Chinese folk religion

12523:, p. 20. Quote: "... southern China refers to Fujian and Guangdong province and in some cases is expanded to include Guangxi, Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces. Historically speaking, these areas had the strong lineage organizations and the territorial cult, compared to the rest of China in the late imperial period. These areas not only were the first to revive lineage and the territorial cult in the reform era, but also have the intensity and scale of revivals that cannot be matched by the other part of China. This phenomenon is furthered referred as the southern model, based on the south-vs.-north model. The north model refers to the absence of landholding cooperative lineages that exist in the south." Note 16: The south-vs.-north model comparison has been the thrust of historical and anthropological research. Cohen's article on "Lineage organization in North China (1990)" offers the best summary on the contrast between the north model and the south model. He calls the north China model "the fixed genealogical mode of agnatic kinship". By which, he means "patrilineal ties are figured on the basis of the relative seniority of descent lines so that the unity of the lineage as a whole is based upon a ritual focus on the senior descent line trace back to the founding ancestor, his eldest son, and the succession of eldest sons." (ibid: 510) In contrast, the south China model is called "the associational mode of patrilineal kinship". In this mode, all lines of descent are equal. "Access to corporate resources held by a lineage or lineage segment is based upon the equality of kinship ties asserted in the associational mode." However, the distinction between the north and the south model is somewhat arbitrary. Some practices of the south model are found in north China. Meanwhile, the so-call north model is not exclusive to north China. The set of characteristics of the north model (a distinctive arrangement of cemeteries, graves, ancestral scrolls, ancestral tablets, and corporate groups linked to a characteristic annual ritual cycle) is not a system. In reality, lineage organizations display a mixture between the south and the north model." 5632: 252: 5315: 6737: 5144: 7405: 3555: 8509: 8415: 4955: 2596: 3912: 7879: 7370: 7858: 4206: 10181:, whose leaders very often corresponded to local political authorities. This pattern continues today with former village Communist Party secretaries elected as temple association bosses (p. 83). He concludes (p. 92): "In sum, since at least the early twentieth century the majority of local ritual leaders in north China have been products of their own or nearby communities. They have special skills in organization, ritual performance or interaction with the gods, but none are full-time ritual specialists; they have all 'kept their day jobs'! As such they are exemplars of ordinary people organizing and carrying out their own cultural traditions, persistent traditions with their own structure, functions and logic that deserve to be understood as such." 6422:, especially southwestern people. Chinese Taoists gradually penetrate within the indigenous religions of such peoples, in some cases working side by side with indigenous priests, in other cases taking over the latter's function and integrating them by requiring their ordination as Taoists. Usually, indigenous ritual practices remain unaffected and are adopted into Taoist liturgy, while indigenous gods are identified with Chinese gods. Seiwert discusses this phenomenon of "merger into Chinese folk religion" not as a mere elimination of non-Chinese indigenous religions, but rather as a cultural re-orientation. Local priests of southwestern ethnic minorities often acquire prestige by identifying themselves as Taoists and adopting Taoist holy texts. 2212: 2178: 13393:

Unregulated activities can range from orthodox Daoist liturgy to shamanistic rites. The popularity of these Daoist activities underscores the fact that Chinese rural society has a long tradition of religiosity and has preserved and perpetuated Daoism regardless of official policy and religious institutions. With the growth of economic prosperity in rural areas, especially in the coastal provinces where Daoist activities are concentrated, with a more liberal policy on religion, and with the revival of local cultural identity, Daoism – be it the officially sanctioned variety or Daoist activities which are beyond the edge of the official Daoist body – seems to be enjoying a strong comeback, at least for the time being."

6717: 4979: 7700: 2664: 5339: 3202: 989: 13299:

surrounding villages and home communities celebrating the birthdays or death days of their patron gods or saints, whatever their appeal to those from other areas. People worship and petition at both pilgrimages and local festivals for similar reasons. The chief differences between the two are the central role of a journey in pilgrimages, the size of the area from which participants are attracted, and the role of pilgrimage societies in organizing the long trips that may be involved. ... pilgrimage in China is also characterized by extensive planning and organization both by the host temples and those visiting them."

969: 946: 251: 17668: 2421: 17556: 8634: 13319:

in this life and the next by leaders who functioned both as ritual masters and missionaries. These sects were more active in some communities than in others, but in principle were open to all who responded to these leaders and believed in their efficacy and teachings, so some of these groups spread to wide areas of the country. ... significant for us here though is evidence for the residual influence of sectarian beliefs and practices on non-sectarian community religion where the sects no longer exist, particularly the feminization of deities by adding to their names the characters

1470: 2223: 2598: 2603: 2601: 2597: 12541:

government encouraged villages to manage themselves and collect and hand over their own taxes. ... leaders were responsible for settling disputes, dealing with local government, organizing crop protection and planning for collective ceremonies. All these factors tended to strengthen the local protective deities and their temples as focal points of village identity and activity. This social context defines North China local religion, and keeps us from wandering off into vague discussions of 'popular' and 'elite' and relationships with Daoism and Buddhism."

2602: 7393: 4625:) to Zhenwu. The man began to miraculously recover each passing day, and after a year he was completely healed. As thanksgiving, he organised an opera performance in the god's honour. A temporary altar with a statue of Zhenwu and a stage for the performance were set up in an open space at the foot of a mountain. During the course of the opera, large white snakes appeared, passive and unafraid of the people, seemingly watching the opera; the snakes were considered by locals to be incarnations of Zhenwu, come to watch the opera held in his honour. 3546: 2701:, history and mythology, mysticism and philosophy, as aspects of the same thing. Historically, the revolutionary shift toward a preference for textual transmission and text-based knowledge over long-standing oral traditions first becomes detectable in the 1st century CE. The spoken word, however, never lost its power. Rather than writing replacing the power of the spoken word, both existed side by side. Scriptures had to be recited and heard in order to be efficacious, and the limitations of written texts were acknowledged particularly in 699: 6504: 4747: 6375: 35: 2600: 8303: 4456: 1490: 8284:, and this continues to be the rule for most of the new temples. However, in the early 20th century and especially in the mainland religious revival of the early 21st century, there has been a proliferation of new styles in temple construction. These include the use of new materials (stones and concrete, stainless steel and glass) and the combination of Chinese traditional shapes with styles of the West or of transnational modernity. Examples can be found in the large ceremonial complexes of mainland China. 3601: 1017: 5347: 8573: 7159: 9229: 9223: 8470:. Members of folk religious sects are not taken into account. Around the same year, Kenneth Dean estimates 680 million people involved in folk religion, or 51% of the total population. At the same time, self-identified folk religion believers in Taiwan are 42.7% of the adult (20+) population, or 16 million people in absolute numbers, although devotion to ancestors and gods can be found even among other religions' believers or 88% of the population. According to the 2005 census of 9285: 902: 2274:, pilgrimage associations and formalized prayers, rituals and expressions of virtues, are the common forms of organization of Chinese religion on the local level. Neither initiation rituals nor official membership into a church organization separate from one person's native identity are mandatory in order to be involved in religious activities. Contrary to institutional religions, Chinese religion does not require "conversion" for participation. 9715: 12496:: "There were very few ancestral halls in the past in Shaanbei and none have been revived in the reform era, although there are isolated instances of the rewriting of lineage genealogies. Shaanbei people have never had domestic ancestral altars (except perhaps a few gentry families who might have brought this tradition from the South), even though in the past, as was common in North China, they kept collective ancestral tablets ( 4412: 4890:) participated by members of the whole village or larger community on the occasions of what are believed to be the birthdays of the gods or other events, or to seek protection from droughts, epidemics, and other disasters. Such festivals invoke the power of the gods for practical goals to "summon blessings and drive away harm". Special devotional currents within this framework can be identified by specific names such as 13309:

Shennong, the legendary founder of agriculture and herbal medicine. In some instances these gods were worshiped at places believed to be where they originated, with indications of grottoes, temples and festivals for them, some of which continue to exist or have been revived. Of course, these gods were worshiped elsewhere in China as well, though perhaps not with the same sense of original geographical location."

6112: 9891:

each side (the total making nine, a symbolic number in Mongolian culture), there is an altar where offerings to the godly men are made, and three white suldes made with white horse hair. From the central sulde there are strings which hold tied light blue pieces of cloth with a few white ones. The wall is covered with all the names of the Mongol kins. The Chinese worship Genghis as the ancestral god of the

2638:) in regard to rural community life, and the local government's new regulatory relationship with local society is characterised by practical mutual dependence; these factors have given much space for popular religion to develop. In recent years, in some cases, local governments have taken an even positive and supportive attitude towards indigenous religion in the name of promoting cultural heritage. 2316:. Other sinologists who have not espoused the idea of a unified "national religion" have studied Chinese religion as a system of meaning, or have brought further development in C. K. Yang's distinction between "institutional religion" and "diffused religion", the former functioning as a separate body from other social institutions, and the latter intimately part of secular social institutions. 7567:

therefore regarded as the bridge to link the human world to the spiritual source, maintaining the harmony of the micro and macrocosmos, protecting the individual and the world from disruption. In this sense, the Chinese view of human life is not deterministic, but one is a master of his own life and can choose to collaborate with the deities for a harmonious world. Chinese culture being a

4142:, the primordial god which does not have form. As ancestors have form, they shape the destiny of humans. Ancestors who have had a significant impact in shaping the destiny of large groups of people, creators of genetic lineages or spiritual traditions, and historical leaders who have invented crafts and institutions for the wealth of the Chinese nation ( 4916:, and villages are composed of people with different surnames. In this context, the deity societies or temple societies function as poles of the civil organism. Often deity societies incorporate entire villages; this is the reason why in north China there can be found many villages which are named after deities and their temples, for example 4650:). If a person believes in the god's power with all their heart and expresses piety, the gods are confident in their faith and reveal their efficacious power. At the same time, for faith to strengthen in the devotee's heart, the deity has to prove their efficacy. In exchange for divine favours, a faithful honours the deity with vows ( 1979:), that were derogatorily applied to the indigenous religion by leftist policies. Christian missionaries also used the propaganda label "feudal superstition" in order to undermine their religious competitor. Han calls for the acknowledgment of the ancient Chinese religion for what it really is, the "core and soul of popular culture" ( 6625:, the life force, as the gods and their phenomenal productions are manifestations of it. In this way, all natural bodies are believed to be able to attain supernatural attributes by acting according to the universal oneness. Meanwhile, acting wickedly (that is to say against the Tian and its order) brings to disgrace and disaster. 2599: 8558:(2007) defines it as an "embedded capitalism", which preserves local identity and autonomy, and an "ethical capitalism" in which the drive for individual accumulation of money is tempered by religious and kinship ethics of generosity which foster the sharing and investment of wealth in the construction of civil society. 8324:, meaning an "incense division", is a term that defines both hierarchical networks of temples dedicated to a god, and the ritual process by which these networks form. These temple networks are economic and social bodies, and in certain moments of history have even taken military functions. They also represent routes of 4386:

human destiny, the dichotomy between "fatalism" and "optimism" is overcome; human beings can shape their personal destiny to grasp their real worth in the transformation of the universe, seeing their place in the alliance with the gods and with Heaven to surpass the constraints of the physical body and mind.

16009: 2940:'Four Books of the Yellow Emperor') in the 1970s, has given rise to new interpretations of the ancient Chinese religion and new directions in its post-Maoist renewal. Many of these books overcome the dichotomy between Confucian and Taoist traditions. The Guodian texts include, among others, the 13904:

and the Five Phases (Elements) are in balance. They predate religious Taoism, and may have originated as chthonic gods of the Neolithic period. Governing all directions (east, south, west, north and center), they correspond not only to the Five Elements, but to the seasons, the Five Sacred Peaks, the

8465:

According to their research, 55.5% of the adult population (15+) of China, or 578 million people in absolute numbers, believe and practise folk religions, including a 20% who practice ancestor religion or communal worship of deities, and the rest who practise what Yang and Hu define "individual" folk

7566:

Generally speaking, the Chinese believe that spiritual and material well-being ensues from the harmony of humanity and gods in their participation in the same cosmic power, and also believe that by taking the right path and practice anybody is able to reach the absolute reality. Religious practice is

4858:

distinguished "god associations", "village communities" and "temple associations" in his analysis of religious trusts. In his words: "every kind and type of god can have an association ", for example the Zhaogong Association, the Guanyin Association, the Guangong Association, the Dashen Association,

1109:

in 1911, governments and modernizing elites condemned "feudal superstition" and opposed or attempted to eradicate traditional religious practices which they believed conflicted with modern values. By the late 20th century, these attitudes began to change both in Taiwan and in mainland China, and many

13402:

Overmyer, 2009. p. 185 about Taoism in southeastern China: "Ethnographic research into the temple festivals and communal rituals celebrated within these god cults has revealed the widespread distribution of Daoist ritual traditions in this area, including especially Zhengyi (Celestial Master Daoism)

13392:

Chan, 2005. p. 93. Quote: "By the early 1990s Daoist activities had become popular especially in rural areas, and began to get out of control as the line between legitimate Daoist activities and popular folk religious activities – officially regarded as feudal superstition – became blurred. ...

13318:

Overmyer, 2009. p. 15: "Popular religious sects with their own forms of organization, leaders, deities, rituals, beliefs and scripture texts were active throughout the Ming and Qing periods, particularly in north China. Individuals and families who joined them were promised special divine protection

12535:

Overmyer, 2009. pp. 12–13: "As for the physical and social structure of villages on this vast flat expanse; they consist of close groups of houses built on a raised area, surrounded by their fields, with a multi-surnamed population of families who own and cultivate their own land, though usually not

7799:

In the holistic view about nature and the human body and life, as macro and microcosmos, the life process of a human being is equated with the rhythm of seasons and cosmic changes. Hence, birth is likened to spring, youth to summer, maturity to autumn and old age to winter. There are ritual passages

5568:), thanks-giving, propitiation, exorcism and rites of passage for local communities' temples and private homes. Local gods of local cultures are often incorporated into their altars. The Zhengyi Taoists are trained by other priests of the same sect, and historically received formal ordination by the 5091:

The construction of large and elaborate ancestral temples traditionally represents a kin's wealth, influence and achievement. Scholar K. S. Yang has explored the ethno-political dynamism of this form of religion, through which people who become distinguished for their value and virtue are considered

4352:

are linked, because what appears on the surface to be chance (either positive or negative), is part of the deeper rhythm that shapes personal life based on how destiny is directed. Recognising this connection has the result of making a person responsible for his or her actions: doing good for others

2247:

Ancient Chinese religious practices are diverse, varying from province to province and even from one village to another, for religious behaviour is bound to local communities, kinship, and environments. In each setting, institution and ritual behaviour assumes highly organised forms. Temples and the

9890:

The White Sulde (White Spirit) is one of the two spirits of Genghis Khan (the other being the Black Sulde), represented either as his white or yellow horse or as a fierce warrior riding this horse. In its interior, the temple enshrines a statue of Genghis Khan (at the center) and four of his men on

8550:

predictions, these phenomena suggest that drastic economic development in the Pearl River Delta may not lead to total disenchantment with beliefs concerning magic in the cosmos. On the contrary, the revival of folk religions in the Delta region is serving as a countervailing re-embedding force from

8335:

When a new temple dedicated to the same god is founded, it enters the network through the ritual of division of incense. This consists in filling the incense burner of the new temple with ashes brought from the incense burner of an existing temple. The new temple is therefore spiritually affiliated

12540:

or about three acres. ... Families of different surnames living in one small community meant that lineages were not strong enough to maintain lineage shrines and cross-village organizations, so, at best, they owned small burial plots and took part only in intra-village activities. The old imperial

10348:

Scholar Kenneth Dean estimates 680 million people involved in folk temples and rituals. Quote: "According to Dean, 'in the rural sector... if one takes a rough figure of 1000 people per village living in 680,000 administrative villages and assume an average of two or three temples per village, one

6618:

In Chinese tradition, there is not a clear distinction between the gods and their physical body or bodies (from stars to trees and animals); the qualitative difference between the two seems not to have ever been emphasised. Rather, the disparity is said to be more quantitative than qualitative. In

5276:

Since the 1980s the practice and study of shamanism has undergone a massive revival in Chinese religion as a means to repair the world to a harmonious whole after industrialisation. Shamanism is viewed by many scholars as the foundation for the emergence of civilisation, and the shaman as "teacher

2478:

In the past, popular cults were regulated by imperial government policies, promoting certain deities while suppressing others. In the 20th century, with the decline of the Qing dynasty, increasing urbanisation and Western influence, the issue for the new intellectuals who looked to the West was no

1877:

perspective that lies behind the Chinese religious tradition. De Groot calls Chinese Universism "the ancient metaphysical view that serves as the basis of all classical Chinese thought. ... In Universism, the three components of integrated universe—understood epistemologically, 'heaven, earth

8400:

Activities include rituals, theatrical performances, processions of the gods' images throughout villages and cities, and offerings to the temples. In north China temple gatherings are generally week-long and large events attracting tens of thousands of people, while in south China they tend to be

6664:(wise) is the man who has achieved a spiritual status developing his true sincere nature. This status, in turn, enables him to fully develop the true nature of others and of all things. The sage is able to "assist the transforming and nourishing process of Heaven and Earth", forming a trinity (三才 6473:

has a tradition of theological literature and though clergy ordination, and this is among the reasons why it is taken in high consideration by the Chinese government. Bamo Ayi (2001) attests that "since the early 1980s ... minority policy turned away from promoting assimilation of Han ways".

13308:

Overmyer, 2009. p. 3: "... there are significant differences between aspects of local religion in the south and north, one of which is the gods who are worshiped."; p. 33: "... the veneration in the north of ancient deities attested to in pre-Han sources, deities such as Nüwa, Fuxi and

7933:

Chinese language has a variety of words defining the temples of the Chinese religion. Some of these terms have a precise functional use, although with time some confusion has arisen and some of them have been used interchangeably in some contexts. Collective names defining "temples" or places of

4686:

The most common display of divine power is the cure of diseases after a believer piously requests aid. Another manifestation is granting a request of children. The deity may also manifest through mediumship, entering the body of a shaman-medium and speaking through them. There have been cases of

4385:

As part of the trinity of being (the Three Powers), humans are not totally submissive to spiritual force. While under the sway of spiritual forces, humans can actively engage with them, striving to change their own fate to prove the worth of their earthly life. In the Chinese traditional view of

1889:

argued that "Two great religions have played tremendously important roles throughout Chinese history. One is Buddhism which came to China probably before the Christian era but which began to exert nation-wide influence only after the third century A.D. The other great religion has had no generic

1527:

Contemporary academic study of traditional cults and the creation of a government agency that gave legal status to this religion have created proposals to formalise names and deal more clearly with folk religious sects and help conceptualise research and administration. The terms that have been

8460:

Chinese folk religion deserves serious research and better understanding in the social scientific study of religion. This is not only because of the sheer number of adherents—several times more adherents than Christians and Buddhists combined, but also because folk religion may have significant

7571:

system, in which every aspect is a part of a whole, Chinese folk religious practice is often intermingled with political, educational and economic concerns. A gathering or event may be encompassed with all of these aspects; in general, the commitment (belief) and the process or rite (practice)

7730:

Sacrifices usually differ according to the kind of deity they are devoted to. Traditionally, cosmic and nature gods are offered uncooked (or whole) food, while ancestors are offered cooked food. Moreover, sacrifices for gods are made inside the temples that enshrine them, while sacrifices for

5175:"The extent to which shamanism pervaded ancient Chinese society", says Paul R. Goldin (2005), "is a matter of scholarly dispute, but there can be no doubt that many communities relied upon the unique talents of shamans for their quotidian spiritual needs". The Chinese usage distinguishes the 13895:

painting representing (among other figures) the Wudi: "In the foreground are the gods of the Five Directions, dressed as emperors of high antiquity, holding tablets of rank in front of them. ... These gods are significant because they reflect the cosmic structure of the world, in which

13298:

Overmyer, 2009. p. 10: "There were and are many such pilgrimages to regional and national temples in China, and of course such pilgrimages cannot always be clearly distinguished from festivals for the gods or saints of local communities, because such festivals can involve participants from

5393:

Confucianism and Taoism—which are formalised, ritual, doctrinal or philosophical traditions—can be considered both as embedded within the larger category of Chinese religion, or as separate religions. In fact, one can practise certain folk cults and espouse the tenets of Confucianism as a

12500:) or large cloth scrolls with drawings of ancestral tablets that they used during special occasions such as during the Lunar New Year's ancestral worship ceremony. There are visits to the graves of the immediate ancestors a few times a year on prescribed occasions such as the Cold Food ( 4170:), transcendental principles and their bodily manifestations. Gods can incarnate with a human form and human beings can reach higher spiritual states by the right way of action, that is to say by emulating the order of Heaven. Humans are considered one of the three aspects of a trinity ( 6693:

In comparison with gods of an environmental nature, who tend to remain stable throughout human experience and history, individual human deities change in time. Some endure for centuries, while others remain localised cults, or vanish after a short time. Immortal beings are conceived as

6671:

Taoist schools in particular espouse an explicit spiritual pathway which pushes the earthly beings to the edge of eternity. Since the human body is a microcosm, enlivened by the universal order of yin and yang like the whole cosmos, the means of immortality can be found within oneself.

13543: 6247:

Goossaert talks of this distinction, although recognising it as an oversimplification, of a "Taoist south" and a "village-religion/Confucian centre-north", with the northern context also characterised by important orders of "folk Taoist" ritual masters, one of which are the

2296:, especially Western, tried to distinguish "popular" and "élite" traditions (the latter being Confucianism and Taoism conceived as independent systems). Chinese sinology later adopted another dichotomy which continues in contemporary studies, distinguishing "folk beliefs" ( 9995:

Overmyer (2009, p. 73), says that from the late 19th to the 20th century few professional priests (i.e. licensed Taoists) were involved in local religion in the central and northern provinces of China, and discusses various types of folk ritual specialists including: the

9754:, bringing its order into reality. The ancient kings or emperors of the Chinese civilisation were shamans or priests, that is to say mediators of the divine rule. The same Western terms "king" and "emperor" traditionally meant an entity capable to embody the divine rule: 6464:

On the other hand, it is also true that in more recent years there has been a general revival of indigenous lineages of ritual masters without identification of these as Taoists and support from the state Chinese Taoist Church. An example is the revival of lineages of

10190:

The image is a good synthesis of the basic virtues of Chinese religion and Confucian ethics, that is to say "to move and act according to the harmony of Heaven". The Big Dipper or Great Chariot in Chinese culture (as in other traditional cultures) is a symbol of the

1501:

The Chinese language historically has not had a concept or overarching name for "religion". In English, the terms "popular religion" or "folk religion" have long been used to mean local religious life. In Chinese academic literature and common usage "folk religion"

7572:

together form the internal and external dimensions of Chinese religious life. In village communities, religious services are often organised and led by local people themselves. Leaders are usually selected among male heads of families or lineages, or village heads.

