Bangkok - Knowledge

3069: 2743: 3506: 2641: 4255: 62: 3580: 1444: 4177: 4893: 3053:, visiting in 1822, estimated its population at no more than 50,000. As a result of Western medicine brought by missionaries as well as increased immigration from both within Siam and overseas, Bangkok's population gradually increased as the city modernized in the late 19th century. This growth became even more pronounced in the 1930s, following the discovery of antibiotics. Although family planning and birth control were introduced in the 1960s, the lowered birth rate was more than offset by increased migration from the provinces as economic expansion accelerated. Only in the 1990s have Bangkok's population growth rates decreased, following the national rate; Thailand had long since become highly centralized around the capital. In 1980, Bangkok's population was fifty-one times that of 3046:

recorded 5,676,648 residents belonging to 2,959,524 households in 2018. Much of Bangkok's daytime population commutes from surrounding provinces in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, the total population of which is 14,626,225 (2010 census). Bangkok is a cosmopolitan city; the census showed that it is home to 567,120 expatriates from Asian countries (including 71,024 Chinese and 63,069 Japanese nationals), 88,177 from Europe, 32,241 from the Americas, 5,856 from Oceania and 5,758 from Africa. Migrants from neighbouring countries include 216,528 Burmese, 72,934 Cambodians and 52,498 Lao. In 2018, numbers show that there are 370,000 international migrants registered with the Department of Employment, more than half of them migrants from Cambodia, Laos, and Myanmar.

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Bangkok region remains home to the greater majority of institutions, and the city's tertiary education scene remains over-populated with non-Bangkokians. The situation is not limited to higher education, either. In the 1960s, 60 to 70 per cent of 10- to 19-year-olds who were in school had migrated to Bangkok for secondary education. This was due to both a lack of secondary schools in the provinces and perceived higher standards of education in the capital. Although this discrepancy has since largely abated, tens of thousands of students still compete for places in Bangkok's leading schools. Education has long been a prime factor in the centralization of Bangkok and will play a vital role in the government's efforts to decentralize the country.

2685: 4424: 4657: 2596: 3402: 2856: 608: 4734: 3855: 4295: 2820: 5545: 4549: 3369: 1321: 3300: 12861: 5356: 3624: 4525: 3650:. Observances related to the royal family are held primarily in Bangkok. Wreaths are laid at King Chulalongkorn's equestrian statue in the Royal Plaza on 23 October, which is King Chulalongkorn Memorial Day. The previous king's and queen's birthdays, respectively on 5 December and 12 August, are marked as Thailand's national Father's Day and national Mother's Day. These national holidays are celebrated by royal audiences on the day's eve, in which the king or queen gives a speech, and public gatherings on the day of the observance. The king's birthday is also marked by the 4793: 5339: 4819:

gang robberies, 265 robberies, 1 kidnapping and 9 arson cases. Offences against the state were by far more common, and included 54,068 drug-related cases, 17,239 cases involving prostitution and 8,634 related to gambling. The Thailand Crime Victim Survey conducted by the Office of Justice Affairs of the Ministry of Justice found that 2.7 per cent of surveyed households reported a member being victim of a crime in 2007. Of these, 96.1 per cent were crimes against property, 2.6 per cent were crimes against life and body, and 1.4 per cent were information-related crimes.

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limited carrying capacity, caused severe traffic congestion evident by the early 1990s. The extent of the problem is such that the Thai Traffic Police has a unit of officers trained in basic midwifery in order to assist deliveries which do not reach hospital in time. While Bangkok's limited road surface area (8 per cent, compared to 20–30 per cent in most Western cities) is often cited as a major cause of its traffic jams, other factors, including high vehicle ownership rate relative to income level, inadequate public transport systems, and lack of

1180:) level, unlike the other 76 provinces Bangkok is a special administrative area whose governor is directly elected to serve a four-year term. The governor, together with four appointed deputies, form the executive body, who implement policies through the BMA civil service headed by the Permanent Secretary for the BMA. In separate elections, each district elects one or more city councillors, who form the Bangkok Metropolitan Council. The council is the BMA's legislative body, and has power over municipal ordinances and the city's budget. The 1163: 694: 812: 15462: 12219: 15447: 979: 4341: 104: 3556: 2936: 15507: 3520: 4616: 3068: 15612: 3505: 2872: 14857: 15552: 12587: 15702: 15687: 15537: 16982: 15582: 15492: 2742: 15597: 15567: 15522: 12171: 3940: 1399: 2318: 15717: 15657: 15642: 4080: 15732: 15417: 15748: 15627: 12086: 15477: 3315:(SET) is on Ratchadaphisek Road in inner Bangkok. The SET, together with the Market for Alternative Investment (MAI) has 648 listed companies as of the end of 2011, with a combined market capitalization of 8.485 trillion baht ($ 267.64 billion). Due to the large amount of foreign representation, Thailand has for several years been a mainstay of the Southeast Asian economy and a centre of Asian business. The 2640: 15432: 15402: 17550: 12103: 12078: 3535: 12061: 12597: 10024: 3291:

financial intermediation (11.1 per cent). Bangkok alone accounts for 48.4 per cent of Thailand's service sector, which in turn constitutes 49 per cent of GDP. When the Bangkok Metropolitan Region is considered, manufacturing is the most significant contributor at 28.2 per cent of the gross regional product, reflecting the density of industry in the Bangkok's neighbouring provinces.

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and 7.8 sq ft) per person. More recent numbers claim that there is 3.3 square metres (36 sq ft) of green space per person, compared to an average of 39 square metres (420 sq ft) in other cities across Asia. In Europe, London has 33.4 m of green space per head. Bangkokians thus have 10 times less green space than is standard in the region's urban areas.

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unemployment and poverty. By the late 1980s, Bangkok's crime rates were about four times that of the rest of the country. The police have long been preoccupied with street crimes ranging from housebreaking to assault and murder. The 1990s saw the emergence of vehicle theft and organized crime, particularly by foreign gangs. Drug trafficking, especially that of

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Land use in the city consists of 23 per cent residential use, 24 per cent agriculture, and 30 per cent used for commerce, industry, and government. The BMA's City Planning Department (CPD) is responsible for planning and shaping further development. It published master plan updates in 1999 and 2006, and a third revision is undergoing public hearings in 2012.

4643:. This volume exceeded its designed capacity of 45 million passengers. Don Mueang reopened for domestic flights in 2007, and resumed international service focusing on low-cost carriers in October 2012. Suvarnabhumi is undergoing expansion to increase its capacity to 60 million passengers by 2019 and 90 million by 2021. 6259:

yuthia, (pronounced See-ah you-tè-ah, and by the natives, Krung, that is, the capital;) it is called by both names here, but never Bang-kok; and they always correct foreigners when the latter make this mistake. The villages which occupy the right hand of the river, opposite to the capital, pass under the general name of Bang-kok.

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Although the crime threat in Bangkok is relatively low, non-confrontational crimes of opportunity such as pick-pocketing, purse-snatching, and credit card fraud occur with frequency. Bangkok's growth since the 1960s has been followed by increasing crime rates partly driven by urbanisation, migration,

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emerged in 1971 as Thailand's first open university; it now has the highest enrolment in the country. The demand for higher education has led to the founding of many other universities and colleges, both public and private. While many universities have been established in major provinces, the Greater

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Although the BMA has created thirty signed bicycle routes along several roads totalling 230 kilometres (140 mi), cycling is still largely impractical, especially in the city centre. Most of these bicycle lanes share the pavement with pedestrians. Poor surface maintenance, encroachment by hawkers

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Bangkok's first Thai International Gay Pride Festival took place on October 31, 1999. Pride Parades have also been held in Bangkok, with the first official parade held in 2022 under the name "Bangkok Naruemit Pride Parade". Pride Parades were announced to be a part of Bangkok's "12 monthly festivals"

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magazine's survey of its readers for four consecutive years, from 2010 to 2013. As the main gateway through which visitors arrive in Thailand, Bangkok is visited by the majority of international tourists to the country. Domestic tourism is also prominent. The Department of Tourism recorded 26,861,095

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total park area of only 1.82 square metres (19.6 sq ft) in the city proper. Total green space for the entire city is moderate, at 11.8 square metres (127 sq ft) per person. In the more densely built-up areas of the city these numbers are as low as 1.73 and 0.72 square metres (18.6

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The BMA is largely responsible for overseeing the construction and maintenance of the road network and transport systems through its Public Works Department and Traffic and Transportation Department. However, many separate government agencies are also in charge of the individual systems, and much of

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inner ring road. Ratchadaphisek is lined with businesses and retail outlets, and office buildings also cluster around Ratchayothin Intersection in Chatuchak District to the north. Farther from the city centre, most areas are primarily mid- or low-density residential. The Thonburi side of the city is

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around mid-May. September is the wettest month, with an average rainfall of 335.9 millimetres (13.22 in). The rainy season lasts until October, when the dry and cool northeast monsoon takes over until February. The hot season is generally dry, but also sees occasional summer storms. The surface

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The spot on which the present capital stands, and the country in its vicinity, on both banks of the river for a considerable distance, were formerly, before the removal of the court to its present situation called Bang-kok; but since that time, and for nearly sixty years past, it has been named Sia

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According to police statistics, the most common complaint received by the Metropolitan Police Bureau in 2010 was housebreaking, with 12,347 cases. This was followed by 5,504 cases of motorcycle thefts, 3,694 cases of assault and 2,836 cases of embezzlement. Serious offences included 183 murders, 81

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Over the past few decades the general trend of pursuing a university degree has prompted the founding of new universities to meet the needs of Thai students. Bangkok became not only a place where immigrants and provincial Thais go for job opportunities, but also for a chance to receive a university

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selling goods ranging from food items to clothing and accessories. It has been estimated that the city may have over 100,000 hawkers. While the BMA has authorised the practice in 287 sites, the majority of activity in another 407 sites takes place illegally. Although they take up pavement space and

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The BMA is divided into sixteen departments, each overseeing different aspects of the administration's responsibilities. Most of these responsibilities concern the city's infrastructure, and include city planning, building control, transportation, drainage, waste management and city beautification,

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Political demonstrations and protests are common in Bangkok. The historic uprisings of 1973, 1976 and 1992 are infamously known for the deaths from military suppression. Most events since then have been peaceful, but the series of major protests since 2006 have often turned violent. Demonstrations

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Bangkok is home to the headquarters of all of Thailand's major commercial banks and financial institutions, as well as the country's largest companies. Many multinational corporations base their regional headquarters in Bangkok due to the lower cost of labour and operations relative to other major

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park complex in northern Bangkok, which has a combined area of 92 hectares (230 acres). More parks are expected to be created through the Green Bangkok 2030 project, which aims to leave the city with 10 square metres (110 sq ft) of green space per person, including 30% of the city having

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corrected earlier models of coastal elevations and concluded that up to 12 million Thais—mostly in the greater Bangkok metropolitan area—face the prospect of annual flooding events. This is compounded by coastal erosion, which is an issue in the gulf coastal area, a small length of which lies

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Subsidence has resulted in increased flood risk, as Bangkok is already prone to flooding due to its low elevation and an inadequate drainage infrastructure, often compounded by blockage from rubbish pollution (especially plastic waste). The city now relies on flood barriers and augmenting drainage

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destination boosted its tourism industry as well as firmly establishing it as a sex tourism destination. Disproportionate urban development led to increasing income inequalities and migration from rural areas into Bangkok; its population surged from 1.8 million to 3 million in the 1960s.

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Traffic accidents are a major hazard in Bangkok. There were 37,985 accidents in the city in 2010, resulting in 16,602 injuries and 456 deaths as well as 426.42 million baht in damages. However, the rate of fatal accidents is much lower than in the rest of Thailand. While accidents in Bangkok

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in 1991. It is primarily a cargo port, though its inland location limits access to ships of 12,000 deadweight tonnes or less. The port handled 11,936,855 tonnes (13,158,130 tons) of cargo in the first eight months of the 2010 fiscal year, about 22 per cent the total of the country's international

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Bangkok's rapid growth in the 1980s resulted in sharp increases in vehicle ownership and traffic demand, which have since continued—in 2006 there were 3,943,211 in-use vehicles in Bangkok, of which 37.6 per cent were private cars and 32.9 per cent were motorcycles. These increases, in the face of

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in Phra Nakhon District. It is the site of the Grand Palace and the City Pillar Shrine, primary symbols of the city's founding, as well as important Buddhist temples. Phra Nakhon, along with the neighbouring Pom Prap Sattru Phai and Samphanthawong Districts, formed what was the city proper in the

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are effectively now suburbs of Bangkok. Nevertheless, large agricultural areas remain within the city proper at its eastern and western fringes, and a small number of forest area is found within the city limits: 3,887 rai (6.2 km; 2.4 sq mi), amounting to 0.4 per cent of city area.

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policies date back to the commission of the "Litchfield Plan" in 1960, which set out strategies for land use, transportation and general infrastructure improvements, zoning regulations were not fully implemented until 1992. As a result, the city grew organically throughout the period of its rapid

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Wholesale and retail trade is the largest sector in the city's economy, contributing 24 per cent of Bangkok's gross provincial product. It is followed by manufacturing (14.3 per cent); real estate, renting and business activities (12.4 per cent); transport and communications (11.6 per cent); and

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Despite their popularity, taxis have gained a bad reputation for often refusing passengers when the requested route is not to the driver's convenience. Motorcycle taxis were previously unregulated, and subject to extortion by organized crime gangs. Since 2003, registration has been required for

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The culture of Bangkok reflects its position as Thailand's centre of wealth and modernisation. The city has long been the portal of entry of Western concepts and material goods, which have been adopted and blended with Thai values to various degrees by its residents. This is most evident in the

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The city of Bangkok has a population of 8,305,218 according to the 2010 census, or 12.6 per cent of the national population, while 2020 estimates place the figure at 10.539 million (15.3 per cent). Roughly half are internal migrants from other Thai provinces; population registry statistics

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near the Silom–Sathon business district with an area of 57.6 hectares (142 acres). It is connected by a 1.3 km elevated pedestrian and bicycle walkway to the Benjakitti Park, which includes a recently completed expansion including wetlands, skywalks and rare plants. Other parks include the

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Income inequality is a major issue in Bangkok, especially between relatively unskilled lower-income immigrants from rural provinces and neighbouring countries, and middle-class professionals and business elites. Although absolute poverty rates are low—only 0.64 per cent of Bangkok's registered

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caused by extensive groundwater pumping. First discovered in the 1970s, subsidence soon became a critical issue, reaching a rate of 120 millimetres (4.7 in) per year in 1981. Ground water management and mitigation measures have since lessened the severity of the situation, and the rate of

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is Thailand's largest mass-media conglomerate is also headquartered in Bangkok as well. With the exception of local news segments broadcast by the NBT, all programming is done in Bangkok and repeated throughout the provinces. However, this centralised model is weakening with the rise of cable

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system. The city experiences three seasons: hot, rainy, and cool, although temperatures are fairly hot year-round, ranging from an average low of 23.2 °C (73.8 °F) in December to an average high of 35.7 °C (96.3 °F) in April. The annual average temperature is 28.9 °C

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in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok. The city is now a regional force in finance, business and pop culture. It is an international hub for transport and health care, and has emerged as a centre for the arts, fashion, and

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levels dropped from 81 micrograms per cubic metre in 1997 to 43 in 2007. However, increasing vehicle numbers and a lack of continued pollution-control efforts threatens a reversal of the past success. In January–February 2018, weather conditions caused bouts of haze to cover the city, with

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of the East". Many of these canals have since been filled in or paved over, but others still criss-cross the city, serving as major drainage channels and transport routes. Most canals are now badly polluted, although the BMA has committed to the treatment and cleaning up of several canals.

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With its location at the heart of mainland Southeast Asia and as one of Asia's hubs of transportation, Bangkok is home to many international and regional organizations. Among others, Bangkok is the seat of the Secretariat of the UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

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has been measured at 2.5 °C (4.5 °F) during the day and 8.0 °C (14 °F) at night. The highest recorded temperature of Bangkok metropolis was 41.0 °C (105.8 °F) on 7 May 2023, and the lowest recorded temperature was 9.9 °C (49.8 °F) in January 1955.

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Bangkok covers an area of 1,568.7 square kilometres (605.7 sq mi), ranking 69th among the other 76 provinces of Thailand. Of this, about 700 square kilometres (270 sq mi) form the built-up urban area. It is ranked 73rd in the world in terms of land area. The city's

3111:. Most prominent were the Chinese, who played major roles in the city's trade and became the majority of Bangkok's population—estimates include up to three-fourths in 1828 and almost half in the 1950s. Chinese immigration was restricted from the 1930s and effectively ceased after the 4804:

Bangkok has a relatively moderate crime rate when compared to urban counterparts around the world. Traffic accidents are a major hazard while natural disasters are rare. Intermittent episodes of political unrest and occasional terrorist attacks have resulted in losses of life.

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Quarter, where European diplomats and merchants lived in the late 19th to early 20th centuries. Nearby, the Haroon Mosque is the centre of a Muslim community. Newer expatriate communities exist along Sukhumvit Road, including the Japanese community near Soi Phrom Phong and Soi

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1868–1910) saw the introduction of the steam engine, printing press, rail transport and utilities infrastructure in the city, as well as formal education and healthcare. Bangkok became the centre stage for power struggles between the military and political elite as the country

4847:. Up to 300,000 strays are estimated to roam the city's streets, and dog bites are among the most common injuries treated in the emergency departments of the city's hospitals. Rabies is prevalent among the dog population, and treatment for bites pose a heavy public burden. 3087:, although details on the city's ethnic make-up are unavailable, as the national census does not document race. Bangkok's cultural pluralism dates back to the early days of its founding: several ethnic communities were formed by immigrants and forced settlers including the 737:. By then, many public and social issues had emerged, among them the strain on infrastructure reflected in the city's notorious traffic jams. Bangkok's role as the nation's political stage continues to be seen in strings of popular protests, from the student uprisings in 3391:, ahead of London, with just over 20 million overnight visitors in 2017. This was a repeat of its 2017 ranking (for 2016). Euromonitor International ranked Bangkok fourth in its Top City Destinations Ranking for 2016. Bangkok was also named "World's Best City" by 9445: 2332:

serve as administrative subdivisions under the authority of the BMA. Thirty-five of these districts lie to the east of the Chao Phraya, while fifteen are on the western bank, known as the Thonburi side of the city. The fifty districts, arranged by district code, are:

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in 1973, Japanese businesses took over as leaders in investment, and the expansion of export-oriented manufacturing led to growth of the financial market in Bangkok. Rapid growth of the city continued through the 1980s and early 1990s, until it was stalled by the

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Much of Thailand's medical resources are disproportionately concentrated in the capital. In 2000, Bangkok had 39.6 per cent of the country's doctors and a physician-to-population ratio of 1:794, compared to a median of 1:5,667 among all provinces. The city is

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Road-based transport is the primary mode of travel in Bangkok. Due to the city's organic development, its streets do not follow an organized grid structure. Forty-eight major roads link the different areas of the city, branching into smaller streets and lanes

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is the major subscription television provider in Bangkok and Thailand, and it also carries international programming. Bangkok was home to 40 of Thailand's 311 FM radio stations and 38 of its 212 AM stations in 2002. Broadcast media reform stipulated by the

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Thai and 11,361,808 foreign visitors to Bangkok in 2010. Lodgings were made by 15,031,244 guests, who occupied 49.9 per cent of the city's 86,687 hotel rooms. Bangkok also topped the list as the world's most popular tourist destinations in 2017 rankings.

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The majority (93 per cent) of the city's population is Buddhist, according to the 2010 census. Other religions include Islam (4.6 per cent), Christianity (1.9 per cent), Hinduism (0.3 per cent), Sikhism (0.1 per cent) and Confucianism (0.1 per cent).

61: 1501:. The chedi collapsed during construction because the soft soil could not support its weight. Over the next few decades, the abandoned mud-and-brick structure acquired the shape of a natural hill and became overgrown with weeds. The locals called it 1406:

The city's waterway network served as the primary means of transport until the late 19th century, when modern roads began to be built. Up until then, most people lived near or on the water, leading the city to be known during the 19th century as the

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and is rarely openly discussed in Thailand, it commonly takes place among massage parlours, saunas and hourly hotels, serving foreign tourists as well as locals. Bangkok has acquired the nickname "Sin City of Asia" for its level of sex tourism.

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The city has grown from its original centre along the river into a sprawling metropolis surrounded by swaths of suburban residential development extending north and south into neighbouring provinces. The highly populated and growing cities of

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as well as education, medical and rescue services. Many of these services are provided jointly with other agencies. The BMA has the authority to implement local ordinances, although civil law enforcement falls under the jurisdiction of the

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in 1782. Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam, later renamed Thailand, during the late-19th century, as the country faced pressures from the West. The city was at the centre of Thailand's political struggles throughout the

11502:"Memorandum on Friendly Cooperation and Exchange between Foreign Affairs Office, Shanghai Municipal People's Government People's Republic of China and International Affairs Division, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Kingdom of Thailand" 8477: 8506: 4200:

helps bring traffic into and out of the city centre, but Bangkok's rapid growth has put a large strain on infrastructure, and traffic jams have plagued the city since the 1990s. Although rail transport was introduced in 1893 and

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While this ceremonial name is generally believed, based on writings by the Somdet Phra Wannarat (Kaeo), to have originally been given by King Rama I and later modified by King Mongkut, it did not come into use until the latter

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Bangkok is faced with multiple problems—including congestion, and especially subsidence and flooding—which have raised the issue of moving the nation's capital elsewhere. The idea is not new: during World War II Prime Minister

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also have operations in Bangkok. The large majority of Thailand's more than 200 magazines are published in the capital, and include news magazines as well as lifestyle, entertainment, gossip and fashion-related publications.

669:, then with Western merchants returning in the early-to-mid 19th century. As the capital, Bangkok was the centre of Siam's modernization as it faced pressure from Western powers in the late-19th century. The reigns of Kings 11577:"Agreement between Tianjin Municipal Government of the People's Republic of China and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration of the Kingdom of Thailand on the establishment of friendship exchanges and cooperative relationship" 1553:. It found that Bangkok in 1960 had 193 days at or above 32 °C. In 2018, Bangkok can expect 276 days at or above 32 °C. The group forecasts a rise by 2100 to, on average, 297 to 344 days at or above 32 °C. 997: 3295:

based around Greater Bangkok is the largest production hub in Southeast Asia. Tourism is also a significant contributor to Bangkok's economy, generating 427.5 billion baht ($ 13.38 billion) in revenue in 2010.

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Issues often encountered by foreign tourists include scams, overcharging and dual pricing. In a survey of 616 tourists visiting Thailand, 7.79 per cent reported encountering a scam, the most common of which was the

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in Bangkok, which reached serious levels in the 1990s. But efforts to improve air quality by improving fuel quality and enforcing emission standards, among others, had visibly ameliorated the problem by the 2000s.

2781: / Din Daeng Roads respectively run north and east linking to major residential areas. Most of the high-density development areas are within the 113-square-kilometre (44 sq mi) area encircled by the 630:. Because of its strategic location near the mouth of the river, the town gradually increased in importance. Bangkok initially served as a customs outpost with forts on both sides of the river, and was the site of 3699:. All national newspapers, broadcast media and major publishers are based in the capital. Its 21 national newspapers had a combined daily circulation of about two million in 2002. These include the mass-oriented 2819: 9446:"{:th}แกร็บเปิดตัวบริการ 'แกร็บไบค์ (วิน)' ในกรุงเทพฯ เพื่อความสะดวกรวดเร็วในการเดินทางในเมือง{:}{:en}Grab Launches GrabBike (Win) in Bangkok for Faster Rides and Greater Connectivity between Local Districts{:}" 4497:

that opened in January 2024. The Airport Rail Link, opened in August 2010, connects the city centre to Suvarnabhumi Airport to the east. Its eight stations span a distance of 28.6 kilometres (17.8 mi). The

10793:"Agreement on The Establishment of Friendly City Relations Between The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, The Kingdom of Thailand and The Chengdu Municipal People's Government, The People's Republic of China" 7283: 4784:, among others, providing services specifically catering to foreigners. An estimated 200,000 medical tourists visited Thailand in 2011, making Bangkok the most popular global destination for medical tourism. 2786:

less developed, with fewer high rises. With the exception of a few secondary urban centres, Thonburi, in the same manner as the outlying eastern districts, consists mostly of residential and rural areas.

10843: 5357: 11066:"Agreement on Establishment Friendly Relations between The People's Committee of Ho Chi Minh City The Socialist Republic of Vietnam and The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration The Kingdom of Thailand" 10877:"Memorandum of Understanding on the Establishment of Friendly Relations between The City of Dalian The People's Republic of China and The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration The Kingdom of Thailand" 8408: 11132:"Memorandum of understanding between Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, Kingdom of Thailand and the Jakarta Capital City Administration, Republic of Indonesia concerning sister city cooperation" 8481: 12265: 10844:"Agreement on The Establishment of Friendship City Relations Between The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, The Kingdom of Thailand and The Daegu Metropolitan Government, The Republic of Korea" 10028: 813: 534:, as the country abolished absolute monarchy, adopted constitutional rule, and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings. The city, incorporated as a special administrative area under the 6819: 4009:

were originally only available to the privileged, and such status is still associated with certain sports. Golf is popular among the upwardly mobile, and there are several courses in Bangkok.

995: 10941:"Memorandum of understanding between Municipal Council of Penang Island of Malaysia and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration of the Kingdom of Thailand on the establishment of friendly cities" 10811:"Agreement between Chonqing Municipality of the People's Republic of China and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration of the Kingdom of Thailand on the establishment of sister-city relationship" 10602:"Agreement on the Establishment of Sister City Relations between Bangkok Metropolitan Administration of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Beijing Municipality of the People's Republic of China" 8514: 2890:

areas include about 700 square kilometres (270 sq mi) of rice paddies and orchards on the eastern and western edges of the city, although their primary purpose is to serve as flood

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The city of Bangkok is highlighted in this satellite image of the lower Chao Phraya delta. The built-up urban area extends northward and southward into Nonthaburi and Samut Prakan provinces.

1223:). Each district is managed by a district director appointed by the governor. District councils, elected to four-year terms, serve as advisory bodies to their respective district directors. 7733:

Yokohari, Makoto; Takeuchi, Kazuhiko; Watanabe, Takashi; Yokota, Shigehiro (10 April 2000). "Beyond greenbelts and zoning: A new planning concept for the environment of Asian mega-cities".

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Thaiutsa, Bunvong; Puangchit, Ladawan; Kjelgren, Roger; Arunpraparut, Wanchai (1 August 2008). "Urban green space, street tree and heritage large tree assessment in Bangkok, Thailand".

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or friendship agreements, participation and membership in international organizations, and pursuing cooperative activities with the many foreign diplomatic missions based in the city.

