: 1549: 1540: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1484: 1481: 1467: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1450: 1445: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1400: 1395: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1354: 1346: 1340: 1337: 1294: 1291: 1277: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1260: 1255: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1210: 1205: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1156: 1150: 1147: 1104: 1101: 1087: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1070: 1065: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1020: 1015: 994: 991: 988: 983: 980: 977: 974: 966: 959: 950:Mekong River 938:Tang dynasty 911: 901: 893: 826:Southwestern 801: 797: 791: 772: 769:Lao language 768: 633: 601:Sino-Tibetan 586: 557: 541: 540: 502: 500: 462: 440:Linguasphere 415: 333: 217:Southern Lao 187: 178:Southwestern 88:Preah Vihear 35: 27: 12998:Chiang Saen 12908:Tai Hongjin 12836:Yang Zhuang 12821:Nong Zhuang 12133:Agriculture 12058:LGBT rights 11851:Muang Phuan 11821:Tai peoples 11637:S'gaw Karen 11565:Eastern Pwo 11519:Urak Lawoi’ 11501:Satun Malay 11273:Chiang Saen 11244:Other Thais 9638:(2): 35–50. 9538:: 271–283. 9513:1885/113003 9507:: 119–143. 9205:Khom script 9181:Khom script 9171:Kham Mueang 8994:low rising 8734:(ນຶ່ງ)ລ້ານ 8722:/síp tɕét/ 8652:/síp hȁːː/ 8588:/síp săːm/ 8568:(ໜຶ່ງ)ຮ້ອຍ 8463:/tɕét síp/ 8223:/săːm síp/ 8103:/sáːw ʔét/ 8032:Lao grammar 7993:/ptkʔmnŋwj/ 7953:/kw/or/kʰw/ 7755:Khorat Thai 7662:mid-falling 7602:Example(s) 6986:Approximant 6786:Approximant 6363:'T-square' 6137:Vietnamese 5499:bak aeppoen 5311:hong sinema 5291:โรงภาพยนตร์ 5277:โฮงภาพยนตร์ 5127:/sɑ̃timɛtʁ/ 4978:, however, 4897:Low-Rising 4888:Short Vowel 4813:Western Lao 4745:Short Vowel 4622:/hóːŋhɛ́ːm/ 4477:Siang Taeng 4343:Short Vowel 4201:Bolikhamxai 4178:Central Lao 4142:Mid-Rising 4139:Mid-Rising 4133:Low-Rising 4125:Mid-Rising 4113:Low-Rising 4105:Mid-Rising 4082:Long Vowel 4058:Tone Class 3979:khanom pang 3948:khanom pang 3928:khanom pang 3828:ຫລິ້ນ/ຫຼິ້ນ 3355:' and Lao ' 3343:' and Lao ' 3295:Xaignabouli 3283:Phitsanulok 3237:Mid-Rising 3225:Low-Rising 3217:Mid-Rising 3205:Low-Rising 3194:Long Vowel 3170:Tone Class 3070:Bolikhamxai 2992:Savannakhét 2941:Savannakhét 2937:Bolikhamxay 2862:Phitsanulok 2771:Bolikhamxay 2634:Phuan areas 2559:ສຸຣິຍະວົງສາ 2373:'knowledge' 2220:anumo thana 2206:anumo thana 2108:'suffering' 1932:ເມດຕາ/ເມຕຕາ 1925:) and Pali 1787:Mueang Sawa 1580:/máʔ.lɛ̄ːŋ/ 926:Han Chinese 879:Tai peoples 683:Be language 477:instead of 244:in Thailand 242:Thai script 214:Central Lao 84:Stung Treng 13282:Categories 13253:Proto-Hlai 12956:Lao–Phutai 12831:Min Zhuang 12826:Dai Zhuang 12772:Yei Zhuang 12664:Changjiang 12541:(Naxi Yao) 12320:Literature 12145:(currency) 11967:Ecoregions 11921:Insurgency 11906:Neutrality 11891:Pathet Lao 11871:Lao Issara 11816:Lao people 11811:Khun Borom 11529:Hmong-Mien 11458:Vietnamese 11252:Lao–Phutai 11101:Vietnamese 11023:Indigenous 10765:Hmong–Mien 10751:Vietnamese 10512:Indigenous 10211:1290485784 10123:(Thesis). 9725:. (2011). 