Thai Chinese - Knowledge

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Chinese continue to remain a major impetus underpinning the Thailand's commercial undertakings and economic activities and virtually make up the country's entire wealthy elite. Thailand's lack of an indigenous Thai commercial culture led to the private sector being dominated entirely by Thais of Chinese ancestry themselves. Development policies imposed by the Thai government provided business opportunities for the Chinese community, where a distinct Thai Chinese business community has emerged as the country's most dominant economic force, controlling the entirety of the country's major industry sectors across the Thai economy. The Chinese community has remained active in every sector of Thailand's economy such as agriculture (sugar, maize, vegetables, rubber), industrial manufacturing, financial services, real estate, and the retail and whole trading sector. The contemporary Thai business sector is highly dependent on Han Chinese entrepreneurs and investors who control virtually all the country's banks and large corporate conglomerates all the way to the smaller retail hawking outlets at the humbler end of the business spectrum with their support and patronage being augmented by the presence of lawmakers and political operatives, where the vast majority of whom are of pure or partial Chinese ancestry themselves. Thais of Chinese ancestry, a disproportionate wealthy, market-dominant minority not only form a distinct ethnic community, they also form, by and large, an economically advantaged social class: the commercial middle and upper class in contrast to their poorer indigenous Thai majority working and underclass counterparts around them. Highly publicized profiles of wealthy Chinese entrepreneurs and investors attracted great public interest and were used to illustrate the community's strong economic clout. More than 80 percent of the top 40 richest people in Thailand are of pure or partial Chinese ancestry. Of the five billionaires in Thailand in the late-20th century, all of them were of full or at least had partial Han Chinese ancestry. On March 17, 2012,

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particularly modern townhouses and structures located along the riverside and in market areas. The rationale behind these property investments has varied, as some investors seek to utilize them for personal residential use, while others strive to establish a lasting commercial real estate foothold in the Chiang Saen area for overseas investment purposes. Entrepreneurs operating within the private sector of Chiang Saen vastly outnumber investors, with shipping agents being a prominent group, boasting at least ten registered enterprises situated along the banks of the Chiang Saen river. Many of these entrepreneurs share a common ethnic background, having commenced their business endeavors as small-scale operators whose initial calculated speculations yielded significant dividends within a burgeoning marketplace. This trend was especially pronounced among Chinese merchants who ventured into small-scale agricultural enterprises, such as the trading of longans, durians, mangosteens, oranges, and apples. In addition to those in the shipping industry, some of the original traders have progressed to become wholesalers, operating warehouses along the river to facilitate the distribution of goods to Bangkok and other parts of Thailand. Within the town of Chiang Saen, small-scale entrepreneurs often specialize in the trade of agricultural products through import and export, as a significant number of these entrepreneurs were previously successful traders back in China, but relocated to the border region due to increased competition within their native market. Petty Chinese merchants operating within the town's premises also engage in the sale of imported Chinese fruits and everyday items to both local residents and tourists exploring Chiang Saen. The high saturation of Chinese merchants operating within this sector has fostered a fiercely competitive atmosphere, albeit they are overshadowed by stiff competition from petty Chinese traders offering Chinese goods in the border markets of northern Laos and northern Vietnam, as well as in urban Cambodia.

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activities. During the era of French colonization, Chiang Saen evolved into a crucial focal point through which the French exerted control over commercial transactions along the Mekong River and assumed authoritative control over the land trade pathways connecting Xishuangbanna, Luang Prabang, and the commercial centers of northern Siam. The French utilized Chiang Saen to advance their economic, cultural, and political interests across borders, often in competition with the British, who operated from the Burmese side of the border. British goods dominated markets in Chiang Mai, Kengtung, and Xishuangbanna, while the French played a significant role in the teak, rice, and opium trade, at times collaborating with ethnic-based trading groups in the region. With the decline of European colonial influence, regional trade, particularly in the nearby highlands, fell largely under the control of the Yunnanese. Due to the relaxation of emigration restrictions influenced by economic reform and the implementation of open-border policies by China and Southeast Asian countries, there has been a significant transformation in Chinese out-migration patterns as a result of noticeable decrease in barriers to emigration. This shift has resulted in a notable increase in Mainland Chinese migrants relocating to developing nations in Southeast Asia, particularly to Thailand during the 1990s and 2000s. Many of these Chinese immigrants include petty traders, financial middlemen, investors, owners of small to medium-sized enterprises in the formal business sector, shipping agents (some of which have Thai partners), smaller import-export agents, as well as independent traders and intermediaries associated with Chinese enterprises.

1250:) from 1815 to 1824 to report specifically on the economic aptitude of the 8,595 Chinese there as compared to others. He used the data to estimate the Chinese — about five-sixths of whom were unmarried men in the prime of life — "as equivalent to an ordinary population of above 37,000, and...to a numerical Malay population of more than 80,000!". He surmised this and other differences noted as providing, "a very just estimate of the comparative state of civilization among nations, or, which is the same thing, of the respective merits of their different social institutions." In 1879, the Chinese controlled all of the steam-powered rice mills, most of which were sold by the British. Most of the leading businessmen in Thailand at this point in time were of Chinese ancestry and accounted for a significant portion of the Thai upper class. In 1890, despite British shipping domination in Bangkok, Thais of Chinese ancestry conducted 62 percent of the Thai shipping sector, operating as agents for Western shipping lines as well as their own. The Chinese also dominated the rubber industry, market gardening, sugar production, and fish export sectors. In Bangkok, Thais of Chinese ancestry dominate the entertainment and media industries, being the pioneers of Thailand's early publishing houses, newspapers, and film studios. By 1899 in Bangkok, the Chinese owned 18 of the 23 rice mills in the city that produced a capacity of over 100 tons of rice paddies and controlled 56 out of the 66 by 1919. 1297:. In it, he lambasted the Chinese. He described them as "avaricious barbarians who were 'entirely devoid of morals and mercy'." He depicted successful Chinese businessmen as reaping their commercial success at the expense of indigenous Thais, prompting some Thai politicians to blame Thai Chinese businessmen for Thailand's economic woes. Rama VI also implicitly implied that the distinct ethnicity of the Overseas Chinese and their commanding role of Southeast Asia's economy through their commercial businesses have also made them targets of reverse discrimination and resentment by the indigenous Thais and Southeast Asian majorities. King Vajiravudh's views were influential among elite Thais and were quickly adopted by ordinary Thais, fueling their suspicion of and hostility against the Chinese minority. The glaring wealth disparity and the abject poverty of the indigenous Thais resulted in them blaming their socioeconomic ills on the Chinese, especially Chinese moneylenders. Beginning in the late-1930s and recommencing in the 1950s, the Thai government dealt with wealth disparities by pursuing a campaign of forced assimilation achieved through property confiscation, forced expropriation, coercive social policies, and anti-Chinese cultural suppression, seeking to eradicate 1348:, Chinese economic influence is much more pervasive and subtle throughout the city. With Bangkok's Thai Chinese clan associations are prominent throughout the city as the family clans are major property holders and retain ownership of all the non-profit Chinese-operated schools. With Bangkok being the testament that reflected the extent of Chinese influence on Thailand's economic life, virtually all of Bangkok's business elites are of pure Han Chinese or at least of partial Han Chinese ancestry. Thai entrepreneurs and investors of Chinese ancestry who control much of Thai industry, are seen as a wellspring of upfront private equity and venture capital that serve as chief financial backers behind Thailand's latest investment developments including funding Thailand's newest construction projects in addition to financing the country's state-of-the-art 1340:, Thailand's major exports, rice, tin, rubber, and timber were under Chinese hands. Despite their small numbers as compared to the indigenous Thai population, the Chinese controlled virtually every line of business, ranging from small retail trade to large industries. Comprising merely ten percent of the population, the Chinese dominated over four-fifths of the country's vital rice, tin, rubber, and timber exports, and virtually controlled the country's entire wholesale and retail trade. By 1924, Thais of Chinese ancestry controlled one-third of all the sawmills in Bangkok. Market gardening, sugar production (The Chinese introduced the sugar industry to Thailand), and fish exporting was also dominated by the Chinese. Virtually all of the newly minted manufacturing establishments were Chinese controlled. Despite failed Thai 1405:. Thais of Chinese ancestry not dominate Thailand's big banking sector, but also the small banking sector presided by a number of Thai business families as well. As there weren't that many alternative sources of capital prior to the establishment of the Thai Stock Exchange for up-and-coming Thai entrepreneurs of Chinese descent to draw upon, Chinese-owned Thai banks wielded enormous economic power in the Thai private business sector throughout the 1960s to the 1980s. Of the 20 Thai banks that were founded in the years between 1930 to 1950, the Thai Chinese were behind the establishment of 14 of them while the remaining 6 banks were established by the Thai Crown Property Bureau. Thai businessmen and investors of Chinese ancestry are influential in the country's real estate, 1417:, and the wholesale trading industries. In Central Siam, Thai businessmen and investors of Chinese ancestry control the entirety of the area's residential and commercial real estate and raw land. The Thai Chinese (mainly of Yunnanese origin) also taken over Chiangmai's lucrative gem industry and ended up owning much of the city's fruit orchards, restaurants, and retail shops while profiting handsomely off of the city's land boom that occurred throughout the late 1980s. During the 1980s, Thai Chinese business groups dominated 37 of the top 100 corporations in the country, with much of the wealth being centralized within the hands of five Teochew business families. In the 1990s, among the top ten Thai businesses in terms of sales, nine of them were Chinese-owned with only 2441: 1231:. With 80% of Thailand's market capital under Chinese hands, many Thai entrepreneurs and investors of Chinese ancestry have been at the forefront of the establishing the country's most prominent wholesale trading cooperatives owned by traders, merchants, and brokers flush with private equity and venture capital bearing connections to some of Thailand's wealthiest business families. 10 Thai business families of Chinese ancestry control half of the all corporate assets in the country. 50 Thai business families of Chinese ancestry dominate the Thai corporate landscape, controlling over approximately 81–90% of the total market capitalization in the country's economy. 1454:

Chinese communities worldwide. The influx of Thai Chinese investment capital into Mainland China has led to a resurgence of Han Chinese cultural pride among the Thai Chinese community while concurrently pursuing new business and investment opportunities while bringing their influx of foreign capital to create new jobs and economic niches on the Mainland. Many Thais of Chinese ancestry have begun to rekindle with their long-lost Han ancestral roots, have sent their children to newly established Chinese language schools, visited China in record numbers, invested money in the Mainland Chinese economy, and assumed Chinese surnames alongside their Thai names. The

1462:, a prominent Thai business family of Chinese ancestry which is one of the most powerful conglomerate companies investing in Mainland China today. The conglomerate company is currently the single largest foreign investor in China with over $ 1 billion USD invested with hundreds of businesses across a multivarieted range of industries traversing from agricultural food products, aquaculture, retail, hospitality, and industrial manufacturing while employing more than 150,000 people in Mainland China. The company is known in China under well-known household names such as the "Chia Tai Group" and "Zheng Da Ji Tuan". The CP Group also owns and operates 1364:, the aristocratic former prime minister and distant relative of the Thai royal family, once said that most Thais had a Chinese relative "hanging somewhere on their family tree." By the 1930s, the Thai Chinese minority dominated construction, industrial manufacturing, publishing, shipping, finance, commerce, and every industry in the country, minor, and major. Among the minor industries that they presided were food vending, salt, tobacco, port, and bird's nest concessions. Among the major lucrative industries, the Chinese involved in shipping, rice milling, rubber and tin manufacturing, teak logging, and petroleum drilling. 1503:

power of the day. As of 2020, increasingly, that power is China. As the Chinese economic might grew, the indigenous Thai hill tribes and aborigines were gradually driven out into poorer land on the hills, on the rural outskirts of major Thai cities or into the mountains. The increased economic clout wielded by Thai Chinese has triggered distrust, resentment, and Anti-Chinese sentiment among the poorer working and underclass indigenous Thai majority, many of whom engage in rural agrarian rice peasantry in stark socioeconomic contrast to their modern, wealthier, and cosmopolitan middle and upper class Chinese counterparts.

1198: 1261:, and the use of violent tactics to collect taxes. Chinese success served to foster Thai resentment against the Chinese at a time when their community was expanding rapidly. Waves of Han Chinese immigration swept into Siam in the 19th and early-20th centuries, peaking in the 1920s. Whereas Thai Chinese bankers were accused of plunging the Thai peasant into poverty by charging high-interest rates, the reality was that the Thai banking business was highly competitive. Chinese millers and rice traders were blamed for the economic recession that gripped Siam for nearly a decade after 1905. The Chinese then moved into 1368:

also held by the Chinese. 90 percent of all investments in the industrial and commercial sector and at least 50 percent of all investments in the banking and financial sectors are controlled by the Chinese. Economic advantages would also persist as Thai rice merchants of Chinese ancestry controlled 80–90 percent of Thailand's rice mills, the largest merchant food enterprises in the nation. Of the 25 leading entrepreneurs in the Thai business sector, 23 are of Han Chinese or at least of partial Han Chinese ancestry. Thais of Chinese ancestry also comprise 96 percent of Thailand's 70 most powerful business groups.

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immigration occurred in the nineteenth and early in the twentieth century, peaking in the 1920s from southern China who was eager to make money and return to their families. By the end of the nineteenth century, the Chinese would lose their control of foreign trade to the European colonial powers and began to act as compradors for Western trading cooperatives. Thais of Chinese ancestry also entered extraction intensive industries such as tin mining, teak-cutting, saw milling, rice-milling, as well as fostered the modernization of the Thai transportation sector through the construction of ports and railways.

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Mandarin in order to reap the benefits of their ethnic Chinese identity and the increasing role of Mandarin as a prominent language of Overseas Chinese business communities. However, equally there are many Thais, regardless of their ethnic background who study Chinese in order to boost their business and career opportunities, rather than due to reasons of ethnic identity, with some sending their children to newly established Mandarin language schools.

160: 240: 3047: 227: 2397: 1642: 2877: 2455: 6463: 1324:. Thais of Chinese ancestry provided the impetus for Thailand's industrialization, transforming the Thai economy into an export-oriented, trade-based economy with a global reach. Over the next several decades, internationalization and capitalist market-oriented policies led to the dramatic emergence of a massive export-oriented, large-scale manufacturing sector, which in turn catapulted Thailand into joining the 2353: 803:" Skinner believed that the assimilation success of the Thai Chinese was a result of the wise policy of the Thai rulers who, since the 17th century, allowed able Chinese tradesmen to advance their ranks into the kingdom's nobility. The rapid and successful assimilation of the Thai Chinese has been celebrated by the Chinese descendants themselves, as evident in contemporary literature such as the novel 2863: 36: 1512: 126: 885:, himself the son of a Chinese immigrant, ruled Thailand, King Taksin actively encouraged Chinese immigration and trade. Chinese settlers came to Siam in large numbers. Immigration continued over the following years, and the Chinese population in Thailand jumped from 230,000 in 1825 to 792,000 by 1910. By 1932, approximately 12.2 percent of the population of Thailand was Chinese. 1130:). The Teochew dialect has served as the language of Bangkok's influential Chinese merchants' circles since the foundation of the city in the 18th century. Although Chinese language schools were closed during the nationalist period before and during the Second World War, the Thai government never tried to suppress Chinese cultural expression. Today, businesses in 1344:-based policies in the 1930s to economically redestribute the nation's wealth to empower the impoverished indigenous Thai majority, 70 percent of retailing outlets and 80 to 90 percent of rice mills remained Chinese-controlled. A survey of Thailand's roughly seventy most powerful business groups found that all but three were owned by Thai Chinese. Although 572:, was the son of a Chinese father from Chaoshan. With the successful integration of historic Chinese immigrant communities in Thailand, a significant number of Thai Chinese are the descendants of intermarriages between ethnic Chinese and native Thais. Many of these descendants have assimilated into Thai society and self-identify solely as Thai. 6013:

The Chinese amount to 8595, and are landowners, field-labourers, mechanics of almost every description, shopkeepers, and general merchants. They are all from the two provinces of Canton and Fo-Kien, and three-fourths of them from the latter. About five-sixths of the whole number are unmarried men, in

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By the late-1950s, Thais of Chinese ancestry comprised 70 percent of Bangkok's business owners and senior business managers, and 90 percent of the shares in Thai corporations were said to be held by Thai investors of Chinese ancestry. Ninety percent of Thailand's industrial and commercial capital are