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scene has slowly grown from relative obscurity into the public sphere over the past two decades. Private galleries gradually emerged to provide exposure for new artists, including the

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which takes place in May. The Red Cross Fair at the beginning of April is held at Suan Amporn and the Royal Plaza, and features numerous booths offering goods, games and exhibits. The

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Shopping venues, many of which are popular with both tourists and locals, range from the shopping centres and department stores concentrated in Siam and Ratchaprasong to the sprawling

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revived the idea of moving government functions from Bangkok. In 2017, the military government assigned NESDC to study the possibility of moving government offices from Bangkok to

7092: 4696:, founded between 1917 and 1943. The city has since continued its dominance, especially in higher education; the majority of the country's universities, both public and private, 1140:

in the United States, a comparably sized city with similar traffic issues. Another nickname sometimes used to refer to the city is The Big Mango, a tongue-in-cheek comparison to

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subsidence decreased to 10 to 30 millimetres (0.39 to 1.18 in) per year in the early 2000s, though parts of the city are now 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) below sea level.

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area, these systems have become indispensable to many commuters. The BTS reported an average of 600,000 daily trips in 2012, while the MRT had 240,000 passenger trips per day.

1020:

Krungthepmahanakhon Amonrattanakosin Mahintharayutthaya Mahadilokphop Noppharatratchathaniburirom Udomratchaniwetmahasathan Amonphimanawatansathit Sakkathattiyawitsanukamprasit

782:

was split into several provinces, the administrative boundaries of which have since further changed. The city in its current form was created in 1972 with the formation of the

15019: 4869: 4567:

Although much diminished from its past prominence, water-based transport still plays an important role in Bangkok and the immediate upstream and downstream provinces. Several

11099:"Memorandum of understanding between The People's Committee of Hue City The Socialist Republic of Vietnam and The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration The Kingdom of Thailand" 4537: 4192:, the first to be built by Western techniques, was completed in 1864. Since then, the road network has vastly expanded to accommodate the sprawling city. A complex elevated 8142: 4672:

Bangkok has long been the centre of modern education in Thailand. The first schools in the country were established here in the later 19th century, and there are now 1,351

3592:

block pedestrian traffic, many of the city's residents depend on these vendors for their meals, and the BMA's efforts to curb their numbers have largely been unsuccessful.

10536:"Friendship and cooperation agreement between Bangkok Metropolitan Administration of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Greater Ankara Municipality of the Republic of Turkey" 8625: 9293: 11610:"Agreement on the Establishment of Sister City Relations Between The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, The Kingdom of Thailand and The City of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia" 4900:

The city's formal international relations are managed by the International Affairs Division of the BMA. Its missions include partnering with other major cities through

3463:

is among the few such markets in Bangkok. Yaowarat is known for its shops as well as street-side food stalls and restaurants, which are also found throughout the city.

16970: 13732: 9924:

Nishiura, Hiroshi; Barua, Sujan; Lawpoolsri, Saranath; Kittitrakul, Chatporn; Leman, Martinus Martin; Maha, Masri Sembiring; Muangnoicharoen, Sant (3 September 2004).

3599:(Thailand's ruling military junta), began cracking down on street vendors in a bid to reclaim public space. Many famous market neighbourhoods were affected, including 2757:. Instead, the areas of Siam and Ratchaprasong serve as a "central shopping district" containing many of the bigger malls and commercial areas in the city, as well as 1436:

overwhelming drainage systems, and runoff discharge from upstream areas, are major triggering factors. Severe flooding affecting much of the city occurred in 1995 and

935:

When King Rama I established his new capital on the river's eastern bank, the city inherited Ayutthaya's ceremonial name, of which there were many variants, including

11808: 8539: 5686: 5594:

Thai ethnicity is rather a question of cultural identity than of genetic origin. Many people in Bangkok who self-identify as Thai have at least some Chinese ancestry.

3611:. Nearly 15,000 vendors were evicted from 39 public areas in 2016. While some applauded the efforts to focus on pedestrian rights, others have expressed concern that 3452:. Cruises and boat trips on the Chao Phraya and the canals of Thonburi offer views of some of the city's traditional architecture and ways of life on the waterfront. 17605: 16153: 13493: 11469:"Memorandum of understanding between People's Government of Shandong Province People's Republic of China and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Kingdom of Thailand" 10261: 4365: 11316: 6169: 5563:

In contrast to the 169-letter-long transcription provided above in this article, the form recorded in the Guinness World Records is missing the first letter "h" in

2708:

Roads in Bang Rak and Sathon Districts teems with skyscrapers. It is the site of many of the country's major corporate headquarters, but also of some of the city's

15779: 11697:"Memorandum of understanding between People's Government of Wuhan Municipal People's Republic of China and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Kingdom of Thailand" 4921: 4383:

motorcycle taxi ranks, and drivers now wear distinctive numbered vests designating their district of registration and where they are allowed to accept passengers.

538:

in 1972, grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailand's politics, economy, education, media and modern society.

11609: 7423:

Krongkaew, Medhi (1996). "The changing urban system in a fast-growing city and economy: The case of Bangkok and Thailand". In Lo, Fu-chen; Yeung, Yue-man (eds.).

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operate on fifteen regular routes on the Chao Phraya, and passenger ferries at thirty-two river crossings served an average of 136,927 daily passengers in 2010.

2677:

which leads to it from the Grand Palace, reflect the heavy influence of European architecture at the time. Major government offices line the avenue, as does the

10850: 6863: 4639:. Suvarnabhumi, which replaced Don Mueang as Bangkok's main airport after its opening in 2006, served 52,808,013 passengers in 2015, making it the world's 20th 3646:, usually in November, is accompanied by the Golden Mount Fair. New Year celebrations take place at many venues, the most prominent being the plaza in front of 1471:

by 2070, the seventh highest figure among the world's port cities. There are fears that the city may be submerged by 2030. A study published in October 2019 in

10569:"Agreement on establishment of bilateral relations between the Akimat of Astana City of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the City of Bangkok of Kingdom Thailand" 9812: 5603:

An introductory publication by the BMA gives a figure of 80 per cent Thai, 10 per cent Chinese and 10 per cent other, although this is likely a rough estimate.

5539: 10876: 4375:

motorized tricycles cumulatively registered for use as taxis. Meters have been required for car taxis since 1992, while tuk-tuk fares are usually negotiated.

3822:

since its inception. Although film settings normally feature locations throughout the country, the city is home to all major film studios in Thailand such as

3350:

residents were living under the poverty line in 2010, compared to a national average of 7.75 per cent—economic disparity is still substantial. The city has a

1377:

approximately 25 kilometres (16 mi) south of city centre. The area is flat and low-lying, with an average elevation of 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in)

16948: 12463: 12453: 8572: 6037: 4005:

can be seen played in open spaces throughout the city, football and other modern sports are now the norm. Western sports introduced during the reign of King

3790: 506:

and has an estimated population of 9.0 million as of 2021, 13% of the country's population. Over 17.4 million people (25%) lived within the surrounding

2300:, Thai Meteorological Department (Feb–May record highs, 1951–2022; Nov–Feb record lows, 1951–2021), CNN (May record high), Ogimet (other record highs/lows) 8416: 7305: 10792: 6934: 4827:, including armed and unarmed protesters, security forces, civilians and journalists. Terrorist incidents have also occurred in Bangkok, most notably the 3579: 3287:($ 18,100), more than twice the national average. The Bangkok Metropolitan Region had a combined output of 8.096 trillion baht ($ 232 billion). 574:. Bangkok is among the world's top tourist destinations, and has been named the world's most visited city consistently in several international rankings. 12468: 12458: 11436:"Sister City Agreement between the Seoul Metropolitan Government, Republic of Korea and the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, the Kingdom of Thailand" 4707: 4466:. Although proposals for the development of rapid transit in Bangkok had been made since 1975, it was only in 1999 that the BTS finally began operation. 3889: 10084:

Watanavanich, Prathan (1995). "Urban Crime in the Changing Thai Society: The Case of Bangkok Metropolis". In Miyazawa, Koichi; Miyazawa, Setsuo (eds.).

7963:

Journal of an embassy from the governor-general of India to the courts of Siam and Cochin China; exhibiting a view of the actual state of those kingdoms

2773:

in Ratchathewi District is among its most important road junctions, serving over 100 bus lines as well as an elevated train station. From the monument,

17610: 15012: 8439: 4843:

amounted to 50.9 per cent of the entire country, only 6.2 per cent of fatalities occurred in the city. Another serious public health hazard comes from

786:(BMA), following the merger of Phra Nakhon province on the eastern bank of the Chao Phraya and Thonburi province on the west during the previous year. 10352: 9160: 2898:, a 20-square-kilometre (7.7 sq mi) conservation area on an oxbow of the Chao Phraya, lies just across the southern riverbank districts, in 14569: 9319: 8193: 7218: 6746: 4332:

and street vendors, and a hostile environment for cyclists and pedestrians, make cycling and walking unpopular methods of getting around in Bangkok.

2661:. The city was expanded toward Dusit District in the early 19th century, following King Chulalongkorn's relocation of the royal household to the new 11198:"Friendship And Co-Operation Agreement between The City of Lisbon Portugal Republic and The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Kingdom of Thailand" 11000:"Agreement on the establishment of sister city relations between Bangkok, Kingdom of Thailand and City of Guangzhou, the People's Republic of China" 10291:

Bhanganada, Kasian; Wilde, Henry; Sakolsataydorn, Piyasakol; Oonsombat, Pairoj (December 1993). "Dog-bite injuries at a Bangkok teaching hospital".

8179: 6560: 1432:

from canals by pumping and building drain tunnels, but parts of Bangkok and its suburbs are still regularly inundated. Heavy downpours resulting in

16203: 7902: 4712: 4371:

Taxis are ubiquitous in Bangkok, and are a popular form of transport. As of August 2012, there are 106,050 cars, 58,276 motorcycles and 8,996

7319: 161: 12978: 11402: 11317:"Memorandum of understanding between The Municipality of Porto Portugal Republic and The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Kingdom of Thailand" 11165:"Accord de fraternité entre La Ville de Lausanne Capitale du Canton de Vaud Confédération Helvétique et La Ville de Bangkok Royaume de Thaïlande" 9653: 3316: 2322: 1391:) which took place from the 16th to 19th centuries. The course of the river as it flows through Bangkok has been modified by the construction of 11350:"Memorandum of understanding between Municipality of Phnom Penh Kingdom of Cambodia and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Kingdom of Thailand" 10760:"Agreement between Chaozhou City, the People's Republic of China and Bangkok, Kingdom of Thailand on the Establishment of Sister City Relations" 1024:กรุงเทพมหานคร อมรรัตนโกสินทร์ มหินทรายุธยา มหาดิลกภพ นพรัตนราชธานีบูรีรมย์ อุดมราชนิเวศน์มหาสถาน อมรพิมานอวตารสถิต สักกะทัตติยวิษณุกรรมประสิทธิ์ 16963: 13725: 12023: 9496: 8409:"ตารางที่ 1.2 สัดส่วนคนจนด้านรายจ่าย จำแนกตามภาคและพื้นที่ ปี พ.ศ. 2531–2553 (Poverty rates by expenses, sorted by region and area, 1988–2010)" 7448: 6602: 4477:, with 59 stations along 68.25 kilometres (42.41 mi). The MRT opened for use in July 2004, and currently consists of two metro lines, the 4364:, the system currently consists of a single line running from the business district at Sathon to Ratchaphruek on the western side of the city. 4188:

Although Bangkok's canals historically served as a major mode of transport, they have long since been surpassed in importance by land traffic.

3900:, opened in 2008 following a fifteen-year lobbying campaign, is now the largest public exhibition space in the city. There are also many other 3049:

Following its establishment as capital city in 1782, Bangkok grew only slightly throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries. British diplomat

11550:"Memorandum of understanding between Tehran Municipality Islamic Republic of Iran and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Kingdom of Thailand" 11164: 9192: 6339:

Heider, Carsten (a report by), Saarländischer Rundfunk (produced by), Perspektive Medienproduktion GmbH (English version) (26 November 2017).

3252:, and the Arab and North African neighbourhood along Soi Nana. Sukhumvit Plaza, a mall on Soi Sukhumvit 12, is popularly known as Korea Town. 589:, which caused severe air pollution in the 1990s. The city has since turned to public transport in an attempt to solve the problem, operating 15005: 13486: 11499: 11131: 9270: 8704: 7495: 4640: 11660: 4896:

Protesters in front of the United Nations Building during the 2009 Bangkok Climate Change Conference. Bangkok is home to several UN offices.

1489:, about 40 km (25 mi) southeast of the city. Phu Khao Thong, the only hill in the metropolitan area, originated with a very large 17585: 15772: 15377: 12567: 12448: 11911: 11349: 6886: 5477: 3901: 1068:, at 168 letters. Many Thais who recall the full name do so because of its use in the 1989 song "Krung Thep Maha Nakhon" by Thai rock band 281: 11678: 10498: 8651: 6487: 16911: 11834: 11468: 10940: 10732: 3870:, long developed within religious and royal contexts, continues to be sponsored by various government agencies in Bangkok, including the 2616:

extended along newly built roads, and vertically, with increasing numbers of high rises and skyscrapers being built in commercial areas.

1174:

The city of Bangkok is locally governed by the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA). Although its boundaries are at the provincial (

12137: 11098: 11065: 10999: 10810: 9629: 8677: 11501: 11403:"Protocol on Cooperation between the City of Bangkok (the Kingdom of Thailand) and the City of St. Petersburg (the Russian Federation)" 11197: 10759: 10667: 10634: 5585:

The population registry does not account for most internal migration, thus its figures will underestimate the city's actual population.

4920:, the ESCAP-sponsored Regional Network of Local Authorities for Management of Human Settlements in Asia and Pacific (CITYNET), Japan's 11576: 10601: 9925: 9219: 8251: 7981:

Sternstein, Larry (March 1984). "The growth of the population of the world's pre-eminent "primate city": Bangkok at its bicentenary".

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leading southeast through Watthana and Khlong Toei Districts. More office towers line the streets branching off Sukhumvit, especially

16956: 13718: 11283: 11256: 10568: 10535: 8910: 5893: 2797:

over 90 metres (300 feet) tall in the city. Bangkok was ranked as the world's eighth tallest city in 2016. As a result of persistent

720:, but rapidly grew in the post-war period as a result of US aid and government-sponsored investment. Bangkok's role as a US military 11500:

Foreign Affairs Office, Shanghai Municipal; International Affairs Division, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (17 December 2012).

11435: 11032: 10700: 9389: 6818:

Nicholls, R. J.; Hanson, S.; Herweijer, C.; Patmore, N.; Hallegatte, S.; CorfeeMorlot, J.; Chateau, Jean; Muir-Wood, Robert (2008).

6133: 6091: 5927: 1443: 13479: 10131: 8312: 6286: 4949: 2826: 11880: 11769: 11696: 11549: 10635:"Memorandum of Understanding between the City of Bangkok, The Kingdom of Thailand and the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia" 10181: 7111: 6909: 5834: 5773: 1136:, meaning 'deity' or 'god'. The name is more commonly translated as 'City of Angels', which is also used to draw comparisons with 16838: 16721: 15765: 13755: 10909: 8957: 8151: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5517: 5474: 4772:, receiving referrals from distant parts of the country. Lately, especially in the private sector, there has been much growth in 10701:"Busan Metropolitan City – Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Agreement on the Establishment of a Friendship City Relationship" 7188: 4352:(BMTA) operates a monopoly on bus services, with substantial concessions granted to private operators. Buses, minibus vans, and 16223: 14522: 12646: 12382: 8982: 7653: 7255: 4513:

Although initial passenger numbers were low and their service area was limited to the inner city until the 2016 opening of the

4444: 4280: 3803: 273: 16978: 2902:. A master development plan has been proposed to increase total park area to 4 square metres (43 sq ft) per person. 1482:. Tidal flat ecosystems existed on the coast; however, many have been reclaimed for agriculture, aquaculture, and salt works. 17595: 15962: 14562: 12511: 12506: 12501: 11949: 11921: 11893: 11844: 11782: 11758: 11739: 10335: 9024: 8749: 8449: 8325: 8100: 8074: 7924: 7550: 7432: 6379: 6236: 6105: 4379:

operate from regulated ranks, with either fixed or negotiable fares, and are usually employed for relatively short journeys.

4049: 3279:, and the heart of the country's investment and development. In 2022, the city had an economic output of 5.747 trillion 2607:

Bangkok's districts often do not accurately represent the functional divisions of its neighbourhoods or land usage. Although

1228: 6059: 17130: 16891: 16394: 16193: 15318: 14194: 11814: 9679: 8547: 7707: 6711: 6229:

Embassy to the Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat: in the U.S. sloop-of-war Peacock during the years 1832–3–4

5978: 5698: 4925: 4761: 3905: 3596: 655: 526: 115: 10269: 4540:, which consists of eight main lines and four feeder lines totaling 508 kilometres (316 mi) to be completed by 2029. 16512: 12971: 12377: 12237: 12227: 11323: 10471: 10059: 9746: 8824: 4917: 4436: 3839: 1546: 1181: 1157: 988: 783: 758: 535: 258: 10216: 9965: 9546: 4287:

routes bring traffic into and out of the city centre and link with nearby provinces. The first expressway in Bangkok is

3583:

Street food vendor "Puy the Roti Lady" - "Benjawan Kaewsaen" and her sister Palm in the Silom - Saladang area of Bangkok

16986: 15193: 13502: 12016: 11616: 10972: 10437: 9093: 8478:"Big Cities, Big Business: Bangkok, London and Paris Lead the Way in Mastercard's 2018 Global Destination Cities Index" 7407: 5526: 5523: 5507: 4661: 3871: 3219:

Apart from Yaowarat, Bangkok also has several other distinct ethnic neighbourhoods. The Indian community is centred in

1440:. In 2011, most of Bangkok's northern, eastern and western districts were flooded, in some places for over two months. 717: 622:

The history of Bangkok dates at least back to the early 15th century, to when it was a village on the west bank of the

52: 11033:"Agreement on cooperative and friendship relations between Hanoi Capital City and Bangkok Metropolitan Administration" 9723: 4575:

serves thirty-four stops along the river, carrying an average of 35,586 passengers per day in 2010, while the smaller

4144: 16208: 13289: 12159: 9995: 9344: 9130: 8772:

Howard, Robert W. (June 2009). "Risky business? Asking tourists what hazards they actually encountered in Thailand".

6855: 6195: 4700:

or the Metropolitan Region. Chulalongkorn and Mahidol are the only Thai universities to appear in the top 500 of the

4584: 4163: 2297: 1511:), as if it were a natural feature. In the 1940s, enclosing concrete walls were added to stop the hill from eroding. 963:, visiting the city as envoy of the United States in 1833, noted that the city, since becoming capital, was known as 11229: 10668:"Letter of Intent of Cooperation between Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) and Local Government of Budapest" 9842: 9820: 5621:

A 1993 study found dog bites to constitute 5.3 per cent of injuries seen at Siriraj Hospital's emergency department.

4116: 16497: 16309: 15370: 14555: 12361: 11749:

Hamilton, Annette (2000). "Wonderful, Terrible: Everyday Life in Bangkok". In Bridge, Gary; Vatson, Sophie (eds.).

10883: 4913: 4632: 4308: 4239: 2657:

late 19th century. Many traditional neighbourhoods and markets are found here, including the Chinese settlement of

1297: 1293: 582: 10407: 8576: 8150:. Research reports. Bangkok: Institute of Population Studies, Chulalongkorn University. p. 32. Archived from 7768: 6020: 1524: 16253: 16213: 15059: 13639: 12546: 11534: 4697: 4021: 3951: 3292: 1402:

Bangkok's major canals are shown in this map, detailing the original course of the river and its shortcut canals.

9968:. Medical Registration Division, Department of Health Service Support, Ministry of Public Health. Archived from 9112: 7874: 4912:

Bangkok is a member of several international organizations and regional city government networks, including the

3235:

who settled during the Thonburi period have ceased to exist as a distinct community, their past is reflected in

17615: 16848: 16228: 16168: 16128: 14912: 13950: 12964: 12423: 10100: 9615: 9420: 5657: 4349: 4320: 4288: 4123: 4101: 3920: 3897: 3859: 3843: 3827: 3325: 852:

meaning 'island', stemming from the city's watery landscape. Another theory suggests that it is shortened from

750: 15303: 10467: 8876: 8382: 7678: 6314: 16901: 16736: 16033: 16008: 15957: 15952: 15851: 15328: 15313: 12800: 12528: 12009: 11063: 10156: 8455: 5510: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5483: 5468: 4576: 4401:

in 2022. The Estonian company Bolt launched airport transfer and ride hailing services in 2020. Ride sharing

3812: 3743: 3240: 2373: 11985: 11939: 10790: 9786: 5816: 2684: 2681:. The area is the site of the country's seat of power as well as the city's most popular tourist landmarks. 16218: 16148: 15275: 13405: 13201: 12905: 12658: 12562: 12247: 11466: 11375: 9167: 6064:[Royal Institute Dictionary, B.E. 1999 (online edition)] (in Thai). Royal Institute. Archived from 4824: 4797: 4746: 4702: 4348:

Bangkok has an extensive bus network providing local transit services within the Greater Bangkok area. The

4217:

which still operate on the Chao Phraya and two canals. Taxis appear in the form of cars, motorcycles, and "

3881: 3112: 2633: 2508: 2329: 972:

The city's ceremonial name came into use during the reign of King Mongkut. The full name reads as follows:

9761: 9471: 8415:(in Thai). Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board. 26 September 2011. Archived from 8201: 8170: 7229: 4602:, was Thailand's main international port from its opening in 1947 until it was superseded by the deep-sea 3884:

hosts permanent collection of traditional and modern art, with temporary contemporary exhibits. Bangkok's

1333:

reaches into parts of the six other provinces that it borders, namely, in clockwise order from northwest:

16800: 16414: 16349: 16248: 15947: 15363: 15136: 12402: 12290: 12167: 11694: 9015:

Chongkittavorn, Kavi (2002). "The Media and Access to Information in Thailand". In Islam, Roumeen (ed.).

7523: 7402:

Department of Provincial Administration, Ministry of Interior, Royal Thai Government. As of December 2009

6575: 5452: 5450:, which means 'capital'. According to the romanisation of these languages, it can actually be written as 5201: 4536:

As of 2024, construction work is ongoing to extend the city-wide transit system's reach according to the

4463: 4130: 4025: 3928: 3916: 3835: 3460: 3449: 3401: 3236: 2666: 1358: 1285: 1281: 768:

Administration of the city was first formalized by King Chulalongkorn in 1906, with the establishment of

734: 507: 8850: 5689:[Bangkok: Thailand's forever primate city]. In Thongthai, Varachai; Punpuing, Sureeporn (eds.). 4294: 3911:

The city's performing arts scene features traditional theatre and dance as well as Western-style plays.

1185: 16853: 16444: 16067: 16003: 15967: 15333: 15121: 15073: 14538: 13128: 12639: 12572: 12541: 12516: 12326: 7333: 6405: 4769: 4753:

is implemented through public hospitals and health centres as well as participating private providers.

4673: 4620: 4276: 4231: 4214: 4176: 4057: 3339: 3312: 2770: 2746: 1392: 687: 11409: 11129: 9657: 7825: 3576:

serves as a display of economic and social status, and shopping centres are popular weekend hangouts.

3123:. Bangkok is still nevertheless home to a large Chinese community, with the greatest concentration in 2801:, many slums have emerged in the city. In 2000 there were over one million people living in about 800 1270:

As built by deities, the administrative centre, dazzling palaces and temples, the capital of Thailand

17600: 17590: 16896: 16527: 16319: 16028: 15896: 15338: 15255: 15111: 15054: 14031: 13163: 12997: 12387: 12242: 11995: 11096: 10938: 6395: 6220: 5216: 4892: 4440: 4418: 4014: 2754: 1312:

residence of the king. Most government ministries also have headquarters and offices in the capital.

1289: 960: 662:

was erected on 21 April 1782, which is regarded as the date of foundation of Bangkok as the capital.

590: 11806: 9196: 8507:"Bangkok Claims Title as World's Most Visited City: 2016 Mastercard Global Destination Cities Index" 8027:"Political Vulnerabilities of a Primate City: The May 2010 Red Shirts Uprising in Bangkok, Thailand" 6965:"New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding" 6592: 4112: 2855: 1102: 17123: 16522: 16284: 16243: 15146: 14534: 13304: 13133: 12885: 12600: 11171: 9261: 7462: 5520: 5514: 5486: 5480: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5456: 4677: 4572: 4553: 4097: 3924: 3661: 3651: 3479: 3456: 2595: 2438: 1520: 1479: 738: 713: 440: 11138: 7967: 6820:"Ranking Port Cities with High Exposure and Vulnerability to Climate Extremes: Exposure Estimates" 6685: 6649:

Phien-wej, N.; Giao, P.H.; Nutalaya, P (2 February 2006). "Land subsidence in Bangkok, Thailand".

4368:

is the BMTA's long-distance counterpart, with services to all provinces operating out of Bangkok.

16795: 16462: 16173: 16143: 16138: 15856: 15260: 14979: 14966: 14955: 14940: 14929: 14918: 14907: 14896: 14885: 14874: 14200: 13239: 12935: 12840: 12815: 10033: 6340: 4721: 4428: 4090: 4053: 3573: 3445: 2573: 2558: 2398: 877: 742: 585:, an inadequate road network and substantial private car usage have led to chronic and crippling 14997: 11433: 11353: 10190:(in Thai). Office of Information and Communication Technology, Royal Thai Police. Archived from 6894: 4656: 4548: 3717:, the first of which currently prints a million copies per day, as well as the less sensational 3307:

is home to multiple shopping centres catering to both the middle and upper classes and tourists.

1447:

Bangkok population density and low elevation coastal zones. Bangkok is especially vulnerable to

16886: 16790: 16771: 16424: 16233: 16188: 16075: 16053: 15293: 15245: 15029: 13254: 13123: 13113: 13078: 12920: 12745: 12690: 12070: 11574: 10665: 10509: 9926:"Health inequalities in Thailand: geographic distribution of medical supplies in the provinces" 8144:

The Demography of Bangkok: A case study of differentials between big city and rural populations

7380: 5867: 4750: 4193: 4181: 4029: 3987: 3967: 3770: 3128: 3076: 2923: 2670: 2645: 2563: 2488: 2443: 1357:. With the exception of Chachoengsao, these provinces, together with Bangkok, form the greater 1354: 1277: 1060: 514:, dwarfing Thailand's other urban centres in both size and importance to the national economy. 11850: 11475: 10947: 10736: 10533: 10470:[Relationship with Sister Cities]. International Affairs Division (in Thai). Bangkok: 10378: 7903:"รายงานสถิติจำนวนประชากรและบ้าน ประจำปี พ.ศ. 2561 (Population and household statistics, 2018)" 7080:

Old photo (around 1900) of dilapidated prang from the collection of Cornell University Library

4242:). Its centuries-old maritime transport of goods is still conducted through Khlong Toei Port. 3815:

has been progressing slowly, although many community radio stations have emerged in the city.