9570:1038141425 9389:2020-12-19 9359:2012-07-08 9334:2016-05-25 9303:Ethnologue 9278:Ethnologue 9260:Ethnologue 9242:References 8915:liturgical 8859:Lao script 8853:Lao script 8787:'nineteen' 8782:/síp kȃw/ 8762:໑໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐໐ 8757:'eighteen' 8699:(ໜຶ່ງ)ແສນ 8687:/síp hók/ 8632:(ໜຶ່ງ)ພັນ 8625:'fourteen' 8620:/síp sīː/ 8593:'thirteen' 8539:/kȃw síp/ 8524:/síp ʔét/ 8423:/hók síp/ 8383:/hȁː síp/ 8343:/sīː síp/ 8259:sam sip ét 8256:ສາມສິບເອັດ 8026:Morphology 7704:mid-rising 7687:552 or ˥˥˨ 7638:low rising 7621:533 or ˥˧˧ 7593:Example(s) 7437:Phonetic ( 7430:Phonemic ( 7251:Diphthongs 7085:Diphthongs 6855:unreleased 6455:labialized 6449:Consonants 6435:'to work', 6164:ก๋วยเตี๋ยว 6150:ก๋วยเตี๋ยว 6116:Pathét Lao 5653:ແວງ (*แวง) 5493:บักแอปเปิล 5455:afik/afrik 5324:/si.ne.ma/ 5270:'necktie' 5207:alternate 5123:centimètre 4962:Indosphere 4960:See also: 4956:Vocabulary 4883:Long Vowel 4851:Tone Class 4835:Chaiyaphum 4740:Long Vowel 4708:Tone Class 4544:/mɛ́ːtʰȁw/ 4487:/síaŋtɛːŋ/ 4437:Kuy people 4338:Long Vowel 4306:Tone Class 4266:/mɛ́ːtʰȁw/ 4191:, most of 3582:*/C̥.daɰ/ 3513:'to give' 3279:Udon Thani 3112:/tʰájwíaŋ/ 3088:, eastern 3074:Xaisômboun 3046:Chaiyaphum 3036:(Hoi Et), 2905:Udon Thani 2897:Chaiyaphum 2891:Xaisômboun 2866:Phetchabun 2854:Udon Thani 2825:Xaignbouli 2792:Udon Thani 2788:Chaiyaphum 2775:Xaisômboun 2621:) rivers. 2584:ສຸວັນນະພູມ 2439:'bicycle' 2433:chakkanyan 2419:chakkrayan 2405:chakkrayan 2228:ອະນຸໂມທະນາ 1936:/mȇːt.tàː/ 1919:ໄມຕີ/ໄມຕຣີ 1899:Mon people 1891:Brahmanism 1861:(BGN/PCGN 1853:Chiang Mai 1836:Lao script 1793:and later 1783:Muang Xoua 1752:festivals. 1619:/kʰáʔ.nŏŋ/ 1611:ຂະໜົງ/ຂນົງ 1364:'mosquito' 1174:'to vomit' 984:'slippery' 796:(BGN/PCGN 613:Vietnamese 574:Lao script 517:Lao script 427: Lao 237:Lao script 183:Lao–Phutai 92:Ratanakiri 13267:indicate 13239:Proto-Tai 13232:Proto-Kra 13118:Tai Khang 13113:Tai Thanh 13061:Thai Song 13021:Tai Meuay 13016:Tai Daeng 13007:(Siamese) 12918:Tai Laing 12861:Tsʻün-Lao 12310:Festivals 12217:Education 12181:Transport 12097:President 12085:President 12038:Elections 11945:Geography 11846:Champasak 11841:Vientiane 11627:Phrae Pwo 11600:Hainanese 11580:Cantonese 11304:Sukhothai 11295:Thai Song 11216:Languages 11137:Tai Phuan 11033:Mon–Khmer 11025:languages 10884:Tai Daeng 10675:Palaungic 10514:languages 10203:162902327 10129:304347191 9032:A silent 8960:Mai tho ( 8904:diacritic 8809:ຊາວ(ນຶ່ງ) 8779:ສິບເກົ້າ 8740:1,000,000 8727:seventeen 8692:'sixteen' 8657:'fifteen' 8536:ເກົ້າສິບ 8468:'seventy' 8296:ສາມສິບສອງ 8075:ສູນ/ສູນຍ໌ 8005:sonorants 7935:Syllables 7734:Uttaradit 7730:Sukhothai 7695:high-fall 7651:mid level 7575:Vientiane 7509:ຂ່າ, ຄ່າ 7308:Close-mid 7138:Close-mid 6741:Fricative 6690:aspirated 6623:voiceless 6444:Phonology 6390:tham ngan 5791:pa balaen 5618:'butter' 5507:ผลแอปเปิล 5486:'Africa' 5363:พจนานุกรม 5349:พจนานุกรม 5336:hong nang 5264:/kʁa.vat/ 5144:/kìː.néː/ 5110:sangtimet 4991:loanwords 4872:Mai tho ( 4819:Khon Kaen 4729:Mai tho ( 4696:/hȗːtɕák/ 4609:hong haem 4571:pén gnang 4457:Champasak 4327:Mai tho ( 4219:of Laos. 4205:Khammouan 4197:Nong Khai 4185:Bueng Kan 4073:Mai tho ( 4034:ຄູ່ (คู่) 3915:'monkey' 3903:ລິງ (ลิง) 3842:ເອວ (เอว) 3641:'inside' 3390:*/ʰmɤːl/ 3311:Phôngsali 3287:Uttaradit 3271:Tai Lanna 3185:Mai tho ( 3120:Khon Kaen 3102:Tai