Isan language - Knowledge

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be expected of a language undergoing language shift. As Isan and Thai already have a similar grammatical structure and syntax, the main variance is in lexical shift, essentially the replacement of Isan vocabulary. The oldest generation, at the time in their 60s or older, uses very normative Lao features little different than those found in Laos. The middle generations, ranging from 35 to 50 years of age, had a greater prevalence of Thai vocabulary, but overall maintained a traditional Isan lexicon, with the Thai terms usually not the primary spoken forms. The youngest generation, although still arguably using very many Lao phrases and vocabulary, had a remarkable replacement of Isan vocabulary, with Thai forms becoming either the primary variant or replacing the Isan word altogether. Similarly, when Isan usage has two variants, generally a common one not understood in Thai and another that is usually a cognate, younger speakers tend to use the cognates with greater frequency, pushing their speech to Thai as older speakers will use them in variance.

1908:, who changed the English name of Siam to 'Thailand' and whose ultra-nationalistic policies would mark Thailand during his rule from 1938 to 1944 and 1948–1957. These policies implemented an official diglossia. Isan was removed from public and official discourse to make way for Thai and the written language was banned, relegating Isan to an unwritten language of the home. Public schools, which finally were built in the region, focussed heavily on indoctrinating Isan people to revere the Thai monarchy, loyalty to the state and its symbols and mastery of the Thai language, with Isan treated as an inferior dialect. Pride in the language was erased as students were punished or humiliated for using the language in the classroom or writing in Tai Noi, planting the seed for future 9687: 1916:

The public schools also dismissed the old monks from their role as educators unless they complied with the new curriculum. This severed the Isan people from knowledge of their written language, shared literary history and ability to communicate via writing with the left bank Lao. In tandem with its removal from education and official contexts, the Thai language made a greater appearance in people's lives with the extension of the railroad to Ubon and Khon Kaen and with it the telegraph, radio and a larger number of Thai civil servants, teachers and government officials in the region that did not learn the local language.

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outside of agriculture. The use of the Thai script, spelling cognate words in Isan as they are in Thai, also gives a false perception of the dialectal subordination of Isan and the errors of Isan pronunciation which deviate from Thai. As a result, a generational gap has arisen with old speakers using normative Lao and younger speakers using a very 'Thaified' version of Isan, increased code-switching or outright exclusive use of Thai. Many linguists and scholars of the Isan language believe that Thai relexification cannot be halted unless the script is returned, but this has little public or government support.

2018:

soap operas penetrated into people's homes at this time. As lands new lands to clear for cultivation were no longer available, urbanization began to occur, as well as the massive seasonal migration of Isan people to Bangkok during the dry season, taking advantage of the economic boom occurring in Thailand with increased western investment due to its more stable, non-communist government and openness. Having improved their Thai during employment in Bangkok, the Isan people returned to their villages, introducing the Bangkok slang words back home and peppering their speech with more and more Thai words.

10060: 1861:" into Siam. References to the 'Lao' and many cities and towns were renamed, such as the former districts Monthon Lao Gao and Monthon Lao Phuan which were renamed as 'Monthon Ubon' and 'Monthon Udon', respectively, shortly after their creation in 1912. Self-designation as Lao in the census was banned after 1907, with the Lao forced to declare themselves as Thai and speakers of a Thai dialect. The unofficial use of Lao to refer to them was discouraged, and the term 'Isan', originally just a name of the southern part of the 'Lao 9833: 2048:

Isan, as important aspects of regional culture and communication, the Isan language and other minority languages are still inferior to the social and cultural prestige of Standard Thai and its government sanctioned promotion in official, educational and national usage. However, the Thaification laws that banned the old Lao alphabet and forced the Lao to refer to themselves and their language as 'Thai Isan' never banned the language in the home nor the fields and the Isan people steadfastly clung to their spoken language.

1865:, was extended to the entire region, its primary ethnic group and language. The name change and replacement of the Lao language by Thai at the administrative level and reforms to implement Thai had very little effect as the region's large Lao population and isolation prevented quick implementation. Monks still taught young boys to read the Tai Noi script written on palm-leaf manuscripts since there were no schools, passages from old literature were often read during festivals and traveling troupes of 2022:

attention to preserving the Lao features of the language and landscape, albeit under an Isan banner. Students can participate in clubs that promote local music, sung in the local Lao language, or local dances native to the area. Knowledge about the history of the region and its long neglect and abuse by Siamese authorities and resurrection of pride in local culture are coming to the fore, increasing expressions of 'Isan-ness' in the region. However, Thaification policies and the

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under threat from Thai, as Thai replaces the unique vocabulary specific to Lao speakers, and language shift, as more and more children are being raised to speak only Standard Thai. The lack of prestige of the language and the need for Thai to advance in government, education and professional realms or seek employment outside of Northeastern Thailand, such as Bangkok, necessitate the use and mastery of proper Thai over proper Lao.

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avoid discrimination, anecdotal evidence suggests that more and more Isan children are being raised in the Thai language and are discouraged from using the local language at home. The Thai language has already begun to displace the predominance of Isan in the major market towns, in part because they are often also administrative centers, and in some major cities, universities have attracted students from other regions.

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as well as small lexical items, but these can be grouped into the same five dialectal regions of Laos. As a result of the movements, Isan varieties are often more similar to the Lao varieties spoken on the opposite banks of the Mekong than to other Isan people up- or downstream although Western Lao, formed from the merger of peoples from different Lao regions, does not occur in Laos and is only found in Isan.

264: 1795:. To prevent further territorial concessions, the Siamese implemented a series of reforms that introduced Western concepts of statehood, administrative reforms and various measures to integrate the region which was until this point ruled as semi-autonomous out-lying territories nominally under the authority of the Lao kings. With the creation of provinces grouped into districts known as 2082: 2212:

the increased risk of the Isan language's extinction as it becomes relexified to the point of no longer being a separate language but a dialect of Thai with some Lao influence. The lack of official usage, official support for its maintenance and lack of language prestige hinder attempts to revitalize or strengthen the language against the advance of Thai.

9638: 6074:, 'we', in the sense of 'all of us' for extra emphasis. The vulgar pronouns are used as a mark of close relationship, such as long-standing childhood friends or siblings and can be used publicly, but they can never be used outside of these relationships as they often change statements into very pejorative, crude or inflammatory remarks. 7936:

Indochina. Other differences between Isan and Lao include terminology that reflects the social and political separation since 1893 as well as differences in neologisms created after this. These differences, and a few very small deviations for certain common words, do not, however, diminish nor erase the Lao character of the language.

9611:) or 'Original Lao script.' The contemporary Lao script is a direct descendant and has preserved the basic letter shapes. The similarity between the modern Thai alphabet and the old and new Lao alphabets is because both scripts derived from a common ancestral Tai script of what is now northern Thailand which was an adaptation of the 2199:, news, and sports broadcasts or sing popular songs, most of it produced in Bangkok or at least in its accent. Thai is also needed as a written language for instructions, to read labels on packages, road signs, newspapers and books. Isan children who may struggle to acquire the language, are forced to learn the language as part of 3019:, which is not used in Thai, is common in large areas of both Laos and Isan but is not universal in either region, but is particularly associated with areas influenced by Vientiane and Central Lao dialects. The glottal stop occurs any time a word begins with a vowel, which is always built around a null consonant. 4307:. The symbol '◌' indicates the required presence of a consonant, or for words that begin with a vowel sound, the 'null consonant' 'อ' or its Lao equivalent, 'ອ', which in words that begin with a vowel, represents the glottal stop /ʔ/. Short vowels that end with '◌ะ' or Lao '◌ະ' also end with a glottal stop. 2806:

Digitizing palm-leaf manuscripts and providing Thai-script transcription is being conducted as a way to both preserve the rapidly decaying documents and re-introduce them to the public. The language can be heard on national television during off-peak hours, when music videos featuring many Isan artists of

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vowels of a different quality and a special set of Lao vocabulary unfamiliar to Thai speakers, it is considered an 'inferior form of Thai' as opposed to its own separate language. The traditional avoidance of the language in the formal sphere re-enforces the superiority of Thai, which the Isan people have

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crisscross the Mekong River, mirroring the downstream migration of the Lao people as well as the settlement of Isan from the east to west, as people were forced to the right bank. Isan can be broken up into at least fourteen varieties, based on small differentiations in tonal quality and distribution

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There is no general distinction between adjectives and adverbs, and words of this category serve both functions and can even modify each other. Duplication is used to indicate greater intensity. Only one word can be duplicated per phrase. Adjectives always come after the noun they modify; adverbs may

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that occurs before the vowels /aC/, /am/, /aː/ and /aːj/. Isan speakers, who are educated in Thai and often use Thai spelling of etymological vocabulary to transcribe Isan, will generally not pronounce consonant clusters but may do so when code-switching to Thai or when pronouncing high-brow words of

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Thai loan words were generally localized in pronunciation, easing them into the flow of Isan conversation and unnoticeable to most but the oldest members of the community that preserve 'proper Isan' usage. Although the youngest generation was still speaking a distinct language, each generation brings

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that are still used in contemporary Lao. Thai is also sometimes used to avoid Isan features that are stigmatized in Thai, such as retention of vocabulary that is pejorative or archaic as well as Lao pronunciations of cognate words that sound 'folksy'. Despite the fact that code-switching is a natural

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and continues its role as the official written language of the Lao language of the left bank as well as the script used to transcribe minority languages. The Lao written language has unified the dialects to some extent as well, as though the differences between dialects are sharper in Laos than Isan,

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language of provincial identity' which 'is the language of identity for citizens of the province, but this is not mandated by law. Neither is it developed enough or known enough to function as the language of government business.' Although Thailand does recognise the regional Tai languages, including

2017:

The language shift to Thai and the increased influence of the Thai language really came to the fore in the 1960s due to several factors. Roads were finally built into the region, making Isan no longer unreachable for much of the year, and the arrival of television with its popular news broadcasts and

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The old written language and the rich literature written in it were banned and was not discussed in schools. Numerous temples had their libraries seized and destroyed, replacing the old Lao religious texts, local histories, literature and poetry collections with Thai-script, Thai-centric manuscripts.

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as well, but the term gradually came to be thought of only referring to the ethnic Lao people of Isan and contemporary Laos. When used by Thai people, it is often offensive, given the history of prejudice against Isan people for their distinct culture and language, as well as perceived links with the

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Isan is also one of the poorest, least developed regions of Thailand, with many Isan people having little education, often employed as laborers, domestics, cooks, taxi drivers, and in other menial jobs. Combined with historic open prejudice toward Isan people, this has fueled a negative perception of

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Isan may have had historical leveling processes. The settlement of the region's interior areas led to dialect mixing and the development of transitional areas. The Vientiane dialect also likely had a major role in bringing Isan varieties closer. The provinces of Loei, Nong Khai and Bueang Kan border

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The language suffers from a negative perception and diglossia, so speakers have to limit their use of the language to comfortable, informal settings. Parents often view the language as a detriment to the betterment of their children, who must master Standard Thai to advance in school or career paths

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offensive when used by outsiders, due to its usage as a discriminatory slur, often insinuating their rural upbringings, superstitious beliefs, links with the Lao people of Laos (i.e., not Thai) and traditional, agrarian lifestyles. In dealings with Lao people from Laos, Isan people may sometimes use

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Within Thailand, Isan is officially classified as a 'Northeastern' dialect of the Thai language and is referred to as such in most official and academic works concerning the language produced in Thailand. The use of 'Northeastern Thai' to refer to the language is re-enforced internationally with the

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to Thai altogether, threatening the vitality of the language. However, with attitudes toward regional cultures becoming more relaxed in the late 20th century onwards, increased research into the language by Thai academics at Isan universities and an ethno-political stance often at odds with Bangkok,

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The Lao language in Thailand was preserved due to the Isan region's large population, mountains that separated the region from the rest of the country, a conservative culture and ethnic appreciation of local traditions. The language was officially banned from being referred to as the Lao language in

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Isan shares with both Lao and Thai a restrictive set of permissible consonant sounds at the end of a syllable or word. Isan, using its current method of writing according to Thai etymological spelling, preserves the spelling to imply the former sound of borrowed loan words even if the pronunciation

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In a 2016 study of language shift, villagers in an Isan-speaking village were divided by age and asked to respond to various questionnaires to determine lexical usage of Lao terms, with those born prior to 1955, those born between 1965 and 1990 and those born after 1990. The results show what would

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Although some Isan people may not speak the language well, Thai is a convenient language of clarification, especially between Isan speakers of different dialects that may be unfamiliar with local terms of the other speaker. As Isan does not exist in formal, technical, political or academic domains,

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script previously used for Buddhist texts. Only a handful of people of very advanced age and caretakers of monasteries whose libraries were not destroyed during the Thaification implementation in the 1930s are able to read either script. Evidence for the use of the written language is hard to find,

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Although in formal situations, standard Thai is often used, formality is marked in Isan by polite particles attached to the end of statements, and use of formal pronouns. Compared to Thai, Isan sounds very formal as pronouns are used with greater frequency, which occurs in formal Thai, but is more

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in the city), the Thai language was used 62.91 percent of the time to properly quote someone—such as someone that speaks Thai, 21.19 percent of the time to provide further explanation and 8.61 percent of the time to re-iterate a previous statement for clarification. There are seven areas where the

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In polling of language favorability amongst the general population of Thailand, the Isan language ranks last after Standard Thai and the primary Thai dialect of the other regions. As a result of the need for Standard Thai proficiency in order to have better educational and employment prospects and

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Around the 1990s, although the perceived political oppression continues and Thaification policies remain, attitudes towards regional languages relaxed. Academics at Isan universities began exploring the local language, history, culture and other folklore, publishing works that helped bring serious

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Words for new technologies and the political realities of belonging to the Thai state arrived from Thai, including words of English and Chinese (primarily Teochew) origin, as well as neologisms created from Sanskrit roots. Laos, still under French rule, turned to French, Vietnamese, repurposing of

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system of using the Thai script to record the spoken Isan language, using etymological spelling for cognate words but spelling Lao words not found in Thai, and with no known Khmer or Indic etymology, similarly to as they would be in the Lao script. This system remains in informal use today, often

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that omit pronouns if their use is unnecessary due to context, especially in informal contexts, but they are restored in more careful speech. Compared to Thai, Isan and Lao frequently use the first- and second-person pronouns and rarely drop them in speech which can sometimes seem more formal and

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The development of 'Isan' identity and a resurgence in attention to the language has brought increased attention and study of the language. Academics at universities are now offering courses in the language and its grammar, conducting research into the old literature archives that were preserved.

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to the point many do not have high opinions of their first language. Combined with vocabulary retentions, many of which sound oddly archaic or have become pejorative in Standard Thai, perpetuate the myth and negative perception of Isan as an uncouth language of rural poverty and hard agricultural

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Isan is clearly differentiated from Thai by its Lao intonation and vocabulary. However, Isan differs from Lao in that the former has more English and Chinese loanwords, via Thai, not to mention large amounts of Thai influence. The Lao adopted French and Vietnamese loanwords as a legacy of French

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Acknowledgment of the unique history of the Isan language and the fact it is derived from a closely related albeit separate language is lacking, with the official and public position being that the language is a dialect of Thai. As a result of the great difference from Thai, based on tone, nasal

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According to the EGIDS scale, Isan is at Stage VIA, or 'vigorous', meaning the language is used for 'face-to-face communication by all generations and the situation is sustainable'. Although various studies indicate that Isan is spoken by almost everyone in Northeastern Thailand, the language is

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As an umbrella term for the Lao varieties as spoken in Northeastern Thailand, Isan remains essentially the same as the Lao language of Laos, albeit nonetheless differentiated in orthography and some minor lexical elements. Both right and left bank varieties are most closely related to the other

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from 1354 to 1707. After the fall of Lan Xang, the Lao splinter kingdoms became tributary states of Siam. During the late 18th and much of the 19th century, Siamese soldiers carried out forced migrations of Lao people from the western bank of the Mekong River to the eastern bank, now Isan. As a

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and often when they are older, for employment. Although attitudes towards regional cultures and languages began to relax in the late 1980s, the legal and social pressures of Thaification and the need for Thai to participate in daily life and wider society continue. The influence of Thai aside,

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The situation is in stark contrast to Laos where the Lao language is actively promoted as a language of national unity. Laotian Lao people are very conscious of their distinct, non-Thai language and although influenced by Thai-language media and culture, strive to maintain 'good Lao'. Although

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language codes. Outside of official and academic Thai contexts, Isan is usually classified as a particular sub-grouping of the Lao language such as by native speakers, Laotian Lao and many linguists, it is also classified as a separate language in light of its unique history and Thai-language

1574:), which can translate as 'rural', 'upcountry' or 'provincial language'. Although it is often used by Thai speakers to refer to the Isan language, since the region is synonymous in Thai minds to rural agriculture, it is also used for any rural, unsophisticated accent, even of Central Thai. 9972:

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. (2011). Reports submitted by States parties under article 9 of the Convention: First to third periodic reports of States parties due in 2008, Thailand. (GE.11-46262 (E) 141011 181011). New York NY: United

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to describe themselves and their language, as it conveniently avoids ambiguity with the Laotian Lao as well as association with movements, historical and current, that tend to be leftist and at odds with the central government in Bangkok. The language is also called affectionately

2009:. Despite this slow shift, the spoken language maintained its Lao features since most of the population was still engaged in agriculture, where Thai was not needed, thus many Isan people never mastered Thai fully even if they used it as a written language and understood it fine. 5986:

distant. More common is to substitute pronouns with titles of professions or extension of kinship terms based on age, thus it is very common for lovers or close friends to call each other 'brother' and 'sister' and to address the very elderly as 'grandfather' or 'grandmother'.

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identity, although eschewed by younger generations, is making a comeback, but use of these terms outside of private settings or with other Lao people has strong political associations, especially with the far-left political movements advocating greater autonomy for the region.

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As the name suggests, its use in Lao was restricted to religious literature, either used to transcribe Pali, or religious treatises written in Lao intended solely for the clergy. Religious instructional materials and prayer books dedicated to the laity were written in

1663:. The Lao language was able to thrive in the region due to its historical settlement pattern, which included the vast depopulation of the left bank of the Mekong to the right bank and its geographical isolation from the rest of what is now Thailand. The peaks of the 9813:

from the same period. Most of the script is recorded on palm-leaf manuscripts, many of which were destroyed during the 'Thaification' purges of the 1930s; contemporaneously this period of Thai nationalization also ended its use as the primary written language in

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The Lao language has had a long presence in Isan, arriving with migrants who followed the river valleys into Southeast Asia from southern China some time in the 8th to 10th centuries. The region of what is now Isan was nominally under the Lao kingdom of

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in tax collection and administration was moved and replaced by crown-appointed governors from Bangkok which removed the official use of Lao written in Tai Noi in local administration. To achieve this, King Wachirawut had the help of his brother, Prince

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alone or alongside other local instruments. Mountains, lack of roads, large areas without access to water during the dry season and flooding in the wet season continued to shield the Isan people and their language from direct Thai-language influence.

9872:, but was often found in temple inscriptions, used in texts that preserve Brahmanic mantras and ceremonies, local mantras adopted for use in Tai animistic religion and other things usually concerned with Buddhism, Brahmanism or black magic, such as 7529:

after the verb or even using both in tandem for emphasis. แล้ว is the more common one, and can be used to indicate completed actions or current actions of the immediate past. ได้ is often used with negative statements and never for present action.

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Isan traditionally uses the Lao-style pronouns, although in formal contexts, the Thai pronouns are sometimes substituted as speakers adjust to the socially mandated use of Standard Thai in very formal events. Although all the Tai languages are

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Isan shares a large corpus of cognate, native vocabulary with other Tai languages of Thailand and Laos. They also share many common words and neologisms that were derived from Sanskrit, Pali, Mon and Khmer and other indigenous inhabitants to

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anecdotal evidence suggests that many older Isan lament the corruption of the spoken language spoken by younger generations and that the younger generations are no longer familiar with the traditional Lao forms used by previous generations.

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Since the late 1930s, Isan has been a bilingual area, with most people using Isan at home and in the village, but due to diglossia, switching to Thai for school, work and formal situations. Like all bilingual societies, Isan speakers often

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result of these massive movements, Isan speakers comprise almost one-third of the population of Thailand and represent more than 80% of the population of Lao speakers overall. Isan is natively spoken by roughly 13-16 million people of the

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has been assimilated. Due to spelling reforms in Laos, the letters that can end a word were restricted to a special set of letters, but older writers and those in the Lao diaspora occasionally use some of the more etymological spellings.