1072:, the lyrics of which consist entirely of the city's full name, repeated throughout the song. 612: 16906: 16756: 16562: 16048: 16043: 15886: 15821: 14312: 13664: 13347: 13299: 13294: 13269: 13259: 13249: 13191: 13148: 13038: 12987: 12790: 12632: 12152: 12124: 12112: 12092: 12048: 11642: 11347: 11105: 11072: 11006: 10817: 8739: 7844: 6369: 5723:

Sinsakul, Sin (August 2000). "Late Quaternary geology of the Lower Central Plain, Thailand".

4881: 4873: 4857: 4844: 4836: 4490: 4284: 3975: 3737: 3713: 3519: 3471:, with its budget accommodation, shops and bars attracting visitors from all over the world. 3412:

Among Bangkok's well-known sights are the Grand Palace and major Buddhist temples, including

2899: 2806: 2378: 1473: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1075:

Today, the city is officially known in Thai by a shortened form of the full ceremonial name,

647: 14856: 11508: 11314: 11204: 11130:

Bangkok Metropolitan Administration; Jakarta Capital City Administration (21 January 2002).

11064:

People's Committee of Ho Chi Minh City; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (3 April 2015).

10766: 10674: 10641: 9571:

Rujopakarn, Wiroj (October 2003). "Bangkok transport system development: what went wrong?".

7358: 5697:]. Nakhon Pathom, Thailand: Institute for Population and Social Research. Archived from 5612:

By one recent estimate, at least 60 per cent of the city's residents are of Chinese descent.

4246:

transport-related policy planning and funding is contributed to by the national government.

3672:(September–October) are celebrated widely by the Chinese community, especially in Yaowarat. 3642:

on 13–15 April, traditional rituals as well as water fights take place throughout the city.

3615:

would lead to the loss of the city's character and adverse changes to people's way of life.

1419:, known as "Bangkok clay", averaging 15 metres (49 ft) in thickness, which overlies an 546:

entertainment. The city is known for its street life and cultural landmarks, as well as its

16881: 16766: 16557: 16482: 16339: 15881: 15671: 15156: 14223: 13450: 13425: 13362: 13352: 13329: 13324: 13284: 13196: 12930: 12895: 12890: 12825: 12810: 12795: 12760: 12750: 12740: 12735: 12356: 12341: 12201: 11583: 10608: 9948: 9234: 7802: 7742: 7626: 7254:

Popovich, Nadja; Migliozzi, Blacki; Taylor, Rumsey; Williams, Josh; Watkins, Derek (n.d.).

7156: 7054: 6784: 6719: 6658: 5732: 4936:), as well as the Asia-Pacific regional offices of the Food and Agricultural Organization ( 4877: 4828: 4765: 4693: 4685: 4681: 4636: 4588: 4235: 4227: 4069: 3959: 3831: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3627: 3600: 3564: 3092: 2810: 2802: 2674: 2553: 2548: 2518: 2498: 2433: 2428: 2418: 2413: 2388: 2338: 1437: 1385:, which was gradually drained and irrigated for agriculture by the construction of canals ( 1378: 1196: 932:, who continued to use it to refer to the city even after the new capital's establishment. 920: 15116: 12860: 11290: 11260: 10841: 10791:

Bangkok Metropolitan Administration; Chengdu Municipal People's Government (10 May 2017).

10698: 10575: 10542: 5901: 5489: 1119: 829:

is a Thai word meaning 'a village on a stream', and the name might have been derived from

581:

has resulted in a haphazard cityscape and inadequate infrastructure. Despite an extensive

103: 8: 17116: 17087: 16810: 16805: 16635: 16238: 16133: 16023: 16013: 15861: 15836: 15169: 15098: 15078: 14530: 14306: 14059: 13751: 13614: 13410: 13274: 13264: 13206: 13168: 13093: 13023: 13018: 12945: 12925: 12915: 12910: 12900: 12835: 12785: 12780: 12725: 12305: 12043: 11442: 11039: 10707: 9397: 8598: 7219:"Extreme minimum temperature during winter season in Thailand 71 year period (1951–2021)" 6530: 6453: 6346: 6143: 6111: 5937: 5221: 5055: 4777: 4665: 4529: 4494: 4387: 3991: 3971: 3943: 3669: 3639: 3276: 2782: 2761:, formerly the only transfer point between the city's then-two elevated train lines (the 2653: 2578: 2513: 2503: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2423: 2403: 2368: 1334: 1189: 651: 542: 286: 203: 11400: 10939:

Municipal Council of Penang Island; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (5 April 2012).

10808: 10566: 8331: 7961: 7746: 7630: 7160: 7058: 7013: 6788: 6662: 6292: 5736: 4796:

Political violence has at times spilled onto the streets of Bangkok, as seen during the

17082: 16833: 16761: 16741: 16665: 16600: 16487: 16314: 16289: 16163: 16095: 15901: 15866: 15831: 15816: 15788: 15386: 15088: 15049: 14865: 14410: 13554: 13420: 13319: 13314: 13229: 13138: 13103: 13083: 13058: 12940: 12880: 12775: 12765: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12685: 12680: 12331: 12295: 12188: 12179: 11788: 11700: 11676: 11658: 11553: 10191: 8681: 8047: 8006: 7118: 7109: 7039: 6989: 6964: 6800: 6772: 6532: 5965: 5842: 5784: 5206: 5049: 4865: 4689: 4507: 4423: 4197: 4189: 3927:

is a newer multi-purpose venue which also hosts musicals, orchestras and other events.

3862:, the city's major public contemporary art venue, was opened in 2008 after many delays. 3819: 3725: 3676: 3660:

is the site of the Thai Kite, Sport and Music Festival, usually held in March, and the

3468: 3437: 3363: 3343: 3108: 2919: 2798: 2709: 2678: 2613: 2533: 2523: 2483: 2468: 2463: 2408: 2363: 2358: 2348: 1423:

system consisting of eight known units. This feature has contributed to the effects of

1065: 929: 762: 754: 602: 586: 547: 87: 67: 11575:

Tianjin Municipal Government; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (27 February 2012).

11547: 11233: 10917: 10666:

Bangkok Metropolitan Administration; Local Government of Budapest (20 February 1997).

7754: 7597: 7145:"Assessment with satellite data of the urban heat island effects in Asian mega cities" 6428: 5744: 607: 521:

in the 15th century, which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities,

17036: 16731: 16640: 16517: 16477: 16329: 16090: 15983: 15701: 15183: 14923: 14464: 13944: 13604: 13445: 13395: 13387: 13357: 13309: 13234: 13173: 13118: 13010: 12875: 12850: 12845: 12770: 12705: 12700: 11945: 11917: 11889: 11840: 11778: 11754: 11735: 11728: 11195: 11097:

People's Committee of Huế City; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (5 August 2016).

11030: 10916:. International Affairs Division, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. Archived from 10874: 10508:. International Affairs Division, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. Archived from 10414:. International Affairs Division, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. Archived from 10331: 10308: 10304: 9940: 9020: 8745: 8445: 8321: 8096: 8070: 8051: 8026: 7998: 7546: 7428: 7324:[Extreme maximum temperature during summer season in Thailand (1951 - 2022)] 7299: 7189:"Vietnam and Laos record hottest temperatures ever as heat wave grips Southeast Asia" 6994: 6804: 6375: 6242: 6232: 6187: 6101: 6029: 5748: 4710:, also located in Bangkok, is the only Thai university in the top 400 of the 2012–13 4603: 4503: 4357: 4299: 4262: 4137: 3755: 3696: 3441: 3393: 3232: 3100: 2911: 2774: 2621: 2600: 2583: 2528: 2478: 2393: 2383: 2353: 2250: 2203: 2081: 1538: 1486: 721: 627: 623: 518: 499: 353: 83: 71: 11807:

Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) (August 2012).

11640: 10997: 9041: 8990: 8010: 7286:. World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 27 September 2023 4234:, as well as by domestic flights to and from the city's two international airports ( 3387:

ranked Bangkok as the top destination city by international visitor arrivals in its

3368: 3061:, the second-largest urban centre at the time, making it the world's most prominent 1272:กรุงเทพฯ ดุจเทพสร้าง เมืองศูนย์กลางการปกครอง วัดวังงามเรืองรอง เมืองหลวงของประเทศไทย 17580: 17396: 17097: 16876: 16547: 16507: 16439: 16399: 16123: 16118: 15906: 15891: 15846: 14839: 14826: 14809: 14798: 14783: 14772: 14761: 14750: 14739: 14728: 14717: 14706: 14695: 14684: 14673: 14662: 14651: 14640: 14629: 14618: 14607: 14596: 14098: 14092: 13689: 13415: 13372: 13339: 13279: 13244: 13221: 13183: 13153: 13098: 13088: 13033: 13028: 12820: 12695: 12590: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12196: 12145: 11434:

Seoul Metropolitan Government; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (16 June 2006).

11162: 10632: 10300: 9590: 8781: 8039: 7990: 7750: 7634: 7541:

McGrath, Brian (2005). "Bangkok's CSD". In Benites, Cecilia; Lyster, Clare (eds.).

7164: 7062: 6984: 6976: 6830: 6792: 6666: 5740: 5397: 5286: 5280: 5248: 5181: 5127: 5073: 5001: 4977: 4781: 4757: 4737: 4599: 4406: 4258: 4210: 4202: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 3983: 3947: 3885: 3802:

television, which has many local providers. There are numerous cable and satellite

3665: 3608: 3433: 3351: 2778: 2729: 2693: 2568: 2543: 1468: 1456: 1374: 1370: 1069: 746: 693: 643: 635: 631: 522: 503: 422: 208: 13471: 12218: 11348:

Municipality of Phnom Penh; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (4 January 2013).

10534:

Bangkok Metropolitan Administration; Greater Ankara Municipality (21 March 2012).

10217:"ข้อมูลสถิติอาชญากรรมภาคประชาชนในกรุงเทพมหานคร (Crime victim statistics, Bangkok)" 10088:. Deventer, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers. pp. 193–210. 8785: 7935: 4792: 4524: 3854: 1373:. The river meanders through the city in a southerly direction, emptying into the 593:

and building other public transit; however, congestion remains a prevalent issue.

16746: 16711: 16706: 16675: 16552: 16467: 16429: 16359: 16344: 16299: 16274: 16183: 16100: 15841: 15757: 14394: 13684: 13435: 13430: 13367: 13143: 13048: 12830: 12805: 12755: 11989: 11281: 11254: 8441:

State of the World's Cities 2010/2011 – Cities for All: Bridging the Urban Divide

8090: 7411: 7038:

Murray, N.J.; Clemens, R.S.; Phinn, S.R.; Possingham, H.P.; Fuller, R.A. (2014).

6670: 6224: 6065: 5242: 4773: 4580: 4514: 4482: 4402: 4376: 3995: 3761: 3749: 3383:

Bangkok is one of the world's top tourist destinations. Of 162 cities worldwide,

3267:, the city's tallest building from 2016 to 2018, stands among the skyscrapers of 3260: 2891: 2538: 2493: 2473: 1262: 1132: 566:

stand in contrast with other tourist attractions such as the nightlife scenes of

555: 108: 11859: 11839:. Bangkok: International Affairs Division, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. 11315:

The Municipality of Porto; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (5 August 2016).

10809:

Chonqing Municipality; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (26 September 2011).

10757: 9690: 9387: 8936: 5982: 5345:, where the phrase "Maha Nakhon" literally translates to "large (or great) city" 634:

in which the French were expelled from Siam. After the fall of Ayutthaya to the

17474: 16937: 16716: 16605: 16434: 16374: 16038: 15921: 15235: 14526: 14317: 13955: 13699: 13455: 13440: 13400: 13158: 13053: 12730: 12206: 12118: 11661:"Resolution: Sister City Affiliation of Washington, D.C. and Bangkok, Thailand" 11467:

People's Government of Shandong Province; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration.

10842:

Bangkok Metropolitan Administration; Daegu Metropolitan City (17 August 2017).

9019:. WBI Development Studies. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. pp. 255–266. 8285: 8125:

Caldwell, John C. (1967). "The Demographic Structure". In Silcock, T.H. (ed.).

7638: 7575: 7359:"Bangkok, Thailand – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast" 7143:

Tran, Hung; Uchihama, Daisuke; Ochi, Shiro; Yasuoka, Yoshifumi (January 2006).

6980: 6087: 4592: 4470: 4394: 3638:

The residents of Bangkok celebrate many of Thailand's annual festivals. During

3612: 3560: 3555: 3079:. Chinese immigrants historically formed the majority of the city's population. 2915: 2875: 2762: 2725: 2721: 2689: 2629: 2608: 2343: 1550: 1460: 1448: 1247: 1113: 578: 12624: 12611: 11813:. Office of the National Economic and Social Development Board. Archived from 11659:

District of Columbia; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (19 February 1962).

11607: 10699:

Busan Metropolitan City; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (14 March 2011).

8808:

Bhowmik, Sharit K (28 May – 4 June 2005). "Street Vendors in Asia: A Review".

7994: 7169: 7144: 5774:"Table 1 Population by sex, household by type of household, changwat and area" 4360:

system owned by the BMA has been in operation since 2010. Known simply as the

3741:

are the two national English language dailies. Foreign publications including

3534: 1320: 1046:, seat of the king, city of royal palaces, home of gods incarnate, erected by 17574: 17554: 17500: 16815: 16726: 16670: 16620: 16567: 16389: 15993: 15876: 15601: 15131: 15093: 14547: 14487: 14388: 13644: 13599: 13460: 13377: 13108: 12407: 12397: 12310: 12275: 12001: 11867:. Traffic and Transportation Department, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. 11810:

Gross Regional and Provincial Product chain volume measures 1995–2010 edition

11695:

People's Government of Wuhan Municipal; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration.

10227: 9969: 9966:"สถิติสถานพยาบาลเอกชน ปี 2554 (Private healthcare provider statistics, 2011)" 9137:(in Thai). Expressway Authority of Thailand. 4 September 2012. Archived from 8043: 6191: 6033: 5752: 5333: 4832: 4499: 4478: 4459: 4455: 4372: 4315: 4206: 4006: 3631: 3588: 3464: 3429: 3413: 3405: 3372: 3120: 3072: 3050: 2935: 2906: 2860: 2834: 2717: 1960: 1528: 1145: 1141: 806: 698: 678: 665:

Bangkok's economy gradually expanded through international trade, first with

498:. The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres (605.7 sq mi) in the 483: 176: 163: 11548:

Tehran Municipality; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (6 December 2012).

11031:

Hanoi Capital City; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (25 February 2004).

10976: 10268:. National Geographic Society. Associated Press. 8 June 2009. Archived from 9891: 7401: 6246: 3623: 881:, a plant bearing olive-like fruit. This is supported by the former name of 17521: 17406: 17158: 16932: 16858: 16690: 16537: 16502: 16472: 16409: 16379: 16334: 16279: 16085: 16080: 15691: 15556: 15174: 14426: 14132: 13795: 13741: 13669: 13659: 13609: 13584: 13211: 13043: 12392: 12270: 11401:

Bangkok Metropolitan Administration; City of St.Petersburg (20 June 1997).

10998:

Bangkok Metropolitan Administration; City of Guangzhou (13 November 2009).

10567:

Akimat of Astana City; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (11 June 2004).

9944: 8002: 6998: 6747:"Plastic bags clogging Bangkok's sewers complicate efforts to fight floods" 6021:"As Motorcade Rolls By, Thai Royal Family Glimpses the People's Discontent" 4733: 4451: 4010: 4002: 3786: 3731: 3647: 3643: 3511: 3475: 3376: 3283:(US$ 164 billion). This amounted to a per-capita GDP value of 634,109 3194: 3164: 3116: 3088: 3062: 2758: 2662: 1433: 1330: 1305: 1301: 1257: 1047: 567: 551: 531: 511: 75: 17479: 11833:

Thavisin, Nathanon; Semson, Pongsak; Padhanarath, Kriengpol, eds. (2006).

11677:

District of Columbia; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (15 July 2002).

11163:

City of Lausanne; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (29 December 2009).

10312: 10132:"Thai police seize $ 45 million worth of meth from convoy in Bangkok" 9522:"MuvMi Offers New Service Areas – Enjoy A Trip around Rattanakosin Island" 9138: 6008:

Baker & Pongpaichit 2005, pp. 37–41, 45, 52–71, 149–150, 162, 199–204.

3436:

in Dusit Palace is famous as the world's largest teak building, while the

3115:

in 1949. Their prominence subsequently declined as younger generations of

1532:(84.0 °F). The rainy season begins with the arrival of the southwest 1467:

has estimated that 5.138 million people in Bangkok may be exposed to

753:, including those by groups opposing and supporting former prime minister 17531: 17495: 16843: 16751: 16645: 16595: 16532: 16419: 16384: 16369: 16198: 15998: 15931: 15926: 15721: 15611: 15506: 15222: 14587: 14579: 14338: 14148: 13992: 13909: 13879: 13868: 13679: 13634: 12428: 12300: 11992:– Official travel guide by the BMA Culture, Sports and Tourism Department 9521: 8851:"Vanishing Bangkok: What is the Capital Being Remade Into, And For Whom?" 6834: 6723: 6597: 6345:(YouTube video). Deutsche Welle. Event occurs at 0:22:48. Archived from 5211: 5169: 4901: 4628: 4557: 4361: 3807: 3657: 3526: 3425: 3335: 3299: 3268: 3228: 3223:, where the Gurdwara Siri Guru Singh Sabha, founded in 1933, is located. 3096: 3084: 2895: 2864: 2830: 2705: 2701: 1416: 1137: 659: 79: 12956: 11679:"Reaffirmation agreement between Washington, D.C. and Bangkok, Thailand" 11196:

The City of Lisbon; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (19 July 2016).

10875:

The City of Dalian; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (19 July 2016).

10040:. Bureau of Diplomatic Security, U.S. Department of State. 14 March 2012 9131:"สรุปรายได้และปริมาณรถ: สิงหาคม 2555 (Revenue and traffic, August 2012)" 7110:

Climatological Group, Meteorological Development Bureau (January 2012).

3243:

on Charoen Krung Road is among many European-style buildings in the Old

2648:

in Dusit District was inspired by King Chulalongkorn's visits to Europe.

1415:

The geology of the Bangkok area is characterised by a top layer of soft

17339: 17056: 17046: 17006: 16655: 16492: 16404: 16364: 16324: 16294: 16178: 16018: 15988: 15916: 15826: 15421: 15198: 14481: 14267: 14165: 14086: 13970: 13839: 13828: 13817: 13806: 13694: 13619: 13564: 13559: 11913:

Working Towards the Monarchy; The Politics of Space in Downtown Bangkok

10758:

Chaozhou City; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (23 November 2005).

10415: 10353:"Thailand PM considers moving capital as Bangkok congestion takes toll" 9161:"Developing Integrated Emission Strategies for Existing Land-transport" 8652:"The overwhelming majority of popular tourist destinations are in Asia" 7776: 7321:สถิติอุณหภูมิสูงที่สุดในช่วงฤดูร้อนของประเทศไทยระหว่าง พ.ศ. 2494 - 2565 6796: 5576:

The BMA gives an elevation figure of 2.31 metres (7 ft 7 in).

5121: 4861: 4615: 4518: 4474: 4353: 4344:

Many buses, minibuses and taxis share the streets with private vehicles

4104: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3798: 3604: 3384: 3320: 3264: 3104: 2887: 2882: 2794: 2766: 2700:

In contrast with the low-rise historic areas, the business district on

1560:

Climate data for Bangkok Metropolis (1991–2020, extremes 1840–present)

1424: 1276:

As the capital of Thailand, Bangkok is the seat of all branches of the

1162: 1011: 418: 15631: 15355: 11641:

City of Vientiane; Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (24 May 2004).

11379: 10290: 6593:"The largest cities in the world by land area, population and density" 6142:(in Thai). Phra Racha Wang Derm Restoration Foundation. Archived from 4184:. The system sees a traffic of over 1.5 million vehicles per day. 4180:

Streetlamps and headlights illuminate the Makkasan Interchange of the

3408:

is lined by budget accommodation, shops and bars catering to tourists.

2720:

areas in Pathum Wan are home to some of the largest shopping malls in

17287: 17272: 17256: 17216: 17206: 17051: 16660: 16615: 16610: 16585: 16269: 15911: 15551: 15541: 15511: 15436: 15265: 15240: 15064: 14934: 14792: 14766: 14722: 14689: 14601: 14324: 14218: 14205: 14183: 14176: 14154: 14126: 14103: 14036: 14020: 13998: 13976: 13863: 13574: 11857: 11376:"St. Petersburg in figures > International and Interregional Ties" 8356: 7616: 7149:

International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation

5981:[The path to become Bangkok]. BMA Data Center. Archived from 5175: 5061: 5031: 4568: 4439:, the new main terminus of the national rail network operated by the 4390: 3979: 3963: 3939: 3893: 3701: 3304: 3284: 3224: 2871: 2790: 2713: 2129: 1498: 1485:

There are no mountains in Bangkok. The closest mountain range is the

1398: 1382: 1043: 969:, and this is the name used in international treaties of the period. 413: 17516: 15496: 11643:"บันทึกว่าด้วยความร่วมมือ ระหว่างนครหลวงเวียงจันทน์และกรุงเทพมหานคร" 11284:"Protocol of friendly ties between the cities of Bangkok and Moscow" 11282:

Bangkok Metropolitan Administration; City of Moscow (19 June 1997).

11255:

Bangkok Metropolitan Administration; City of Manila (24 June 1997).

10633:

Bangkok Metropolitan Administration; City of Brisbane (7 May 1997).

10328:

Capital Cities: Varieties and Patterns of Development and Relocation

9656:. Transportation Institute, Chulalongkorn University. Archived from 8958:"Bangkok celebrates first 'Pride Month' with newly elected governor" 8626:"Bangkok Named Most Popular City For International Tourists in 2017" 7014:"Climate change: Sea level rise to affect 'three times more people'" 6174:[What were the origins of the capital name "Si Ayutthaya"?] 4079: 17436: 17401: 17323: 17251: 17231: 17226: 17221: 17211: 17196: 17163: 17139: 17092: 16981: 16927: 16685: 16680: 16630: 16625: 16354: 16304: 15811: 15686: 15581: 15536: 15491: 15466: 15323: 15280: 15250: 15218: 15208: 15178: 15151: 15083: 14803: 14449: 14404: 14284: 14170: 14137: 14075: 14014: 13981: 13914: 13834: 13823: 13790: 13710: 13674: 13629: 13579: 13538: 13506: 12280: 10599: 10475: 10445: 9680:"สรุปผลการดำเนินงานของกทท. 8 เดือน ปีงบประมาณ 2553 (ต.ค.52-พ.ค.53)" 9066: 8540:"Defining What Makes a City a Destination (2017 Destination Index)" 7066: 6935:"3. Estimating Flood Impacts and Vulnerabilities in Coastal Cities" 5443: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5091: 5019: 5007: 4561: 4502:

commuter rail lines opened in 2021, and consists of two lines, the

4486: 4356:

operate on a total of 470 routes throughout the region. A separate

4279:

over the Chao Phraya link the two sides of the city, while several

4013:, highly popular at the mid-20th century, still takes place at the 3867: 3794: 3719: 3707: 3540: 3488: 3421: 3334:

Asian business centres. Seventeen Thai companies are listed on the

3249: 3220: 3174: 3144: 3124: 3058: 2658: 2625: 1494: 1243: 1176: 1035: 909: 882: 706: 650:(Rama I) succeeded Taksin, moved the capital to the eastern bank's 559: 495: 450: 196: 91: 10377:

Katharangsiporn, Kanana; Theparat, Chatrudee (30 September 2019).

9923: 9497:"AirAsia pushes into ride-hailing race in Bangkok, rivalling Grab" 6773:"Flooding features in Bangkok and vicinity: Geographical approach" 3491:, in which tourists are tricked into buying overpriced jewellery. 642:

established his capital at the town, which became the base of the

17365: 17318: 17313: 17292: 17277: 17236: 17201: 17191: 17072: 17041: 16590: 16542: 15871: 15747: 15706: 15676: 15646: 15616: 15596: 15571: 15566: 15521: 15451: 15446: 15308: 15188: 15141: 15126: 15027: 14985: 14960: 14890: 14879: 14788: 14777: 14711: 14634: 14502: 14497: 14459: 14443: 14377: 14354: 14278: 14251: 14159: 14121: 14115: 14042: 13852: 13812: 13649: 13594: 13589: 13569: 13528: 12285: 12170: 11982: 11608:

Bangkok Metropolitan Administration; Ulaanbaatar (27 July 2017).

9017:

The Right to Tell: The Role of Mass Media in Economic Development

8129:. Canberra: Australian National University Press. pp. 29–33. 7284:"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020" 6887:"Thailand, Sinking: Parts of Bangkok Could Be Underwater in 2030" 6399: 5163: 5085: 5079: 5025: 4995: 4398: 4219: 3931:

regularly feature a variety of performances throughout the city.

3823: 3630:

is annually decorated with lights and displays in celebration of

3417: 3184: 3054: 1533: 1420: 1369:

Bangkok is situated in the Chao Phraya River delta in Thailand's

1250:

known in Thai as Erawan. In his hand Indra holds his weapon, the

1210: 1042:

City of angels, great city of immortals, magnificent city of the

769: 729: 670: 571: 563: 371: 14009: 9390:"Number of Vehicles Registered in Thailand as of 31 August 2012" 9320:"There's a New Contender for Title of Asia's Most Polluted City" 9318:

Chuwiruch, Natnicha; Suwannakij, Supunnabul (15 February 2018).

8069:, Ithaca, NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program, pp. 245–246, 7598:"Global report on human settlements 2003 – City report: Bangkok" 5966:

Committee for the Rattanakosin Bicentennial Celebration (1982).

5439: 4664:

was surrounded by rural fields when it was established in 1917.

4340: 3474:

Bangkok has a reputation overseas as a major destination in the

1184:

took place on 22 May 2022 after an extended lapse following the

17446: 17441: 17416: 17370: 17344: 17297: 17246: 17077: 15716: 15661: 15656: 15641: 15626: 15526: 15461: 15406: 15270: 15213: 15068: 14972: 14949: 14945: 14901: 14845: 14819: 14667: 14612: 14470: 14421: 14382: 14366: 14349: 14343: 14329: 14273: 14245: 14240: 14234: 14143: 14064: 14047: 13932: 13927: 13891: 13885: 13801: 13654: 13624: 8438:

Moreno, Eduardo López; Oyeyinka, Oyebanji; Mboup, Gora (2008).

7253: 6944:. Washington DC: The World Bank. September 2010. pp. 23–31 6531:

Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation.