5921:"martial field"), that is the body cultivation practice and that is usually the "public face" of the sect. They were outlawed by Ming imperial edicts that continued to be enforced until the fall of the Qing dynasty in the 20th century. An example of martial sect is 10252:("principle", "origin"), thus meaning "divine principle", "divine origin". In sinology it has been used to designate the incarnated gods who, according to Chinese tradition, sustain the world order and originated China. It is one of the alternating translations of 16028: 10231:"Life and death, separation and convergence, all derive from the seven stars. Thus when the Big Dipper impinges on someone, he dies, and when it moves, he lives. That is why the seven stars are Heaven's chancellor, the yamen where the gate is opened to give life." 8481:, published in 2010, found that 754 million people (56.2%) practise ancestor religion, but only 216 million people (16%) "believe in the existence" of the ancestor. The same survey says that 173 million (13%) practise Chinese folk religion in a Taoist framework. 4853:

means "association", "assembly", "church" or "gathering". This type of religious trusts can be dedicated to a god which is bound to a single village or temple or to a god which has a wider following, in multiple villages, provinces or even a national importance.

4576:) is judged according to their efficacy. The perceived effectiveness of a deity to protect or bless also determines how much they should be worshipped, how big a temple should be built in their honour, and what position in the broader pantheon they would attain. 8496:, and the remaining 81% (1 billion people) pray to or worship gods and ancestors in the manner of the traditional popular religion. The same survey has found that 2.2% (≈30 million) of the total population declares to be affiliated to one or another of the many 7178:

for the cultivation of offspring is present all over China, but predominantly in northern provinces. There are nine main goddesses, and all of them tend to be considered as manifestations or attendant forces of a singular goddess identified variously as Bixia

2307:

Many studies have pointed out that it is impossible to draw clear distinctions, and, since the 1970s, several sinologists swung to the idea of a unified "ancient Chinese religion" that would define the Chinese national identity, similarly to Hindu Dharma for

8599:, Chinese deities are subject to a "re-territorialisation" and maintain their relation to the ethnic associations (i.e. the Hainanese Association or the Fujianese Association, each of them has a patron deity and manages one or more temples of such a deity). 7266:

Altars of goddess worship are usually arranged with Bixia at the center and two goddesses at her sides, most frequently the Lady of Eyesight and the Lady of Offspring. A different figure but with the same astral connections as Bixia is the Qixing Niangniang

4059:

must be cultivated, resulting in ever clearer, more luminous states of being. It can transform in the pure intelligent breath of deities. In the human psyche there's no distinction between rationality and intuition, thinking and feeling: the human being is

2509:

intensified the suppression of the ancient Chinese religion with the 1928 "Standards for retaining or abolishing gods and shrines"; the policy attempted to abolish the cults of all gods with the exception of ancient great human heroes and sages such as the

4599:; it was restored to its original function in the 1980s after seeds stored within were always found to have rotted. This phenomenon, which locals attributed to the god Chenghuang, was taken a sign to empty his residence of grain and allow him back in. The 7783:, emperors asked renowned Taoists to perform such rituals on their behalf or for the entire nation. The modern Chinese republic has given approval for Taoists to conduct such rituals since the 1990s, with the aim of protecting the country and the nation. 1110:

scholars now view folk religion in a positive light. In recent times traditional religion is experiencing a revival in both China and Taiwan. Some forms have received official understanding or recognition as a preservation of traditional culture, such as

5593:), also referred to as practitioners of "Faism", also called "Folk Taoism" or (in southeast China) "Red Taoism", operate within the Chinese folk religion but outside any institution of official Taoism. The ritual masters, who have the same role of the 10037:

masters (as "... folk Zhengyi Daoists of the Lingbao scriptural tradition, living as ordinary peasants. They earn their living both as a group from performing public rituals, and individually by doing geomancy and calendrical consultations for

6406:

of ethnic groups that the Han Chinese have encountered along their ethnogenetic history. Seiwert (1987) finds evidence of pre-Chinese religions in the folk religion of certain southeastern provinces such as Fujian and Taiwan, especially in the local

15034: 5119:

This type of religion prevails in south China, where lineage bonds are stronger and the patrilineal hierarchy is not based upon seniority, and access to corporate resources held by a lineage is based upon the equality of all the lines of descent.

10358:

However, there is considerable discrepancy between what Chinese and Western cultures intend with the concepts of "belief", "existence" and "practice". The Chinese folk religion is often considered one of "belonging" rather than "believing" (see:

9985:

and was built in 2005 on the site of a former Buddhist temple, the Iron Tiles Temple, which stood there until it was destituted and destroyed in 1950. Part of the roof tiles of the new temples are from the ruins of the former temple excavated in

1168:

Chinese religions have a variety of sources, local forms, founder backgrounds, and ritual and philosophical traditions. Despite this diversity, there is a common core that can be summarised as four theological, cosmological, and moral concepts:

6645:) are not specifically distinguished from each other. Gods can incarnate in human form and human beings can reach immortality, which means to attain higher spirituality, since all the spiritual principles (gods) are begotten of the primordial 1590:, reports the scholar Tan Chee-Beng, Chinese do not have a definite term for their traditional religion, which is not surprising because "the religion is diffused into various aspects of Chinese culture". They refer to their religion as 拜佛 ( 12464:

At present, major religions practiced in Fujian include Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism and Protestantism. In addition, Fujian has its folk belief with deeply local characteristic, such as Mazuism, the belief in Mazu, (which) is very

7757:

The aims of rituals and sacrifices may be of thanksgiving and redeeming, usually involving both. Various sacrifices are intended to express gratitude toward the gods in the hope that spiritual blessing and protection will continue. The

13540: 10289:. The traditional Chinese religious cosmology shows Huangdi, embodiment of Shangdi, as the hub of the universe and the Wudi (four gods of the directions and the seasons) as his emanations. The diagram illustrated above is based on the 5631: 4181:, "Three Powers"), the three foundations of all being; specifically, men are the medium between Heaven that engenders order and forms and Earth which receives and nourishes them. Men are endowed with the role of completing creation. 6212:

have historically been more successful in the central plains and in the northeastern provinces than in southern China, and central-northern folk religion shares characteristics of some of the sects, such as the heavy importance of

9787:

symbol of yin and yang. The outer circle represents the primordial chaos out of which spontaneously emerges the fundamental polarity of yin (dark) and yang (light), which then produce the "myriad things" or "ten thousand things"

13403:

and variants of Lushan Daoist ritual traditions. Various Buddhist ritual traditions (Pu’anjiao, Xianghua married monks and so on) are practiced throughout this region, particularly for requiem services". (quoting K. Dean (2003)

7795:

are intended to narrate the holy significance of each crucial change throughout a life course. These changes, which are physical and social and at the same time spiritual, are marked by elaborate customs and religious rituals.

5088:) are enshrined and worshiped. These temples serve as centres of aggregation for people belonging to the same lineage, and the lineage body may provide a context of identification and mutual assistance for individual persons. 5271:

represent the voice of spirits, repair the natural dis-functions, foretell the future based on dreams and the art of divination ... "a historical science of the future", whereas shamans are able to observe the yin and the

5231:. What Confucianism did was to marginalise the "dysfunctional" features of old shamanism. However, shamanic traditions continued uninterrupted within the folk religion and found precise and functional forms within Taoism. 7815:" and thought to exist by many ancient folk religion practitioners. Higher, spiritual versions of Daoists such as Laozi were thought to exist in there when they were alive and absorb "the purest Yin and Yang", as well as 3774:

noted that "between Heaven and Earth there is no thing that does not consist of yin and yang, and there is no place where yin and yang are not found. Therefore, there is no place where gods and spirits do not exist". The

6690:), and the creators of a spiritual tradition. The concept of "human divinity" is not self-contradictory, as there is no unbridgeable gap between the two realms; rather, the divine and the human are mutually contained. 5766:

Many of the redemptive religions of the 20th and 21st century aspire to become the repository of the entirety of the Chinese tradition in the face of Western modernism and materialism. This group of religions includes

1894:

people: it dates back to time immemorial, over 10,000 years old, and includes all such later phases of its development as Moism, Confucianism (as a state religion), and all the various stages of the Taoist religion."

2623:

After 1978 the ancient Chinese religion started to rapidly revive in China, with millions of temples being rebuilt or built from scratch. Since the 1980s the central government moved to a policy of benign neglect or

4337:", describing good and bad chances and potential relationships. Scholars K. S. Yang and D. Ho have analysed the psychological advantages of this belief: assigning causality of both negative and positive events to 8488:' survey of 2012, published in 2014, based on the Chinese General Social Surveys which are held on robust samples of tens of thousands of people, found that only 12.6% of the population of China belongs to its 5564:), respectively meaning "scattered daoshi" and "daoshi living at home (hearth)", because they can get married and perform the profession of priests as a part-time occupation, may perform rituals of offering ( 15065: 7038:, Red and White Deities—are the five "horizontal" manifestations of the primordial God and according with the Three Realms they have a celestial, a terrestrial and a chthonic form. They correspond to the 5878:, while others—specifically the De teaching, Tiandi teachings, Xuanyuan teaching, Weixinism and Yiguandao—have developed cooperation with mainland China's academic and non-governmental organisations. The 6679:, exalted beings) are historical individuals distinguished for their worth or bravery, those who taught crafts to others and formed societies establishing the order of Heaven, ancestors or progenitors ( 5521:

school, developing aspects of local cults within their doctrines; however Taoists always highlight the distinction between their traditions and those which are not Taoist. Priests of Taoism are called

8606:, the Queen of Heaven and goddess of the sea. This is related to the fact that most of these Chinese populations are from southeastern provinces of China, where the goddess is very popular. Some 7821:

who were reborn into it after their human selves' spirits were sent there. These spiritual versions were thought to be abstract beings that can manifest in that world as mythical beings such as

13624: 7768:), an elaborate Taoist sacrifice or "rite of universal salvation", is intended to be a cosmic community renewal, that is to say a reconciliation of a community around its spiritual centre. The 4912:

This type of religion is prevalent in north China, where lineage religion is absent, private, or historically present only within families of southern origin, and patrilineal ties are based on

4546:), variously translated as "divine efficacy, virtue" or the "numen", is important for the relationship between people and gods. It describes the manifestation, activity, of the power of a god ( 12696: 9744:

is rendered as "deity" or "emperor" and describes a divine principle that exerts a fatherly dominance over what it produces. A king is a man or an entity who is able to merge himself with the

8500:. At the same time, reports of the Chinese government claim that the sects have about the same number of followers of the five state-sanctioned religions counted together (≈13% ≈180 million). 17992: 8546:

Similar to the case in Taiwan, the practice of folk religion in rural southern China, particularly in the Pearl River Delta, has thrived as the economy has developed. ... In contrast to

7150:

together with the Red Deity. Xuanyuan was the fruit of virginal birth, as his mother Fubao conceived him as she was aroused, while walking in the country, by a lightning from the Big Dipper.

13061:

Ambrosi, Raymond P. (2015). "Interconnections amongst Folk Religions, Civil Society and Community Development: Meihua Boxers as Constructors of Social Trust and the Agrarian Public Sphere".

9869:

scholar Dong Zhongshu: "Heaven, Earth and humankind are the foundations of all living things. Heaven engenders all living things, Earth nourishes them, and humankind completes them." In the

2248:

gods in them acquire symbolic character and perform specific functions involved in the everyday life of the local community. Local religion preserves aspects of naturalistic beliefs such as

9875:: "Tao is great. Heaven is great. Earth is great. And the king is also great." The concept of the Three Powers / Agents / Ultimates is furtherly discussed in Confucian commentaries of the 6668:, the "Three Powers") with them. In other words, in the Chinese tradition humans are or can be the medium between Heaven and Earth, and have the role of completing what had been initiated. 3358:; "making from within"), used either as a name of the primordial god or as a title of natural gods, describing a principle that exerts a fatherly dominance over what it produces. With the 14589: 8041:

is a broader "territory of a god", a geographic region or a village or city with its surroundings, marked by multiple temples or complexes of temples and delineated by the processions.

6702:

nexus does not dissipate but persists, and is reinforced by living people's worship. The energetic power of a god is thought to reverberate on the worshipers influencing their fortune.

4639:). The relationship between people and gods is an exchange of favour. This implies the belief that gods respond to the entreaties of the believer if their religious fervour is sincere ( 4583:

was triggered by numerous alleged instances of gods becoming "active" and "returning", reclaiming their temples and place in society. She mentions the example of a Chenghuang Temple in

2292:

Inextricably linked to the aforementioned question to find an appropriate "name" for the ancient Chinese religion, is the difficulty to define it or clearly outline its boundaries. Old

12796: 6964:; then there are the sky and weather gods, the scenery gods, the vegetal and animal gods, and gods of human virtues and crafts. These are interpreted in different ways in Taoism and 5970:), both emerged from the teachings of Xiao Changming and Li Yujie, disseminated in the early 20th century. The latter is actually an outgrowth of the former established in the 1980s. 16563: 8277:, worship their common progenitors. These temples are the "collective representation" of a group, and function as centers where religious, social and economic activities intersect. 7738:

Both in past history and at the present, all sacrifices are assigned with both religious and political purposes. Some gods are considered carnivorous, for example the River God (

8100:, originally referring to imperial palaces, became associated to temples of representations of the universal God or the highest gods and consorts, such as the Queen of Heaven. 6354:

with the explicit support of the Chinese government, a cross-ethnic Han-Tibetan, Mongol and Manchu deity (the Han identify him as an aspect of the god of war analogically with

5909:"cultural field"), that is the doctrinal aspect characterised by elaborate cosmologies, theologies, initiatory and ritual patterns, and that is usually kept secretive; and the 1102:, like the imperial dynasties, tolerates popular religious organizations if they bolster social stability but suppresses or persecutes those that they fear would undermine it. 15317: 8528:

socio-economic capital for the well-being of local communities, fostering the circulation of wealth and its investment in the "sacred capital" of temples, gods and ancestors.

4527:, because they cross or disrupt the polarity and therefore cannot be conceptualised, are regarded as numinous. Entities possessing unusual spiritual characteristics, such as 17862: 14884: 1903:

Contemporary Chinese scholars have identified what they find to be the essential features of the ancient (or indigenous—ethnic) religion of China. According to Chen Xiaoyi (

7800:

for those who belong to a religious order of priests or monks, and there are the rituals of the stages in a life, the main four being birth, adulthood, marriage and death.

4381:

stirs to respond to events rather than resigning. Awareness may arrive as a gift, often unbidden, and then it evolves into a practice that the person intentionally follows.

16818: 14572:

2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey, Anna Sun, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Statistics published in: Katharina Wenzel-Teuber, David Strait. "

6603:; "growth", "beings that give birth") are interwoven energies or principles that generate phenomena which reveal or reproduce the way of Heaven, that is to say the order ( 2267:, see the ancient Chinese religion deeply embedded in family and civic life, rather than expressed in a separate organizational structure like a "church", as in the West. 13447: 5897:

A further distinctive type of sects of the folk religion, that are possibly the same as the positive "secret sects", are the martial sects. They combine two aspects: the

5092:

immortal and receive posthumous divine titles, and are believed to protect their descendants, inspiring a mythological lore for the collective memory of a family or kin.

2281:, but "to belong" to the local unit of an ancient Chinese religion, that is the "association", the "village" or the "kinship", with their gods and rituals. Sociologist 2574: 12839: 10726:. The immediate association this term caused in the minds of many Taiwanese and practically all mainland Chinese participants in the conference was of popular sects ( 4229:("reciprocity", "retribution" or "judgement"), is inscribed in the cosmological view of an ordered world, in which all manifestations of being have an allotted span ( 17902: 15076:—— (2011). "Modalities of Doing Religion and Ritual Polytropy: Evaluating the Religious Market Model from the Perspective of Chinese Religious History". 8595:

populations have maintained Chinese folk religions, often adapting to the new environment by developing new cults and incorporating elements of local traditions. In

12508:) (Third Month Ninth) but Shaanbei people do not believe that their ancestors' souls are active forces capable of protecting, benefiting or troubling the living." 9226:, which represents a fish entering the astral square); this Zhou version represents a being with a human-like body and a head-mind informed by the astral pole (→ 7638:). Some forms of folk religion develop clear prescriptions for believers, such as detailed lists of meritorious and sinful deeds in the form of "morality books" ( 6131:

Recent scholarly works have found basic differences between north and south folk religion. Folk religion of southern and southeastern provinces is focused on the

15376: 15365: 15354: 15343: 15332: 8781: 5394:

philosophical framework, Confucian theology instructing to uphold the moral order through the worship of gods and ancestors that is the way of connecting to the

5284:

Nuo folk religion is a system of the Chinese folk religion with distinct institutions and cosmology present especially in central-southern China. It arose as an

790: 10505: 8981: 7649:) and ledgers of merit and demerit. Involvement in the affairs of communal or intra-village temples are perceived by believers as ways for accumulating merit ( 6736: 16766: 3845:

While in popular thought they have conscience and personality, Neo-Confucian scholars tended to rationalise them. Zhu Xi wrote that they act according to the

2479:

longer controlling unauthorised worship of unregistered gods but the ancient Chinese religion itself, which they perceived as an issue halting modernisation.

4531:

members of a species, beings that are part animal part human, or people who die in unusual ways such as suicide or on battlefields, are considered numinous.

3425:

is the breath or substance of which all things are made, including inanimate matter, the living beings, thought and gods. It is the continuum energy—matter.

15930:

A Dissertation on the Theology of the Chinese, with a View to the Elucidation of the Most Appropriate Term for Expressing the Deity, in the Chinese Language

8157:, meaning "hall" or "church hall", originally referred to the central hall of secular buildings but it entered religious usage as a place of worship of the 6001:, where Li Yujie studied for eight years. The Church of the Heavenly Deity is very active both in Taiwan and mainland China, where it has high-level links. 3268:, responding to human virtue, grants the imperial family the right to rule and withdraws it when the dynasty declines in virtue. This creativity or virtue ( 2289:, as characterized by "immanent transcendence" grounded in a devotion to "concrete humanity", focused on building moral community within concrete humanity. 12622: 9814:

methods, which hold that any thing needs to be arranged in equilibrium with the surrounding world in order to thrive. Names of holy spaces often describe,

5853: 5452: 5227:

According to Andreea Chirita (2014), Confucianism itself, with its emphasis on hierarchy and ancestral rituals, derived from the shamanic discourse of the

3723:

is the "psyche", or the power or agency within humans. They are intimately involved in the life of this world. As spirits of stars, mountains and streams,

804: 10922:), one finds that the four seasons never deviate, and so the sage establishes his teachings on the basis of this Way, and all under Heaven submit to him". 6158:

of creation and nature as identity symbols by villages populated by families of different surnames. They are structured into "communities of the god(s)" (

5502:) in northern Fujian, and ancestral temples of the Kong (Confucius) lineage operating as well as Confucian-teaching churches. In November 2015 a national 13660: 8089:" and refers to any indoor or outdoor altars, majestic outdoor altars being those for the worship of Heaven and Earth and other gods of the environment. 14676: 5537:", otherwise commonly translated as the "Taoists", as common followers and folk believers who are not part of Taoist orders are not identified as such. 4994:

Another dimension of the Chinese folk religion is based on family or genealogical worship of deities and ancestors in family altars or private temples (

16396: 13212:

Build the City of the Eight Trigrams on Yunmeng Mountain, integrate the differences within Chinese culture, and support the union of the Chinese people

9496:), Zhang Heng ornately writes: «I ask the superintendent of the Heavenly Gate to open the door and let me visit the King of Heaven at the Jade Palace»; 5314: 16840: 15266: 14909: 13621: 11915: 8542:

According to Law (2005), in his study about the relationship between the revival of folk religion and the reconstruction of patriarchal civilisation:

17464: 16622: 15309:

The Religious System of China: Its Ancient Forms, Evolution, History and Present Aspect, Manners, Customs and Social Institutions Connected Therewith

12693: 6808:. Although the usage of the former two is sometimes blurred, it corresponds to the distinction in Western cultures between "god" and "deity", Latin 5076:, are the social expression of this religion: these lineage societies build temples where the deified ancestors of a certain group (for example the 17999: 6425:

Mou (2012) writes that "Taoism has formed an indissoluble bond" with indigenous religions of southwestern ethnic minorities, especially the Tujia,

6236:

Along the southeastern coast, ritual functions of the folk religion are reportedly dominated by Taoism, both in registered and unregistered forms (

16478: 10856: 7603:). Sacrifice can consist of incense, oil, and candles, as well as money. Religious devotion may also express in the form of performance troupes ( 932: 500: 15180: 14573: 12828: 5143: 16181:

Payette, Alex (February 2016). "Local Confucian Revival in China: Ritual Teachings, 'Confucian' Learning and Cultural Resistance in Shandong".

15629: 14547: 10412: 2329:

In the beginning of Chinese civilization, "he most honored members of the family were...the ancestors", who lived in a spiritual world between

15637:. Religion and Cultural Change in China. The Brookings Institution - Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, Washington: DC. Archived from 12793: 1493:

A sign reading "This is a place of folk belief. No religious donation or religious activities are allowed." Taken in a Chinese folk temple in

16862: 16092: 15517: 13047: 5448:) who in many cases are the elders of a local community. Confucian liturgies are alternated with Taoist liturgies and popular ritual styles. 5246:). The emperor was considered the supreme shaman, intermediating between the three realms of heaven, earth and man. The mission of a shaman ( 4377:. The awareness of one's own given condition inscribed in the ordered world produces responsibility towards oneself and others; awareness of 9382:("Gate of Heaven", the Big Dipper), is defined by many other names attested in the Chinese literary, philosophical and religious tradition: 4519:), and thus it is identical with the inchoate order of creation. Things inspiring awe or wonder because they cannot be understood as either 4353:

spiritually improves oneself and contributes to the harmony between men and environmental gods and thus to the wealth of a human community.

16554: 13351:

are bodhisattvas normally considered 'male', though in Buddhist theory such gender categories do not really apply. This practice of adding

13161: 10705:

Clart, 2014. p. 393. Quote: "The problem started when the Taiwanese translator of my paper chose to render "popular religion" literally as

5856:, a cluster of churches which focus on social morality through refined Confucian ritual to worship the gods, as the "Way of Later Heaven" ( 3737:, explains that they "are the spirits of Heaven" and they "draw out the ten thousand things". As forces of growth the gods are regarded as 15387:

Didier, John C. (2009). "In and Outside the Square: The Sky and the Power of Belief in Ancient China and the World, c. 4500 BC – AD 200".