5517:. Special particle words function in lieu of prefixes and suffixes to mark verb tense. The majority of Isan words are monosyllabic, but compound words and numerous other very common words exist that are not. Topologically, Isan is a 1532:

in place names as well as self-references in the census to encourage assimilation of the Lao people within its new borders. However, due to the distinct culture and language and the need to disassociate the people and region from

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The written language is currently at Stage IX, which on the EGIDS scale is a 'language serves as a reminder of heritage identity for an ethnic community, but no one has more than symbolic proficiency'. This applies to both the

657:. Isan is officially classified as a dialect of the Thai language by the Thai government. Although (Central) Thai is a closely related Southwestern Tai language, it falls within a different subbranch. Central Thai and Isan are 2026:

to Thai continue unabated. Recognition of the Isan language as an important regional language of Thailand did not provide any funding for its preservation or maintenance other than a token of acknowledgment of its existence.

4330:, with 'PH' as the open syllable and 'N-M' as the closed syllable. In Lao orthography, inherited from Tai Noi, closed syllables are marked with a 'ົ' over the consonants and the /a/ of open syllables was unwritten, thus 661:

only with difficulty; even though they share over 80% cognate vocabulary, they have very different tonal patterns and vowel qualities, and many commonly-used words in Isan differ from Thai, thus hampering comprehension.

10449:พระมหาอธิวัฒน์ บุดดานาง และ รัตนา จันทร์เทาว. (2561/2018). หน้าที่ของการสลับภาษาระหว่างภาษาไทยกลาง ภาษาไทยถิ่นอีสานและภาษาบาลี ในการแสดงธรรม ของพระอาจารย์สมภพ โชติปญฺโญ. วารสารภาษา ศาสนา และวัฒนธรรม. 7(1). pp. 123-153. 5553:

Nouns in Isan are not marked for plurality, gender or case and do not require an indefinite or definite article. Some words, mainly inherited from Sanskrit or Pali, have separate forms for male or female, such as

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Consonant clusters are rare in spoken Lao as they disappear shortly after the adoption of writing. In native words, only /kw/ and /kʰw/ are permissible, but these can only occur before certain vowels due to the

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came into being for the region of Isan as well as its ethnic Lao people and their Lao speech, although it originally only referred to districts which now comprise the southern portion of Northeastern Thailand.

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old Lao vocabulary as well as Sanskrit-derived coinages that were generally the same, although not always, as those that developed in Thai. For example, the word or aeroplane (UK)/airplane (US) in Isan was

1467:, 'Thai language of the Isan region'). These names emphasise the official position of Isan speech as a dialect of the Thai language. In more relaxed contexts, Thai people generally refer to the language as 8687:

A small handful of lexical items are unique to Isan and not commonly found in standard Lao, but may exist in other Lao dialects. Some of these words exist alongside more typically Lao or Thai usages.

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peoples. Lao and Thai, despite separate development, were pushed closer together due to proximity and adoption of the same Khmer, Sanskrit and Pali loan words. Lao is distantly related to the various

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Verbs are not declined for voice, number, or tense. To indicate tenses, particles can be used, but it is also very common just to use words that indicate the time frame, such as มื้ออื่น (mue uen)

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scripts, so certain vowels are pronounced without being written, taking the form of /a/ in open syllables and /o/ in closed syllables, i.e., ending in a consonant. For example, the Khmer loan word

1854:(1901—1902), the last united Lao resistance to Siamese rule, but the rebellion was brutally suppressed by Siamese troops and the reforms were fully implemented in the region shortly afterward. 687:

situation with the region's inhabitants largely being bilingual and viewing themselves as Thai citizens. Isan is reserved as the language of the home, agrarian economy and provincial life. The

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who although a prince of Lan Xang, was first crowned king of Lan Na. The dynastic union allowed easy movement of monks from Lan Xang that came to copy the temple libraries to bring back home.

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Sanskrit, Pali or Khmer derivation. Lao speakers from Laos will sometimes pronounce clusters in these borrowed loan words, but this is restricted to aging speakers of the Laotian diaspora.

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some efforts to help stem the slow disappearance of the language are beginning to take root, fostered by a growing awareness and appreciation of local culture, literature and history.

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Ferlus, Michel (2009). Formation of Ethnonyms in Southeast Asia. 42nd International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Nov 2009, Chiang Mai, Thailand. 2009, pp.3–4.

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region (2005), although the total population of speakers, including Isan people in other regions of Thailand and those that speak it as a second language, likely exceeds 22 million.

7661:, which changes the order of the sentences to achieve the same result, Isan uses question-tag words. The use of question words makes use of the question mark (?) redundant in Isan. 9868:, who once populated and ruled much of the area before Tai migration and the assimilation of the local people to Tai languages. It was generally not used to write the Lao language 9794:

instead. As a result, only a few people outside the temples were literate in the script. In Isan, evidence of the script includes two stone inscriptions, such as the one housed at

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before verbs that express abstract actions and verbs that express physical actions, respectively. Adjectives and adverbs, which can function as complete predicates, only use ความ.

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phenomenon, younger generations are blurring the distinction between languages, using more Thai-like features and as they forget to switch back to Isan, language shift takes hold.

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to the northwest of the Isan region, with speakers in these areas generally speaking dialects akin to Luang Phrabang. In the southwest, Isan speakers are also found in portions of

1900:' and other reforms that aimed to elevate Central Thai culture and language, reverence to the monarchy and the symbols of state and complete integration into Thailand, known as ' 4260:

The vowel structure of Isan is the similar as the central and southern Lao dialects of Laos. The vowel quality is also similar to Thai, but differs in that the two back vowels,

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it is generally more comfortable for Isan speakers to use Thai in these areas as a result of the diglossia, with many Isan speakers unaware or unfamiliar with native terms and

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Portions of an ancient legal text written in the Tai Noi script on a palm-leaf manuscript. The script was banned in the 1930s but survived in Laos as the modern Lao alphabet.

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Although Isan is treated separately from the Lao language of Laos due to its use of the Thai script, political sensitivity and the influence of the Thai language, dialectal

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Words asked with a negative can be confusing and should be avoided. The response, even though without the negation, will still be negated due to the nature of the question.

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areas of Laos where Vientiane Lao is spoken, and together with Nong Bua Lamphu and much of Udon Thani, were long settled by Lao speakers of these dialects from the time of

1375:

only when in settings with other Isan people, where the language can be used freely, typically away from other Thai-speaking people. Isan speakers typically find the term

9858:) was not generally used to write the ancient Lao language of Isan, but was often used to write Pali texts, or Brahmanic rituals often introduced via the Khmer culture. 2138:

into Thailand. It was in the recent past quite common for Isan people to be corrected or ridiculed when they spoke because of their incomplete mastery of Standard Thai.

1730:

provinces. In addition, large numbers of Isan people have left the region for other major cities of Thailand for employment, with large pockets of speakers found in

691:

was also banned, thus making Isan a spoken language, although an ad hoc system of using Thai script and spelling of cognate words is used in informal communication.

10473:

Promkandorn, S. (2016). Language Vitality and Lexical Variation of the Isan Language in Rongsan Village, Phayao Province. . Phayap University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

10410:

Alexander, S. T. and McCargo, D. (2014), Diglossia and identity in Northeast Thailand: Linguistic, social, and political hierarchy. J Sociolinguistics, 18: 60–86.

4506:, but vowel length is not indicated in the RTGS romanization used in Thai or the BGN/PCGN French-based scheme commonly used in Laos. The Isan word romanized as 4276:/ə/ in some speakers, respectively, as well as in diphthongs that may include these sounds. To Thai speakers, Isan and Lao vowels tend to have a nasal quality. 4054:, as a result, there is no voicing of final consonants or any release of air. The finals /p/, /t/ and /k/ are thus actually pronounced , , and , respectively. 1100:(Tai Gno), all which are mutually intelligible to each other. The Lao-Phuthai languages are closely related and somewhat mutually intelligible with the other 2176:

Thai language is employed, aside from direct quotation, such as the following: explanations, interjections, Thai culture, emphasis, re-iterations and jokes.

5541:), used by females, in Thai. (Isan speakers sometimes use the Thai particles in place of or after เด้อ or เด.) Negative statements often end in ดอก (dok, 9915:

Northeastern Lao is sometimes considered a separate language, as it is traditionally spoken by Phuan tribal members, a closely related but distinct

2195:

The Thai language may not be the primary language of Isan, but Isan people are in constant exposure to it. It is required to watch the ever-popular

1734:

and its surrounding areas as well as major cities across the region. Outside of Thailand, it is likely that Isan speakers can also be found in the

11199: 10622: 4057:

Of the consonant letters, excluding the disused ฃ and ฅ, six (ฉ ผ ฝ ห อ ฮ) cannot be used as a final and the other 36 are grouped as following.

1625:, 'Isan Lao language') can also be used. In most other languages of the world, 'Isan' or translations of 'Northeastern Thai language' are used. 12084: 10421:

Speaking like a love entrepreneur: Language choices and ideologies of social mobility among daughters of peasants in Thailand's tourist sites

9672:

seen in letters, text messages, social media posts, lyrics to songs in the Isan language, transcription of Isan dialogue and personal notes.

1826:

who recommended the system. The end of local autonomy and the presence of foreign troops led the Lao people to rebel under the influence of

10499: 1787:

After the French established their protectorate over the left bank Lao-speaking territories that became Laos during the conclusion of the

1707:'separates' Isan speakers from Lao speakers in Laos as it is the geopolitical boundary between Thailand and Laos, with a few exceptions. 1558:

is the general term used by the various ethnic minorities that speak it as a first, second or third language. Thai speakers may also use

695:

the language. Despite its vigorous usage, since the mid-20th century, the language has been undergoing a slow relexification by Thai or

6101: 608: 10017: 10461:

Draper, J. (2015). Towards a curriculum for the Thai Lao of Northeast Thailand. Current Issues in Language Planning, 16(3), 238-258.

10396:

Draper, J. (2013). Introducing Multilingual Thai - Isan - English Signage in a Thai University. Journal of Lao Studies, 4(1), 11–42.

10222: 4279:

In many cases, especially diphthongs with /u/ as first element is lengthened in Isan as it is in Standard Lao, so that the word

7573:

after the verb. These can also be combined for emphasis. In Isan and Lao, พวม (phuam) /pʰua᷇m/ is often used instead of กำลัง.

10600: 10420: 1108:

such as the Chiang Saen languages, which includes Standard Thai, and the Northwestern languages, comprising the speech of the

6415: 9507:

The consonants of the old Tai Noi alphabet. Letter shapes have been preserved, with few changes, in the modern Lao alphabet.

137: 10528:. Compton, C. J., Hartmann, J. F. Sysamouth, V. (eds.). (pp. 160-188). San Francisco, CA: Center for Lao Cultural Studies. 109: 11192: 10615: 4552:. In these cases, the pairs of words have the same tone and pronunciation and are differentiated solely by vowel length. 3577: 3569: 3445: 3371: 3351: 3154: 3006: 2959: 2935: 555: 522: 10572: 10557:ธวัช ปุณโณทก (Punnothek, T.) อักษรโบราณอีสาน: อักขรวิทยาอักษรตัวธรรมและไทยน้อย. กรุงเทพฯ: สยามเพรส แมเนจเม้นท์, ๒๕๔๐, ๕๔ 4029:

occurs which assimilates the /w/ so it is only a true cluster in other vowel environments, only occurs in Isan and Lao.

3538:

is Thai interference in Isan and rare in Laos, usually interference from a northern tribal Tai language, almost always

10342: 5500: 1875:

performers relied on written manuscripts for the lyrics to poetry and old stories set to song and accompanied by the

551: 518: 236: 218: 156: 116: 59: 10586: 10515:เรืองเดช ปันเขื่อนขัติย์. ภาษาถิ่นตระกูลไทย. กทม. สถาบันวิจัยภาษาและวัฒนธรรมเพื่อการพัฒนาชนบทมหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล. 2531. 10303: 5482: 200: 10541: 7791: 7749: 7689: 6398: 3556:

Still taught as part of the alphabet, 'ฃ' and 'ฅ' are obsolete and have been replaced by 'ข' and 'ค', respectively.

2895: 3618:

All words that begin with vowels must be written with the anchor consonant and are pronounced with a glottal stop.

12079: 10585:, and Krisadawan Hongladarom. "Contesting Isan‐ness: discourses of politics and identity in Northeast Thailand." 4423: 3286: 7339:

come before or after the verb depending on the word. There is usually no copula to link a noun to an adjective.

12099: 11185: 10608: 5478: 5474: 4465: 4440: 4265: 3437: 3341: 3014: 185: 123: 94: 90: 45: 9153: 4390: 4269: 1788: 627: 5728:, respectively. In native Tai words which usually do not distinguish gender, animals will take the suffixes 4338:

or 'Ph-N--M'. In current practice as a result of spelling reforms, all vowels are written out and in modern

4241:

Glottal stop is unwritten but is pronounced at the end of short vowels that occur at the end of a consonant.

10161: 5521:(SVO) language, although the subject is often dropped. Word order is an important feature of the language. 4474: 4449: 3541: 3299: 2903: 1357: 10438:หน้าที่ของการสลับภาษาระหว่างภาษาไทยกลางและภาษาไทยถิ่นอีสาน ของหนูหิ่น ในการ์ตูนเรื่อง หนูหิ่น อินเดอะซิตี้ 9848: 9739: 9712: 9596: 9573: 9550: 9523: 8293: 8255: 8215: 8177: 8133: 8095: 8055: 8017: 7913: 7906: 7897: 7882: 7875: 7866: 7851: 7844: 7835: 7828: 7819: 7812: 7803: 7796: 7782: 7775: 7761: 7754: 7736: 7722: 7718: 7704: 7694: 7675: 7639: 7630: 7622: 7618: 7596: 7587: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7553: 7544: 7535: 7526: 7522: 7508: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7474: 7464: 7447: 7440: 7425: 7416: 7402: 7393: 7385: 7381: 7371: 7362: 7353: 7344: 6527: 6503: 6486: 6467: 6450: 6426: 6409: 6378: 6352: 6328: 6311: 6287: 6270: 6239: 6213: 6189: 6170: 6153: 6129: 6112: 6055: 6028: 6001: 5969: 5965: 5955: 5949: 5938: 5932: 5919: 5906: 5893: 5880: 5867: 5794: 5767: 5740: 5725: 5711: 5681: 5650: 5635: 5620: 5593: 5566: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5296: 5288: 5278: 5270: 5260: 5252: 4529: 4518: 4327: 4296: 4292: 2006: 1999: 1984: 1973: 1962: 1947: 1932: 1847: 1814: 105: 10437: 7699: 6300: 6259: 6142: 5518: 4483: 4381: 3595: 3505: 3497: 3324: 2927: 1637:

A map showing the provinces of Northeastern Thailand or Isan. The region is a stronghold of the language.

450: 7411:

Because adjectives or adverbs can be used as predicates, the particles that modify verbs are also used.

1516:), which signifies the 'northeast' or 'northeastern direction' as well as the name of an aspect of Lord 12037: 12016: 11662: 10666: 9896: 9891: 9841: 9732: 9705: 9600: 9566: 9543: 9516: 9441: 6048: 6021: 5994: 5826: 5814: 5787: 5760: 5733: 5674: 5643: 5586: 5559: 4522: 4511: 4398: 4319: 4261: 3471: 3361: 3144: 3134: 2998: 2974: 2871: 1977: 1940: 1925: 1101: 831: 642: 361: 10245:

Keyes, Charles (2013), Finding Their Voice: Northeastern Villagers and the Thai State, Silkworm Books.

2155:

in and out of the Thai language. For example, in an analysis of the eighty-eight volumes of the comic

679:

official Thai documents at the turn of the 20th century. Assimilatory laws of the 1930s that promoted

10773: 9836:

A sutra in the Khom script. This Khmer script was used to write Buddhist, Brahmanic and ritual texts.

9425: 9152:

and the forced movement of almost the entire population of the city and surrounding region after the

4481: 4472: 4463: 4447: 4438: 4430: 4421: 4405: 4396: 4388: 4379: 3649: 3601: 3593: 3575: 3567: 3539: 3531: 3503: 3495: 3477: 3469: 3451: 3443: 3435: 3394: 3369: 3359: 3349: 3339: 3322: 3314: 3312: 3297: 3284: 3261: 3251: 3230: 3220: 3207: 3194: 3172: 3162: 3152: 3142: 3132: 3101: 3091: 3081: 3071: 3045: 3012: 3004: 2996: 2988: 2980: 2972: 2957: 2949: 2941: 2933: 2925: 2917: 2909: 2901: 2893: 2885: 2877: 2869: 2861: 10344:

STORYTELLING, A MEANS TO REVITALIZE A DISAPPEARING LANGUAGE AND CULTURE IN NORTHEAST THAILAND (ISAN)

10059: 9686: 11568: 10941: 9802: 9206: 5463: 4407: 4251:

These occur only as parts of diphthongs or triphthongs and are usually included as parts of vowels.

1549:

by native Thai speakers was originally for all Tai peoples that were not Siamese, and was once for

7861:

Answers to questions usually just involve repetition of the verb and any nouns for clarification.

11652: 11059: 10786: 10526:

Contemporary Lao Studies: Research on Development, Language and Culture, and Traditional Medicine

9584:, respectively, or 'Lao letters.' In Laos, the script is referred to in academic settings as the 5467: 3263: 3253: 3164: 2863: 2122: 1851: 709: 196: 83: 10323: 7617:). There are two copulas used in Isan, as in Lao, one for things relating to people, เป็น (pen) 12089: 11899: 11873: 11822: 11802: 11540: 11166: 10974: 10890: 10825: 10733: 10702: 10630: 9987:

Keyes, Charles F. (1966). "Ethnic Identity and Loyalty of Villagers in Northeastern Thailand".

9941: 9810: 9759: 9466: 9429: 9382: 9243: 7770: 6475: 6439: 6159: 1897: 1121: 965: 912: 804: 11642: 7932:. However, there are traits that distinguish Isan both from Thai and its Lao parent language. 2081: 11997: 11964: 11637: 11632: 11604: 11558: 11306: 11208: 11113: 11044: 10832: 10638: 9797: 9378: 9323: 9305: 9263: 3603: 3396: 3334: 3083: 3073: 2951: 2943: 2919: 2911: 2099:

but well-worn murals of very old temples often have small bits of writing in the old script.

1905: 1642: 1300:, which signified a '(venerable) person' and is also ultimately the source of the Isan words 1125: 819: 658: 646: 638: 351: 312: 10350:. Bangkok: The 3rd International Conference on Gross National Happiness 2007. Archived from 10087:

Code-mixing between Central Thai and Northeastern Thai of the Students in Khon Kaen Province

4221:

Where alternative spellings once existed, only these consonants can end words in modern Lao.

11914: 11699: 11627: 11612: 11277: 10987: 10951: 10029: 9420: 9369: 9365: 9284: 9193: 9189: 9156:

greatly increased the population of Isan, with these Lao people settled across the region.

9145: 7606: 3479: 3453: 3093: 2990: 2982: 2200: 1727: 1715: 1664: 1550: 130: 8: 12044: 11622: 11617: 11563: 11455: 10880: 9361: 9327: 9319: 9313: 9288: 9276: 9247: 9214: 9210: 9197: 7562: 3651: 3533: 3279: 3232: 3222: 3209: 3196: 3188: 2940:

in their place, although educated speakers in Isan or Laos may pronounce some words with

2887: 2879: 2857: 2841: 1719: 1388:

when clarification is needed as to their origins or why their accents differ. The use of

11857: 11817: 10759: 12030: 12023: 11909: 11904: 11852: 11812: 11807: 11709: 11161: 11054: 11049: 10804: 10717: 9924: 9920: 9470: 9445: 9433: 9404: 9394: 9390: 9335: 9331: 9309: 9292: 9267: 9255: 9230: 9222: 9218: 9202: 5513:

Isan words are not inflected, declined, conjugated, making Isan, like Lao and Thai, an

5218:

The Thai vowel 'ำ' is a short vowel. In Isan, it is diphthongized after /w/ into /uam/.