5783:. National Statistical Office. 2012. p. 32. Archived from 5157: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5043: 4989: 4983: 4961: 4485:

with 53 stations along 70.6 kilometres (43.9 mi), and two

4048:; the most of any city. The city was the host of the inaugural 3680: 3244: 2842: 2838: 2317: 1455:

Bangkok's coastal location makes it particularly vulnerable to

1408: 1387: 1219: 1205: 639: 248: 11974: 9933:

Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health

9573:

Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies

8738:

Emmons, Ron; Eveland, Jennifer; White, Daniel (28 June 2011).

8383:"Fortune's annual ranking of the world's largest corporations" 7823: 7732: 6817: 4870:

Office of the National Economic and Social Development Council

4676:. The city is home to the country's five oldest universities, 3432:

demonstrate Hinduism's deep-rooted influence in Thai culture.

464: 17451: 17411: 17391: 17349: 17282: 17241: 17168: 17153: 17108: 16650: 15736: 15731: 15481: 15476: 15431: 15416: 15401: 15298: 15203: 14815: 14744: 14700: 14623: 14437: 14432: 14300: 14289: 14229: 14110: 14025: 14003: 13987: 13965: 13903: 13898: 13874: 13857: 9630:"New BMCL boss eyes boosting commercial revenue – The Nation" 9193:"In Bangkok gridlock, Thai traffic police double as midwives" 7040:"Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea" 6628:. Vol. II. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 9. 6269: 6267: 5187: 5133: 5115: 5067: 5037: 5013: 4957: 4933: 4811: 4538:

Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region

4510:

with currently 14 stations along 41 kilometres (25 mi).

3154: 2939:

Bangkok population pyramid, based on 2021 population registry

1490: 1252: 1239: 1235: 1051: 710: 666: 8678:"10 most popular cities for international travelers in 2017" 8575:. Euromonitor International. 21 January 2013. Archived from 7037: 6488:"Bangkok votes in new governor for first time in nine years" 4972:

Bangkok has made sister city or friendship agreements with:

4226:

Bangkok is connected to the rest of the country through the

4205:

from 1888 to 1968, it was only in 1999 that Bangkok's first

3915:

and other traditional dances are regularly performed at the

3838:, and the city hosts two major film festivals annually, the 517:

Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the

17526: 14832: 14755: 14475: 14371: 14295: 14262: 14256: 14188: 14081: 13068: 10157:"Thai Police Seize $ 20 Million Worth of 'Yaba' Meth Pills" 9892:"The problems of secondary education expansion in Thailand" 8911:"Bangkok declared World Book Capital 2013 at UN conference" 7545:. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 46–53. 7453:[Table 2 Forest area, separated by province, 2019] 7256:"How Much Hotter Is Your Hometown Than When You Were Born?" 6712:"Bangkok: The sinking city faces severe climate challenges" 5298: 5257: 4941: 4768:

Hospitals are among the largest in the country, and act as

3876: 3280: 2603:

as it passes through Bang Kho Laem and Khlong San districts

1464: 1209:

in the other provinces), which are further subdivided into

1031: 905: 395: 389: 10907: 10496: 10405: 9294:"Choked by traffic, Bangkok revs up to beat air pollution" 7966:. Vol. 2. London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley. p. 6686:"With rising sea levels, Bangkok struggles to stay afloat" 6264: 5304: 5266: 4740:, established in 1888, is the oldest hospital in Thailand. 3990:

clubs based in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region, while the

3880:

masks, alms bowls, and classical musical instruments. The

2789:

While most of Bangkok's streets are fronted by vernacular

2665:. The buildings of the palace, including the neoclassical 15803: 11832: 7193: 6291:[Krung Thep Mahanakhon] (in Thai). Archived from 5295: 5254: 4953: 4945: 4937: 4271: 2733: 21:

Special administrative area in Central Thailand, Thailand

10251:

Traffic and Transportation Department, pp. 138–144.

9642:

Traffic and Transportation Department, pp. 113–122.

8825:"Bangkok's street food under threat from gentrification" 6942:

Climate Risks and Adaptation in Asian Coastal Megacities

6138:[Interesting facts about the city of Thonburi]. 5438:

This ceremonial name uses two ancient Indian languages,

4922:

Council of Local Authorities for International Relations

2905:

One of Bangkok's largest parks is the centrally located

2724:. Numerous retail outlets and hotels also stretch along 885:, a historic temple in the area, that used to be called 10376: 9819:. Ministry of Education. pp. 28–29. Archived from 9787:"Thai airport operator to spend $ 5.5 bln on expansion" 8194:"Table 4 Population by religion, region and area: 2010" 8137:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. 17–18. 7568: 7142: 5936:(in Thai). Dhonburi Rajabhat University. Archived from 1300:

Courts are all in the city. Bangkok is the site of the

9388:

Transport Statistics Sub-division, Planning Division.

8171:"Shophouses: Reviving the distinctive face of Bangkok" 6963:

Kulp, Scott A; Strauss, Benjamin H (29 October 2019).

6004: 6002: 6000: 5655:

Thavisin et al. (eds) 2006, p. 24. Reproduced in

4924:, the World Association of the Major Metropolises and 4328:) rising to unhealthy levels for several days on end. 2881:

Bangkok has several parks, although these amount to a

1549:

projected severe weather impacts on Bangkok caused by

912:, literally 'city of treasures gracing the ocean') or 9195:. Agence France-Presse. 17 April 2008. Archived from 6648: 6100:] (in Thai). Bangkok: Dream Catcher. p. 37. 6018:

Beech, Hannah; Suhartono, Muktita (14 October 2020).

5781:

The 2010 Population and Housing Census: Whole Kingdom

5307: 5301: 5269: 5263: 4450:

Bangkok is served by four rapid transit systems: the

3797:, have headquarters and main studios in the capital. 3039:

Source: National Statistical Office (1919–2000, 2010)

11532: 8239: 8237: 8127:

Thailand, Social and Economic Studies in Development

6630:

Quoted in Baker & Phongpaichit 2005, p. 90.

6429:"Angels and demons: a tale of two cities (part one)" 6408:(online)] (in Thai). Office of the Royal Society 5292: 5251: 4756:

Research-oriented medical school affiliates such as

4631:. Two commercial airports serve the city, the older 2696:, the tallest building in Bangkok from 1997 to 2015. 2305:

Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV), Meteo Climat (record)

1266:. The official city slogan, adopted in 2012, reads: 13501: 10600:Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (26 May 1993). 9865:"King Mongkut's University of Technology, Thonburi" 9378:

Traffic and Transportation Department, p. 112.

9369:

Traffic and Transportation Department, p. 154.