13232: 13215: 13198: 13181: 12478:

The Cult of the Silkworm Mother as a Core of a Local Community Religion in a North China Village: Field Study in Zhiwuying, Baoding, Hebei

7112:), or the intersection between the Three Patrons and the Five Deities, that is the center of the cosmos. He is therefore described in the 3554: 17544: 16923: 16796: 16053: 14795: 8397:("communal ritual body") is the association which organises such events and by extension it has become another name of the event itself. 8144:("original temple") instead refers to a temple which is believed to be the original temple of a deity, the most legitimate and powerful. 3655:

in its dense, dark, sinking, wet, condensing mode; yang denotes the light, and the bright, rising, dry, expanding modality. Described as

13229:

Build temples for the Three Great Chinese Ancestors, solidify the national union, and pray together for Cross-Strait and worldwide peace

7404: 1620:). Tan however, comments that is not the way the Chinese refer to their religion, which in any case includes worship of ancestors, not 16850: 16828: 16806: 14622: 11804: 10339:

Temples of the Jade Deity, a representation of the universal God in popular religion, are usually built on raised artificial platforms.

6222: 4614:; the god's temples were in ruins and the cult inactive until the mid-1990s, when a man with terminal cancer, in his last hope prayed ( 4356:

These three themes of the Chinese tradition—moral reciprocity, personal destiny, fateful coincidence—are completed by a fourth notion:

2440:

The ancient Chinese religion was subject to persecution in the 19th and 20th centuries. Many ancient temples were destroyed during the

797: 14656: 8508: 17403: 13526:

Ethnic Minorities in China: Tradition and Transform. Papers of the 2nd Interdisciplinary Congress of Sinology/Ethnology, St. Augustin

12455: 17522: 15314: 8414: 8074:

which indicates the "house" of a god, enshrining one specific god, usually a chapel within a larger temple or sacred enclosure; and

6845:

Many classical books have lists and hierarchies of gods and immortals, among which the "Completed Record of Deities and Immortals" (

3332:. The "Primordial Deity" or "Primordial Emperor" was considered to be embodied in the human realm as the lineage of imperial power. 10496: 8990: 5894:

where it is legally recognised. Some of these sects began to register as branches of the state Taoist Association since the 1990s.

3727:

exert a direct influence on things, making phenomena appear and things grow or extend themselves. An early Chinese dictionary, the

16416: 16213:(1997). "Myths of Descent, Racial Nationalism and Ethnic Minorities in the People's Republic of China". In Dikötter, Frank (ed.). 14866: 1098:

teachings to form the popular religious system which has lasted in many ways until the present day. The present day government of

18115: 17869: 13936: 8746: 8567: 2817: 16815: 15223: 17219: 15425: 15412: 15399: 13441: 7492:

Liturgical: involving elaborate ritual procedures conducted by specialists of rites (Taoist rites, Confucian rites, Nuo rites,

14908:. (Conference paper) Toward a Reasonable World: The Heritage of Western Humanism, Skepticism, and Freethought. San Diego, CA. 7727:). However different in scale and quantity, all types of sacrifice would normally involve food, wine, meat and later incense. 5601:

of Taoism who trace their lineage to the Celestial Masters and by Taoists officially registered with the state Taoist Church.

4313:) is thus perceived as both fixed (as life itself) and flexible, open-ended (since the individual can choose how to behave in 2501:

provided that schools would be built through the confiscation of temple property. "Anti-superstition" campaigns followed. The

14878: 14319: 11367: 11250: 10690: 4607:. Temples with a longer history are considered holier than newly built ones, which still need to be filled by divine energy. 1359:) is the polarity that describes the order of the universe, held in balance by the interaction of principles of "extension" ( 16685: 16649: 16537: 16326: 16249: 16147: 15992: 15956: 15911: 15878: 15824: 15788: 15719: 15668: 15612: 15579: 15454: 15124: 14465: 11545: 10349:

arrives at a figure of over 680 million villagers involved in some way with well over a million temples and their rituals'."

4772:

Chinese religion in its communal expression involves the worship of gods that are the generative power and tutelary spirit (

17950: 13089: 12836: 10623: 7857: 7530:

Relational: emphasising the devotional relationship between men and deities and among men themselves (organising elaborate

6972:

names. Below the great deities, there is the unquantifiable number of gods of nature, as every phenomena have or are gods.

6960:"King Duke of the East") who personify respectively the yin and the yang, as well as the dimensional Three Patrons and the 6861: 5755:; an embodied experience of the numinous through healing and cultivation; and an expansive orientation through good deeds, 4628:

Within temples, it is common to see banners bearing the phrase "if the heart is sincere, the god will reveal their power" (

4205: 13908: 7369: 4954: 1824:(206 BCE – 220 CE), it was used to distinguish the indigenous ancient religion from the imported religion. 698: 17410: 16498: 10498:

Relationship between Religion and State in the People's Republic of China - Religions & Christianity in Today's China

8806: 8796: 925: 6418:, or more appropriately a "Taoisation", is also the more recent experience of the indigenous religions of some distinct 5852:), that is, a cosmological definition of the state of things prior to creation, in unity with God. It regards the other 17012: 16754:"Old Chinese "*tees" and Proto-Indo-European "*deus": Similarity in Religious Ideas and a Common Source in Linguistics" 16743: 16615: 16531: 16320: 16299: 16265: 16243: 16141: 16120: 16011:

Local Religion in North China in the Twentieth Century: The Structure and Organization of Community Rituals and Beliefs

15950: 15905: 15872: 15851: 15818: 15782: 15761: 15713: 15692: 15662: 15606: 15573: 15552: 15448: 15294: 15152: 14937: 14829:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Occasional Paper n. 79. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1985. 14459: 13533: 12616: 12434: 11290: 11045: 11024: 7442:

Personal cultivation mode, involving a long-term cultivation and transformation of oneself with the goal of becoming a

5259:) is "to repair the dis-functionalities occurred in nature and generated after the sky had been separated from earth": 3911: 2582: 2393:

in China, strong influences from the Indian subcontinent penetrated the ancient Chinese indigenous religion. A cult of

1858:, 1328–1398) used the term "Shendao" clearly identifying the indigenous cults, which he strengthened and systematised. 16635:

Religion in Chinese Society; a Study of Contemporary Social Functions of Religion and Some of Their Historical Factors

15373: 15362: 15351: 15340: 15329: 15325: 14819:

The Development and Distribution of Dejiao Associations in Malaysia and Singapore, A Study on a Religious Organization

13797:, p. 504, vol. 2 A-L: Each sector of heaven (the four points of the compass and the center) was personified by a 6832:", implies a manifested or incarnate "godly" power. It is etymologically and figuratively analogous to the concept of 4245:

texts: "on the doer of good, heaven sends down all blessings, and on the doer of evil, he sends down all calamities" (

17809: 17586: 17431: 16679: 16643: 16606:(2007), "Ritual Economy and Rural Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics", in Held, David; Moore, Henrietta (eds.), 16022: 15986: 15118: 15023: 14956: 14834: 14782: 11831: 11423: 8786: 8658: 7878: 5871: 5579: 5327: 5309: 3647:, whose root meanings respectively are "shady" and "sunny", or "dark" and "light", are modes of manifestation of the 2506: 2277:

The prime criterion for participation in the ancient Chinese religion is not "to believe" in an official doctrine or

652: 13842: 9240:

characters to other well-known symbols of God or divinity as the northern pole in key ancient cultural centres: the

7776:, "fasting and purification", that is meant as an atonement for evil-doing, then followed by sacrificial offerings. 2697:

Ancient Chinese religion draws from a vast heritage of sacred books, which according to the general worldview treat

18270: 17836: 16951: 16753: 14821: 13952: 10534: 10433: 8683: 8182:" (of the divine, according to the astral patterns in the sky or the icon of a deity). Together with its extension 2172: 1152:

reflect this world view, since features of the landscape as well as organs of the body are in correlation with the

376: 16373: 13520:

Seiwert, Hubert (1987), "On the religions of national minorities in the context of China's religious history", in

12670: 6259:("sages of yin and yang"), and sectarian traditions, and also by a low influence of Buddhism and official Taoism. 2889:, and a great number of other texts either included or not within the Taoist Canon. Vernacular literature and the 2177: 17985: 17667: 17537: 17496: 17489: 17375: 16916: 13573:

Religious Revival among the Zhuang People in China: Practising "Superstition" and Standardizing a Zhuang Religion

12427:

Mao's Road to Power: From the Jinggangshan to the establishment of the Jiangxi Soviets, July 1927 – December 1930

7350:"Ancestral Mother"), popular in provinces along the eastern coast and in Taiwan. The title of "Queen of Heaven" ( 6896:

There are the great cosmic gods representing the first principle in its unmanifested state or its creative order—

6716: 6711: 4722: 3256:

is both the physical heavens, the home of the sun, moon, and stars, and also the home of the gods and ancestors.

3008: 2487: 576: 13811: 12606: 5451:

There are many organised groups of the folk religion that adopt Confucian liturgy and identity, for example the

5238:, shamans had a role in the political hierarchy, and were represented institutionally by the Ministry of Rites ( 2452:

of 1911 "most temples were turned to other uses or were destroyed, with a few changed into schools". During the

2211: 18542: 17591: 17457: 16222: 14761: 14409: 14388: 14095: 14062: 14037: 14007: 13783: 13653: 13498: 13477: 13021: 12879: 11797: 11681: 11558: 11191: 11155: 10995: 10974: 10940: 10849: 10730: 10709: 10554: 10429: 9473: 8673: 8607: 8497: 8158: 7699: 7607:), involving many types of professionals such as stilt walkers, lion dancers, musicians, martial arts masters, 6965: 6391: 6214: 6209: 5626: 4730: 3078: 3056: 3034: 3012: 2988: 2967: 2947: 2927: 2900: 2890: 2858: 2821: 2771: 2749: 2713: 2263:

Ancient Chinese religion pervades all aspects of social life. Many scholars, following the lead of sociologist

2215: 2141: 2123: 2102: 2084: 2063: 2045: 2019: 2001: 1993: 1962: 1944: 1936: 1924: 1916: 1904: 1787: 1762: 1744: 1726: 1708: 1690: 1672: 1625: 1603: 1565: 1547: 1529: 1521: 1503: 1436: 1384: 1360: 1342: 1314: 1290: 1266: 1242: 1218: 1176: 918: 707: 597: 230: 171: 45: 16714: 13657: 8531:

This religious economy already played a role in periods of imperial China, plays a significant role in modern

4032:

is independent and perpetual, and as such it never allows itself to be limited in matter. Otherwise said, the

2577:

in the PRC, was the most serious and last systematic effort to destroy the ancient Chinese religion, while in

18547: 17928: 17424: 17340: 14673: 14088:

Asiatic Mythology: A Detailed Description and Explanation of the Mythologies of All the Great Nations of Asia

10330:), or a "cup", signifying a "whirl", and also has martial connotations meaning "fight", "struggle", "battle". 9686:(king), as well as others pertaining to the same semantic field, have a common denominator in the concept of 9457: 8771: 8756: 8751: 6263: 2984: 2412:

included processions of carts with images of gods or floats borne on shoulders, with musicians and chanting.

1210: 1055: 604: 59: 17682: 16385: 14900: 11912: 10633: 5095:

If their temples and their deities enshrined acquire popularity they are considered worthy of the virtue of

4978: 18389: 18125: 18110: 18059: 17804: 17712: 17581: 16890: 16837: 16273:中南民族大学学报 — 人文社会科学版 (Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences)) 15243: 8976: 8962: 8776: 8766: 8663: 8328:, with communities of devotees from the affiliated temples going up in the hierarchy to the senior temple ( 7974:

became associated with Buddhist monasteries as many officials donated their residences to the monks. Today

7717:, probably the oldest way to communicate with divine forces, today generally encompassed by the definition 6136: 5948:

The Tiandi teachings are a religion that encompasses two branches, the Holy Church of the Heavenly Virtue (

5101: 5054: 3147: 2745: 2663: 2589: 2282: 2271: 1237: 1149: 611: 481: 6331:

there has been a significant integration of Han Chinese into the traditional folk religion of the region.

2851:

Taoism has a separate body of philosophical, theological and ritual literature, including the fundamental

17778: 17159: 16078:"Chinese Redemptive Societies and Salvationist Religion: Historical Phenomenon or Sociological Category?" 14531:

Local Ritual Traditions of Southeast China: A Challenge to Definitions of Religion and Theories of Ritual

13048:

Towards the City! Towards the Country! Old Martial Art Strengthens Social Cohesion in Chinese Rural Areas

9467:—the "Lord of Heaven": In "The Document of Offering Sacrifices to Heaven and Earth on the Mountain Tai" ( 8551:

the local cultural context, leading to the coexistence of the world of enchantments and the modern world.

7779:

This rite, of great political importance, can be intended for the whole nation. In fact, as early as the

7660:). Virtue is believed to accumulate in one's heart, which is seen as energetic centre of the human body ( 7109: 7039: 5338: 4580: 4133:, as the earliest ancestors of an ethnic lineage are often represented as animals or associated to them. 1153: 16499:"A Drama of the Concepts of Religion: Reflecting on Some of the Issues of "Faith" in Contemporary China" 16467: 5678:, nor the communal deity religion of village temples, neighbourhood, corporations, or national temples. 2475:

character in at least some contexts and locations, was well-known and popular in Chinese folk religion.

1850:, with the same purpose of identification of the Japanese indigenous religion. In the 14th century, the 17783: 17640: 17530: 17007: 16971: 16909: 14604: 13411:. China Quarterly Special Issues, New Series, No. 3. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 32–34.) 8939: 8934: 8801: 8653: 8485: 7416: 6565: 6419: 6328: 6221:

as well have historically found much resonance among the population of the northeast; in the 1930s the

6060: 4949: 4718: 1783:(1895–1945). It was used between the 1990s and the early 21st century among mainland Chinese scholars. 1780: 1474: 569: 533: 474: 355: 13112:

Realignments in Religion and Health Practices: An Approach to the "New Religions" in Taiwanese Society

10853: 10272:

The natural order emanating from the primordial God (Tian-Shangdi) inscribing and designing worlds as

5826:

focuses on personal salvation through inner work and considers itself the most valid "Way of Heaven" (

18100: 17824: 17819: 17552: 17510: 17482: 17262: 16986: 16898:, a documentary on the reinvention of Chinese religion and Taoism. By Kenneth Dean, 2010, 80 minutes. 15163: 12825: 9241: 8791: 8697: 8648: 7687: 7671:). Practices of communication with the gods comprehend different forms of Chinese shamanism, such as 7047: 5763:. Their practices are focused on improving morality, body cultivation, and recitation of scriptures. 5411:

Folk temples and ancestral shrines on special occasions may choose Confucian liturgy (that is called

5319: 3755: 627: 15638: 14551: 10453: 2960:'The Great One Gives Birth to Water'). Another book attributed to the Yellow Emperor is the 2000:), the ancient Chinese religion is a core element of Chinese cultural and religious self-awareness ( 17935: 17382: 15304: 15035:"The Politics of Legitimation and the Revival of Popular Religion in Shaanbei, North-Central China" 14995:

Chang, Ruth H. (2000). "Understanding Di and Tian: Deity and Heaven from Shang to Tang Dynasties".

10674: 9549: 8833: 8576: 8364:

or the birthday or holiday of the god enshrined in the temple. In North China they are also called

8336:

to the older temple where the ashes were taken, and directly below it in the hierarchy of temples.

8280:

Chinese temples are traditionally built according to the styles and materials (wood and bricks) of

5184: 4726: 3279: 3201: 3030: 2562: 2453: 2264: 1870: 1051: 865: 16859: 16215:

The Construction of Racial Identities in China and Japan: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives

16168:. Historical Dictionaries of Religions, Philosophies, and Movements. Albany, NY: Scarecrow Press. 16077: 15506: 7989:("monastery") are used almost exclusively for Buddhist monasteries, with sporadic exceptions, and 6090:

where it has established the "City of Eight Trigrams" templar complex on Yunmeng Mountain (of the

5213:; mediumship, without control of the godly movement), and from non-Han Chinese Altaic shamanisms ( 18552: 18044: 17830: 17737: 17645: 17503: 17396: 17088: 16966: 16629: 16582:

Yang, Fenggang; Hu, Anning (2012). "Mapping Chinese Folk Religion in Mainland China and Taiwan".

16468:"Kang Youwei: The Martin Luther of Confucianism and His Vision of Confucian Modernity and Nation" 15737:"The Revival of Folk Religion and Gender Relationships in Rural China: A Preliminary Observation" 15244:"The Phoenix and the Mother: The Interaction of Spirit Writing Cults and Popular Sects in Taiwan" 12761:

Confucian Revival and the Emergence of "Jiaohua Organizations": A Case Study of the Yidan Xuetang

11184:

The Global Significance of Concrete Humanity: Essays on the Confucian Discourse in Cultural China

9632:—"Highest Heaven" or "First Heaven", for it is the primordial being supervising all-under-heaven; 9311: 8584: 7275:"Goddess of the Seven Stars"). There is also the cluster of the Holy Mothers of the Three Skies ( 6592: 6339: 5822:

These folk sectarian offer different world views and compete for influence. To take one example,

5168: 4572:. Divine power usually manifests in the presence of a wide public. The "value" of human deities ( 4477: 4402: 3514: 3052: 2767: 2649:'s economic and technological industrialization and development has brought a spiritual renewal. 1643: 1431: 1059: 1044: 968: 289: 282: 16703:"Deserving Divine Protection: Religious Life in Contemporary Rural Shanxi and Shaanxi Provinces" 14585: 13852: 13591: 13583: 13157: 12451: 10564: 8273:

Ancestral shrines are sacred places in which lineages of related families, identified by shared

6075:). The movement promotes the restoration of the authentic roots of the Chinese civilization and 4794:), or of gods that are common ancestors of a village, a larger identity, or the Chinese nation ( 988: 18064: 18008: 17855: 17635: 17318: 17292: 17143: 16946: 13962: 13946: 13918: 13446:(Master in East Asian Studies). Montreal: McGill University, Department of East Asian Studies. 13228: 13211: 13194: 13177: 13031:] in Hebei) also successfully registered with the Taoist association, thus gaining legitimacy". 10543: 10532:

The Policy of Legitimation and the Revival of Popular Religion in Shaanbei, North-Central China

10125: 9009: 7735:) are made to Confucius, the Red and Yellow Emperors, and other cultural heroes and ancestors. 7679: 6836:

as the base of a fruit, which falls and produces other fruits. This analogy is attested in the

5199: 4125:). When ancestries aren't properly cultivated the world falls into disruption, and they become 3862: 2420: 1932: 659: 449: 16881: 16793: 13824: 8215:

meaning "sanctuary", from the secular usage for a courtyard, college or hospital institution;

7970:, which originally meant a type of residence for imperial officials, with the introduction of 7199:

the "Queen of the Earth"). Bixia herself is identified by Taoists as the more ancient goddess

3274:) in humans is the potentiality to transcend the given conditions and act wisely and morally. 18335: 18280: 18196: 18166: 18069: 17768: 17630: 17287: 15165:

Conceptualizations of "Popular Religion" in Recent Research in the People's Republic of China

10198: 10029:("godly families", hereditary specialists of gods and their rites; p. 77), then (p. 179) the 9937:, the orthodox gods of Taoist theology). Side chapels include a Temple of the God of Wealth ( 9751: 9131: 8986: 8477:

The Chinese Spiritual Life Survey conducted by the Center on Religion and Chinese Society of

8162: 8008:, "thatched hut", originally a form of dwelling of monks later extended to mean monasteries. 6698:", which is so vibrant in certain historical individuals that, upon the person's death, this 6335: 5874:

and later Communist China. Many of them still remain illegal, underground or unrecognised in

4361: 3665:. They can also be conceived as "disorder" and "order", "activity" or "passivity", with act ( 3128: 2168: 1200: 783: 369: 330: 14612: 13195:

Honoring the contribution of the Three-Great-Chinese-Ancestor Culture to develop world peace

11801: 8237:("hole", "cave") referring to temples set up in caves or on cliffs. Other generic terms are 4717:

Wu Hsin-Chao (2014) distinguishes four kinds of Chinese traditional religious organisation:

4579:

Zavidovskaya (2012) has studied how the incentive of temple restorations since the 1980s in

18368: 16761: 15389: 14997: 14930:

Chinese Aesthetics: Ordering of Literature, the Arts, and the Universe in the Six Dynasties

14652: 10420: 9092: 8999: 8943: 8912: 8729: 8281: 8259:("pavilion") which refers to the areas of a temple where laypeople can stay. There is also 7305: 7043: 6998:—are the "vertical" manifestation of the primordial God corresponding to the Three Realms ( 6654: 6458: 6403: 5985:), the "Heavenly Deity" or "Heavenly Emperor", on health through the proper cultivation of 4406: 4037: 3580: 2337:

and beseeched the gods of heaven and earth to influence the world to benefit their family.

2334: 1083: 945: 886: 583: 294: 15472:"The Religiousness of "Confucianism" and the Revival of Confucian Religion in China Today" 15107:"A Different Kind of Religious Diversity: Ritual Service Providers and Consumers in China" 14775:

De Jiao – A Religious Movement in Contemporary China and Overseas: Purple Qi from the East

10747:), rather than the local and communal religious life that was the main focus of my paper." 9619:—"Compassionate Heaven" for it hears and corresponds with justice to the all-under-heaven; 6775:

experience of divinity. In Chinese language there is a terminological distinction between

5334:. It is an example of Taoist temple which hosts various chapels dedicated to popular gods. 2222: 8: 18265: 18239: 18027: 17814: 17742: 17722: 17417: 17272: 14966:

Chan, Kim-Kwong (2005). "Religion in China in the Twenty-first Century: Some Scenarios".

9833: 8892: 8875: 8761: 6725: 6076: 4596: 4237:, and are rewarded according to the moral-cosmic quality of their actions. It determines 3074: 2570: 2018:). He has proposed a theoretical definition of Chinese indigenous religion in a trinity ( 1912: 1469: 872: 528: 18506: 12998: 17727: 17623: 17438: 17267: 17252: 16556:

Local Traditions, Community Building, and Cultural Adaptation in Reform Era Rural China

16453: 16445: 16413: 16365: 16198: 15972: 15093: 15057: 14983: 13808:(a term which indicates not only an emperor but also an ancestral "thearch" and "god"). 13281: 10445: 9783: 9217: 8897: 8823: 8178:

is the appropriate Chinese translation of the Western term "temple", as both refer to "

7392: 7299: 7051: 7009:), representing the yin and yang and the medium between them, that is the human being. 6810: 6772: 6218: 5614: 5572:, although the 63rd Celestial Master Zhang Enpu fled to Taiwan in the 1940s during the 5513:

defines Taoism as a "liturgical framework" for the development of local religion. Some

5510: 5456: 4859:

the Bogong Association, the Wenchang Association, and the like. Within the category of

3657: 3545: 3108: 2616: 1879: 1874: 858: 732: 640: 207: 199: 15423:

Volume III: Terrestrial and Celestial Transformations in Zhou and Early-Imperial China

15410:

Volume II: Representations and Identities of High Powers in Neolithic and Bronze China

13421:

Jones, Stephen (2011). "Yinyang: Household Daoists of North China and Their Rituals".