3103: 3039: 2968:) in casual environments although this is frowned upon in formal or cultivated speech. 1823: 1711: 1684: 1672: 1524:

whose rule extended over the southern part of the region. After the integration of the

575: 456: 192: 51: 10707: 10546:

The literary heritage of Laos: Preservation, dissemination, and research perspectives.

10135: 10072:

Simpson, A. & Thammasathien, N. (2007). "Thailand and Laos", Simpson, A. (ed.) in

2052:

spelling has changed, the Lao speakers in Laos continue to use a modified form of the

492: 11759: 11724: 11694: 11689: 11325: 11136: 10997: 10903: 10860: 10686: 9815: 9691: 9681: 9478: 9386: 9374: 9251: 7731: 7713: 7666: 5982: 5718: 5704: 5628: 5613: 5514: 4432: 4273: 4043: 3245: 3059: 3049: 1676: 1093: 1021: 747: 718: 650: 404: 9118: 1857:

Further reforms were implemented to assimilate and integrate the people of the "Lao

1593:), but when necessary to distinguish it from the dialects spoken in Laos, the terms 1427:), which can be translated as either 'our home language' or 'our village language'. 11974: 11938: 11837: 11827: 11780: 11775: 11594: 11530: 11470: 11440: 11430: 11361: 11346: 11272: 11131: 11123: 11108: 11103: 11093: 11085: 10964: 10875: 10865: 9878: 9832: 9827: 9771: 9763: 9646: 9458: 9416: 9408: 7658: 7654: 4026: 3667: 3387: 3383: 3035: 3030: 2853: 2849: 2845: 1772: 1723: 1128:

branches of Tai languages, and even more distantly to the other Kra-Dai languages.

1117: 927: 680: 11842: 10749: 10102:

Wajuppa Tossa (translator). (pp. 27–34). Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press.

9767: 11979: 11769: 11737: 11704: 11684: 11583: 11553: 11548: 11515: 11502: 11488: 11480: 11465: 11460: 11435: 11425: 11415: 11397: 11389: 11341: 11259: 11249: 11239: 11141: 11007: 10936: 10850: 10840: 10814: 10576: 10307: 10100:

Phya Khankhaak, the Toad King: A Translation of an Isan Fertility Myth in Verse .

9700: 9462: 9412: 4051: 3066: 3054: 2836:

Isan shares its consonant inventory with the Lao language whence it derives. The

1692: 1097: 1006: 852: 654: 343: 11647: 649:. It is most closely related to (other than Lao) "tribal" Tai languages such as 12060: 12007: 11954: 11929: 11894: 11847: 11719: 11714: 11450: 11420: 11407: 11330: 11314: 11287: 11282: 11267: 11229: 11064: 11034: 11027: 10959: 10931: 10819: 10809: 10799: 10712: 10582: 10380:

Ronnakiat, N. (1992). Evidence of the Thai noi alphabet found in inscriptions.

9928: 9775: 9620: 9498: 9437: 9259: 2837: 2182: 2152: 2023: 1909: 1668: 1660: 1435:

Isan is known in Thai by the following two names, officially and academically:

732: 696: 688: 399: 392: 268: 12094: 12073: 11889: 11832: 11796: 11730: 11679: 11578: 11525: 11379: 11371: 11336: 11234: 11224: 11216: 11012: 10992: 10982: 10916: 10909: 10898: 10754: 10656: 10569: 10047: 9783: 9632: 9339: 9272: 9226: 4362: 4284: 3185: 3126: 1827: 1755: 1735: 1570: 1489: 1463: 1447: 1105: 950: 867: 790: 762: 600: 512: 409: 356: 273: 20: 7384:, A is more X than B. The superlative is expressed as "A X ที่สุด (thi sut) 1520:

as guardian of that direction. It was also the name of the Khmer capital of

1368:

as ethnic and linguistic self-appellations, sometimes even interchangeably.

11754: 11589: 11445: 11356: 11351: 11319: 11292: 11039: 10855: 10845: 10794: 10427:, 3(1), pp. 110-143. Madrid, Spain: International Sociological Association. 10351: 9865: 9743: 9720: 9612: 9589: 9577: 9554: 9527: 7483: 6059: 6032: 6005: 5798: 5771: 5744: 5685: 5654: 5597: 5570: 4541: 4533: 4499: 4346:

or 'Ph-a-N--M' is more common thus modern Lao is no longer a true abugida.

4339: 4331: 4300: 4047: 3174: 2057: 1992: 1955: 1901: 1891: 1704: 1621: 1605: 1589: 1423: 1340: 1318: 1254: 1206: 1184: 1036: 623: 619: 595: 559: 545: 320: 10179:

Civil Society and Democratization: Social Movements in Northeast Thailand.

476: 11510: 11498: 11244: 10923: 10300: 10259:

Isan Writers, Thai Literature Writing and Regionalism in Modern Thailand.

9945: 9916: 9664: 4374: 4357: 3566:

Mark of interference from Isan or erudition in Laos. Usually replaced by

2131: 1872: 1739: 1113: 777: 526: 308: 10272:

Southeast Asian Energy Transitions: Between Modernity and Sustainability

10018:"Isan: The planning context for language maintenance and revitalization" 622:

in Thailand, after the political split of the Lao-speaking world at the

11969: 11573: 10870: 10052: 9616: 9474: 9132: 7518: 7459:

is indicated by placing บ่ (bo) /bɔ́ː/ before the word being negated.

4458: 4367: 2965: 2815: 2196: 1792: 1688: 1675:

to the southwest separate the region from the rest of Thailand and the

1149: 1109: 316: 9919:

group. Also spoken in a few small and scattered Tai Phuan villages in

9123: 6070:) are also used by some speakers. These can also be used for the word 5638:). This is also common in names of Sanskrit origin, such as masculine 1528:

into Siam in 1893, the Siamese also abolished the use of the terms of

11022: 11002: 9503: 9280: 9185: 9149: 9127:

Geographic distribution of Lao dialects within Northeastern Thailand.

7929: 5964:

Verbs are easily made into nouns by adding the prefixes ความ (khwam)

4416: 3120: 2811: 2135: 1970: 1791:, the right bank was absorbed into Siam which was then ruled by King 1743: 1700: 1696: 1138: 1133: 684: 485: 469: 11177: 10322:

Lewis, M. P., Simons, G. F., and Fennig, C. D. (eds.). 2013. EGIDS.

10168:. Culture Section. Khon Khaen, Thailand. Last retrieved 21 Jun 2021. 10138:.' 'LangDoc: Bibliographic Infrastructure for Linguistic Typology.' 10118:.' ISO 639-3 Registrar. Dallax, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics. 10115: 9663:

script in the 1930s led to the adoption of writing in Thai with the

7609:, it is often dropped between nouns and adjectives. Compare English 5545:), which can also be followed by the particle เด้อ and its variant. 5525:

direct and simple compared to Thai. The ending particles เด้อ (doe,

5452: 1641:

The homeland of the Isan language is mainly the twenty provinces of

203:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 72: 10642: 9141: 7948: 7456: 5989:

To turn a pronoun into a plural, it is most commonly prefixed with

5924:

Animals, shirts, letters; also tables and chairs (but not in Lao).

2216:

Thai relexification in the speech of Isan youth in Rongsan Village

2130:, the language was also viewed as a potential fifth column for Lao 1680: 1554:

communist Lao in Laos. Nevertheless, within Northeastern Thailand,

683:, Central Thai culture and mandatory use of Standard Thai led to a 667: 442: 413: 285: 613: 11017: 10210:

Creating Laos: Making of A Laos Space Between Indochina and Siam.

9642: 4503: 4311: 3115: 1797: 1751: 1731: 10191: 10181:(p. 25). Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. 10162:

Isaan under Siamese colonization: Eradicating the Tai Noi script

5608:), 'goddess' or 'angel' (feminine) which derives from masculine 1633: 10542:

Notes on the lao influence on northern thai buddhist literature

9873: 9755: 6521: 6497: 6480: 6461: 6444: 6420: 6403: 6372: 6346: 6322: 6305: 6281: 6264: 6233: 6207: 6183: 6164: 6147: 6123: 6106: 2807: 1935:) 'flying boat', but was generally replaced by Thai-influenced 1867: 1747: 1521: 1166:

Isan people have traditionally referred to their speech as the

10440:. มนุษยศาสตร์สังคมศาสตร์. 5(2). pp. 91-109. (Thai and English) 10382:

The third international symposium on language and linguistics.

7486:: Future tense is indicated by placing the particles จะ (cha) 1371:

Isan people tend to refer to themselves and their language as

1258:), which refers to Thailand or the Thai people, thus yielding 11098: 10384:

Bangkok, Thailand: Chulalongkorn University. (pp. 1326–1334).

10299:

Session VI of the People's Supreme Assembly, II Legislature.

1987:

from English via Thai; whereas on the left bank, people play

1877: 1517: 9637: 7605:

The verb 'to be' can be expressed in many ways. In use as a

4556:

Isan Long-Short Vowel Pairs (Thai Script/Lao Pronunciation)

2860:

consonants. For example, Isan has the plosive set of voiced

1777: 263: 10485:"A model for the alignment of dialects in southwestern Tai" 9860: 5312:

Considered long vowels for the purpose of determining tone.

5198:

Considered long vowels for the purpose of determining tone.

2127: 1534: 1352:

both derive from another Austroasiatic loan into Kra-Dai, *

672: 295: 2987:

distinction, whereas cognate words from Isan and Lao with

1296:

derives from an ancient Austroasiatic loan into Kra-Dai, *

9948:

and, to some extent, Northern Khmer in Nakhon Ratchasima.

3023:

Isan consonant distribution with Thai and Lao alphabets.

2916:

is rare. Words in Isan and Lao cognate to Thai word with

10301:

The Constitution of the Lao People's Democratic Republic

9694:

formerly used in Laos and Isan for religious literature.

3468:

Central and Southern Thai spelling does not distinguish

1687:

divide the plateau into a northern third drained by the

10594: 9347: 6515: 6491: 6455: 6366: 6340: 6316: 6275: 6227: 6201: 6177: 6117: 5941:

is used in all three for columns, stalks, and flowers.

4498:

Vowels usually exist in long-short pairs determined by

2779: 2751: 2716: 2682: 2647: 2619: 2558: 2524: 2496: 2463: 2435: 2402: 2374: 2341: 2313: 2280: 2252: 1835: 1802: 1766: 1650: 1410: 1400:

As a result, younger people have adopted the neologism

1333: 1327: 1311: 1305: 1279: 1269: 1263: 1247: 1241: 1199: 1193: 1177: 1171: 585: 579: 455:

Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia,

9649:. In the Lao script, the lyrics seen would appear as ' 7552:อีน้องได้กินหมากเลนแล้ว (i nong dai kin mak len laew) 2971:

Unlike Central and Southern Thai, Isan and Lao have a

2076: 1659:. The region is covered by the flat topography of the 1577:

In Laos, the Lao people also refer to the language as

4231:

Used in pre-1970s Lao spelling as word-final letters.

4061:

Isan final consonants with Lao script for comparison

2818:

was the patron of the Thai Youth Mo Lam Competition.

16:

Dialects of the Lao language west of the Mekong River

7742:ห้องน้ำอยู่ใส (hong nam yu sai) /hɔ̏ŋ nâːm júː sǎj/ 2884:

like the 'p' in 'puff'. Isan and Lao lack the sound

7577:อีน้องกำลังกินหมากเลน (i nong kamlang kin mak len) 3434:Unique to Isan and Lao, does not occur in Thai but 2102:In Laos, the orthography is a direct descendant of 97:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 10436:พิมพ์โพยม พิทักษ์1 และ บัญญัติ สาลี. (2559/2016). 9758:letters'. The script is the same as used to write 9511:The original writing system used for Isan was the 8305:Shared Thai and Isan vocabulary distinct from Lao 5885:Vehicles, also used for spoons and forks in Thai. 4150:จ, ช, ซ, ฌ, ฎ, ฏ, ฐ, ฑ, ฒ, ด, ต, ถ, ท, ธ, ศ, ษ, ส 324:L2 or L3 of numerous minorities of the Isan region 7657:, which indicates questions by a rising tone, or 7565:: To indicate an ongoing action, กำลัง (kamlang) 2190: 1782: 1718:provinces as well as the northernmost fringes of 1356:, which signifies a '(free) person'. The various 276:currently popular with non-standard form (bottom) 12071: 5898:Pairs of people, animals, socks, earrings, etc. 1896:Suppression of the Isan language came with the ' 9774:, all of which are ultimately derived from the 9561:), which in contemporary Isan and Lao would be 7621:, and one for objects and animals, แม่น (maen) 7595:อีน้องพวมกินหมากเลน (i nong phuam kin mak len) 7543:อีน้องกินหมากเลนแล้ว (i nong kin mak len laew) 7473:อีน้องบ่กินหมากเลน (i nong bao bo kin mak len) 5911:Papers with texts, documents, newspapers, etc. 4318:or 'hill' found in many place names in Isan is 1710:Isan speakers spill over into some portions of 7380:Comparatives take the form "A X กว่า B" (kwa) 3003:in Central and Southern Thai. Substitution of 2876:which is like the 'p' in 'spin' and aspirated 1511: 11193: 10616: 10336: 10334: 10332: 10212:(pp. 71–83.) Copenhagen, Denmark: NIAS Press. 10011: 10009: 10007: 10005: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9997: 7586:อีน้องกินอยู่หมากเลน (i nong kin yu mak len) 7534:อีน้องได้กินหมากเลน (i nong dai kin mak len) 5872:People in general, except clergy and royals. 2844:consonants can be further divided into three 1904:'. Most of these reforms were implemented by 1885: 1506:), which in turn is a derivative of Sanskrit 10579:(Some basic Isaan phrases with sound files). 10076:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (p. 401). 7507:อีน้องสิกินหมากเลน (i nong see kin mak len) 7498:อีน้องจะกินหมากเลน (i nong cha kin mak len) 4548:, respectively, which are also romanized as 1628: 1360:have traditionally used variants of either * 1188:). This is sometimes modified with the word 1092:Lao-Phuthai (Lao-Phoutai) languages such as 10536: 10534: 10457: 10455: 9667:. Very quickly, the Isan people adopted an 5481:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2948:. In Central and Southern Thai, words with 2160: 2094:script used for secular literature and the 1695:rivers and a southern third drained by the 1211: 60:Learn how and when to remove these messages 11200: 11186: 10623: 10609: 10329: 10285:Isan: Regionalism in Northeastern Thailand 10204: 10202: 10200: 10134:Hammarström, H. and Nordhoff, S. (2011). ' 9994: 9983: 9981: 9979: 5360: 5349: 5332:Isan Tone Distribution (Khon Kaen-Roi Et) 4291:, written the same in Isan) is pronounced 2737: 2668: 2605: 2586: 2544: 2482: 2421: 2360: 2299: 2238: 1563: 1501: 1482: 1477:, 'Isan Thai language') or simply 1472: 1456: 1448:[pʰāːsăːtʰājtàʔwānʔɔ̀ːktɕʰǐaŋnɯ̌a] 1440: 262: 10509: 10295: 10293: 9727:) were also historically known simply as 9650: 9353: 7850:เจ้าหิวข้าวหรือบ่ (chao hio khao rue bo) 7569:can be used before the verb or อยู่ (yu) 7557:Younger sister (definitely) ate tomatoes. 7521:is indicated by either placing ได้ (dai) 7392:เด็กหนุ่มกว่าผู้แก่ (dek num kwa phukae) 7333: 5501:Learn how and when to remove this message 4234: 3502:(ຫ) or digraph; Thai digraph with silent 3424:Only used in Sanskrit or Pali loan words. 2765: 2702: 2696: 2633: 2572: 2510: 2449: 2388: 2327: 2266: 1950:) 'flying machine', whereas Lao retained 1841: 1817:), the power of local Lao princes of the 1808: 1778:Separate development of the Isan language 1614: 1598: 1582: 1416: 1285: 1143:influence, such as its classification in 641:of the Lao language, Isan belongs to the 618:) refers to the local development of the 237:Learn how and when to remove this message 219:Learn how and when to remove this message 157:Learn how and when to remove this message 10531: 10482: 10452: 10392: 10390: 10318: 10316: 10253: 10251: 10241: 10239: 10237: 10235: 10130: 10128: 10126: 10124: 9831: 9685: 9636: 9502: 9122: 7648: 7397:The child is younger than an old person. 7370:เด็กหนุ่มที่ไว้ ๆ (dek num thi wai wai) 3611: 2080: 1632: 10548:Vientiane, Laos: Lao National Archives. 10469: 10467: 10406: 10404: 10402: 10376: 10374: 10372: 10197: 10043: 10041: 10039: 9976: 9944:in Sisaket, Surin, and Buriram, and to 7703:(yang) /ɲǎŋ/ เฮ็ดจั่งใด (het changdai) 2115: 2107:one common writing system unites them. 1754:which house the largest populations of 630:. The language is still referred to as 556:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 523:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 12072: 10551: 10290: 10287:. New York: Cornell. Thailand Project. 10223:"The 1901-1902 'holy man's' rebellion" 10154: 10110: 10108: 10074:Language and National Identity in Asia 10015: 9968: 9966: 9964: 9619:, all of which are descendants of the 7802:ควายตัวบทท่อใด (khwai tua bot thodai) 7463:อีน้องกินหมากเลน (i nong kin mak len) 5322:Archaic usage common in pre-1970s Lao. 5208:Archaic usage common in pre-1970s Lao. 2908:in analogous environments. Similarly, 1422: 1339: 1317: 1253: 1205: 1183: 594: 257:Northeastern Thai, Thai Isan, Thai Lao 11207: 11181: 10604: 10387: 10340: 10313: 10248: 10232: 10121: 10022:Second Language Learning and Teaching 7834:เขากลับบ้านแล้วบ่ (khao kap laew bo) 7760:เจ้าได้กินอันใด (chao dai kin andai) 7638:อันนี้แม่นสามล้อ (an ni maen sam lo) 7478:Younger sister does not eat tomatoes. 5170: 5036: 4857: 4236: 4191: 4186: 3973: 3631: 3513: 3487: 3417: 2900:of Thai, replacing these sounds with 2810:and Isan adaptations of Central Thai 2800: 1620: 1604: 1588: 1569: 1488: 1462: 1451:, 'Northeastern Thai language'), and 1446: 841:Northwestern Tai languages 11258: 10464: 10413: 10399: 10369: 10261:(pp. 145–149). Singapore: NUS Press. 10036: 8636:, /vɛ̃/ as opposed to Thai and Isan 7807:How much is that buffalo over there? 5782:). For example, a cat in general is 5581:), 'god' or 'angel' (masculine) and 5479:adding citations to reliable sources 5446: 5211: 4847: 4018: 3641: 3613: 3549: 3520:Only as syllable-initial consonants. 3427: 1767:Shared history with the Lao language 1274:, 'language of the Lao people') and 832:Southwestern Tai languages 643:Southwestern branch of Tai languages 168: 95:adding citations to reliable sources 66: 25: 10105: 10092: 9961: 9782:was introduced during the reign of 8594:, but this is now archaic/obsolete. 7548:Younger sister (just) ate tomatoes. 5315: 5201: 4224: 3675:Lack of consonant clusters in Isan 3638:Only in very casual, informal Thai. 3621: 3523: 2814:music. In 2003, HRH Princess Royal 2110: 2077:Written language usage and vitality 2012: 1699:and its predominate tributary, the 13: 10274:. (pp. 58–75). Ashgate Publishers. 9805:, dated to 1564, and another from 9615:, rounded by the influence of the 9487: 9318:Scattered in isolated villages of 7940:Shared vocabulary of Khmer origin 7600:Younger sister is eating tomatoes. 7591:Younger sister is eating tomatoes. 7582:Younger sister is eating tomatoes. 7401:เด็กหนุ่มที่สุด (dek num thi sut) 7375:A child who becomes young quickly. 7366:A child who becomes young quickly. 7361:เด็กหนุ่มที่ไว้ (dek num thi wai) 5533:) function much like ครับ (khrap, 4244: 4025:Before /aC/, /aː/, /aːj/ and /am/ 3461: 3356:ล, ฬ, ร, หล, หรຣ, ລ, ຫຼ/ຫລ, ຫຼ/ຫຣ 2030: 1609:, 'Lao language of Thailand') and 300:Also in adjacent areas and Bangkok 14: 12111: 10563: 9770:and shares similarities with the 9641:Screenshot of a karaoke VCD from 9492: 7896:Question: บ่สบายบ่ (bo sabai bo) 7865:Question: สบายดีบ่ (sabai di bo) 7721:ใผขายไข่ไก่ (phai khai khai kai) 7512:Younger sister will eat tomatoes. 7503:Younger sister will eat tomatoes. 5305: 5191: 4859: 4214: 3633: 3600:in words that are etymologically 3585: 3559: 3515: 3489: 3419: 2145: 1384:or 'Isan Lao language' or simply 995:Lao‑Phuthai languages 703: 41:This article has multiple issues. 10632: 10058: 9864:is the ancient Tai word for the 9626: 8622:to talk about provinces of Laos. 7664:General yes/no questions end in 5537:), used by males, and ค่ะ (kha, 5451: 5230:(Thai Script/Lao Pronunciation) 5213: 4876:(Thai Script/Lao Pronunciation) 4849: 4020: 3643: 3628:Generally used in pre-1970s Lao. 3551: 3429: 2063: 2043:describes the Isan language as ' 1912:as the region became bilingual. 1464:[pʰāːsăːtʰājtʰìnʔīːsăːn] 901:Chiang Saen languages 536: 503: 435: 173: 71: 30: 10518: 10476: 10443: 10430: 10425:Language, Discourse and Society 10277: 10264: 10215: 10184: 10177:Phatharathananunth, S. (2006). 10171: 10145: 9934: 9909: 9450: 9399: 9344: 9298: 9236: 9180: 9163: 9070:'traditional animist ceremony' 9068: 9027: 8982: 8937: 8896: 8861: 8826: 8791: 8756: 8721: 8694: 8671: 8661: 8540: 8502: 8464: 8426: 8388: 8350: 8308: 7818:เต่าไวแม่นบ่ (Tao vai maen bo) 7525:before the verb or แล้ว (laew) 5944: 5927: 5914: 5901: 5888: 5875: 5862: 5845: 5419: 5399: 5379: 5335: 5317: 5203: 4532:, 'white' which corresponds to 4493: 4226: 3623: 3525: 2126:life. Due to associations with 2035: 1679:ridges forming the border with 1437:Phasa Thai Tawan Ok Chiang Nuea 1290:, 'Lao language of Thailand'). 82:needs additional citations for 49:or discuss these issues on the 10089:. Bangkok: Mahidol University. 10079: 10066: 9821: 8691:Generally distinct vocabulary 8647: 8625: 8611: 8597: 8583: 7579:/ʔīːnɔ̂ːŋkām.la᷇ŋkīnmàːkle᷇ːn/ 7554:/ʔīːnɔ̂ːŋdâjkīnmȁːkle᷇ːnlɛ̂ːw/ 5836: 5821:) and a queen (female cat) is 5222: 4864:Unwritten in closed syllables. 4266:close-mid back unrounded vowel 4246: 3463: 2191:Thai-influenced language shift 1783:Integration Period (1893—1932) 1671:mountains to the west and the 1: 12085:Subject–verb–object languages 9955: 7922: 7469:Younger sister eats tomatoes. 7424:เด็กหนุ่มแล้ว (dek num laew) 5307: 5193: 4868: 4299:in some dialects, similar to 4270:close central unrounded vowel 4216: 3587: 3561: 2826: 1789:Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893 628:Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893 9538:), 'Little Tai alphabet' or 9119:Lao language § Dialects 7874:Response: สบายดี (sabai di) 7539:Younger sister ate tomatoes. 6522: 6498: 6481: 6462: 6445: 6421: 6404: 6373: 6347: 6323: 6306: 6282: 6265: 6234: 6208: 6184: 6165: 6148: 6124: 6107: 4854:Unwritten in open syllables. 2821: 1622:[pʰáːsăːláːwʔiːsăːn] 1500:derives from an older form ( 336:22 million (L1 and L2, 2013) 19:Not to be confused with the 7: 10492:Journal of the Siam Society 10227:Journal of the Siam Society 10160:Wattasoke, S. (2019 Feb.) ' 10114:SIL International (2020). ' 9885: 9675: 9112: 8673: 8663: 7613:and Isan สาวงาม (literally 7597:/ʔīːnɔ̂ːŋpʰu᷇amkīnmȁːkléːn/ 7545:/ʔīːnɔ̂ːŋkīnmȁːkle᷇ːnlɛ̂ːw/ 7446:or มื้อวานนี้ (mue wan ni) 5975: 5958:/ used for fruits in Thai. 4326:or 'PH-N-M' but pronounced 3660: 2831: 1773:Lao language § History 1161: 614: 199:the claims made and adding 10: 12116: 10498:(2): 72–87. Archived from 10419:Lee, Hugo, Y.-H. (2014). ' 10192:Thai to English Dictionary 9940:Southern Lao gives way to 9897:Comparison of Lao and Thai 9892:Comparison of Lao and Isan 9845: 9825: 9736: 9709: 9679: 9630: 9604: 9570: 9547: 9520: 9496: 9348: 9116: 8668:From English "motorcycle". 8649: 8627: 8613: 8599: 8585: 7790: 7769: 7748: 7730: 7712: 7698: 7688: 7665: 7500:/ʔīːnɔ̂ːŋtɕáʔkīnmàːkle᷇ːn/ 7475:/ʔīːnɔ̂ːŋbɔ́ːkīnmàːkle᷇ːn/ 7352:เด็กหนุ่ม ๆ (dek num num) 6537: 6516: 6492: 6474: 6456: 6438: 6414: 6397: 6367: 6341: 6317: 6299: 6276: 6258: 6228: 6202: 6178: 6158: 6141: 6118: 6100: 6052: 6025: 5998: 5830: 5818: 5791: 5764: 5737: 5678: 5647: 5590: 5563: 5442: 4526: 4515: 4323: 4262:close back unrounded vowel 2780: 2752: 2717: 2683: 2648: 2620: 2559: 2525: 2497: 2464: 2436: 2403: 2375: 2342: 2314: 2281: 2253: 1981: 1944: 1929: 1889: 1886:Thaification (1930s–1960s) 1836: 1803: 1770: 1761: 1651: 1430: 1411: 1334: 1328: 1312: 1306: 1280: 1270: 1264: 1248: 1242: 1200: 1194: 1178: 1172: 707: 586: 580: 362:Southwestern Tai languages 18: 12054: 12006: 11988: 11951: 11927: 11882: 11866: 11789: 11747: 11672: 11661: 11603: 11539: 11524: 11497: 11479: 11406: 11388: 11370: 11305: 11215: 11154: 11122: 11084: 11077: 11055:Red Karen (Eastern Kayah) 10973: 10950: 10889: 10785: 10772: 10742: 10726: 10695: 10674: 10665: 10649: 10140:Oslo Studies in Language. 9747: 9724: 9651: 9593: 9581: 9558: 9531: 9354: 7947: 7944: 7670:(same as บ่, "no, not"). 7536:/ʔīːnɔ̂ːŋdâjkīnmȁːkle᷇ːn/ 7509:/ʔīːnɔ̂ːŋsìʔkīnmàːkle᷇ːn/ 7415:เด็กซิหนุ่ม (dek si num) 6550: 6544: 6432: 6386: 6247: 6140: 6135: 6089: 6079: 6063: 6036: 6009: 5954:Eggs, fruits, clouds. ผล 5937:Trees. ต้น (or Lao ຕົ້ນ) 5802: 5775: 5748: 5722: 5708: 5689: 5658: 5632: 5617: 5601: 5574: 5361: 5350: 4982: 4949:ໄ◌, ໃ◌, ໄ◌ຍ/ໄ◌ຽ, ◌ັຍ/◌ັຽ 4914: 4883: 4880: 4594: 4563: 4560: 4545: 4537: 4343: 4335: 4304: 4288: 4255: 4203: 4195: 4183: 4180: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4124: 4115: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4084: 4076: 4070: 4067: 4033: 3959: 3956: 3947: 3912: 3909: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3882: 3874: 3871: 3862: 3759: 3756: 3747: 3741: 3738: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3711: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3382: 3333: 3278: 3114: 3065: 3027: 2766: 2738: 2703: 2697: 2669: 2634: 2606: 2587: 2573: 2545: 2511: 2483: 2450: 2422: 2389: 2361: 2328: 2300: 2267: 2239: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 1996: 1959: 1842: 1809: 1655:), 'Isan region' or just 1629:Geographical distribution 1615: 1606:[pʰáːsăːtʰájláːw] 1599: 1583: 1571:[pʰaːsăːbânnɔ̑ːk] 1564: 1512: 1502: 1483: 1473: 1457: 1442:ภาษาไทยตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ 1441: 1417: 1286: 1034: 1019: 1004: 997: 963: 948: 941: 925: 910: 903: 880: 865: 850: 843: 835: 817: 802: 795: 775: 760: 745: 730: 723: 626:at the conclusion of the 604: 483: 467: 462: 449: 425: 420: 389: 340: 334:13-16 million (2005) 328: 304: 291: 281: 261: 256: 251: 9902: 9444:(Nakhon Ratsasima), and 7823:Turtles are fast, right? 7781:อายุจักปี (ayu chak pi) 7588:/ʔīːnɔ̂ːŋkīnjúːmȁːkléːn/ 7434: 7420:The child will be young. 7322:/(nɯ̄ŋ) pʰán lâːn lâːn/ 5548: 5326: 4350:Isan vowel distribution 4268:/ɤ/, centralized as the 3442:is only an allophone of 1490:[pʰāːsăːʔīːsăːn] 1424:[pʰáːsăːbȃːnháw] 1156: 939:Sukhothai language 10341:Tossa, Wajuppa (2007). 10221:Murdoch, J. B. (1974). 10098:Phra Ariyuwat. (1996). 8220:'back', 'dorsal ridge' 7905:Response: สบาย (sabai) 7839:Did he go home already? 7726:Who sells chicken eggs? 7674:สบายดีบ่ (sabai di bo) 7629:นกเป็นหมอ (Nok pen mo) 4295:in Thai but in Isan as 3494:Lao ligature of silent 1969:. Similarly, a game of 647:Kra-Dai language family 298:(Northeastern Thailand) 12080:Stress-timed languages 10524:Compton, C. J. (2009) 9837: 9695: 9656: 9652:ໜີໄປບວດໃຫ້ມັນແລ້ວສາບໍ້ 9508: 9128: 7856:Are you hungry or not? 7836:/kʰǎwkǎpbàːnlɛ̂ːwbɔ́ː/ 7804:/kʰwájtūabǒttʰɔ̄ː.dāj/ 7765:Which one did you eat? 7406:The child is youngest. 7334:Adjectives and adverbs 7193:'one hundred thousand' 4310:Thai and Lao are both 4042:In pronunciation, all 3582:in modern Lao writing. 2086: 1898:Thai cultural mandates 1638: 1236:) or the related form 966:Southern Thai language 913:Northern Thai language 805:Northern Tai languages 596:[pʰáː.sǎːláːw] 544:This article contains 511:This article contains 12100:Languages of Thailand 11114:Southwestern Mandarin 10540:McDaniel, J. (2005). 10483:Hartmann, J. (1971). 10257:Platt, M. B. (2013). 10208:Ivarsson, S. (2008). 10085:Chanthao, R. (2002). 10016:Draper, John (2004). 9854:, cf. Lao ອັກສອນຂອມ, 9835: 9826:Further information: 9713:/ʔǎk.sɔ̌ːntʰa᷇jtʰa᷇m/ 9689: 9680:Further information: 9640: 9631:Further information: 9524:/ʔǎk.sɔ̆ːntʰa᷇jnɔ̑ːj/ 9506: 9497:Further information: 9148:. The destruction of 9126: 9117:Further information: 7912:or บ่สบาย (bo sabai) 7881:or บ่สบาย (bo sabai) 7684:Other question words 7649:Questions and answers 7465:/ʔīːnɔ̂ːŋkīnmàːkle᷇ːn 7394:/děknūmkwáːpʰùː.kɛ́ː/ 7325:1,000,000,000,000,000 5700:) which derives from 4521:, 'he' or 'she', and 3098:ญ, ย, หญ, หยຍ, ຫຽ/ຫຍ 2956:may be pronounced as 2084: 1906:Plaek Phibunsongkhram 1643:Northeastern Thailand 1636: 1590:[pʰáːsăːláːw] 1185:[pʰáːsăːláːw] 820:Central Tai languages 708:Further information: 659:mutually intelligible 10590:5.2 (2004): 219-234. 9597:/ʔáksɔ̆ːnláːwd̀ɤ̀ːm/ 9455:* Not found in Laos 9240:Louang Phrabang Lao 9190:Vientiane Prefecture 9146:Kingdom of Vientiane 7852:/tɕâwhǐwkʰȁwlɯ̌ːbɔ́ː 7744:Where is the toilet? 7640:/ʔānnîːmɛ̄nsǎːmlɔ̂ː/ 7429:The child was young. 7343:เด็กหนุ่ม (dek num) 5475:improve this section 4283:which means 'body' ( 2661:'to gather together' 2201:compulsory education 2157:หนูหิ่น อินเดอะซิตี้ 2116:Negative perceptions 1852:Holy Man's Rebellion 1551:Northern Thai people 1493:, 'Isan language'). 1453:Phasa Thai Thin Isan 1322:, 'he/she/it'), and 634:by native speakers. 91:improve this article 10778:by languages groups 10570:Basic Isaan phrases 10324:"EGIDS Explanation" 9623:of southern India. 9481:(Nakhon Ratsasima) 9428:(Ubon Ratsathani), 9302:Phuan (Phouan) Lao 9283:(Khon Chaen), also 9161: 8692: 8306: 7941: 7762:/tɕâwdâjkīnʔān.dāj/ 7708:What are you doing? 