9317: 8437: 8064: 7934:. National Statistical Office. 2012. Archived from 5997: 5289: 5260: 4872:(NESDC) to formulate a plan to move the capital to 3338:, all of which are based in the capital, including 3231:who settled in the late 18th century. Although the 15787: 11916:(Hardcover ed.). University of Hawaii Press. 11727: 10975:. Guangzhou Foreign Affairs Office. Archived from 10460: 10186:[5-group criminal case statistics, 2010]. 9817:Bureau of Information and Communication Technology 9262:"Bangkok's template for an air-quality turnaround" 9260: 8737: 8731: 8169: 8135:Chinese Society in Thailand: An Analytical History 8025: 7213: 7211: 6126: 6019: 5925: 4940:), the International Civil Aviation Organization ( 4860:planned unsuccessfully to relocate the capital to 3773:. All six national terrestrial channels, Channels 2692:area appears as a sea of high-rise buildings from 11725: 8591: 8275:Stock Exchange of Thailand 2012, pp. 22, 25. 8234: 6856:"Rising seas, sinking land threaten Thai capital" 5687:"กรุงเทพมหานคร: เมืองโตเดี่ยวตลอดกาลของประเทศไทย" 5413:'). The species that grew in the area was likely 4948:), the International Organization for Migration ( 4668:has since become part of the Bangkok city centre. 4598:Bangkok Port, popularly known by its location as 3595:In 2015, however, the BMA, with support from the 3587:A distinct feature of Bangkok is the ubiquity of 3227:on Saen Saep Canal is home to descendants of the 3083:The majority of Bangkok's population identify as 2732:, while upmarket housing is found in many of its 17606:Populated places established in the 18th century 17572: 16204:Pavilion of Regalia, Royal Decorations and Coins 10034:"Thailand 2012 Crime and Safety Report: Bangkok" 9869:Times Higher Education World University Rankings 8623: 8444:. London, Sterling, VA: Earthscan. p. 194. 7833:(Special ed.). National Statistical Office. 7427:. United Nations University Press. p. 322. 7304:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 7117:. Thai Meteorological Department. Archived from 6561:"Bangkok Finally Gets Its Own Provincial Slogan" 4713:Times Higher Education World University Rankings 4708:King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi 3354:of 0.48, indicating a high level of inequality. 510:at the 2021 estimate, making Bangkok an extreme 12654: 12616: 11719: 10401: 10399: 9419:Sereemongkonpol, Pornchai (14 September 2012). 9418: 8702: 7932:The 2010 Population and Housing Census: Bangkok 7450:ตารางที่ 2 พื้นที่ป่าไม้ แยกรายจังหวัด พ.ศ.2562 7208: 5768: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5680: 5678: 4916:, the Japan-led Asian-Pacific City Summit, the 3317:Globalization and World Cities Research Network 16483:Chaloem La 56 Bridge (Elephant's Heads Bridge) 14577: 12031: 11858:Traffic and Transportation Department (2011). 11777:. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. 9738: 9396:. Department of Land Transport. Archived from 9091: 9014: 8675: 8067:Thailand: The Politics of Despotic Paternalism 7868: 7866: 6017: 5926:Chandrashtitya, Tipawan; Matungka, Chiraporn. 4952:), the International Telecommunication Union ( 4907: 4022:sporting facilities located throughout Bangkok 1087:), which is colloquially further shortened to 17124: 16964: 15773: 15371: 15013: 14563: 13726: 13487: 12972: 12640: 12153: 12017: 11878: 11861:สถิติจราจร ปี 2553 (Traffic statistics, 2010) 8186: 7917: 6342:Welcome to Bangkok, Thailand | DW Documentary 5817:"Gross Regional and Provincial Product (GPP)" 5684: 4619:Suvarnabhumi Airport is home to flag carrier 4213:systems include an extensive bus network and 3379:is among Bangkok's major tourist attractions. 10396: 10083: 9759: 9689:. Port Authority of Thailand. Archived from 9291: 9217: 8200:. National Statistics Office. Archived from 7769:"Public Park Office, Environment Department" 7651: 7595: 7005: 6231:. Harper & Brothers. p. image 288. 6167: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5759: 5675: 4850: 4409:tuk-tuk service in 9 areas across the city. 4324:particulate matter under 2.5 micrometres (PM 4028:complex, which dates to 1938, and the newer 3271:, one of Bangkok's main financial districts. 2863:at sunset, an oasis amid the skyscrapers of 697:Engraving of the city from British diplomat 10226:. Office of Justice Affairs. Archived from 8728:Thavisin et al. (eds) 2006, pp. 63–69. 8092:Bangkok: Place, Practice and Representation 7925:"Table 5 Population by nationality and sex" 7863: 7652:Ocharoenchai, Nanticha (19 November 2018). 7534: 7373: 7186: 6962: 6956: 6907: 6512:Thavisin et al. (eds) 2006, pp. 80–82. 6371:Bangkok: Place, Practice and Representation 6163: 6161: 3826:(GMM Grammy's film production subsidiary), 3239:, on the west bank of the river. Likewise, 1170:is displayed in front of Bangkok City Hall. 577:Bangkok's rapid growth coupled with little 494:, is the capital and most populous city of 302:1,568.737 km (605.693 sq mi) 17131: 17117: 16971: 16957: 15780: 15766: 15378: 15364: 15020: 15006: 14570: 14556: 13733: 13719: 13494: 13480: 12979: 12965: 12647: 12633: 12160: 12146: 12024: 12010: 11753:. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 460–471. 11726:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2005). 10965: 10910:"Relationship with Sister Cities: Fukuoka" 10038:Overseas Security Advisory Council website 9889: 9570: 9547:"Post-Covid EV industry surge anticipated" 8649: 8413:Social and Quality of Life Database System 7980: 7612: 7610: 7494:. City Planning Department. Archived from 6910:"Bangkok 'could be submerged in 15 years'" 6744: 6585: 5921: 5919: 5718: 5716: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5390: 5384: 5374: 5323: 4944:), the International Labour Organization ( 4887: 4397:(offering car and motorbike options), and 3966:dominate Bangkok's spectator sport scene. 3572:lifestyles of the expanding middle class. 3467:has long been famous as a destination for 2813:. In total there were 125 squatted areas. 1506: 1256:. The seal is based on a painting done by 1125: 1117: 1107: 1100: 1094: 1088: 1082: 1076: 1022: 964: 954: 948: 942: 936: 913: 899: 893: 870: 865: 859: 853: 847: 842: 836: 830: 824: 819: 799: 778:) as a national subdivision. In 1915, the 773: 40: 32: 17611:Populated places on the Chao Phraya River 12986: 10444:. United Nations Thailand. Archived from 9760:Mahitthirook, Amornrat (1 October 2012). 9651: 8848: 8822: 8605:. American Express Publishing Corporation 8140: 7905:. Department of Provincial Administration 7422: 7168: 6988: 6394: 5952: 5862: 5860: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5373:Two plants are known in Thai by the name 4164:Learn how and when to remove this message 3998:stadiums are the main kickboxing venues. 2321:Map showing the 50 districts of Bangkok ( 310:7,761.6 km (2,996.8 sq mi) 11937: 11748: 10499:"Relationship with Sister Cities: Aichi" 10330:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 103–4. 10018: 10016: 9996:"The rise of medical tourism in Bangkok" 9010: 9008: 8823:Nualkhair, Chawadee (12 February 2017). 8124: 7959: 7872: 7276: 7047:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6770: 6709: 6683: 6574:(2): 10. April–June 2012. Archived from 6426: 6158: 6086: 5722: 5446:, prefaced with the only one Thai word, 4956:), the UN High Commission for Refugees ( 4891: 4815:methamphetamine pills, is also chronic. 4798:military crackdown on protesters in 2010 4791: 4732: 4655: 4614: 4547: 4523: 4422: 4405:MuvMi launched in 2018, and operates an 4339: 4293: 4253: 4175: 3938: 3853: 3622: 3578: 3554: 3400: 3367: 3298: 3259: 3067: 2934: 2870: 2854: 2850: 2741: 2683: 2639: 2594: 2316: 1442: 1397: 1319: 1161: 692: 606: 16839:Equestrian statue of King Chulalongkorn 16722:Chulalongkorn University Centenary Park 16330:Pak Khlong Talat Market (Flower Market) 15385: 11882:Very Bangkok; In the City of the Senses 10325: 10188:สถิติคดีอาญา (Criminal case statistics) 10086:Crime Prevention in the Urban Community 10060:"Thailand tops road death ranking list" 8900:Thavisin et al. (eds) 2006, p. 72. 8807: 8310: 8250:. Department of Tourism. Archived from 8132: 7824:Statistical Forecasting Bureau (2010). 7801:. UNFCCC. 18 March 2021. Archived from 7708:"A shopping complex, or a 'green lung'" 7607: 7540: 7517: 7515: 7513: 6639:Thavisin et al. (eds) 2006, p. 35. 6521:Thavisin et al. (eds) 2006, p. 78. 6477:Thavisin et al. (eds) 2006, p. 86. 6219: 6213: 5972:Rattanakosin City conservation archives 5916: 5713: 5567:, resulting in a word 168 letters long. 4646: 4036:. Bangkok had also hosted the games in 3618: 1116:origin, meaning 'capital, king', while 17573: 16463:Bangkok railway station (Hua Lamphong) 16224:Siam Commercial Bank, Talat Noi Branch 14523:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute 12383:Bangkok (Hua Lamphong) railway station 11909: 11767: 10914:International Affairs Division website 10735:. Office.bangkok.go.th. Archived from 10506:International Affairs Division website 10412:International Affairs Division website 9813:"Educational Statistics in Brief 2011" 9258: 9166:. Clean Air Initiative. Archived from 9110: 8937:"Asian Gay & Lesbian News Archive" 8874: 8771: 8624:Talty, Alexandra (26 September 2017). 8357:"The World's Biggest Public Companies" 7521: 7182: 7180: 6908:Sattaburuth, Aekarach (23 July 2015). 6884: 6061:พจนานุกรม ฉบับราชบัณฑิตยสถาน พ.ศ. ๒๕๔๒ 5857: 5640: 4532:, one of the monorail lines in Bangkok 4445:Bangkok (Hua Lamphong) Railway Station 3203: Not Religious and Unknown (0.2%) 2894:rather than to limit urban expansion. 2833:and Sukhumvit at night, viewed across 2652:Bangkok's historic centre remains the 930:one widely adopted by foreign visitors 17112: 16952: 15761: 15359: 15001: 14551: 13714: 13475: 12960: 12628: 12615: 12512:1975 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games 12507:1967 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games 12502:1959 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games 12141: 12005: 11979:– Bangkok Metropolitan Administration 11533:The City of Shenzhen (10 July 2015). 10098: 10013: 9716:"2015 Year to date Passenger Traffic" 9067:"ศึกคอนเทนต์ กีฬาฟีเวอร์ สนั่นจอทีวี" 9039: 9005: 8744:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 79. 8705:"The ten most visited cities of 2017" 8703:Morton, Caitlin (26 September 2017). 8314:The Global Financial Centres Index 11 8222:NESDB 2012, pp.48–49, 62–63, 218–219. 8088: 7591: 7589: 7425:Emerging World Cities in Pacific Asia 6684:Deviller, Sophie (2 September 2018). 6626:Five years in Siam: from 1891 to 1896 6623: 6401:พจนานุกรมฉบับราชบัณฑิตยสถาน (ออนไลน์) 6367: 5968:จดหมายเหตุการอนุรักษ์กรุงรัตนโกสินทร์ 5900:. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from 5841:. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from 5811: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5332: 2323:labelled version showing subdistricts 1519:Like most of Thailand, Bangkok has a 928:was likely a colloquial name, albeit 805: 761:, and a renewed student-led movement 16987:Thai cities with 100,000+ population 16395:Suan Lum Night Bazaar Ratchadaphisek 16054:Wat Bamphen Chin Phrot (Yong Hok Yi) 16049:Wat Mangkon Kamalawat (Leng Noei Yi) 13740: 12596: 12039: 11941:News from the 90s; Bangkok 1890–1899 11257:"Sister city friendship affiliation" 10733:"Agreement of Sister City Relations" 10350: 9993: 9747:Aviation Week & Space Technology 9394:Department of Land Transport website 9113:"A year of unfulfilled expectations" 9092:Post reporters (23 September 2012). 8983:"ข้อมูลทั่วไป (General information)" 8877:"Bangkok's disappearing street food" 8676:Hunter, Marnie (26 September 2017). 8573:"Top 100 Cities Destination Ranking" 8167: 8058: 8032:Journal of Asian and African Studies 8023: 7510: 7011: 6866:from the original on 30 October 2007 6040:from the original on 14 October 2020 5932:[History of Thonburi City]. 5839:British and World English Dictionary 5227: 4967: 4926:Local Governments for Sustainability 4314:Traffic has been the main source of 4275:) which serve local neighbourhoods. 4102:adding citations to reliable sources 4073: 3818:Likewise, Bangkok has dominated the 3597:National Council for Peace and Order 3389:Global Destination Cities Index 2018 16:Capital and largest city of Thailand 17586:18th-century establishments in Asia 16636:Rattanakosin Island (Old Town Zone) 16513:Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal 16365:Saphan Han (Toys and Ladies Market) 16044:Wat Dibayavari Vihara (Kham Low Yi) 12378:Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal 10472:Bangkok Metropolitan Administration 9994:Eden, Caroline (4 September 2012). 9595:Bangkok Mass Transit System PCL Ltd 9345:"City smog worsens to danger level" 9259:Fuller, Thomas (23 February 2007). 8546:. 26 September 2017. Archived from 8513:. 22 September 2016. Archived from 8480:. 25 September 2018. Archived from 7837: 7619:Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 7177: 5872:Collins English Dictionary (online) 4918:C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group 4787: 4641:busiest airport by passenger volume 4493:which opened in July 2023, and the 4437:Krung Thep Aphiwat Central Terminal 4393:operate within the city, including 3840:Bangkok International Film Festival 3480:prostitution is technically illegal 3440:provides an example of traditional 3323:, and it is ranked 59th in Z/Yen's 1547:Goddard Institute for Space Studies 1545:The Climate Impact Group at NASA's 1463:and climate change. A study by the 1158:Bangkok Metropolitan Administration 950:Krung Thep Maha Nakhon Si Ayutthaya 938:Krung Thep Thawarawadi Si Ayutthaya 784:Bangkok Metropolitan Administration 751:frequent street protests since 2006 688:abolished absolute monarchy in 1932 536:Bangkok Metropolitan Administration 259:Bangkok Metropolitan Administration 13: 16518:Krung Thon Bridge (Sang Hi Bridge) 15817:Wat Benchamabophit (Marble Temple) 11872: 10468:"ความสัมพันธ์กับเมืองพี่เมืองน้อง" 10224:Thailand Crime Victim Survey, 2007 9273:from the original on 27 March 2010 8849:Mokkhasen, Sasiwan (5 July 2016). 8286:"The World According to GaWC 2020" 8182:from the original on 29 July 2011. 7983:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 7873:Wangkiat, Paritta (15 July 2018). 7827:2010 Thailand Statistical Yearbook 7586: 7012:Amos, Jonathan (30 October 2019). 5802: 4662:campus of Chulalongkorn University 4543: 4335: 3444:. Other major museums include the 2952: 1527:and is under the influence of the 1381:. Most of the area was originally 977: 892:Officially, the town was known as 611:Map of 17th-century Bangkok, from 14: 17627: 16345:Pratunam Market (Clothing Market) 16209:Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute 11966: 11771:The State of Asian Cities 2010/11 10262:"Stray Dogs Overwhelming Bangkok" 10099:Davis, Antony (13 October 2000). 9890:Nitungkorn, Sukanya (June 1988). 9845:. QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited 9616:"BTS Group Holdings – The Nation" 9111:Hassan, Hanif (13 October 2018). 9094:"Blemishes in the beautiful game" 8141:Goldstein, Sidney (August 1972). 8115:Thavisin et al. (eds) 2006, p. 7. 6605:from the original on 18 July 2008 6427:Sinclair, Niall (18 March 2015). 6225:"Chapter XVIII —City of Bang-kok" 4825:crackdown in which 92 were killed 4823:during March–May 2010 ended in a 4627:Bangkok is one of Asia's busiest 4585:Khlong Phasi Charoen boat service 3496:Among Bangkok's well-known sights 2914:in the east of the city, and the 2298:World Meteorological Organization 728:Following the US withdrawal from 17548: 16980: 16912:Ministry of Defence headquarters 16430:Thonburi Market (Sanam Luang II) 16310:Khlong Lat Mayom Floating Market 15746: 15730: 15715: 15700: 15685: 15670: 15655: 15640: 15625: 15610: 15595: 15580: 15565: 15550: 15535: 15520: 15505: 15490: 15475: 15460: 15445: 15430: 15415: 15400: 14855: 13003:Bangkok (Krung Thep Maha Nakhon) 12859: 12595: 12586: 12585: 12362:Don Mueang International Airport 12217: 12169: 12101: 12084: 12076: 12059: 11998:at Tourism Authority of Thailand 11688: 11670: 11652: 11634: 11601: 11568: 11541: 11526: 11493: 11460: 11427: 11394: 11378:. Eng.gov.spb.ru. Archived from 11368: 11341: 11308: 11275: 11248: 11232:. City of Manila. Archived from 11222: 11189: 11156: 11123: 11090: 11057: 11024: 10991: 10932: 10908:International Affairs Division. 10901: 10868: 10835: 10802: 10784: 10751: 10725: 10692: 10659: 10626: 10593: 10560: 10527: 10497:International Affairs Division. 10490: 10430: 10406:International Affairs Division. 10370: 10351:Lamb, Kate (30 September 2019). 10344: 10319: 10284: 10254: 10245: 10209: 10174: 10149: 10123: 10092: 10077: 10052: 10027: This article incorporates 10022: 9987: 9958: 9917: 9883: 9857: 9835: 9805: 9779: 9753: 9708: 9672: 9652:Sukdanont, Sumalee (July 2011). 9645: 9636: 9622: 9608: 9583: 9564: 9539: 9514: 9489: 9464: 9438: 9412: 9381: 9372: 9363: 9337: 9311: 9285: 9252: 9211: 9185: 9153: 9123: 9104: 9085: 9059: 9033: 8975: 8950: 8929: 8903: 8894: 8875:Sauers, Craig (23 August 2016). 8868: 8842: 8816: 8801: 8792: 8765: 8722: 8696: 8669: 8650:Hao, Karen (26 September 2017). 8643: 8617: 8565: 8532: 8499: 8470: 8431: 8401: 8375: 8349: 8304: 8292:. Globalization and World Cities 8278: 8269: 8225: 8216: 8168:Chen, Jennifer (20 March 2007). 7565:Hamilton 2000, pp. 465–466. 7187:Subramaniam, Tara (8 May 2023). 6098:Bangkok: A Historical Background 5685:Tangchonlatip, Kanchana (2007). 5615: 5334:[krūŋtʰêːpmahǎːnákʰɔ̄ːn] 5285: 5247: 4914:Asian Network of Major Cities 21 4633:Don Mueang International Airport 4309:transportation demand management 4078: 3904:, including the privately owned 3533: 3518: 3504: 2818: 2753:Bangkok lacks a single distinct 2612:expansion, both horizontally as 1308:, respectively the official and 1260:. The tree symbol of Bangkok is 1010:Problems playing this file? See 993: 638:in 1767, the newly crowned King 114: 102: 60: 16254:National Museum of Royal Barges 16214:Sala Chalermkrung Royal Theatre 16019:Lak Mueang (City Pillar Shrine) 15877:Wat Phra Kaew (Emerald Buddha) 13756:states with limited recognition 10442:United Nations Thailand website 10129: 9218:Tanaboriboon, Yordphol (1993). 8161: 8118: 8109: 8082: 8017: 7974: 7953: 7895: 7817: 7791: 7761: 7726: 7700: 7671: 7645: 7559: 7480: 7461:(in Thai). 2019. Archived from 7441: 7416: 7395: 7351: 7312: 7247: 7136: 7103: 7093:"Phu Khao Thong (Golden Mount)" 7085: 7073: 7031: 6927: 6901: 6878: 6848: 6827:OECD Environment Working Papers 6811: 6764: 6745:hermesauto (6 September 2016). 6738: 6703: 6677: 6642: 6633: 6617: 6553: 6524: 6515: 6506: 6480: 6471: 6446: 6420: 6388: 6361: 6332: 6307: 6168:Phakathikhom, Chanchai (2005). 6080: 6052: 6011: 5974:]. Department of Fine Arts. 5725:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 5606: 5597: 5588: 5579: 5570: 5557: 5432: 5422: 5367: 5348: 5317: 4960:), and the UN Children's Fund ( 4839:on the 2006–07 New Year's Eve. 4469:The BTS consists of two lines, 4412: 4089:needs additional citations for 4024:. The two main centres are the 3952:Thailand national football team 3771:Thailand's broadcast television 745:, anti-military demonstrations 682: 674: 363: • Metro density 17138: 16849:Pig Memorial and Pi Kun Bridge 16229:Silpa Bhirasri National Museum 16169:Khlong Bang Luang Artist House 16129:Bangkok Art and Culture Centre 15789:Tourist attractions in Bangkok 12536: 12424:Bangkok Mass Transit Authority 11944:. Bangkok: ปิยวีร์ รื่นจินดา. 11879:Cornwel-Smith, Philip (2020). 11734:. Cambridge University Press. 9843:"QS World University Rankings" 8231:Naudin (ed.) 2010, p. 83. 7524:"Exploring Bangkok's old town" 7330:Thai Meteorological Department 7226:Thai Meteorological Department 6885:Philip, Bruno (21 July 2011). 6710:Gluckman, Ron (11 June 2019). 6171:นามพระนคร "ศรีอยุธยา" มาแต่ไหน 5886: 5827: 5234: 4835:, which killed 20, and also a 4583:with 57,557 daily passengers. 4350:Bangkok Mass Transit Authority 4321:Atmospheric particulate matter 4289:Chaloem Maha Nakhon Expressway 4209:system began operation. Older 3921:Salachalermkrung Royal Theatre 3898:Bangkok Art and Culture Centre 3860:Bangkok Art and Culture Centre 3844:World Film Festival of Bangkok 3828:Sahamongkol Film International 3675:Bangkok was designated as the 3326:Global Financial Centres Index 3319:ranks Bangkok as an "Alpha -" 1: 17340:Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe (Keihanshin) 16737:Princess Mother Memorial Park 16671:Tha Phra Chan (Amulet Market) 16528:Memorial Bridge (Phut Bridge) 16468:Bhumibol Bridge (Mega Bridge) 15984:Bang Luang Mosque (Kudi Khao) 15847:Wat Kalayanamitr (Big Buddha) 12102: 12060: 11768:Naudin, Thierry, ed. (2010). 9973:(Microsoft Excel spreadsheet) 9421:"Bangkok's best taxi drivers" 8810:Economic and Political Weekly 8786:10.1016/j.tourman.2008.08.007 8245:"Internal tourism in Bangkok" 7755:10.1016/S0169-2046(99)00084-5 6624:Smyth, H. Warrington (1898). 6368:Askew, Marc (2 August 2004). 5745:10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00075-9 5628: 4728: 4579:serves twenty-seven stops on 4577:Khlong Saen Saep boat service 4050:Southeast Asian Games in 1959 3744:The Asian Wall Street Journal 2944:Historical census populations 2930: 2374:Pom Prap Sattru Phai district 1525:Köppen climate classification 1364: 1182:latest gubernatorial election 1151: 772:Krung Thep Phra Maha Nakhon ( 218: 131:City of Angels, The Big Mango 17596:Cities and towns in Thailand 16219:Sea Life Bangkok Ocean World 15963:Immaculate Conception Church 12085: 12077: 11720:General and cited references 10973:"Sister Cities of Guangzhou" 10305:10.1016/0001-706X(93)90082-M 10183:สถิติคดีอาญา 5 กลุ่ม ปี 2553 9762:"Don Mueang airport reopens" 9472:"Grab sets out growth plans" 9292:Thin Lei Win (18 May 2017). 9040:Krich, John (6 March 2009). 8989:. Wacharapol. Archived from 8311:Yeandle, Mark (March 2012). 8133:Skinner, G. William (1957). 8065:Thak Chaloemtiarana (2007), 7735:Landscape and Urban Planning 7679:"Tower project 'suspicious'" 7596:Pornchokchai, Sopon (2003). 6671:10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.10.004 5633: 5184:, United States (1962, 2002) 4868:administration assigned the 4703:QS World University Rankings 4651: 4063: 3113:Chinese Communist Revolution 2590: 2312: 1315: 347:5,300/km (14,000/sq mi) 7: 16415:Taling Chan Floating Market 16350:River City Shopping Complex 15927:Wat Traimit (Golden Buddha) 15897:Wat Ratchaburana (Wat Liap) 12617:Articles related to Bangkok 11910:Ünaldi, Serhat (May 2016). 8798:Hamilton 2000, p. 468. 8320:. Long Finance. p. 5. 8198:National Statistical Office 7654:"Seeing green is believing" 7576:"The World's Best Skylines" 5695:Population and society 2007 5415: 5409: 5403: 5391: 5385: 5375: 5202:Bangkok Metropolitan Region 5195: 4908:International participation 4762:King Chulalongkorn Memorial 4747:home to 42 public hospitals 4610: 4587:serves twenty stops on the 4571:serve commuters daily. The 4443:(SRT). The older terminus, 4435:Bangkok is the location of 4298:Traffic jams, seen here on 3769:Bangkok is also the hub of 3607:, and the flower market at 3461:Taling Chan Floating Market 3450:Royal Barge National Museum 3277:economic centre of Thailand 2809:such as the large slums in 2667:Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall 2033:Average precipitation days 1819:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1679:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1359:Bangkok Metropolitan Region 1234:The seal of the city shows 1118: 1101: 1089: 1077: 1038:root words, translates as: 965: 949: 937: 914: 894: 866: 854: 843: 831: 820: 735:1997 Asian financial crisis 716:, Bangkok was subjected to 508:Bangkok Metropolitan Region 366:2,200/km (5,800/sq mi) 336: • Estimate 274:Special administrative area 53:Special administrative area 41: 10: 17632: 16892:Drum Tower and Clock Tower 16194:Museum of Contemporary Art 15999:Giant Swing (Sao Chingcha) 15872:Wat Pho (Reclining Buddha) 14539:Georgian-Ossetian conflict 12573:List of cities in Thailand 12517:1985 Southeast Asian Games 12327:Stock Exchange Association 12032:Places adjacent to Bangkok 10101:"Bangkok as Crime Central" 8599:"2013 World's Best Cities" 7639:10.1016/j.ufug.2008.03.002 6981:10.1038/s41467-019-13552-0 6771:Engkagul, Surapee (1993). 6406:Royal Institute Dictionary 6276:Royal Institute Newsletter 5934:Arts & Cultural Office 4621:Thai Airways International 4416: 4067: 4058:2012 FIFA Futsal World Cup 4032:, which was built for the 3958:As is the national trend, 3906:Museum of Contemporary Art 3550: 3361: 3357: 3313:Stock Exchange of Thailand 3255: 2304: 2295: 1559: 1514: 1229:Metropolitan Police Bureau 1155: 600: 596: 17544: 17509: 17488: 17467: 17460: 17429: 17379: 17358: 17332: 17306: 17265: 17184: 17177: 17146: 17065: 17029: 17015: 16993: 16920: 16897:Fortifications of Bangkok 16867: 16824: 16783: 16699: 16576: 16568:Utthayan Road (Axis Road) 16453: 16320:Kwan Riam Floating Market 16262: 16109: 16066: 15977:Other religious buildings 15976: 15940: 15812:Wat Arun (Temple of Dawn) 15802: 15795: 15744: 15393: 15036: 15030:most-populous urban areas 14864: 14853: 14586: 14516: 14032:Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte 13766: 13749: 13537: 13513: 13386: 13338: 13220: 13182: 13067: 13009: 12994: 12868: 12857: 12671: 12622: 12581: 12555: 12527: 12441: 12416: 12388:State Railway of Thailand 12370: 12349: 12340: 12319: 12256: 12226: 12215: 12187: 12037: 8095:. Routledge. p. 38. 7995:10.1017/S0022463400012200 7799:"The Greening of Bangkok" 7383:(in French). Meteo Climat 7170:10.1016/j.jag.2005.05.003 7112:"The Climate of Thailand" 7082:(last access 2009-09-24). 5868:"Definition of "Bangkok"" 5324: 4851:Calls to move the capital 4776:, with hospitals such as 4441:State Railway of Thailand 4427:A BTS train departs from 4419:Rail transport in Bangkok 4015:Royal Bangkok Sports Club 3902:art galleries and museums 3804:channels based in Bangkok 3697:Thailand's media industry 3695:Bangkok is the centre of 3559:Temporary art display at 3119:integrated and adopted a 3038: 2755:central business district 2330:Bangkok's fifty districts 2248: 2201: 2127: 2079: 2032: 1958: 1888: 1818: 1748: 1678: 1608: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1507: 1167: 1126: 1108: 1095: 1083: 1023: 955: 943: 900: 871: 860: 848: 837: 825: 800: 774: 459: 449: 439: 429: 412: 408:(US$ 232 billion) (2022) 402: 385: 380: 370: 362: 351: 343: 335: 327: 322: 314: 306: 298: 293: 279: 269: 264: 254: 243: 235: 227: 214: 202: 192: 157: 136: 128: 98: 66:From top, left to right: 59: 50: 33: 26: 16523:Makkhawan Rangsan Bridge 16456:and transport facilities 16285:Chatuchak Weekend Market 16244:Thailand Cultural Centre 15917:Wat Suthat (Giant Swing) 15912:Wat Saket (Golden Mount) 15291: 15233: 15167: 15109: 14535:Abkhaz-Georgian conflict 13640:Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya 13523:(Krung Thep Maha Nakhon) 13290:Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya 12568:Buildings and structures 11938:Van Beek, Steve (2018). 11888:. Bangkok: River Books. 11230:"Existing Sister Cities" 10438:"UN Offices in Thailand" 10182: 9526:Chulalongkorn University 9073:(in Thai). 16 April 2015 8741:Frommer's Southeast Asia 8044:10.1177/0021909612453981 7522:Mekloy, Pongpet (2018). 7449: 7320: 6533: 6400: 6287: 6170: 6134: 6092: 6060: 5928: 4573:Chao Phraya Express Boat 4554:Chao Phraya Express Boat 4302:, are common in Bangkok. 4249: 3934: 3925:Thailand Cultural Centre 3896:. The centrally located 3834:. Bangkok has dozens of 3690: 3662:Royal Ploughing Ceremony 3457:Chatuchak Weekend Market 2439:Bang Khun Thian district 1521:tropical savanna climate 1480:Bang Khun Thian District 1242:riding in the clouds on 1195:Bangkok is divided into 804:, pronounced in Thai as 318:1.5 m (4.9 ft) 16870:architectural buildings 16796:Lumpinee Boxing Stadium 16641:Royal City Avenue (RCA) 16626:Phahurat (Little India) 16184:Madame Tussauds Bangkok 16174:King Prajadhipok Museum 16154:ChangChui Creative Park 16144:Bank of Thailand Museum 16139:Bangkok National Museum 15857:Wat Paknam Bhasicharoen 15804:Buddhist temples (Wats) 14201:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 13514:Special Governed Cities 11751:A Companion to the City 10326:Rossman, Vadim (2018). 9899:Southeast Asian Studies 9793:. Reuters. 16 June 2016 9046:The Wall Street Journal 8290:GaWC – Research Network 8024:Fong, Jack (May 2012). 7960:Crawfurd, John (1830). 7580:tudl0867.home.xs4all.nl 7459:Royal Forest Department 4888:International relations 4722:Ramkhamhaeng University 4431:, towards Siam station. 4366:The Transport Co., Ltd. 4054:2007 Summer Universiade 3872:Department of Fine Arts 3836:cinemas and multiplexes 3668:(January–February) and 3574:Conspicuous consumption 3446:Bangkok National Museum 3293:The automotive industry 2805:. Some settlements are 2574:Thawi Watthana district 2559:Wang Thonglang district 2399:Samphanthawong district 1537:magnitude of Bangkok's 1393:several shortcut canals 944:กรุงเทพทวารวดีศรีอยุธยา 878:Elaeocarpus hygrophilus 794:The origin of the name 789: 82:, traffic on a road in 16791:Indoor Stadium Huamark 16772:Wachirabenchathat Park 16234:Siriraj Medical Museum 16076:Bang Khun Phrom Palace 12071:Nakhon Pathom province 10029:public domain material 7875:"Strong Cities Needed" 7543:Regarding Public Space 6537:[Golden fig]. 