Wiang 3098:Bueng Kan 3094:Saiyaphum 3082:Nong Khai 3042:Khon Kaen 3005:Si Sa Ket 2976:Champasak 2966:Bueng Kan 2962:Nong Khai 2933:Khammouan 2913:Nong Khai 2909:Bueng Kan 2870:Uttaradit 2858:Khon Kaen 2833:Phôngsali 2808:Khon Kaen 2800:Bueng Kan 2780:Nong Khai 2763:Vientiane 2642:Phra Bang 2575:Champasak 2571:Vientiane 2550:Nong Khai 2505:'morals' 2388:cakkayuga 2375:'wisdom' 2324:/ʋiɟdʒaː/ 2189:anumōdanā 2123:pāpakamma 2110:'misery' 2062:/d̪ukkʰa/ 2044:'virtue' 1923:/máj.tìː/ 1863:toua tham 1795:Ayutthaya 1791:Sukhothai 1767:/fâːŋūːm/ 1601:Ayutthaya 1513:→ 1493:→ 1432:→ 1382:→ 1323:→ 1303:→ 1242:→ 1192:→ 1133:→ 1113:→ 1052:→ 1002:→ 822:Tai Lanna 816:and most 640:Vientiane 627:, fellow 587:Lao is a 584:scripts. 417:Glottolog 388:ISO 639-3 370:ISO 639-2 352:ISO 639-1 125:Ethnicity 101:Điện Biên 36:Phasa Lao 13075:Southern 12968:Phu Thai 12933:Khamyang 12903:Tai Long 12898:Tai Nuea 12749:Northern 12534:Cao Miao 12370:Category 12262:Religion 12252:Language 12237:COVID-19 12075:Military 12016:Politics 11997:Wildlife 11977:Phou Bia 11831:Vat Phou 11826:Lan Xang 11806:Peopling 11790:articles 11714:Japanese 11438:Nyah Kur 11403:Northern 11351:Minority 11264:Phu Thai 11220:Thailand 10531:Bahnaric 10292:Archived 10272:Archived 10231:Archived 10207:ProQuest 10125:ProQuest 10081:Archived 10039:Archived 9998:Archived 9942:Archived 9918:Archived 9898:Archived 9869:Archived 9815:Archived 9730:Archived 9566:ProQuest 9562:19204825 9414:Archived 9383:Archived 9353:Archived 9328:Archived 9215:See also 9175:Lao Tham 9163:Tai Khün 9158:Tai Tham 8951:Mai ek ( 8893:phonemic 8826:'twenty' 8719:ສິບເຈັດ 8561:'twelve' 8544:'ninety' 8529:'eleven' 8508:'eighty' 8499:paet sip 8459:chet sip 8404:/pɛ̏ːt/ 8164:/sɔ̌ːŋ/ 8139:sao song 7853:Phonetic 7850:Phonemic 7827:or the 7707:34 or ˧˦ 7698:52 or ˥˨ 7678:31 or ˧˩ 7675:mid-fall 7665:32 or ˧˨ 7654:33 or ˧˧ 7641:12 or ˩˨ 7632:35 or ˧˥ 7520:galangal 7487:Falling 7336:Open-mid 7166:Open-mid 6895:Alveolar 6480:Alveolar 6429:het ngan 6404:het wiak 6376:het ngan 6209:kuaitiao 6203:ກ໋ວຍຕ໋ຽວ 6170:kuaitiao 6156:kuaitiao 6079:kam/kram 6032:thananat 6020:/mɑ̃.da/ 5993:thananat 5979:thananat 5948:/bi.jaʁ/ 5915:บิลเลียด 5901:บิลเลียด 5822:'whale' 5732:/faktœʁ/ 5546:'apple' 5441:aepfrika 5427:aepfrika 5383:disonnae 5237:nek thai 5223:nek thai 5160:Cambodia 5115:ຊັງຕີແມດ 5062:I cannot 4999:Sanskrit 4976:Buddhism 4861:Mai ek ( 4718:Mai ek ( 4692:hou chak 4665:hông dèm 4661:hongdaem 4640:honglaem 4575:/penɲăŋ/ 4567:ເປັນຫຍັງ 4562:pen yang 4558:/pȅnsȁŋ/ 4548:pen sang 4539:ແມ່ເຖົ້າ 4534:mae thao 4449:Yasothon 4433:northern 4316:Mai ek ( 4294:/pènɲăŋ/ 4289:ເປັນຫຍັງ 4284:pen yang 4280:/pȅnsȁŋ/ 4270:pen sang 4261:ແມ່ເຖົ້າ 4256:mae thao 4209:Mukdahan 4064:Mai ek ( 3985:'bread' 3965:khao chi 3959:ເຂົ້າຈີ່ 3942:khao chi 3646:*/mwaj/ 3577:'heart' 3303:Houaphan 3299:Oudômxai 3176:Mai ek ( 3159:/tɕɛ̂ːm/ 3116:Yasothon 3017:Yasothon 2958:Mukdahan 2946:Mukdahan 2887:Houaphan 2845:Houaphan 2829:Oudômxay 2796:Yasothon 2728:Dialects 2654:Anouvông 2652:by Chao 2503:'dharma' 2457:/ɖʱamma/ 2427:ຈັກກະຍານ 2382:च‍क्कयुग 2304:'health' 2214:อนุโมทนา 2200:อนุโมทนา 2183:अनुमोदना 1867:tua tham 1858:tua tham 1821:rachasap 1803:rasa sap 1779:Lan Xang 1758:Fa Ngoum 1714:/ʃabd̪a/ 