7563:Present progressive 7357:A very young child. 7319:(หนึ่ง)พันล้านล้าน 7317:๑๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ 7283:/(nɯ̄ŋ) lâːn lâːn/ 7253:/(nɯ̄ŋ) pʰán lâːn/ 7089:/(nɯ̄ŋ) hɔ̂ːj ʔét/ 6016:) but the variants 5843: 5809:), but a tomcat is 5519:subject–verb–object 5333: 5231: 4877: 4557: 4510:can represent both 4351: 4062: 3676: 3024: 2385:/kʰo᷇n pàːk kɯ̀ːk/ 2217: 2056:script, the modern 1132:descriptors in the 710:Tai–Kadai languages 427:Recognised minority 407:(former, religious) 11990:proposed groupings 11162:Thai Sign Language 11086:Immigrant language 10575:2010-03-16 at the 10306:2011-08-06 at the 10283:Keyes, C. (1967). 10270:Smits, M. (2015). 10048:Thai, Northeastern 9838: 9696: 9690:An example of the 9657: 9509: 9159: 9129: 8690: 8618:Thai and Isan use 8304: 7945:Common vocabulary 7939: 7898:/bɔ́ːsáʔ.bāːjbɔ́ː/ 7723:/pʰǎjkʰǎːjkʰājkáj/ 7643:This is a pedicab. 7372:/děknūmtʰīːwâjwâj/ 7327:'one quadrillion' 5983:pro-drop languages 5841: 5331: 5227: 4873: 4555: 4349: 4060: 3674: 3319:ข, ฃ, ค, ฅ, ฆຂ, ຄ 3237:ข, ฃ, ค, ฅ, ฆຂ, ຄ 3022: 2892:and its allophone 2801:Continued survival 2399:/kʰón pȁːk kɯ̏ːk/ 2215: 2134:and the spread of 2087: 1824:Damrongrachanuphap 1685:Phu Phan Mountains 1639: 1120:that comprise the 791:Tai languages 457:Mahidol University 184:possibly contains 12067: 12066: 12061:extinct languages 11947: 11946: 11923: 11922: 11301: 11300: 11209:Kra–Dai languages 11175: 11174: 11150: 11149: 11073: 11072: 10768: 10767: 10650:Official language 10310:. (15, Aug 1991). 10190:บ้านนอก. (2019). 10136:Northeastern Thai 10116:Northeastern Thai 10056:(25th ed., 2022) 9849:/ʔǎk.sɔ̌ːnkʰɔ̆ːm/ 9842:Northeastern Thai 9840:The Khom script ( 9816:Northern Thailand 9733:Northeastern Thai 9706:Northeastern Thai 9692:Tai Tham alphabet 9682:Tai Tham alphabet 9601:Northeastern Thai 9567:Northeastern Thai 9544:Northeastern Thai 9517:Northeastern Thai 9485: 9484: 9479:Nakhon Ratchasima 9442:Nakhon Ratchasima 9110: 9109: 8863:"barbecued pork" 8579: 8578: 8302: 8301: 7901:Are you not well? 7827:แล้วบ่ (laew bo) 7811:แม่นบ่ (maen bo) 7676:/sáʔ.bāːjdīːbɔ́ː/ 7494:before the verb. 7331: 7330: 7286:1,000,000,000,000 7094:'one hundred one' 6789:/săːm síp sɔ̌ːŋ/ 6535: 6534: 6049:Northeastern Thai 6022:Northeastern Thai 5995:Northeastern Thai 5962: 5961: 5842:Isan Classifiers 5833:), respectively. 5827:Northeastern Thai 5815:Northeastern Thai 5788:Northeastern Thai 5761:Northeastern Thai 5734:Northeastern Thai 5675:Northeastern Thai 5644:Northeastern Thai 5587:Northeastern Thai 5560:Northeastern Thai 5515:analytic language 5511: 5510: 5503: 5440: 5439: 5424:High-mid-falling 5302: 5301: 5188: 5187: 4943:ไ◌, ใ◌, ไ◌ย, ◌ัย 4844: 4843: 4523:Northeastern Thai 4512:Northeastern Thai 4491: 4490: 4320:Northeastern Thai 4274:mid central vowel 4211: 4210: 4170:ຈ, ສ, ຊ, ຕ, ຖ, ທ 4108:ญ, ณ, น, ร, ล, ฬ 4015: 4014: 3656:in some dialects. 3414: 3413: 3248: 3214:ฐ, ฑ, ฒ, ถ, ท, ธ 3191: 3129: 2846:voice-onset times 2798: 2797: 1978:Northeastern Thai 1941:Northeastern Thai 1926:Northeastern Thai 1088: 1087: 1079: 1078: 1070: 1069: 1061: 1060: 1052: 1051: 1022:Phu Thai language 985: 984: 976: 975: 891: 890: 748:Kam-Sui languages 612: 572:Northeastern Thai 552:rendering support 519:rendering support 499: 498: 451:Regulated by 402:(former, secular) 247: 246: 239: 229: 228: 221: 186:original research 167: 166: 159: 141: 64: 12107: 11670: 11669: 11537: 11536: 11256: 11255: 11202: 11195: 11188: 11179: 11178: 11124:Working language 11082: 11081: 10926: 10919: 10912: 10835: 10828: 10783: 10782: 10779: 10672: 10671: 10637: 10636: 10635: 10625: 10618: 10611: 10602: 10601: 10558: 10555: 10549: 10538: 10529: 10522: 10516: 10513: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10489: 10480: 10474: 10471: 10462: 10459: 10450: 10447: 10441: 10434: 10428: 10417: 10411: 10408: 10397: 10394: 10385: 10378: 10367: 10366: 10364: 10362: 10356: 10349: 10338: 10327: 10320: 10311: 10297: 10288: 10281: 10275: 10268: 10262: 10255: 10246: 10243: 10230: 10219: 10213: 10206: 10195: 10188: 10182: 10175: 10169: 10166:The Isaan Record 10158: 10152: 10149: 10143: 10142:3(2). pp. 31–43. 10132: 10119: 10112: 10103: 10096: 10090: 10083: 10077: 10070: 10064: 10063: 10062: 10045: 10034: 10033: 10028:. Archived from 10013: 9992: 9985: 9974: 9970: 9949: 9938: 9932: 9913: 9850: 9847: 9828:Khom Thai script 9772:Burmese alphabet 9749: 9741: 9738: 9726: 9714: 9711: 9654: 9653: 9647:Chintara Phunlap 9606: 9598: 9595: 9583: 9575: 9572: 9560: 9552: 9549: 9533: 9525: 9522: 9477:(Saiyaphum) and 9426:Ubon Ratchathani 9364:and portions of 9357: 9356: 9351: 9350: 9300:Northeastern Lao 9162: 9158: 8693: 8689: 8677: 8667: 8654:From Vietnamese 8653: 8631: 8617: 8603: 8589: 8307: 8303: 8295: 8257: 8217: 8179: 8135: 8097: 8057: 8019: 7942: 7938: 7915: 7908: 7899: 7884: 7877: 7868: 7867:/sáʔ.bājdīːbɔ́ː/ 7853: 7846: 7843:หรือบ่ (rue bo) 7837: 7830: 7821: 7820:/táwwájmɛ̄nbɔ́ː/ 7814: 7805: 7798: 7794: 7786:How old are you? 7784: 7783:/ʔāː.ɲùʔtɕǎkpīː/ 7777: 7773: 7763: 7756: 7752: 7738: 7734: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7706: 7702: 7696: 7692: 7677: 7669: 7641: 7634:Nok is a doctor. 7632: 7624: 7620: 7598: 7589: 7580: 7572: 7568: 7555: 7546: 7537: 7528: 7524: 7510: 7501: 7493: 7489: 7476: 7466: 7449: 7442: 7427: 7418: 7404: 7395: 7387: 7383: 7373: 7364: 7355: 7346: 7280:(หนึ่ง)ล้านล้าน 7197: 7162: 7086:(หนึ่ง)ฮ้อยเอ็ด 6542: 6541: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6518: 6512: 6505: 6501: 6495: 6494: 6488: 6484: 6478: 6469: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6452: 6448: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6411: 6407: 6401: 6394: 6380: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6363: 6354: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6337: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6313: 6309: 6303: 6296: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6278: 6272: 6268: 6262: 6255: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6224: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6204: 6198: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6180: 6172: 6168: 6162: 6155: 6151: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6127: 6121: 6120: 6114: 6110: 6104: 6097: 6077: 6076: 6065: 6057: 6054: 6038: 6030: 6027: 6011: 6003: 6000: 5971: 5967: 5957: 5951: 5940: 5934: 5921: 5908: 5895: 5882: 5869: 5844: 5840: 5832: 5820: 5804: 5796: 5793: 5777: 5769: 5766: 5750: 5742: 5739: 5727: 5724: 5713: 5710: 5691: 5683: 5680: 5660: 5652: 5649: 5637: 5634: 5622: 5619: 5603: 5595: 5592: 5576: 5568: 5565: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5506: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5486: 5455: 5447: 5364: 5363: 5353: 5352: 5334: 5330: 5321: 5311: 5298: 5290: 5280: 5272: 5262: 5254: 5232: 5228:Isan Triphthongs 5226: 5217: 5207: 5197: 4878: 4872: 4863: 4853: 4558: 4554: 4547: 4539: 4531: 4528: 4520: 4517: 4487: 4478: 4469: 4453: 4444: 4436: 4427: 4411: 4402: 4394: 4385: 4352: 4348: 4345: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4306: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4250: 4240: 4230: 4220: 4063: 4059: 4027:diphthongization 4024: 3677: 3673: 3668:diphthongization 3655: 3647: 3637: 3627: 3617: 3607: 3599: 3591: 3581: 3574:and even by 'ລ' 3573: 3565: 3555: 3545: 3537: 3529: 3519: 3509: 3501: 3493: 3483: 3475: 3467: 3457: 3449: 3441: 3433: 3423: 3400: 3375: 3365: 3355: 3345: 3328: 3318: 3303: 3290: 3267: 3257: 3244: 3236: 3226: 3213: 3200: 3184: 3178: 3168: 3158: 3148: 3138: 3125: 3107: 3097: 3088:ณ, น, หนນ, ໜ/ຫນ 3087: 3077: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3010: 3002: 2994: 2986: 2978: 2963: 2955: 2947: 2939: 2931: 2923: 2915: 2907: 2899: 2891: 2883: 2875: 2867: 2783: 2782: 2769: 2768: 2755: 2754: 2741: 2740: 2720: 2719: 2706: 2705: 2700: 2699: 2686: 2685: 2672: 2671: 2651: 2650: 2637: 2636: 2623: 2622: 2609: 2608: 2590: 2589: 2576: 2575: 2562: 2561: 2548: 2547: 2528: 2527: 2514: 2513: 2500: 2499: 2486: 2485: 2467: 2466: 2453: 2452: 2439: 2438: 2425: 2424: 2416:'mute' (person) 2406: 2405: 2392: 2391: 2378: 2377: 2364: 2363: 2345: 2344: 2331: 2330: 2317: 2316: 2303: 2302: 2291:/hŏː.làʔ.pʰa᷇ː/ 2284: 2283: 2270: 2269: 2256: 2255: 2242: 2241: 2218: 2214: 2174: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2162: 2111:Language threats 2013:1960s to Present 2008: 2001: 1998: 1986: 1983: 1975: 1964: 1961: 1949: 1946: 1934: 1931: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1830:cult leaders or 1816: 1812: 1811: 1806: 1805: 1669:Dong Phanya Nyen 1654: 1653: 1645:, also known as 1624: 1618: 1617: 1608: 1602: 1601: 1592: 1586: 1585: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1515: 1514: 1505: 1504: 1492: 1486: 1485: 1476: 1475: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1458:ภาษาไทยถิ่นอีสาน 1450: 1444: 1443: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1413: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1330: 1321: 1315: 1314: 1309: 1308: 1289: 1288: 1283: 1282: 1273: 1272: 1267: 1266: 1257: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1244: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1196: 1187: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1174: 1118:Zhuang languages 1000: 999: 944: 943: 928:Tai Lue language 906: 905: 846: 845: 838: 837: 798: 797: 726: 725: 715: 714: 681:Thai nationalism 617: 607: 606: 598: 593: 589: 588: 583: 582: 558: instead of 540: 539: 525: instead of 507: 506: 495: 479: 472: 441: 439: 438: 429:language in 395: 346: 271:former use (top) 266: 249: 248: 242: 235: 224: 217: 213: 210: 204: 201:inline citations 177: 176: 169: 162: 155: 151: 148: 142: 140: 99: 75: 67: 56: 34: 33: 26: 12115: 12114: 12110: 12109: 12108: 12106: 12105: 12104: 12070: 12069: 12068: 12063: 12050: 12008:Proto-languages 12002: 11984: 11943: 11919: 11878: 11862: 11785: 11743: 11665: 11657: 11599: 11569:Longsang Zhuang 11549:Standard Zhuang 11528: 11520: 11493: 11475: 11402: 11384: 11366: 11297: 11254: 11211: 11206: 11176: 11171: 11146: 11118: 11069: 10969: 10946: 10922: 10915: 10908: 10885: 10831: 10824: 10777: 10776: 10764: 10738: 10722: 10691: 10661: 10645: 10633: 10631: 10629: 10588:Asian Ethnicity 10583:McCargo, Duncan 10577:Wayback Machine 10566: 10561: 10556: 10552: 10539: 10532: 10523: 10519: 10514: 10510: 10502: 10487: 10481: 10477: 10472: 10465: 10460: 10453: 10448: 10444: 10435: 10431: 10418: 10414: 10409: 10400: 10395: 10388: 10379: 10370: 10360: 10358: 10357:on 3 March 2016 10354: 10347: 10339: 10330: 10321: 10314: 10308:Wayback Machine 10298: 10291: 10282: 10278: 10269: 10265: 10256: 10249: 10244: 10233: 10229:, 59(1), 47-66. 10220: 10216: 10207: 10198: 10189: 10185: 10176: 10172: 10159: 10155: 10150: 10146: 10133: 10122: 10113: 10106: 10097: 10093: 10084: 10080: 10071: 10067: 10057: 10046: 10037: 10014: 9995: 9986: 9977: 9971: 9962: 9958: 9953: 9952: 9939: 9935: 9914: 9910: 9905: 9888: 9830: 9824: 9803:Nong Bua Lamphu 9762:(Kham Mueang), 9717:akson Thai Tham 9684: 9678: 9659:The ban on the 9635: 9629: 9501: 9495: 9490: 9488:Writing systems 9301: 9295:(outside Isan) 9244:Louang Phrabang 9239: 9207:Nong Bua Lamphu 9144:as well as the 9121: 9115: 9105:bai si su khwan 9102: 9093: 9084: 9075: 9061: 9052: 9043: 9034: 9020: 9011: 9002: 8998: 8989: 8975: 8966: 8957: 8953: 8944: 8930: 8921: 8912: 8903: 8886: 8877: 8868: 8851: 8842: 8833: 8816: 8807: 8798: 8781: 8772: 8763: 8746: 8737: 8728: 8685: 8657: 8639: 8621: 8593: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370:"plain" (adj.) 8367: 8362: 8357: 8292: 8288: 8284: 8280: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8214: 8210: 8206: 8202: 8198: 8194: 8190: 8186: 8176: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8108: 8104: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8016: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7925: 7651: 7437: 7403:/děknūmtʰīːsút/ 7388:, A is most X. 7363:/děknūmtʰīːwâj/ 7336: 7326: 7318: 7313: 7311: 7296: 7294: 7288:'one trillion' 7287: 7279: 7274: 7272: 7264: 7257: 7250:(หนึ่ง)พันล้าน 7249: 7244: 7242: 7234: 7227: 7219: 7214: 7212: 7204: 7195: 7194: 7192: 7188:/(nɯ̄ŋ) sɛ̆ːn/ 7184: 7179: 7177: 7169: 7160: 7159: 7157: 7153:/(nɯ̄ŋ) mɯ̄ːn/ 7149: 7144: 7142: 7134: 7127: 7125: 7117: 7112: 7110: 7102: 7095: 7093: 7085: 7080: 7078: 7070: 7063: 7061: 7057:/(nɯ̄ŋ) hɔ̂ːj/ 7053: 7048: 7046: 7038: 7031: 7029: 7021: 7016: 7014: 7004: 7002: 6995: 6993: 6983: 6981: 6976: 6974: 6964: 6962: 6955: 6953: 6943: 6941: 6936: 6934: 6924: 6922: 6915: 6913: 6903: 6901: 6896: 6894: 6884: 6882: 6875: 6873: 6863: 6861: 6856: 6854: 6844: 6842: 6835: 6833: 6823: 6821: 6816: 6814: 6804: 6802: 6795: 6793: 6783: 6781: 6776: 6774: 6764: 6762: 6755: 6753: 6749:/săːm síp ʔět/ 6743: 6741: 6736: 6734: 6724: 6722: 6715: 6713: 6703: 6701: 6696: 6694: 6684: 6682: 6675: 6673: 6663: 6661: 6656: 6654: 6644: 6642: 6635: 6633: 6623: 6621: 6616: 6614: 6604: 6602: 6595: 6593: 6583: 6581: 6574: 6572: 6562: 6560: 6540: 6526: 6520: 6510: 6502: 6496: 6485: 6479: 6466: 6460: 6449: 6443: 6433: 6425: 6419: 6408: 6402: 6392: 6388: 6377: 6371: 6361: 6351: 6345: 6335: 6327: 6321: 6310: 6304: 6294: 6286: 6280: 6269: 6263: 6253: 6249: 6238: 6232: 6222: 6212: 6206: 6196: 6188: 6182: 6169: 6163: 6152: 6146: 6136: 6130:/mūːkʰàː.nɔ̑ːj/ 6128: 6122: 6111: 6105: 6095: 6091: 5978: 5839: 5669:) and feminine 5551: 5507: 5496: 5490: 5487: 5472: 5456: 5445: 5329: 5229: 5225: 5087:◌ັວ, ◌ວ◌, ◌ວາ, 4875: 4874:Isan Diphthongs 4871: 4496: 4258: 4093: 4089: 4036: 3761: 3663: 3366:ย, อย, หยຢ, ຫຽ 3119: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2803: 2794: 2784: 2770: 2756: 2742: 2731: 2721: 2707: 2687: 2673: 2662: 2652: 2638: 2624: 2610: 2591: 2577: 2563: 2549: 2533: 2529: 2515: 2501: 2487: 2468: 2454: 2440: 2426: 2407: 2393: 2379: 2365: 2355:'older sister' 2346: 2332: 2318: 2304: 2285: 2271: 2257: 2249:/hǒː.ráʔ.pʰāː/ 2243: 2193: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2148: 2118: 2113: 2079: 2066: 2038: 2033: 2031:Language status 2015: 1894: 1888: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1769: 1764: 1631: 1469:Phasa Thai Isan 1433: 1358:Kra–Dai peoples 1233: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1164: 1159: 1089: 1080: 1071: 1062: 1053: 1007:Tai Yo language 986: 977: 892: 853:Khamti language 712: 706: 591: 565: 564: 563: 550:Without proper 541: 537: 532: 531: 530: 517:Without proper 508: 504: 491: 475: 468: 445: 436: 434: 430: 428: 421:Official status 408: 403: 396: 391: 385: 347: 344:Language family 342: 335: 331: 330:Native speakers 323: 299: 277: 272: 243: 232: 231: 230: 225: 214: 208: 205: 190: 178: 174: 163: 152: 146: 143: 106:"Isan language" 100: 98: 88: 76: 35: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12113: 12103: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12065: 12064: 12055: 12052: 12051: 12049: 12048: 12041: 12034: 12027: 12020: 12012: 12010: 12004: 12003: 12001: 12000: 11994: 11992: 11986: 11985: 11983: 11982: 11977: 11972: 11967: 11961: 11959: 11949: 11948: 11945: 11944: 11942: 11941: 11935: 11933: 11925: 11924: 11921: 11920: 11918: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11886: 11884: 11880: 11879: 11877: 11876: 11870: 11868: 11864: 11863: 11861: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11793: 11791: 11787: 11786: 11784: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11751: 11749: 11745: 11744: 11742: 11741: 11734: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11676: 11674: 11667: 11659: 11658: 11656: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11630: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11609: 11607: 11601: 11600: 11598: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11545: 11543: 11534: 11522: 11521: 11519: 11518: 11513: 11507: 11505: 11495: 11494: 11492: 11491: 11485: 11483: 11477: 11476: 11474: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11458: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11412: 11410: 11404: 11403: 11401: 11400: 11394: 11392: 11386: 11385: 11383: 11382: 11376: 11374: 11368: 11367: 11365: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11328: 11323: 11317: 11311: 11309: 11303: 11302: 11299: 11298: 11296: 11295: 11290: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11270: 11264: 11262: 11253: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11221: 11219: 11213: 11212: 11205: 11204: 11197: 11190: 11182: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11169: 11164: 11158: 11156: 11155:Sign languages 11152: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11145: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11128: 11126: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11096: 11090: 11088: 11079: 11078:Non-Indigenous 11075: 11074: 11071: 11070: 11068: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11031: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 10995: 10990: 10985: 10979: 10977: 10971: 10970: 10968: 10967: 10962: 10956: 10954: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10944: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10928: 10927: 10920: 10913: 10901: 10895: 10893: 10887: 10886: 10884: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10868: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10843: 10838: 10837: 10836: 10829: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10791: 10789: 10780: 10770: 10769: 10766: 10765: 10763: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10746: 10744: 10740: 10739: 10737: 10736: 10730: 10728: 10724: 10723: 10721: 10720: 10715: 10710: 10705: 10699: 10697: 10693: 10692: 10690: 10689: 10684: 10678: 10676: 10669: 10663: 10662: 10660: 10659: 10653: 10651: 10647: 10646: 10628: 10627: 10620: 10613: 10605: 10599: 10598: 10592: 10580: 10565: 10564:External links 10562: 10560: 10559: 10550: 10530: 10517: 10508: 10505:on 2021-04-18. 