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such as tin mining, logging and sawmilling, rice milling, as well as the construction of ports and railways that would usher in Thailand's modern transportation industry. Though the Chinese were acknowledged for their industriousness, they were nonetheless scorned by many. In the late 19th century, a

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According to Thai historian, Dr. Wasana Wongsurawat, the Thai political elite has remained in power by employing a simple two-part strategy: first, secure the economic base by cultivating the support of the Thai business elites of Chinese ancestry; second, align with the dominant global geopolitical

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of Siam ... by judicious use of their business faculties and their powers of combination, they hold the Siamese in the palm of their hand." In addition, Chinese millers and rice traders were blamed for an economic recession that gripped Siam for nearly a decade after 1905. Large waves of Han Chinese

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each constitute seven percent of the Chinese population and three percent belong to other Chinese dialect groups, as reported in 1994. A large number of Thai Chinese are the descendants of intermarriages between Chinese immigrants and Thais, while there are others who are of predominantly or solely

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long held by the Thai Chinese business elite. In spite of the financial and economic downturn, Thais of Chinese ancestry were still estimated to own 65 percent of the total banking assets, 60 percent of the national trade, 90 percent of all local investments in the commercial sector, 90 percent of

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Thai commerce at every level of society. Their economic clout plays a critical role in maintaining the country's economic vitality and prosperity. The economic power of the Thai Chinese is far greater than their proportion of the population would suggest. With their powerful economic presence, the

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Following the Qing revocation of the private trade ban in 1684, Chinese immigration to Siam steadily increased, particularly following the massive Southern Chinese famines of the early 18th century. Approximately 20,000 Chinese lived in Siam in the 1730s and were prominent in the city of Ayutthaya

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The Thai Chinese are well-established in the middle class and upper classes of Thai society and are well represented at all levels of Thai society. They play a leading role in Thailand's business sector and dominate the Thai economy today. In addition, Thai Chinese elites of Thailand have a strong

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For assimilated second and third generation descendants of Chinese immigrants, it is principally a personal choice whether or not to identify themselves as ethnic Chinese. Nonetheless, nearly all Thai Chinese solely self-identify as Thai, due to their close integration and successful assimilation

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Sino-Thai surnames are often distinct from those of the other-Thai population, with generally longer names mimicking those of high officials and upper-class Thais and with elements of these longer names retaining their original Chinese family name in translation or transliteration. For example,

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as a global economic power, Thai businesses under Chinese hands are now at the forefront of opening up the country's economy for foreign direct investment from Mainland China and Thai businesses that are Chinese-owned are now the largest sources of investors in Mainland China among all overseas

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For a select few Chinese entrepreneurs, a number of them have ventured into Thailand to explore potential investment prospects in a market that remains largely untapped amidst the intensifying commercial competition back in China. Certain Chinese real estate investors opt to acquire properties,

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In the urban center of Chiang Saen, a prominent Thai city situated across from Ton Pheung District in the northern part of Laos, the area served as a diverse economic hub for commercial trade among a multitude of merchants hailing from different ethnic backgrounds, engaging in frontier trading

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The rise of China's prominence on the global economic stage has prompted many Thai Chinese business families to see Mandarin as a beneficial asset in partaking in economic links and conducting business between Thailand and Mainland China, with some families encouraging their children to learn

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which constitute the city's "Chinatown" still feature bilingual signs in Chinese and Thai. A number of Chinese words have found their way into the Thai language, especially the names of dishes and foodstuffs, as well as basic numbers (such as those from "three" to "ten") and terms related to

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Pridi was included in UNESCO's list of Great Personalities and Historic Events for the year 2000, and this year was declared by UNESCO as the centennial of Pridi. Also, the Université Paris (1 PanthéonSorbonne) in 2000 celebrated the centenary of Pridi and honored him as "one of the great

1054:(curries). Deep-frying, stir-frying and steaming are methods introduced from Chinese cuisine. The street food culture of much of Southeast Asia was introduced by Chinese immigrants during the late 19th century. As a result, many Thai street foods are derived from or heavily influenced by 1762:. Many of Thai military commanders as well as politicians come from Teochew backgrounds, while others were involved in trade. During the reign of King Taksin, some influential Teochew traders were granted certain privileges. These prominent traders were called "royal Chinese" ( 1058:. Street food was commonly sold by the ethnic Chinese population of Thailand and did not become popular among native Thai people until the early 1960s, when the rapid urban population growth stimulated the street food culture, and by the 1970s, it had "displaced home-cooking." 908:

The local Chinese community had long dominated domestic commerce and had served as agents for royal trade monopolies. With the rise of European economic influence, however, many Chinese shifted to opium trafficking and tax collecting, both of which were despised occupations.

6116: 1491:, Thailand's leading industrial group, have so far invested over US$ 1.5 billion in China, and is operating more than 11 power plants in three of China's provinces. With over other 30 businesses in China, the company employs approximately 7000 Chinese workers. 1372:

are extremely common in the Thai business sector as they are passed down from one generation to the next. 90 percent of Thailand's industrial manufacturing sector and 50 percent of Thailand's service sector are controlled by the Chinese.< According to a

2002:(in the settlement of Ban Chandi, which was renamed after their main population centre of Chandi in Southern Thailand as a result of internal immigration and resettlement) as well as a lesser extent a pocket of them being internal migrants residing in 6014:

the prime of life: so that, in fact, the Chinese population, in point of effective labor, may be estimated as equivalent to an ordinary population of above 37,000, and, as will afterward be shown, to a numerical Malay population of more than 80,000!

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is now pullulated with a myriad of prospering Chinese-owned businesses. Thai investors of Chinese ancestry dominate the Stock Exchange of Thailand as they are estimated to control more than four-fifths of the publicly listed companies by market

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assimilation is considered complete when the immigrant's descendant identifies himself in almost all social situations as a Thai, speaks Thai language habitually and with native fluency, and interacts by choice with Thai more often than with

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instruction. State corporations took over commodities such as rice, tobacco, and petroleum and Chinese businesses found themselves subject to a range of new taxes and controls. By 1970, more than 90 percent of the Chinese ancestry born in

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since making its foray into the Thai telecommunications industry. Mainland China's most exclusive golf and country clubs, were established and owned by a Thai business tycoon of Chinese ancestry, Chanchai Rouyrungruen (operator of

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Amounting to 10 percent of Thailand's population, the Thai Chinese control approximately 85 percent of the nation's entire economy. Thai investors of Chinese ancestry control more than 80 percent of public companies listed on the

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are widely celebrated, especially in Bangkok, Phuket, and other parts of Thailand where there are large Chinese populations. There are several prominent Buddhist monks with Chinese ancestry like the well-known Buddhist reformer,

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Economic recession and unemployment forced many men to leave China for Thailand in search of work to seek wealth. If successful, they sent money back to their families in China. Many Chinese immigrants prospered under the

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The early Chinese immigration consisted almost entirely of men who did not bring women. Therefore, it became common for male Chinese immigrants to marry local Thai women. The children of such relationships were called

1381:, 39 companies were concentrated in Thailand with a market capitalization of US$ 35 billion and total assets of US$ 95 billion. Four prominent Thai business families of Chinese ancestry which are the Sophonpanich, 834:(PAD) movement to protest the successive governments run by Thaksin's allies. Mr. Sondhi accused Mr. Thaksin of corruption based on improper business ties between Thaksin's corporate empire and the Singapore-based 540:

community in the world with a population of approximately 7-10 million people, accounting for 11–14 percent of the total population of the country as of 2012. It is also the oldest and most prominently integrated

1466:, one of the largest foreign hypermarket operators with 74 stores and seven distribution centers throughout 30 cities across the Mainland. One of CP Group's flagship businesses in China is a US$ 400 million 1037:

as a whole has been profound, to the point where there is no longer a clear differentiation between Thai Chinese cuisine and native Thai cuisine. Traditional Thai cuisine loosely falls into four categories:

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pullers. While most Thais were engaged in rice production, the Chinese brought new farming ideas and new methods to supply labor on its rubber plantations, both domestically and internationally. However,

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By the early 20th century, the resident Chinese community in Bangkok was sizable, amounting to a third of the capital's population. Anti-Chinese sentiment was rife. In 1914, the Thai nationalist King

1110:) by a Thai Chinese author Botan. In the modern Thai language there are many signs of Chinese influence. In the 2000 census, 231,350 people identified themselves as speakers of a variant of Chinese ( 1352:, as Thai entrepreneurs of Chinese ancestry are the key power players behind Thailand's telecommunications industry, being at the forefront of several well-known Thai telecom operators such as the 1499:) with US$ 3.5 billion in annual sales was established by the Chirathivats, a Thai business family of Chinese ancestry, have created three new large scale department store branches in China. 10164: 588:

Thailand has the largest overseas Chinese community in the world outside Greater China. 11 to 14 percent of Thailand's population are considered ethnic Chinese. The Thai linguist

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among the Chinese community in Thailand as well as other Chinese languages. The term as commonly understood signifies those whose ancestors immigrated to Thailand before 1949.

897:(ลูกจีน) in Thai. These Chinese-Thai intermarriages declined somewhat in the early 20th century, when significant numbers of Chinese women also began immigrating to Thailand. 1210:

The Thai Chinese community has played a major role in the development of Thailand's economy and national private sector. The early-21st century saw Thais of Chinese ancestry

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in Thailand. In 1950s-1970s Chinese immigrants had that surname in Thailand, although Chinese immigrants to Thailand after the 1970s use their Chinese family names without

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has resulted in many modern Thais who have claimed distant Chinese ancestry. Thais of Chinese descent are concentrated in the coastal areas of the country, principally

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has since become the religion of many ethnic Chinese in Thailand, especially among assimilated Chinese. Many Chinese in Thailand commonly combine certain practices of

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also wielded considerable economic power over the poorer indigenous Thai peasants, prompting accusations of Chinese bribery of government officials, wars between the

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Hodder, Rupert (2005). "The Study of the Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia: Some Comments on its Political Meanings with Particular Reference to the Philippines".

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and left several Chinese inscriptions and cultural objects within the temple's crypt, including the inscribing of several Chinese family names. According to the

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Anti-Chinese Labor riot of 1924, & bottom of page, how Thai Army suppressed 1889 riot between Chinese triads Tang Kong Xi (Teochew) and Siew Li Kue (Fujian)

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observed that the level of assimilation of the descendants of Chinese immigrants in Thailand disproved the "myth about the 'unchanging Chinese'", noting that "

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International Entrepreneurship in Small and Medium Size Enterprises: Orientation, Environment and Strategy (The McGill International Entrepreneurship series)

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Choosing Coalition Partners: The Politics of Central Bank Independence in ... - Young Hark Byun, The University of Texas at Austin. Government - Google Books

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drink business in China). It is cited as the most popular golf course in Asia. In 2008, Chanchai became the first owner of a business jet in Mainland China.

654: 3965: 9139: 1719:(the Chinese term for Southeast Asia used at the time) in the early to mid-20th century due to famine and civil war in the southern Chinese provinces of 1281:

continues to serve as Thailand's major financial district and central business networking nucleus for Thai businessmen and investors of Chinese ancestry.

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Wongsurawat, Wasana (November 2008). "Contending for a Claim on Civilization: The Sino-Siamese Struggle to Control Overseas Chinese Education in Siam".

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This article is about people of Chinese origin in Thailand. For people of Chinese origin in Phuket and the Chinese minority in Northern Thailand, see

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community, with a history dating back to the 1100s. Slightly more than half of the ethnic Chinese population in Thailand trace their ancestry to

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of Chinese descent. People who are of mainly Chinese descent are descendants of immigrants who relocated to Thailand as well as other parts of

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The Thai Chinese have been deeply ingrained into all elements of Thai society over the past 200 years. The present Thai royal family, the

5365:"Beyond Jews of the Orient: A New Interpretation of the Problematic Relationship between the Thai State and Its Ethnic Chinese Community" 1594:. Such idiosyncratic traditions were developed during the 19th century in Phuket by the local Chinese with influences from Thai culture. 1434:

all local investments in the manufacturing sector, and 50 percent of all local investments in the banking and financial services sector.

53: 1488: 1102:. The rapid and successful assimilation of Thai Chinese has been celebrated in contemporary literature such as "Letters from Thailand" ( 989:

the compulsory medium of education, but as a result of protests from Thai Chinese, by 1939, students were allowed two hours per week of

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having at least some Chinese ancestry. Thai Chinese elites of Thailand are well represented among Thailand's rulers and other sectors.

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51. Phya Manopakarana Nitidhada spoke perfect English and was always very friendly to England. He is three parts Chinese. His wife, a

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that required the adoption of Thai surnames was largely directed at the Chinese community as a number of ethnic Chinese families left

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The Chinese in Thailand also suffered discrimination between the 1930s and 1950s under the military dictatorship of Prime Minister

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ideas brought by the Chinese were considered seditious by the Thai government. For example, a translation of Chinese revolutionary

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of Central Thai language, while the Central Thai language of Central Thai people is considered an inappropriate language, known as

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Yeung, Henry (6 June 2000). "Economic Globalization, Crisis and the Emergence of Chinese Business Communities in Southeast Asia".

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Yeung, Henry (6 June 2000). "Economic Globalization, Crisis and the Emergence of Chinese Business Communities in Southeast Asia".

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was established in the country, starting with the Private Schools Act of 1918. This act required all foreign teachers to pass a

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Hokkiens or Hoklos are a dominant group of Chinese particularly in the south of Thailand, mostly can trace their ancestry from

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Knodel, John; Hermalin, Albert I. (2002). "The Demographic, Socioeconomic, and Cultural Context of the Four Study Countries".

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by at least the 12th century. In the 1420s, Chinese merchants were involved in the construction of the major Ayutthaya temple

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Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk. A History of Thailand Third Edition (p. 25). Cambridge University Press. (Kindle Edition.)

7338: 6552: 6040: 5472: 4897: 4612: 4422: 4277: 4250: 3741: 3657: 974:

of western Thailand. A few of the ethnic Chinese families in that area had already emigrated from Burma in the 19th century.

741: 8689: 8515: 5544: 3282:"A New Dataset on Horizontal Structural Ethnic Inequalities in Thailand in Order to Address Sustainable Development Goal 10" 10972: 10845: 10245: 3710:"High technology and globalization challenges facing overseas Chinese entrepreneurs | SAM Advanced Management Journal" 905:" system, whereby private individuals were sold the right to collect taxes at a price below the value of the tax revenues. 8875: 4214: 818:

Today, the Thai Chinese constitute a significant part of the royalist/nationalist movements. When the then prime minister

8853: 8362: 8290:

constitutionalists of the twentieth century," comparing him to such figures as Rousseau, Montesquieu, and de Tocqueville.

1962:

in which they are distinguished from the fellow kinsmen from Guangdong province despite sharing the same native dialect (

839: 9074: 8776:

Tumcharoen, Surasak (29 November 2009). "A very distinguished province: Chanthaburi has had some illustrious citizens".

6251: 3240: 10982: 10917: 10513: 10235: 9125: 8667: 7819: 7776: 7748: 7720: 7670: 7645: 7613: 7577: 7548: 7519: 7490: 7461: 7436: 7410: 7366: 7244: 7164: 7111: 7026: 6997: 6935: 6882: 6825: 6800: 6768: 6760: 6736: 6671: 6577: 6520: 6446: 6421: 6361: 6333: 6308: 6209: 6150: 6070: 5918: 5893: 5868: 5819: 5794: 5769: 5744: 5719: 5687: 5622: 5593: 5455: 5347: 5313: 5288: 5260: 5235: 5205: 5180: 5151: 5123: 5098: 5068: 5043: 5014: 4985: 4935: 4863: 4807: 4690: 3788: 3499: 3378: 1301:. Thai Chinese became the targets of state discrimination while indigenous Thais were granted economic privileges. The 831: 10779: 8997: 8950: 8800: 8651: 8602: 8577: 8385: 8336: 8311: 8148: 8049: 8004: 7927: 7863: 7269: 6910: 6850: 6490: 6234: 5968: 5943: 5844: 5521: 4960: 4777: 4700: 4661: 4622: 4585: 4568: 4543: 4489: 4392: 4363: 4338: 4309: 4100: 3853: 3814: 3590: 3557: 3433: 3406: 3351: 1681: 71: 3806:

World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia - Marshall Cavendish Corporation, Not Available (NA) - Google Books

4169: 3934: 3804: 1378: 952: 781: 674: 5639: 9111: 8723: 7083:

Yeung, Henry (6 January 2000). "Corporate Governance and the Global Reach of Chinese Family Firms in Singapore".