12638: 11148:

Social Scientific Studies of Religion in China: Methodologies, Theories, and Findings

7803:

Chinese folk religion sometimes incorporated Daoist elements about personal growth. A

7435:

Discursive-scriptural: involving the composition, preaching, and recitation of texts (

7330:

There are other local goddesses with motherly features, including the northern Canmu (

7065:) which represent their mounts, that is to say the chthonic forces they preside over. 4260:

is better understood by exploring other two traditional concepts of fate and meaning:

3661:(the "Great Pole"), they represent the polarity and complementarity that enlivens the 18394: 18186: 18171: 18095: 17945: 17940: 17788: 17773: 17752: 17707: 17608: 17568: 17560: 17389: 16956: 16932: 16739: 16675: 16639: 16611: 16595: 16527: 16457: 16381: 16316: 16295: 16239: 16218: 16202: 16169: 16137: 16116: 16018: 15982: 15946: 15901: 15868: 15847: 15814: 15778: 15757: 15709: 15688: 15658: 15602: 15569: 15548: 15493: 15444: 15290: 15200: 15148: 15141: 15114: 15097: 15061: 15019: 15002: 14952: 14933: 14874: 14830: 14778: 14757: 14581: 14455: 14405: 14384: 14315: 14091: 14058: 14033: 14003: 13779: 13762:

are described as individuals who achieve mastery of the way of Heaven and emulate it.

13649: 13587: 13579: 13529: 13494: 13473: 13285: 13273: 12875: 12612: 12430: 11793: 11677: 11554: 11419: 11363: 11286: 11246: 11187: 11151: 11041: 10991: 10970: 10936: 10845: 10686: 10548: 10449: 9014: 8924: 8907: 8870: 8838: 8678: 8535:, and is seen as a driving force in the rapid economic development in parts of rural 8489: 8478: 7971: 7710: 7311: 6605: 6379: 6205: 6151: 5804: 5573: 5176: 5138: 5134: 5113: 4983: 4913: 4568:

in a particular area and temple, through events that are perceived as extraordinary,

4012:) which controls the physiological and psychological activities of humans, while the 3439: 3426: 3261: 2962: 2917: 2612: 2566: 2449: 2441: 1075: 879: 809: 673: 666: 518: 362: 155: 147: 16271:[The Spontaneous Religious Practices of Han Chinese Peoples — Shenxianism]. 15928: 15422: 15409: 15396: 14987: 13359:'precious volumes' from the north, does not occur in the names of southern deities." 10224:), is widely used in esoteric and mystical literature. For example, an excerpt from 8349:, literally "gatherings at the temple", are "collective rituals to greet the gods" ( 8063:", and is used for temples of any of the deities of polytheism. Other terms include 7791:

A variety of practices are concerned with personal well-being and spiritual growth.

7129:). His human incarnation, the "Yellow Emperor (or Deity) of the Mysterious Origin" ( 4746: 3396:) originally formulated by Taoists. According to classical theology he manifests in 1890:

name, but I propose to call it Siniticism. It is the native ancient religion of the

18557: 18516: 18330: 18325: 18275: 18191: 18161: 18090: 18054: 18032: 17897: 17747: 17717: 17618: 17613: 17204: 17199: 17105: 16591: 16437: 16357: 16190: 16062: 15804: 15483: 15258: 15215: 15172: 15085: 15049: 14975: 14637: 14614: 13801: 13265: 11411: 10437: 10320: 10305: 10276: 10253: 10225: 10214: 10166: 10155: 10144: 10133: 10116: 10105: 10094: 10083: 10072: 10061: 10050: 10022: 10011: 10000: 9971: 9960: 9949: 9938: 9927: 9916: 9905: 9792: 9737: 9705: 9638: 9625: 9612: 9595: 9589:—"Yellow Heaven" or "Shining Heaven", when it is venerated as the lord of creation; 9582: 9561: 9447: 9432: 9415: 9402: 9388: 9375: 9358: 9296: 9267: 9209: 9194: 9180: 9172: 9154: 9142: 9119: 9111: 9100: 9075: 9064: 9053: 8971: 8887: 8828: 8734: 8720: 8692: 8592: 8524:

dimension of Chinese folk religion, whose rituals and temples interweave a form of

8430: 8419: 8387: 8376: 8365: 8361: 8350: 8339: 8314: 8260: 8249: 8238: 8227: 8216: 8205: 8183: 8168: 8147: 8134: 8119: 8108: 8104: 8090: 8075: 8064: 8056: 8045: 8034: 8023: 8012: 7998: 7979: 7960: 7946: 7935: 7884: 7863: 7792: 7739: 7664: 7653: 7642: 7631: 7620: 7596: 7579: 7555: 7542: 7512: 7498: 7478: 7461: 7448: 7436: 7412: 7377: 7351: 7343: 7331: 7320: 7287: 7276: 7268: 7256: 7244: 7232: 7220: 7208: 7192: 7180: 7130: 7119: 7099: 7088: 7073: 7055: 7024: 7013: 6999: 6976: 6953: 6941: 6925: 6913: 6901: 6886: 6865: 6846: 6798: 6787: 6776: 6761: 6683: 6638: 6596: 6579: 6546: 6541:) turtle (an expression for coming first in the examinations), and pointing at the 6534: 6522: 6503: 6487: 6450: 6317: 6306: 6295: 6279: 6271: 6267: 6249: 6186: 6173: 6162: 6143: 6086:

in the key birthplaces of the Chinese culture. It has links with the government of

6016: 5978: 5960: 5949: 5940:, virtually all of the "redemptive societies" operate freely since the late 1980s. 5926: 5914: 5902: 5857: 5842: 5827: 5808: 5784: 5776: 5733: 5718: 5707: 5696: 5685: 5660: 5583: 5569: 5557: 5545: 5526: 5492: 5480: 5464: 5438: 5423: 5412: 5378: 5351: 5247: 5239: 5214: 5206: 5188: 5105: 5061: 5046: 5035: 5024: 5017: 5009: 4998: 4963: 4933: 4921: 4895: 4883: 4867: 4843: 4835: 4824: 4813: 4750: 4702: 4691: 4676: 4665: 4654: 4643: 4629: 4618: 4603:, divine energy, is believed to accumulate in certain places, temples, making them 4547: 4539: 4482: 4448: 4424: 4366: 4341:

reduces the conflictual potential of guilt and pride, and preserves social harmony.

4326: 4294: 4270: 4246: 4171: 4152: 4118: 4107: 4065: 3965: 3916: 3760: 3746: 3689: 3677: 3640: 3629: 3604: 3572: 3526: 3472: 3443: 3430: 3418: 3401: 3386: 3375: 3370:

became a more abstract and impersonal idea of God. A popular representation is the

3337: 3309: 3296: 3237: 3226: 3215: 3206: 3166: 3152: 3138: 3120: 3104: 2893:

have produced a great body of popular mythological and theological literature, the

2709: 2658: 2631: 2409: 2398: 2371: 2354: 2189: 1779:), is a seldom used term taken by scholars in colonial Taiwan from Japanese during 1040: 953: 775: 744: 739: 548: 493: 348: 82: 34: 16289: 15841: 13355:

to the names of deities, found already in Ming period sectarian scriptures called

5670:). They emerged from the common religion but are not part of the lineage cult of 4455: 1283:), moral reciprocity; together with two traditional concepts of fate and meaning: 18358: 18295: 18140: 18085: 17966: 17214: 17017: 16894: 16866: 16844: 16822: 16800: 16731: 16669: 16633: 16521: 16420: 16310: 16233: 16131: 15976: 15940: 15895: 15862: 15808: 15772: 15703: 15650: 15596: 15563: 15544:

An Introduction to the Philosophy and Religion of Taoism: Pathways to Immortality

15542: 15438: 15429: 15416: 15403: 15380: 15369: 15358: 15347: 15336: 15321: 15106: 15089: 14825: 14680: 14660: 14626: 14593: 14535:

Social Scientific Study of Religion in China: Methodology, Theories, and Findings

14449: 13664: 13628: 13547: 13093: 12843: 12832: 12800: 12700: 12674: 11808: 11569:

Didier, 2009. Represented in vol. III, discussed throughout vols. I, II, and III.

11549: 11543:

Guodian: The Newly Discovered Seeds of Chinese Religious and Political Philosophy

11542: 11028: 10860: 10538: 9019: 8967: 8929: 8706: 8274: 7994: 7904: 7807:

realm inconceivable and incomprehensible by normal humans and even Confucius and

7486: 7431:

Adam Yuet Chau identifies five styles or modalities of "doing" Chinese religion:

7147: 6745: 6514:("Chief Star"), the god of exams, composed of the characters describing the four 6201: 6150:) focusing on ancestral gods, while the folk religion of central-northern China ( 5681: 5636: 5069: 4906: 4565: 4210: 4209:

Altar to the Stone Generals, protective deities, at the Kantai Tianhou Temple in

3260:

by extension is source of moral meaning, as seen in the political principle, the

2942: 2885: 2585: 2445: 1489: 949: 906: 692: 543: 133: 13086: 8610:

have spread successfully among Southeast Asian Chinese. They include especially

7327:) is identified by some scholars as an emanation of the northern cult of Bixia. 6829: 6457:"lords of the Tao") and it forms an established important aspect of the broader 6369: 6193:), involving processions and pilgrimages, and led by indigenous ritual masters ( 5277:

and spirit" of peoples. The Chinese Society for Shamanic Studies was founded in

4610:

Another example Zavidovskaya cites is the cult of the god Zhenwu in Congluo Yu,

3600: 3450:, the "reason", "order" of Heaven, that is to say the pattern through which the 1016: 18425: 18420: 18249: 18229: 18206: 18145: 17892: 17652: 17368: 17093: 17078: 17032: 16961: 15657:, Wiley Blackwell Companions to Religion, vol. 82, John Wiley & Sons, 15262: 15219: 13605:

Of Canons and Commodities: The Cultural Predicaments of Nuosu-Yi "Bimo Culture"

13521: 13269: 10682: 10495:

Zhuo, Xinping (2014). "Civil Society and the Multiple Existence of Religions".

10315:

in Chinese is an entire semantic field meaning the shape of a "dipper", as the

8603: 8596: 8059:"; it is the general Chinese term that is translated with the general Western " 7847: 7825: 7409: 7339: 7187:"Blue Dawn"), the daughter or female consort of the Green God of Mount Tai, or 7175: 6961: 6574:, meaning that many deities are worshipped as part of what has been defined as 6374: 6347: 6287: 6155: 6083: 6064: 5879: 5812: 5796: 5748: 5744: 5518: 5517:

of Taoism are deeply interwoven with the Chinese folk religion, especially the

5514: 5400: 5346: 5288:

religious movement, and it is interethnic but also intimately connected to the

5160: 5078: 4959: 4799: 4584: 3927: 3776: 3397: 3345: 2922: 2737: 2687: 2683: 2608: 2511: 2227: 1923:), that is the balance of forces in a given community. Professor Han Bingfang ( 1851: 1123: 1115: 1111: 973: 961: 763: 751: 523: 488: 117: 16509: 14979: 14308:

Tao Te Ching: The Essential Translation of the Ancient Chinese Book of the Tao

13256:

Goossaert, Vincent (2011). "Is There a North China Religion? A Review Essay".

11040:. China Academic Library. Vol. 2. Springer Science & Business Media. 9723: 9691: 9682: 9673: 9664: 8572: 8302: 8248:("house"), originally of imperial officials, which is a rarely used term; and 7158: 6266:

has unique characteristics deriving from the interaction of Han religion with

5936:, "Plum Flowers"), that has become very popular throughout northern China. In 5695:), while modern Chinese scholarship describes them as "folk religious sects" ( 5148: 1020:

Altar to the Five Officials worshipped inside the Temple of the Five Lords in

18536: 18481: 18353: 18201: 18130: 17878: 17732: 17361: 17282: 17247: 17125: 17098: 16210: 16194: 15497: 15053: 15006: 13277: 12708:, vol. 1, nos. 1–2. Ohio State University, 1993, updated in 2006. pp. 104–106 12459: 9982: 9569: 9499: 9477:

it is used as the title of the first God from whom all the other gods derive.

9397: 9135: 8198: 8194: 8179: 8130: 7817: 7444: 6881: 6838: 6634: 6619:

doctrinal terms, the Chinese view of gods is related to the understanding of

6442: 6343: 6091: 5887: 5228: 5084: 4791: 4464: 4277:), the personal destiny or given condition of a being in his world, in which 4148: 4095:

of men who are properly cultivated and honoured after their death are upheld

3729: 3329: 3321: 2839: 2378:, "immortal"). Some cults such as that of Liu Zhang, a king in what is today 2367: 1647: 1528:

proposed include "Chinese native religion" or "Chinese indigenous religion" (

538: 388: 16280: 14574:

People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011

10933:

Imperial Politics and Symbolics in Ancient Japan: The Tenmu Dynasty, 650–800

9228: 6590:", a worldview in which divinity is inherent to the world itself. The gods ( 18521: 18452: 18211: 18176: 18105: 17598: 17277: 17237: 17083: 17073: 16665: 16603: 14311: 14303: 13892: 11359: 11009:

Religion in China: Universism a Key to the Study of Taoism and Confucianism

10178: 9892: 9542:—the "Heavenly Venerable", also a title for high gods in Taoist theologies; 9350: 9252: 9245: 9222: 9202: 9179:("Deity"), and later words meaning something "on high" or "top", including 8881: 8688: 8639: 8555: 7900: 7808: 7780: 7114: 6949: 6933: 6897: 6857: 6515: 6415: 6359: 6116: 5792: 5760: 5503: 5301: 5289: 5235: 5164: 5152: 4460: 4444: 4242: 4146:), are exalted among the highest divine manifestations or immortal beings ( 4143: 3791: 3510: 3371: 3359: 3270: 2812: 2806: 2741: 2675: 2515: 2498: 2494: 2386: 1862: 1855: 1654: 1338: 1157: 1106: 1091: 1079: 997: 816: 727: 623: 301: 89: 15488: 15471: 14537:, eds. Fenggang Yang and Graeme Lang, 133–165, Leiden: Brill, 2011. p. 134 10441: 9759: 9556:, manifesting in the three forms of dominance, destiny and nature. In the 9488:—the "August Personage of Heaven": In the "Poem of Fathoming Profundity" ( 7538:, processions, and religious communities) in "social comings and goings" ( 6402:

Chinese religion has both influenced, and in turn has been influenced by,

6082:

The Weixinist Church, whose headquarters are in Taiwan, is also active in

5882:

is an organised folk religion founded in the 16th century, present in the

3699:, "extending, expanding") is translated as "gods" or "spirits". There are 3248:

Confucians, Taoists, and other schools of thought share basic concepts of

2349:, the ancient Chinese religion mostly consisted of people organising into 1816:

referring to the divine order of nature. Around the time of the spread of

18471: 18442: 18430: 18312: 18285: 18244: 17977: 17313: 17193: 17189: 17037: 16608:

Cultural Politics in a Global Age: Uncertainty, Solidarity and Innovation

12605:

Mair, Victor H.; Steinhardt, Nancy Shatzman; Goldin, Paul Rakita (2005).

9866: 9701: 9304: 9284: 9275: 8995: 8710: 8667: 8615: 8611: 7899:

Examples of temples from two different parts of China: the Temple of the

7672: 7316: 7035: 6741: 6434: 6237: 6132: 6068: 5838: 5800: 5772: 5656: 5652: 5255: 5156: 5073: 4774: 4334: 3831: 3708: 3145:), the breath or substance of which all things are made; the practice of 3113:

Fan and Chen summarise four spiritual, cosmological, and moral concepts:

2790: 2671: 2667: 2547: 2456:

many temples were used as barracks by soldiers and destroyed in warfare.

2346: 2231: 2182: 1891: 1821: 1461:", is the "medium" of the two states and the inchoate order of creation. 1332: 1145: 1067: 1036: 1001: 977: 756: 715: 442: 16049:"Sect and Secularism in Reading the Modern Chinese Religious Experience" 14818: 11038:

English Writings of Hu Shih: Chinese Philosophy and Intellectual History

11021: 8129:("ancestor shrine"). These terms are also used for temples dedicated to 7361:) is most frequently attributed to Mazu and Doumu (the cosmic goddess). 6740:

Statue and ceremonial complex of the Yellow and Red Gods, from whom the

4162:

In fact, in the Chinese tradition there is no distinction between gods (

2482:

By 1899, 400 syncretic temples that combined folk religion elements and

1882:(the great beginning, the highest ultimate), yin and yang'—are formed". 1598:

spirit worship), which prompted Alan J. A. Elliott to suggest the term "

18373: 18363: 18290: 17907: 17657: 17184: 17137: 17047: 16449: 16369: 16173: 16067: 16048: 15736: 15315:

Les classiques des sciences sociales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi

12694:"Shamanistic Studies in China: A Preliminary Survey of the Last Decade" 12667: 11351: 10316: 10193: 9746: 9371: 9127: 8525: 8325: 7535: 7520: 7104: 7084: 7069: 6969: 6571: 6542: 6430: 6383: 6233:

has been analysed as an area of rapid growth of folk Confucian groups.

5756: 5675: 5606: 5597:

within the fabric of society, are not considered Taoist priests by the

5434: 5278: 4855: 4783: 4779: 4420: 4100: 3955: 3943: 3591: 3363: 2581:

the ancient Chinese religion was very well-preserved but controlled by

2502: 2468: 2464: 2361:) who worshipped their godly principle. In many cases the "lord of the 2286: 2037: 1624:, and suggests it is logical to use "Chinese Religion". "Shenxianism" ( 1063: 720: 400: 16344: 10842:

Borders of Chinese Civilization: Geography and History at Empire's End

7575:

A simple form of individual practice is to show respect for the gods (

7472:(wise), through the practice of different "technologies of the self" ( 6286:"riding for the immortals") shamanism, the worship of foxes and other 4447:, and has spread over the last few decades among mainland Chinese and 3292:

is defined in many ways, with many names, the most widely known being

18307: 18234: 18039: 17702: 17687: 17450: 17347: 17115: 13644:

Bai Bin, "Daoism in Graves". In Pierre Marsone, John Lagerwey, eds.,

12794:

Religion and Society. A Summary of French Studies on Chinese Religion

11031:(Shanghai: China Institute of Pacific Relations, 1931), reprinted in 10531: 10291: 9871: 9810: 9553: 9123: 9046: 9004: 8865: 8850: 8619: 8547: 8441: 8307: 7714: 7588: 7531: 7424: 7163: 6749: 6587: 6426: 6363: 6226: 6056: 6010: 5998: 5922: 5823: 5768: 5752: 5609:" (filling) character in opposition to professional Taoists who are " 5386: 4787: 4761: 3866: 3850: 3704: 3283: 2853: 2838:) is a set of Confucianised doctrines compiled in the Han dynasty by 2800: 2698: 2679: 2555: 2472: 2460: 2408:, "Elephant-Head God") is attested in the year 531. Pollination from 2365:" was the god of the earth, and in others a deified virtuous person ( 2257: 1426: 1141: 1071: 851: 834: 590: 430: 423: 164: 16901: 16441: 16361: 15705:

Early Chinese Religion: Part One: Shang Through Han (1250 BC-220 AD)

13788: 13776:

Relax, You're Already Home: Everyday Taoist Habits For A Richer Life

11728: 11726: 9755: 6334:

In recent years there has also been an assimilation of deities from

5295: 4004:, stretching and moving intelligently in order to grasp things. The 3222:('top'), the highest and unexceeded. It derives from the characters 18511: 18476: 18317: 18181: 17120: 17027: 16702: 14065:. pp. 149–150; some goddesses are enlisted in the note 18 at p. 191 13924: 13020:

Goossaert, Palmer. 2011. p. 347, quote: " ... a number of ...

9729: 9714: 9260: 8953: 8902: 8818: 8716: 8580: 8512:

Folk temple on the rooftop of a commercial building in the city of

8293: 7908: 7749:) and Dragon Gods, and offering to them requires animal sacrifice. 7524: 7494: 7489:, charitable acts for merit, memorisation and recitation of texts); 7200: 7167: 7098:) is of peculiar importance, as he is a form of the universal God ( 6995: 6937: 6729: 6230: 5671: 5488: 5362: 5331: 5285: 4971: 4795: 4468: 4440: 4432: 4411: 4321: 4265: 4200: 4196: 4130: 4096: 3935: 3615: 3350: 3325: 3161: 2691: 2531: 2425: 2390: 2379: 2293: 2285:

describes the ancient Chinese religion, adopting the definition of

2185: 1817: 1587: 1583: 1482: 1309: 1285: 1261: 1127: 1087: 901: 418: 325: 313: 185: 103: 14844: 14842: 12767:, vol. 37, no. 3, 2011, pp. 286–314. DOI: 10.1177/0097700411398574 11590: 11588: 11586: 11584: 8193:("to contemplate or observe the Dao"), it is used exclusively for 6244:

orders), which since the 1990s has developed quickly in the area.

5747:; foundation by a charismatic figure; direct divine revelation; a 2535: 18486: 18447: 18435: 18415: 18135: 18049: 17692: 17354: 17174: 17022: 16113:

The Spirits are Drunk: Comparative Approaches to Chinese Religion

15016:

Miraculous Response: Doing Popular Religion in Contemporary China

12493: 11723: 11033: 10285: 9602:—"Vast Heaven", with regard to the vastness of its vital breath ( 9573: 9344: 9149:("square"). Gao Hongjin and other scholars trace the modern word 9083: 8957: 8855: 8521: 8513: 8493: 8467: 8445: 8297: 7704: 7616:

Deities can also be respected through moral deeds in their name (

7457: 7420: 7397: 6876: 6660: 6511: 6470: 6355: 6182: 6072: 5610: 5506:

was established with the contribution of many Confucian leaders.

5472: 5405: 5370: 4967: 4891: 4879: 4592: 4588: 4569: 4557:, "divine energy" or "effervescence"), the evidence of the holy. 4306: 4234: 3931: 3800: 3734: 3568: 3305: 2895: 2873: 2641:

Instead of signaling the demise of traditional ancient religion,

2551: 2523: 2519: 2433: 2394: 2253: 2200: 1886: 1830: 1825: 1650:"), is a term partly inspired by Elliott's neologism, "Shenism". 1494: 1417: 1135: 1005: 957: 839: 685: 456: 435: 393: 318: 270: 17847: 16887: 13014: 12425:

Mao, Zedong; Reynolds Schram, Stuart; Hodes, Nancy Jane (1992).