10475: 10463: 10451: 10442: 10429: 10412: 10398: 10386: 10368: 10328: 10312: 10289: 10276: 10263: 10247: 10231: 10214: 10196: 10183: 10170: 10153: 10144: 10120: 10104: 10091: 10078: 10065: 10035: 10032:on 2014-03-11. 9993: 9975: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9951: 9950: 9942:Northern Khmer 9933: 9907: 9906: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9899: 9894: 9887: 9884: 9823: 9820: 9776:Old Mon script 9677: 9674: 9628: 9625: 9621:Pallava script 9609:Akson Lao Doem 9586:Akson Lao Deum 9513:Akson Thai Noi 9499:Tai Noi script 9494: 9493:Tai Noi script 9491: 9489: 9486: 9483: 9482: 9473:(Khon Chaen), 9469:, portions of 9456: 9453: 9449: 9448: 9432:, portions of 9423: 9419:, portions of 9402: 9398: 9397: 9389:; portions of 9372: 9359: 9343: 9342: 9316: 9308:, portions of 9303: 9297: 9296: 9275:, portions of 9270: 9266:, portions of 9241: 9235: 9234: 9217:, portions of 9200: 9183: 9182:Vientiane Lao 9179: 9178: 9176:Thai Provinces 9173: 9168: 9114: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9100: 9098: 9091: 9089: 9082: 9080: 9073: 9071: 9067: 9066: 9059: 9057: 9050: 9048: 9041: 9039: 9032: 9030: 9026: 9025: 9018: 9016: 9009: 9007: 9000: 8996: 8994: 8987: 8985: 8981: 8980: 8973: 8971: 8964: 8962: 8955: 8951: 8949: 8942: 8940: 8936: 8935: 8928: 8926: 8919: 8917: 8910: 8908: 8901: 8899: 8895: 8894: 8891: 8884: 8882: 8875: 8873: 8866: 8864: 8860: 8859: 8856: 8849: 8847: 8840: 8838: 8831: 8829: 8825: 8824: 8821: 8814: 8812: 8805: 8803: 8796: 8794: 8790: 8789: 8786: 8779: 8777: 8770: 8768: 8761: 8759: 8755: 8754: 8751: 8744: 8742: 8735: 8733: 8726: 8724: 8720: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8684: 8683: 8669: 8659: 8655: 8645: 8637: 8623: 8619: 8609: 8595: 8591: 8580: 8577: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8539: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8501: 8500: 8497: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8463: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8425: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8387: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8349: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8300: 8299: 8296: 8285: 8277: 8269: 8261: 8258: 8247: 8239: 8231: 8222: 8221: 8218: 8207: 8199: 8191: 8183: 8180: 8165: 8157: 8149: 8140: 8139: 8136: 8125: 8117: 8109: 8101: 8098: 8087: 8079: 8071: 8062: 8061: 8058: 8047: 8039: 8031: 8023: 8020: 8009: 8001: 7993: 7984: 7983: 7980: 7977: 7974: 7971: 7968: 7965: 7962: 7959: 7956: 7952: 7951: 7946: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7919: 7914:/bɔ́ːsáʔ.bāːj/ 7903: 7890: 7889: 7872: 7859: 7858: 7841: 7832:Yet?, Already? 7825: 7816:Right?, Is it? 7809: 7788: 7767: 7746: 7728: 7710: 7682: 7681: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7645: 7636: 7603: 7602: 7593: 7584: 7560: 7559: 7550: 7541: 7515: 7514: 7505: 7481: 7480: 7471: 7448:/mɯ̂ːwa᷇ːnnîː/ 7436: 7433: 7432: 7431: 7422: 7409: 7408: 7399: 7378: 7377: 7368: 7359: 7350: 7348:A young child. 7335: 7332: 7329: 7328: 7323: 7320: 7315: 7308: 7307:/sáːw (nɯ̄ŋ)/ 7305: 7290: 7289: 7284: 7281: 7278:๑๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ 7276: 7269: 7266: 7260: 7259: 7258:'one billion' 7254: 7251: 7246: 7239: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7228:'one million' 7224: 7223:/(nɯ̄ŋ) lâːn/ 7221: 7216: 7209: 7206: 7200: 7199: 7189: 7186: 7181: 7174: 7171: 7165: 7164: 7154: 7151: 7146: 7139: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7126:'one thousand' 7122: 7121:/(nɯ̄ŋ) pʰán/ 7119: 7114: 7107: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7090: 7087: 7082: 7075: 7072: 7066: 7065: 7058: 7055: 7050: 7043: 7040: 7034: 7033: 7026: 7023: 7018: 7011: 7008: 6998: 6997: 6990: 6987: 6978: 6971: 6968: 6958: 6957: 6950: 6947: 6938: 6931: 6928: 6918: 6917: 6910: 6907: 6898: 6891: 6888: 6878: 6877: 6870: 6867: 6858: 6851: 6848: 6838: 6837: 6830: 6827: 6818: 6811: 6808: 6798: 6797: 6790: 6787: 6778: 6771: 6768: 6758: 6757: 6750: 6747: 6738: 6731: 6728: 6718: 6717: 6710: 6707: 6698: 6691: 6688: 6678: 6677: 6674:'twenty-three' 6670: 6667: 6658: 6651: 6648: 6638: 6637: 6630: 6627: 6618: 6611: 6608: 6598: 6597: 6590: 6587: 6578: 6569: 6566: 6556: 6555: 6552: 6549: 6546: 6539: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6489: 6471: 6470: 6453: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6412: 6395: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6338: 6332: 6331: 6314: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6273: 6256: 6251: 6245: 6244: 6242: 6225: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6199: 6193: 6192: 6174: 6173: 6156: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6115: 6098: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6083: 6080: 5977: 5974: 5968:and การ (kan) 5960: 5959: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5935: 5930: 5926: 5925: 5922: 5917: 5913: 5912: 5909: 5904: 5900: 5899: 5896: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5883: 5878: 5874: 5873: 5870: 5865: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5838: 5835: 5550: 5547: 5509: 5508: 5459: 5457: 5450: 5444: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5418: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5356: 5345: 5340: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5313: 5300: 5299: 5294: 5291: 5286: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5273: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5245: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5209: 5199: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5172: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5160: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5005:ເ◌ຍ/ເ◌ັຽ, ◌ຽ◌ 5003: 5000: 4996: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4980: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4954: 4953: 4950: 4947: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4886: 4885: 4882: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4855: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4780: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4696: 4693: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4660: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4608: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4595: 4592: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4479: 4470: 4461: 4455: 4454: 4445: 4428: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4403: 4386: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4242: 4232: 4222: 4209: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4178: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4158: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4148: 4147:บ, ป, พ, ฟ, ภ 4144: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4131: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4066: 4044:plosive sounds 4035: 4032: 4031: 4030: 4013: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3962: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3924: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3896: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3821: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3788: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3706: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3639: 3629: 3619: 3609: 3583: 3557: 3547: 3521: 3511: 3485: 3459: 3425: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3392: 3390: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3367: 3357: 3347: 3337: 3331: 3330: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3295: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3259: 3249: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3228: 3218: 3205: 3192: 3181: 3180: 3170: 3160: 3150: 3140: 3130: 3123: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3099: 3089: 3079: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3042: 3033: 3028: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2777: 2774: 2763: 2760: 2749: 2746: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2725: 2714: 2711: 2694: 2691: 2680: 2677: 2665: 2664: 2663:'to assemble' 2659: 2656: 2645: 2642: 2631: 2628: 2617: 2614: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2584: 2581: 2570: 2567: 2556: 2553: 2541: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2522: 2519: 2508: 2505: 2494: 2491: 2479: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2461: 2458: 2447: 2444: 2433: 2430: 2418: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2400: 2397: 2386: 2383: 2372: 2369: 2357: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2339: 2336: 2325: 2322: 2311: 2308: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2278: 2275: 2264: 2261: 2250: 2247: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2192: 2189: 2183:belles-lettres 2147: 2146:Code-switching 2144: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2078: 2075: 2065: 2062: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2024:language shift 2014: 2011: 2002:) from French 1910:language shift 1890:Main article: 1887: 1884: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1771:Main article: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1661:Khorat Plateau 1630: 1627: 1611:Phasa Lao Isan 1432: 1429: 1382:Phasa Lao Isan 1319:[láːw] 1276:Phasa Thai Lao 1255:[tʰáj] 1207:[tʰáj] 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1096:(Phoutai) and 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1077: 1076: 1073: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1045: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1003: 998: 996: 992: 991: 988: 987: 983: 982: 979: 978: 974: 973: 970: 969: 962: 959: 958: 955: 954: 947: 942: 940: 936: 935: 932: 931: 924: 921: 920: 917: 916: 909: 904: 902: 898: 897: 894: 893: 889: 888: 885: 884: 879: 876: 875: 872: 871: 864: 861: 860: 857: 856: 849: 844: 842: 836: 834: 828: 827: 824: 823: 816: 813: 812: 809: 808: 801: 796: 794: 786: 785: 782: 781: 774: 771: 770: 767: 766: 759: 756: 755: 752: 751: 744: 741: 740: 737: 736: 733:Hlai languages 729: 724: 722: 713: 705: 704:Classification 702: 697:language shift 689:Tai Noi script 554:, you may see 542: 535: 534: 533: 521:, you may see 509: 502: 501: 500: 497: 496: 489: 481: 480: 473: 465: 464: 463:Language codes 460: 459: 453: 447: 446: 433: 431: 426: 423: 422: 418: 417: 397: 393:Writing system 390: 387: 386: 384: 383: 382: 381: 380: 379: 378: 377: 376: 375: 350: 348: 341: 338: 337: 332: 329: 326: 325: 313:Northern Khmer 306: 302: 301: 293: 289: 288: 283: 282:Native to 279: 278: 269:Tai Noi script 267: 259: 258: 254: 253: 245: 244: 227: 226: 181: 179: 172: 165: 164: 79: 77: 70: 65: 39: 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12112: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12090:Isan language 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12077: 12075: 12062: 12058: 12053: 12047: 12046: 12042: 12040: 12039: 12038:Proto-Kam–Sui 12035: 12033: 12032: 12028: 12026: 12025: 12021: 12019: 12018: 12017:Proto-Kra–Dai 12014: 12013: 12011: 12009: 12005: 11999: 11996: 11995: 11993: 11991: 11987: 11981: 11978: 11976: 11973: 11971: 11968: 11966: 11963: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11956: 11955:mixed origins 11950: 11940: 11937: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11926: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11900:Tai Muong Vat 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11887: 11885: 11881: 11875: 11874:Southern Thai 11872: 11871: 11869: 11865: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11823:Tai Hang Tong 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11803:Northern Thai 11801: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11792: 11788: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11752: 11750: 11746: 11740: 11739: 11735: 11733: 11732: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11677: 11675: 11671: 11668: 11664: 11660: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11610: 11608: 11606: 11602: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11546: 11544: 11542: 11538: 11535: 11532: 11527: 11523: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11508: 11506: 11504: 11500: 11496: 11490: 11487: 11486: 11484: 11482: 11478: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11413: 11411: 11409: 11405: 11399: 11396: 11395: 11393: 11391: 11387: 11381: 11378: 11377: 11375: 11373: 11369: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11332: 11329: 11327: 11324: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11312: 11310: 11308: 11304: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11284: 11281: 11279: 11276: 11274: 11271: 11269: 11266: 11265: 11263: 11261: 11257: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11218: 11214: 11210: 11203: 11198: 11196: 11191: 11189: 11184: 11183: 11180: 11168: 11167:Ban Khor Sign 11165: 11163: 11160: 11159: 11157: 11153: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11125: 11121: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11087: 11083: 11080: 11076: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 11000: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10980: 10978: 10976: 10972: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10957: 10955: 10953: 10949: 10943: 10940: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10925: 10921: 10918: 10917:Pattani Malay 10914: 10911: 10910:Bangkok Malay 10907: 10906: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10892: 10888: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10834: 10830: 10827: 10823: 10822: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10792: 10790: 10788: 10787:Austroasiatic 10784: 10781: 10775: 10771: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10747: 10745: 10741: 10735: 10734:Southern Thai 10732: 10731: 10729: 10725: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10706: 10704: 10703:Northern Thai 10701: 10700: 10698: 10694: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10679: 10677: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10664: 10658: 10655: 10654: 10652: 10648: 10644: 10640: 10626: 10621: 10619: 10614: 10612: 10607: 10606: 10603: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10589: 10584: 10581: 10578: 10574: 10571: 10568: 10567: 10554: 10547: 10543: 10537: 10535: 10527: 10521: 10512: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10486: 10479: 10470: 10468: 10458: 10456: 10446: 10439: 10433: 10426: 10422: 10416: 10407: 10405: 10403: 10393: 10391: 10383: 10377: 10375: 10373: 10353: 10346: 10345: 10337: 10335: 10333: 10325: 10319: 10317: 10309: 10305: 10302: 10296: 10294: 10286: 10280: 10273: 10267: 10260: 10254: 10252: 10242: 10240: 10238: 10236: 10228: 10224: 10218: 10211: 10205: 10203: 10201: 10193: 10187: 10180: 10174: 10167: 10163: 10157: 10148: 10141: 10137: 10131: 10129: 10127: 10125: 10117: 10111: 10109: 10101: 10095: 10088: 10082: 10075: 10069: 10061: 10055: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10042: 10040: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10012: 10010: 10008: 10006: 10004: 10002: 10000: 9998: 9990: 9984: 9982: 9980: 9969: 9967: 9965: 9960: 9947: 9943: 9937: 9930: 9926: 9922: 9918: 9912: 9908: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9889: 9883: 9881: 9880: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9862: 9857: 9853: 9843: 9834: 9829: 9819: 9817: 9812: 9811:Maha Sarakham 9808: 9804: 9800: 9799: 9793: 9787: 9785: 9784:Setthathirath 9781: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9745: 9734: 9730: 9722: 9718: 9707: 9703: 9702: 9693: 9688: 9683: 9673: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9648: 9644: 9639: 9634: 9633:Thai alphabet 9627:Thai alphabet 9624: 9622: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9602: 9594:ອັກສອນລາວເດີມ 9591: 9587: 9579: 9568: 9564: 9556: 9545: 9541: 9537: 9536:Akson Tai Noy 9529: 9518: 9514: 9505: 9500: 9480: 9476: 9472: 9468: 9467:Maha Sarakham 9464: 9460: 9457: 9454: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9430:Amnat Charoen 9427: 9424: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9403: 9401:Southern Lao 9400: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9383:Nakhon Phanom 9380: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9360: 9346:Central Lao ( 9345: 9341: 9337: 9333: 9329: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9315: 9311: 9307: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9265: 9264:Louang Namtha 9261: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9242: 9237: 9233:(Khon Chaen) 9232: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9208: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196:and southern 9195: 9191: 9187: 9184: 9181: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9171:Lao Provinces 9169: 9167: 9164: 9160:Lao Dialects 9157: 9155: 9154:Lao rebellion 9151: 9147: 9143: 9137: 9134: 9125: 9120: 9106: 9101:บายศรีสู่ขวัญ 9099: 9097: 9090: 9088: 9081: 9079: 9072: 9069: 9065: 9058: 9056: 9055:ahan klangwan 9049: 9047: 9040: 9038: 9031: 9028: 9024: 9017: 9015: 9008: 9006: 8995: 8993: 8986: 8983: 8979: 8972: 8970: 8963: 8961: 8950: 8948: 8941: 8939:'to be well' 