6966:

Yeung, Henry (6 January 2000). "Corporate Governance and the Global Reach of Chinese Family Firms in Singapore".

5322: 3129: 1329: 8159:

lady-in-waiting to the ex-Queen, was killed in a motor accident in 1929 when on an official visit to Indo-China.

5327: 5325: 4195: 2056:. In modern sense, Peranakan are not Thai Chinese, because Peranakan speak Southern Thai, while Thai Chinese in 1620:

In addition, Thai Chinese also have some customs that are different from the mainland China, such as not eating

10581: 9946: 9895: 8231: 7637: 7605: 7569: 7540: 7511: 4737: 4139: 3681: 3448: 2770: 1663: 1414: 1349: 935: 364: 9117: 7180:

Yeung, Henry (6 February 1999). "Under Siege? Economic Globalization and Chinese Business in Southeast Asia".

7127:

Yeung, Henry (6 February 1999). "Under Siege? Economic Globalization and Chinese Business in Southeast Asia".

7042:

Yeung, Henry (6 February 1999). "Under Siege? Economic Globalization and Chinese Business in Southeast Asia".

6702: 5228:

Dynamics and Dilemma: Mainland, Taiwan and Hong Kong in a Changing World. Edited by Yu Bin and Chung Tsungting

1694:

The vast majority of Thai Chinese belong to various southern Chinese dialect groups. Of these, 56 percent are

592:

claims the share of those having at least partial Chinese ancestry at about 40 percent of the Thai population

109: 10902: 10299: 8501:

thīralưk Ngān Phrarātchathān Phlœng Sop Phon ʻēk Krīangsak Chamanan: ʻadīt Nāyokratthamontrī 12 Pho. Yo. 2549

3135: 2941: 1716: 1659: 477: 383: 100: 9060: 8987: 8912:

From Siamese-Chinese to Chinese-Thai: Political Conditions and Identity Shifts among the Chinese in Thailand

6859: 10648: 10493: 10434: 10429: 10341: 10137: 10132: 10122: 10014: 8992:. Critical Dialogues in Southeast Asian Studies (Paper ed.). Seattle: University of Washington Press. 8503:

translated as Official Documents of Cremation Volumes in honour of former Thai president Kriangsak Chomanan

8129:

Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk. A History of Thailand Third Edition (p. 31). Cambridge University Press.

6866: 6864: 6862: 4828: 4155: 3080: 2500: 1987: 1495:, Thailand's largest operator of shopping centers (and owner of Italy's leading high-end department store, 1328:. Virtually all the industrial manufacturing and import-export shipping firms establishments including the 577: 8539: 576:

presence in Thailand's political scene with most of Thailand's former Prime Ministers and the majority of

10796: 10663: 7996: 7851: 7237:

Black Rednecks & White Liberals: Hope, Mercy, Justice and Autonomy in the American Health Care System

5448:

Black Rednecks & White Liberals: Hope, Mercy, Justice and Autonomy in the American Health Care System

5172: 4837: 1883: 1426: 1422: 1243: 1220: 1152: 912:

From 1882 to 1917, nearly 13,000 to 34,000 Chinese legally entered Thailand per year, mostly settling in

863: 766: 638:), however, the term often creates ambiguity among the various Tai groups in the country, especially the 46: 9034: 6687:

Thitima Sitthipongpanich. "The Presence and Formation of Business - Political Connections in Thailand".

6377:

Thitima Sitthipongpanich. "The Presence and Formation of Business - Political Connections in Thailand".

3516: 2440: 2088:

Almost all Thai-Chinese or Sino-Thais, especially those who came to Thailand before the 1950s, only use

1317: 1026:. Considerable segments of Thailand's academic, business, and political elites are of Chinese descent. 847: 823: 10947: 10840: 10819: 10757: 10752: 10658: 10653: 10460: 10176: 10112: 10081: 10060: 10050: 9093: 8178: 5406: 5091:

Essential Outsiders: Chinese and Jews in the Modern Transformation of Southeast Asia and Central Europe

3096: 2842: 2495: 2358: 1903: 1591: 1583: 1575: 1538:

with Theravada Buddhism due to the openness and tolerance of Buddhism. Major Chinese festivals such as

1375:

Financial Statistics of the 500 Largest Public Companies in Asia Controlled by Overseas Chinese in 1994

1302: 1202: 494: 9080: 6640: 5169:

Resilient States from a Comparative Regional Perspective Central and Eastern Europe and Southeast Asia

3990: 2695:, Minister of Social Development and Human Security and Minister of Natural Resources and Environment. 2040:, rather than Thai as a lingua franca, and many have intermarried with local Malays, and are known as 1834:, Samui and some central provinces. Notable Hainanese Thai families include the Chirathivat family of 10774: 10764: 10747: 10726: 10721: 10542: 10397: 10142: 10117: 10086: 10034: 10029: 9998: 9983: 9939: 9148: 7919: 7382:

Yeung, Henry (6 September 2006). "Change and Continuity in Southeast Asian Ethnic Chinese Business".

3709: 2925: 2790: 2766: 1982:

This dialect group is the smallest among the ethnic Chinese populace and are found in places such as

1003: 8931: 7900: 7221: 106: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10731: 10689: 10684: 10476: 10351: 10205: 10171: 10127: 10107: 10065: 9824: 8141:

British Documents on Foreign Affairs--Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print

6117:"Coronavirus spreads anti-Chinese feeling in Southeast Asia, but the prejudice goes back centuries" 5651: 5032:

Business Practices in Southeast Asia: An Interdisciplinary Analysis of Theravada Buddhist Countries

3908: 3119: 2965: 2812: 2520: 2372: 1794:, Nan, Phuket and central western provinces. The Hakka own many private banks in Thailand, notably 1578:

between September and October. During the festival period, devotees will abstain from meat and the

1430: 1310: 1197: 765:

still pinned a resentful connotation towards Central Thais, when Krungthep accent is considered as

706: 97: 8221: 5762:

Managing Across Diverse Cultures in East Asia Issues and Challenges in a Changing Globalized World

3885: 1325: 10824: 10814: 10455: 10450: 10377: 10055: 10019: 9993: 9988: 9860: 8628: 7916:

The Way That Lives in the Heart: Chinese Popular Religion and Spirits Mediums in Penang, Malaysia

7315: 7018: 3335: 1942:

in Guangdong province of China. This group are not very prominent and are mainly concentrated in

1652: 1587: 1446: 1406: 1321: 1139: 999: 589: 3517:"Are We Them? Textual and Literary Representations of the Chinese in Twentieth-Century Thailand" 2723:, famously known as Yi Kor Hong or Er Ge Feng, a businessman and philanthropist in 19th century. 2291: 2211: 1478:, a prominent telecommunications and mobile phone manufacturing company in a joint venture with 10912: 10679: 10159: 10024: 9920: 9915: 9392: 9350: 9318: 6872: 6513: 6507: 5993:

Journal of an Embassy from the Governor-general of India to the Courts of Siam and Cochin-China

5339: 5333: 3191: 3183: 3141: 3001: 2971: 2937: 2832: 2822: 2618: 2180: 1811: 1156: 697: 625: 8569: 8563: 7855: 3646:

World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability

3368: 3339: 846:(Mr. Thaksin's sister), between November 2013 and May 2014, the event which culminated in the 10890: 9880: 9522: 9152: 7943: 7208: 4384: 3147: 2704: 2648: 2580: 2505: 2186: 1843: 1815: 1752: 1535: 1172: 978: 971: 308: 130: 10576: 9890: 9237: 8555: 8284: 6285: 5306:

Political Booms: Local Money And Power In Taiwan, East China, Thailand, And The Philippines

4301: 2995: 2913: 2868: 2676: 2658: 2636: 2555: 2402: 2243: 1887: 1775: 1258: 1223:

as 205th in the world and 3rd in the nation, with an estimated net worth of US$ 5 billion.

1099: 1007: 944: 10148: 8013:

Yu Hsiu Lee, Hugo (26 February 2014). "Losing Chinese as the First Language in Thailand".

7286: 1830:

Hainanese people is another prominent Thai Chinese group which are mainly concentrated in

393: 374: 8: 10939: 10885: 10498: 10402: 10346: 10317: 10310: 10276: 10269: 9910: 9900: 9885: 9865: 9467: 8848: 7482: 7156: 6792: 5787:

Asian Business Groups: Context, Governance and Performance (Chandos Asian Studies Series)

3107: 3101: 3031: 2947: 2780: 2760: 2698: 2692: 2664: 2630: 2608: 2575: 2565: 2530: 2446: 2430: 2167: 1879: 1851: 1807: 1779: 1543: 1410: 1262: 1228: 1192: 967: 7834: 7791: 2315:

of Thonburi, son of a Teochew Chinese father migrant gambler or trader and a Thai mother

10850: 10610: 10392: 10372: 10367: 10240: 8919: 8559: 7888: 6639:. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Foreign Military Studies Office. p. 37. Archived from 6544: 5614: 5492: 5384: 4889: 4458: 4110: 4062: 4054: 3761: 3301: 3124: 2959: 2931: 2901: 2882: 2661:, Deputy Prime Minister, Speaker of the National Assembly, Minister of Foreign Affairs. 2592: 2550: 2545: 2386: 2199: 2151: 2053: 1927: 1863: 1859: 1819: 1803: 1759: 1531: 1345: 1341: 1235: 1135: 827: 819: 795: 606: 298: 8816: 7479:

Political Communications in Greater China: The Construction and Reflection of Identity

5936:

The Political Economy Of Deng's Nanxun: Breakthrough In China's Reform And Development

5837:

East Asian Transformation: On the Political Economy of Dynamism, Governance and Crisis

4853: 463: 10525: 10486: 10481: 10387: 10304: 10263: 10230: 10197: 9667: 9359: 9247: 9023:

The Crown and the Capitalists; The Ethnic Chinese and the Founding of the Thai Nation

8993: 8989:

The Crown and the Capitalists; The Ethnic Chinese and the Founding of the Thai Nation

8972: 8946: 8940: 8796: 8753: 8647: 8598: 8573: 8464: 8439: 8406: 8381: 8332: 8307: 8267: 8227: 8144: 8101: 8085: 8045: 8000: 7923: 7859: 7844: 7815: 7772: 7744: 7716: 7666: 7641: 7609: 7573: 7544: 7515: 7486: 7457: 7432: 7362: 7334: 7265: 7240: 7160: 7107: 7022: 6993: 6931: 6906: 6878: 6846: 6821: 6796: 6764: 6732: 6667: 6605: 6573: 6548: 6516: 6486: 6442: 6417: 6357: 6329: 6304: 6230: 6205: 6146: 6066: 6036: 5997: 5964: 5939: 5914: 5889: 5864: 5840: 5815: 5790: 5765: 5740: 5715: 5683: 5618: 5589: 5517: 5451: 5388: 5343: 5309: 5284: 5256: 5231: 5201: 5176: 5147: 5119: 5094: 5064: 5039: 5010: 4981: 4956: 4931: 4893: 4859: 4803: 4773: 4733: 4696: 4657: 4618: 4564: 4539: 4485: 4462: 4418: 4388: 4359: 4334: 4305: 4273: 4246: 4135: 4096: 4066: 3849: 3810: 3784: 3653: 3586: 3553: 3495: 3429: 3402: 3374: 3347: 3305: 3281: 3153: 2919: 2897: 2806: 2734: 2726: 2682: 2603: 2560: 2468: 2203: 2101: 2057: 2031: 2010:(surrounding provinces of the capital, Bangkok), they trace their ancestries back to 1991: 1911: 1895: 1767: 1748: 1743:

Traditionally, the Teochews comprise a majority population of coastal provinces like

1547: 1523: 1418: 1398: 1211: 1095: 1091: 859: 758: 312: 4505: 2100:

are either recent immigrants or resident aliens. For some immigrants who settled in

10927: 10922: 10907: 10564: 10382: 10225: 10220: 10154: 9962: 9805: 9662: 9608: 9262: 9169: 8194:ทายาทพระยาพหลฯ เล่าถึงคณะราษฎรในความทรงจำ ทั้งชีวิตยอมปฏิวัติ 24 มิ.ย.ได้ครั้งเดียว 8022: 7697: 7391: 5655: 5552: 5484: 5376: 4450: 4330: 4088: 4046: 3753: 3293: 2907: 2756: 2746: 2686: 2670: 2654: 2613: 2597: 2474: 2460: 2325: 2283: 2155: 2109: 2007: 1983: 1915: 1855: 1707: 1703: 1539: 1467: 1455: 1450: 1386: 1357: 1353: 1306: 1216: 1148: 990: 835: 569: 542: 537: 411: 340: 316: 284: 7966:"ไขข้อสงสัย ทำไมคนไทยเชื้อสายจีนถึง ไม่กินเนื้อวัว? แต่คนจีนแท้ๆ กลับกินได้สบายใจ" 5473:"Markets, Democracy, and Ethnicity: Toward A New Paradigm For Law and Development" 3742:"Markets, Democracy, and Ethnicity: Toward A New Paradigm For Law and Development" 2259: 1766:

or จีนหลวง in Thai). Prominent Teochew politicians include former prime ministers

10897: 10784: 10615: 10520: 10503: 9758: 9590: 9568: 9554: 9541: 8701: 8525: 8263: 8065: 7835: 7798: 5711: 5063:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (published 30 October 2005). p. 154. 4856:

China's Economic Future: Challenges to U.S.Policy (Studies on Contemporary China)

4267: 4240: 3644: 3052: 3025: 3007: 2774: 2515: 2116:, 'family name') to a transliteration of their name to form the new family name; 2097: 2045: 2036:

Some ethnic Chinese living in the Malay-dominated provinces in the far south use

1999: 1951: 1931: 1771: 1479: 1421:

being the sole firm that was under the ownership of a non-Chinese. Following the

1402: 1390: 1298: 1274: 1160: 1111: 1071: 1055: 1030: 982: 981:(in spite of having part-Chinese ancestry himself), which allied itself with the 550: 491: 10625: 6703:"Sidewinder: Chinese Intelligence Services and Triads Financial Links in Canada" 5335:

Global Multiculturalism: Comparative Perspectives on Ethnicity, Race, and Nation

2424: 2322:, son of "a beautiful daughter of a mix of Chinese and Thai family in Ayutthaya" 1332:

manufacturing behemoth Siam Motors are Chinese controlled. In the years between

838:. The Thai Chinese in and around Bangkok were also the main participants of the 685:

In cases where details are required, Thai Chinese people refer to themselves as

390: 371: 10630: 10210: 9842: 9785: 9738: 9713: 9603: 9509: 9495: 9415: 9282: 9267: 9232: 9147: 8867: 8741: 5565:

Net Worth $ 5 Billion As of March 2012 #205 Forbes Billionaires, #3 in Thailand

4614:

Slow Food: Collected Thoughts on Taste, Tradition, and the Honest Pleasures ...