10967:

Essentials of Shinto: An Analytical Guide to Principal Teachings

10046:). He also describes shamans or media known by different names: 9025: 8360:) that are held at the temples on various occasions such as the 6991: 6225:

alone aggregated at least 25% of the population of the state of

6204:, of which the northern one is composed of more ancient gods of 3942:

Like all things in matter, the human soul is characterised by a

3614:, the "Numinous Palace by the Brook in the Land of Springs", in 18459: 18300: 17603: 17442: 17323: 17257: 17209: 17169: 17164: 17052: 17042: 16312:

The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society

15935:

Original preserved at The British Library. Digitalised in 2014.

15810:

Within the Four Seas...: Introduction to Comparative Philosophy

15201:"Confucius and the Mediums: Is There a "Popular Confucianism"?" 14839: 13622:"On the Nature and Transmission of Bimo Knowledge in Liangshan" 13396: 12318: 12286: 11581: 10969:. Resources in Asian Philosophy and Religion. Greenwood, 1994. 10738: 10717: 10174: 9877: 9849: 9839: 9815: 9781:). One way this has been commonly expressed is in terms of the 9777: 9696: 9695:(work, art, craft, artisan, bladed weapon, square and compass; 9279: 8948: 8702: 8532: 8474:, Taoism is the statistical religion of 33% of the population. 8471: 8060: 7924: 7920: 7916: 7609: 7568: 7551: 7474: 7385: 7364: 7142: 6395: 6387: 6291: 6124: 6120: 6111: 6051: 6049:) is a religion primarily focused on the "orthodox lineages of 6024: 5994: 5937: 5891: 5883: 5816: 5651:

China has a long history of sect traditions characterised by a

5323: 5305: 4982:

People gather for a worship ceremony at an ancestral shrine in

4765: 4611: 4528: 4503: 4490: 4436: 4416: 4218: 4214: 3806: 3794:

thought, the supreme God and its order and the multiplicity of

3787: 3771: 3662: 3619: 3463: 3434: 3086: 3064: 3042: 3020: 2996: 2829: 2795: 2779: 2757: 2721: 2702: 2646: 2626: 2578: 2539: 2486:

with Buddhist, Taoist, and/or Confucianist gods existed on the

2429: 2235: 2149: 2131: 2110: 2092: 2071: 2053: 2027: 2009: 1980: 1970: 1952: 1835: 1812: 1795: 1770: 1752: 1734: 1716: 1698: 1680: 1662: 1633: 1611: 1573: 1555: 1537: 1511: 1478: 1458: 1444: 1392: 1368: 1350: 1322: 1298: 1274: 1250: 1226: 1184: 1119: 1095: 1025: 1021: 1009: 981: 768: 633: 306: 14426: 14424: 14422: 14420: 14418: 14357: 14174: 14172: 13443:

Action-Taking Gods: Animal Spirit Shamanism in Liaoning, China

13024:(such as Xiantiandao in southern China and Hongyangism ]: 12379: 12377: 12375: 12373: 12371: 12369: 12367: 12365: 12363: 12353: 12351: 12349: 12347: 12345: 12343: 12316: 12314: 12312: 12310: 12308: 12306: 12304: 12302: 12300: 12298: 11674:

Early Chinese Religion I: Shang Through Han (1250 BC – 220 AD)

10988:

Ming China, 1368–1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire

7146:

civility, of marriage and morality, language and lineage, and

6842:

explaining "deity" as "what faces the base of a melon fruit".

5728:), abandoning the derogatory term used by imperial officials, 1425:, to represent the natural forces and power that deities like 18464: 17555: 17297: 17179: 17148: 17110: 17057: 16981: 15171:. International Symposium on Mazu and Chinese folk religion ( 13968: 13882: 13870: 12531: 12529: 12386: 10822: 10248: 9904:

The main axis of the Taoist Temple of Fortune and Longevity (

9775:

from an external god, but evolves from the primordial chaos (

9256: 9249: 8536: 8449: 8118:(either "temple" or "shrine", meaning a sacred enclosure) or 8086: 7912: 7829: 7188: 6921: 6909: 6753: 6721: 6438: 6351: 6095: 6087: 5875: 5644: 4987: 4842:

originally meant the altar of a community's earth god, while

4803: 4494: 3584:(a mountain growing to Heaven and a square as its order) and 2879: 2642: 2543: 2483: 2313: 2309: 2278: 2249: 2204: 1839: 1810:'the Way of the Gods') is a term already used in the 1454: 1422: 1131: 1099: 15397:

Volume I: The Ancient Eurasian World and the Celestial Pivot

14949:

Chinese Gods : An Introduction to Chinese Folk Religion

14645:

Management change in the situation of mainland folk religion

12668:

Antagonistic Discourses on Shamanic Folklore in Modern China

12561: 12559: 12013: 12011: 12009: 11409: 11264: 11262: 10660: 10658: 10656: 10654: 6771:) in the Chinese cultural tradition reflect a hierarchical, 6197:) who are often hereditary and linked to secular authority. 4507:

states that "spiritual means not measured by yin and yang".

3479:("Way") denotes in one concept both the impersonal absolute 2561:

These policies were the background for those implemented by

1915:

is the crucial factor for a harmonious "religious ecology" (

996:("River Lord"), the god (Heshen, "River god") of the sacred 18410: 18022: 17242: 17154: 17132: 16976: 14415: 14228: 14169: 13980: 13646:

Modern Chinese Religion I: Song-Liao-Jin-Yuan (960–1368 AD)

12403: 12401: 12360: 12340: 12295: 12106: 12104: 10471: 9733:, ten thousand things, all being, universe). The character 9655: 9653: 9315: 8725: 7812: 6987: 6816: 6611: 6200:

Northern and southern folk religions also have a different

5640: 5395: 5366: 4778:) of a locality or a certain aspect of nature (for example 4604: 4238: 4138: 3586: 3429:(1996) translates it as "stuff" of "psychophysical stuff". 3192: 3115: 2844: 2527: 2330: 1866: 1667: 1171: 1126:

worship, and other forms of local worship, for example the

993: 266: 16860:

The future of China's past: An interview with Mayfair Yang

15598:

Popular Belief in Contemporary China: A Discourse Analysis

15440:

Vietnamese Supernaturalism: Views from the Southern Region

14651:, July 2014, n. 500. Pu Shi Institute for Social Science: 14402:

The Emergence of a New Urban China: Insiders' Perspectives

12775: 12773: 12526: 12152: 12150: 12148: 10679:

World Religions: The Great Faiths Explored & Explained

9492:), transcribed in "The History of the Later Han Dynasty" ( 9096:

discusses different etymologies which trace the character

8602:

The most important deity among Southeast Asian Chinese is

5993:. According to scholars, Tiandi teachings derive from the 5791:"Way of the Nine Palaces"), various proliferations of the 5198:; properly shamanic, with control over the gods) from the 4028:) that is totally independent of corporeal substance. The 3703:

of nature; gods who were once people, such as the warrior

3098: 17697: 16217:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 75–95. 14510: 14508: 14150: 14148: 14013: 13674: 13672: 12588: 12586: 12556: 12258: 12256: 12254: 12239: 12217: 12215: 12202: 12200: 12076: 12074: 12072: 12070: 12068: 12006: 11439: 11437: 11435: 11393: 11391: 11259: 11222: 10651: 9320: 8860: 7804: 6217:

and shamanism, as well as their scriptural transmission.

5534: 3468: 2980:'"Yellow Emperor's Book of the Hidden Symbol"'). 846: 204: 190: 176: 16266:"Zhongguo Hanren zifadi zongjiao shijian: Shenxianjiao" 14703: 14550:. Government of Information Office. 2006. Archived from 14068: 13816: 13814: 13339:, etc., based on the name of the chief sectarian deity, 12902: 12892: 12890: 12888: 12398: 12101: 11996: 11994: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11986: 11973: 11971: 11969: 11967: 11965: 11847: 11845: 11843: 11841: 11775: 11773: 11754: 11752: 11750: 11133: 11131: 11129: 11127: 11093: 10774: 10750: 10613: 10611: 10609: 10607: 10594: 10592: 10590: 10588: 10575: 10573: 10283:, "altar", the Chinese concept equivalent of the Indian 10162:; p. 91). Further (p. 76), he discusses for example the 9650: 8882:

Other non-Sino-Tibetan ethnic religions present in China

7519:) results through simple ritual and magical techniques ( 5819:

schools are developments of the same religious context.

5811:, the latter two focused respectively on the worship of 4741: 3770:, "return, contraction"), chaotic beings. A disciple of 1035:

comprises a range of traditional religious practices of

16816:

Chinese religions in comparative historical perspective

14481: 13405:

Local Communal Religion in Contemporary Southeast China

12770: 12424: 12145: 12116: 11868: 11866: 11713: 11711: 11476: 11474: 11472: 11470: 11468: 11466: 11464: 11310: 11308: 11306: 11304: 11302: 11245:. Versailles, Kentucky: Sheridan Kentucky. p. 44. 11241:

Pearson, Patricia O'Connell; Holdren, John (May 2021).

11166: 11164: 11114: 11112: 11110: 11108: 11071: 11069: 10151:(possessed by immortals; pp. 88–89); or "godly sages" ( 8492:, while among the rest of the population only 6.3% are 8044:

Pertaining to Chinese religion the most common term is

7834: 7731:

ancestors are made outside temples. Yearly sacrifices (

6695: 6621: 5986: 4698:). Gods may also speak to people when they are asleep ( 3196: 3133: 1205: 1062:

of places or natural phenomena, of human behaviour, or

277: 14505: 14493: 14269: 14267: 14265: 14263: 14261: 14248: 14246: 14244: 14242: 14240: 14218: 14216: 14214: 14201: 14199: 14197: 14195: 14193: 14145: 14135: 14133: 14120: 14118: 14116: 13742: 13740: 13738: 13736: 13723: 13721: 13696: 13694: 13692: 13690: 13688: 13686: 13684: 13669: 12974: 12583: 12571: 12544: 12330: 12328: 12251: 12227: 12212: 12197: 12175: 12173: 12171: 12169: 12167: 12165: 12135: 12133: 12131: 12065: 11955: 11953: 11951: 11486: 11432: 11388: 11376: 11332: 11320: 10865: 10044:

Ritual and Music of North China: Shawm Bands in Shanxi

9771:

In common Chinese cosmology, the world is not created

9576:

explains that the designation of Heaven is quintuple:

9232:). Didier further links the Chinese astral square and 8982:

Hong Kong Government Lunar New Year kau chim tradition

8844: 7997:. Another term now mostly associated with Buddhism is 7044:

five constellations rotating around the celestial pole

6362:

whose mythology is embodied as a culturally important

5743:

They are characterised by several elements, including

5123: 4736: 4672:), through individual worship, reverence and respect ( 3877:

are expansions and contractions, going and coming, of

3830:". In other texts, with a tradition going back to the 1865:", that is a system of universal application, that is 15774:

Popular Religion in Modern China: The New Role of Nuo

14807:(June–September 1988), Nanzan University. pp. 199–221 14400:

Zai Liang, Steven Messner, Cheng Chen, Youqin Huang.

13178:

Grand Master Hun Yuan leads Weixinism for world peace

13138: 12986: 12962: 12950: 12938: 12926: 12914: 12885: 12853: 12851: 12741: 11983: 11962: 11941: 11939: 11937: 11935: 11933: 11907: 11905: 11883: 11881: 11838: 11770: 11747: 11522: 11510: 11498: 11210: 11124: 10604: 10585: 10570: 10392: 10101:("practitioners of the incense way"; p. 85); village 9645:—"Deep-Green Heaven", for it being unfathomably deep. 8461:

social and political functions in China's transition.

5867:), that is the cosmological state of created things. 5112:) is observed nationally with large-scale rituals on 4285:

defines both "circumstance" and "individual choice";

3865:

said that they are "traces of the creative process".

1335:", good and bad chances and potential relationships. 152: 138: 122: 108: 94: 14727: 14691: 13374: 12483: 11890: 11863: 11708: 11696: 11659: 11657: 11461: 11449: 11299: 11161: 11105: 11081: 11066: 11054: 10877: 10786: 10762: 10380: 9369:("Great Oneness") as identified as the ladle of the 8812: 8629: 6180:, "association"), which organise temple ceremonies ( 5453:

Way of the Gods according to the Confucian Tradition

4281:

is "life" or "right", the given status of life, and

3834:, the gods and spirits are explained to be names of 2842:, discussing politics in accordance with a personal 1235:), the breath or energy that animates the universe; 16294:. Council for Research in Values & Philosophy. 15537:, 2014. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195338522.013.024 14598: 14279: 14258: 14237: 14211: 14190: 14130: 14113: 13830: 13733: 13718: 13706: 13681: 12325: 12185: 12162: 12128: 11948: 6559: 6370:"Taoised" indigenous religions of ethnic minorities 6101: 5437:" ritual style) led by Confucian "sages of rites" ( 4877:

These societies organise gatherings and festivals (

4863:

Mao also distinguished the sacrifice associations (

4443:-style worship of Simianshen has its origins among 4389: 1943:). Distorted names are "superstitious activities" ( 1657:scholars Yao Wendong and Chen Jialin used the term 16707:St. Petersburg Annual of Asian and African Studies 16343: 16115:. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. 15900:. Religious Studies in Contemporary China. Brill. 15701: 15655:The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Chinese Religions 15140: 15113:, New York: Palgrave-MacMillan, pp. 141–156, 15109:, in Schmidt-Leukel, Perry; Joachim Gentz (eds.), 14715: 14347: 14345: 14343: 14341: 14339: 14337: 14335: 14333: 14331: 13930: 13553: 13386: 13362: 13087:Christianity and the Taiwanese Religious Landscape 12848: 11930: 11902: 11878: 11732: 10798: 10205:) in its way of manifestation, order of creation ( 9970:), and a Temple of the (God of) Thriving Culture ( 9758:etymologically means "gnomon", "generator", while 9331: 9329: 9130:revolving around it; historically a symbol of the 7508:Immediate practical: aiming at quick efficacious ( 6469:("scripture sages") priests among the Yi peoples. 5659:character, often called "salvationist religions" ( 5167:. The worship of Genghis is shared by Chinese and 4289:is given and influenced by the transcendent force 3818:are called the Tao ... the unfathomable change of 2607:Chinese government holds ceremony in honor of the 17465:Notes of the Thatched Abode of Close Observations 15631:Challenges and Choices Facing Folk Faith in China 14805:Folk Religion and Religious Organizations in Asia 14686:Interdisciplinary Journal of Research on Religion 14101: 13635:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. 13158:Weixinism propagates Chinese culture and Yi-Ching 12816: 12814: 11654: 11418:. Vol. 1. New York: Proseworks. p. 85. 10889: 9843:of the Greek philosophy and tradition, while the 9762:means "interpreter", "one who makes from within". 8503: 8466:religions like devotion to specific gods such as 8287: 7527:, divine medicine, consulting media and shamans); 5643:, is the headquarters of the Weixinist Church in 5620: 5296:Confucianism, Taoism and orders of ritual masters 1582:) viewed as comparable to the usage of the term " 1383:'spirit') and principles of "returning" ( 18534: 15978:Religions of China: The World as a Living System 15756:(四版五刷 ed.). Taipei: 遠流出版社. pp. 47–49. 13251: 13249: 13247: 13245: 13243: 13241: 13101:, 39, 1999. London Society of Jesus. pp. 129–139 12680:Annals of Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University 10042:and auspicious days"; quoting: S. Jones (2007), 9409:) as "the being that gives birth to all things"; 5128: 4820:(literally "society of a god"), synonymous with 4760:, the "First Great Temple by the Riverside", in 4501:in the meaning of "spiritual" is a synonym. The 3988:, animal soul that is associated with the body. 3651:, not material things in themselves. Yin is the 2916:Recent discovery of ancient books, such as the " 2454:Japanese invasion of China between 1937 and 1945 2304:), the latter referring to the doctrinal sects. 1671:beliefs in Japan. Other terms are "folk cults" ( 16428:Teiser, Stephen F. (1995). "Popular Religion". 16085:Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore 15561: 14848: 14631: 14363: 14328: 13515: 13513: 13511: 13509: 13507: 13433: 13041: 13039: 13037: 12711: 12661: 12659: 12657: 12480:. The China Quarterly No. 174 (Jun. 2003), 360. 11285:, Mumbai: Project for Indian Cultural Studies, 11186:. India Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 2010. 10810: 10644: 10642: 10213:). The symbol, also called the Gate of Heaven ( 9439:, the "Deity of Heaven" or "Emperor of Heaven". 9326: 7915:; and the Holy Temple of the Highest Mother in 6814:(meaning a generative principle, "spirit") and 4511:is the state of the "medium" of the bivalency ( 4055:To extend life to its full potential the human 2871:'Book of the Way and its Virtue'), the 16345:"Chinese Religion in Malaysia: A General View" 14674:Folk Temples and the Chinese Religious Economy 14671:Graeme Lang, Selina Ching Chan, Lars Ragvald. 13172: 13170: 12811: 11416:The Encyclopedia of American Religious History 11240: 8539:, especially the southern and eastern coasts. 7592:(incense offering), and the exchange of vows ( 6327:)—at the head of pantheons. Otherwise, in the 6063:, and worship of the "three great ancestors" ( 5540:Taoists of the Zhengyi school, who are called 4687:people curing illnesses "on behalf of a god" ( 4564:may be interpreted as the god revealing their 3892: 3842:, forces of contraction and forces of growth. 2848:of whom mankind is viewed as the incarnation. 39:Qing dynasty painting of the Chinese pantheon. 17993: 17863: 17538: 16917: 16736:Chinese Philosophy in an Era of Globalization 16523:Chinese Philosophy in an Era of Globalization 16477:. University of Tokyo Center for Philosophy. 16395:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 16308: 15839: 15507:"The Revival of Indigenous Religion in China" 14578:Religions & Christianity in Today's China 13974: 13914: 13888: 13876: 13238: 13080: 13078: 13076: 13074: 13072: 12608:Hawai'i Reader in Traditional Chinese Culture 11280: 9808:Temples are usually built in accordance with 9537: 9526: 9520:—the "Duke of Heaven" or "General of Heaven"; 9515: 9509:—the "King of Heaven" or "Monarch of Heaven". 9504: 9483: 9462: 7763: 7752: 7722: 6920:"Mother of the Meaning" or "Great Chariot"), 6039:'Holy Religion of the Only Heart' or 4809:The social structure of this religion is the 3938:. It is a place for the worship of ancestors. 3853:wrote that they are "the inherent potential ( 3320:is especially rooted in the tradition of the 1665:as a definite religious system, but to local 1074:of these gods are collected into the body of 926: 64: 50: 16700: 16638:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 16584:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 16506:Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series 16231: 15685:In Search of the Folk Daoists of North China 15287:Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture 14902:The Heritage of Non-Theistic Belief in China 14796:Dejiao: A Chinese Religion in Southeast Asia 14451:Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture 14430: 13504: 13034: 12822:Encyclopedia of Contemporary Chinese Culture 12654: 11197: 11022:"Religion and Philosophy in Chinese History" 10639: 10173:, ceremonies of thanksgiving to the gods in 9531:—the "Prince of Heaven" or "Lord of Heaven"; 9107:to the astral square or its ellipted forms, 8409: 7703:Tray for offering sacrifices, on display in 7534:, making vows, organising temple festivals, 7373:Procession with a traveling image of a god ( 7365:Worship and modalities of religious practice 5224:) that are practised in northern provinces. 4088:to whom ancestral sacrifices are dedicated. 3490: 16291:Confucian Ethics in Retrospect and Prospect 16054:Archives de sciences sociales des religions 15594: 15535:The Oxford Handbook of Religious Conversion 14946: 13986: 13770: 13768: 13167: 12685: 12420: 12418: 12416: 11356:The Chinese in America: A Narrative History 10918:("Viewing"): "Viewing the Way of the Gods ( 10477: 7054:and the centre), and the five Dragon Gods ( 7050:and the five directions of space (the four 6675:Among those worshipped as immortal heroes ( 6034: 4940:"Village of the Temple of the Horse God"). 4874:) which make sacrifices in honour of gods. 4301:), that is the same as the "divine right" ( 4136:Ancestors are means of connection with the 3798:are identified as one and the same. In the 2975: 2955: 2935: 2908: 2866: 2731: 1861:"Chinese Universism", not in the sense of " 1805: 1402: 1378: 1307:), the personal destiny or burgeoning; and 1194: 18007: 18000: 17986: 17870: 17856: 17545: 17531: 16924: 16910: 16235:Unruly Gods: Divinity and Society in China 16232:Shahar, Meir; Weller, Robert Paul (1996), 15860: 15562:Goossaert, Vincent; Palmer, David (2011). 14777:. National University of Singapore, 2010. 14754:Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Diaspora 14381:Routledge Handbook of the Chinese Diaspora 13905:Five Planets, and zodiac symbols as well." 13414: 13069: 12787: 12785: 12492:, p. 50. Discussing folk religion in 10956:. Routledge, 2005. ASIN: B00ID5TQZY p. 129 10490: 10488: 10486: 9861: 9859: 9395:, the "God of Heaven", interpreted in the 7408:A Taoist rite for ancestor worship at the 6223:Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue 6106: 5342:Folk ritual masters conducting a ceremony. 3567:Yin and yang naturally formed in a log in 3344:) is a term meaning "deity" or "emperor" ( 3324:, which gave prominence to the worship of 2983:Classical books of mythology include the " 1415:("receptiveness") in common religion. The 933: 919: 798:Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue 33: 16309:Sun, Xiaochun; Kistemaker, Jacob (1997). 16066: 15803: 15702:Lagerwey, John; Kalinowski, Marc (2008). 15487: 14566: 14443: 14441: 14439: 13633:Perspectives on the Yi of Southwest China 13614: 13491:Religion and Biography in China and Tibet 13255: 12872:Cambridge Studies in Religious Traditions 12611:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 11283:Gaņeśa: The Enchanter of the Three Worlds 9134:in many cultures), which is the archaic ( 8306:Gathering at a Temple of the City God of 7153: 7118:as the "Yellow Emperor with Four Faces" ( 6411:and lineages of ordained ritual masters. 6350:, there has been a growth of the cult of 6316:) and the Great Lady of the Three Foxes ( 5870:These movements were banned in the early 4076:returns to the earth and disappears, the 4000:) of humans, and it develops through the 3996:) that gives a form to the vital breath ( 3316:(the "Primordial Deity"). The concept of 2181:Communal ceremony at the Great Temple of 1878:and man', and understood ontologically, ' 1421:is used in folk religion, along with the 16288:Shen, Qingsong; Shun, Kwong-loi (2007). 16287: 16129: 16007: 15971: 15926: 15840:Little, Stephen; Eichman, Shawn (2000). 15303: 14487: 14298: 14296: 14294: 14074: 13942: 13820: 13794: 13765: 12644: 12516: 12514: 12413: 12407: 11492: 11443: 11397: 11382: 11338: 11326: 11268: 10560: 10398: 9132:absolute source of the universal reality 8991:Papier-mache offering shops in Hong Kong 8571: 8507: 8413: 8301: 7698: 7439:, Taoist scriptures and morality books); 7403: 7391: 7368: 7315:. In southeastern provinces the cult of 7157: 7023:) or "Five Forms of the Highest Deity" ( 6735: 6715: 6705: 6373: 6110: 5959:) and the Church of the Heavenly Deity ( 5684:has termed them "redemptive societies" ( 5630: 5345: 5337: 5318:Temple of Fortune and Longevity, at the 5313: 5142: 4977: 4953: 4745: 4712: 4454: 4410: 4204: 4184: 4129:. Ancestral worship is intertwined with 3910: 3669:) usually preferred over receptiveness ( 3599: 3362:, which preferred a religion focused on 3200: 2662: 2594: 2419: 2221: 2210: 2176: 1488: 1468: 1015: 987: 967: 944: 18116:Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind 16671:Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach 16209: 16180: 15504: 15469: 14744: 14742: 14526: 14302: 14154: 13519: 13423:Daoism: Religion, History & Society 13380: 13060: 12782: 12592: 12577: 12565: 12550: 12262: 12245: 12233: 12221: 12206: 11504: 11480: 11455: 11314: 11170: 11118: 10617: 10598: 10579: 10483: 10360: 9856: 9168:). This was also the origin of Shang's 8747:Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia 8568:Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia 8165:has borrowed this term from the sects. 8103:Another group of words is used for the 7396:Vows to a deity at a Chinese temple in 6893:"Collected Biographies of Immortals"). 6658:, one of the Confucian four books, the 3099:Core concepts of theology and cosmology 2818:Interactions Between Heaven and Mankind 1838:. The term was subsequently adopted in 18535: 16772:from the original on 24 September 2015 16738:, State University of New York Press, 16581: 16526:. State University of New York Press. 16475:Secularization, Religion and the State 16427: 16380: 16075: 15893: 15648: 15565:The Religious Question in Modern China 15540: 15386: 15111:Religious Diversity in Chinese Thought 14514: 14499: 14436: 14047: 13958: 13848: 13144: 12992: 12980: 12968: 12956: 12944: 12920: 12908: 12896: 12806:Review of Religion and Chinese Society 12000: 11977: 11896: 11872: 11717: 11702: 11528: 11516: 11228: 11216: 10673: 10410: 10386: 9926:) and a Temple of the Three Purities ( 8490:five state-sanctioned religious groups 7993:is a component character of names for 7713:has characters for different types of 5973:The religions focus on the worship of 5459:, schools and fellowships such as the 5455:or phoenix churches (Luanism), or the 4909:, or the cult of the Silkworm Mother. 3411:, "Five Forms of the Highest Deity"). 3176: 2242: 2218:of Buddhist, Daoist, and Folk Deities. 1473:Temple of the City God of Dongmen, in 206: 154: 17981: 17851: 17526: 16931: 16905: 16688:from the original on 15 February 2024 16652:from the original on 15 February 2024 16569:from the original on 12 February 2016 16540:from the original on 15 February 2024 16329:from the original on 15 February 2024 16252:from the original on 15 February 2024 16110: 16046: 15959:from the original on 15 February 2024 15914:from the original on 15 February 2024 15881:from the original on 15 February 2024 15827:from the original on 15 February 2024 15791:from the original on 15 February 2024 15722:from the original on 15 February 2024 15682: 15671:from the original on 15 February 2024 15615:from the original on 15 February 2024 15582:from the original on 15 February 2024 15457:from the original on 15 February 2024 15284: 15241: 15229:from the original on 26 February 2015 15198: 15179:). Boyang, Taipei. pp. 391–412. 15161: 15138: 15127:from the original on 15 February 2024 15013: 14994: 14898: 14887:from the original on 14 December 2015 14864: 14801:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 14468:from the original on 15 February 2024 14447: 14291: 14030:The Daoist Tradition: An Introduction 14002:. University of Chicago Press, 1993. 13468:Mark Juergensmeyer, Wade Clark Roof. 13420: 13368: 13004: 12932: 12747: 12625:from the original on 15 February 2024 12511: 12489: 11350: 11099: 11087: 11075: 11060: 10883: 10828: 10792: 10780: 10768: 10756: 10629: 9915:) has a Temple of the Three Patrons ( 9818:, their collocation within the world. 9712:(shaman, medium) in its archaic form 9205:version of the Shang archaic form of 7828:who eat yin and yang energy and ride 5783:"Way of Former Heaven"), Jiugongdao ( 5533:), literally meaning "masters of the 5068:), congregating people with the same 4742:Worship of local and national deities 4305:) of ancient rulers as identified by 4072:), mind-heart. With death, while the 1082:(960–1279), these practices had been 17951:Indigenous Philippine folk religions 16751: 16729: 16628: 16602: 16519: 16496: 16484:from the original on 10 October 2022 15147:. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. 15104: 15075: 15032: 14965: 14873:, Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 14739: 14733: 14709: 14697: 14107: 14090:. Asian Educational Services, 1932. 14057:. University of Hawaii Press, 2002. 13836: 13439: 13327:, Mother or Venerable Mother, as in 12874:. Cambridge University Press, 2000. 11790:Writing and Authority in Early China 11414:; Shattuck Jr., Gardiner H. (1996). 10935:. University of Hawaii Press, 2009. 10895: 10494: 10263:, together with "emperor" and "god". 9981:). The Fushou Temple belongs to the 9959:), a Temple of the Eight Immortals ( 9799:) by combination and recombination". 7841: 7140:), is said to be the creator of the 6862:Biographies of Deities and Immortals 6154:) hinges on the communal worship of 6094:), and it has also built temples in 5989:, and teach a style of qigong named 5099:, "efficacy". Worship of ancestors ( 2592:to counter the Cultural Revolution. 2583:Republic of China (Taiwan) president 2415: 1869:in Chinese thought, is a coinage of 1259:), the veneration of ancestors; and 17411:Strange Tales from a Chinese Studio 16838:Secular belief, religious belonging 16701:Zavidovskaya, Ekaterina A. (2012). 16664: 16465: 16402:from the original on 24 August 2015 16341: 16263: 16163: 16150:from the original on 5 October 2023 15995:from the original on 9 October 2023 15938: 15734: 15627: 15443:. Anthropology of Asia. Routledge. 14927: 14915:from the original on 9 October 2022 14750:Tianhou and the Chinese in Diaspora 14721: 14529:, p. 8 Citing: Dean, Kenneth. 14377:Tianhou and the Chinese in Diaspora 14285: 14273: 14252: 14222: 14205: 14139: 14124: 13746: 13727: 13712: 13700: 13611:, 43, 2, 145–179. 2014. pp. 146–147 13559: 13528:, Aachen: Herodot, pp. 41–51, 13450:from the original on 1 January 2018 12334: 12191: 12179: 12156: 12139: 12122: 12110: 11205:Secular belief, religious belonging 10871: 10816: 10804: 9071:), and the phonetical etymology as 8845:Other Sino-Tibetan ethnic religions 8807:Taiwanese chicken-beheading rituals 8797:Qing Shan King Sacrificial Ceremony 8561: 8055:graphically meaning a "shrine" or " 7786: 6649:before any physical manifestation. 6441:. "Daogongism" is Taoism among the 6329:religious context of Inner Mongolia 5943: 5267:as well as the male shamans called 5124:Philosophical and ritual modalities 4943: 4737:Types of indigenous—ethnic religion 4475:In Chinese religion the concept of 4225:The Chinese traditional concept of 4080:is thought to be pure awareness or 4044:soul that goes downward, while the 3571:, and in a cosmological diagram as 2432:. To his left there is a statue of 1043:. This includes the veneration of 192:Zung1 gwok3 man4 gaan1 seon3 joeng5 13: 17013:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors 16552: 16414:The Chinese Cosmos: Basic Concepts 16376:from the original on 8 April 2022. 15846:. University of California Press. 15770: 15751: 15523:from the original on 21 April 2021 15436: 14351: 13609:Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 13576:Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 13129:Tiandi jiao: The Daoist Connection 12717: 12520: 12392: 11032: 10990:. Rowman & Littlefield, 2012. 10413:"The Upsurge of Religion in China" 8401:smaller and village-based events. 8375:("communal ritual gatherings") or 7286:; or "Ladies of the Three Skies", 7203:, Goddesses are commonly entitled 6968:, the former conferring them long 6879:(284–343). There's also the older 5751:eschatology and voluntary path of 5350:The Temple of the God of Culture ( 4928:" Temple of the Thunder God") or 3976:is the traditionally "masculine", 3454:develops, that is the polarity of 2162: 960:, dedicated to the worship of the 697: 14: 18569: 17877: 17810:Heterodox teachings (Chinese law) 17432:What the Master Would Not Discuss 16875: 16717:from the original on 8 April 2022 16610:, Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 16386:"The Spirits of Chinese Religion" 15272:from the original on 4 March 2014 14871:Encyclopedia of Religion, 2nd Ed. 11832:Science and Civilisation in China 11553:. Oxford University Press, 2009. 10242:The term "thearch" is from Greek 8918: 8813:Other similar national traditions 8787:List of City God Temples in China 8659:Chinese ritual mastery traditions 8456:According to Yang and Hu (2012): 6760:Gods and immortals (collectively 6486:"Chief Star pointing the Dipper" 6382:(Three Star Gods) represented in 6305:)—Great Lord of the Three Foxes ( 5815:and the universal God. Also, the 5771:and other sects belonging to the 5635:The City of the Eight Symbols in 5385:, "God of Culture") enshrined is 5310:Chinese ritual mastery traditions 4431:"Four-Faced God") in Chinese, in 3984:is the traditionally "feminine", 3980:, rational soul or mind, and the 3719:). In the domain of humanity the 2670:(25–220 AD) Chinese stone-carved 2340: 2270:Deity or temple associations and 1707:), "lived (or living) religion" ( 501:Chinese Folk Temples' Association 18271:Confucian royal ancestral shrine 17837:Huichang Persecution of Buddhism 17666: 17554: 16732:"The Chinese Path to Polytheism" 16596:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2012.01660.x 16391:, in Donald S. Lopez Jr. (ed.), 15894:Lü, Daji; Gong, Xuezeng (2014). 15186:from the original on 23 May 2015 14810: 14787: 14767: 14665: 14619:卢云峰：当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据 14607:'s survey of 2012. Published in 14540: 14520: 14394: 14369: 14181: 14160: 14080: 14022: 13992: 13931:Lagerwey & Kalinowski (2008) 13858: 13752: 13638: 13597: 13565: 13483: 13462: 13343:, the Eternal Venerable Mother. 13312: 13302: 13292: 13221: 13204: 13187: 13150: 13121: 13104: 13054: 12860: 12753: 12732: 12723: 12598: 12470: 12444: 12277: 12268: 12092: 12083: 12056: 12047: 12038: 12029: 12020: 11733:Lagerwey & Kalinowski (2008) 11672:John Lagerwey, Marc Kalinowski. 10511:from the original on 2 May 2014. 10434:National Endowment for Democracy 10411:Madsen, Richard (October 2010). 10352: 10342: 10333: 10298: 10266: 10236: 10184: 9989: 9898: 9884: 9821: 9713: 9288:. Jixu Zhou (2005), also in the 9283: 9227: 9221: 8684:Chinese spiritual world concepts 8632: 8386:("incense gatherings"), while a 8011:Temples can be public, private ( 7877: 7856: 6948:"Queen Mother of the West") and 6560:Theory of hierarchy and divinity 6502: 6264:folk religion of northeast China 6102:Geographic and ethnic variations 5055:Kinship associations or churches 3553: 3544: 3483:and its order of manifestation ( 3205:Tian or Di as the square of the 3159:), the veneration of ancestors; 2173:Chinese spiritual world concepts 1933:rectification of distorted names 900: 482:Lineage associations or churches 377:Chinese spiritual world concepts 250: 17497:The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl 17490:Dong Yong and the Seventh Fairy 16882:China Ancestral Temples Network 16166:Historical Dictionary of Taoism 16098:from the original on 4 May 2014 15653:, in Nadeau, Randall L. (ed.), 15568:. University of Chicago Press. 