6319:Guinness World Records 5979:"กว่าจะมาเป็นกรุงเทพฯ" 5658:"Geography of Bangkok" 5565:Amonphimanawatansathit 5217:World's largest cities 4897: 4801: 4741: 4698:are located in Bangkok 4669: 4624: 4564: 4533: 4432: 4345: 4303: 4265: 4185: 4030:Hua Mak Sports Complex 4020:There are many public 3955: 3863: 3849: 3635: 3584: 3568: 3409: 3380: 3308: 3272: 3080: 2940: 2910:80-hectare (200-acre) 2878: 2868: 2750: 2697: 2649: 2604: 2564:Khlong Sam Wa district 2489:Bang Kho Laem district 2444:Phasi Charoen district 2326: 1452: 1403: 1325: 1274: 1171: 1130:is from Pali/Sanskrit 1078:Krung Thep Maha Nakhon 1061:Guinness World Records 1058:The name is listed in 1056: 1030:The name, composed of 1028: 982: 956:กรุงเทพมหานครศรีอยุธยา 702: 619: 488:Krung Thep Maha Nakhon 482:, officially known in 177:13.75250°N 100.49417°E 42:Krung Thep Maha Nakhon 17616:Provinces of Thailand 16907:King Power MahaNakhon 16757:Santichaiprakarn Park 16112:Cultural performances 15887:Wat Rakhangkhositaram 14313:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 13752:Dependent territories 12988:Provinces of Thailand 12125:Samut Prakan province 12113:Samut Sakhon province 12093:Chachoengsao province 12049:Pathum Thani province 11730:A History of Thailand 7259:(Interactive graphic) 6969:Nature Communications 6458:Bangkok Post Learning 5898:US English Dictionary 4895: 4882:Chachoengsao province 4874:Nakhon Nayok province 4858:Plaek Phibunsongkhram 4795: 4770:tertiary care centres 4736: 4659: 4618: 4551: 4527: 4426: 4343: 4297: 4291:, which opened 1981. 4257: 4203:trams served the city 4179: 3942: 3857: 3679:for the year 2013 by 3626: 3582: 3558: 3404: 3371: 3346:company in Thailand. 3302: 3263: 3071: 2938: 2900:Samut Prakan province 2874: 2858: 2851:Parks and green zones 2745: 2739:('alley' or 'lane'). 2687: 2643: 2598: 2379:Phra Khanong district 2320: 1497:(1787–1851) built at 1474:Nature Communications 1446: 1401: 1323: 1268: 1186:2014 Thai coup d'état 1165: 1040: 1018: 981: 895:Thonburi Si Mahasamut 696: 648:Phutthayotfa Chulalok 610: 543:Asian investment boom 16882:Bangkok City Library 16767:Suan Luang Rama VIII 16621:Nana (Little Arabia) 16601:Yaowarat (Chinatown) 16558:Ratchadamnoen Avenue 16340:Patpong Night Market 15958:Holy Redeemer Church 15953:Assumption Cathedral 15882:Wat Prayurawongsawat 14224:United Arab Emirates 12801:Pom Prap Sattru Phai 12357:Suvarnabhumi Airport 12202:Rattanakosin Kingdom 11996:Destination: Bangkok 9141:on 23 September 2012 9071:Positioning Magazine 8993:on 11 September 2012 8962:www.thaipbsworld.com 8487:on 28 September 2018 8089:Askew, Marc (2004). 6835:10.1787/011766488208 6720:Urban Land Institute 6315:"Longest place name" 6282:(31). December 1993. 6140:Phra Racha Wang Derm 6135:สาระน่ารู้กรุงธนบุรี 5691:ประชากรและสังคม 2550 5136:, South Korea (2006) 5106:, Philippines (1997) 5094:, Switzerland (2009) 5040:, South Korea (2017) 5016:, South Korea (2011) 4864:. In the 2000s, the 4845:Bangkok's stray dogs 4647:Health and education 4637:Suvarnabhumi Airport 4098:improve this article 4070:Transport in Bangkok 3960:association football 3832:Five Star Production 3652:Royal Guards' parade 3628:Ratchadamnoen Avenue 3619:Festivals and events 3565:Bangkok Art Biennale 3241:Assumption Cathedral 3137:Religion in Bangkok 2811:Khlong Toei District 2803:informal settlements 2675:Ratchadamnoen Avenue 2554:Saphan Sung district 2549:Khan Na Yao district 2519:Ratchathewi district 2499:Khlong Toei district 2434:Bangkok Noi district 2429:Taling Chan district 2419:Huai Khwang district 2414:Bangkok Yai district 2389:Lat Krabang district 2339:Phra Nakhon district 1609:Record high °C (°F) 989:Full ceremonial name 921:Ayutthaya Chronicles 775:มณฑลกรุงเทพพระมหานคร 656:Rattanakosin Kingdom 654:, thus founding the 626:, under the rule of 490:and colloquially as 344: • Density 17088:Nakhon Si Thammarat 16902:General Post Office 16811:Rajamangala Stadium 16806:Rajadamnern Stadium 16445:Yodpiman River Walk 16239:So Heng Tai Mansion 16189:M.R. Kukrit's House 16134:Bangkok Folk Museum 16024:Leng Buai Ia Shrine 16014:Kian Un Keng Shrine 15862:Wat Pathum Khongkha 15837:Wat Hong Rattanaram 15387:World Book Capitals 14531:Status of Jerusalem 14307:Episkopi Cantonment 14060:Bandar Seri Begawan 13615:Nakhon Si Thammarat 13539:City Municipalities 13503:City Municipalities 13406:Nakhon Si Thammarat 13202:Prachuap Khiri Khan 12674:(Bangkok core side) 12306:Rattanakosin Island 12266:Tourist attractions 12044:Nonthaburi province 11988:12 May 2017 at the 11836:Your Key to Bangkok 11382:on 24 February 2009 11111:on 19 February 2022 10478:on 26 December 2021 10266:National Geographic 10233:on 4 September 2015 9744:"In With the Old", 9696:on 20 November 2012 9591:"Company's Profile" 9400:on 4 September 2015 9233:(1). Archived from 8709:Conde Nast Traveler 8419:on 4 September 2015 7779:on 20 December 2012 7747:2000LUrbP..47..159Y 7631:2008UFUG....7..219T 7161:2006IJAEO...8...34T 7059:2014FrEE...12..267M 6789:1993GeoJo..31..335E 6663:2006EngGe..82..187P 6651:Engineering Geology 6581:on 16 October 2015. 6114:on 17 December 2014 6068:on 12 November 2013 5985:on 19 December 2014 5737:2000JAESc..18..415S 5222:Football in Bangkok 4992:, Kazakhstan (2004) 4674:schools in the city 4666:Pathum Wan District 4589:Phasi Charoen Canal 4517:, which serves the 4462:, and the elevated 4429:Ratchadamri station 3944:Rajamangala Stadium 3670:Vegetarian Festival 3209: Other (0.29%) 3129:Bangkok's Chinatown 3077:Bangkok's Chinatown 2945: 2710:red-light districts 2654:Rattanakosin Island 2614:ribbon developments 2579:Thung Khru district 2514:Don Mueang district 2509:Chom Thong district 2504:Suan Luang district 2459:Bang Phlat district 2454:Rat Burana district 2449:Nong Khaem district 2424:Khlong San district 2404:Phaya Thai district 2369:Pathum Wan district 1889:Record low °C (°F) 1749:Daily mean °C (°F) 1278:national government 1190:Chadchart Sittipunt 918:, according to the 807:[bāːŋkɔ̀ːk] 652:Rattanakosin Island 613:Simon de la Loubère 591:10 urban rail lines 548:red-light districts 406:baht 8.096 trillion 398:164 billion) (2022) 287:Chadchart Sittipunt 222: 15th century 182:13.75250; 100.49417 173: / 17083:Chaophraya Surasak 16994:1,000,000 and more 16834:Democracy Monument 16776:World Siam Stadium 16762:Suan Luang Rama IX 16742:Queen Sirikit Park 16498:Don Mueang Airport 16488:Charoen Krung Road 16315:Khlong Toei Market 16164:Jim Thompson House 16096:Suan Pakkad Palace 15948:Holy Rosary Church 15902:Wat Ratchanatdaram 15867:Wat Pathum Wanaram 15832:Wat Chana Songkram 15042: 13555:Chaophraya Surasak 12296:Democracy Monument 11983:bangkoktourist.com 11853:on 2 October 2013. 11820:on 4 February 2013 11794:on 19 January 2013 11514:on 9 November 2019 11481:on 21 January 2022 10979:on 20 October 2011 9823:on 10 October 2014 9351:. 15 February 2018 9267:The New York Times 8774:Tourism Management 8682:Cable News Network 8579:on 31 January 2016 8520:on 2 February 2017 8257:on 7 December 2013 8176:The New York Times 7849:The World Factbook 7468:on 3 December 2022 7410:2011-02-06 at the 7263:The New York Times 6797:10.1007/BF00812783 6601:. 6 January 2007. 6568:Bangkok Inter News 6454:"Big Mango (noun)" 6349:on 28 October 2021 6295:on 6 December 2014 6201:on 20 October 2020 6093:กรุงเทพฯ มาจากไหน? 6026:The New York Times 5929:ประวัติเมืองธนบุรี 5359:Thai pronunciation 5207:Outline of Bangkok 5088:, Indonesia (2002) 5050:Fukuoka Prefecture 5004:, Australia (1997) 4898: 4866:Thaksin Shinawatra 4837:series of bombings 4802: 4742: 4670: 4629:air transport hubs 4625: 4565: 4534: 4508:SRT Light Red Line 4433: 4346: 4304: 4266: 4223:" auto rickshaws. 4198:Don Mueang Tollway 4194:expressway network 4190:Charoen Krung Road 4186: 3956: 3946:was built for the 3864: 3820:Thai film industry 3726:Krungthep Thurakij 3677:World Book Capital 3636: 3585: 3569: 3469:backpacker tourism 3438:Jim Thompson House 3410: 3381: 3364:Tourism in Bangkok 3344:Fortune Global 500 3309: 3273: 3081: 2943: 2941: 2879: 2869: 2799:economic disparity 2751: 2698: 2679:Democracy Monument 2650: 2605: 2534:Bang Khae district 2524:Lat Phrao district 2484:Chatuchak district 2469:Bueng Kum district 2464:Din Daeng district 2409:Thon Buri district 2364:Bang Kapi district 2359:Bang Khen district 2349:Nong Chok district 2327: 1453: 1404: 1326: 1172: 1112:is a Thai word of 1066:longest place name 983: 875:being the name of 755:Thaksin Shinawatra 703: 701:'s embassy in 1822 620: 617:Du Royaume de Siam 603:History of Bangkok 587:traffic congestion 583:expressway network 403: • Metro 307: • Metro 228:Founded as capital 129:Nickname(s): 88:Democracy Monument 68:Wat Benchamabophit 17568: 17567: 17562: 17561: 17555:Cities portal 17540: 17539: 17489:United States (2) 17425: 17424: 17106: 17105: 17037:Nakhon Ratchasima 16946: 16945: 16732:Nagaraphirom Park 16700:Parks and gardens 16478:Captain Bush Lane 16454:Bridges, streets 16263:Markets and Malls 16091:Phaya Thai Palace 16062: 16061: 15968:Santa Cruz Church 15796:Places of Worship 15755: 15754: 15353: 15352: 15348: 15347: 14995: 14994: 14545: 14544: 14511: 14510: 13945:Camp Thunder Cove 13708: 13707: 13605:Nakhon Ratchasima 13469: 13468: 13129:Nakhon Ratchasima 12954: 12953: 12609: 12608: 12437: 12436: 12403:Airport Rail Link 12135: 12134: 12130: 12129: 11951:978-616-93171-0-4 11923:978-0-8248-5572-7 11895:978-616-451-043-2 11846:978-974-9565-72-8 11784:978-92-1-132274-3 11760:978-0-631-23578-1 11741:978-0-521-01647-6 11622:on 23 August 2022 11589:on 3 October 2018 11448:on 3 October 2018 11356:on 8 October 2016 11263:on 3 October 2018 11210:on 8 October 2016 11177:on 3 October 2018 11144:on 3 October 2018 11078:on 8 October 2016 11045:on 3 October 2018 11012:on 3 October 2018 10953:on 3 October 2018 10856:on 23 August 2022 10823:on 3 October 2018 10772:on 3 October 2018 10713:on 3 October 2018 10680:on 3 October 2018 10647:on 3 October 2018 10614:on 3 October 2018 10337:978-1-317-56285-6 10197:on 27 August 2011 9750:, 1 January 2007. 9726:on 13 August 2018 9220:"Bangkok traffic" 9026:978-0-8213-5203-8 8751:978-1-118-00979-6 8553:on 10 August 2020 8451:978-1-84971-176-0 8327:978-0-9546207-7-6 8102:978-1-134-65986-9 8076:978-0-8772-7742-2 7552:978-1-56898-544-2 7498:on 1 January 2013 7434:978-92-808-0907-7 7381:"Station Bangkok" 6860:CNN International 6751:The Straits Times 6716:preventionweb.net 6381:978-1-134-65986-9 6274:"กรุงเทพมหานคร". 6238:978-0-608-40406-6 6107:978-616-7686-00-4 5228:Explanatory notes 5172:, Mongolia (2017) 5124:, Cambodia (2013) 5118:, Portugal (2016) 5100:, Portugal (2016) 5058:, Malaysia (2012) 4968:City partnerships 4751:healthcare system 4604:Laem Chabang Port 4504:SRT Dark Red Line 4464:Airport Rail Link 4358:bus rapid transit 4300:Phahonyothin Road 4263:Chao Phraya river 4259:Krung Thep Bridge 4174: 4173: 4166: 4148: 3968:Muangthong United 3890:Patravadi Theatre 3813:1997 constitution 3756:The Straits Times 3442:Thai architecture 3237:Santa Cruz Church 3043: 3042: 2924:Wachirabenchathat 2912:Suanluang Rama IX 2845:business district 2669:, as well as the 2601:Chao Phraya River 2584:Bang Bon district 2529:Watthana district 2479:Bang Sue district 2394:Yan Nawa district 2384:Min Buri district 2354:Bang Rak district 2309: 2308: 2251:ultraviolet index 2082:relative humidity 1539:urban heat island 1487:Khao Khiao Massif 1478:within Bangkok's 1457:rising sea levels 1211:180 sub-districts 1188:, and was won by 1000: 901:ธนบุรีศรีมหาสมุทร 624:Chao Phraya River 519:Ayutthaya Kingdom 500:Chao Phraya River 477: 476: 386: • City 328: • City 299: • City 270: • Type 215:First settlements 84:Watthana District 72:Chao Phraya River 17623: 17601:Gulf of Thailand 17591:Capitals in Asia 17553: 17552: 17551: 17465: 17464: 17397:Ho Chi Minh City 17182: 17181: 17133: 17126: 17119: 17110: 17109: 17098:Ubon Ratchathani 16985: 16984: 16973: 16966: 16959: 16950: 16949: 16877:Baiyoke Tower II 16868:Skyscrapers and 16854:Victory Monument 16801:National Stadium 16548:Rama VIII Bridge 16508:Krungthep Bridge 16440:Wang Lang Market 16400:Talat Nang Loeng 16249:National Gallery 16124:Bangkok Aquarium 16119:Ban Bu Community 16034:Tiger God Shrine 16029:Mariamman Temple 15907:Wat Ratchapradit 15892:Wat Ratchabophit 15800: 15799: 15782: 15775: 15768: 15759: 15758: 15750: 15739: 15735: 15734: 15724: 15720: 15719: 15709: 15705: 15704: 15694: 15690: 15689: 15679: 15675: 15674: 15664: 15660: 15659: 15649: 15645: 15644: 15634: 15630: 15629: 15619: 15615: 15614: 15604: 15600: 15599: 15589: 15585: 15584: 15574: 15570: 15569: 15559: 15555: 15554: 15544: 15540: 15539: 15529: 15525: 15524: 15514: 15510: 15509: 15499: 15495: 15494: 15484: 15480: 15479: 15469: 15465: 15464: 15454: 15450: 15449: 15439: 15435: 15434: 15424: 15420: 15419: 15409: 15405: 15404: 15380: 15373: 15366: 15357: 15356: 15199:Osaka–Kobe–Kyoto 15194:Ho Chi Minh City 15039: 15038: 15022: 15015: 15008: 14999: 14998: 14859: 14572: 14565: 14558: 14549: 14548: 14099:Christmas Island 14093:Flying Fish Cove 13769: 13768: 13735: 13728: 13721: 13712: 13711: 13690:Ubon Ratchathani 13547: 13524: 13496: 13489: 13482: 13473: 13472: 13164:Ubon Ratchathani 12981: 12974: 12967: 12958: 12957: 12863: 12672:Phra Nakhon side 12649: 12642: 12635: 12626: 12625: 12613: 12612: 12599: 12598: 12589: 12588: 12492:1998 Asian Games 12487:1978 Asian Games 12482:1970 Asian Games 12477:1966 Asian Games 12347: 12346: 12291:Victory Monument 12221: 12197:Thonburi Kingdom 12174: 12173: 12162: 12155: 12148: 12139: 12138: 12105: 12104: 12088: 12087: 12080: 12079: 12063: 12062: 12040: 12026: 12019: 12012: 12003: 12002: 11978: 11977: 11975:Official website 11962: 11960: 11958: 11934: 11932: 11930: 11906: 11904: 11902: 11887: 11868: 11866: 11854: 11849:. Archived from 11829: 11827: 11825: 11819: 11803: 11801: 11799: 11793: 11787:. Archived from 11776: 11764: 11745: 11733: 11713: 11712: 11710: 11708: 11703:on 18 April 2018 11699:. Archived from 11692: 11686: 11685: 11683: 11674: 11668: 11667: 11665: 11656: 11650: 11649: 11647: 11638: 11632: 11631: 11629: 11627: 11621: 11615:. Archived from 11614: 11605: 11599: 11598: 11596: 11594: 11588: 11582:. Archived from 11581: 11572: 11566: 11565: 11563: 11561: 11552:. Archived from 11545: 11539: 11538: 11530: 11524: 11523: 11521: 11519: 11513: 11507:. Archived from 11506: 11497: 11491: 11490: 11488: 11486: 11480: 11474:. Archived from 11473: 11464: 11458: 11457: 11455: 11453: 11447: 11441:. Archived from 11440: 11431: 11425: 11424: 11422: 11420: 11414: 11408:. Archived from 11407: 11398: 11392: 11391: 11389: 11387: 11372: 11366: 11365: 11363: 11361: 11352:. Archived from 11345: 11339: 11338: 11336: 11334: 11329:on 31 March 2022 11328: 11322:. Archived from 11321: 11312: 11306: 11305: 11303: 11301: 11296:on 5 August 2019 11295: 11289:. Archived from 11288: 11279: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11268: 11259:. Archived from 11252: 11246: 11245: 11243: 11241: 11236:on 6 August 2009 11226: 11220: 11219: 11217: 11215: 11209: 11203:. Archived from 11202: 11193: 11187: 11186: 11184: 11182: 11176: 11170:. Archived from 11169: 11160: 11154: 11153: 11151: 11149: 11143: 11137:. Archived from 11136: 11127: 11121: 11120: 11118: 11116: 11110: 11104:. Archived from 11103: 11094: 11088: 11087: 11085: 11083: 11077: 11071:. Archived from 11070: 11061: 11055: 11054: 11052: 11050: 11044: 11038:. Archived from 11037: 11028: 11022: 11021: 11019: 11017: 11011: 11005:. Archived from 11004: 10995: 10989: 10988: 10986: 10984: 10969: 10963: 10962: 10960: 10958: 10952: 10946:. Archived from 10945: 10936: 10930: 10929: 10927: 10925: 10905: 10899: 10898: 10896: 10894: 10888: 10882:. Archived from 10881: 10872: 10866: 10865: 10863: 10861: 10855: 10849:. Archived from 10848: 10839: 10833: 10832: 10830: 10828: 10822: 10816:. Archived from 10815: 10806: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10788: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10777: 10771: 10765:. Archived from 10764: 10755: 10749: 10748: 10746: 10744: 10729: 10723: 10722: 10720: 10718: 10712: 10706:. Archived from 10705: 10696: 10690: 10689: 10687: 10685: 10679: 10673:. Archived from 10672: 10663: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10652: 10646: 10640:. Archived from 10639: 10630: 10624: 10623: 10621: 10619: 10613: 10607:. Archived from 10606: 10597: 10591: 10590: 10588: 10586: 10580: 10574:. Archived from 10573: 10564: 10558: 10557: 10555: 10553: 10548:on 11 April 2019 10547: 10541:. Archived from 10540: 10531: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10520: 10515:on 31 March 2022 10514: 10503: 10494: 10488: 10487: 10485: 10483: 10474:. Archived from 10464: 10458: 10457: 10455: 10453: 10448:on 16 April 2012 10434: 10428: 10427: 10425: 10423: 10403: 10394: 10393: 10391: 10389: 10379:"A capital idea" 10374: 10368: 10367: 10365: 10363: 10348: 10342: 10341: 10323: 10317: 10316: 10288: 10282: 10281: 10279: 10277: 10258: 10252: 10249: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10238: 10232: 10221: 10213: 10207: 10206: 10204: 10202: 10196: 10178: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10167: 10153: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10142: 10136:Frontier Myanmar 10127: 10121: 10120: 10118: 10116: 10096: 10090: 10089: 10081: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10070: 10056: 10050: 10049: 10047: 10045: 10026: 10025: 10020: 10011: 10010: 10008: 10006: 9991: 9985: 9984: 9982: 9980: 9974: 9962: 9956: 9955: 9954:on 3 March 2016. 9953: 9947:. Archived from 9930: 9921: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9910: 9896: 9887: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9876: 9861: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9850: 9839: 9833: 9832: 9830: 9828: 9809: 9803: 9802: 9800: 9798: 9783: 9777: 9776: 9774: 9772: 9757: 9751: 9742: 9736: 9735: 9733: 9731: 9722:. Archived from 9712: 9706: 9705: 9703: 9701: 9695: 9684: 9676: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9665: 9654:"ท่าเรือกรุงเทพ" 9649: 9643: 9640: 9634: 9633: 9626: 9620: 9619: 9612: 9606: 9605: 9603: 9601: 9587: 9581: 9580: 9568: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9557: 9543: 9537: 9536: 9534: 9532: 9518: 9512: 9511: 9509: 9507: 9493: 9487: 9486: 9484: 9482: 9468: 9462: 9461: 9459: 9457: 9442: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9431: 9416: 9410: 9409: 9407: 9405: 9385: 9379: 9376: 9370: 9367: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9356: 9341: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9330: 9315: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9289: 9283: 9282: 9280: 9278: 9264: 9256: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9239: 9224: 9215: 9209: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9189: 9183: 9182: 9180: 9178: 9172: 9165: 9157: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9108: 9102: 9101: 9089: 9083: 9082: 9080: 9078: 9063: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9052: 9037: 9031: 9030: 9012: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8998: 8987:Thai Rath Online 8979: 8973: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8954: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8943: 8933: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8922: 8907: 8901: 8898: 8892: 8891: 8889: 8887: 8872: 8866: 8865: 8863: 8861: 8846: 8840: 8839: 8837: 8835: 8820: 8814: 8813: 8805: 8799: 8796: 8790: 8789: 8769: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8735: 8729: 8726: 8720: 8719: 8717: 8715: 8700: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8689: 8673: 8667: 8666: 8664: 8662: 8647: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8621: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8603:Travel + Leisure 8595: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8584: 8569: 8563: 8562: 8560: 8558: 8552: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8527: 8525: 8519: 8503: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8486: 8474: 8468: 8467: 8465: 8463: 8454:. Archived from 8435: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8405: 8399: 8398: 8396: 8394: 8379: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8353: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8337:on 19 March 2012 8336: 8330:. Archived from 8319: 8308: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8282: 8276: 8273: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8262: 8256: 8249: 8241: 8232: 8229: 8223: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8190: 8184: 8183: 8173: 8165: 8159: 8158: 8157:on 31 July 2013. 8156: 8149: 8138: 8130: 8122: 8116: 8113: 8107: 8106: 8086: 8080: 8079: 8062: 8056: 8055: 8029: 8021: 8015: 8014: 7978: 7972: 7971: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7941:on 13 March 2019 7940: 7929: 7921: 7915: 7914: 7912: 7910: 7899: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7888: 7879: 7870: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7841: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7784: 7775:. Archived from 7765: 7759: 7758: 7741:(3–4): 159–171. 7730: 7724: 7723: 7721: 7719: 7704: 7698: 7697: 7695: 7693: 7683: 7675: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7664: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7614: 7605: 7604: 7602: 7593: 7584: 7583: 7572: 7566: 7563: 7557: 7556: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7519: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7475: 7473: 7467: 7456: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7420: 7414: 7406: 7399: 7393: 7392: 7390: 7388: 7377: 7371: 7370: 7368: 7366: 7355: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7339:on 19 March 2023 7338: 7332:. Archived from 7327: 7316: 7310: 7309: 7303: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7280: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7260: 7251: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7235:on 19 March 2023 7234: 7228:. Archived from 7223: 7215: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7184: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7124:on 1 August 2016 7123: 7116: 7107: 7101: 7100: 7089: 7083: 7077: 7071: 7070: 7044: 7035: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7024: 7009: 7003: 7002: 6992: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6939: 6931: 6925: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6905: 6899: 6898: 6897:on 21 July 2011. 6893:. Archived from 6882: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6824: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6733: 6731: 6722:. Archived from 6707: 6701: 6700: 6698: 6696: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6646: 6640: 6637: 6631: 6629: 6621: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6589: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6565: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6528: 6522: 6519: 6513: 6510: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6484: 6478: 6475: 6469: 6468: 6466: 6464: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6392: 6386: 6385: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6283: 6271: 6262: 6261: 6255: 6253: 6217: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6200: 6194:. Archived from 6177: 6165: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6130: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6110:. Archived from 6084: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6073: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6023: 6015: 6009: 6006: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5975: 5963: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5923: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5904:on 5 August 2017 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5864: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5845:on 5 August 2017 5831: 5825: 5824: 5813: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5790:on 12 March 2019 5789: 5778: 5770: 5757: 5756: 5720: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5682: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5668: 5653: 5622: 5619: 5613: 5610: 5604: 5601: 5595: 5592: 5586: 5583: 5577: 5574: 5568: 5561: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5436: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5398:Spondias pinnata 5394: 5388: 5378: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5352: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5342: 5336: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5284: 5281:American English 5276: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5246: 5238: 5182:Washington, D.C. 5128:Saint Petersburg 5082:, Vietnam (2016) 5076:, Vietnam (2015) 5074:Ho Chi Minh City 5070:, Vietnam (2004) 5010:, Hungary (1997) 4978:Aichi Prefecture 4928:, among others. 