4454: 4293: 3297: 3262: 2796: 2535: 2128: 2117: 2049: 2037: 1995: 1947: 1799: 1695: 1188: 940: 557: 529: 10620: 9020: 8192: 7395: 5659: 5364: 4508:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the People's Republic of China. 23 October 2003 3492:

Overseas Chinese Entrepreneurship and Capitalist Development in Southeast Asia

951:

test and for principals of all schools to implement standards set by the Thai

10961: 10547: 10255: 9810: 9800: 9748: 9690: 9433: 9406: 9277: 5996:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). London: H. Colburn and R. Bentley. p. 30. 5987: 5380: 2977: 2570: 2540: 2416: 2366: 2207: 2073: 1963: 1955: 1907: 1839: 1835: 1795: 1614: 1496: 1492: 1382: 1361: 1239: 1131: 1115: 1103: 1083: 1067: 986: 948: 926: 808: 776: 736: 716: 692: 669: 649: 634: 620: 536:. Thai Chinese are the largest minority group in the country and the largest 272: 196: 6001: 5708:

Hot Commodities: How Anyone Can Invest Profitably in the World's Best Market

2701:, Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Interior and Minister of Public Health. 2396: 2276: 9832: 9795: 9790: 9763: 9708: 9681: 9517: 9480: 9475: 9377: 9252: 9242: 8461:

Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century

6098: 3090: 3066: 3013: 2826: 2730: 2720: 2525: 2410: 2175: 2150:

therefore these people didn't recognize as Sino-Thais like Thai celebrity,

2143: 2089: 1847: 1842:, while politicians from this dialect group include former prime ministers 1711: 1699: 1475: 1459: 1394: 1337: 1034: 917: 871: 453: 418: 320: 257: 8500: 8026: 7846:

Fundamentalisms and the State: Remaking Polities, Economies, and Militance

6396:. Institute of Asian Studies - Chulalongkorn University Press. p. 10. 4092: 2380: 10535: 9905: 9723: 9718: 9698: 9598: 9485: 9443: 9438: 9423: 9372: 9367: 9331: 9326: 9304: 9297: 9292: 9177: 9160: 8458: 7839: 7429:

Asian Management Systems: Chinese, Japanese and Korean Styles of Business

5812:

The Chinese Diaspora: Space, Place, Mobility, and Identity (Why of Where)

4327:

A Short History of China and Southeast Asia: Tribute, Trade and Influence

3966:"In Bangkok's Chinatown, grief and gratitude following Thai king's death" 3113: 2642: 2510: 2065: 1756: 1571: 1560: 1463: 1369: 1333: 1254: 1019: 939:

was banned under the Communism Act of 1933. The government had regulated

930: 902: 639: 610: 344: 332: 264: 7106:. Nova Science Publishing Inc (published 1 September 1996). p. 80. 7104:

Dynamics and Dilemma: Mainland, Taiwan and Hong Kong in a Changing World

6820:. Nova Science Publishing Inc (published 1 September 1996). p. 73. 6818:

Dynamics and Dilemma: Mainland, Taiwan and Hong Kong in a Changing World

6439:

Building Social Capital in Thailand: Fibers, Finance, and Infrastructure

6143:

Building Social Capital in Thailand: Fibers, Finance, and Infrastructure

3549:

The Dragon Network: Inside Stories of the Most Successful Chinese Family

1143:

gambling. In Southern Thailand, the difference between Thai Chinese and

10603: 10586: 10557: 10530: 10508: 9837: 9753: 9733: 9576: 9549: 9453: 9448: 9428: 9387: 9336: 9272: 9187: 7359:

Building Social Capital in Thailand: Fibers, Finance and Infrastructure

5737:

Megatrends Asia: The Eight Asian Megatrends that are Changing the World

5703: 4800:

Building Social Capital in Thailand: Fibers, Finance and Infrastructure

4755:

The Well-Being of the Elderly in Asia: A Four-Country Comparative Study

4381:

In the Place of Origins: Modernity and Its Mediums in Northern Thailand

4058: 2816: 2041: 1791: 1666: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1610: 1602: 1552: 1286: 959: 750: 336: 20: 5496: 4037:

Skinner, G. William (1957). "Chinese Assimilation and Thai Politics".

3765: 2159: 2135: 2124: 2113: 642:

who also call themselves the same, these groups Thai Chinese refer as

9743: 9728: 9257: 9227: 9212: 9197: 8156: 6483:

Corporate Links And Foreign Direct Investment In Asia And The Pacific

6227:

Corporate Links And Foreign Direct Investment In Asia And The Pacific

5585: 5582:

Chinese Business in Malaysia: Accumulation, Ascendance, Accommodation

5035: 5006: 4953:

Corporate Links And Foreign Direct Investment In Asia And The Pacific

4535: 4518:

On July 1, 1975, China and Thailand established Diplomatic relations.

4481: 2121: 1939: 1899: 1720: 1567: 1556: 1294: 1164: 1144: 1127: 1119: 432: 280: 276: 245: 184: 8914:. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 232–259. 6261:. Southeast Asian Studies at the University of Freiburg (Germany): 6 5911:

Does China Matter?: A Reassessment: Essays in Memory of Gerald Segal

5513:

Migrations And Cultures: A World View - Thomas Sowell - Google Books

4050: 4025:

Who Are The Thai-Chinese And What Is Their Contribution to Thailand?

2876: 1641: 1597:

In the north, there is a small minority of Chinese Muslims known as

1010:

instead. In 1975, diplomatic relations were established with China.

10598: 9931: 9870: 9217: 9207: 6843:

The Labors of Sisyphus: The Economic Development of Communist China

6789:

Expansion of Trade and FDI in Asia: Strategic and Policy Challenges

5488: 3757: 3640: 3263:"Thailand - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples" 3223:"China: Countries with the largest number of overseas Chinese 2021" 2989: 2983: 2953: 2836: 2784: 2750: 2454: 2222:

and that the Sanskrit-derived name refers to 'medical profession'.

1935: 1598: 1484: 1168: 1098:

as well). Only elderly Chinese immigrants still speak their native

995: 921: 843: 546: 533: 439: 304: 232: 164: 159: 24: 1590:, and the rites and rituals seen are devoted to the veneration of 10569: 10552: 9202: 8740: 8223:

The Tragedy of Wanit: A Japanese Account of Wartime Thai Politics

7456:(EasyRead Large Bold ed.). ReadHowYouWant.com. p. 199. 2773:, Thailand's largest private health care group, and the owner of 2332: 2298: 2132: 2093: 2061: 2003: 1959: 1943: 1831: 1744: 1728: 1625: 1516: 1278: 1123: 1023: 913: 830:, another prominent Thai Chinese businessman, who formed and led 754: 460: 268: 9182: 9066: 8143:. Vol. 6. University Publications of America. p. 464. 1393:

families respectively control Thailand's largest private banks:

1377:

chart released by Singaporean geographer Dr. Henry Yeung of the

1147:

is that Thai Chinese speak Central Thai and they concentrate in

9875: 9654: 9640: 9635: 9622: 9222: 9192: 8554: 4854:

Joint Economic Committee Congress of the United States (1997).

3781:

Chinese Capitalism in a Global Era: Towards a Hybrid Capitalism

3019: 2352: 2319: 2312: 2266: 2250: 2174:

element is a translation into Thai of his family's former name

2019: 2015: 2011: 1906:. Prominent Hokkien politicians include former prime ministers 1891: 1875: 1732: 1724: 1606: 1579: 1527: 1471: 1247: 882: 878:

and were a prominent faction within the Siamese court by 1767.

565: 561: 220: 208: 9043: 7881:

Rethinking Assimilation and Ethnicity: The Chinese of Thailand

2900:, politician, and businessman. He served as the leader of the 2862: 9630: 9055: 7262:

Chinese Capitalism in a Global Era: Towards Hybrid Capitalism

6903:

Chinese Capitalism in a Global Era: Towards Hybrid Capitalism

6729:

Business Networks in Asia: Promises, Doubts, and Perspectives

5961:

Chinese Capitalism in a Global Era: Towards Hybrid Capitalism

5253:

Business Networks in Asia: Promises, Doubts, and Perspectives

5198:

Business Networks in Asia: Promises, Doubts, and Perspectives

4928:

Business Networks in Asia: Promises, Doubts, and Perspectives

4532:

The Thai Economy: Uneven Development and internationalisation

3463:"Time of uncertainty lies ahead for Bangkok's ethnic Chinese" 2096:

as a condition of Thai citizenship. The few retaining native

1882:

and other foreigners in Thailand. Hokkiens primarily live in

1802:. Prominent Hakka politicians include former prime ministers 963: 499: 482: 468: 8938: 7878: 7015:

The Economies of Southeast Asia: Before and After the Crisis

3680:

Vatikiotis, Michael; Daorueng, Prangtip (12 February 1998).

3279: 1511: 8868:"เปิดตัว "เศรษฐา ทวีสิน" เครือญาติ 5 ตระกูลธุรกิจยักษ์ใหญ่" 8696: 7307: 6065:. Nova Science Pub (published 30 April 2005). p. 171. 4245:(Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 54. 3237:":: Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, R.o.c. ::" 2809:, Billionaire Businessman and heir to the Red Bull fortune. 1898:. Some Hokkiens live in Bangkok traces their ancestry from 1621: 1474:

business district. Reignwood Pine Valley, CP also controls

1267: 1087: 125: 8942:

Alternate Identities: The Chinese of Contemporary Thailand

6088:"The Rice Industry of Mainland Southeast Asia (1850-1914)" 3342:. In Guan, Lee Hock; Suryadinata, Leo Suryadinata (eds.). 9029: 8961:

Leadership and Power in the Chinese Community in Thailand

8675: 8405:, Ithaca NY: Cornell Southeast Asia Program, p. 88, 7913: 7308:

Charumilind, Chutatong; Wiwattanakantang, Yupana (2003),

4561:

50 Plus One Greatest Cities in the World You Should Visit

1078:

Language and overseas Chinese communities § Thailand

749:), which well known that the Central Thais (Siamese) and 444: 8903:

The Chinese Émigrés of Thailand in the Twentieth Century

8139:

Preston, Paul; Partridge, Michael; Best, Antony (1997).

6173:"The formidable alliance underlying modern Thai history" 2940:, academic and politician. He served as a member of the 1429:(IMF) on Indonesia and Thailand led to the loss of many 1266:

British official in Siam said that "the Chinese are the

1219:, of humble Chinese origin, passed away while listed on 7311:

Connected Lending: Thailand before the Financial Crisis

6026: 6024: 6022: 4770:

Linguistic Landscape: A New Approach to Multilingualism

3991:"Chinese Diaspora Across the World: A General Overview" 3909:"Betraying my heritage: the riddles of Chinese and Lao" 8790: 8641: 8592: 8459:

Richard Jensen; Jon Davidann; Yoneyuki Sugita (2003).

8326: 8301: 6928:

Redesigning Asian Business: In the Aftermath of Crisis

5403:"Malaysian Chinese Business: Who Survived the Crisis?" 3848:. Hauppauge NY: Nova Science Publishers. p. 171. 1755:

until the 1950s, in which later it was overwhelmed by

1522:

First-generation Chinese immigrants were followers of

564:

who himself was partly Chinese. His predecessor, King

8295: 7990: 7411:"The spirit of the overseas Chinese entrepreneur, by" 7287:"The Bamboo Network: Asia's Family-run Conglomerates" 6874:

Understanding China: Center Stage of the Fourth Power

6757:

Understanding China: Center Stage of the Fourth Power

5332:

Cornwell, Grant Hermans; Stoddard, Eve Walsh (2000).

2707:, Deputy Prime Minister and the first and only Asian 1397:(the largest and most profitable in Southeast Asia), 423: 8910:

Chantavanich, Supang (1997). Leo Suryadinata (ed.).

8484:

Peagam, Nelson (1976), "Judge picks up the reigns",

8375: 8174:

Thailand: A Political, Social, and Economic Analysis

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Ethnic Business Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia

6686: 6376: 6019: 5938:. World Scientific Publishing Company. p. 214. 5059:

Snitwongse, Kusuma; Thompson, Willard Scott (2005).

4478:

Dictionary of the Modern Politics of South-East Asia

3935:"Thailand's Security and the Sino-Thai Relationship" 3042: 8505:. Krung Thēp: Khunying Wirat Chamanan, 2006. Print. 5814:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 98. 4558: 3401:(2nd, paper ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3034:, model, beauty queen, Miss Universe Thailand 2018. 1946:and the central provinces. Although Cantonese from 1082:Today, nearly all ethnic Chinese in Thailand speak 8433: 8039: 7843: 6877:. State University of New York Press. p. 33. 5274: 5272: 5058: 4378: 4170:"Thai PM condemns race-baiting at anti-govt rally" 4085:Chinese Society in Thailand: An Analytical History 3679: 3344:Language, Nation and Development in Southeast Asia 2633:, Banker, Deputy Prime Minister, Finance Minister. 770: 730: 710: 686: 663: 643: 614: 8438:(2nd ed.). Praeger Publishers. p. 225. 8424:Gale, T. 2005. Encyclopedia of World Biographies. 8220:Batson, Benjamin Arthur; Shimizu, Hajime (1990). 7993:Linguistic Diversity and National Unity: Language 7762: 7760: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6110: 6108: 5886:Asian Firms: History, Institutions and Management 5405:. Kyotoreview.cseas.kyoto-u.ac.jp. Archived from 5144:Asian Firms: History, Institutions and Management 4358:(2nd ed.). Praeger Publishers. p. 231. 4353: 4266:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (11 May 2017). 4265: 4239:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (11 May 2017). 4238: 3396: 2934:, famous and influential Buddhist reformist monk. 2645:, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Interior. 2104:before the 1950s, it was common to simply prefix 1890:. A smaller Hoklo community can also be found in 10959: 9358: 7814:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 179–183. 7734: 7732: 7715:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 184–185. 6722: 6720: 6464:"Prejudice is free but discrimination has costs" 6347: 6345: 6303:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 183–184. 5863:. United Nations Publications. 2004. p. 4. 5338:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 5331: 3425:A History of Southeast Asia: Critical Crossroads 3340:"The Position of Non-Thai Languages in Thailand" 2743:, Entrepreneur and founder of Siam Motors Group. 2709:Director-General of the World Trade Organization 9168: 9056:The Chinese Association in Thailand (Chong Hua) 9021:Dr. Wasana Wongsurawat lectures about her book 8771: 8769: 8331:(in Chinese). 香港社会科学出版社有限公司. pp. 17, 185. 7331:Identity and Ethnic Relations in Southeast Asia 7259: 6900: 6166: 6164: 6162: 5958: 5877: 5861:Current Issues On Industry Trade And Investment 5269: 4298:Blood Brothers: The Criminal Underworld of Asia 4078: 4076: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3370:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania 3366: 3280:John Draper; Joel Sawat Selway (January 2019). 1698:(also commonly spelled as Teochiu), 16 percent 8403:Thailand: The Politics of Despotic Paternalism 8400: 8252: 8250: 8066:"Successfully Yours: Thanet Supornsaharungsi." 7757: 6650: 6280:Fouberg, Erin H.; Moseley, William G. (2014). 6279: 6105: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5000: 4752: 4649: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4022: 3514: 2815:, Billionaire founder, owner and chairman of 2763:, the second-largest life insurer in Thailand. 1320:, Thailand was an agrarian economy hobbled by 1309:, culminating in World War II when Thailand's 613:in Thailand, Thai Chinese refer themselves as 9947: 9133: 8967:Sng, Jeffery; Bisalputra, Pimpraphai (2015). 8966: 8939:Tong Chee Kiong; Chan Kwok Bun, eds. (2001). 8748:. Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. p. 8278: 8226:. University of Singapore Press. p. 64. 8219: 7729: 6786: 6717: 6342: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4610: 3906: 3702: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3485: 3483: 3334: 2801:Bangkok Broadcasting & Television Company 2639:, Minister of Justice, Acting Prime Minister. 1977: 985:. The Primary Education Act of 1932 made the 549:. This is evidenced by the prevalence of the 388: 369: 9689: 8909: 8766: 8281:"Research & Articles on Pridi Banomyong" 7688: 7686: 7684: 7682: 7228: 6159: 5001:Freeman, Nick J.; Bartels, Frank L. (2004). 4688: 4115:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4073: 3830: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3392: 3390: 2793:, Billionaire business magnate and investor. 2714: 753:were not indigenous to these two provinces, 8985: 8247: 8012: 7665:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 184. 6990:The Globalisation of Chinese Business Firms 6988:Yeung, Henry Wai-Chung; Olds, Kris (1999). 6689:วารสาร บริหารธุรกิจ - มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์ 6666:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 182. 6416:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 179. 6379:วารสาร บริหารธุรกิจ - มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์ 6243: 6204:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 181. 5982: 5980: 5362: 5077: 4577: 4440: 4401: 3545: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 1470:, the largest mall in Shanghai's exclusive 1289:, published a pamphlet in Thai and English— 173:country-wide, with significant diaspora in: 9954: 9940: 9140: 9126: 8963:. Ithaca (Cornell University Press), 1958. 8795:(in Chinese). 香港社会科学出版社有限公司. p. 187. 8775: 8646:(in Chinese). 香港社会科学出版社有限公司. p. 185. 7743:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 41. 7627: 7625: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7589: 7361:. Cambridge University Press. p. 55. 7352: 7350: 7059: 7057: 6896: 6894: 6787:Chaisse, Julien; Gugler, Philippe (2009). 6782: 6780: 6750: 6748: 6534: 6532: 6441:. Cambridge University Press. p. 55. 6356:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 35. 6328:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. p. 15. 6288:(published 27 December 2017). p. 232. 6145:. Cambridge University Press. p. 48. 5637: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5088: 4980:. Stryker-Post Publications. p. 260. 4786: 4324: 4082: 4016: 3926: 3900: 3772: 3480: 3397:Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2009). 2216:Royal Thai General System of Transcription 1878:; aside from Thais, they also traded with 114: 54:remove low-quality or irrelevant citations 10531:Peranakan / Baba Nyonya / Straits Chinese 9075:Thai Hainan Trade association of Thailand 8418: 8380:(in Chinese). 香港社会科学出版社有限公司. p. 17. 8306:(in Chinese). 香港社会科学出版社有限公司. p. 17. 7679: 7146: 7144: 7142: 6987: 6983: 6981: 6955:. Princeton University Press. p. 41. 6538: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6252:"The "Chinese Education Problem" of 1948" 6056: 6054: 6052: 5908: 5834: 5673: 5671: 5669: 4883: 4583: 3724: 3606: 3515:Chaloemtiarana, Thak (25 December 2014). 3387: 2783:, Billionaire and the senior chairman of 2206:'s name is the pronunciation of the name 1682:Learn how and when to remove this message 966:between 1930 and 1950 and settled in the 72:Learn how and when to remove this message 9149:Ethnic and linguistic groups in Thailand 8900: 8841: 8750:Introduction: Who is Thaksin Shinawatra? 8359:National Taipei University of Technology 8170: 7476: 7150: 6950: 6391: 5986: 5977: 5888:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 277. 5734: 5575: 5573: 5308:. Contemporary China. WSPC. p. 26. 5146:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 277. 5137: 5135: 5118:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 112. 4879: 4877: 4875: 4849: 4847: 4821: 4819: 4563:. Encouragement Press, LLC. p. 25. 3963: 3875: 3809:. Marshall Cavendish. 1 September 2007. 3460: 3319: 2624: 1735:(Hokkien, Hockchew and Henghua groups). 1510: 1273: 1196: 10942:of France in the western Indian Ocean. 8568:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 8257:An Impressive Day at M.R. Kukrit's Home 8033: 7879:Tong Chee Kiong; Chan Kwok Bun (2001). 7622: 7586: 7347: 7101: 7054: 7012: 6925: 6891: 6815: 6777: 6745: 6726: 6529: 6512:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 6455: 6060: 5682:. Transaction Publishers. p. 243. 5278: 5250: 5214: 5195: 5029: 4925: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4584:Sukphisit, Suthon (22 September 2019). 4292: 4036: 4007: 3841: 3573: 3546:Susanto, A. B.; Susa, Patricia (2013). 3273: 3086:Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia 1723:(Teochew, Cantonese and Hakka groups), 1624:, especially among elderly who worship 133:, a Chinese Buddhist temple in Thailand 10960: 8483: 8106:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 7284: 7234: 7139: 6978: 6541:The Overseas Chinese of Southeast Asia 6461: 6400: 6282:Understanding World Regional Geography 6114: 6049: 6030: 5883: 5784: 5759: 5702: 5666: 5509: 5445: 5166: 5141: 5113: 5089:Chirot, Daniel; Reid, Anthony (1997). 4886:The Overseas Chinese of Southeast Asia 4825: 4767: 4757:. University of Michigan Press: 38–39. 4709:from the original on 27 September 2022 4670:from the original on 27 September 2022 4631:from the original on 27 September 2022 4475: 4412: 4212: 3428:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 215. 3360: 2673:, Governor of Bangkok and Businessman. 2214:Palace name. Note that the latter-day 1990:as well as in other provinces such as 1926:The Cantonese predominantly came from 1790:Hakkas are mainly concentrated around 1242:used detailed company records kept on 1018:Han Chinese intermarriage with ethnic 9935: 9414: 9121: 8477: 7766: 7381: 7356: 7198: 7179: 7126: 7095: 7082: 7063: 7041: 6965: 6870: 6840: 6567: 6436: 6249: 6170: 6140: 6033:Migrations And Cultures: A World View 5909:Buzan, Barry; Foot, Rosemary (2004). 5677: 5608: 5579: 5570: 5375:(2). Duke University Press: 555–582. 5303: 5132: 4975: 4872: 4844: 4816: 4797: 4727: 4529: 4415:Migrations and Cultures: A World View 4176:. Agence France-Presse. 5 August 2008 4129: 3932: 3907:Songkünnatham, Peera (30 June 2018). 3778: 3489: 2667:, Minister of Science and Technology. 1609:. There are seven Chinese mosques in 1601:. They are mainly the descendants of 1182: 858:Traders from China began arriving in 633: 9961: 8986:Wongsurawat, Wasana (October 2019). 8842:Golingai, Philip (17 January 2009). 8823:from the original on 8 February 2011 7838:; R. Scott Appleby; John H. Garvey; 7809: 7738: 7710: 7660: 7634:Chinese Encounters in Southeast Asia 7602:Chinese Encounters in Southeast Asia 7566:Chinese Encounters in Southeast Asia 7537:Chinese Encounters in Southeast Asia 7508:Chinese Encounters in Southeast Asia 7426: 7328: 7314:, Institute of Economic Research at 7151:Folk, Brian C.; Jomo, K. S. (2013). 6661: 6604:. The Economist (29). Archived from 6592: 6505: 6480: 6411: 6351: 6323: 6298: 6224: 6199: 6085: 5933: 5470: 4950: 4906: 4772:. Multilingual Matters. p. 43. 4436: 4434: 4087:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 3739: 3639: 3421: 3415: 3010:, singer, musician, record producer. 2980:, actor, host, television presenter. 2092:in public, while it was required by 1664:adding citations to reliable sources 1635: 1425:, structural reforms imposed by the 152:Regions with significant populations 29: 8716: 8492: 8463:. Praeger Publishers. p. 222. 7631: 7599: 7563: 7534: 7505: 7451: 7408: 6115:Szumer, Zacharias (29 April 2020). 5789:. Chandos Publishing. p. 238. 5638:Haley, G.T.; Haley, U.C.V. (1998). 2120:'s last name thus derived from the 1998:and Map Ammarit villages) and also 1354:Shinawatra telecommunications group 1311:Japanese ally was at war with China 13: 9100:Assessment for Chinese in Thailand 8894: 7914:Jean Elizabeth DeBernardi (2006). 7384:Asia Pacific Journal of Management 7203:(2). International Sociology: 270. 7102:Yu, Bin; Chung, Tsungting (1996). 6816:Yu, Bin; Chung, Tsungting (1996). 6761:State University of New York Press 6754: 6705:. Primetimecrime.com. 24 June 1997 6086:Owen, Norman G. (1 January 1971). 5809: 5363:Wongsurawat, Wasana (2 May 2016). 5225: 5093:. University of Washington Press. 5061:Ethnic Conflicts in Southeast Asia 3933:Smith, Anthony (1 February 2005). 3878:"Southeast Asia's new best friend" 3022:, Boy Band rapper, record producer 2339: 2225: 2044:. They are mostly concentrated in 14: 10994: 9014: 8878:from the original on 21 July 2023 8436:Historical Dictionary of Thailand 6992:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 8. 6629: 6539:Witzel, Morgen; Rae, Ian (2008). 6035:. Basic Books. pp. 182–184. 4884:Witzel, Morgen; Rae, Ian (2008). 4431: 4356:Historical Dictionary of Thailand 3964:Jiangtao, Shi (14 October 2016). 3461:Jiangtao, Shi (16 October 2016). 3346:. ISEAS Publishing. p. 191. 3173:According to a French missionary. 2950:, politician and television host. 1958:they are more popularly known as 1631: 705:), or sometimes may refer to the 9112:Why do Thais have long surnames? 9087: 9030:Thai-Chinese chamber of commerce 8860: 8835: 8809: 8784: 8734: 8682: 8660: 8635: 8611: 8586: 8548: 8532: 8508: 8452: 8427: 8394: 8369: 8345: 8320: 8272: 8213: 8185: 8164: 8132: 8123: 8114: 8074: 8058: 7984: 7958: 7936: 7907: 7872: 7828: 7803: 7785: 7704: 7654: 7557: 7528: 7499: 7470: 7445: 7431:. Cengage Learning. p. 65. 7420: 7402: 7375: 7322: 7301: 7278: 7253: 7192: 7173: 7120: 7076: 7035: 7006: 6959: 6944: 6919: 6834: 6809: 6695: 6680: 6623: 6586: 6561: 6499: 6474: 6430: 6385: 6370: 6317: 6292: 6273: 6218: 6193: 6171:Baker, Chris (24 January 2020). 6134: 6079: 5990:(21 August 2006) . "Chapter I". 5739:. Nicholas Brealey. p. 20. 5644:Journal of Organizational Change 5281:The Spirit of Chinese Capitalism 3876:Marshall, Tyler (17 June 2006). 3059: 3045: 2875: 2861: 2467: 2453: 2439: 2423: 2409: 2395: 2379: 2365: 2351: 2290: 2275: 2258: 2242: 1640: 1379:National University of Singapore 238: 225: 213: 201: 189: 177: 158: 124: 34: 9061:Teochew Association of Thailand 9049: 7260:Wai-Chung Yeung, Henry (2006). 7239:. Encounter Books. p. 84. 6901:Wai-chung Yeung, Henry (2006). 6871:Ju, Yanan; Chu, Yen-An (1996). 6462:Farron, Steven (October 2002). 6063:Globalization and Social Stress 5959:Wai-chung Yeung, Henry (2006). 5952: 5927: 5902: 5853: 5828: 5803: 5778: 5753: 5728: 5696: 5631: 5611:Varieties of Capitalism in Asia 5602: 5537: 5503: 5471:Chua, Amy L. (1 January 1998). 5464: 5450:. Encounter Books. p. 84. 5439: 5421: 5395: 5356: 5297: 5244: 5189: 5160: 5107: 5052: 5038:(published 2010). p. 172. 5023: 4994: 4969: 4944: 4836:(1). Quezon City, Philippines: 4761: 4746: 4721: 4682: 4643: 4604: 4552: 4523: 4498: 4469: 4372: 4347: 4318: 4286: 4259: 4232: 4206: 4200:Political Prisoners in Thailand 4188: 4162: 4156:"The Symbolism of Sondhi's Hat" 4148: 4123: 4083:Skinner, G, William (c. 1957). 4030: 4001: 3983: 3957: 3869: 3845:Globalization And Social Stress 3797: 3779:Yeung, Henry Wai-Chung (2005). 3673: 3539: 3508: 3454: 3176: 3167: 3130:San Chaopho Suea (Sao Chingcha) 2845:, youngest Billionaire of Asia. 2679:, Deputy Minister of Education. 2586: 2489: 2083: 2068:) speak Central Thai, known as 1814:, former deputy prime minister 1651:needs additional citations for 832:People's Alliance for Democracy 583: 500: 483: 469: 445: 9081:Fujian Association of Thailand 8746:The Thaksinization Of Thailand 8724:"Former PM Banharn dies at 83" 8674:. 11 June 2021. Archived from 8597:. 香港社会科学出版社有限公司. p. 185. 8279:Gerald W. Fry (18 June 2012). 7991:William Allen Smalley (1994). 7638:University of Washington Press 7606:University of Washington Press 7570:University of Washington Press 7541:University of Washington Press 7512:University of Washington Press 6926:Richter, Frank-Jurgen (2002). 6727:Richter, Frank-Jürgen (1999). 6633:Southeast Asia — Indo or China 6259:Occasional Paper Series No. 15 6095:Journal of Third World Studies 5251:Richter, Frank-Jürgen (1999). 5196:Richter, Frank-Jürgen (1999). 4926:Richter, Frank-Jürgen (1999). 4802:. Cambridge University Press. 