14951:. Hong Kong: Blacksmith Books. 14867:"Chinese Religion: An Overview" 14032:. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013. 13470:Encyclopedia of Global Religion 12292:Zavidovskaya, 2012. pp. 183–184 12283:Zavidovskaya, 2012. pp. 179–183 11921: 11918:9 October 2022 at Ghost Archive 11854: 11823: 11814: 11782: 11761: 11738: 11687: 11666: 11645: 11633: 11624: 11615: 11606: 11597: 11594:Didier, 2009. Vol. III, pp. 3–6 11572: 11563: 11534: 11403: 11344: 11274: 11234: 11176: 11140: 11014: 11001: 10980: 10959: 10946: 10925: 10901: 10844:. Duke University Press, 1996. 10834: 10699: 10667: 10504:. Vol. 4. pp. 22–23. 9802: 9765: 9426:("The Origin of Vital Breath"); 9039: 8782:Confucian Religion in Indonesia 8418:Temple of the Founding Father ( 8404: 6712:Yellow God incarnation theology 6529:), standing on the head of the 5183:or "Wuism" as it was called by 3915:Temple of the Filial Blessing ( 3783:, the principle of generation. 3009:Record of Heretofore Lost Works 2573:, between 1966 and 1976 of the 2385:From the 3rd century on by the 1411:("act") usually preferred over 577:Chinese communal deity religion 205: 191: 178:Jūng gwok màhn gāan seun yéuhng 177: 17592:Chinese salvationist religions 17458:Records of the Grand Historian 16851:The state of religion in China 16829:The state of religion in China 16807:The state of religion in China 16393:Religions of China in Practice 16238:, University of Hawaii Press, 15981:. New York: Harper & Row. 14947:Chamberlain, Jonathan (2009). 14932:. University of Hawaii Press. 13891:, p. 250. It describes a 13051:. Goethe-Institut China, 2013. 12808:1 (2014), 104–127. pp. 105–106 11820:Didier, 2009. Vol. III, p. 268 11630:Didier, 2009. Vol. III, p. 261 11621:Didier, 2009. Vol. III, p. 256 11243:World History: Our Human Story 10954:A Popular Dictionary of Shinto 10743: 10734: 10722: 10713: 10524: 10515: 10430:Johns Hopkins University Press 10404: 9677:(emperor, sovereign, august), 9474:Records of the Grand Historian 9422:, "God the King", attested in 9153:to the Shang pronunciation of 8674:Chinese salvationist religions 8504:Economy of temples and rituals 8288:Temple networks and gatherings 7487:Taoist inner and outer alchemy 6724:inside the Temple of Doumu in 6045: 6029: 5627:Chinese salvationist religions 5621:Organised folk religious sects 5398:and awakening to its harmony ( 4020:attached to the vital breath ( 3707:; household gods, such as the 3091: 3082: 3069: 3060: 3047: 3038: 3025: 3016: 3001: 2992: 2971: 2951: 2931: 2904: 2862: 2834: 2825: 2784: 2775: 2762: 2753: 2726: 2717: 2569:and taking power in 1949. The 2216:Water and Land Ritual painting 2154: 2145: 2136: 2127: 2115: 2106: 2097: 2088: 2076: 2067: 2058: 2049: 2032: 2023: 2014: 2005: 1997: 1985: 1975: 1966: 1957: 1948: 1940: 1928: 1920: 1908: 1800: 1791: 1775: 1766: 1757: 1748: 1739: 1730: 1721: 1712: 1703: 1694: 1685: 1676: 1638: 1629: 1616: 1607: 1578: 1569: 1560: 1551: 1546:), "Chinese ethnic religion" ( 1542: 1533: 1522:organised folk religious sects 1516: 1507: 1464: 1449: 1440: 1397: 1388: 1373: 1364: 1355: 1346: 1327: 1318: 1303: 1294: 1279: 1270: 1255: 1246: 1231: 1222: 1214: 1189: 1180: 618:Main philosophical traditions: 598:Chinese mother goddess worship 153: 139: 123: 109: 95: 65: 51: 1: 17929:Northeast China folk religion 17425:In Search of the Supernatural 17341:Classic of Mountains and Seas 15864:Confucianism: An Introduction 15505:Fan, Lizhu; Chen, Na (2013). 15470:Fan, Lizhu; Chen, Na (2015). 15311:. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. 15143:The Origin of Chinese Deities 15018:. Stanford University Press. 14968:Religion, State & Society 14849:Goossaert & Palmer (2011) 14364:Goossaert & Palmer (2011) 14053:Ann Elizabeth Barrott Wicks. 12450:Fujian Government's website: 11603:Didier, 2009. Vol. II, p. 100 10369: 9568:, "Different Meanings in the 8772:Kwan Tai temples in Hong Kong 8762:Temples of Taichung in Taiwan 8757:Four Great Mountains (Taiwan) 8752:Northeast China folk religion 8429:) of the principal holy see ( 8197:and monasteries of the state 8105:temples of ancestral religion 7694: 7034:)—the Yellow, Green or Blue, 6338:, especially wealth gods. In 5837:). Yiguandao offers its own " 5129:Wuism and shamanic traditions 3711:; as well as ancestral gods ( 2985:Classic of Mountains and Seas 2913:'precious scrolls'). 2448:in the late 1800s. After the 2389:, accompanying the spread of 2324: 1986:sú wénhuà de héxīn yǔ línghún 1898: 605:Northeast China folk religion 125:Chung-kuo min-chien hsin-yang 18390:Four Books and Five Classics 18126:Ancestor veneration in China 18111:Unity of Heaven and humanity 17805:Freedom of religion in China 16473:. In Masashi, Haneda (ed.). 16279:(3): 146–150. Archived from 16160:Two volumes: 1) A-L; 2) L-Z. 16008:Overmyer, Daniel L. (2009). 15927:Medhurst, Walter H. (1847). 15843:Taoism and the Arts of China 15595:Gaenssbauer, Monika (2015). 15251:Journal of Chinese Religions 15090:10.1080/0048721X.2011.624691 14688:, 2005, Volume 1, Article 4. 14609:The World Religious Cultures 14042:Daoist deities and pantheons 13865:Journal of Chinese Religions 13258:Journal of Chinese Religions 13199:Archived on 14 December 2017 13182:Archived on 14 December 2017 13162:Archived on 31 December 2017 12452:Fujian's General Information 11676:. Two volumes. Brill, 2008. 11612:Didier, 2009. Vol. III, p. 7 11578:Didier, 2009. Vol. III, p. 1 11281:Martin-Dubost, Paul (1997), 10374: 9292:, connects the etymology of 8977:Chinese lineage associations 8777:Hip Tin temples in Hong Kong 8767:Tin Hau temples in Hong Kong 8664:Chinese religions of fasting 7613:dancers, and story-tellers. 7549:) and "interconnectedness" ( 7148:patriarch of all the Chinese 6390:temple on Jinsuo Island, in 6004: 5491:, the Confucian Fellowship ( 2746:Four Books and Five Classics 2590:Chinese Cultural Renaissance 2424:Zitong altar in a temple of 2382:, date back to this period. 1961:) or "feudal superstition" ( 1743:), and "diffused religion" ( 1163: 1150:traditional Chinese medicine 708:Salvation churches and sects 612:Traditional Chinese Medicine 7: 16870:. The Immanent Frame, 2010. 16854:. The Immanent Frame, 2013. 16832:. The Immanent Frame, 2013. 16810:. The Immanent Frame, 2013. 16734:, in Wang, Robin R. (ed.), 16562:(PhD). Harvard University. 16130:Pregadio, Fabrizio (2013). 15861:Littlejohn, Ronnie (2010). 15541:Fowler, Jeanine D. (2005). 15476:Cultural Diversity in China 14869:, in Jones, Lindsay (ed.), 13975:Sun & Kistemaker (1997) 13915:Sun & Kistemaker (1997) 13889:Little & Eichman (2000) 13877:Sun & Kistemaker (1997) 13631:. In: Harrell, Stevan, ed. 13472:. SAGE Publications, 2011. 13440:Deng, Claire Qiuju (2014). 12729:Littlejohn, 2010. pp. 35–37 9718:, with the same meaning of 8740: 8625: 7772:ritual usually starts with 6828:, sometimes translated as " 6477: 4256:The cosmic significance of 2459:In the 19th century in the 2015:wénhuà zìjué, xìnyǎng zìjué 1689:), "spontaneous religion" ( 791:Indonesian Confucian Church 653:Folk ritual masters' orders 10: 18574: 16133:The Encyclopedia of Taoism 15263:10.1179/073776997805306959 15220:10.1163/156853203322691301 14857: 14605:China Family Panel Studies 14431:Shahar & Weller (1996) 14234:Zavidovskaya, 2012. p. 189 14187:Zavidovskaya, 2012. p. 187 14178:Zavidovskaya, 2012. p. 182 14166:Zavidovskaya, 2012. p. 191 13407:, in D. L. Overmyer (ed.) 13270:10.1179/073776911806153907 12383:Zavidovskaya, 2012. p. 183 12357:Zavidovskaya, 2012. p. 185 12322:Zavidovskaya, 2012. p. 184 10112:("incense heads"; p. 86); 9442:A popular Chinese term is 8940:Birthday of the Monkey God 8935:Nine Emperor Gods Festival 8802:Chinese temples in Kolkata 8654:Chinese gods and immortals 8565: 8520:Scholars have studied the 8486:China Family Panel Studies 8291: 7845: 7811:was sometimes called "the 7753:Thanksgiving and redeeming 6746:said to be the descendants 6709: 6566:Chinese gods and immortals 6563: 6420:ethnic minorities of China 6061:Hundred Schools of Thought 6008: 5624: 5580:Lineages of ritual masters 5509:Scholar and Taoist priest 5299: 5263:The female shamans called 5132: 5072:and belonging to the same 4950:Chinese ancestral religion 4947: 4400: 4194: 4052:) soul that moves upward. 3954:. These correspond to the 3810:, it is written that "one 3508: 3190: 3102: 2656: 2319: 2166: 2036:), apparently inspired to 1992:According to Chen Jinguo ( 1642:, literally, "religion of 1586:" for Indian religion. In 1564:), or "Chinese religion" ( 702:Zhenkong, "Void of Truth". 570:Chinese ancestral religion 475:Associations of good-doing 356:Chinese gods and immortals 140:Jhongguó mín-jian sìn-yǎng 110:ㄓㄨㄥㄍㄨㄛˊ ㄇㄧㄣˊ ㄐㄧㄢㄒㄧㄣˋ ㄧㄤˇ 18499: 18403: 18382: 18346: 18258: 18222: 18154: 18101:Confucian ritual religion 18078: 18015: 17959: 17916: 17885: 17825:Ghosts in Chinese culture 17820:Regional Religious System 17797: 17761: 17675: 17664: 17567: 17511:Mulian Rescues His Mother 17483:Legend of the White Snake 17474: 17332: 17306: 17230: 17066: 17000: 16939: 16674:. London: A&C Black. 16508:(155): 27. Archived from 16076:Palmer, David A. (2011). 16017:. Leiden; Boston: Brill. 15547:. Sussex Academic Press. 15285:Davis, Edward L. (2005). 15176: 15014:Chau, Adam Yuet (2005a). 14980:10.1080/09637490500118570 14899:Adler, Joseph A. (2011). 14641: 14618: 14448:Davis, Edward L. (2009). 14404:. Lexington Books, 2013. 13805: 13133:Journal of Daoist Studies 13025: 12699:26 September 2017 at the 12395:, p. 11, and note 1. 11693:Lu, Gong. 2014. pp. 63–66 10664:Thien Do, 2003, pp. 10–11 10551:. 31.2, 2005. pp. 236–278 10324: 10309: 10280: 10257: 10218: 10170: 10159: 10148: 10137: 10120: 10109: 10098: 10087: 10076: 10065: 10054: 10026: 10015: 10004: 9975: 9964: 9953: 9948:), a Temple of the Lady ( 9942: 9931: 9920: 9909: 9831:can be compared with the 9796: 9741: 9722: 9709: 9690: 9681: 9672: 9663: 9642: 9629: 9616: 9599: 9586: 9565: 9538: 9527: 9516: 9505: 9484: 9463: 9454:), "Old Heavenly Father". 9451: 9436: 9419: 9406: 9392: 9379: 9362: 9300: 9271: 9213: 9198: 9184: 9176: 9158: 9146: 9115: 9104: 9088:In and Outside the Square 9082:, were first recorded by 9079: 9068: 9057: 8792:Baishatun Mazu Pilgrimage 8698:Ghosts in Chinese culture 8649:Chinese ancestral worship 8434: 8423: 8410:Mainland China and Taiwan 8391: 8380: 8369: 8354: 8343: 8318: 8264: 8253: 8242: 8231: 8220: 8209: 8187: 8172: 8151: 8138: 8123: 8112: 8094: 8079: 8068: 8049: 8038: 8027: 8022:) and household temples ( 8016: 8002: 7983: 7964: 7950: 7939: 7888: 7867: 7764: 7743: 7723: 7668: 7657: 7646: 7635: 7627:), and self-cultivation ( 7624: 7600: 7583: 7559: 7546: 7516: 7502: 7482: 7465: 7452: 7381: 7355: 7347: 7335: 7324: 7291: 7280: 7272: 7260: 7248: 7236: 7224: 7212: 7196: 7184: 7134: 7123: 7092: 7077: 7059: 7028: 7017: 7003: 6980: 6957: 6945: 6936:metaphor of the cosmos), 6929: 6917: 6905: 6890: 6869: 6850: 6802: 6791: 6780: 6765: 6720:Main altar and statue of 6687: 6642: 6628:In folk religions, gods ( 6600: 6583: 6550: 6538: 6526: 6510: 6501: 6491: 6484: 6454: 6321: 6310: 6299: 6283: 6253: 6190: 6177: 6166: 6147: 6040: 6020: 5982: 5964: 5953: 5930: 5918: 5906: 5861: 5846: 5831: 5788: 5780: 5737: 5722: 5711: 5700: 5689: 5664: 5587: 5561: 5549: 5530: 5496: 5484: 5468: 5442: 5427: 5416: 5382: 5355: 5320:Heavenly Lake of Tianshan 5251: 5243: 5218: 5210: 5192: 5109: 5065: 5050: 5039: 5028: 5013: 5002: 4937: 4925: 4899: 4887: 4871: 4847: 4839: 4828: 4817: 4754: 4706: 4695: 4680: 4669: 4658: 4647: 4633: 4622: 4591:, that was turned into a 4551: 4543: 4486: 4428: 4370: 4330: 4298: 4274: 4250: 4175: 4156: 4122: 4111: 4069: 3969: 3920: 3764: 3750: 3745:class of entities called 3693: 3681: 3644: 3633: 3608: 3576: 3566: 3538: 3530: 3521: 3476: 3447: 3422: 3405: 3390: 3379: 3341: 3313: 3300: 3241: 3230: 3219: 3170: 3156: 3142: 3124: 2635: 2402: 2375: 2358: 2193: 1054:, and worship devoted to 219: 198: 184: 170: 163: 146: 132: 116: 102: 88: 81: 76: 72: 58: 44: 32: 28: 23: 17936:Vietnamese folk religion 17569:Major religions in China 17383:The Peach Blossom Spring 16430:Journal of Asian Studies 16267: 16264:Shi, Yilong 石奕龍 (2008). 16195:10.1177/0009445515613867 15054:10.1177/0097700404274038 14679:30 December 2017 at the 14653:full text of the article 14454:. Taylor & Francis. 14019:Jones, 2013. pp. 166–167 13578:, 43, 2, 107–144. 2014. 13233:Archived on 20 June 2017 13216:Archived on 20 June 2017 12017:Zongqi Cai, 2004. p. 314 11548:15 February 2024 at the 11027:15 February 2024 at the 10521:Sautman, 1997. pp. 80–81 9033: 8834:Vietnamese folk religion 7083:) or "Yellow God of the 6386:iconographic style at a 5185:Jan Jakob Maria de Groot 3303:(the "Great Deity") and 3031:The Peach Blossom Spring 2682:that once belonged to a 2652: 1871:Jan Jakob Maria de Groot 1407:'ghost'), with 866:Vietnamese folk religion 469:Institutions and temples 96:Zhōngguó mínjiān xìnyǎng 46:Traditional Chinese 18045:Ritual and music system 17831:Three Persian religions 17738:Mongolian folk religion 17504:The Magic Lotus Lantern 17397:Investiture of the Gods 16893:19 October 2018 at the 16843:30 October 2013 at the 16821:17 January 2014 at the 16520:Wang, Robin R. (2004). 16497:Wang, Mingming (2011). 16466:Tay, Wei Leong (2010). 16342:Tan, Chee-Beng (1983). 16164:Pas, Julian F. (2014). 15939:Mou, Zhongjian (2012). 15683:Jones, Stephen (2013). 15649:Jansen, Thomas (2012), 15139:Cheng, Manchao (1995). 15105:—— (2013), 15033:—— (2005). 14055:Children in Chinese Art 13778:. J. P. Tarcher, 2004. 13758:Lu, Gong. 2014. p. 38: 13663:15 October 2023 at the 13627:11 October 2016 at the 13409:Religion in China Today 13231:". Hun Yuan's website. 13214:". Hun Yuan's website. 13197:". Hun Yuan's website. 13180:". Hun Yuan's website. 13160:". Hun Yuan's website. 13022:lay salvationist groups 13007:, pp. 12–13 & 10859:15 October 2023 at the 10831:, p. 409, note 35. 10140:(possessed by gods) or 9190:. The modern graph for 8444:folk religious sect in 7662:zai jun xin zuo tian fu 7338:"Silkworm Mother") and 7040:five phases of creation 6433:. Seiwert mentions the 6119:, whose cult is mostly 6107:North and south divides 5169:Mongolian folk religion 4489:) is the equivalent of 4403:Ling (Chinese religion) 4166:) and immortal beings ( 3515:Shen (Chinese religion) 3053:Investiture of the Gods 2920:" in the 1990s and the 2768:Classic of Filial Piety 2300:) and "folk religion" ( 1594:Buddha worship) or 拜神 ( 1199:'Heaven'), the 60:Simplified Chinese 16:Indigenous Han religion 18009:Religious Confucianism 17587:Folk ritual ministries 17319:Peaches of Immortality 17144:Chinese guardian lions 17067:Mythological creatures 16865:6 January 2014 at the 16799:6 January 2014 at the 16553:Wu, Hsin-Chao (2014). 16350:Asian Folklore Studies 16111:Paper, Jordan (1995). 15813:. Peeters Publishers. 15741:Asian Folklore Studies 15687:. Ashgate Publishing. 15379:17 August 2016 at the 15368:17 August 2016 at the 15357:17 August 2016 at the 15346:17 August 2016 at the 15335:17 August 2016 at the 15320:9 January 2009 at the 15313:6 volumes. Online at: 15242:Clart, Philip (1997). 15199:Clart, Philip (2003). 15162:Clart, Philip (2014). 14865:Adler, Joseph (2005), 14548:"Taiwan Yearbook 2006" 13135:. Vol. 7, 2014. p. 195 13127:Ju Keyi, Lu Xianlong. 12799:27 August 2017 at the 12779:Fan, Chen. 2015. p. 29 12536:much more than twenty 12504:) / Clear and Bright ( 12089:Adler, 2011. pp. 19–20 12044:Adler, 2011. pp. 15–16 11860:Adler, 2011. pp. 12–13 11758:Libbrecht, 2007. p. 43 10908:Commentary on Judgment 10199:source of the universe 10123:(the same as southern 9752:centre of the universe 9010:Chinese creation myths 8588: 8553: 8517: 8463: 8453: 8311: 8204:Generic terms include 7707: 7428: 7401: 7389: 7171: 7154:Mother goddess worship 6757: 6733: 6570:Chinese religions are 6399: 6215:mother goddess worship 6128: 5799:, and the more recent 5648: 5390: 5343: 5335: 5274: 5172: 4991: 4975: 4769: 4472: 4459:A shrine dedicated to 4452: 4222: 3939: 3804:, a commentary to the 3623: 3437:developed the idea of 3245: 3173:), moral reciprocity. 2788:), then there are the 2694: 2620: 2437: 2239: 2219: 2208: 1842:in the 6th century as 1498: 1486: 1105:After the fall of the 1029: 1013: 985: 965: 703: 680:Devotional traditions: 18543:Chinese folk religion 18336:Temple of Agriculture 18281:Religious goods store 18167:Holy Confucian Church 18121:Chinese folk religion 18070:Worship of the living 17924:Chinese folk religion 17577:Chinese folk religion 17404:The Sorcerer's Revolt 16992:Chinese folk religion 16794:Stand still and watch 16730:Zhao, Dunhua (2012), 16604:Yang, Mayfair Mei-hui 16047:Ownby, David (2008). 15735:Law, Pui-Lam (2005). 15644:on 24 September 2015. 15489:10.1515/cdc-2015-0005 15428:23 March 2022 at the 15415:18 March 2022 at the 15402:23 March 2022 at the 14625:9 August 2014 at the 14527:Fan & Chen (2013) 14155:Fan & Chen (2013) 13678:Lu, Gong. 2014. p. 63 13546:6 August 2016 at the 13118:, 16, 1998. pp. 34–40 12868:Religion and the Body 12593:Fan & Chen (2013) 12578:Fan & Chen (2013) 12566:Fan & Chen (2013) 12551:Fan & Chen (2013) 12263:Fan & Chen (2013) 12246:Fan & Chen (2013) 12234:Fan & Chen (2013) 12222:Fan & Chen (2013) 12207:Fan & Chen (2013) 12080:Lu, Gong. 2014. p. 69 12062:Lu, Gong. 2014. p. 68 11851:Lu, Gong. 2014. p. 71 11807:26 March 2023 at the 11779:Lu, Gong. 2014. p. 64 11744:Lu, Gong. 2014. p. 65 11505:Fan & Chen (2013) 11481:Fan & Chen (2013) 11456:Fan & Chen (2013) 11410:Queen II, Edward L.; 11315:Fan & Chen (2013) 11171:Fan & Chen (2013) 11137:Wang, 2004. pp. 60–61 11119:Fan & Chen (2013) 10965:Stuart D. B. Picken. 10618:Fan & Chen (2013) 10599:Fan & Chen (2013) 10580:Fan & Chen (2013) 10537:28 April 2019 at the 10442:10.1353/jod.2010.0013 10361:Fan & Chen (2013) 9699:, "interpreter") and 8987:Religious goods store 8575: 8544: 8511: 8458: 8417: 8305: 8270:, "shrine of a god". 8163:Christianity in China 7702: 7407: 7395: 7372: 7161: 7048:five sacred mountains 6739: 6719: 6710:Further information: 6706:Deities and immortals 6564:Further information: 6377: 6336:Tibetan folk religion 6114: 5634: 5373:. In this temple the 5349: 5341: 5317: 5261: 5146: 4981: 4957: 4749: 4713:Sociological typology 4458: 4414: 4208: 3914: 3857:) of the two ways of 3603: 3204: 2744:canon including the " 2666: 2657:Further information: 2606: 2423: 2225: 2214: 2197:Yándì Shénnóng dàdiàn 2180: 2169:Chinese creation myth 1725:), "local religion" ( 1520:) refers to specific 1492: 1472: 1056:deities and immortals 1033:Chinese folk religion 1019: 991: 971: 948: 784:Holy Confucian Church 701: 370:Chinese creation myth 243:Chinese folk religion 24:Chinese folk religion 18548:East Asian religions 18369:Confucian coin charm 16952:Godly world concepts 16762:Sino-Platonic Papers 15897:Marxism and Religion 15752:Li, Ganlang (2009). 15390:Sino-Platonic Papers 15071:on 30 December 2013. 14998:Sino-Platonic Papers 14928:Cai, Zongqi (2004). 14824:3 March 2016 at the 14803:, Vol. 15, No. 2/3, 14659:4 March 2016 at the 14592:3 March 2016 at the 14515:Yang & Hu (2012) 14500:Yang & Hu (2012) 12842:3 March 2014 at the 12831:3 March 2014 at the 12759:Sébastien Billioud. 12274:Thien Do, 2003, p. 9 12113:, pp. 162, 165. 12098:Sautman, 1997. p. 78 11792:. SUNY Press, 1999. 11718:Lü & Gong (2014) 11703:Lü & Gong (2014) 11412:Prothero, Stephen R. 11229:Yang & Hu (2012) 11217:Yang & Hu (2012) 10421:Journal of Democracy 9865:By the words of the 9342:("Great Deity") and 9290:Sino-Platonic Papers 9201:would derive from a 9120:north celestial pole 9093:Sino-Platonic Papers 9086:. John C. Didier in 9000:Bell Church (temple) 8944:Monkey King Festival 8913:Zhuang folk religion 8730:List of Mazu temples 8608:folk religious sects 8498:folk religious sects 8282:Chinese architecture 8159:folk religious sects 7468:("true person"), or 6655:Doctrine of the Mean 6459:Zhuang folk religion 6404:indigenous religions 6210:folk religious sects 5839:Way of Former Heaven 5740:), "evil religion". 5116:and other holidays. 4731:folk religious sects 4407:Xian ling (religion) 4309:. Personal destiny ( 3992:(mind) is the soul ( 3972:) respectively. The 2891:folk religious sects 2877:(Taoist Canon), the 2272:lineage associations 1758:fēnsàn xìng zōngjiào 887:Zhuang folk religion 584:Chinese food therapy 565:Major cultural forms 18266:Temple of Confucius 18028:Sacrifice to Heaven 17815:Irreligion in China 17743:Qiang folk religion 17582:Ancestor veneration 17418:Journey to the West 16752:Zhou, Jixu (2005). 16515:on 16 October 2016. 16419:10 May 2014 at the 15973:Overmyer, Daniel L. 14756:. Routledge, 2013. 14712:, pp. 226–230. 14383:. Routledge, 2013. 13867:, 24–25, 1996. p. 6 13493:. Routledge, 2013. 13110:Evelyne Micollier. 12673:27 May 2015 at the 12159:, pp. 162–164. 12125:, pp. 158–161. 11540:Holloway, Kenneth. 11231:, pp. 507–508. 11102:, pp. 408–409. 11007:J. J. M. de Groot. 10874:, pp. 158–159. 10783:, pp. 402–406. 10759:, pp. 399–401. 9853:or "immortal soul". 9348:("Highest Deity"), 9118:, representing the 8893:Mongolian shamanism 8876:Qiang folk religion 7162:Shrine of Bixia at 7052:cardinal directions 6975:The Three Patrons ( 6726:Butterworth, Penang 6694:"constellations of 6609:) of the Greatnine( 6077:Chinese unification 5613:" (of emptying, or 5605:are defined as of " 5504:Church of Confucius 4637:xin cheng shen ling 4597:Cultural Revolution 4048:is the "heavenly" ( 3385:) or Jade Emperor ( 3264:, which holds that 3075:Journey to the West 2740:') such as the 2705:and folk religion. 