1682:thôrasap 1673:thorasap 1664:โทรศัพท์ 1659:thorasap 1125:/mɯ̄ːn/ 913:Urheimat 895:Urheimat 857:and the 835:Northern 802:Phu Thai 798:Phouthai 615:. Lao's 593:analytic 503:Lao text 483:Help:IPA 446:47-AAA-c 431:nort2741 424:laoo1244 307:Cambodia 295:Thailand 203:Dialects 105:Lai Châu 80:Cambodia 71:Thailand 13265:Italics 13206:Kam–Tai 13183:Cao Lan 13147:Cao Lan 13091:(other) 13066:Tày Tac 13046:Tai Dam 13036:Tai Lue 13026:Tai Dón 12989:Kaloeng 12984:Lao Nyo 12813:Central 12803:Tai Pao 12741:, etc.) 12679:Yuanmen 12649:Baoting 12639:Tongzha 12570:Ai-Cham 12555:Chadong 12515:Kam–Sui 12354:Outline 12295:Cuisine 12282:Culture 12195:Society 12171:Tourism 12156:Fishing 12121:Economy 11957:Borders 11798:History 11709:English 11686:Russian 11681:Punjabi 11671:Burmese 11605:Hokchew 11595:Hokkien 11585:Teochew 11575:Sinitic 11542:Iu Mien 11453:Thavung 11448:Ten'edn 11443:Palaung 11410:Western 11337:Tai Nüa 11167:English 11096:Tampuan 10924:English 10894:Tai Lue 10889:Tai Dam 10856:Kra–Dai 10846:Sinsali 10806:Bantang 10778:Iu Mien 10746:Thavung 10579:Nyaheun 10195:2049433 9553:2614200 9255:PDR Lao 9123:(high) 8974:rising 8900:abugida 8875:of the 8749:ສິບແປດ 8732:໑໐໐໐໐໐໐ 8705:100,000 8684:ສິບຫົກ 8649:ສິບຫ້າ 8617:ສິບສີ່ 8585:ສິບສາມ 8553:ສິບສອງ 8517:ສິບເອັດ 8456:ເຈັດສິບ 8419:hok sip 8409:'eight' 8388:'fifty' 8369:'seven' 8364:/tɕét/ 8348:'forty' 8219:sam sip 8209:'three' 8204:/sǎːm/ 8179:sao sam 8124:/nɯ̄ŋ/ 8096:ຊາວເອັດ 8082:/sǔːn/ 8065:Number 8059:Number 8052:Numbers 8008:/mnŋwj/ 7984:to Lao 7915:Falling 7769:équerre 7553:/kʰa᷆ː/ 7449:Rising 7227:Central 7061:Central 6949:Plosive 6910:Glottal 6900:Palatal 6580:Plosive 6495:Glottal 6485:Palatal 6423:ເຮັດງານ 6398:ເຮັດວຽກ 6370:เฮ็ดงาน 6269:/kiə̯ŋ/ 6242:ngotwen 6111:Vietnam 6026:ທະນານັດ 5987:ธนาณัติ 5973:ธนาณัติ 5960:binliat 5943:billard 5921:binliat 5907:binliat 5876:/ʃi.mi/ 5804:/balɛn/ 5799:baleine 5777:pla wan 5763:pla wan 5727:facteur 5678:'wine' 5527:mak pom 5468:/afʁik/ 5463:Afrique 5435:แอฟริกา 5421:แอฟริกา 5330:ໂຮງຫນັງ 5259:cravate 5251:karawat 5202:French 5164:Vietnam 5029:/dɔ̏ːk/ 4949:Middle 4946:Middle 4920:Middle 4914:Middle 4900:Middle 4823:Kalasin 4774:Middle 4771:Middle 4683:hu chak 4679:/tɕa᷇k/ 4649:hônglèm 4618:hônghèm 4553:ເປັນສັງ 4499:mai tho 4465:Attapeu 4461:Salavan 4425:Sisaket 4421:Buriram 4404:Middle 4395:Middle 4381:Rising 4375:Middle 4369:Middle 4361:Rising 4355:Middle 4352:Rising 4275:ເປັນສັງ 4223:use of 4145:Middle 4136:Middle 4116:Middle 4110:Middle 4096:Middle 3769:'fire' 3710:*/wɤj/ 3518:*/cɤɰ/ 3454:*/haɰ/ 3370:Source 3248:Middle 3228:Middle 3222:Middle 3208:Middle 3142:/kɛ̂ːm/ 3030:Kalasin 2988:Attapeu 2980:Saravan 2743:Dialect 2413:จักรยาน 2399:จักรยาน 2258:/sukʰa/ 2168:bap kam 2154:bap kam 2148:บาปกรรม 2140:bap kam 2134:บาปกรรม 2117:पापकम्म 2042:'merit' 1996:/puɲɲa/ 1955:/kɔ̀ːn/ 1910:Prakrit 1887:animism 1865:, RTGS 1831:Tai Noi 1816:raxasap 1808:ຣາຊາສັບ 1763:ຟ້າງູ່ມ 1733:Tai Dam 1700:/d̪ura/ 1633:/knɑːŋ/ 1615:khanông 1606:khanong 1593:/mɛ̄ːŋ/ 1571:malaeng 1567:/lɛ̄ːŋ/ 1554:/mɛ́ːŋ/ 1505:/ɲúːŋ/ 1315:/hâːk/ 1145:/lɯ̂ːn/ 1081:/lɯ̂ːn/ 1031:/mɯ̄ːn/ 946:twelfth 934:Jiaozhi 908:Vietnam 904:Guangxi 869:History 863:Kam-Sui 839:Central 829:of the 800:, RTGS 794:Phuthai 773:PDR Lao 663:Kra-Dai 605:Chinese 