4689:B. W. Higman (8 August 2011). 4611:Carlo Petrini (October 2001). 4272:. Cambridge University Press. 4132:Letters from Thailand: A Novel 3995:Academy for Cultural Diplomacy 3442: 3373:, Facts on File, p. 794, 3255: 3229: 3215: 2956:, hip hop singer and producer. 2928:, award-winning film director. 2771:Bangkok Dusit Medical Services 2759:, Billionaire and chairman of 2685:, Governor of Bangkok, CEO of 2486:Thai Chinese Prime Ministers: 1360:, Jasmine, Ucom, and Samar. 1299:Han consciousness and identity 1163:, however, they both grown in 936:Three Principles of the People 842:against the government of Ms. 840:months-long political campaign 424: 389: 370: 105: 96: 1: 9067:Hakka Association of Thailand 8969:A History of the Thai-Chinese 8401:Chaloemtiarana, Thak (2007), 6250:Wiese, York A. (April 2013). 5255:. Praeger. pp. 193–194. 5003:Future Foreign Investment SEA 4955:. Routledge. pp. 93–94. 4656:. Clarkson Potter/Ten Speed. 4215:"Why Thai politics is broken" 4012:. Reaktion Books. p. 46. 4010:Thailand: The Worldly Kingdom 3842:Kolodko, Grzegorz W. (2005). 3740:Chua, Amy L. (January 1998). 3208: 3136:Thian Fah Foundation Hospital 2962:, actor, DJ, television host. 2942:Thai House of Representatives 2210:(林). For an example, see the 1346:Bangkok has its own Chinatown 848:military takeover in May 2014 144: 47:excessive number of citations 10968:Chinese diaspora in Thailand 10087:Democratic Republic of Congo 9102:(archived 21 September 2005) 8844:"Peas in a pod they are not" 8817:"Profile: Abhisit Vejjajiva" 8744:, Ukrist Pathmanand (2004). 8700:(in Chinese). Archived from 8627:(in Chinese). Archived from 8524:(in Chinese). Archived from 7944:"»ÃÐÇÑµÔ¡ÒÃÍ¾Â¾¢Í§¨Õ¹ÁØÊÅÔÁ" 7769:Chinese business in Malaysia 6930:. Quorum Books. p. 85. 6570:Chinese business in Malaysia 5551:. March 2012. Archived from 4978:East and Southeast Asia 2013 4559:Paul J. Christopher (2006). 4039:The Journal of Asian Studies 2025: 1988:Nakhon Si Thammarat province 1921: 1838:and the Yoovidhya family of 1825: 1586:to exhibit the power of the 1576:nine-day vegetarian festival 1305:only coagulated the grip of 727:lit: Krungthepian, Bangkoker 595: 7: 10973:Chinese diaspora by country 9083:(archived 21 November 2007) 9077:(archived 22 December 2007) 9037:(archived 25 February 2021) 8901:Chansiri, Disaphol (2008). 8819:. BBC News. 17 March 2010. 8486:Far Eastern Economic Review 8434:Smith Nieminen Win (2005). 8040:Andrew D.W. Forbes (1988). 7997:University of Chicago Press 7852:University of Chicago Press 5835:Henderson, Jeffrey (2011). 5810:Ma, Laurence J. C. (2002). 5173:World Scientific Publishing 4838:Ateneo de Manila University 4443:Journal of Chinese Overseas 4379:Rosalind C. Morris (2000). 4325:Stuart-Fox, Martin (2003). 3689:Far Eastern Economic Review 3038: 2825:, Billionaire President of 2335:, Queen consort of Thailand 2212:background of the Vejjajiva 1506: 1427:International Monetary Fund 1423:1997 Asian financial crisis 1221:Forbes list of billionaires 1061: 916:and along the coast of the 822:, who is Thai Chinese, was 788: 771: 731: 711: 703:lit: Thai of Chinese origin 687: 664: 644: 615: 446:Waa4 Jeoi6 Taai3 Gwok3 Jan4 10: 10999: 9063:(archived 2 November 2007) 8971:. Editions Didier Millet. 8283:. BookRags. Archived from 7477:Rawnsley, Gary D. (2003). 7454:Entrepreneurial Excellence 7085:Seoul Journal of Economics 6968:Seoul Journal of Economics 6845:. Routledge. p. 243. 6841:Chang, Maria Hsia (1998). 6593:Long, Simon (April 1998). 6468:The Free Market Foundation 6392:Viraphol, Sarasin (1972). 6061:Kołodko, Grzegorz (2005). 5764:. Routledge. p. 241. 5678:Chang, Maria Hsia (1999). 5283:. De Gruyter. p. 32. 4858:. Routledge. p. 425. 4455:10.1163/179325408788691264 4354:Smith NieminenWin (2005). 4213:Banyan (21 January 2014). 4008:Peleggi, Maurizio (2007). 3298:10.1007/s11205-019-02065-4 3286:Social Indicators Research 3195: 3186:, ethnic Chinese known as 2843:Aiyawatt Srivaddhanaprabha 2835:, founding Billionaire of 2799:, Billionaire chairman of 2749:, Billionaire inventor of 2729:, Banker that founded the 2328:, Princess consort of Siam 2230: 2029: 1978:Fuzhou and Fuqing dialects 1904:Aiyawatt Srivaddhanaprabha 1869: 1738: 1584:mortification of the flesh 1303:Siamese revolution of 1932 1203:Stock Exchange of Thailand 1186: 1075: 1065: 1013: 853: 18: 10983:Ethnic groups in Thailand 10936: 10878: 10833: 10807: 10740: 10714: 10707: 10672: 10641: 10469: 10443: 10422: 10415: 10360: 10334: 10254: 10196: 10189: 10100: 10074: 10043: 10007: 9976: 9969: 9853: 9823: 9776: 9680: 9653: 9621: 9589: 9567: 9540: 9508: 9466: 9405: 9349: 9317: 9159: 9108:(archived 6 January 2009) 9025:, 15 January 2020 (video) 8874:(in Thai). 20 July 2023. 8791:洪林, 黎道纲主编 (April 2006). 8642:洪林, 黎道纲主编 (April 2006). 8327:洪林, 黎道纲主编 (April 2006). 8302:洪林, 黎道纲主编 (April 2006). 8262:27 September 2007 at the 8084:(in Thai). Archived from 7920:Stanford University Press 7771:. Routledge. p. 94. 7396:10.1007/s10490-006-9007-2 7329:Tong, Chee Kiong (2011). 7264:. Routledge. p. 15. 7013:Tongzon, Jose L. (2002). 6905:. Routledge. p. 15. 6572:. Routledge. p. 93. 6485:. Routledge. p. 94. 6229:. Routledge. p. 98. 5963:. Routledge. p. 13. 5913:. Routledge. p. 82. 5884:Tipton, Frank B. (2008). 5839:. Routledge. p. 69. 5660:10.1108/09534819810225878 5167:Bafoil, François (2013). 5142:Tipton, Frank B. (2008). 4976:Leibo, Steven A. (2013). 4695:. John Wiley & Sons. 3490:Gambe, Annabelle (2000). 3356:– via Google Books. 3199:lit:Central Thai speakers 2926:Apichatpong Weerasethakul 2916:, famous conjoined twins. 2849: 2791:Charoen Sirivadhanabhakdi 2767:Prasert Prasarttong-Osoth 2715:Business and entrepreneur 2194:'horse'). Similarly, the 2077: 1972:literally: Western Canton 1967: 1810:, present prime minister 1350:telecommunications sector 1155:, while Peranakans speak 1107: 824:ousted from power in 2006 812: 780: 740: 720: 696: 680:lit: Southern Thai people 673: 653: 624: 511: 490: 476: 459: 452: 438: 431: 417: 410: 405: 401: 382: 363: 359: 354: 331: 326: 295: 290: 256: 251: 170: 156: 151: 143: 138: 123: 115: 94: 10978:China–Thailand relations 9096:(archived 14 April 2003) 8945:. Times Academic Press. 8792: 8690: 8643: 8619: 8593:洪林, 黎道纲主编 (April 2006). 8540: 8516: 8377: 8376:洪林，黎道纲主编 (April 2006). 8353: 8328: 8303: 8193: 7333:. Springer. p. 39. 6121:South China Morning Post 5785:Carney, Michael (2008). 5760:Warner, Malcolm (2013). 5652:Emerald Group Publishing 5381:10.1215/10679847-3458721 5369:Positions: Asia Critique 5279:Redding, Gordon (1990). 5200:. Praeger. p. 194. 4930:. Praeger. p. 193. 4728:Bōtan (1 January 2002). 4476:Leifer, Michael (1996). 4158:– via PressReader. 4130:Bōtan (1 January 2002). 3970:South China Morning Post 3467:South China Morning Post 3383:– via Google Books 3367:Barbara A. West (2009), 3336:Luangthongkum, Theraphan 3160: 3120:Poh Teck Tung Foundation 3081:China–Thailand relations 3075:Chao Mae Thapthim Shrine 2966:Tanutchai Wijitwongthong 2813:Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha 2521:Thawan Thamrongnawasawat 2373:Thawan Thamrongnawasawat 1785: 1613:. The best known is the 1555:and the former abbot of 1259:Chinese secret societies 1244:Prince of Wales's Island 688:khon thai chuea sai chin 660:lit: Central Thai people 365:Traditional Chinese 16:Ethnic group in Thailand 9114:(archived 22 July 2012) 8201:(in Thai). 30 June 2012 8042:The Muslims of Thailand 7316:Hitotsubashi University 7289:. Strategy-business.com 7235:Sowell, Thomas (2006). 7066:International Sociology 7019:Edward Elgar Publishing 6951:Slezkine, Yuri (2004). 6031:Sowell, Thomas (1997). 5735:Naisbitt, John (1996). 5510:Sowell, Thomas (1996). 5446:Sowell, Thomas (2006). 5429:"Thailand's 40 Richest" 5030:Hipsher, Scott (2009). 4650:David Thompson (2009). 4413:Sowell, Thomas (1997). 3521:Southeast Asian Studies 2769:, founder and owner of 2218:would transcribe it as 1938:as well as the city of 1322:state-owned enterprises 1140:Samphanthawong District 868:Chronicles of Ayutthaya 761:. By the way, the term 600: 590:Theraphan Luangthongkum 384:Simplified Chinese 8691:泰国华裔地位高出过好几任总理真正的一等公民 7767:Gomez, Edmund (2012). 7632:Tan, Danielle (2016). 7600:Tan, Danielle (2016). 7564:Tan, Danielle (2016). 7535:Tan, Danielle (2016). 7506:Tan, Danielle (2016). 7216:Cite journal requires 6595:"The Overseas Chinese" 6568:Gomez, Edmund (2012). 6101:(published 1971): 110. 5680:The Labors of Sisyphus 5580:Gomez, Edmund (1999). 5114:Etemad, Hamid (2004). 4586:"Curry extraordinaire" 4269:A History of Ayutthaya 4242:A History of Ayutthaya 3494:. Palgrave Macmillan. 3422:Reid, Anthony (2015). 3142:Wat Bamphen Chin Phrot 3002:Metawin Opas-iamkajorn 2972:Chalida Vijitvongthong 2938:Piyabutr Saengkanokkul 2922:, symphonic conductor. 2833:Panthongtae Shinawatra 2823:Chartsiri Sophonpanich 2619:Paetongtarn Shinawatra 2166:former Prime Minister 1812:Paetongtarn Shinawatra 1731:(Cantonese group) and 1519: 1431:monopolistic positions 1282: 1207: 972:Kanchanaburi Provinces 836:Temasek Holdings Group 560:, was founded by King 8959:Skinner, G. William. 8565:A History of Thailand 8528:on 28 September 2007. 8498:Krīangsak, Chamanan. 8365:on 28 September 2007. 8268:Thailand Bibliography 8027:10.5539/ass.v10n6p176 7357:Unger, Danny (1998). 6481:Chen, Edward (2018). 6437:Unger, Danny (1998). 6286:John Wiley & Sons 6225:Chen, Edward (2018). 6141:Unger, Danny (1998). 5609:Hundt, David (2017). 4951:Chen, Edward (2018). 4798:Unger, Danny (1998). 4768:Gorter, Durk (2006). 4730:Letters from Thailand 4692:How Food Made History 4592:. No. B Magazine 4530:Dixon, Chris (1999). 4506:"Bilateral Relations" 4385:Duke University Press 3399:A History of Thailand 3267:Minority Rights Group 3148:Wat Mangkon Kamalawat 3028:, singer and actress. 2910:, professional golfer 2705:Supachai Panitchpakdi 2657:, World President of 2649:Chavarat Charnvirakul 2625:Cabinet and governors 2581:Chavalit Yongchaiyudh 2506:Plaek Phibunsongkhram 2131:'s last name is from 1844:Plaek Phibunsongkhram 1816:Supachai Panitchpakdi 1536:Chinese folk religion 1514: 1277: 1263:extractive industries 1200: 1159:which concentrate in 1086:exclusively (even in 1050:(pounded foods), and 1008:Thai only nationality 1004:Taiwanese nationality 979:Plaek Phibunsongkhram 953:Ministry of Education 805:Letters from Thailand 327:Related ethnic groups 309:Chinese folk religion 131:Wat Mangkon Kamalawat 10695:United Arab Emirates 10587:Straits-Born Chinese 8287:on 30 October 2011. 8015:Asian Social Science 7483:Taylor & Francis 7452:Goossen, Richard J. 7285:Weidenbaum, Murray. 7157:Taylor & Francis 6793:Taylor & Francis 5477:The Yale Law Journal 5367:. Cultural Studies. 5304:White, Lynn (2009). 4302:Macmillan Publishers 4196:"Sondhi Limthongkul" 4023:Paul Richard Kuehn, 3746:The Yale Law Journal 3016:, singer and dancer. 2996:Vachirawit Chivaaree 2914:Chang and Eng Bunker 2869:Chang and Eng Bunker 2677:Kanchana Silpa-archa 2659:Rotary International 2637:Chitchai Wannasathit 2556:Chatichai Choonhavan 2403:Chatichai Choonhavan 1888:Surat Thani Province 1776:Chatichai Choonhavan 1660:improve this article 1574:are noted for their 1515:A Chinese temple in 1291:The Jews of the East 1100:varieties of Chinese 958:Legislation by King 945:compulsory education 635:[tɕʰaːwtʰaj] 260:(native by majority) 10940:overseas department 10246:Trinidad and Tobago 8856:on 10 October 2017. 8849:The Star (Malaysia) 7182:Economy and Society 7129:Economy and Society 7044:Economy and Society 6755:Ju, Yan'an (1996). 6394:The Nanyang Chinese 5934:Wong, John (2014). 3108:Leng Buai Ia Shrine 3102:Kian Un Keng Shrine 3093:(White Dragon King) 3032:Sophida Kanchanarin 2998:, actor and singer. 2948:Parit Wacharasindhu 2781:Dhanin Chearavanont 2761:Thai Life Insurance 2741:Thaworn Phornprapha 2699:Anutin Charnvirakul 2693:Varawut Silpa-archa 2665:Kalaya Sophonpanich 2631:Boonchu Rojanastien 2609:Yingluck Shinawatra 2576:Banharn Silpa-archa 2566:Suchinda Kraprayoon 2531:Thanom Kittikachorn 2447:Yingluck Shinawatra 2431:Banharn Silpa-archa 2168:Banharn Silpa-Archa 2054:Phang Nga Provinces 1852:Boonchu Rojanastien 1808:Yingluck Shinawatra 1780:Banharn Silpa-archa 1760:internal immigrants 1544:Mid-Autumn Festival 1526:, Confucianism and 1326:Tiger Cub Economies 1229:Thai stock exchange 1193:Economy of Thailand 960:Rama VI (1910–1925) 794:into Thai society. 530:Chinese descendants 501:Huê i tai gog nang 484:Huâ-è Thài-kok-lâng 470:Hôa-è Thài-kok-lâng 91: 10948:Hong Kong Diaspora 10216:Dominican Republic 8560:Pasuk Phongpaichit 7999:. pp. 212–3. 7922:. pp. 25–30. 7810:Chua, Amy (2003). 7797:2011-08-03 at the 7739:Chua, Amy (2003). 7711:Chua, Amy (2003). 7661:Chua, Amy (2003). 7572:. pp. 86–87. 7514:. pp. 80–81. 7427:Chen, Min (1995). 7409:Goossen, Richard. 6953:The Jewish Century 6662:Chua, Amy (2003). 6545:Palgrave Macmillan 6506:Chua, Amy (2003). 6412:Chua, Amy (2003). 6352:Chua, Amy (2003). 6324:Chua, Amy (2003). 6299:Chua, Amy (2003). 6200:Chua, Amy (2003). 5615:Palgrave Macmillan 5545:"Chaleo Yoovidhya" 5409:on 9 February 2012 4890:Palgrave Macmillan 4829:Philippine Studies 4732:. Silkworm Books. 4202:. 23 January 2009. 4134:. Silkworm Books. 3125:Racism in Thailand 2992:, actor and model. 2960:Puttichai Kasetsin 2932:Buddhadasa Bhikkhu 2902:Move Forward Party 2883:Buddhadasa Bhikkhu 2593:Thaksin Shinawatra 2551:Kriangsak Chamanan 2546:Thanin Kraivichien 2387:Kriangsak Chamanan 2200:Sondhi Limthongkul 2018:towns of northern 1950:primarily live in 1864:Sondhi Limthongkul 1860:Jurin Laksanawisit 1820:Sudarat Keyuraphan 1804:Thaksin Shinawatra 1553:Buddhadasa Bhikkhu 1532:Theravada Buddhism 1520: 1489:Anand's Saha-Union 1342:affirmative action 1283: 1236:East India Company 1208: 1183:Trade and industry 1136:Charoen Krung Road 828:Sondhi Limthongkul 820:Thaksin Shinawatra 796:G. William Skinner 299:Theravada Buddhism 171:9.5 million (2013) 89: 10955: 10954: 10894: 10874: 10873: 10793: 10703: 10702: 10582:Chinese nationals 10509:Peranakan Chinese 10411: 10410: 10324:by city and state 10320: 10313: 10279: 10272: 10185: 10184: 10092:Republic of Congo 9929: 9928: 9819: 9818: 9772: 9771: 9676: 9675: 9649: 9648: 9617: 9616: 9585: 9584: 9563: 9562: 9536: 9535: 9504: 9503: 9462: 9461: 9401: 9400: 9360:Malayo-Polynesian 9345: 9344: 9313: 9312: 8978:978-981-4385-77-0 8759:978-87-91114-46-5 8704:on 8 October 2018 8678:on 17 March 2008. 8631:on 22 April 2009. 8562:(20 April 2005). 8470:978-0-275-97714-6 8445:978-0-8108-5396-6 8412:978-0-8772-7742-2 8171:D. Insor (1957). 8064:Mirin MacCarthy. 8044:. Soma Prakasan. 7883:. pp. 30–34. 7340:978-90-481-8909-0 6602:Prospect Magazine 6554:978-1-4039-9165-2 6284:. New York City: 6042:978-0-465-04589-1 4899:978-1-4039-9165-2 4424:978-0-465-04589-1 4331:Allen & Unwin 4279:978-1-107-19076-4 4252:978-1-107-19076-4 3882:Los Angeles Times 3659:978-0-385-72186-8 3243:on 4 January 2011 3200: 3154:Wat San Chao Chet 2920:Bundit Ungrangsee 2898:Pita Limjaroenrat 2891: 2890: 2807:Chalerm Yoovidhya 2735:Bangkok Insurance 2727:Chin Sophonpanich 2683:Apirak Kosayodhin 2604:Abhisit Vejjajiva 2561:Anand Panyarachun 2501:Phot Phahonyothin 2481: 2480: 2305: 2304: 2282:Princess Consort 2204:Pita Limjaroenrat 2193: 2189: 2183: 2102:Southern Thailand 2058:Southern Thailand 2032:Peranakan Chinese 2022:province, China. 1973: 1912:Abhisit Vejjajiva 1896:Songkhla Province 1768:Phot Phahonyothin 1692: 1691: 1684: 1524:Mahayana Buddhism 1399:Thai Farmers Bank 1108:จดหมายจากเมืองไทย 1096:Southern Thailand 1092:Northern Thailand 1042:(boiled dishes), 1029:The influence of 813:จดหมายจากเมืองไทย 748: 728: 704: 681: 661: 515: 514: 507: 506: 412:Standard Mandarin 350: 349: 313:Mahayana Buddhism 262:Chinese Languages 116:ชาวไทยเชื้อสายจีน 82: 81: 74: 10990: 10918:Papua New Guinea 10888: 10789: 10712: 10711: 10420: 10419: 10316: 10309: 10283:British Columbia 10275: 10268: 10194: 10193: 9974: 9973: 9963:Overseas Chinese 9956: 9949: 9942: 9933: 9932: 9774: 9773: 9687: 9686: 9651: 9650: 9619: 9618: 9587: 9586: 9565: 9564: 9538: 9537: 9506: 9505: 9464: 9463: 9412: 9411: 9356: 9355: 9315: 9314: 9170:Southwestern Tai 9166: 9165: 9142: 9135: 9128: 9119: 9118: 9094:Thai Chinese BBS 9073: 9044:Thai Chinese.net 9042: 9035:Thai Chinese.net 9010: 9008: 9006: 8982: 8956: 8935: 8929: 8925: 8923: 8915: 8906: 8905:. Cambria Press. 