8938: 8934: 8927: 8925: 8918: 8916: 8909: 8907: 8900: 8897: 8892: 8890: 8883: 8881: 8874: 8872: 8865: 8862: 8857: 8855: 8848: 8846: 8839: 8837: 8830: 8827: 8822: 8820: 8813: 8811: 8804: 8802: 8795: 8793:"fried beef" 8792: 8787: 8785: 8778: 8776: 8769: 8767: 8760: 8757: 8752: 8750: 8743: 8741: 8734: 8732: 8725: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8688: 8681: 8676: 8675: 8670: 8666: 8665: 8660: 8652: 8651: 8646: 8643: 8640:from English 8635: 8630: 8629: 8624: 8616: 8615: 8610: 8607: 8602: 8601: 8596: 8588: 8587: 8582: 8581: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8542:"motorcycle" 8541: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8503: 8496: 8491: 8486: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8465: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8427: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8389: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8351: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8297: 8291: 8286: 8283: 8278: 8275: 8270: 8267: 8262: 8259: 8253: 8248: 8245: 8240: 8237: 8232: 8229: 8224: 8223: 8219: 8213: 8208: 8205: 8200: 8197: 8192: 8189: 8184: 8181: 8175: 8171: 8166: 8163: 8158: 8155: 8150: 8147: 8142: 8141: 8137: 8131: 8126: 8123: 8118: 8115: 8110: 8107: 8102: 8099: 8093: 8088: 8085: 8080: 8077: 8072: 8069: 8064: 8063: 8059: 8053: 8048: 8045: 8040: 8037: 8032: 8029: 8024: 8021: 8015: 8010: 8007: 8002: 7999: 7994: 7991: 7986: 7985: 7981: 7978: 7975: 7972: 7969: 7966: 7963: 7960: 7957: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7943: 7937: 7933: 7931: 7918: 7911: 7910:I am not well 7904: 7902: 7895: 7894: 7893: 7887: 7886:I am not well 7883:/bɔ́ːsáʔ.bāj/ 7880: 7873: 7871: 7870:Are you well? 7864: 7863: 7862: 7857: 7849: 7842: 7840: 7833: 7826: 7824: 7817: 7810: 7808: 7801: 7793: 7789: 7787: 7780: 7772: 7768: 7766: 7759: 7751: 7747: 7745: 7741: 7733: 7729: 7727: 7715: 7711: 7709: 7705:/hèttɕāŋ.dāj/ 7701: 7691: 7687: 7686: 7685: 7680: 7679:Are you well? 7673: 7672: 7671: 7668: 7662: 7660: 7656: 7644: 7637: 7635: 7628: 7627: 7626: 7616: 7612: 7611:She is pretty 7608: 7601: 7594: 7592: 7585: 7583: 7576: 7575: 7574: 7564: 7558: 7551: 7549: 7542: 7540: 7533: 7532: 7531: 7520: 7513: 7506: 7504: 7497: 7496: 7495: 7485: 7479: 7472: 7470: 7462: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7453: 7452: 7445: 7430: 7426:/děknūmlɛ̂ːw/ 7423: 7421: 7414: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7400: 7398: 7391: 7390: 7389: 7376: 7369: 7367: 7360: 7358: 7351: 7349: 7342: 7341: 7340: 7324: 7321: 7316: 7309: 7306: 7303: 7299: 7292: 7291: 7285: 7282: 7277: 7270: 7267: 7262: 7261: 7256:1,000,000,000 7255: 7252: 7247: 7240: 7237: 7232: 7231: 7225: 7222: 7217: 7210: 7207: 7202: 7201: 7190: 7187: 7182: 7175: 7172: 7167: 7166: 7155: 7152: 7150:(หนึ่ง)หมื่น 7147: 7140: 7137: 7132: 7131: 7123: 7120: 7115: 7108: 7105: 7100: 7099: 7091: 7088: 7083: 7076: 7073: 7068: 7067: 7062:'one hundred' 7059: 7056: 7051: 7044: 7041: 7036: 7035: 7027: 7024: 7019: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7000: 6999: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6979: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6960: 6959: 6951: 6948: 6946: 6939: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6920: 6919: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6899: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6880: 6879: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6859: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6840: 6839: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6819: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6800: 6799: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6779: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6760: 6759: 6751: 6748: 6746: 6739: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6720: 6719: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6699: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6680: 6679: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6640: 6639: 6631: 6629:/sáːw sɔ̆ːŋ/ 6628: 6626: 6619: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6600: 6599: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6579: 6577: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6558: 6557: 6553: 6547: 6543: 6531: 6524: 6514: 6509: 6508: 6500: 6490: 6483: 6477: 6473: 6472: 6464: 6454: 6447: 6441: 6437: 6431: 6423: 6417: 6413: 6406: 6400: 6396: 6391: 6385: 6382: 6375: 6365: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6349: 6339: 6334: 6333: 6325: 6315: 6308: 6302: 6298: 6293: 6292: 6284: 6274: 6267: 6261: 6257: 6252: 6246: 6243: 6236: 6226: 6221: 6220: 6217: 6210: 6200: 6195: 6194: 6186: 6176: 6175: 6167: 6161: 6157: 6150: 6144: 6134: 6126: 6116: 6109: 6103: 6099: 6094: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6069: 6061: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6034: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6007: 5996: 5992: 5987: 5984: 5973: 5953: 5948: 5945: 5936: 5931: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5863: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5834: 5828: 5824: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5800: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5773: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5746: 5735: 5731: 5720: 5717: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5690:ອະລຸນີ/ອະຣຸນີ 5687: 5682:/ʔǎʔ.lù.ni᷇ː/ 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5656: 5645: 5641: 5630: 5626: 5623:and feminine 5615: 5611: 5607: 5599: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5572: 5561: 5557: 5546: 5529:) or เด (de, 5522: 5520: 5516: 5505: 5502: 5494: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5469: 5465: 5460:This section 5458: 5454: 5449: 5448: 5435: 5433:High-falling 5432: 5430:High-falling 5429: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5415: 5412: 5410:High-falling 5409: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5395: 5392: 5389: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5357: 5355: 5346: 5344: 5343:Inherent Tone 5341: 5339: 5336: 5320: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5303: 5295: 5292: 5287: 5284: 5283: 5277: 5274: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5259: 5256: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5023: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4974: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4884:Short vowels 4879: 4862: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4720: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4564:Short vowels 4559: 4553: 4551: 4543: 4535: 4524: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4434: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4333: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4308: 4302: 4286: 4282: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4212: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4188: 4179: 4175: 4172: 4169: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4145: 4141: 4128: 4121: 4118: 4114: 4103: 4083: 4079: 4073: 4065: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4046:(besides the 4045: 4040: 4028: 4023: 4022: 4017: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3970: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3953: 3950: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3918: 3915: 3906: 3903: 3897: 3888: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3868: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3753: 3750: 3744: 3735: 3732: 3726: 3717: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3678: 3672: 3669: 3653: 3648:Allophone of 3646: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3597: 3592:Used to mark 3590: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3571: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3554: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3535: 3528: 3527: 3522: 3518: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3499: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3473: 3466: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3447: 3439: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3398: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3288: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3242: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3217: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3198: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3182: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3128: 3124: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3078:ม, หมມ, ໝ/ຫມ 3075: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3000: 2992: 2984: 2976: 2969: 2967: 2961: 2953: 2945: 2937: 2929: 2921: 2913: 2905: 2897: 2889: 2881: 2873: 2865: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2736: 2735: 2732:(classifier) 2729: 2726: 2724: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2695: 2692: 2690: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2667: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2543: 2542: 2539:'to whisper' 2538: 2535: 2532: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2481: 2480: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2434: 2432:/kràʔ.rɔ̂ːk/ 2431: 2429: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2381:khon pak kuek 2373: 2370: 2368: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2298: 2297: 2294:'Thai basil' 2293: 2290: 2288: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2265: 2262: 2260: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2221:Central Thai 2219: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2177: 2158: 2154: 2143: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2108: 2105: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2083: 2074: 2070: 2064:Spoken status 2061: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2028: 2025: 2019: 2010: 2005: 1994: 1990: 1979: 1972: 1968: 1957: 1953: 1942: 1938: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1913: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1893: 1883: 1880: 1879: 1874: 1873:shadow puppet 1870: 1869: 1864: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1850:) during the 1833: 1829: 1828:millennialist 1825: 1820: 1800: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1774: 1759: 1757: 1756:Overseas Thai 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1736:United States 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1648: 1644: 1635: 1626: 1623: 1612: 1607: 1596: 1595:Phasa Tai Lao 1591: 1580: 1575: 1572: 1561: 1560:Phasa Ban Nok 1557: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1509: 1499: 1494: 1491: 1480: 1470: 1465: 1454: 1449: 1438: 1428: 1425: 1408: 1407:Phasa Ban Hao 1403: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1341:[háw] 1325: 1320: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1277: 1261: 1260:Phasa Tai Lao 1256: 1239: 1208: 1191: 1186: 1169: 1154: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1106:Tai languages 1103: 1099: 1095: 1084: 1083: 1075: 1074: 1066: 1065: 1057: 1056: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1042: 1041:Isan language 1038: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1017: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1002: 1001: 994: 993: 990: 989: 981: 980: 972: 971: 968: 967: 961: 960: 957: 956: 953: 952: 951:Thai language 946: 945: 938: 937: 934: 933: 930: 929: 923: 922: 919: 918: 915: 914: 908: 907: 900: 899: 896: 895: 887: 886: 883: 878: 877: 874: 873: 870: 869: 868:Shan language 863: 862: 859: 858: 855: 854: 848: 847: 840: 839: 833: 830: 829: 826: 825: 822: 821: 815: 814: 811: 810: 807: 806: 800: 799: 792: 788: 787: 784: 783: 780: 779: 773: 772: 769: 768: 765: 764: 763:Kra languages 758: 757: 754: 753: 750: 749: 743: 742: 739: 738: 735: 734: 728: 727: 720: 717: 716: 711: 701: 698: 692: 690: 686: 682: 676: 674: 669: 663: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 616: 610: 602: 597: 577: 573: 569: 561: 557: 553: 549: 547: 528: 524: 520: 516: 514: 494: 490: 488: 487: 482: 478: 474: 471: 466: 461: 458: 454: 452: 448: 444: 432: 424: 419: 415: 411: 410:Thai alphabet 406: 401: 398: 394: 388: 374: 371: 370: 368: 367: 365: 364: 363: 360: 359: 358: 355: 354: 353: 349: 345: 339: 333: 327: 322: 318: 314: 310: 307: 303: 297: 294: 290: 287: 284: 280: 275: 274:Thai alphabet 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 241: 238: 223: 220: 212: 202: 198: 194: 188: 187: 182:This article 180: 171: 170: 161: 158: 150: 139: 136: 132: 129: 125: 122: 118: 115: 111: 108: – 107: 103: 102:Find sources: 96: 92: 86: 85: 80:This article 78: 74: 69: 68: 63: 61: 54: 53: 48: 47: 42: 37: 28: 27: 22: 21:Esan language 12056: 12043: 12036: 12029: 12022: 12015: 11989: 11965:Hezhang Buyi 11953: 11764: 11736: 11729: 11673:Northwestern 11663:Southwestern 11638:Myang Zhuang 11633:Pyang Zhuang 11559:Hezhang Buyi 11045:Northern Pwo 10975:Sino-Tibetan 10891:Austronesian 10743:Northwestern 10681: 10587: 10553: 10545: 10525: 10520: 10511: 10500:the original 10495: 10491: 10478: 10445: 10432: 10424: 10415: 10381: 10361:18 September 10359:. Retrieved 10352:the original 10343: 10284: 10279: 10271: 10266: 10258: 10226: 10217: 10209: 10186: 10178: 10173: 10165: 10156: 10147: 10139: 10099: 10094: 10086: 10081: 10073: 10068: 10051: 10030:the original 10025: 10021: 9989:Asian Survey 9988: 9936: 9911: 9877: 9869: 9866:Khmer people 9859: 9855: 9851: 9839: 9807:Wat Mahaphon 9806: 9798:Suwannakhuha 9795: 9791: 9788: 9779: 9751: 9748:ຕົວທຳ/ຕົວທັມ 9728: 9716: 9699: 9697: 9668: 9660: 9658: 9613:Khmer script 9608: 9605:อักษรลาวเดิม 9585: 9562: 9539: 9535: 9532:ອັກສອນໄທນ້ອຽ 9512: 9510: 9452:Western Lao 9379:Sakon Nakhon 9324:Sakon Nakhon 9306:Xiangkhouang 9238:Northern Lao 9175: 9170: 9165: 9138: 9130: 9104: 9095: 9086: 9077: 9063: 9054: 9051:อาหารกลางวัน 9046:ahane thiang 9045: 9036: 9022: 9013: 9004: 8991: 8977: 8968: 8959: 8946: 8932: 8923: 8914: 8905: 8898:'ice cream' 8888: 8879: 8870: 8853: 8844: 8835: 8818: 8809: 8800: 8783: 8774: 8765: 8748: 8739: 8730: 8717:Isan Variant 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8686: 8679: 8678:From French 8672: 8662: 8648: 8641: 8633: 8632:From French 8626: 8612: 8605: 8604:From French 8598: 8584: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8289: 8281: 8273: 8265: 8251: 8243: 8235: 8227: 8211: 8203: 8195: 8187: 8173: 8169: 8161: 8153: 8145: 8129: 8121: 8113: 8105: 8091: 8083: 8075: 8067: 8051: 8043: 8035: 8027: 8013: 8005: 7997: 7989: 7934: 7926: 7916: 7909: 7900: 7891: 7885: 7878: 7876:/sáʔ.bājdīː/ 7869: 7860: 7855: 7847: 7838: 7831: 7822: 7815: 7806: 7799: 7785: 7778: 7764: 7757: 7743: 7739: 7725: 7707: 7683: 7678: 7663: 7652: 7642: 7633: 7631:/nòkpēnmɔ̌ː/ 7614: 7610: 7604: 7599: 7590: 7581: 7561: 7556: 7547: 7538: 7517:Past tense: 7516: 7511: 7502: 7484:Future tense 7482: 7477: 7468: 7454: 7450: 7443: 7438: 7428: 7419: 7410: 7405: 7396: 7379: 7374: 7365: 7356: 7347: 7337: 7301: 7297: 7238:/síp pɛ̀ːt/ 7220:(หนึ่ง)ล้าน 7158:ten thousand 7054:(หนึ่ง)ฮ้อย 7042:/síp sɔ̌ːŋ/ 7005: 6989:/pɛ̀ːt síp/ 6984: 6965: 6944: 6925: 6904: 6885: 6864: 6845: 6824: 6805: 6794:'thirty-two' 6785:sam sip song 6784: 6765: 6754:'thirty-one' 6744: 6725: 6704: 6685: 6669:/sáːw săːm/ 6664: 6645: 6634:'twenty-two' 6624: 6605: 6594:'twenty-one' 6584: 6575: 6563: 6113:/kʰàː.nɔ̑ːj/ 6071: 6067: 6044: 6040: 6017: 6013: 5990: 5988: 5979: 5963: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5822: 5810: 5806: 5783: 5779: 5756: 5752: 5729: 5715: 5701: 5697: 5693: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5639: 5624: 5609: 5605: 5594:/tʰe᷇ː.wi᷇ː/ 5582: 5578: 5567:/tʰe᷇ː.wa᷇ː/ 5555: 5552: 5523: 5512: 5497: 5488: 5473:Please help 5461: 5436:Low-falling 5413:Low-falling 5407:High-rising 5396:High-rising 5393:Low-falling 5390:Low-falling 5374: 5369: 5358: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5316: 5306: 5293:ເ◌ືວຍ/ເ◌ືວຽ 5212: 5202: 5192: 5061:ເ◌ືອ, ເ◌ືອ◌ 5055:เ◌ือ, เ◌ือ◌ 5031:◌ອຍ/◌ອຽ /◌ຽ 4881:Long vowels 4858: 4848: 4561:Long vowels 4549: 4507: 4500:vowel length 4497: 4494:Vowel length 4315: 4309: 4280: 4278: 4272:/ɨ/ and the 4264:/ɯ/ and the 4259: 4245: 4235: 4225: 4215: 4181:Approximant 4056: 4048:glottal stop 4041: 4037: 4019: 3664: 3642: 3632: 3622: 3612: 3586: 3560: 3550: 3524: 3514: 3488: 3462: 3458:is phonemic. 3428: 3418: 3402: 3305: 3292: 3215: 3202: 2970: 2924:have either 2835: 2804: 2785: 2771: 2757: 2743: 2722: 2708: 2688: 2674: 2653: 2639: 2625: 2611: 2592: 2578: 2564: 2550: 2530: 2516: 2502: 2488: 2474:/kǎʔ.lɔ̑ːk/ 2469: 2460:/káʔ.hɔ̂ːk/ 2455: 2446:/kǎʔ.hɔ̂ːk/ 2441: 2427: 2408: 2395:khôn pak kuk 2394: 2380: 2366: 2352:/pʰīː săːw/ 2347: 2333: 2319: 2310:/pʰîː sǎːw/ 2305: 2286: 2272: 2258: 2244: 2210: 2206: 2194: 2181: 2178: 2156: 2149: 2140: 2123:internalized 2119: 2103: 2101: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2071: 2067: 2058:Lao alphabet 2053: 2050: 2044: 2040: 2039: 2036:Legal status 2020: 2016: 2003: 1988: 1976:in Isan is ( 1966: 1951: 1937:khrueang bin 1936: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1902:Thaification 1895: 1892:Thaification 1876: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1856: 1848:/pʰȕːmíːbun/ 1831: 1818: 1796: 1786: 1709: 1705:Mekong River 1673:Sankamphaeng 1656: 1646: 1640: 1616:ພາສາລາວອີສານ 1610: 1594: 1578: 1576: 1559: 1555: 1546: 1544: 1538: 1529: 1525: 1507: 1497: 1495: 1478: 1474:ภาษาไทยอีสาน 1468: 1452: 1436: 1434: 1418:ພາສາບ້ານເຮົາ 1406: 1401: 1399: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1344:, 'we/us'). 