578:abugida 558:Laotian 547:ພາສາລາວ 479:Unicode 393:Either: 319:Vietnam 239:in Laos 168:Kra–Dai 97:Vietnam 30:ພາສາລາວ 13188:Jiamao 12980:(Nyaw) 12978:Tai Yo 12946:Turung 12913:Khamti 12893:Tai Ya 12874:(Thai) 12794:(Nyaw) 12792:Tai Yo 12762:Bouyei 12739:Zhuang 12724:Jizhao 12711:Jizhao 12697:Jiamao 12689:Jiamao 12674:Baisha 12669:Moyfaw 12644:Zandui 12634:Lauhut 12624:Bouhin 12606:Lakkia 12598:Lakkia 12550:Maonan 12530:(Dong) 12458:Qabiao 12448:Buyang 12375:Portal 12335:Sports 12305:Emblem 12290:Anthem 12227:Health 12151:Energy 11982:Rivers 11972:Mekong 11788: 11719:Korean 11514:Moklen 11428:Mlabri 11418:Kintaq 11392:Kensiu 11285:Tai Lü 11162:French 11086:Stieng 11081:Somray 11076:Sa’och 10919:French 10836:Phunoi 10811:Cantan 10736:Maleng 10703:Vietic 10660:Mlabri 10647:Khmuic 10609:Katuic 10594:Sedang 10589:Sapuan 10549:Halang 10434: 10419: 10404: 10389: 10374: 10357: 10342: 10209: 10201: 10193: 10127: 9617:600168 9615: 9568: 9560: 9550: 9167:Tai Lü 9096:, and 9069:, and 8939:Tones 8759:XVIII 8697:໑໐໐໐໐໐ 8670:10,000 8520:sip et 8496:ແປດສິບ 8484:/síp/ 8444:/kȃw/ 8416:ຫົກສິບ 8379:ha sip 8376:ຫ້າສິບ 8339:si sip 8336:ສີ່ສິບ 8324:/hók/ 8310:XXXII 8289:'five' 8284:/hȁː/ 8244:/sīː/ 8228:thirty 8216:ສາມສິບ 8176:ຊາວສາມ 8136:ຊາວສອງ 8099:sao et 8087:'zero' 8068:Gloss 8062:Gloss 7922:/hâːk/ 7904:/hȁːk/ 7874:break 7856:Gloss 7736:, and 7557:/kʰȁː/ 7513:/kʰāː/ 7501:trade 7494:/kʰâː/ 7482:stuck 7475:/kʰáː/ 7456:/kʰǎː/ 7444:Gloss 7381: 7029:length 7023:Vowels 6890:Labial 6873:, and 6853:) are 6586:voiced 6521:plain 6515:plain 6509:plain 6501:plain 6475:Labial 6281:nyuean 6275:ເຍຶ້ອນ 6236:งดเว้น 6222:เยื้อน 6197:/fə̌ː/ 6143:Gloss 6092:/ɡʁam/ 6087:gramme 6015:mandat 6007:mangda 5954:ບິລລຽດ 5871:chimie 5816:pa wan 5771:ปลาวาฬ 5757:ปลาวาฬ 5719:faktoe 5595:beurre 5319:cinéma 5210:Gloss 5152:/gine/ 5148:Guinée 5140:/ກີເນ/ 5131:Guinea 5019:/dɤ̂ː/ 5009:/dɛ̄ː/ 4984:sangha 4968:, and 4829:, and 4827:Roi Et 4688:ຮູ້ຈັກ 4645:ໂຮງແລມ 4638:) and 4614:ໂຮງແຮມ 4520:/dɔːn/ 4482:ຊຽງແຕງ 4469:Xékong 4252:/nȃːm/ 3922:ขนมปัง 3793:Gloss 3571:*chaue 3449:'new' 3385:Gloss 3124:Hoi Et 3122:, and 3034:Roi Et 2984:Xékong 2926:ລາວກາງ 2839:, and 2680:mueang 2676:mueang 2646:corvée 2626:Taksin 2611:) and 2579:mueang 2491:ທຳ/ທັມ 2452:ḍhamma 2353:witcha 2336:witcha 2313:विज्जा 2057:dukkha 1978:Gloss 1914:maitri 1785:(RTGS 1771:mueang 1720:, the 1623:khnâng 1468:{} {} 1464: 1446: 1422: 1419: 1414: 1411:/ɲúːŋ/ 1396: 1372: 1369: 1358: 1355: 1345:PSWT * 1335:/râːk/ 1295:*raːk 1278:{} {} 1274: 1271:/râːk/ 1256: 1232: 1229: 1224: 1221:/hâːk/ 1206: 1182: 1179: 1168: 1165: 1155:PSWT * 1105:*mlɯn 1088:{} {} 1084: 1066: 1042: 1039: 1034: 1016: 992: 989: 978: 975: 965:PSWT * 942:eighth 855:Hainan 831:Zhuang 806:Tai Yo 804:) and 725:others 544:(Lao: 316: 304: 292: 269: 109:Sơn La 13138:mixed 13103:Pa Di 13056:Phuan 12928:Aiton 12923:Phake 12659:Nadou 12629:Ha Em 12539:Nuoxi 12523:Mulam 12496:Telue 12491:Hagei 12486:Mulao 12476:Vandu 12468:Gelao 12438:Lachi 12361:Index 12325:Music 12272:Women 12241:Delta 12207:Crime 11992:Towns 11676:Hindi 11642:Ugong 11612:Nuosu 11590:Hakka 11537:Hmong 11509:Moken 11481:Malay 11397:Khmer 11387:Jahai 11382:Chung 11377:Chong 11290:Phuan 11127:Jarai 11110:Other 11071:Samre 11061:Mnong 