8888: 8887: 8885: 8883: 8864: 8858: 8857: 8852:. Archived from 8839: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8828: 8813: 8807: 8806: 8788: 8782: 8781: 8773: 8764: 8763: 8738: 8732: 8731: 8730:. 23 April 2016. 8720: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8709: 8686: 8680: 8679: 8664: 8658: 8657: 8639: 8633: 8632: 8615: 8609: 8608: 8590: 8584: 8583: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8536: 8530: 8529: 8512: 8506: 8496: 8490: 8489: 8481: 8475: 8474: 8456: 8450: 8449: 8431: 8425: 8422: 8416: 8415: 8398: 8392: 8391: 8373: 8367: 8366: 8361:. 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Nova Science. 5226:Yu, Bin (1996). 5223: 5212: 5211: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5164: 5158: 5157: 5139: 5130: 5129: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5086: 5075: 5074: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5027: 5021: 5020: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4973: 4967: 4966: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4923: 4904: 4903: 4881: 4870: 4869: 4851: 4842: 4841: 4823: 4814: 4813: 4795: 4784: 4783: 4765: 4759: 4758: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4686: 4680: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4653:Thai Street Food 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4527: 4521: 4520: 4515: 4513: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4438: 4429: 4428: 4410: 4399: 4398: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4351: 4345: 4344: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4152: 4146: 4145: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4114: 4106: 4080: 4071: 4070: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3961: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3913:The Isaan Record 3904: 3898: 3897: 3895: 3893: 3884:. 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Archived from 3233: 3227: 3226: 3219: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3180: 3174: 3171: 3069: 3064: 3063: 3062: 3055: 3050: 3049: 3048: 2986:, singer rapper. 2908:Atthaya Thitikul 2879: 2865: 2857: 2856: 2757:Vanich Chaiyawan 2747:Chaleo Yoovidhya 2687:True Corporation 2671:Bhichit Rattakul 2655:Bhichai Rattakul 2614:Srettha Thavisin 2598:Samak Sundaravej 2475:Srettha Thavisin 2471: 2461:Samak Sundaravej 2457: 2443: 2427: 2413: 2399: 2383: 2369: 2355: 2347: 2346: 2326:Indrasakdi Sachi 2294: 2284:Indrasakdi Sachi 2279: 2262: 2246: 2238: 2237: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2154:'s last name is 2142:is also used by 2098:Chinese surnames 2079: 2008:Central Thailand 1971: 1969: 1916:Srettha Thavisin 1856:Banyat Bantadtan 1687: 1680: 1676: 1673: 1667: 1644: 1636: 1540:Chinese New Year 1468:Super Brand Mall 1456:Charoen Pokphand 1358:True Corporation 1318:1947 coup d'état 1307:Thai nationalism 1217:Chaleo Yoovidhya 1109: 1046:(spicy salads), 864:Wat Ratchaburana 814: 784: 774: 767:prestige dialect 746: 744: 734: 726: 724: 714: 702: 700: 698:คนไทยเชื้อสายจีน 690: 679: 677: 667: 659: 657: 647: 637: 632: 628: 618: 570:Thonburi Kingdom 543:overseas Chinese 538:overseas Chinese 503: 502: 486: 485: 472: 471: 448: 447: 427: 426: 403: 402: 397: 396: 378: 377: 352: 351: 341:Overseas Chinese 317:Chinese Buddhism 244: 242: 241: 231: 229: 228: 219: 217: 216: 207: 205: 204: 195: 193: 192: 183: 181: 180: 163: 162: 146: 139:Total population 128: 118: 117: 112: 103: 92: 88: 77: 70: 66: 63: 57: 38: 37: 30: 10998: 10997: 10993: 10992: 10991: 10989: 10988: 10987: 10958: 10957: 10956: 10951: 10950: 10932: 10870: 10829: 10803: 10736: 10699: 10668: 10637: 10514:Bangka-Belitung 10504:Benteng Chinese 10465: 10439: 10407: 10356: 10330: 10250: 10181: 10096: 10070: 10039: 10003: 9965: 9960: 9930: 9925: 9849: 9815: 9768: 9672: 9645: 9613: 9581: 9559: 9532: 9500: 9458: 9397: 9341: 9309: 9155: 9153:language family 9146: 9090: 9071: 9052: 9040: 9017: 9004: 9002: 9000: 8979: 8953: 8927: 8926: 8917: 8916: 8897: 8895:Further reading 8892: 8891: 8881: 8879: 8866: 8865: 8861: 8840: 8836: 8826: 8824: 8815: 8814: 8810: 8803: 8794: 8789: 8785: 8774: 8767: 8760: 8739: 8735: 8722: 8721: 8717: 8707: 8705: 8692: 8688: 8687: 8683: 8666: 8665: 8661: 8654: 8645: 8640: 8636: 8625:csonline.com.cn 8621: 8617: 8616: 8612: 8605: 8591: 8587: 8580: 8553: 8549: 8542: 8538: 8537: 8533: 8518: 8514: 8513: 8509: 8497: 8493: 8482: 8478: 8471: 8457: 8453: 8446: 8432: 8428: 8423: 8419: 8413: 8399: 8395: 8388: 8379: 8374: 8370: 8355: 8351: 8350: 8346: 8339: 8330: 8325: 8321: 8314: 8305: 8300: 8296: 8277: 8273: 8264:Wayback Machine 8255: 8248: 8238: 8236: 8234: 8218: 8214: 8204: 8202: 8195: 8191: 8190: 8186: 8169: 8165: 8151: 8137: 8133: 8128: 8124: 8119: 8115: 8099: 8098: 8091: 8089: 8082:"Archived copy" 8080: 8079: 8075: 8063: 8059: 8052: 8038: 8034: 8007: 7989: 7985: 7975: 7973: 7964: 7963: 7959: 7949: 7947: 7942: 7941: 7937: 7930: 7912: 7908: 7896: 7895: 7886: 7885: 7877: 7873: 7866: 7836:Martin E. 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4205: 4187: 4161: 4147: 4140: 4122: 4101: 4093:2027/heb.02474 4072: 4045:(2): 237–250. 4029: 4015: 4000: 3982: 3956: 3925: 3899: 3868: 3854: 3829: 3815: 3796: 3790:978-0415309899 3789: 3771: 3758:10.2307/797471 3723: 3701: 3672: 3658: 3605: 3591: 3572: 3558: 3538: 3507: 3501:978-0312234966 3500: 3479: 3453: 3441: 3434: 3414: 3407: 3386: 3380:978-1438119137 3379: 3359: 3352: 3318: 3272: 3254: 3228: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3175: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3097:Gong Wu Shrine 3094: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3071: 3070: 3056: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2969: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2935: 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2889: 2888: 2886: 2881: 2874: 2872: 2867: 2860: 2855: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2846: 2840: 2830: 2820: 2810: 2804: 2797:Krit Ratanarak 2794: 2788: 2778: 2764: 2754: 2744: 2738: 2724: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2711: 2702: 2696: 2690: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2595: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2536:Sarit Thanarat 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2496:Kon Hutasingha 2491: 2488: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2466: 2464: 2459: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2438: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2422: 2420: 2415: 2408: 2406: 2401: 2394: 2391: 2390: 2385: 2378: 2376: 2371: 2364: 2362: 2359:Kon Hutasingha 2357: 2350: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2329: 2323: 2316: 2303: 2302: 2296: 2289: 2287: 2281: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2264: 2257: 2255: 2248: 2241: 2236: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2129:Chanin Sae-ear 2118:Wanlop Saechio 2085: 2082: 2030:Main article: 2027: 2024: 1979: 1976: 1923: 1920: 1871: 1868: 1827: 1824: 1800:Kiatnakin Bank 1787: 1784: 1740: 1737: 1690: 1689: 1648: 1646: 1639: 1633: 1632:Dialect groups 1630: 1605:migrated from 1508: 1505: 1293:— employing a 1189:Bamboo network 1184: 1181: 1063: 1060: 1015: 1012: 855: 852: 790: 787: 645:khon pak klang 611:sub ethnic Tai 602: 599: 597: 594: 585: 582: 558:Chakri dynasty 513: 512: 509: 508: 505: 504: 497: 488: 487: 480: 474: 473: 466: 457: 456: 450: 449: 442: 436: 435: 433:Yue: Cantonese 429: 428: 421: 415: 414: 408: 407: 406:Transcriptions 399: 398: 386: 380: 379: 367: 361: 360: 357: 356: 348: 347: 329: 328: 324: 323: 293: 292: 288: 287: 254: 253: 249: 248: 168: 167: 154: 153: 149: 148: 141: 140: 136: 135: 129: 121: 120: 95: 85: 80: 79: 42: 40: 33: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10995: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10965: 10963: 10949: 10945: 10941: 10935: 10929: 10926: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10916: 10914: 10911: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10892: 10887: 10884: 10883: 10881: 10877: 10867: 10864: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10844: 10842: 10839: 10838: 10836: 10832: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10812: 10810: 10806: 10798: 10795: 10792: 10788: 10787: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10759: 10756: 10755: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10745: 10743: 10739: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10713: 10710: 10706: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10677: 10675: 10671: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10646: 10644: 10640: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10613: 10612: 10609: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10596: 10595: 10592: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10579: 10578: 10575: 10571: 10568: 10567: 10566: 10563: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10545: 10544: 10541: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10528: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10501: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10488: 10485: 10484: 10483: 10480: 10478: 10475: 10474: 10472: 10468: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10448: 10446: 10442: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10427: 10425: 10421: 10418: 10414: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10389: 10386: 10384: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10365: 10363: 10359: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10343: 10340: 10339: 10337: 10333: 10325: 10322: 10319: 10315: 10312: 10308: 10307: 10306: 10305:United States 10303: 10301: 10298: 10294: 10291: 10288: 10284: 10281: 10278: 10274: 10271: 10267: 10266: 10265: 10262: 10261: 10259: 10257: 10253: 10247: 10244: 10242: 10239: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10199: 10195: 10192: 10188: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10166: 10163: 10162: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10150: 10146: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10134: 10131: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10105: 10103: 10099: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10079: 10077: 10073: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10048: 10046: 10042: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10006: 10000: 9997: 9995: 9992: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9981: 9979: 9975: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9957: 9952: 9950: 9945: 9943: 9938: 9937: 9934: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9912: 9909: 9907: 9904: 9902: 9899: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9862: 9859: 9858: 9856: 9852: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9826: 9822: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9779: 9775: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9692: 9691:Tibeto-Burman 9688: 9685: 9683: 9679: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9656: 9652: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9620: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9596: 9594: 9592: 9588: 9578: 9575: 9574: 9572: 9570: 9566: 9556: 9553: 9551: 9548: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9539: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9519: 9516: 9515: 9513: 9511: 9507: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9473: 9471: 9469: 9465: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9419: 9417: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9407:Austroasiatic 9404: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9363: 9361: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9348: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9324: 9322: 9320: 9316: 9306: 9303: 9299: 9296: 9295: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9171: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9143: 9138: 9136: 9131: 9129: 9124: 9123: 9120: 9113: 9110: 9107: 9104: 9101: 9098: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9088:Miscellaneous 9082: 9079: 9076: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9045: 9039: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9019: 9018: 9001: 8999:9780295746241 8995: 8991: 8990: 8984: 8980: 8974: 8970: 8965: 8962: 8958: 8954: 8952:981-210-142-X 8948: 8944: 8943: 8937: 8933: 8921: 8913: 8908: 8904: 8899: 8898: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8863: 8855: 8851: 8850: 8845: 8838: 8822: 8818: 8812: 8804: 8802:962-620-127-4 8798: 8787: 8779: 8772: 8770: 8761: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8737: 8729: 8725: 8719: 8703: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8685: 8677: 8673: 8669: 8668:"LayarKaca21" 8663: 8655: 8653:962-620-127-4 8649: 8638: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8614: 8606: 8604:962-620-127-4 8600: 8596: 8589: 8581: 8579:0-521-81615-7 8575: 8571: 8567: 8566: 8561: 8557: 8551: 8544:(in Chinese). 8543: 8535: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8511: 8504: 8502: 8495: 8488:, p. 407 8487: 8480: 8472: 8466: 8462: 8455: 8447: 8441: 8437: 8430: 8421: 8414: 8408: 8404: 8397: 8389: 8387:962-620-127-4 8383: 8372: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8348: 8340: 8338:962-620-127-4 8334: 8323: 8315: 8313:962-620-127-4 8309: 8298: 8291: 8286: 8282: 8275: 8269: 8265: 8261: 8258: 8253: 8251: 8235: 8229: 8225: 8224: 8216: 8200: 8196: 8188: 8180: 8176: 8175: 8167: 8160: 8158: 8152: 8150:1-55655-674-8 8146: 8142: 8135: 8126: 8117: 8109: 8103: 8087: 8083: 8077: 8070: 8067: 8061: 8053: 8051:974-9553-75-6 8047: 8043: 8036: 8028: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8008: 8006:0-226-76288-2 8002: 7998: 7994: 7987: 7971: 7967: 7961: 7945: 7939: 7931: 7929:0-8047-5292-3 7925: 7921: 7917: 7910: 7902: 7890: 7882: 7875: 7867: 7865:0-226-50884-6 7861: 7857: 7853: 7848: 7847: 7842:(July 1996). 7841: 7837: 7831: 7823: 7817: 7813: 7812:World On Fire 7806: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7788: 7780: 7774: 7770: 7763: 7761: 7752: 7746: 7742: 7741:World On Fire 7735: 7733: 7724: 7718: 7714: 7713:World On Fire 7707: 7699: 7695: 7689: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7674: 7668: 7664: 7663:World On Fire 7657: 7649: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7628: 7626: 7617: 7611: 7607: 7603: 7596: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7581: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7560: 7552: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7531: 7523: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7502: 7494: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7473: 7465: 7459: 7455: 7448: 7440: 7434: 7430: 7423: 7412: 7405: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7378: 7370: 7364: 7360: 7353: 7351: 7342: 7336: 7332: 7325: 7317: 7313: 7312: 7304: 7288: 7281: 7273: 7271:9780415408585 7267: 7263: 7256: 7248: 7242: 7238: 7231: 7223: 7210: 7202: 7195: 7187: 7183: 7176: 7168: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7134: 7130: 7123: 7115: 7109: 7105: 7098: 7090: 7086: 7079: 7071: 7067: 7060: 7058: 7049: 7045: 7038: 7030: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7009: 7001: 6995: 6991: 6984: 6982: 6974:(3): 309–310. 