4788:Crime and safety 4782:Bangkok Hospital 4738:Siriraj Hospital 4600:Khlong Toei Port 4377:Motorcycle taxis 4228:national highway 4211:public transport 4169: 4162: 4158: 4155: 4149: 4147: 4106: 4082: 4074: 4034:1998 Asian Games 4026:National Stadium 3976:BG Pathum United 3948:1998 Asian Games 3917:National Theatre 3886:contemporary art 3882:National Gallery 3666:Chinese New Year 3609:Pak Khlong Talat 3537: 3522: 3508: 3434:Vimanmek Mansion 3394:Travel + Leisure 3352:Gini coefficient 3208: 3202: 3192: 3182: 3172: 3162: 3152: 3142: 3075:, the centre of 2954: 2946: 2942: 2892:detention basins 2822: 2771:Victory Monument 2769:BTS lines). The 2747:Victory Monument 2694:Baiyoke Tower II 2569:Bang Na district 2544:Sai Mai district 2036: 1557: 1556: 1510: 1509: 1469:coastal flooding 1375:Gulf of Thailand 1286:Parliament House 1282:Government House 1217:, equivalent to 1203:, equivalent to 1129: 1128: 1123: 1111: 1110: 1106: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1080: 1026: 1025: 1002: 1001: 980: 968: 958: 957: 952: 946: 945: 940: 917: 903: 902: 897: 874: 873: 869: 863: 862: 857: 851: 850: 846: 840: 839: 834: 828: 827: 823: 817: 816: 815: 809: 803: 802: 777: 776: 684: 676: 646:. In 1782, King 644:Thonburi Kingdom 556:Buddhist temples 504:central Thailand 473: 470: 468: 466: 239:13 December 1972 223: 220: 209:Central Thailand 188: 187: 185: 184: 183: 178: 174: 171: 170: 169: 166: 151: 146: 141: 118: 106: 64: 45: 44: 37: 36: 35: 24: 23: 17631: 17630: 17626: 17625: 17624: 17622: 17621: 17620: 17571: 17570: 17569: 17564: 17563: 17558: 17549: 17547: 17536: 17505: 17484: 17456: 17421: 17375: 17354: 17328: 17302: 17261: 17173: 17142: 17137: 17107: 17102: 17066:100,000–299,999 17061: 17030:200,000–499,999 17025: 17016:500,000–999,999 17011: 16989: 16979: 16977: 16947: 16942: 16916: 16869: 16863: 16826: 16820: 16779: 16747:Rommaninat Park 16712:Benjakitti Park 16707:Benchasiri Park 16695: 16578: 16572: 16553:Ram Buttri Road 16455: 16449: 16360:Samyan Mitrtown 16300:Gaysorn Village 16275:Central Embassy 16258: 16111: 16105: 16101:Thonburi Palace 16058: 15972: 15936: 15791: 15786: 15756: 15751: 15742: 15729: 15727: 15714: 15712: 15699: 15697: 15684: 15682: 15669: 15667: 15654: 15652: 15639: 15637: 15624: 15622: 15609: 15607: 15594: 15592: 15579: 15577: 15564: 15562: 15549: 15547: 15534: 15532: 15519: 15517: 15504: 15502: 15489: 15487: 15474: 15472: 15459: 15457: 15444: 15442: 15429: 15427: 15414: 15412: 15399: 15397: 15389: 15384: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15343: 15286: 15285: 15228: 15227: 15162: 15161: 15104: 15103: 15032: 15026: 14996: 14991: 14860: 14851: 14582: 14578:Host cities of 14576: 14546: 14541: 14521:Disputed. See: 14512: 14507: 14395:Northern Cyprus 14359: 14211: 14052: 13937: 13923: 13848: 13762: 13745: 13739: 13709: 13704: 13544:thesaban nakhon 13541: 13540: 13533: 13522: 13509: 13500: 13470: 13465: 13382: 13334: 13305:Samut Songkhram 13216: 13178: 13134:Nong Bua Lamphu 13070: 13063: 13005: 12990: 12985: 12955: 12950: 12886:Bang Khun Thian 12864: 12855: 12673: 12667: 12653: 12618: 12610: 12605: 12577: 12551: 12523: 12433: 12412: 12366: 12336: 12315: 12258: 12252: 12230: 12222: 12213: 12183: 12168: 12166: 12136: 12131: 12089: 12033: 12030: 11990:Wayback Machine 11973: 11972: 11969: 11956: 11954: 11952: 11928: 11926: 11924: 11900: 11898: 11896: 11885: 11875: 11873:Further reading 11864: 11847: 11823: 11821: 11817: 11797: 11795: 11791: 11785: 11774: 11761: 11742: 11722: 11717: 11716: 11706: 11704: 11693: 11689: 11681: 11675: 11671: 11663: 11657: 11653: 11645: 11639: 11635: 11625: 11623: 11619: 11612: 11606: 11602: 11592: 11590: 11586: 11579: 11573: 11569: 11559: 11557: 11546: 11542: 11531: 11527: 11517: 11515: 11511: 11504: 11498: 11494: 11484: 11482: 11478: 11471: 11465: 11461: 11451: 11449: 11445: 11438: 11432: 11428: 11418: 11416: 11415:on 8 April 2020 11412: 11405: 11399: 11395: 11385: 11383: 11374: 11373: 11369: 11359: 11357: 11346: 11342: 11332: 11330: 11326: 11319: 11313: 11309: 11299: 11297: 11293: 11286: 11280: 11276: 11266: 11264: 11253: 11249: 11239: 11237: 11228: 11227: 11223: 11213: 11211: 11207: 11200: 11194: 11190: 11180: 11178: 11174: 11167: 11161: 11157: 11147: 11145: 11141: 11134: 11128: 11124: 11114: 11112: 11108: 11101: 11095: 11091: 11081: 11079: 11075: 11068: 11062: 11058: 11048: 11046: 11042: 11035: 11029: 11025: 11015: 11013: 11009: 11002: 10996: 10992: 10982: 10980: 10971: 10970: 10966: 10956: 10954: 10950: 10943: 10937: 10933: 10923: 10921: 10920:on 15 July 2019 10906: 10902: 10892: 10890: 10889:on 8 April 2020 10886: 10879: 10873: 10869: 10859: 10857: 10853: 10846: 10840: 10836: 10826: 10824: 10820: 10813: 10807: 10803: 10795: 10789: 10785: 10775: 10773: 10769: 10762: 10756: 10752: 10742: 10740: 10731: 10730: 10726: 10716: 10714: 10710: 10703: 10697: 10693: 10683: 10681: 10677: 10670: 10664: 10660: 10650: 10648: 10644: 10637: 10631: 10627: 10617: 10615: 10611: 10604: 10598: 10594: 10584: 10582: 10578: 10571: 10565: 10561: 10551: 10549: 10545: 10538: 10532: 10528: 10518: 10516: 10512: 10501: 10495: 10491: 10481: 10479: 10466: 10465: 10461: 10451: 10449: 10436: 10435: 10431: 10421: 10419: 10418:on 13 July 2022 10404: 10397: 10387: 10385: 10375: 10371: 10361: 10359: 10349: 10345: 10338: 10324: 10320: 10289: 10285: 10275: 10273: 10272:on 10 June 2009 10260: 10259: 10255: 10250: 10246: 10236: 10234: 10230: 10219: 10215: 10214: 10210: 10200: 10198: 10194: 10184: 10180: 10179: 10175: 10165: 10163: 10155: 10154: 10150: 10140: 10138: 10128: 10124: 10114: 10112: 10097: 10093: 10082: 10078: 10068: 10066: 10058: 10057: 10053: 10043: 10041: 10032: 10023: 10021: 10014: 10004: 10002: 9992: 9988: 9978: 9976: 9972: 9964: 9963: 9959: 9951: 9928: 9922: 9918: 9908: 9906: 9894: 9888: 9884: 9874: 9872: 9871:. TSL Education 9863: 9862: 9858: 9848: 9846: 9841: 9840: 9836: 9826: 9824: 9811: 9810: 9806: 9796: 9794: 9785: 9784: 9780: 9770: 9768: 9758: 9754: 9743: 9739: 9729: 9727: 9714: 9713: 9709: 9699: 9697: 9693: 9682: 9678: 9677: 9673: 9663: 9661: 9660:on 5 March 2013 9650: 9646: 9641: 9637: 9628: 9627: 9623: 9614: 9613: 9609: 9599: 9597: 9589: 9588: 9584: 9569: 9565: 9555: 9553: 9545: 9544: 9540: 9530: 9528: 9520: 9519: 9515: 9505: 9503: 9495: 9494: 9490: 9480: 9478: 9470: 9469: 9465: 9455: 9453: 9444: 9443: 9439: 9429: 9427: 9417: 9413: 9403: 9401: 9386: 9382: 9377: 9373: 9368: 9364: 9354: 9352: 9343: 9342: 9338: 9328: 9326: 9316: 9312: 9302: 9300: 9290: 9286: 9276: 9274: 9257: 9253: 9243: 9241: 9240:on 16 June 2012 9237: 9222: 9216: 9212: 9202: 9200: 9191: 9190: 9186: 9176: 9174: 9170: 9163: 9159: 9158: 9154: 9144: 9142: 9129: 9128: 9124: 9109: 9105: 9090: 9086: 9076: 9074: 9065: 9064: 9060: 9050: 9048: 9038: 9034: 9027: 9013: 9006: 8996: 8994: 8981: 8980: 8976: 8966: 8964: 8956: 8955: 8951: 8941: 8939: 8935: 8934: 8930: 8920: 8918: 8909: 8908: 8904: 8899: 8895: 8885: 8883: 8873: 8869: 8859: 8857: 8855:Khaosod English 8847: 8843: 8833: 8831: 8821: 8817: 8806: 8802: 8797: 8793: 8770: 8766: 8756: 8754: 8752: 8736: 8732: 8727: 8723: 8713: 8711: 8701: 8697: 8687: 8685: 8674: 8670: 8660: 8658: 8648: 8644: 8634: 8632: 8622: 8618: 8608: 8606: 8597: 8596: 8592: 8582: 8580: 8571: 8570: 8566: 8556: 8554: 8551:(Press release) 8550: 8538: 8537: 8533: 8523: 8521: 8518:(Press release) 8517: 8505: 8504: 8500: 8490: 8488: 8485:(Press release) 8484: 8476: 8475: 8471: 8461: 8459: 8452: 8436: 8432: 8422: 8420: 8407: 8406: 8402: 8392: 8390: 8381: 8380: 8376: 8366: 8364: 8355: 8354: 8350: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8328: 8317: 8309: 8305: 8295: 8293: 8284: 8283: 8279: 8274: 8270: 8260: 8258: 8254: 8247: 8243: 8242: 8235: 8230: 8226: 8221: 8217: 8207: 8205: 8204:on 29 July 2022 8192: 8191: 8187: 8166: 8162: 8154: 8147: 8123: 8119: 8114: 8110: 8103: 8087: 8083: 8077: 8063: 8059: 8022: 8018: 7979: 7975: 7958: 7954: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7927: 7923: 7922: 7918: 7908: 7906: 7901: 7900: 7896: 7886: 7884: 7877: 7871: 7864: 7854: 7852: 7843: 7842: 7838: 7830: 7822: 7818: 7808: 7806: 7805:on 27 June 2021 7797: 7796: 7792: 7782: 7780: 7767: 7766: 7762: 7731: 7727: 7717: 7715: 7706: 7705: 7701: 7691: 7689: 7681: 7677: 7676: 7672: 7662: 7660: 7650: 7646: 7615: 7608: 7600: 7594: 7587: 7574: 7573: 7569: 7564: 7560: 7553: 7539: 7535: 7520: 7511: 7501: 7499: 7486: 7485: 7481: 7471: 7469: 7465: 7454: 7451: 7447: 7446: 7442: 7435: 7421: 7417: 7412:Wayback Machine 7404: 7400: 7396: 7386: 7384: 7379: 7378: 7374: 7364: 7362: 7361:. Weather Atlas 7357: 7356: 7352: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7325: 7322: 7318: 7317: 7313: 7297: 7296: 7289: 7287: 7282: 7281: 7277: 7267: 7265: 7258: 7252: 7248: 7238: 7236: 7232: 7221: 7217: 7216: 7209: 7199: 7197: 7185: 7178: 7141: 7137: 7127: 7125: 7121: 7114: 7108: 7104: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7078: 7074: 7042: 7036: 7032: 7022: 7020: 7010: 7006: 6961: 6957: 6947: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6932: 6928: 6918: 6916: 6906: 6902: 6883: 6879: 6869: 6867: 6854: 6853: 6849: 6839: 6837: 6822: 6816: 6812: 6769: 6765: 6755: 6753: 6743: 6739: 6729: 6727: 6708: 6704: 6694: 6692: 6682: 6678: 6647: 6643: 6638: 6634: 6622: 6618: 6608: 6606: 6591: 6590: 6586: 6578: 6563: 6559: 6558: 6554: 6544: 6542: 6535: 6529: 6525: 6520: 6516: 6511: 6507: 6497: 6495: 6486: 6485: 6481: 6476: 6472: 6462: 6460: 6452: 6451: 6447: 6437: 6435: 6425: 6421: 6411: 6409: 6402: 6393: 6389: 6382: 6366: 6362: 6352: 6350: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6323: 6321: 6313: 6312: 6308: 6298: 6296: 6289: 6285: 6273: 6272: 6265: 6251: 6249: 6239: 6221:Roberts, Edmund 6218: 6214: 6204: 6202: 6198: 6175: 6172: 6166: 6159: 6149: 6147: 6146:on 2 March 2012 6136: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6117: 6115: 6108: 6094: 6088:Wongthes, Sujit 6085: 6081: 6071: 6069: 6062: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6043: 6041: 6016: 6012: 6007: 5998: 5988: 5986: 5977: 5964: 5953: 5943: 5941: 5940:on 13 July 2010 5930: 5924: 5917: 5907: 5905: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5877: 5875: 5874:. HarperCollins 5866: 5865: 5858: 5848: 5846: 5833: 5832: 5828: 5815: 5814: 5803: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5776: 5772: 5771: 5760: 5721: 5714: 5704: 5702: 5701:on 4 March 2012 5683: 5676: 5666: 5664: 5656: 5654: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5607: 5602: 5598: 5593: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5575: 5571: 5562: 5558: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5532:shakrasdattiya 5437: 5433: 5427: 5423: 5372: 5368: 5358: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5338: 5337: 5329: 5322: 5318: 5288: 5279: 5278: 5250: 5243:British English 5241: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5230: 5198: 5193: 5130:, Russia (1997) 5112:, Russia (1997) 4986:, Turkey (2012) 4970: 4910: 4890: 4853: 4829:bombing in 2015 4790: 4774:medical tourism 4731: 4654: 4649: 4613: 4593:Long-tail boats 4581:Saen Saep Canal 4546: 4544:Water transport 4421: 4415: 4338: 4336:Buses and taxis 4327: 4252: 4170: 4159: 4153: 4150: 4107: 4105: 4095: 4083: 4072: 4066: 3937: 3929:Numerous venues 3852: 3762:Yomiuri Shimbun 3750:Financial Times 3693: 3621: 3553: 3548: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3538: 3529: 3523: 3514: 3509: 3498: 3497: 3366: 3360: 3275:Bangkok is the 3258: 3213: 3212: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3204: 3200: 3198: 3190: 3188: 3180: 3178: 3170: 3168: 3160: 3158: 3150: 3148: 3140: 2933: 2853: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2829:Skyscrapers of 2828: 2823: 2593: 2588: 2539:Lak Si district 2494:Prawet district 2474:Sathon district 2315: 2310: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2034: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1813: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1673: 1668: 1663: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1523:(Aw) under the 1517: 1379:above sea level 1367: 1318: 1271: 1263:Ficus benjamina 1197:fifty districts 1168:ceremonial name 1160: 1154: 1064:as the world's 1021: 1017: 1016: 1008: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1003: 994: 991: 984: 978: 811: 810: 792: 714:in World War II 632:a siege in 1688 605: 599: 463: 435: 407: 393: 236:Re-incorporated 221: 181: 179: 175: 172: 167: 164: 162: 160: 159: 153: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 132: 124: 123: 122: 121: 112: 111: 94: 55: 46: 39: 38: 31: 29: 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17629: 17619: 17618: 17613: 17608: 17603: 17598: 17593: 17588: 17583: 17566: 17565: 17560: 17559: 17545: 17542: 17541: 17538: 17537: 17535: 17534: 17529: 17524: 17519: 17513: 17511: 17507: 17506: 17504: 17503: 17498: 17492: 17490: 17486: 17485: 17483: 17482: 17477: 17475:Rio de Janeiro 17471: 17469: 17462: 17458: 17457: 17455: 17454: 17449: 17444: 17439: 17433: 17431: 17427: 17426: 17423: 17422: 17420: 17419: 17414: 17409: 17404: 17399: 17394: 17389: 17383: 17381: 17377: 17376: 17374: 17373: 17368: 17362: 17360: 17356: 17355: 17353: 17352: 17347: 17342: 17336: 17334: 17330: 17329: 17327: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17310: 17308: 17304: 17303: 17301: 17300: 17295: 17290: 17285: 17280: 17275: 17269: 17267: 17263: 17262: 17260: 17259: 17254: 17249: 17244: 17239: 17234: 17229: 17224: 17219: 17214: 17209: 17204: 17199: 17194: 17188: 17186: 17179: 17175: 17174: 17172: 17171: 17166: 17161: 17156: 17150: 17148: 17144: 17143: 17136: 17135: 17128: 17121: 17113: 17104: 17103: 17101: 17100: 17095: 17090: 17085: 17080: 17075: 17069: 17067: 17063: 17062: 17060: 17059: 17054: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17033: 17031: 17027: 17026: 17024: 17023: 17019: 17017: 17013: 17012: 17010: 17009: 17004: 16997: 16995: 16991: 16990: 16976: 16975: 16968: 16961: 16953: 16944: 16943: 16941: 16940: 16938:Siam Park City 16935: 16930: 16924: 16922: 16918: 16917: 16915: 16914: 16909: 16904: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16884: 16879: 16873: 16871: 16865: 16864: 16862: 16861: 16856: 16851: 16846: 16841: 16836: 16830: 16828: 16825:Monuments and 16822: 16821: 16819: 16818: 16813: 16808: 16803: 16798: 16793: 16787: 16785: 16781: 16780: 16778: 16777: 16774: 16769: 16764: 16759: 16754: 16749: 16744: 16739: 16734: 16729: 16724: 16719: 16717:Chatuchak Park 16714: 16709: 16703: 16701: 16697: 16696: 16694: 16693: 16688: 16683: 16678: 16673: 16668: 16663: 16658: 16653: 16648: 16643: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16623: 16618: 16613: 16608: 16603: 16598: 16593: 16588: 16582: 16580: 16579:neighbourhoods 16574: 16573: 16571: 16570: 16565: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16510: 16505: 16500: 16495: 16490: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16470: 16465: 16459: 16457: 16451: 16450: 16448: 16447: 16442: 16437: 16435:Trok Mo Market 16432: 16427: 16422: 16417: 16412: 16407: 16402: 16397: 16392: 16387: 16382: 16377: 16375:Siam Discovery 16372: 16367: 16362: 16357: 16352: 16347: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16322: 16317: 16312: 16307: 16302: 16297: 16292: 16287: 16282: 16277: 16272: 16266: 16264: 16260: 16259: 16257: 16256: 16251: 16246: 16241: 16236: 16231: 16226: 16221: 16216: 16211: 16206: 16201: 16196: 16191: 16186: 16181: 16176: 16171: 16166: 16161: 16156: 16151: 16146: 16141: 16136: 16131: 16126: 16121: 16115: 16113: 16107: 16106: 16104: 16103: 16098: 16093: 16088: 16083: 16078: 16072: 16070: 16064: 16063: 16060: 16059: 16057: 16056: 16051: 16046: 16041: 16039:Ton Son Mosque 16036: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16016: 16011: 16009:Guanyin Shrine 16006: 16004:Guan Yu Shrine 16001: 15996: 15991: 15986: 15980: 15978: 15974: 15973: 15971: 15970: 15965: 15960: 15955: 15950: 15944: 15942: 15938: 15937: 15935: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15922:Wat Suwannaram 15919: 15914: 15909: 15904: 15899: 15894: 15889: 15884: 15879: 15874: 15869: 15864: 15859: 15854: 15849: 15844: 15839: 15834: 15829: 15824: 15822:Wat Bowonniwet 15819: 15814: 15808: 15806: 15797: 15793: 15792: 15785: 15784: 15777: 15770: 15762: 15753: 15752: 15745: 15743: 15741: 15740: 15725: 15710: 15695: 15680: 15665: 15650: 15635: 15620: 15605: 15590: 15575: 15560: 15545: 15530: 15515: 15500: 15485: 15470: 15455: 15440: 15425: 15410: 15394: 15391: 15390: 15383: 15382: 15375: 15368: 15360: 15351: 15350: 15346: 15345: 15342: 15341: 15336: 15331: 15326: 15321: 15316: 15311: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15290: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15283: 15278: 15273: 15268: 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15246:Rio de Janeiro 15243: 15238: 15232: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15225: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15181: 15172: 15166: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15108: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15062: 15057: 15052: 15046: 15045: 15043: 15037: 15034: 15033: 15025: 15024: 15017: 15010: 15002: 14993: 14992: 14990: 14989: 14976: 14963: 14952: 14937: 14926: 14915: 14904: 14893: 14882: 14870: 14868: 14862: 14861: 14854: 14852: 14850: 14849: 14836: 14823: 14806: 14795: 14780: 14769: 14758: 14747: 14736: 14725: 14714: 14703: 14692: 14681: 14670: 14659: 14648: 14637: 14626: 14615: 14604: 14592: 14590: 14584: 14583: 14575: 14574: 14567: 14560: 14552: 14543: 14542: 14527:Cyprus dispute 14517: 14514: 14513: 14509: 14508: 14506: 14505: 14494: 14478: 14467: 14456: 14440: 14429: 14418: 14401: 14385: 14374: 14362: 14360: 14358: 14357: 14346: 14335: 14321: 14303: 14292: 14281: 14270: 14259: 14248: 14237: 14226: 14214: 14212: 14210: 14209: 14191: 14180: 14173: 14162: 14151: 14140: 14129: 14118: 14107: 14089: 14078: 14067: 14055: 14053: 14051: 14050: 14039: 14028: 14017: 14006: 13995: 13984: 13973: 13962: 13940: 13938: 13936: 13935: 13919: 13918: 13917: 13906: 13895: 13882: 13871: 13860: 13844: 13843: 13842: 13831: 13820: 13809: 13798: 13786: 13783: 13782: 13779: 13778:Southeast Asia 13776: 13773: 13767: 13764: 13763: 13750: 13747: 13746: 13738: 13737: 13730: 13723: 13715: 13706: 13705: 13703: 13702: 13697: 13692: 13687: 13682: 13677: 13672: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13627: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13572: 13567: 13562: 13557: 13551: 13549: 13535: 13534: 13532: 13531: 13526: 13517: 13515: 13511: 13510: 13499: 13498: 13491: 13484: 13476: 13467: 13466: 13464: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13418: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13398: 13392: 13390: 13384: 13383: 13381: 13380: 13375: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13355: 13350: 13344: 13342: 13336: 13335: 13333: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13312: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13240:Kamphaeng Phet 13237: 13232: 13226: 13224: 13218: 13217: 13215: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13188: 13186: 13180: 13179: 13177: 13176: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13086: 13081: 13075: 13073: 13065: 13064: 13062: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13015: 13013: 13007: 13006: 12995: 12992: 12991: 12984: 12983: 12976: 12969: 12961: 12952: 12951: 12949: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12936:Thawi Watthana 12933: 12928: 12923: 12918: 12913: 12908: 12903: 12898: 12893: 12888: 12883: 12878: 12872: 12870: 12869:Thon Buri side 12866: 12865: 12858: 12856: 12854: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12841:Wang Thonglang 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12816:Samphanthawong 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12793: 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12698: 12693: 12688: 12683: 12677: 12675: 12669: 12668: 12652: 12651: 12644: 12637: 12629: 12623: 12620: 12619: 12607: 12606: 12604: 12603: 12593: 12582: 12579: 12578: 12576: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12559: 12557: 12553: 12552: 12550: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12533: 12531: 12525: 12524: 12522: 12521: 12520: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12496: 12495: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12445: 12443: 12439: 12438: 12435: 12434: 12432: 12431: 12426: 12420: 12418: 12414: 12413: 12411: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12374: 12372: 12368: 12367: 12365: 12364: 12359: 12353: 12351: 12344: 12338: 12337: 12335: 12334: 12329: 12323: 12321: 12317: 12316: 12314: 12313: 12308: 12303: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12262: 12260: 12254: 12253: 12251: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12234: 12232: 12231:and localities 12224: 12223: 12216: 12214: 12212: 12211: 12210: 12209: 12207:Chakri dynasty 12199: 12193: 12191: 12185: 12184: 12165: 12164: 12157: 12150: 12142: 12133: 12132: 12128: 12127: 12122: 12119:Bay of Bangkok 12115: 12109: 12108: 12106: 12099: 12096: 12095: 12090: 12075: 12073: 12067: 12066: 12064: 12057: 12054: 12053: 12051: 12046: 12038: 12035: 12034: 12029: 12028: 12021: 12014: 12006: 12000: 11999: 11993: 11980: 11968: 11967:External links 11965: 11964: 11963: 11950: 11935: 11922: 11907: 11894: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11869: 11855: 11845: 11830: 11804: 11783: 11765: 11759: 11746: 11740: 11721: 11718: 11715: 11714: 11687: 11669: 11651: 11633: 11600: 11567: 11556:on 1 June 2017 11540: 11525: 11492: 11459: 11426: 11393: 11367: 11340: 11307: 11274: 11247: 11221: 11188: 11155: 11122: 11089: 11056: 11023: 10990: 10964: 10931: 10900: 10867: 10834: 10801: 10783: 10750: 10724: 10691: 10658: 10625: 10592: 10581:on 22 May 2014 10559: 10526: 10489: 10459: 10429: 10408:"Project Plan" 10395: 10369: 10343: 10336: 10318: 10299:(4): 249–255. 10283: 10253: 10244: 10208: 10173: 10148: 10122: 10091: 10076: 10051: 10012: 9986: 9957: 9916: 9882: 9856: 9834: 9804: 9778: 9752: 9737: 9707: 9671: 9644: 9635: 9621: 9607: 9582: 9563: 9538: 9513: 9488: 9463: 9437: 9411: 9380: 9371: 9362: 9336: 9310: 9284: 9251: 9227:IATSS Research 9210: 9199:on 27 May 2013 9184: 9173:on 3 June 2013 9152: 9122: 9103: 9084: 9058: 9042:"Center Stage" 9032: 9025: 9004: 8974: 8949: 8928: 8917:. 29 June 2011 8902: 8893: 8867: 8841: 8815: 8800: 8791: 8780:(3): 359–365. 8764: 8750: 8730: 8721: 8695: 8680:. CNN Travel ( 8668: 8642: 8616: 8590: 8564: 8531: 8498: 8469: 8458:on 23 May 2012 8450: 8430: 8400: 8374: 8348: 8326: 8303: 8277: 8268: 8233: 8224: 8215: 8185: 8160: 8117: 8108: 8101: 8081: 8075: 8057: 8038:(3): 332–347. 8016: 7973: 7952: 7916: 7894: 7862: 7836: 7816: 7790: 7760: 7725: 7699: 7670: 7644: 7625:(3): 219–229. 7606: 7585: 7567: 7558: 7551: 7533: 7509: 7479: 7440: 7433: 7415: 7394: 7372: 7350: 7311: 7275: 7246: 7207: 7176: 7135: 7102: 7084: 7072: 7067:10.1890/130260 7053:(5): 267–272. 7030: 7004: 6955: 6926: 6900: 6877: 6847: 6810: 6783:(4): 335–338. 6763: 6737: 6726:on 27 May 2021 6702: 6676: 6657:(4): 187–201. 6641: 6632: 6616: 6584: 6552: 6523: 6514: 6505: 6479: 6470: 6445: 6419: 6387: 6380: 6360: 6331: 6306: 6284:Reproduced in 6263: 6237: 6212: 6186:(3): 114–123. 6157: 6125: 6106: 6079: 6051: 6010: 5996: 5976:Reproduced in 5951: 5915: 5885: 5856: 5826: 5801: 5758: 5731:(4): 415–426. 5712: 5674: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5614: 5605: 5596: 5587: 5578: 5569: 5556: 5469:ratanakosindra 5431: 5421: 5381:E. hygrophilus 5366: 5347: 5316: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5191: 5190:, China (2013) 5185: 5179: 5173: 5167: 5166:, China (2012) 5161: 5155: 5154:, China (2015) 5149: 5148:, China (2012) 5143: 5142:, China (2013) 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5064:, China (2009) 5059: 5053: 5052:, Japan (2006) 5047: 5046:, China (2016) 5041: 5035: 5034:, China (2011) 5029: 5028:, China (2017) 5023: 5022:, China (2005) 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4998:, China (1993) 4993: 4987: 4981: 4980:, Japan (2012) 4974: 4969: 4966: 4909: 4906: 4889: 4886: 4852: 4849: 4789: 4786: 4730: 4727: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4635:and the newer 4612: 4609: 4545: 4542: 4417:Main article: 4414: 4411: 4337: 4334: 4325: 4277:Eleven bridges 4251: 4248: 4172: 4171: 4086: 4084: 4077: 4068:Main article: 4065: 4062: 3972:Bangkok United 3936: 3933: 3851: 3848: 3692: 3689: 3620: 3617: 3613:gentrification 3589:street vendors 3561:Siam Discovery 3552: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3532: 3530: 3524: 3517: 3515: 3510: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3493: 3362:Main article: 3359: 3356: 3257: 3254: 3205: 3199: 3189: 3179: 3169: 3159: 3149: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3133: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3035: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3016: 3012: 3011: 3008: 3004: 3003: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2980: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2971: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2932: 2929: 2876:Chatuchak Park 2852: 2849: 2825: 2824: 2817: 2816: 2815: 2783:Ratchadaphisek 2726:Sukhumvit Road 2722:Southeast Asia 2609:urban planning 2592: 2589: 2587: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2481: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2344:Dusit district 2341: 2335: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2253: 2246: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2204:sunshine hours 2199: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2153: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2085: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2030: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1956: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1660: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1555: 1551:climate change 1516: 1513: 1461:global warming 1449:sea level rise 1366: 1363: 1317: 1314: 1298:Constitutional 1294:Administrative 1248:white elephant 1156:Main article: 1153: 1150: 1007: 992: 987: 986: 985: 976: 975: 974: 961:Edmund Roberts 818:) is unclear. 791: 788: 718:Allied bombing 601:Main article: 598: 595: 579:urban planning 475: 474: 461: 457: 456: 453: 447: 446: 443: 437: 436: 433: 431: 427: 426: 416: 410: 409: 404: 400: 399: 392:5.747 trillion 387: 383: 382: 378: 377: 374: 368: 367: 364: 360: 359: 356: 349: 348: 345: 341: 340: 337: 333: 332: 329: 325: 324: 320: 319: 316: 312: 311: 308: 304: 303: 300: 296: 295: 291: 290: 284: 277: 276: 271: 267: 266: 262: 261: 256: 255:Governing body 252: 251: 245: 241: 240: 237: 233: 232: 229: 225: 224: 216: 212: 211: 206: 200: 199: 194: 190: 189: 155: 154: 148: 143: 138: 137: 134: 133: 130: 126: 125: 119: 113: 107: 101: 100: 99: 96: 95: 65: 57: 56: 51: 48: 47: 30: 27: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17628: 17617: 17614: 17612: 17609: 17607: 17604: 17602: 17599: 17597: 17594: 17592: 17589: 17587: 17584: 17582: 17579: 17578: 17576: 17557: 17556: 17543: 17533: 17530: 17528: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17518: 17515: 17514: 17512: 17508: 17502: 17501:New York City 17499: 17497: 17494: 17493: 17491: 17487: 17481: 17478: 17476: 17473: 17472: 17470: 17466: 17463: 17459: 17453: 17450: 17448: 17445: 17443: 17440: 17438: 17435: 17434: 17432: 17428: 17418: 17415: 17413: 17410: 17408: 17405: 17403: 17400: 17398: 17395: 17393: 17390: 17388: 17385: 17384: 17382: 17378: 17372: 17369: 17367: 17364: 17363: 17361: 17357: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17337: 17335: 17331: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17311: 17309: 17307:Indonesia (3) 17305: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17271: 17270: 17268: 17264: 17258: 17255: 17253: 17250: 17248: 17245: 17243: 17240: 17238: 17235: 17233: 17230: 17228: 17225: 17223: 17220: 17218: 17215: 17213: 17210: 17208: 17205: 17203: 17200: 17198: 17195: 17193: 17190: 17189: 17187: 17183: 17180: 17176: 17170: 17167: 17165: 17162: 17160: 17157: 17155: 17152: 17151: 17149: 17145: 17141: 17134: 17129: 17127: 17122: 17120: 17115: 17114: 17111: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17076: 17074: 17071: 17070: 17068: 17064: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17034: 17032: 17028: 17021: 17020: 17018: 17014: 17008: 17005: 17002: 16999: 16998: 16996: 16992: 16988: 16983: 16974: 16969: 16967: 16962: 16960: 16955: 16954: 16951: 16939: 16936: 16934: 16931: 16929: 16926: 16925: 16923: 16919: 16913: 16910: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16887:Customs House 16885: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16874: 16872: 16866: 16860: 16857: 16855: 16852: 16850: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16831: 16829: 16823: 16817: 16816:Bangkok Arena 16814: 16812: 16809: 16807: 16804: 16802: 16799: 16797: 16794: 16792: 16789: 16788: 16786: 16782: 16775: 16773: 16770: 16768: 16765: 16763: 16760: 16758: 16755: 16753: 16750: 16748: 16745: 16743: 16740: 16738: 16735: 16733: 16730: 16728: 16727:Lumphini Park 16725: 16723: 16720: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16708: 16705: 16704: 16702: 16698: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16662: 16659: 16657: 16654: 16652: 16649: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16622: 16619: 16617: 16614: 16612: 16609: 16607: 16604: 16602: 16599: 16597: 16594: 16592: 16589: 16587: 16584: 16583: 16581: 16575: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16509: 16506: 16504: 16501: 16499: 16496: 16494: 16491: 16489: 16486: 16484: 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16460: 16458: 16452: 16446: 16443: 16441: 16438: 16436: 16433: 16431: 16428: 16426: 16425:Tha Din Daeng 16423: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16390:Soi Lalai Sap 16388: 16386: 16383: 16381: 16378: 16376: 16373: 16371: 16368: 16366: 16363: 16361: 16358: 16356: 16353: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16311: 16308: 16306: 16303: 16301: 16298: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16288: 16286: 16283: 16281: 16278: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16267: 16265: 16261: 16255: 16252: 16250: 16247: 16245: 16242: 16240: 16237: 16235: 16232: 16230: 16227: 16225: 16222: 16220: 16217: 16215: 16212: 16210: 16207: 16205: 16202: 16200: 16197: 16195: 16192: 16190: 16187: 16185: 16182: 16180: 16177: 16175: 16172: 16170: 16167: 16165: 16162: 16160: 16157: 16155: 16152: 16150: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16116: 16114: 16108: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16089: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16073: 16071: 16069: 16065: 16055: 16052: 16050: 16047: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16015: 16012: 16010: 16007: 16005: 16002: 16000: 15997: 15995: 15994:Erawan Shrine 15992: 15990: 15987: 15985: 15982: 15981: 15979: 15975: 15969: 15966: 15964: 15961: 15959: 15956: 15954: 15951: 15949: 15946: 15945: 15943: 15939: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15918: 15915: 15913: 15910: 15908: 15905: 15903: 15900: 15898: 15895: 15893: 15890: 15888: 15885: 15883: 15880: 15878: 15875: 15873: 15870: 15868: 15865: 15863: 15860: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15840: 15838: 15835: 15833: 15830: 15828: 15825: 15823: 15820: 15818: 15815: 15813: 15810: 15809: 15807: 15805: 15801: 15798: 15794: 15790: 15783: 15778: 15776: 15771: 15769: 15764: 15763: 15760: 15749: 15738: 15733: 15726: 15723: 15718: 15711: 15708: 15703: 15696: 15693: 15688: 15681: 15678: 15673: 15666: 15663: 15658: 15651: 15648: 15643: 15636: 15633: 15628: 15621: 15618: 15613: 15606: 15603: 15602:Port Harcourt 15598: 15591: 15588: 15583: 15576: 15573: 15568: 15561: 15558: 15553: 15546: 15543: 15538: 15531: 15528: 15523: 15516: 15513: 15508: 15501: 15498: 15493: 15486: 15483: 15478: 15471: 15468: 15463: 15456: 15453: 15448: 15441: 15438: 15433: 15426: 15423: 15418: 15411: 15408: 15403: 15396: 15395: 15392: 15388: 15381: 15376: 15374: 15369: 15367: 15362: 15361: 15358: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15320: 15317: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15288: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15274: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15257: 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15230: 15224: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15164: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15106: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15058: 15056: 15053: 15051: 15048: 15047: 15044: 15041: 15040: 15035: 15031: 15023: 15018: 15016: 15011: 15009: 15004: 15003: 15000: 14988: 14987: 14983: 14981: 14977: 14975: 14974: 14970: 14968: 14964: 14962: 14959: 14957: 14953: 14951: 14947: 14944: 14942: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14916: 14914: 14911: 14909: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14887: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14872: 14871: 14869: 14867: 14863: 