11051:Kaco’ 11046:Chong 11014:Khmer 10874:Phuan 10821:Cosao 10816:Cauho 10773:Hmong 10741:Nguồn 10693:Lamet 10688:Kiorr 10637:Ta'Oi 10569:Laven 10298:. In 10228:"Lao" 10199:S2CID 10191:JSTOR 10156:(PDF) 9978:(PDF) 9963:(PDF) 9723:et al 9613:JSTOR 9497:(PDF) 9324:"Lao" 9197:sutra 9014:high 9000:high 8980:high 8816:nueng 8729:XVII 8662:໑໐໐໐໐ 8638:1,000 8595:XIII 8510:LXXX 8437:ເກົ້າ 8428:sixty 8411:VIII 8270:XXXI 8190:XXII 8169:'two' 8150:XXII 8129:'one' 8120:nueng 8090:nulla 8012:/ptk/ 7991:Only 7892:love 7886:/hāk/ 7868:/hák/ 7836:] 7832:[ 7738:Phrae 7541:crow 7534:/kàː/ 7468:High 7424:Name 7416:] 7412:[ 7390:Tones 7280:Close 7222:Front 7110:Close 7056:Front 7035:with 6917:Nasal 6905:Velar 6530:Nasal 6524:lab. 6518:lab. 6512:lab. 6490:Velar 6384:ทำงาน 6343:/ekɛ/ 6330:i kae 6324:ອີແກ້ 6264:kiêng 6256:kiang 6228:yuean 6131:Thai 6128:Isan 5888:khémi 5849:khemi 5835:khemi 5810:ປາວານ 5672:/vɛ̃/ 5659:waeng 5600:/bœʁ/ 5540:/pɔm/ 5535:pomme 5231:เนกไท 5217:เนกไท 5196:Thai 5193:Isan 5027:(dok 5017:(doe 5011:) or 5007:(dae 4894:High 4751:High 4659:and * 4636:/ɾàp/ 4605:/hāp/ 4429:Khmer 4417:Surin 4349:High 4238:/sêː/ 4166:is a 4090:High 3814:หลิ้น 3784:Isan 3781:Thai 3635:*naue 3507:*haue 3443:*maue 3376:Isan 3373:Thai 3333:and * 3269:with 3202:High 3146:chaem 3107:ໄທວຽງ 3009:Surin 2837:Bokèo 2609:/síː/ 2347:วิชชา 2330:วิชชา 2319:vijja 2253:sukha 2174:'sin' 2082:ทุกข์ 2068:ทุกข์ 2051:दुक्ख 1991:puñña 1985:पुञ्ञ 1972:Thai 1969:Isan 1966:Pali 1927:metta 1704:śabda 1655:phōnē 1584:maeng 1558:laeng 1541:maeng 1537:mlɛːŋ 1525:/jūŋ/ 1485:*ɲuŋ 1461:/jūŋ/ 1408:nyung 1171:*raːk 981:*mlɯn 619:with 576:, an 114:China 13123:Kuan 13098:Sapa 13051:Khün 13041:Yong 13005:Thai 12973:Isan 12939:Ahom 12888:Shan 12851:Nùng 12787:Saek 12616:Hlai 12588:Biao 12580:Biao 12545:Then 12481:A'ou 12443:Paha 12433:Laha 12315:Flag 12244:cron 12239:and 12143:Kip 11786:Laos 11570:Lisu 11560:Akha 11476:Cham 11332:Shan 11327:Khün 11259:Isan 11234:Thai 11142:Thai 11122:Cham 11091:Suoy 11066:Pear 11041:Brao 10879:Saek 10864:Khün 10841:Piyo 10831:Luma 10826:Hani 10801:Akha 10796:Akeu 10731:Liha 10721:Cuoi 10716:Chut 10711:Arem 10655:Khmu 10627:Katu 10622:Brao 10574:Lavi 10559:Jru' 10544:Duan 10539:Alak 10432:ISBN 10417:ISBN 10402:ISBN 10387:ISBN 10372:ISBN 10355:ISBN 10340:ISBN 9558:PMID 9023:mid 9020:mid 9003:mid 8983:mid 8919:Isan 8913:for 8789:XIX 8694:XVI 8630:໑໐໐໐ 8627:XIV 8563:XII 8470:LXX 8449:nine 8400:paet 8371:VII 8360:chet 8357:ເຈັດ 8249:four 8230:XXX 8211:III 8160:song 8117:ໜຶ່ງ 8110:XXI 7861:High 7844:Tone 7629:high 7596:Name 7587:Name 7549:ຂ້າ 7538:or 7527:Low 7506:Mid 7498:or 7490:ຄ້າ 7479:or 7463:leg 7460:or 7427:Lao 7410:and 7408:,,,, 7361:Open 7244:rnd. 7239:unr. 7232:Back 7191:Open 7097:uaʔ 7089:iaʔ 7078:rnd. 7073:unr. 7066:Back 6842:All 6505:lab. 6412:việc 6338:ê-ke 6316:chak 6302:chak 6134:Lao 6065:kram 6059:กรัม 6051:kram 6045:กรัม 5935:biya 5882:ເຄມີ 5863:simi 5843:เคมี 5829:เคมี 5639:ไวน์ 5625:ไวน์ 5612:noei 5606:ເນີຍ 5573:noei 5559:noei 5199:Lao 5162:and 5135:kine 5014:ເດີ້ 4997:and 4995:Pali 4980:Pali 4940:Low 4934:Low 4929:Low 4926:Low 4909:Low 4906:Low 4903:Low 4791:Low 4783:Low 4763:Low 4669:chak 4467:and 4451:and 4423:and 4389:Low 4203:and 4162:The 4130:Low 3909:ling 