1323: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1292: 1275: 1259: 1237: 1189: 1167: 1165: 1148: 1144: 1137: 1130: 1102:Southwestern 1090: 1040: 1037:Lao language 1035: 1020: 1005: 964: 949: 926: 911: 881: 866: 851: 818: 803: 776: 761: 746: 731: 693: 677: 664: 636: 631: 624:Mekong River 620:Lao language 571: 567: 566: 543: 510: 484: 372: 233: 215: 206: 183: 153: 144: 134: 127: 120: 113: 101: 89:Please help 84:verification 81: 57: 50: 44: 43:Please help 40: 11790:Chiang Saen 11700:Tai Hongjin 11628:Yang Zhuang 11613:Nong Zhuang 11060:S'gaw Karen 10988:Eastern Pwo 10942:Urak Lawoi’ 10924:Satun Malay 10696:Chiang Saen 10667:Other Thais 9946:Khorat Thai 9856:Aksone Khom 9822:Khom script 9725:ອັກສອນໄທທັມ 9710:อักษรไทธรรม 9665:Thai script 9521:อักษรไทน้อย 9421:Savannakhét 9370:Savannakhét 9366:Bolikhamxay 9285:Phitsanulok 9194:Bolikhamxay 9096:buang suang 9064:khao thiang 8608:, /kʁa vat/ 8556:มอเตอร์ไซค์ 8546:มอเตอร์ไซค์ 8408:"province" 8182:'mountain' 8138:'to speak' 8060:'to sleep' 7829:/lɛ̂ːwbɔ́ː/ 7797:/tʰɔ̄ː.dāj/ 7693:(changdai) 7615:lady pretty 7490:or สิ (si) 7441:/mɯ̂ːʔɯ́ːn/ 7417:/děksìʔnūm/ 7354:/děknūmnūm/ 7208:/síp tɕět/ 7185:(หนึ่ง)แสน 7118:(หนึ่ง)พัน 7074:/síp săːm/ 6949:/tɕět síp/ 6709:/săːm síp/ 6589:/sáːw ʔét/ 6427:/kʰáʔ.tɕȃw/ 6119:หมู่ข้าน้อย 5837:Classifiers 5659:ອະລຸນ/ອະຣຸນ 5491:August 2021 5416:Low-rising 5384:Low-rising 5375:Short Vowel 5223:Triphthongs 5017:ເ◌ັຍ/ເ◌ັຽະ 4328:/pʰàʔ.no᷇m/ 4153:ก, ข, ค, ฆ 3376:ว, หวວ, ຫວ 3346:ว, หวວ, ຫວ 3335:Approximant 3304:ซ, ศ, ษ, ส 3108:ง, หงງ, ຫງ 2521:/sāp sɯ̄m/ 2493:/kràʔ.síp/ 2477:'squirrel' 2413:/kʰón bȃj/ 2371:/kʰōn bâj/ 2230:Isan youth 2197:soap operas 2153:code-switch 2132:irredentism 1948:/kʰɯ̄aŋbīn/ 1740:South Korea 1728:Phrasinburi 1716:Phitsanulok 1565:ภาษาบ้านนอก 1537:, the term 1526:Monthon Lao 1412:ภาษาบ้านเฮา 778:Be language 527:Thai script 311:(Tai Lao), 23:of Nigeria. 12074:Categories 12045:Proto-Hlai 11748:Lao–Phutai 11623:Min Zhuang 11618:Dai Zhuang 11564:Yei Zhuang 11456:Changjiang 11333:(Naxi Yao) 10952:Hmong-Mien 10881:Vietnamese 10675:Lao–Phutai 10053:Ethnologue 9956:References 9852:akson Khom 9740:/tūatʰa᷇m/ 9617:Mon script 9574:/tūala᷇ːw/ 9475:Chaiyaphum 9465:(Hoi Et), 9328:Udon Thani 9320:Chaiyaphum 9314:Xaisômboun 9289:Phetchabun 9277:Udon Thani 9248:Xaignbouli 9215:Udon Thani 9211:Chaiyaphum 9198:Xaisômboun 9133:isoglosses 9060:ข้าวเที่ยง 8828:"hundred" 8723:"to work" 8466:"January" 8460:ก๋วยเตี๋ยว 8450:ก๋วยเตี๋ยว 8390:"necktie" 8241:ຖະໜົນ/ຖໜົນ 8201:ຂະໜອງ/ຂນອງ 8159:ພະນົມ/ພນົມ 8100:'to walk' 7923:Vocabulary 7917:I am well. 7907:/sāʔ.bāːj/ 7845:/lɯ̌ːbɔ́ː/ 7813:/mɛ̄nbɔ́ː/ 7695:/tɕāŋ.dāj/ 7567:/kām.la᷇ŋ/ 7519:Past tense 7455:Negation: 7451:yesterday. 7295:ซาว(หนึ่ง) 7273:'nineteen' 7268:/síp kȃw/ 7248:๑๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐๐ 7243:'eighteen' 7173:/síp hók/ 7138:/síp hȁː/ 7111:'fourteen' 7106:/síp sīː/ 7079:'thirteen' 7025:/kȃw síp/ 7010:/síp ʔět/ 6909:/hók síp/ 6869:/hȁː síp/ 6829:/sīː síp/ 6745:sam sip et 6742:สามสิบเอ็ด 6504:/mūːla᷇ːw/ 6288:/mūːtʰāːn/ 5848:Classifier 5651:/ʔǎʔ.lu᷇n/ 5427:Mid level 5404:Mid level 5387:Mid level 5370:Long Vowel 5338:Tone Class 5181:ເ◌ີຍ/ເ◌ີຽ 4869:Diphthongs 4814:/oʔ/, /o/ 4808:/oʔ/, /o/ 4736:/ɛʔ/, /ɛ/ 4730:/ɛʔ/, /ɛ/ 4710:/eʔ/, /e/ 4704:/eʔ/, /e/ 4632:/aʔ/, /a/ 4626:/aʔ/, /a/ 4623:◌ะ, ◌ั, * 4052:unreleased 2966:lambdacism 2827:Consonants 2793:'shoulder' 2536:/kǎʔ.sìp/ 2277:/ʔīː tūː/ 2263:/ʔīː túː/ 2170:Little Hin 2041:Ethnologue 1985:/bīn.lȋat/ 1945:เครื่องบิน 1832:phu mi bun 1793:Wachirawut 1479:Phasa Isan 1281:ภาษาไทยลาว 1221:inhabitant 1170:language ( 1150:Ethnologue 1039:(PDR Lao, 615:Phasa Isan 560:Lao script 366:Lao–Phutai 209:March 2021 193:improve it 147:March 2021 117:newspapers 46:improve it 12059:indicate 12031:Proto-Tai 12024:Proto-Kra 11910:Tai Khang 11905:Tai Thanh 11853:Thai Song 11813:Tai Meuay 11808:Tai Daeng 11799:(Siamese) 11710:Tai Laing 11653:Tsʻün-Lao 11050:Phrae Pwo 11023:Hainanese 11003:Cantonese 10727:Sukhothai 10718:Thai Song 10639:Languages 10597:(in Thai) 9925:Uttaradit 9921:Sukhothai 9882:tattoos. 9796:Wat Tham 9768:Tai Khoen 9760:Tai Lanna 9752:toua tham 9750:BGN/PCGN 9551:/tòːláːw/ 9534:BGN/PCGN 9471:Khon Kaen 9434:Si Sa Ket 9405:Champasak 9395:Bueng Kan 9391:Nong Khai 9362:Khammouan 9336:Nong Khai 9332:Bueng Kan 9293:Uttaradit 9281:Khon Kaen 9256:Phôngsali 9231:Khon Kaen 9223:Bueng Kan 9203:Nong Khai 9186:Vientiane 9150:Vientiane 9042:ອາຫານທ່ຽງ 9037:khao suai 8954:/Archaic 8819:nuea thot 8758:"papaya" 8749:tham ngan 8590:Formerly 8560:"butter" 8504:"window" 8022:'oxcart' 7930:Indochina 7879:I am well 7800:How much? 7795:(thodai) 7779:How many? 7755:/ʔān.dāj/ 7386:/tʰīːsút/ 7226:1,000,000 7213:seventeen 7178:'sixteen' 7143:'fifteen' 7030:'nintety' 6954:'seventy' 6782:สามสิบสอง 6468:/mūːkʰăw/ 6329:/mūːtɕȃw/ 6190:/mūːha᷇w/ 6125:mu khanoi 6082:Singular 6066:BGN/PCGN 6039:BGN/PCGN 6012:BGN/PCGN 5966:/kʰwa᷇ːm/ 5907:/sáʔ.bǎp/ 5805:BGN/PCGN 5778:BGN/PCGN 5751:BGN/PCGN 5692:BGN/PCGN 5661:BGN/PCGN 5604:BGN/PCGN 5577:BGN/PCGN 5462:does not 5359:Mai tho ( 5081:◌ัว, ◌ว◌ 4767:เ◌อ, เ◌ิ 4733:ແ◌ະ, ແ◌ົ 4727:แ◌ะ, แ◌็ 4707:ເ◌ະ, ເ◌ົ 4701:เ◌ะ, เ◌็ 4502:which is 4071:Alveolar 4050:/ʔ/) are 3403:ຣ, ຫຼ/ຫຣ 3329:ห, ฮຫ, ຮ 3280:Fricative 3227:ฉ, ช, ฌຊ 3189:aspirated 3186:voiceless 3127:voiceless 3121:Affricate 2868:, tenuis 2858:aspirated 2842:affricate 2822:Phonology 2816:Sirinthon 2812:luk thung 2600:'to nap' 2390:ຄົນປາກກືກ 2136:communism 2000:/bìː.jàː/ 1974:/bɪljədz/ 1971:billiards 1963:/hɯ́abìn/ 1933:/hɯ́abin/ 1815:/móntʰón/ 1744:Australia 1720:Phetsabun 1712:Uttaradit 1697:Mun River 1693:Songkhram 1665:Phetsabun 1647:Phak Isan 1600:ພາສາໄທລາວ 1579:Phasa Lao 1496:The term 1484:ภาษาอีสาน 1287:ພາສາໄທລາວ 1271:ພາສາໄທລາວ 1265:ภาษาไทลาว 1226: or 1145:Glottolog 1139:Glottolog 1134:ISO 639-3 685:diglossic 605:ภาษาอีสาน 513:Thai text 486:Glottolog 470:ISO 639-3 305:Ethnicity 197:verifying 52:talk page 11867:Southern 11760:Phu Thai 11725:Khamyang 11695:Tai Long 11690:Tai Nuea 11541:Northern 11326:Cao Miao 11137:Japanese 10861:Nyah Kur 10826:Northern 10774:Minority 10687:Phu Thai 10643:Thailand 10573:Archived 10304:Archived 9973:Nations. 9886:See also 9846:อักษรขอม 9780:Tai Tham 9729:tua tham 9704:script ( 9701:Tai Tham 9676:Tai Tham 9645:singer, 9446:Yasothon 9387:Mukdahan 9375:Mukdahan 9310:Houaphan 9268:Houaphan 9252:Oudômxay 9219:Yasothon 9142:Lan Xang 9113:Dialects 9029:'lunch' 8984:'fruit' 8933:aisakrim 8924:aisakrim 8815:เนื้อทอด 8810:khua sin 8806:ຂົ້ວຊີ້ນ 8801:thot sin 8775:mak hung 8766:bak hung 8740:het wiak 8731:het ngan 8518:หน้าต่าง 8513:ປ່ອງຢ້ຽມ 8508:หน้าต่าง 8484:"paper" 8056:/bɑntum/ 7982:English 7967:English 7949:Rachasap 7753:(andai) 7457:Negation 7444:tomorrow 7345:/děknūm/ 7312:'twenty' 7265:สิบเก้า 7205:สิบเจ็ด 7047:'twelve' 7022:เก้าสิบ 7015:'eleven' 6994:'eighty' 6985:paet sip 6945:chet sip 6890:/pɛ̀ːt/ 6650:/sɔ̌ːŋ/ 6625:sao song 6511:informal 6336:informal 6318:หมู่เจ้า 6277:หมู่ท่าน 6197:informal 6010:ຫມູ່/ໝູ່ 5976:Pronouns 5864:คน (ฅน) 5858:Category 5823:maeo mae 5811:maeo phu 5726:/aruɳiː/ 5719:Sanskrit 5705:Sanskrit 5629:Sanskrit 5614:Sanskrit 5348:Mai ek ( 5275:◌ວຍ/◌ວຽ 5125:◌ຸຍ/◌ຸຽ 5113:◌ູຍ/◌ູຽ 5047:ໂ◌ຍ/ໂ◌ຽ 4937:◌າຍ/◌າຽ 4825:◌ອ◌, ◌ໍ 4811:ໂ◌ະ, ◌ົ 4741:◌ื, ◌ือ 4504:phonemic 4164:ປ, ພ, ຟ 4130:Plosive 4080:Glottal 4074:Palatal 3661:Clusters 3450:whereas 3201:ผ, พ, ภ 3046:Alveolo- 3040:Alveolar 2995:are all 2832:Initials 2630:/ho᷇ːm/ 2583:/sɯ̂ap/ 2569:/sɯ̂ap/ 2517:sap suem 2512:ຊັບຊິຶ່ມ 2409:khon bai 2376:คนปากกืก 2367:khon bai 2338:/ʔɯ̂aj/ 2324:/ʔɯ̂aj/ 2096:Tua Tham 2045:de facto 1982:บิลเลียด 1967:huea bin 1922:huea bin 1863:Monthon' 1843:ຜູ້ມີບຸນ 1837:ผู้มีบุญ 1681:Cambodia 1652:ภาคอีสาน 1394:Lao Isan 1162:Endonyms 1122:Northern 668:Lan Xang 651:Phu Thai 546:Lao text 493:nort2741 443:Thailand 414:de facto 405:Tai Tham 286:Thailand 12057:Italics 11998:Kam–Tai 11975:Cao Lan 11939:Cao Lan 11883:(other) 11858:Tày Tac 11838:Tai Dam 11828:Tai Lue 11818:Tai Dón 11781:Kaloeng 11776:Lao Nyo 11605:Central 11595:Tai Pao 11533:, etc.) 11471:Yuanmen 11441:Baoting 11431:Tongzha 11362:Ai-Cham 11347:Chadong 11307:Kam–Sui 11132:English 11109:Russian 11104:Punjabi 11094:Burmese 11028:Hokchew 11018:Hokkien 11008:Teochew 10998:Sinitic 10965:Iu Mien 10876:Thavung 10871:Ten'edn 10866:Palaung 10833:Western 10760:Tai Nüa 10595:Esan108 9874:yantras 9792:Tai Noi 9764:Tai Lue 9737:ตัวธรรม 9661:Tai Noi 9563:Tua Lao 9459:Kalasin 9417:Attapeu 9409:Saravan 9349:ลาวกลาง 9166:Dialect 9092:บวงสรวง 9033:ข้าวสวย 8929:ไอศกรีม 8920:ไอศกรีม 8889:mu yang 8885:หมูย่าง 8880:ping mu 8871:mu ping 8867:หมูปิ้ง 8797:ทอดซี้น 8771:ໝາກຫຸ່ງ 8762:บักหุ่ง 8736:ເຮັດວຽກ 8727:เฮ็ดงาน 8697:English 8682:, /bøʁ/ 8658:/fə̃ː/. 8606:cravate 8592:น้ำก้อน 8536:หนังสือ 8526:หนังสือ 8522:"book" 8428:"wine" 8422:จังหวัด 8412:จังหวัด 8399:ກາຣະວັດ 8366:น้ำแข็ง 8361:ນ້ຳກ້ອນ 8356:น้ำแข็ง 8331:English 8311:English 8298:'neck' 8260:'road' 8216:/knɑːŋ/ 8204:khanong 8196:khanong 8188:khanong 8178:/pʰnum/ 8052:banthum 8044:banthôm 8036:banthom 8028:banthom 8018:/rɔteh/ 7998:krathae 7990:krathae 7848:Or not? 7774:(chak) 7717:(phai) 7659:Spanish 7655:English 7653:Unlike 7527:/lɛ̂ːw/ 7235:สิบแปด 7218:๑๐๐๐๐๐๐ 7191:100,000 7135:สิบห้า 7103:สิบสี่ 7071:สิบสาม 7039:สิบสอง 7003:สิบเอ็ด 6942:เจ็ดสิบ 6905:hok sip 6895:'eight' 6874:'fifty' 6855:'seven' 6850:/tɕět/ 6834:'forty' 6705:sam sip 6695:'three' 6690:/sǎːm/ 6665:sao sam 6610:/nɯ̄ŋ/ 6582:ซาวเอ็ด 6568:/sǔːn/ 6551:Number 6545:Number 6538:Numbers 6493:หมู่ลาว 6487:/la᷇ːw/ 6463:mu khao 6457:หมู่เขา 6422:khachao 6410:/pʰɤ̄n/ 6389:person 6324:mu chao 6283:mu than 6271:/tʰāːn/ 6250:person 6179:หมู่เฮา 6154:/kʰɔ̀j/ 6102:ข้าน้อย 6092:person 6085:Plural 6056:/pʰûak/ 5881:/kʰa᷇n/ 5868:/kʰo᷇n/ 5795:/mɛ᷇ːw/ 5698:Alounee 5636:/deʋiː/ 5543:/dɔ̀ːk/ 5535:/kʰráp/ 5483:removed 5468:sources 5443:Grammar 5401:Middle 4805:โ◌ะ, * 4629:◌ະ, ◌ັ 4530:/kʰăːw/ 4363:Central 4312:abugida 4068:Labial 3530:Use of 3268:ฎ, ด ດ 3116:Plosive 3060:Glottal 3050:Palatal 2838:plosive 2730:'fruit' 2727:/lȗːk/ 2713:/nūaj/ 2693:/nūaj/ 2679:/lûːk/ 2658:/lúam/ 2644:/hóːm/ 2616:/ruam/ 2597:/ŋȋːp/ 2555:/ŋîːp/ 2348:phi sao 2306:phi sao 2287:horapha 2245:horapha 2164: 2104:Tai Noi 2092:Tai Noi 2054:Tai Noi 2007:/bijaʁ/ 2004:billard 1965:) RTGS 1960:ເຮືອບິນ 1952:hua bin 1930:ເຮືອບິນ 1859:Monthon 1798:monthon 1762:History 1752:Germany 1732:Bangkok 1724:Sa Kaeo 1584:ພາສາລາວ 1545:Use of 1431:Exonyms 1215: 1179:ພາສາລາວ 1173:ภาษาลาว 1126:Central 1104:branch 1094:Phuthai 882:others 793: 721: 719:Kra-Dai 645:in the 639:variety 611:: 587:ພາສາລາວ 581:ภาษาลาว 576:autonym 400:Tai Noi 352:Kra–Dai 191:Please 131:scholar 11980:Jiamao 11772:(Nyaw) 11770:Tai Yo 11738:Turung 11705:Khamti 11685:Tai Ya 11666:(Thai) 11586:(Nyaw) 11584:Tai Yo 11554:Bouyei 11531:Zhuang 11516:Jizhao 11503:Jizhao 11489:Jiamao 11481:Jiamao 11466:Baisha 11461:Moyfaw 11436:Zandui 11426:Lauhut 11416:Bouhin 11398:Lakkia 11390:Lakkia 11342:Maonan 11322:(Dong) 11250:Qabiao 11240:Buyang 11142:Korean 10937:Moklen 10851:Mlabri 10841:Kintaq 10815:Kensiu 10708:Tai Lü 9927:, and 9879:sakyan 9870:per se 9756:dharma 9754:) or ' 9742:, cf. 9719:, cf. 9669:ad hoc 9599:, cf. 9582:ຕົວລາວ 9571:ตัวลาว 9553:, cf. 9540:To Lao 9526:, cf. 9463:Roi Et 9413:Xékong 9355:ລາວກາງ 9078:bai si 9074:บายศรี 8947:sambai 8911:ກາແລ້ມ 8906:ai tim 8876:ປີ້ງໝູ 8784:malako 8780:มะละกอ 8680:beurre 8551:ຣົຖຈັກ 8498:กระดาษ 8488:กระดาษ 8480:มกราคม 8475:ມັງກອນ 8470:มกราคม 8446:"pho" 8404:เน็กไท 8394:เน็กไท 8352:"ice" 8256:/tnɑl/ 8244:thanôn 8236:thanon 8228:thanon 8212:khnâng 8162:phanôm 8154:phanom 8146:phanom 8134:/trah/ 8127:ត្រាស់ 8041:ບັນທົມ 8014:rôthéh 7995:กระแทะ 7987:กระแทะ 7979:Khmer 7964:Khmer 7776:/tɕǎk/ 7758:Which? 7740:Where? 7735:(sai) 7719:/pʰǎj/ 7623:/mɛ̄n/ 7607:copula 7488:/tɕǎʔ/ 7382:/kwáː/ 7245:XVIII 7183:๑๐๐๐๐๐ 7170:สิบหก 7156:10,000 7006:sip et 6982:แปดสิบ 6970:/síp/ 6930:/kȃw/ 6865:ha sip 6862:ห้าสิบ 6825:si sip 6822:สี่สิบ 6810:/hók/ 6796:XXXII 6775:'five' 6770:/hȁː/ 6730:/sīː/ 6714:thirty 6702:สามสิบ 6662:ซาวสาม 6622:ซาวสอง 6585:sao et 6573:'zero' 6554:Gloss 6548:Gloss 6528:/ma᷇n/ 6499:mu lao 6451:/kʰăw/ 6434:common 6416:ขะเจ้า 6393:formal 6379:/mɯ᷇ŋ/ 6362:vulgar 6312:/tɕȃw/ 6295:common 6254:formal 6223:vulgar 6214:/kʰàː/ 6185:mu hao 6171:/ha᷇w/ 6137:common 6108:khanoi 6096:formal 6068:phouak 6058:, cf. 6043:) and 6031:, cf. 6004:, cf. 5970:/kāːn/ 5950:/nūaj/ 5946:หน่วย 5894:/kʰūː/ 5831:แมวแม่ 5819:แมวผู้ 5797:, cf. 5770:, cf. 5768:/mɛ̄ː/ 5743:, cf. 5741:/pʰùː/ 5714:) and 5712:/aruɳ/ 5694:Arouni 5684:, cf. 5653:, cf. 5621:/deʋa/ 5596:, cf. 5569:, cf. 5539:/kʰàʔ/ 5527:/dɤ̂ː/ 5285:เ◌ือย 5249:เ◌ียว 5184:/ɤːj/ 5178:/ɤːj/ 5168:/ɛːw/ 5162:/ɛːw/ 5142:/eːw/ 5136:/eːw/ 5116:/uːj/ 5110:/uːj/ 5102:/uaʔ/ 5099:◌ົວະ, 5096:/uaʔ/ 5076:/ɯaʔ/ 5070:/ɯaʔ/ 5067:เ◌ือะ 5050:/oːj/ 5044:/oːj/ 5034:/ɔːj/ 5028:/ɔːj/ 5020:/iaʔ/ 5014:/iaʔ/ 5011:เ◌ียะ 4966:/aːw/ 4960:/aːw/ 4940:/aːj/ 4934:/aːj/ 4926:/uam/ 4920:/wam/ 4519:/kʰăw/ 4316:phanom 4297:/tuːa/ 4256:Vowels 4085:Nasal 4077:Velar 4034:Finals 4011:/pʰl/ 4002:/kʰw/ 3996:/kʰw/ 3990:/kʰw/ 3982:/pʰr/ 3971:/kʰl/ 3933:/kʰr/ 3922:/pʰl/ 3857:/kʰw/ 3851:/kʰw/ 3845:/kʰw/ 3810:/kʰl/ 3781:/kʰr/ 3401:ร, หร 3388:Liquid 3384:Rhotic 3246:voiced 3149:ฏ,ต ຕ 3036:Dental 3031:Labial 2854:tenuis 2850:voiced 2790:/lāj/ 2776:/bāː/ 2762:/báː/ 2748:/làj/ 2531:krasip 2526:กระซิบ 2507:/sīm/ 2489:krasip 2484:กระซิบ 2470:krarok 2465:กระรอก 2442:krahok 2437:กระฮอก 2428:krarok 2423:กระรอก 2343:พี่สาว 2329:ເອື້ອຍ 2315:เอื้อย 2301:พี่สาว 2282:โหระพา 2268:ອີ່ຕູ່ 2240:โหระพา 2233:Gloss 1868:mo lam 1819:mueang 1810:ມົນທົນ 1748:Taiwan 1703:. The 1683:. The 1677:Damlek 1522:Chenla 1366:k.ra:w 1298:k.ra:w 1231:person 1098:Tai Yo 789: 655:Tai Yo 440: 292:Region 133: 126: 119: 112: 104: 11930:mixed 11895:Pa Di 11848:Phuan 11720:Aiton 11715:Phake 11451:Nadou 11421:Ha Em 11331:Nuoxi 11315:Mulam 11288:Telue 11283:Hagei 11278:Mulao 11268:Vandu 11260:Gelao 11230:Lachi 11099:Hindi 11065:Ugong 11035:Nuosu 11013:Hakka 10960:Hmong 10932:Moken 10904:Malay 10820:Khmer 10810:Jahai 10805:Chung 10800:Chong 10713:Phuan 10503:(PDF) 10488:(PDF) 10355:(PDF) 10348:(PDF) 9929:Phrae 9903:Notes 9715:RTGS 9643:molam 9607:RTGS 9559:ໂຕລາວ 9548:โตลาว 9438:Surin 9260:Bokèo 9087:ba si 8978:sabai 8969:sabai 8960:sabai 8956:ສະບາຽ 8952:ສະບາຍ 8943:ซำบาย 8915:kalèm 8902:ไอติม 8745:ทำงาน 8569:ເບີຣ໌ 8384:เปล่า 8374:เปล่า 8294:/suː/ 8249:ថ្នល់ 8174:phnom 8170:phnum 8096:/daə/ 8049:បន្ទំ 8033:บรรทม 8025:บรรทม 8006:kathè 8003:ກະແທະ 7973:Thai 7970:Isan 7958:Thai 7955:Isan 7792:ท่อใด 7750:อันใด 7737:/sǎj/ 7690:จังใด 7619:/pēn/ 7571:/júː/ 7523:/dâj/ 7492:/síʔ/ 7435:Verbs 7302:nueng 7215:XVII 7148:๑๐๐๐๐ 7124:1,000 7081:XIII 6996:LXXX 6914:sixty 6902:หกสิบ 6897:VIII 6756:XXXI 6676:XXII 6655:'two' 6636:XXII 6615:'one' 6606:nueng 6603:หนึ่ง 6576:nulla 6561:ศูนย์ 6405:phoen 6399:เพิ่น 6374:mueng 6353:/ʔēŋ/ 6240:/kūː/ 6045:phuak 6029:/tūː/ 6002:/mūː/ 5956:/pʰǒn 5939:/tôn/ 5933:/kǒk/ 5920:/tūa/ 5903:ฉบับ 5755:) or 5723:आरुणि 5716:Arunī 5679:อรุณี 5671:Aruni 5667:Aroun 5663:Aloun 5606:thévi 5583:thewi 5579:théva 5556:thewa 5549:Nouns 5531:/dēː/ 5381:High 5327:Tones 5297:/ɯaj/ 5289:/ɯaj/ 5279:/uaj/ 5271:/uaj/ 5261:/iaw/ 5253:/iaw/ 5235:Thai 5154:/ew/ 5151:ເ◌ັວ 5148:/ew/ 5145:เ◌็ว 5128:/uj/ 5122:/uj/ 5093:◌ัวะ 5090:/ua/ 5084:/ua/ 5073:ເ◌ຶອ 5064:/ɯa/ 5058:/ɯa/ 5008:/ia/ 5002:/ia/ 4999:เ◌ีย 4994:/iw/ 4988:/iw/ 4978:/aw/ 4975:ເ◌ົາ 4972:/aw/ 4952:/aj/ 4946:/aj/ 4901:Thai 4889:Thai 4840:/ɔʔ/ 4837:ເ◌າະ 4834:/ɔʔ/ 4831:เ◌าะ 4828:/ɔː/ 4822:/ɔː/ 4802:/oː/ 4796:/oː/ 4788:/ɤʔ/ 4782:/ɤʔ/ 4779:เ◌อะ 4776:/ɤː/ 4770:/ɤː/ 4750:/ɯː/ 4744:/ɯː/ 4724:/ɛː/ 4718:/ɛː/ 4698:/eː/ 4692:/eː/ 4672:/uː/ 4666:/uː/ 4646:/iː/ 4640:/iː/ 4620:/aː/ 4614:/aː/ 4606:/am/ 4600:/am/ 4581:Thai 4569:Thai 4375:Close 4358:Front 4344:ພະນົມ 4293:/tua/ 4176:ຂ, ຄ 4122:ຣ, ລ 3960:/pʰ/ 3954:/pʰ/ 3948:/pʰ/ 3942:/tr/ 3895:/kʰ/ 3889:/kʰ/ 3883:/kʰ/ 3875:/pʰ/ 3869:/pʰ/ 3863:/pʰ/ 3839:/kw/ 3833:/kw/ 3827:/kw/ 3819:/pl/ 3801:/kl/ 3790:/pr/ 3772:/kr/ 3742:/kʰ/ 3736:/kʰ/ 3730:/kʰ/ 3701:Thai 3698:Isan 3692:Thai 3689:Isan 3683:Thai 3680:Isan 3476:from 3344:] 3340:[ 3317:] 3313:[ 3306:ສ, ຊ 3293:ຝ, ຟ 3291:ฝ, ฟ 3216:ຖ, ທ 3203:ຜ, ພ 3067:Nasal 3055:Velar 3011:with 2808:molam 2709:nouay 2698:ຫນ່ວຍ 2684:หน่วย 2574:ເຊືອບ 2560:เซือบ 2456:kahok 2451:ກະຮອກ 2404:คนใบ้ 2362:คนใบ้ 2273:i tou 2254:อีตู่ 2224:Isan 1878:khaen 1518:Shiva 1508:Īśāna 1503:อีศาน 1362:k.riː 1354:k.riː 1157:Names 637:As a 321:Phuan 138:JSTOR 124:books 12095:Isan 11915:Kuan 11890:Sapa 11843:Khün 11833:Yong 11797:Thai 11765:Isan 11731:Ahom 11680:Shan 11643:Nùng 11579:Saek 11408:Hlai 11380:Biao 11372:Biao 11337:Then 11273:A'ou 11235:Paha 11225:Laha 10993:Lisu 10983:Akha 10899:Cham 10755:Shan 10750:Khün 10682:Isan 10657:Thai 10363:2017 9876:and 9861:Khom 9698:The 9576:and 9393:and 9368:and 9340:Loei 9338:and 9312:and 9291:and 9273:Loei 9262:and 9229:and 9227:Loei 9083:ບາສີ 9019:หมาก 9014:phon 9003:, , 9001:ຫມາກ 8974:สบาย 8965:สบาย 8850:ร้อย 8841:ຮ້ອຍ 8832:ร้อย 8712:Thai 8702:Isan 8642:wine 8638:ไวน์ 8620:แขวง 8531:ປຶ້ມ 8493:ເຈ້ຍ 8442:ไวน์ 8432:ไวน์ 8417:ແຂວງ 8346:Thai 8336:Isan 8326:Thai 8316:Isan 8252:tnâl 8209:ខ្នង 8193:ขนอง 8185:ขนอง 8167:ភ្នំ 8130:trah 8114:trat 8111:ตรัส 8106:trat 8103:ตรัส 8092:daeu 8084:deun 8081:ເດີນ 8076:doen 8073:เดิน 8068:doen 8065:เดิน 8011:រទេះ 7976:Lao 7961:Lao 7700:หยัง 7275:XIX 7180:XVI 7116:๑๐๐๐ 7113:XIV 7049:XII 6956:LXX 6935:nine 6923:เก้า 6886:paet 6857:VII 6846:chet 6843:เจ็ด 6735:four 6716:XXX 6697:III 6646:song 6596:XXI 6446:khao 6342:เอ็ง 6307:chao 6301:เจ้า 6266:than 6260:ท่าน 6149:khoi 6143:ข้อย 5999:หมู่ 5916:ตัว 5890:คู่ 5877:คัน 5784:maeo 5753:phou 5709:अरुण 5702:Arun 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