14858: 14848: 14847: 14843: 14841: 14837: 14835: 14834: 14830: 14828: 14824: 14822: 14821: 14817: 14813: 14811: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14796: 14794: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14774: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14748: 14746: 14743: 14741: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14704: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14693: 14691: 14688: 14686: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14660: 14658: 14655: 14653: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14638: 14636: 14633: 14631: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14605: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14594: 14593: 14591: 14589: 14585: 14581: 14573: 14568: 14566: 14561: 14559: 14554: 14553: 14550: 14540: 14536: 14532: 14528: 14524: 14520: 14515: 14504: 14500: 14499: 14495: 14493: 14490: 14489: 14488:South Ossetia 14484: 14483: 14479: 14477: 14473: 14472: 14468: 14466: 14462: 14461: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14451: 14446: 14445: 14441: 14439: 14435: 14434: 14430: 14428: 14424: 14423: 14419: 14417: 14413: 14412: 14407: 14406: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14396: 14391: 14390: 14389:North Nicosia 14386: 14384: 14380: 14379: 14375: 14373: 14369: 14368: 14364: 14363: 14361: 14356: 14352: 14351: 14347: 14345: 14341: 14340: 14336: 14334: 14331: 14327: 14326: 14322: 14319: 14315: 14314: 14309: 14308: 14304: 14302: 14298: 14297: 14293: 14291: 14287: 14286: 14282: 14280: 14276: 14275: 14271: 14269: 14265: 14264: 14260: 14258: 14254: 14253: 14249: 14247: 14243: 14242: 14238: 14236: 14232: 14231: 14227: 14225: 14221: 14220: 14216: 14215: 14213: 14207: 14203: 14202: 14197: 14196: 14192: 14190: 14186: 14185: 14181: 14179: 14178: 14174: 14172: 14168: 14167: 14163: 14161: 14157: 14156: 14152: 14150: 14146: 14145: 14141: 14139: 14135: 14134: 14130: 14128: 14124: 14123: 14119: 14117: 14113: 14112: 14108: 14105: 14101: 14100: 14095: 14094: 14090: 14088: 14084: 14083: 14079: 14077: 14073: 14072: 14068: 14066: 14062: 14061: 14057: 14056: 14054: 14049: 14045: 14044: 14040: 14038: 14034: 14033: 14029: 14027: 14023: 14022: 14018: 14016: 14012: 14011: 14007: 14005: 14001: 14000: 13996: 13994: 13990: 13989: 13985: 13983: 13979: 13978: 13974: 13972: 13968: 13967: 13963: 13961: 13957: 13953: 13952: 13947: 13946: 13942: 13941: 13939: 13934: 13930: 13929: 13925: 13924: 13922: 13916: 13912: 13911: 13907: 13905: 13901: 13900: 13896: 13894: 13893: 13888: 13887: 13883: 13881: 13877: 13876: 13872: 13870: 13866: 13865: 13861: 13859: 13855: 13854: 13850: 13849: 13847: 13841: 13837: 13836: 13832: 13830: 13826: 13825: 13821: 13819: 13815: 13814: 13810: 13808: 13804: 13803: 13799: 13797: 13793: 13792: 13788: 13787: 13785: 13784: 13780: 13777: 13774: 13771: 13770: 13765: 13761: 13757: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13736: 13731: 13729: 13724: 13722: 13717: 13716: 13713: 13701: 13698: 13696: 13693: 13691: 13688: 13686: 13683: 13681: 13678: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13600:Nakhon Pathom 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13571: 13568: 13566: 13563: 13561: 13558: 13556: 13553: 13552: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13536: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13519: 13518: 13516: 13512: 13508: 13504: 13497: 13492: 13490: 13485: 13483: 13478: 13477: 13474: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13412: 13409: 13407: 13404: 13402: 13399: 13397: 13394: 13393: 13391: 13389: 13385: 13379: 13376: 13374: 13371: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13361: 13359: 13356: 13354: 13351: 13349: 13346: 13345: 13343: 13341: 13337: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13313: 13311: 13308: 13306: 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13255:Nakhon Pathom 13253: 13251: 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13227: 13225: 13223: 13219: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13189: 13187: 13185: 13181: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13124:Nakhon Phanom 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13114:Maha Sarakham 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13079:Amnat Charoen 13077: 13076: 13074: 13072: 13066: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13016: 13014: 13012: 13008: 13004: 13000: 12999: 12993: 12989: 12982: 12977: 12975: 12970: 12968: 12963: 12962: 12959: 12947: 12944: 12942: 12939: 12937: 12934: 12932: 12929: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12921:Phasi Charoen 12919: 12917: 12914: 12912: 12909: 12907: 12904: 12902: 12899: 12897: 12894: 12892: 12889: 12887: 12884: 12882: 12879: 12877: 12874: 12873: 12871: 12867: 12862: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12746:Khlong Sam Wa 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12702: 12699: 12697: 12694: 12692: 12691:Bang Kho Laem 12689: 12687: 12684: 12682: 12679: 12678: 12676: 12670: 12666: 12662: 12660: 12650: 12645: 12643: 12638: 12636: 12631: 12630: 12627: 12621: 12614: 12602: 12594: 12592: 12584: 12583: 12580: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12563:Famous people 12561: 12560: 12558: 12554: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12534: 12532: 12530: 12526: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12499: 12497: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12474: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12446: 12444: 12440: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12421: 12419: 12415: 12409: 12408:SRT Red Lines 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12375: 12373: 12369: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12354: 12352: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12339: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12324: 12322: 12318: 12312: 12311:Lumphini Park 12309: 12307: 12304: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12276:Wat Phra Kaeo 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12263: 12261: 12257:Buildings and 12255: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12243:Neighborhoods 12241: 12239: 12236: 12235: 12233: 12229: 12225: 12220: 12208: 12205: 12204: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12190: 12186: 12181: 12177: 12172: 12163: 12158: 12156: 12151: 12149: 12144: 12143: 12140: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12120: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12110: 12107: 12100: 12098: 12097: 12094: 12091: 12083: 12074: 12072: 12069: 12068: 12065: 12058: 12056: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12041: 12036: 12027: 12022: 12020: 12015: 12013: 12008: 12007: 12004: 11997: 11994: 11991: 11987: 11984: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11970: 11953: 11947: 11943: 11942: 11936: 11925: 11919: 11915: 11914: 11908: 11897: 11891: 11886:(Book review) 11884: 11883: 11877: 11876: 11863: 11862: 11856: 11852: 11848: 11842: 11838: 11837: 11831: 11816: 11812: 11811: 11805: 11790: 11786: 11780: 11773: 11772: 11766: 11762: 11756: 11752: 11747: 11743: 11737: 11732: 11731: 11724: 11723: 11702: 11698: 11691: 11680: 11673: 11662: 11655: 11644: 11637: 11618: 11611: 11604: 11585: 11578: 11571: 11555: 11551: 11544: 11536: 11529: 11510: 11503: 11496: 11477: 11470: 11463: 11444: 11437: 11430: 11411: 11404: 11397: 11381: 11377: 11371: 11355: 11351: 11344: 11325: 11318: 11311: 11292: 11285: 11278: 11262: 11258: 11251: 11235: 11231: 11225: 11206: 11199: 11192: 11173: 11166: 11159: 11140: 11133: 11126: 11107: 11100: 11093: 11074: 11067: 11060: 11041: 11034: 11027: 11008: 11001: 10994: 10978: 10974: 10968: 10949: 10942: 10935: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10904: 10885: 10878: 10871: 10852: 10845: 10838: 10819: 10812: 10805: 10794: 10787: 10768: 10761: 10754: 10739:on 1 May 2011 10738: 10734: 10728: 10709: 10702: 10695: 10676: 10669: 10662: 10643: 10636: 10629: 10610: 10603: 10596: 10577: 10570: 10563: 10544: 10537: 10530: 10511: 10507: 10500: 10493: 10477: 10473: 10469: 10463: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10433: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10402: 10400: 10384: 10380: 10373: 10358: 10354: 10347: 10339: 10333: 10329: 10322: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10287: 10271: 10267: 10263: 10257: 10248: 10229: 10225: 10218: 10212: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10177: 10162: 10158: 10152: 10137: 10133: 10126: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10095: 10087: 10080: 10065: 10061: 10055: 10039: 10035: 10030: 10019: 10017: 10001: 9997: 9990: 9975:on 1 May 2013 9971: 9967: 9961: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9939:(3): 735–40. 9938: 9934: 9927: 9920: 9904: 9900: 9893: 9886: 9870: 9866: 9860: 9844: 9838: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9808: 9792: 9788: 9782: 9767: 9763: 9756: 9749: 9748: 9741: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9711: 9692: 9688: 9681: 9675: 9659: 9655: 9648: 9639: 9631: 9625: 9617: 9611: 9596: 9592: 9586: 9578: 9574: 9567: 9552: 9548: 9542: 9527: 9523: 9517: 9502: 9498: 9492: 9477: 9473: 9467: 9451: 9447: 9441: 9426: 9422: 9415: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9384: 9375: 9366: 9350: 9346: 9340: 9325: 9321: 9314: 9299: 9295: 9288: 9272: 9268: 9263: 9255: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9221: 9214: 9198: 9194: 9188: 9169: 9162: 9156: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9126: 9118: 9114: 9107: 9099: 9095: 9088: 9072: 9068: 9062: 9047: 9043: 9036: 9028: 9022: 9018: 9011: 9009: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8978: 8963: 8959: 8953: 8938: 8932: 8916: 8912: 8906: 8897: 8882: 8878: 8871: 8856: 8852: 8845: 8830: 8826: 8819: 8811: 8804: 8795: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8768: 8753: 8747: 8743: 8742: 8734: 8725: 8710: 8706: 8699: 8683: 8679: 8672: 8657: 8653: 8646: 8631: 8627: 8620: 8604: 8600: 8594: 8578: 8574: 8568: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8535: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8502: 8483: 8479: 8473: 8457: 8453: 8447: 8443: 8442: 8434: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8404: 8388: 8384: 8378: 8362: 8358: 8352: 8333: 8329: 8323: 8316: 8315: 8307: 8291: 8287: 8281: 8272: 8253: 8246: 8240: 8238: 8228: 8219: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8189: 8181: 8177: 8172: 8164: 8153: 8146: 8145: 8136: 8128: 8121: 8112: 8104: 8098: 8094: 8093: 8085: 8078: 8072: 8068: 8061: 8053: 8049: 8045: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8028: 8020: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7977: 7969: 7965: 7964: 7956: 7937: 7933: 7926: 7920: 7904: 7898: 7883: 7878:(in Spectrum) 7876: 7869: 7867: 7850: 7846: 7840: 7829: 7828: 7820: 7804: 7800: 7794: 7778: 7774: 7773:bangkok.go.th 7770: 7764: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7729: 7714:. 13 May 2015 7713: 7709: 7703: 7688:. 1 July 2017 7687: 7680: 7674: 7659: 7655: 7648: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7620: 7613: 7611: 7599: 7592: 7590: 7581: 7577: 7571: 7562: 7554: 7548: 7544: 7537: 7529: 7525: 7518: 7516: 7514: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7483: 7464: 7460: 7452: 7444: 7436: 7430: 7426: 7419: 7413: 7409: 7403: 7398: 7382: 7376: 7360: 7354: 7335: 7331: 7323: 7315: 7307: 7301: 7285: 7279: 7264: 7257: 7250: 7231: 7227: 7220: 7214: 7212: 7196: 7195: 7190: 7183: 7181: 7171: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7139: 7120: 7113: 7106: 7098: 7097:wikimapia.org 7094: 7088: 7081: 7076: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7041: 7034: 7019: 7015: 7008: 7000: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6959: 6943: 6936: 6930: 6915: 6911: 6904: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6881: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6851: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6767: 6752: 6748: 6741: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6706: 6691: 6687: 6680: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6645: 6636: 6627: 6620: 6604: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6588: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6562: 6556: 6540: 6536: 6534:ไทรย้อยใบแหลม 6527: 6518: 6509: 6494:. 22 May 2022 6493: 6489: 6483: 6474: 6459: 6455: 6449: 6434: 6430: 6423: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6396:Royal Society 6391: 6383: 6377: 6374:. Routledge. 6373: 6372: 6364: 6348: 6344: 6343: 6335: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6294: 6290: 6288:กรุงเทพมหานคร 6281: 6277: 6270: 6268: 6260: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6181: 6173: 6164: 6162: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6129: 6113: 6109: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6083: 6067: 6063: 6055: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6022: 6014: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5984: 5980: 5973: 5969: 5962: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5922: 5920: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5873: 5869: 5863: 5861: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5830: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5786: 5782: 5775: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5719: 5717: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5681: 5679: 5663: 5659: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5639: 5618: 5609: 5600: 5591: 5582: 5573: 5566: 5560: 5550: 5542: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5531: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5435: 5425: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5400: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5370: 5361: 5351: 5341: 5335: 5325:กรุงเทพมหานคร 5320: 5312: 5282: 5274: 5244: 5237: 5233: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5199: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5178:, Laos (2004) 5177: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5160:, Iran (2012) 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4994: 4991: 4988: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4905: 4903: 4894: 4885: 4884:in the east. 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4848: 4846: 4840: 4838: 4834: 4833:Erawan shrine 4830: 4826: 4820: 4816: 4814: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4794: 4785: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4752: 4748: 4739: 4735: 4726: 4723: 4717: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4678:Chulalongkorn 4675: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4622: 4617: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4596: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4541: 4539: 4531: 4530:MRT Pink Line 4526: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4500:SRT Red Lines 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4465: 4461: 4460:SRT Red Lines 4457: 4453: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4342: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4317: 4316:air pollution 4312: 4310: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4273: 4264: 4261:spanning the 4260: 4256: 4247: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4232:rail networks 4229: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4215:boat services 4212: 4208: 4207:rapid transit 4204: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4183: 4178: 4168: 4165: 4157: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4125: 4122: 4118: 4115: – 4114: 4110: 4109:Find sources: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4087:This section 4085: 4081: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4007:Chulalongkorn 4004: 3999: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3954:home stadium. 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3856: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3816: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3758: 3757: 3752: 3751: 3746: 3745: 3740: 3739: 3734: 3733: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3721: 3716: 3715: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3703: 3698: 3688: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3632:King Bhumibol 3629: 3625: 3616: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3590: 3581: 3577: 3575: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3542: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3521: 3516: 3513: 3507: 3502: 3501: 3492: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3465:Khao San Road 3462: 3458: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3430:Erawan Shrine 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3414:Wat Phra Kaew 3407: 3406:Khao San Road 3403: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3378: 3374: 3373:Wat Phra Kaew 3370: 3365: 3355: 3353: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3294: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3253: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3217: 3196: 3186: 3176: 3166: 3156: 3146: 3138: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3121:Thai identity 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3093:northern Thai 3090: 3086: 3078: 3074: 3073:Yaowarat Road 3070: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3052: 3051:John Crawfurd 3047: 3037: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2997: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2947: 2937: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2920:Queen Sirikit 2917: 2913: 2908: 2907:Lumphini Park 2903: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2884: 2877: 2873: 2867:and Sukhumvit 2866: 2862: 2861:Lumphini Park 2857: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2835:Lumphini Park 2832: 2827: 2821: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2718:Ratchaprasong 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2615: 2610: 2602: 2597: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2482: 2480: 2477: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2457: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2440: 2437: 2435: 2432: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2415: 2412: 2410: 2407: 2405: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2395: 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13207:Ratchaburi 13169:Udon Thani 13094:Chaiyaphum 13024:Chiang Rai 13019:Chiang Mai 12946:Thung Khru 12926:Rat Burana 12916:Nong Khaem 12911:Khlong San 12906:Chom Thong 12901:Bang Phlat 12836:Suan Luang 12786:Phaya Thai 12781:Pathum Wan 12726:Don Mueang 12655:Districts 12498:SEA Games 12449:Chakri Day 12238:Government 12228:Government 11707:9 November 11626:9 November 11560:9 November 11518:9 November 11485:9 November 11360:9 November 11333:9 November 11214:1 February 11115:9 November 11082:9 November 10893:9 November 10860:9 November 10482:5 February 9771:11 October 9579:: 3302–15. 8886:3 February 8881:BBC Travel 8860:3 February 8544:MasterCard 8524:28 January 8511:Mastercard 8361:Forbes.com 7845:"Thailand" 7712:The Nation 7023:1 November 6948:1 November 6919:23 January 6870:24 October 6777:GeoJournal 6180:Senathipat 6044:15 October 5629:References 5407:, 'jungle 5330:pronounced 5122:Phnom Penh 4862:Phetchabun 4778:Bumrungrad 4729:Healthcare 4519:Nonthaburi 4391:super-apps 4354:song thaeo 4281:expressway 4240:Don Mueang 4182:expressway 4154:April 2021 4124:newspapers 3986:are major 3799:GMM Grammy 3738:The Nation 3714:Daily News 3605:Saphan Lek 3385:MasterCard 3321:world city 3265:MahaNakhon 3233:Portuguese 3101:Vietnamese 2931:Demography 2888:Green belt 2883:per capita 2791:shophouses 2622:Nonthaburi 2296:Source 1: 2035:(≥ 1.0 mm) 1493:that King 1425:subsidence 1365:Topography 1335:Nonthaburi 1152:Government 1090:Krung Thep 1054:'s behest. 1012:media help 855:Bang Makok 673:(Rama IV, 558:including 492:Krung Thep 376:Bangkokian 358:17,400,000 323:Population 265:Government 244:Founded by 165:13°45′09″N 17510:Other (4) 17480:São Paulo 17380:Other (7) 17333:Japan (3) 17288:Hyderabad 17273:Bangalore 17266:India (6) 17257:Zhengzhou 17217:Guangzhou 17207:Chongqing 17178:Asia (35) 17052:Khon Kaen 17003:(capital) 16827:Memorials 16666:Tha Chang 16661:Talat Noi 16616:Kudi Chin 16611:Hua Takhe 16586:Ban Khrua 16577:Area and 16270:Asiatique 15542:Ljubljana 15512:Amsterdam 15437:New Delhi 15314:Hyderabad 15266:Zhengzhou 15241:Chongqing 15184:Bangalore 15117:São Paulo 15065:Guangzhou 14935:Changchun 14793:Palembang 14767:Guangzhou 14723:Hiroshima 14411:Palestine 14325:Jerusalem 14219:Abu Dhabi 14206:Australia 14184:Vientiane 14177:Singapore 14155:Naypyidaw 14127:Indonesia 14104:Australia 14037:Sri Lanka 14021:New Delhi 13999:Kathmandu 13977:Islamabad 13864:Pyongyang 13846:East Asia 13781:West Asia 13575:Khon Kaen 13421:Phang Nga 13320:Sukhothai 13315:Sing Buri 13230:Ang Thong 13139:Nong Khai 13104:Khon Kaen 13084:Bueng Kan 13059:Uttaradit 12941:Thon Buri 12881:Bang Khae 12776:Nong Chok 12766:Lat Phrao 12721:Din Daeng 12716:Chatuchak 12711:Bueng Kum 12686:Bang Khen 12681:Bang Kapi 12537:Education 12529:Education 12342:Transport 12259:landmarks 12248:Districts 11818:(ZIP/PDF) 11535:"Bangkok" 10161:BenarNews 9324:Bloomberg 8714:2 October 8688:2 October 8661:2 October 8635:2 October 8557:6 October 8491:6 October 8296:31 August 8139:cited in 8052:145515713 7945:5 January 7488:"History" 7405:(in Thai) 6805:189881863 6541:(in Thai) 6223:(1837) . 6192:0857-3891 6034:0362-4331 5894:"Bangkok" 5835:"Bangkok" 5753:1367-9120 5634:Citations 5540:prasiddhi 5416:makok nam 5389:, 'water 5386:makok nam 5176:Vientiane 5062:Guangzhou 5032:Chongqing 4694:Silpakorn 4686:Kasetsart 4682:Thammasat 4652:Education 4495:Pink Line 4479:Blue Line 4471:Sukhumvit 4113:"Bangkok" 4064:Transport 3964:Muay Thai 3894:H Gallery 3787:Modernine 3702:Thai Rath 3687:in 2022. 3305:Siam area 3225:Ban Khrua 3034:8,305,218 3026:6,355,144 3018:5,882,411 3010:4,697,071 3002:3,077,361 2994:2,136,435 2986:1,178,881 2916:Chatuchak 2837:from the 2763:Sukhumvit 2690:Sukhumvit 2591:Cityscape 2313:Districts 2130:dew point 1499:Wat Saket 1383:swampland 1316:Geography 1044:nine gems 887:Wat Makok 681:(Rama V, 628:Ayutthaya 502:delta in 441:Area code 419:UTC+07:00 414:Time zone 339:9,034,000 331:8,305,218 315:Elevation 150:Show Asia 74:skyline, 17437:Istanbul 17402:Istanbul 17324:Surabaya 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2013:(11.37) 2008:(13.22) 1959:Average 1674:(105.8) 1664:(101.8) 1659:(100.2) 1649:(100.8) 1644:(101.1) 1639:(101.8) 1634:(105.8) 1629:(104.0) 1624:(104.2) 1619:(101.8) 1503:phu khao 1495:Rama III 1310:de facto 1244:Airavata 1177:changwat 1096:กรุงเทพฯ 1036:Sanskrit 915:Thonburi 910:Sanskrit 883:Wat Arun 861:บางมะกอก 707:Thailand 560:Wat Arun 523:Thonburi 496:Thailand 467:.bangkok 282:Governor 197:Thailand 92:Wat Arun 17581:Bangkok 17387:Bangkok 17366:Karachi 17319:Jakarta 17314:Bandung 17293:Kolkata 17278:Chennai 17237:Tianjin 17202:Chengdu 17192:Beijing 17073:Pattaya 17042:Hat Yai 17001:Bangkok 16591:Ban Lao 16543:Patpong 16068:Palaces 15707:Tbilisi 15677:Sharjah 15647:Conakry 15632:Wrocław 15617:Incheon 15587:Bangkok 15572:Yerevan 15452:Antwerp 15339:Bandung 15309:Tianjin 15256:Chennai 15189:Chengdu 15142:Beijing 15137:Bangkok 15127:Karachi 15112:Kolkata 15055:Jakarta 14986:Trojena 14961:Sapporo 14913:Kangwon 14891:Sapporo 14880:Sapporo 14789:Jakarta 14778:Incheon 14734:Bangkok 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April 7887:16 July 7809:2 April 7743:Bibcode 7627:Bibcode 7472:6 April 7387:11 June 7157:Bibcode 7055:Bibcode 6990:6908705 6785:Bibcode 6695:25 July 6659:Bibcode 6609:19 July 6492:Reuters 6252:5 April 6205:31 July 5733:Bibcode 5530:sthitya 5527:avatāra 5518:āsthāna 5511:rājaniv 5478:āyudhyā 5395:') and 5164:Tianjin 5086:Jakarta 5026:Chengdu 4996:Beijing 4831:at the 4758:Siriraj 4690:Mahidol 4607:ports. 4556:on the 4403:startup 4399:AirAsia 4373:tuk-tuk 4220:tuk-tuk 4138:scholar 3996:Lumpini 3824:GDH 559 3551:Culture 3418:Wat Pho 3375:in the 3358:Tourism 3256:Economy 3197:(0.08%) 3187:(0.08%) 3185:Sikhism 3177:(0.27%) 3167:(1.89%) 3055:Hat Yai 2978:890,453 2970:713,384 2962:437,294 2749:in 2021 2630:Rangsit 2197:(73.8) 2192:(66.6) 2187:(71.1) 2182:(75.0) 2177:(75.9) 2172:(75.6) 2167:(75.6) 2162:(76.3) 2157:(76.8) 2152:(76.6) 2147:(75.0) 2142:(72.0) 2137:(68.7) 2026:1,702.1 2023:(0.46) 2018:(1.76) 2003:(8.94) 1998:(7.47) 1993:(7.81) 1988:(8.54) 1983:(3.67) 1978:(2.01) 1973:(0.84) 1968:(0.93) 1954:(49.8) 1949:(50.9) 1944:(57.6) 1939:(64.9) 1934:(70.3) 1929:(70.2) 1924:(71.4) 1919:(70.0) 1914:(70.0) 1909:(67.8) 1904:(56.7) 1899:(58.8) 1894:(49.8) 1884:(77.7) 1879:(73.8) 1874:(76.5) 1869:(77.4) 1864:(77.7) 1859:(78.6) 1854:(79.0) 1849:(79.5) 1844:(80.4) 1839:(81.0) 1834:(79.5) 1829:(76.6) 1824:(74.1) 1814:(84.0) 1809:(81.1) 1804:(83.1) 1799:(83.1) 1794:(83.5) 1789:(84.6) 1784:(84.6) 1779:(85.5) 1774:(86.5) 1769:(87.3) 1764:(85.5) 1759:(83.5) 1754:(81.3) 1744:(92.7) 1739:(90.1) 1734:(91.6) 1729:(91.9) 1724:(91.8) 1719:(91.9) 1714:(92.3) 1709:(93.4) 1704:(95.2) 1699:(96.3) 1694:(94.5) 1689:(92.7) 1684:(90.9) 1669:(98.8) 1654:(99.3) 1614:(99.7) 1534:monsoon 1515:Climate 1459:due to 1421:aquifer 1290:Supreme 1215:khwaeng 926:Bangkok 904:, from 838:บางเกาะ 832:Bang Ko 796:Bangkok 780:monthon 770:Monthon 763:in 2020 747:in 1992 730:Vietnam 722:R&R 671:Mongkut 636:Burmese 597:History 572:Patpong 564:Wat Pho 480:Bangkok 460:Website 372:Demonym 289:(Indp.) 193:Country 28:Bangkok 17517:Bogotá 17447:Moscow 17442:London 17417:Tehran 17371:Lahore 17345:Nagoya 17298:Mumbai 17247:Xiamen 17078:Phuket 16921:Others 15842:Wat Ko 15728:2023: 15713:2022: 15698:2021: 15683:2020: 15668:2019: 15662:Athens 15653:2018: 15638:2017: 15623:2016: 15608:2015: 15593:2014: 15578:2013: 15563:2012: 15548:2011: 15533:2010: 15527:Beirut 15518:2009: 15503:2008: 15497:Bogotá 15488:2007: 15473:2006: 15458:2005: 15443:2004: 15428:2003: 15413:2002: 15407:Madrid 15398:2001: 15329:Nagoya 15319:Taipei 15304:Bogotá 15276:London 15271:Luanda 15236:Tehran 15214:Lahore 15147:Moscow 15079:Manila 15074:Mumbai 15069:Foshan 14973:Harbin 14950:Almaty 14946:Astana 14924:Aomori 14902:Harbin 14866:Winter 14846:Riyadh 14820:Nagoya 14668:Tehran 14613:Manila 14588:Summer 14471:Tehran 14422:Riyadh 14383:Cyprus 14367:Muscat 14350:Manama 14344:Kuwait 14330:Israel 14274:Beirut 14246:Turkey 14241:Ankara 14235:Jordan 14144:Manila 14065:Brunei 14048:Bhutan 13933:Russia 13928:Moscow 13892:Taiwan 13886:Taipei 13802:Astana 13655:Rayong 13645:Phuket 13625:Om Noi 13436:Ranong 13431:Phuket 13368:Rayong 13144:Roi Et 13071:(Isan) 13049:Phayao 12831:Sathon 12806:Prawet 12756:Lak Si 12469:Sports 12459:Cinema 11948: 11929:31 May 11920: 11892: 11843: 11781: 11757: 11738: 10334: 10311: 10069:23 May 9943: 9797:19 May 9023: 8942:4 June 8748: 8656:Quartz 8630:Forbes 8583:6 June 8448: 8324: 8099: 8073: 8050: 8009: 8001: 7718:13 May 7692:1 July 7549: 7431: 7200:2 June 6997: 6987: 6840:22 May 6803: 6498:23 May 6378: 6245: 6235: 6190: 6118:9 June 6104: 6032: 5751: 5524:vimāna 5513:ēsana 5508:uttama 5493:ratana 5484:tilaka 5463:nagara 5429:reign. 5158:Tehran 5110:Moscow 5104:Manila 5098:Lisbon 5044:Dalian 4990:Astana 4984:Ankara 4962:UNICEF 4876:. 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The 249:Rama I 204:Region 90:, and 17452:Paris 17412:Seoul 17392:Dhaka 17350:Tokyo 17283:Delhi 17252:Xi'an 17242:Wuhan 17169:Lagos 17154:Cairo 16651:Silom 16606:Dusit 15737:Accra 15482:Turin 15299:Wuhan 15261:Paris 15251:Xi'an 15204:Lagos 15132:Dhaka 15094:Cairo 15089:Seoul 15060:Delhi 15050:Tokyo 14816:Aichi 14745:Busan 14701:Seoul 14690:Delhi 14624:Tokyo 14602:Delhi 14438:Yemen 14433:Sanaa 14301:Qatar 14290:Syria 14230:Amman 14111:Hanoi 14026:India 14004:Nepal 13988:Kabul 13966:Dhaka 13904:Japan 13899:Tokyo 13875:Seoul 13858:China 13685:Trang 13456:Trang 13441:Satun 13401:Krabi 13159:Surin 13054:Phrae 12731:Dusit 11865:(PDF) 11792:(PDF) 11775:(PDF) 11682:(PDF) 11664:(PDF) 11646:(PDF) 11620:(PDF) 11613:(PDF) 11587:(PDF) 11580:(PDF) 11512:(PDF) 11505:(PDF) 11479:(PDF) 11472:(PDF) 11446:(PDF) 11439:(PDF) 11413:(PDF) 11406:(PDF) 11327:(PDF) 11320:(PDF) 11294:(PDF) 11287:(PDF) 11208:(PDF) 11201:(PDF) 11175:(PDF) 11168:(PDF) 11142:(PDF) 11135:(PDF) 11109:(PDF) 11102:(PDF) 11076:(PDF) 11069:(PDF) 11043:(PDF) 11036:(PDF) 11010:(PDF) 11003:(PDF) 10951:(PDF) 10944:(PDF) 10887:(PDF) 10880:(PDF) 10854:(PDF) 10847:(PDF) 10821:(PDF) 10814:(PDF) 10796:(PDF) 10770:(PDF) 10763:(PDF) 10711:(PDF) 10704:(PDF) 10678:(PDF) 10671:(PDF) 10645:(PDF) 10638:(PDF) 10612:(PDF) 10605:(PDF) 10579:(PDF) 10572:(PDF) 10546:(PDF) 10539:(PDF) 10513:(PDF) 10502:(PDF) 10452:9 May 10231:(PDF) 10220:(PDF) 10195:(XLS) 10130:AFP. 10031:from 9952:(PDF) 9929:(PDF) 9895:(PDF) 9694:(PDF) 9683:(PDF) 9238:(PDF) 9223:(PDF) 9171:(PDF) 9164:(PDF) 8335:(PDF) 8318:(PDF) 8255:(PDF) 8248:(PDF) 8155:(PDF) 8148:(PDF) 8048:S2CID 8007:S2CID 7939:(PDF) 7928:(PDF) 7851:. 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