3895:ling 3881:ling 3867:ling 3800:เล่น 3557:chai 3543:chai 3529:chai 3437:ໃຫມ່ 3423:ໃຫມ່ 3409:ใหม่ 3395:ใหม่ 3335:/aj/ 3331:/aɰ/ 3309:and 3293:and 3285:and 3275:Loei 3242:Low 3155:chèm 3151:ແຈ້ມ 3134:ແກ້ມ 3129:kaem 3096:and 3090:Loei 2964:and 2939:and 2917:Loei 2915:and 2889:and 2850:Loei 2806:and 2804:Loei 2640:and 2546:Loei 2497:tham 2483:tham 2477:ธรรม 2469:tham 2463:ธรรม 2446:धम्म 2367:wisa 2361:ວິຊາ 2102:thuk 2088:thuk 2074:thuk 1975:Lao 1945:klon 1893:and 1718:Pali 1709:शब्द 1690:dura 1651:φωνή 1646:tēle 1642:τῆλε 1628:ខ្នង 1576:แมลง 1550:mèng 1458:yung 1361:*ɲuŋ 1097:ลื่น 1091:ມື່ນ 1078:luen 1073:ลื่น 1028:muen 1023:ມື່ນ 944:and 877:and 861:and 849:and 847:Hlai 837:and 814:Ahom 810:Shan 625:Isan 623:and 621:Thai 566:Isan 562:Laos 272:Laos 133:Isan 107:and 90:and 75:Isan 67:Laos 12963:Lao 12856:Tày 12798:Yoy 12734:Tai 12654:Cun 12565:Mak 12560:Sui 12528:Kam 12501:Qau 12425:Kra 12232:HIV 12065:Law 11617:Mpi 11433:Mon 11423:Kuy 11372:Bru 11218:of 11132:Lao 11056:Kuy 10899:Yoy 10726:Kri 10683:Bit 10632:Kuy 10617:Bru 10599:Su' 10564:Juk 10554:Jeh 10503:Lao 10183:doi 9605:doi 9548:PMC 9540:doi 9509:hdl 9470:doi 9439:doi 9300:at 9275:at 9257:at 9103:/m/ 9094:/n/ 9085:/l/ 9076:/w/ 9067:/r/ 9058:/ɲ/ 9049:/ŋ/ 9040:/h/ 8883:of 8828:XX 8812:sao 8659:XV 8610:CI 8606:101 8598:໑໐໑ 8574:100 8566:໑໐໐ 8546:XC 8531:XI 8489:ten 8480:sip 8477:ສິບ 8451:IX 8440:kao 8430:LX 8397:ແປດ 8350:VL 8331:VI 8329:six 8320:hok 8317:ຫົກ 8277:ຫ້າ 8251:IV 8237:ສີ່ 8200:sam 8197:ສາມ 8171:II 8157:ສອງ 8078:sun 7966:or 7918:ຮາກ 7900:ຫາກ 7882:ຮັກ 7879:Mid 7864:ຫັກ 7847:Lao 7838:). 7825:,,, 7726:Tai 7607:low 7555:or 7530:ກາ 7471:ຄາ 7452:ຂາ 7439:IPA 7432:IPA 7418:). 7093:ɯaʔ 6851:/ʔ/ 6729:kʷʰ 6711:tʷʰ 6653:tɕʷ 6355:sak 6349:ສາກ 6310:ฉาก 6296:ฉาก 6250:ກຽງ 6192:phở 6184:foe 6178:ເຝີ 5667:vin 5645:wai 5631:wai 5587:boe 5567:เนย 5553:เนย 5205:Lao 5154:). 5133:is 5024:ດອກ 5004:ແດ່ 4674:ຈັກ 4657:dap 4631:ລັບ 4626:lap 4600:ຮັບ 4595:hap 4591:/d/ 4587:/ɬ/ 4583:/ɾ/ 4579:/r/ 4515:ດອນ 4510:don 4247:ນ້ຳ 4242:nam 4040:khu 4020:ຫໍ່ 4006:ห่อ 3992:ห่อ 3889:ລີງ 3875:ลีง 3861:ลิง 3834:lin 3820:lin 3806:len 3763:fai 3749:fai 3735:fai 3721:fai 3699:mai 3693:ໄມ້ 3685:mai 3679:ໄມ້ 3671:mai 3665:ไม้ 3657:mai 3651:ไม้ 3621:nai 3607:nai 3593:nai 3501:ໃຫ້ 3493:hai 3487:ໃຫ້ 3479:hai 3473:ให้ 3465:hai 3459:ให้ 3429:mai 3415:mai 3401:mai 3161:). 3157:, * 3138:kèm 3110:), 2722:/r/ 2618:ມູນ 2613:Mun 2524:in 2298:suk 2292:ສຸກ 2284:suk 2278:สุข 2270:suk 2264:สุข 2247:सुख 2096:ທຸກ 2036:bun 2030:ບຸນ 2022:bun 2016:บุญ 2008:bun 2002:บุญ 1951:ກອນ 1871:Mon 1777:of 1724:of 1695:दूर 1589:แมง 1563:แลง 1546:ແມງ 1477:ยุง 1474:{} 1471:ຍູງ 1453:ยุง 1403:ຍູງ 1287:ราก 1284:{} 1281:ຮາກ 1268:rak 1263:ราก 1218:hak 1213:ຮາກ 1094:{} 859:Kra 818:Dai 607:or 582:Tai 542:Lao 465:IPA 404:tts 397:lao 378:lao 334:and 188:Lao 173:Tai 129:Lao 22:Lao 13284:: 12719:Be 12707:Be 12453:En 10584:Oi 10338:, 10242:^ 10219:^ 10205:. 10197:. 10189:. 10177:. 10158:. 10137:^ 10109:^ 10054:^ 10021:^ 9986:^ 9971:65 9969:. 9965:. 9924:. 9835:^ 9736:. 9686:^ 9657:^ 9636:19 9634:. 9611:. 9601:93 9599:. 9587:^ 9564:. 9556:. 9546:. 9534:. 9530:. 9503:. 9499:. 9484:^ 9466:17 9464:. 9460:. 9433:. 9398:^ 9381:. 9377:. 9211:. 9195:A 9177:. 