6973: 6969: 6962: 6954: 6947: 6939: 6933: 6929: 6922: 6914: 6912:9780415408585 6908: 6904: 6897: 6895: 6886: 6880: 6876: 6875: 6867: 6865: 6863: 6854: 6852:9780765806611 6848: 6844: 6837: 6829: 6823: 6819: 6812: 6804: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6783: 6781: 6772: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6751: 6749: 6740: 6734: 6730: 6723: 6721: 6704: 6698: 6690: 6683: 6675: 6669: 6665: 6664:World On Fire 6658: 6656: 6654: 6642: 6635: 6634: 6630:Welch, Ivan. 6626: 6607: 6603: 6596: 6589: 6581: 6575: 6571: 6564: 6556: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6535: 6533: 6524: 6518: 6514: 6511: 6510: 6509:World On Fire 6502: 6494: 6492:9780813389738 6488: 6484: 6477: 6469: 6465: 6458: 6450: 6444: 6440: 6433: 6425: 6419: 6415: 6414:World On Fire 6408: 6406: 6404: 6395: 6388: 6380: 6373: 6365: 6359: 6355: 6354:World On Fire 6348: 6346: 6337: 6331: 6327: 6326:World On Fire 6320: 6312: 6306: 6302: 6301:World On Fire 6295: 6287: 6283: 6276: 6260: 6253: 6246: 6238: 6236:9780813389738 6232: 6228: 6221: 6213: 6207: 6203: 6202:World On Fire 6196: 6181: 6176:(Book review) 6174: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6154: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6122: 6118: 6111: 6109: 6100: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6074: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6044: 6038: 6034: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6015: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5994: 5989: 5983: 5981: 5972: 5970:9780415408585 5966: 5962: 5955: 5947: 5945:9789814578387 5941: 5937: 5930: 5922: 5916: 5912: 5905: 5897: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5872: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5848: 5846:9780415547925 5842: 5838: 5831: 5823: 5817: 5813: 5806: 5798: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5773: 5767: 5763: 5756: 5748: 5742: 5738: 5731: 5723: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5699: 5691: 5685: 5681: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5634: 5626: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5605: 5597: 5591: 5588:. p. 8. 5587: 5583: 5576: 5574: 5566: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5525: 5523:9780465045884 5519: 5515: 5514: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5467: 5459: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5359: 5351: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5336: 5328: 5326: 5317: 5311: 5307: 5300: 5292: 5286: 5282: 5275: 5273: 5264: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5239: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5209: 5203: 5199: 5192: 5184: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5163: 5155: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5136: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5110: 5102: 5096: 5092: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5072: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5047: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5026: 5018: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4997: 4989: 4983: 4979: 4972: 4964: 4962:9780813389738 4958: 4954: 4947: 4939: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4901: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4867: 4861: 4857: 4850: 4848: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4822: 4820: 4811: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4781: 4779:1-85359-916-6 4775: 4771: 4764: 4756: 4749: 4741: 4735: 4731: 4724: 4708: 4704: 4702:9781444344653 4698: 4694: 4693: 4685: 4669: 4665: 4663:9781580082846 4659: 4655: 4654: 4646: 4630: 4626: 4624:9781603581721 4620: 4616: 4615: 4607: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4572: 4570:1-933766-01-8 4566: 4562: 4555: 4547: 4545:0-415-02442-0 4541: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4519: 4507: 4501: 4493: 4491:0-415-13821-3 4487: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4437: 4435: 4426: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4396: 4394:0-8223-2517-9 4390: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4367: 4365:0-8108-5396-5 4361: 4357: 4350: 4342: 4340:1-86448-954-5 4336: 4332: 4328: 4321: 4313: 4311:1-4039-6154-9 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4289: 4281: 4275: 4271: 4270: 4262: 4254: 4248: 4244: 4243: 4235: 4220: 4219:The Economist 4216: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4157: 4151: 4143: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4118: 4112: 4104: 4102:9781597400923 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4079: 4077: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4019: 4011: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3986: 3971: 3967: 3960: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3914: 3910: 3903: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3872: 3857: 3855:9781594541940 3851: 3847: 3846: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3818: 3816:9780761476313 3812: 3808: 3807: 3800: 3792: 3786: 3783:. Routledge. 3782: 3775: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3711: 3705: 3690: 3683: 3676: 3661: 3655: 3652:. Doubleday. 3648: 3647: 3642: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3594: 3592:9780549392392 3588: 3584: 3583: 3576: 3561: 3559:9781118339404 3555: 3551: 3550: 3542: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3503: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3484: 3468: 3464: 3457: 3450: 3449:Woodside 1971 3445: 3437: 3435:9780631179610 3431: 3427: 3426: 3418: 3410: 3408:9780521759151 3404: 3400: 3393: 3391: 3382: 3376: 3372: 3371: 3363: 3355: 3353:9789812304827 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3258: 3242: 3238: 3232: 3224: 3218: 3214: 3193: 3192:Southern Thai 3189: 3185: 3184:Southern Thai 3179: 3170: 3166: 3155: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3123: 3121: 3118: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3057: 3054: 3043: 3033: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2978:Utt Panichkul 2976: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2887: 2884: 2878: 2873: 2870: 2864: 2859: 2858: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2824: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2805: 2802: 2798: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2758: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2656: 2653: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2571:Chuan Leekpai 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2541:Kukrit Pramoj 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2487: 2476: 2470: 2465: 2462: 2456: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2417:Chuan Leekpai 2412: 2407: 2404: 2398: 2393: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2377: 2374: 2368: 2363: 2360: 2354: 2349: 2348: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2309: 2300: 2293: 2288: 2285: 2278: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2245: 2240: 2239: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2188: 2182: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2163: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2152:Thassapak Hsu 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2081: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2033: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1975: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1956:Yala Province 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1908:Chuan Leekpai 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1840:Krating Daeng 1837: 1836:Central Group 1833: 1823: 1821: 1817: 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1253:Thai Chinese 1251: 1249: 1246:(present-day 1245: 1241: 1240:John Crawfurd 1237: 1232: 1230: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1213: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1167:environment. 1166: 1162: 1158: 1157:Southern Thai 1154: 1150: 1146: 1141: 1138:in Bangkok's 1137: 1133: 1132:Yaowarat Road 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1069: 1068:Thai language 1059: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 988: 987:Thai language 984: 980: 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 956: 954: 950: 949:Thai language 946: 942: 938: 937: 932: 928: 923: 919: 915: 910: 906: 904: 898: 896: 892: 886: 884: 879: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 851: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 816: 810: 806: 802: 797: 786: 783: 778: 773: 768: 764: 763:Krungthepians 760: 756: 752: 743: 738: 733: 723: 718: 713: 708: 699: 694: 689: 683: 676: 671: 666: 656: 651: 646: 641: 636: 627: 622: 617: 612: 608: 593: 591: 581: 579: 573: 571: 567: 563: 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Retrieved 3241:the original 3231: 3217: 3188:Leangkaluang 3187: 3178: 3169: 3091:Chow Yam-nam 3067:China portal 2827:Bangkok Bank 2731:Bangkok Bank 2721:Zheng Yifeng 2587:21st century 2526:Pote Sarasin 2490:20th century 2485: 2219: 2195: 2171: 2164: 2147: 2144:Hmong people 2139: 2105: 2090:Thai surname 2087: 2084:Family names 2070:Leangkaluang 2069: 2035: 1981: 1934:counties in 1925: 1873: 1848:Pote Sarasin 1829: 1789: 1763: 1757:Central Thai 1753:Chachoengsao 1742: 1693: 1678: 1669: 1658:Please help 1653:verification 1650: 1619: 1596: 1565: 1521: 1501: 1476:Telecom Asia 1444: 1440: 1436: 1395:Bangkok Bank 1374: 1370:Family firms 1366: 1338:World War II 1315: 1290: 1284: 1255:moneylenders 1252: 1233: 1225: 1209: 1177: 1084:Central Thai 1081: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035:Thai cuisine 1028: 1017: 976: 957: 943:even before 934: 918:Gulf of Siam 911: 907: 899: 894: 890: 887: 880: 876: 872:Ekathotsarot 867: 857: 817: 815:) by Botan. 804: 799: 792: 762: 684: 609:, like many 604: 587: 584:Demographics 574: 555: 525: 521: 518:Thai Chinese 517: 516: 454:Southern Min 419:Hanyu Pinyin 355:Thai Chinese 321:Christianity 258:Central Thai 175: 147:7–10 million 90:Thai Chinese 86:Ethnic group 83: 68: 59: 52:Please help 44: 10913:New Zealand 10780:Netherlands 10604:Phuket Baba 10565:Philippines 10536:Sino-Native 10318:from Taiwan 10277:from Taiwan 10236:Puerto Rico 9906:Luk khrueng 9861:Australians 9393:Urak Lawoi’ 9388:Phuket Baba 9298:Khorat Thai 8928:|work= 8672:LayarKaca21 8620:泰国华裔总理不忘"本" 8570:154 and 280 8556:Chris Baker 8354:臺北科技大學紅樓資訊站 7897:|work= 7840:Timur Kuran 7792:- Reignwood 7318:, p. 9 6731:. Praeger. 3939:China Brief 3650:(Paperback) 3196:แหลงข้าหลวง 3114:Lim Ko Niao 2643:Pao Sarasin 2511:Seni Pramoj 2220:Wetchachiwa 2170:'s unusual 2158:'s surname 2078:แหลงข้าหลวง 2006:as well as 1986:located in 1930:as well as 1561:Somdet Kiaw 1464:Tesco Lotus 1419:Siam Cement 1407:agriculture 1334:World War I 998:never have 931:Sun Yat-sen 903:tax farming 345:Han Chinese 10962:Categories 10649:Bangladesh 10616:Minh Hương 10494:East Timor 10435:Kyrgyzstan 10430:Kazakhstan 10342:Costa Rica 10155:Seychelles 10138:Mozambique 10123:Madagascar 10015:Cape Verde 9916:Pakistanis 9825:Hmong–Mien 9668:Vietnamese 9273:Tai Gapong 8233:9971622467 7970:MENDETAILS 7854:. p. 6007:2 February 4739:9747551675 4141:9747551675 3892:8 November 3565:2 December 3311:6 February 3292:(4): 280. 3209:References 3132:(打惱路玄天上帝廟) 2974:, actress. 2817:King Power 1792:Chiang Mai 1611:Chiang Mai 1603:Hui people 1568:Peranakans 1401:, and the 1391:Tejapaibul 1145:Peranakans 1076:See also: 968:Ratchaburi 927:republican 881:When King 578:parliament 526:Sino-Thais 337:Peranakans 302:Minorities 62:April 2020 21:Peranakans 10886:Australia 10664:Sri Lanka 10577:Singapore 10499:Indonesia 10470:Southeast 10403:Venezuela 10368:Argentina 10347:Nicaragua 10287:Vancouver 10198:Caribbean 10133:Mauritius 9806:Cantonese 9801:Hainanese 9744:Phrae Pwo 9468:Palaungic 9263:Tai Daeng 9258:Tai Bueng 9228:Lao Wiang 9213:Lao Ngaew 9198:Lao Krang 9072:(in Thai) 9041:(in Thai) 8930:ignored ( 8920:cite book 8708:3 October 8199:Prachatai 8011:Cited in 7972:(in Thai) 7899:ignored ( 7889:cite book 7188:(2): 7–8. 7091:(3): 302. 7072:(2): 270. 5586:Routledge 5483:(1): 22. 5389:148553252 5036:Routledge 5007:Routledge 4713:16 August 4674:16 August 4635:16 August 4536:Routledge 4482:Routledge 4463:197649902 4111:cite book 4067:154714627 3752:(1): 58. 3641:Chua, Amy 3552:. Wiley. 3306:149845432 2253:the Great 2122:Hainanese 2042:Peranakan 2026:Peranakan 1940:Guangzhou 1922:Cantonese 1900:Zhangzhou 1826:Hainanese 1764:Jin-luang 1721:Guangdong 1708:Cantonese 1704:Hainanese 1557:Wat Saket 1445:With the 1387:Ratanarak 1295:pseudonym 1169:Yunnanese 1165:diglossia 1128:Cantonese 1120:Hainanese 891:Sino-Thai 860:Ayutthaya 826:, it was 722:คนกรุงเทพ 655:คนภาคกลาง 616:chao thai 596:Etymology 281:Cantonese 277:Hainanese 252:Languages 246:Singapore 185:Australia 10944:See also 10841:Bulgaria 10820:Portugal 10808:Southern 10715:Northern 10659:Pakistan 10599:Chin Haw 10594:Thailand 10526:Malaysia 10482:Cambodia 10461:Mongolia 10393:Suriname 10241:Suriname 10190:Americas 10177:Zimbabwe 10113:Botswana 10101:Southern 10082:Cameroon 10061:Tanzania 10051:Ethiopia 9896:Japanese 9891:Iranians 9881:Filipino 9871:Chin Haw 9555:Nyah Kur 9523:Northern 9305:Thai Yai 9293:Thai Noi 9288:Tai Wang 9248:Phu Thai 9238:Tai Yuan 9218:Lao Song 9208:Lao Loum 9005:30 April 8876:Archived 8821:Archived 8793:泰国华侨华人研究 8644:泰国华侨华人研究 8595:泰国华侨华人研究 8522:ydtz.com 8378:泰国华侨华人研究 8329:泰国华侨华人研究 8304:泰国华侨华人研究 8260:Archived 8205:17 April 8157:favorite 8102:cite web 8092:26 April 8071:. 1998. 7976:15 April 7950:23 April 7795:Archived 7293:23 April 6709:23 April 6185:30 April 6002:03452414 5559:17 March 5529:23 April 5413:23 April 4707:Archived 4668:Archived 4629:Archived 4296:(2003). 4224:29 April 4180:29 April 4174:Asia One 3975:29 April 3949:29 April 3918:29 April 3861:29 April 3822:23 April 3716:23 April 3694:27 April 3665:27 April 3643:(2003). 3598:23 April 3585:. 2006. 3531:28 April 3472:28 April 3338:(2007). 3039:See also 3004:, actor. 2990:James Ma 2984:Nichkhun 2968:, actor. 2954:Joey Boy 2837:Voice TV 2785:CP Group 2751:Red Bull 2156:Mandarin 1992:Chumphon 1960:Kwongsai 1936:Jiangmen 1749:Chonburi 1548:Qingming 1507:Religion 1485:Red Bull 1234:British 1212:dominate 1173:Mandarin 1062:Language 996:Thailand 991:Mandarin 922:rickshaw 844:Yingluck 801:Chinese. 789:Identity 759:Chonburi 742:คนชลบุรี 665:khon tai 547:Chaoshan 534:Thailand 440:Jyutping 305:Agnostic 291:Religion 285:Mandarin 233:Malaysia 165:Thailand 25:Chin Haw 10879:Oceania 10851:Romania 10834:Eastern 10775:Ireland 10770:Hungary 10765:Germany 10748:Belgium 10741:Western 10727:Finland 10722:Denmark 10631:San Diu 10611:Vietnam 10570:Sangley 10553:Panthay 10543:Myanmar 10487:Hokkien 10423:Central 10398:Uruguay 10335:Central 10293:Toronto 10231:Jamaica 10149:Réunion 10143:Namibia 10118:Lesotho 10075:Central 10035:Senegal 10030:Nigeria 9999:Morocco 9984:Algeria 9921:Swedish 9911:Nepalis 9901:Koreans 9886:Indians 9866:Burmese 9843:Iu Mien 9811:Hokchew 9791:Hokkien 9786:Teochew 9778:Sinitic 9527:Western 9496:Palaung 9283:Tai Nüa 9268:Tai Dam 9203:Lao Lom 9161:Kra–Dai 8882:21 July 8827:7 April 8179:Praeger 7135:(2): 8. 7050:(2): 7. 5654:: 303. 4512:12 June 4059:2941381 3451:, p. 8. 3077:(水尾聖娘廟) 2333:Suthida 2299:Suthida 2231:Royalty 2202:'s and 2133:Hokkien 2110:Chinese 2094:Rama VI 2004:Bangkok 1944:Bangkok 1928:Taishan 1902:, like 1880:Indians 1870:Hokkien 1832:Bangkok 1745:Bangkok 1739:Teochew 1729:Guangxi 1717:Nanyang 1712:Hokkien 1696:Teochew 1628:, etc. 1626:Guanyin 1599:Chin Ho 1588:Deities 1517:Bangkok 1415:finance 1411:banking 1287:Rama VI 1279:Bangkok 1124:Hokkien 1112:Teochew 1024:Bangkok 1014:Culture 1000:Chinese 914:Bangkok 895:luk-jin 854:History 755:Bangkok 640:Siamese 607:endonym 568:of the 528:), are 495:Peng'im 492:Teochew 461:Hokkien 269:Hokkien 10903:Hawaii 10866:Turkey 10861:Serbia 10856:Russia 10797:London 10753:France 10732:Sweden 10708:Europe 10690:Turkey 10685:Israel 10548:Kokang 10477:Brunei 10383:Guyana 10373:Brazil 10352:Panama 10300:Mexico 10264:Canada 10221:Guyana 10206:Belize 10172:Zambia 10128:Malawi 10108:Angola 10066:Uganda 9970:Africa 9876:Farang 9749:Phunoi 9655:Vietic 9641:Kensiu 9636:Kintaq 9623:Aslian 9609:Sa'och 9591:Pearic 9569:Katuic 9434:Mlabri 9416:Khmuic 9383:Moklen 9278:Kaleun 9233:Tai Lu 9223:Lao Ti 9193:Lao Ga 8996: 8975: 8949: 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