9165:, 9126:ອ໋ 9120:ອ໊ 9114:ອ້ 9108:ອ່ 9087:, 9081:ຫຼ 9060:, 9051:, 8966:) 8963:◌້ 8957:) 8954:◌່ 8921:. 8824:20 8818:) 8807:໒໐ 8785:19 8777:໑໙ 8755:18 8747:໑໘ 8725:17 8717:໑໗ 8712:. 8690:16 8682:໑໖ 8677:. 8655:15 8647:໑໕ 8642:M 8623:14 8615:໑໔ 8591:13 8583:໑໓ 8578:C 8559:12 8551:໑໒ 8542:90 8534:໙໐ 8527:11 8515:໑໑ 8506:80 8494:໘໐ 8491:X 8487:10 8475:໑໐ 8466:70 8454:໗໐ 8426:60 8414:໖໐ 8390:L 8386:50 8374:໕໐ 8346:40 8334:໔໐ 8306:32 8294:໓໒ 8291:V 8280:ha 8266:31 8254:໓໑ 8240:si 8226:30 8214:໓໐ 8186:23 8174:໒໓ 8146:22 8134:໒໒ 8131:I 8106:21 8094:໒໑ 7988:. 7982:pr 7959:. 7732:, 7441:) 7434:) 7369:aː 7353:ɔː 7342:ɛː 7328:oː 7321:ɤː 7314:eː 7300:uː 7293:ɯː 7286:iː 7266:ua 7261:ɯa 7256:ia 6865:, 6812:lʷ 6761:sʷ 6722:kʰ 6704:tʰ 6697:pʰ 6681:ʔʷ 6667:kʷ 6646:tɕ 6568:ŋʷ 5076:) 5060:) 5044:) 4964:, 4875:◌້ 4864:◌່ 4841:. 4825:, 4821:, 4732:◌້ 4721:◌່ 4694:, 4677:, 4651:, 4634:, 4620:, 4603:, 4573:, 4556:, 4542:, 4529:ເຊ 4524:se 4518:, 4485:, 4463:, 4459:, 4443:, 4419:, 4330:◌້ 4319:◌່ 4292:, 4278:, 4264:, 4250:, 4236:, 4234:xé 4230:ເຊ 4225:se 4187:, 4079:) 4076:◌້ 4070:) 4067:◌່ 4026:ho 4012:ho 3998:ho 3848:eo 3757:ໄຟ 3743:ໄຟ 3729:ไฟ 3715:ไฟ 3629:ໃນ 3615:ໃນ 3601:ใน 3587:ใน 3565:ໃຈ 3551:ໃຈ 3537:ใจ 3523:ใจ 3358:ໄ◌ 3352:ไ◌ 3346:ໃ◌ 3340:ใ◌ 3305:, 3301:, 3191:) 3188:◌້ 3182:) 3179:◌່ 3148:(* 3140:, 3118:, 3084:, 3076:. 3032:, 3011:, 3007:, 2986:, 2982:, 2978:, 2956:, 2952:, 2948:, 2929:) 2911:, 2907:, 2903:, 2899:, 2864:, 2856:, 2835:, 2831:, 2827:, 2823:, 2802:, 2798:, 2790:, 2786:, 2782:, 2769:, 2765:, 2720:' 2662:, 2605:ຊີ 2600:Si 2590:, 2569:, 2548:, 2544:, 1797:. 1728:. 1712:, 1698:, 1684:, 1667:, 1631:, 1617:, 1552:, 967:ml 952:. 851:Be 812:, 775:, 550:, 360:lo 150:L2 145:L1 103:, 86:, 34:, 13178:E 13166:) 13160:( 13140:) 13136:( 12782:E 12737:( 12709:– 12409:e 12402:t 12395:v 11778:e 11771:t 11764:v 11201:e 11194:t 11187:v 10992:e 10985:t 10978:v 10481:e 10474:t 10467:v 10423:. 10408:. 10393:. 10378:. 10361:. 10346:. 10315:. 10302:. 10278:. 10213:. 10185:: 10179:6 10131:. 9619:. 9607:: 9572:. 9542:: 9536:4 9515:. 9511:: 9505:2 9478:. 9472:: 9445:. 9441:: 9435:1 9392:. 9362:. 9337:. 9099:ໝ 9090:ໜ 9072:ວ 9063:ຣ 9054:ຍ 9045:ງ 9038:( 9035:ຫ 8814:( 8710:C 8675:X 8447:9 8435:໙ 8407:8 8395:໘ 8367:7 8355:໗ 8327:6 8315:໖ 8287:5 8275:໕ 8247:4 8235:໔ 8207:3 8195:໓ 8167:2 8155:໒ 8127:1 8115:໑ 8085:0 8073:໐ 8020:/ 8018:ʔ 8016:/ 8001:/ 7999:ʔ 7997:/ 7986:p 7974:( 7834:ʔ 7823:( 7740:. 7414:j 7406:( 7199:a 7183:ɔ 7172:ɛ 7158:o 7151:ɤ 7144:e 7130:u 7123:ɯ 7116:i 7001:j 6992:w 6978:ʔ 6971:k 6962:t 6955:p 6939:ŋ 6930:n 6923:m 6879:/ 6877:k 6875:/ 6871:/ 6869:t 6867:/ 6863:/ 6861:p 6859:/ 6819:j 6805:l 6798:w 6795:~ 6792:ʋ 6776:h 6754:s 6747:f 6674:ʔ 6660:k 6637:t 6630:p 6600:d 6593:b 6561:ŋ 6552:ɲ 6543:n 6536:m 5150:( 5137:( 5125:( 5112:( 5080:. 5064:. 5048:. 4878:) 4867:) 4735:) 4724:) 4685:( 4671:( 4663:( 4642:( 4628:( 4611:( 4597:( 4564:( 4550:( 4536:( 4526:( 4512:( 4479:( 4333:) 4322:) 4286:( 4272:( 4258:( 4244:( 4227:( 3131:( 3104:( 2718:ຣ 2656:( 2615:( 2602:( 2556:( 1948:( 1929:( 1916:( 1842:( 1805:( 1760:( 1706:( 1692:( 1675:( 1661:( 1625:( 1608:( 1586:( 1573:( 1560:( 1543:( 1535:* 1347:ɲ 1157:r 779:) 771:( 519:. 505:. 485:. 120:) 116:( 111:) 99:( 94:) 82:( 77:) 73:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.