2575:Chairman Mao period 2571:Cultural Revolution 2488:American West Coast 2243:Diversity and unity 1931:) has called for a 1913:indigenous religion 1873:that refers to the 1761:). "Folk beliefs" ( 1497:, Shandong Province 1219:traditional Chinese 1201:transcendent source 907:Religion portal 873:Qiang folk religion 561:Internal traditions 17728:Miao folk religion 17624:Theravada Buddhism 17439:Heavenly Questions 17253:Gate of the Ghosts 17008:Gods and immortals 16972:Gods and immortals 16857:Nathan Schneider. 16382:Teiser, Stephen F. 16283:on 31 August 2019. 16068:10.4000/assr.17633 15601:. Projekt Verlag. 15437:Do, Thien (2003). 15177:媽祖與華人民間信仰」國際研討會論文集 13987:Chamberlain (2009) 13116:China Perspectives 13092:2 May 2014 at the 13084:Benoit Vermander. 12837:vernacular priests 12458:7 January 2014 at 12053:Adler, 2011. p. 19 12035:Adler, 2011. p. 15 12026:Adler, 2011. p. 17 11959:Adler, 2011. p. 14 11945:Adler, 2011. p. 16 11927:Adler, 2011. p. 22 11887:Adler, 2011. p. 21 10478:Gaenssbauer (2015) 10459:on 1 November 2013 10177:with roots in the 9218:oracle bone script 8898:Miao folk religion 8824:Japanese Shintoism 8589: 8518: 8454: 8312: 7708: 7429: 7402: 7390: 7295:Sanxiao Niangniang 7172: 7102:) symbolising the 7012:The Five Deities ( 6908:"Jade Deity") and 6758: 6734: 6586:), translated as " 6445:, directed by the 6400: 6288:zoomorphic deities 6219:Confucian churches 6129: 5649: 5511:Kristofer Schipper 5457:Confucian churches 5391: 5344: 5336: 5173: 4992: 4976: 4770: 4473: 4453: 4373:), "awareness" of 4223: 3940: 3624: 3612:Quánjùnxī línggōng 3398:five primary forms 3278:is therefore both 3246: 3131:of moral meaning; 3109:Chinese philosophy 2695: 2621: 2565:after winning the 2505:government of the 2438: 2240: 2220: 2209: 2062:): religiousness ( 1781:Japan's occupation 1499: 1487: 1211:simplified Chinese 1203:of moral meaning; 1030: 1014: 986: 972:The Temple of the 966: 859:Miao folk religion 776:Confucian churches 733:Maitreya teachings 704: 647:Ritual traditions: 18530: 18529: 18460:Bluegreen Emperor 18395:Thirteen Classics 18187:Confucian Academy 18172:Xuanyuan teaching 18096:Mandate of Heaven 17975: 17974: 17946:Yao folk religion 17941:Tai folk religion 17845: 17844: 17753:Yao folk religion 17561:Religion in China 17520: 17519: 17390:The Four Journeys 16933:Chinese mythology 16813:Prasenjit Duara. 16268:中国汉人自发的宗教实践 — 神仙教 15805:Libbrecht, Ulrich 14880:978-0-02-865997-8 14793:Kazuo Yoshihara. 14773:Bernard Formoso. 14752:. Chapter in the 14379:. Chapter in the 14321:978-0-670-02498-8 14314:. pp. ix–x. 14000:Asian Mythologies 13774:Raymond Barnett. 13045:Raymond Ambrosi. 12911:, pp. 19–20. 12857:Pas, 2014. p. 259 12820:Edward L. Davis. 12738:Tay, 2010. p. 100 12665:Andreea Chirita. 12568:, pp. 14–15. 12248:, pp. 26–27. 11835:. Vol. III. p. 23 11663:Adler, 2011. p. 5 11651:Adler, 2011. p. 4 11369:978-0-670-03123-8 11252:978-1-60153-123-0 10986:John W. Dardess. 10840:Douglas Howland. 10692:978-0-7440-3475-2 10549:SAGE Publications 10530:Adam Yuet Chau. " 9015:Chinese mythology 8925:Religion in China 8908:Yao folk religion 8871:Nuo folk religion 8839:Tai folk religion 8679:Chinese shamanism 8479:Purdue University 7972:Buddhism in China 7842:Places of worship 7711:Classical Chinese 7306:Qiongxiao Guniang 6854:Shénxiān tōngjiàn 6632:) and immortals ( 6557: 6556: 6497: 6342:, across broader 6272:Manchu shamanisms 6240:and unrecognised 6229:and contemporary 6206:Chinese mythology 6152:North China Plain 6037: 5574:Chinese Civil War 5234:In the Shang and 5139:Nuo folk religion 5135:Chinese shamanism 5114:Qingming Festival 5018:ancestral shrines 4962:(left) and Huang 3598: 3597: 3562: 3561: 3534: 3433:thinkers such as 3427:Stephen F. Teiser 3262:Mandate of Heaven 3207:north astral pole 2978: 2963:Huangdi yinfujing 2958: 2938: 2911: 2869: 2734: 2686:dedicated to the 2613:Qingming Festival 2604: 2567:Chinese Civil War 2507:Republic of China 2450:Xinhai Revolution 2442:Taiping Rebellion 2416:19th–20th century 2101:): folkloricity ( 1834:as a synonym for 1808: 1722:shēnghuó zōngjiào 1661:not referring to 1405: 1381: 1197: 1076:Chinese mythology 943: 942: 880:Yao folk religion 829:Related religions 674:Chinese shamanism 667:Nuo folk religion 660:Jitong mediumship 450:Jitong mediumship 363:Chinese mythology 223: 222: 215: 214: 172:Yale Romanization 83:Standard Mandarin 18565: 18500:Tutelary deities 18331:Beijing Shejitan 18326:Temple of Heaven 18322:Beijing Temples 18276:Ancestral shrine 18192:Confucian Shinto 18162:Confucian church 18091:Chinese theology 18002: 17995: 17988: 17979: 17978: 17960:General concepts 17917:Asian traditions 17898:Folk Catholicism 17872: 17865: 17858: 17849: 17848: 17718:Manchu shamanism 17670: 17619:Tibetan Buddhism 17614:Chinese Buddhism 17559: 17558: 17547: 17540: 17533: 17524: 17523: 17475:Other folk tales 17205:Nine-headed Bird 17200:Peng (mythology) 17106:Four Holy Beasts 17001:Major personages 16926: 16919: 16912: 16903: 16902: 16835:Richard Madsen. 16781: 16779: 16777: 16771: 16758: 16748: 16726: 16724: 16722: 16697: 16695: 16693: 16661: 16659: 16657: 16623:Available online 16620: 16599: 16578: 16576: 16574: 16568: 16561: 16549: 16547: 16545: 16516: 16514: 16503: 16493: 16491: 16489: 16483: 16472: 16461: 16410: 16409: 16407: 16401: 16390: 16377: 16347: 16338: 16336: 16334: 16305: 16284: 16260: 16259: 16257: 16228: 16206: 16177: 16159: 16157: 16155: 16126: 16107: 16105: 16103: 16097: 16082: 16072: 16070: 16043: 16041: 16039: 16033: 16027:. Archived from 16016: 16004: 16002: 16000: 15968: 15966: 15964: 15934: 15933:. Mission Press. 15923: 15921: 15919: 15890: 15888: 15886: 15867:. I. B. Tauris. 15857: 15836: 15834: 15832: 15800: 15798: 15796: 15771:Li, Lan (2016). 15767: 15748: 15731: 15729: 15727: 15698: 15679: 15678: 15676: 15645: 15643: 15636: 15628:Jin, Ze (2005). 15624: 15622: 15620: 15591: 15589: 15587: 15558: 15532: 15530: 15528: 15522: 15511: 15501: 15491: 15466: 15464: 15462: 15394: 15312: 15305:De Groot, J.J.M. 15300: 15281: 15279: 15277: 15271: 15248: 15238: 15236: 15234: 15228: 15214:(LXXXIX): 1–38. 15205: 15195: 15193: 15191: 15185: 15178: 15170: 15158: 15146: 15135: 15134: 15132: 15101: 15072: 15070: 15064:. Archived from 15039: 15029: 15010: 14991: 14962: 14943: 14924: 14922: 14920: 14914: 14907: 14895: 14894: 14892: 14852: 14846: 14837: 14814: 14808: 14791: 14785: 14771: 14765: 14748:Tan, Chee-Beng. 14746: 14737: 14731: 14725: 14719: 14713: 14707: 14701: 14695: 14689: 14669: 14663: 14643: 14635: 14629: 14620: 14602: 14596: 14570: 14564: 14563: 14561: 14559: 14544: 14538: 14524: 14518: 14512: 14503: 14497: 14491: 14485: 14479: 14477: 14475: 14473: 14445: 14434: 14428: 14413: 14398: 14392: 14375:Tan, Chee-Beng. 14373: 14367: 14361: 14355: 14349: 14326: 14325: 14300: 14289: 14283: 14277: 14271: 14256: 14250: 14235: 14232: 14226: 14220: 14209: 14203: 14188: 14185: 14179: 14176: 14167: 14164: 14158: 14152: 14143: 14137: 14128: 14122: 14111: 14105: 14099: 14084: 14078: 14072: 14066: 14051: 14045: 14028:Louis Komjathy. 14026: 14020: 14017: 14011: 13998:Yves Bonnefoy, 13996: 13990: 13984: 13978: 13972: 13966: 13956: 13950: 13940: 13934: 13928: 13922: 13912: 13906: 13886: 13880: 13874: 13868: 13862: 13856: 13846: 13840: 13834: 13828: 13818: 13809: 13807: 13792: 13786: 13772: 13763: 13756: 13750: 13744: 13731: 13725: 13716: 13710: 13704: 13698: 13679: 13676: 13667: 13642: 13636: 13618: 13612: 13601: 13595: 13569: 13563: 13557: 13551: 13541:Available online 13538: 13517: 13502: 13489:Benjamin Penny. 13487: 13481: 13466: 13460: 13459: 13457: 13455: 13437: 13431: 13430: 13418: 13412: 13400: 13394: 13390: 13384: 13378: 13372: 13366: 13360: 13316: 13310: 13306: 13300: 13296: 13290: 13289: 13253: 13236: 13225: 13219: 13208: 13202: 13191: 13185: 13174: 13165: 13154: 13148: 13142: 13136: 13125: 13119: 13108: 13102: 13082: 13067: 13066: 13058: 13052: 13043: 13032: 13027: 13018: 13012: 13002: 12996: 12990: 12984: 12978: 12972: 12966: 12960: 12954: 12948: 12942: 12936: 12930: 12924: 12918: 12912: 12906: 12900: 12894: 12883: 12864: 12858: 12855: 12846: 12818: 12809: 12789: 12780: 12777: 12768: 12757: 12751: 12745: 12739: 12736: 12730: 12727: 12721: 12715: 12709: 12689: 12683: 12682:, issue 1, 2014. 12663: 12652: 12642: 12636: 12634: 12632: 12630: 12602: 12596: 12590: 12581: 12575: 12569: 12563: 12554: 12548: 12542: 12533: 12524: 12518: 12509: 12487: 12481: 12474: 12468: 12448: 12442: 12440: 12429:. M. E. Sharpe. 12422: 12411: 12405: 12396: 12390: 12384: 12381: 12358: 12355: 12338: 12332: 12323: 12320: 12293: 12290: 12284: 12281: 12275: 12272: 12266: 12260: 12249: 12243: 12237: 12231: 12225: 12219: 12210: 12204: 12195: 12189: 12183: 12177: 12160: 12154: 12143: 12137: 12126: 12120: 12114: 12108: 12099: 12096: 12090: 12087: 12081: 12078: 12063: 12060: 12054: 12051: 12045: 12042: 12036: 12033: 12027: 12024: 12018: 12015: 12004: 11998: 11981: 11975: 11960: 11957: 11946: 11943: 11928: 11925: 11919: 11909: 11900: 11894: 11888: 11885: 11876: 11870: 11861: 11858: 11852: 11849: 11836: 11829:Joseph Needham. 11827: 11821: 11818: 11812: 11786: 11780: 11777: 11768: 11765: 11759: 11756: 11745: 11742: 11736: 11730: 11721: 11715: 11706: 11700: 11694: 11691: 11685: 11670: 11664: 11661: 11652: 11649: 11643: 11637: 11631: 11628: 11622: 11619: 11613: 11610: 11604: 11601: 11595: 11592: 11579: 11576: 11570: 11567: 11561: 11538: 11532: 11526: 11520: 11514: 11508: 11502: 11496: 11490: 11484: 11478: 11459: 11453: 11447: 11441: 11430: 11429: 11407: 11401: 11395: 11386: 11380: 11374: 11373: 11348: 11342: 11336: 11330: 11324: 11318: 11312: 11297: 11295: 11278: 11272: 11271:, p. 36-37. 11266: 11257: 11256: 11238: 11232: 11226: 11220: 11214: 11208: 11201: 11195: 11180: 11174: 11168: 11159: 11144: 11138: 11135: 11122: 11116: 11103: 11097: 11091: 11085: 11079: 11073: 11064: 11058: 11052: 11051: 11018: 11012: 11005: 10999: 10984: 10978: 10963: 10957: 10950: 10944: 10929: 10923: 10905: 10899: 10893: 10887: 10881: 10875: 10869: 10863: 10838: 10832: 10826: 10820: 10814: 10808: 10802: 10796: 10790: 10784: 10778: 10772: 10766: 10760: 10754: 10748: 10745: 10736: 10724: 10723:mínjiān zōngjiào 10715: 10707:minjian zongjiao 10703: 10697: 10696: 10671: 10665: 10662: 10649: 10646: 10637: 10627: 10621: 10615: 10602: 10596: 10583: 10577: 10568: 10558: 10552: 10528: 10522: 10519: 10513: 10512: 10510: 10503: 10492: 10481: 10480:, p. 28-37. 10475: 10469: 10468: 10466: 10464: 10458: 10452:. Archived from 10417: 10408: 10402: 10396: 10390: 10384: 10364: 10356: 10350: 10346: 10340: 10337: 10331: 10326: 10311: 10302: 10296: 10282: 10270: 10264: 10259: 10246:("deity"), with 10240: 10234: 10226:Shangqing Taoism 10220: 10188: 10182: 10172: 10161: 10150: 10139: 10122: 10111: 10100: 10089: 10078: 10067: 10056: 10028: 10017: 10006: 9993: 9987: 9977: 9966: 9955: 9944: 9933: 9922: 9911: 9902: 9896: 9888: 9882: 9863: 9854: 9825: 9819: 9806: 9800: 9798: 9769: 9763: 9743: 9726: 9717: 9711: 9694: 9685: 9676: 9667: 9657: 9648: 9644: 9631: 9618: 9601: 9588: 9567: 9541: 9540: 9530: 9529: 9519: 9518: 9508: 9507: 9487: 9486: 9466: 9465: 9453: 9438: 9421: 9408: 9394: 9381: 9364: 9354:("Jade Deity"), 9333: 9324: 9302: 9287: 9273: 9231: 9225: 9215: 9200: 9186: 9178: 9160: 9148: 9117: 9106: 9081: 9070: 9060:as "Great One" ( 9059: 9043: 8972:Ancestral tablet 8963:Ancestor worship 8888:Manchu shamanism 8829:Korean Shamanism 8735:Chinese theology 8721:Chinese Buddhism 8693:Confucian church 8642: 8637: 8636: 8635: 8612:Church of Virtue 8593:overseas Chinese 8585:Chinese of Japan 8562:Overseas Chinese 8436: 8425: 8393: 8382: 8371: 8362:Chinese New Year 8356: 8345: 8320: 8266: 8255: 8244: 8233: 8222: 8211: 8189: 8174: 8153: 8140: 8125: 8114: 8096: 8081: 8070: 8057:sacred enclosure 8051: 8040: 8029: 8018: 8004: 7985: 7966: 7952: 7941: 7890: 7881: 7869: 7860: 7793:Rites of passage 7787:Rites of passage 7767: 7766: 7745: 7726: 7725: 7670: 7659: 7648: 7637: 7626: 7602: 7585: 7561: 7548: 7518: 7504: 7484: 7467: 7454: 7413:ancestral temple 7383: 7357: 7349: 7337: 7326: 7293: 7282: 7274: 7262: 7250: 7239:"holy mother"), 7238: 7226: 7214: 7198: 7186: 7176:mother goddesses 7138:Xuānyuán Huángdì 7136: 7125: 7096:Huángshén Běidǒu 7094: 7079: 7061: 7030: 7019: 7005: 6982: 6959: 6947: 6931: 6919: 6907: 6892: 6871: 6852: 6804: 6793: 6782: 6773:multiperspective 6767: 6689: 6644: 6602: 6585: 6552: 6540: 6528: 6506: 6495:Kuíxīng diǎn Dòu 6493: 6485: 6482: 6481: 6456: 6378:The pan-Chinese 6323: 6312: 6301: 6285: 6274:; these include 6255: 6192: 6179: 6168: 6156:tutelary deities 6149: 6047: 6042: 6038: 6035: 6031: 6030:Wéixīn shèngjiào 6022: 5984: 5966: 5957:Tiāndé shèngjiào 5955: 5944:Tiandi teachings 5932: 5920: 5908: 5872:Republican China 5863: 5848: 5833: 5809:Tiandi teachings 5790: 5782: 5739: 5724: 5713: 5704:mínjiān zōngjiào 5702: 5691: 5666: 5589: 5570:Celestial Master 5563: 5551: 5532: 5498: 5486: 5470: 5444: 5429: 5418: 5384: 5357: 5253: 5245: 5220: 5212: 5194: 5111: 5067: 5052: 5041: 5030: 5015: 5004: 4964:ancestral shrine 4944:Lineage religion 4939: 4927: 4901: 4889: 4873: 4849: 4841: 4830: 4819: 4756: 4727:secret societies 4719:ancestry worship 4708: 4697: 4689:ti shen zhi bing 4682: 4671: 4660: 4649: 4635: 4624: 4553: 4545: 4488: 4449:Overseas Chinese 4430: 4372: 4332: 4300: 4276: 4252: 4241:, as written in 4177: 4158: 4124: 4113: 4071: 4024:), is the soul ( 3971: 3922: 3766: 3752: 3695: 3683: 3646: 3635: 3610: 3578: 3557: 3548: 3540: 3539: 3532: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3478: 3449: 3424: 3407: 3392: 3381: 3343: 3315: 3302: 3243: 3232: 3221: 3172: 3158: 3144: 3126: 3105:Chinese theology 3095:) among others. 3093: 3084: 3071: 3062: 3049: 3040: 3027: 3018: 3005: 2994: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2959: 2956: 2953: 2939: 2936: 2933: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2836: 2827: 2786: 2777: 2764: 2755: 2735: 2732: 2728: 2719: 2672:que pillar gates 2659:Chinese classics 2637: 2605: 2410:Indian religions 2404: 2377: 2360: 2302:minjian zongjiao 2195: 2156: 2147: 2140:): Chineseness ( 2138: 2129: 2117: 2108: 2099: 2090: 2078: 2069: 2060: 2051: 2034: 2025: 2016: 2007: 1999: 1987: 1977: 1968: 1959: 1950: 1942: 1930: 1922: 1910: 1809: 1806: 1802: 1793: 1777: 1768: 1759: 1750: 1741: 1732: 1723: 1714: 1705: 1696: 1687: 1686:mínjiān chóngbài 1678: 1640: 1631: 1618: 1609: 1580: 1571: 1562: 1553: 1544: 1535: 1518: 1517:mínjiān zōngjiào 1509: 1451: 1442: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1390: 1382: 1379: 1375: 1366: 1357: 1348: 1329: 1320: 1305: 1296: 1281: 1272: 1257: 1248: 1233: 1224: 1216: 1198: 1195: 1191: 1182: 1041:Chinese diaspora 1039:, including the 935: 928: 921: 905: 904: 805:Phoenix churches 745:Tianxian miaodao 740:Tiandi teachings 591:Chinese geomancy 494:Ancestral shrine 457:Precious scrolls 349:Chinese theology 254: 244: 236: 233: 225: 224: 211: 210: 209: 194: 193: 180: 179: 159: 158: 157: 142: 141: 128: 127: 126: 112: 111: 98: 97: 74: 73: 68: 67: 54: 53: 37: 21: 20: 18573: 18572: 18568: 18567: 18566: 18564: 18563: 18562: 18533: 18532: 18531: 18526: 18495: 18399: 18378: 18359:Tiangong censer 18342: 18254: 18218: 18150: 18141:Yan Huang Zisun 18086:Shendao shejiao 18074: 18011: 18006: 17976: 17971: 17967:Lower mythology 17955: 17912: 17881: 17876: 17846: 17841: 17793: 17757: 17676:Other religions 17671: 17662: 17563: 17553: 17551: 17521: 17516: 17470: 17328: 17302: 17268:Kunlun Mountain 17226: 17215:Nine-tailed fox 17062: 17018:Eight Immortals 16996: 16940:Overview topics 16935: 16930: 16895:Wayback Machine 16888:Bored in Heaven 16878: 16873: 16867:Wayback Machine 16845:Wayback Machine 16823:Wayback Machine 16801:Wayback Machine 16791:Fenggang Yang. 16775: 16773: 16769: 16756: 16746: 16720: 16718: 16691: 16689: 16682: 16655: 16653: 16646: 16618: 16572: 16570: 16566: 16559: 16543: 16541: 16534: 16512: 16501: 16487: 16485: 16481: 16470: 16442:10.2307/2058743 16421:Wayback Machine 16405: 16403: 16399: 16388: 16362:10.2307/1178483 16332: 16330: 16323: 16302: 16269: 16255: 16253: 16246: 16225: 16153: 16151: 16144: 16123: 16101: 16099: 16095: 16080: 16037: 16035: 16034:on 16 June 2015 16031: 16025: 16014: 15998: 15996: 15989: 15962: 15960: 15953: 15917: 15915: 15908: 15884: 15882: 15875: 15854: 15830: 15828: 15821: 15794: 15792: 15785: 15764: 15725: 15723: 15716: 15695: 15674: 15672: 15665: 15641: 15634: 15618: 15616: 15609: 15585: 15583: 15576: 15555: 15526: 15524: 15520: 15509: 15460: 15458: 15451: 15430:Wayback Machine 15417:Wayback Machine 15404:Wayback Machine 15381:Wayback Machine 15370:Wayback Machine 15359:Wayback Machine 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14114: 14106: 14102: 14085: 14081: 14075:Overmyer (2009) 14073: 14069: 14052: 14048: 14027: 14023: 14018: 14014: 13997: 13993: 13985: 13981: 13973: 13969: 13957: 13953: 13943:Pregadio (2013) 13941: 13937: 13933:, p. 1080. 13929: 13925: 13913: 13909: 13887: 13883: 13875: 13871: 13863: 13859: 13847: 13843: 13835: 13831: 13821:Medhurst (1847) 13819: 13812: 13795:Pregadio (2013) 13793: 13789: 13773: 13766: 13757: 13753: 13745: 13734: 13726: 13719: 13711: 13707: 13699: 13682: 13677: 13670: 13665:Wayback Machine 13648:, Brill, 2014. 13643: 13639: 13629:Wayback Machine 13619: 13615: 13602: 13598: 13594:(print). p. 117 13570: 13566: 13558: 13554: 13548:Wayback Machine 13536: 13522:Heberer, Thomas 13518: 13505: 13488: 13484: 13467: 13463: 13453: 13451: 13438: 13434: 13419: 13415: 13401: 13397: 13391: 13387: 13379: 13375: 13367: 13363: 13317: 13313: 13307: 13303: 13297: 13293: 13254: 13239: 13226: 13222: 13209: 13205: 13192: 13188: 13175: 13168: 13155: 13151: 13143: 13139: 13126: 13122: 13109: 13105: 13094:Wayback Machine 13083: 13070: 13059: 13055: 13044: 13035: 13019: 13015: 13003: 12999: 12991: 12987: 12983:, pp. 4–6. 12979: 12975: 12967: 12963: 12955: 12951: 12943: 12939: 12931: 12927: 12919: 12915: 12907: 12903: 12895: 12886: 12866:Sarah Coakley. 12865: 12861: 12856: 12849: 12844:Wayback Machine 12833:Wayback Machine 12819: 12812: 12801:Wayback Machine 12790: 12783: 12778: 12771: 12758: 12754: 12750:, pp. 3–5. 12746: 12742: 12737: 12733: 12728: 12724: 12716: 12712: 12701:Wayback Machine 12690: 12686: 12675:Wayback Machine 12664: 12655: 12645:De Groot (1892) 12643: 12639: 12628: 12626: 12619: 12604: 12603: 12599: 12591: 12584: 12576: 12572: 12564: 12557: 12549: 12545: 12534: 12527: 12519: 12512: 12488: 12484: 12475: 12471: 12449: 12445: 12437: 12423: 12414: 12408:Overmyer (2009) 12406: 12399: 12391: 12387: 12382: 12361: 12356: 12341: 12333: 12326: 12321: 12296: 12291: 12287: 12282: 12278: 12273: 12269: 12261: 12252: 12244: 12240: 12232: 12228: 12220: 12213: 12205: 12198: 12190: 12186: 12178: 12163: 12155: 12146: 12138: 12129: 12121: 12117: 12109: 12102: 12097: 12093: 12088: 12084: 12079: 12066: 12061: 12057: 12052: 12048: 12043: 12039: 12034: 12030: 12025: 12021: 12016: 12007: 11999: 11984: 11976: 11963: 11958: 11949: 11944: 11931: 11926: 11922: 11910: 11903: 11895: 11891: 11886: 11879: 11871: 11864: 11859: 11855: 11850: 11839: 11828: 11824: 11819: 11815: 11809:Wayback Machine 11787: 11783: 11778: 11771: 11766: 11762: 11757: 11748: 11743: 11739: 11731: 11724: 11716: 11709: 11701: 11697: 11692: 11688: 11671: 11667: 11662: 11655: 11650: 11646: 11638: 11634: 11629: 11625: 11620: 11616: 11611: 11607: 11602: 11598: 11593: 11582: 11577: 11573: 11568: 11564: 11550:Wayback Machine 11539: 11535: 11527: 11523: 11515: 11511: 11503: 11499: 11493:Overmyer (2009) 11491: 11487: 11479: 11462: 11454: 11450: 11444:Overmyer (2009) 11442: 11433: 11426: 11408: 11404: 11398:Overmyer (2009) 11396: 11389: 11383:Overmyer (2009) 11381: 11377: 11370: 11349: 11345: 11339:Overmyer (2009) 11337: 11333: 11327:Overmyer (2009) 11325: 11321: 11313: 11300: 11293: 11279: 11275: 11269:Overmyer (2009) 11267: 11260: 11253: 11239: 11235: 11227: 11223: 11215: 11211: 11202: 11198: 11194:/ 9788121512206 11181: 11177: 11169: 11162: 11150:. BRILL, 2011. 11146:Fenggang Yang, 11145: 11141: 11136: 11125: 11117: 11106: 11098: 11094: 11086: 11082: 11074: 11067: 11059: 11055: 11048: 11029:Wayback Machine 11019: 11015: 11006: 11002: 10985: 10981: 10964: 10960: 10952:Brian Bocking. 10951: 10947: 10930: 10926: 10906: 10902: 10894: 10890: 10882: 10878: 10870: 10866: 10861:Wayback Machine 10839: 10835: 10827: 10823: 10815: 10811: 10803: 10799: 10791: 10787: 10779: 10775: 10767: 10763: 10755: 10751: 10744:mínjiān jiàopài 10728:minjian jiaopai 10704: 10700: 10693: 10685:. p. 167. 10672: 10668: 10663: 10652: 10647: 10640: 10628: 10624: 10616: 10605: 10597: 10586: 10582:, pp. 5–6. 10578: 10571: 10561:Overmyer (1986) 10559: 10555: 10539:Wayback Machine 10529: 10525: 10520: 10516: 10508: 10501: 10493: 10484: 10476: 10472: 10462: 10460: 10456: 10415: 10409: 10405: 10399:Overmyer (1986) 10397: 10393: 10385: 10381: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10357: 10353: 10347: 10343: 10338: 10334: 10303: 10299: 10271: 10267: 10241: 10237: 10189: 10185: 9994: 9990: 9903: 9899: 9889: 9885: 9864: 9857: 9826: 9822: 9807: 9803: 9770: 9766: 9659:The characters 9658: 9651: 9334: 9327: 9090:(2009) for the 9044: 9040: 9036: 9031: 9020:Ethnic religion 8968:Ancestral halls 8930:Wang Ye worship 8921: 8884: 8847: 8815: 8743: 8707:Quanzhen Taoism 8638: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8570: 8564: 8506: 8412: 8407: 8358:yíngshén sàihuì 8300: 8292:Main articles: 8290: 8131:immortal beings 7995:Chinese mosques 7931: 7930: 7929: 7928: 7896: 7895: 7894: 7892:Tàimǔ shèngdiàn 7882: 7874: 7873: 7861: 7850: 7844: 7789: 7755: 7697: 7367: 7300:Yunxiao Guniang 7297:), composed of 7284:Sanxiao Shengmu 7227:"old mother"), 7174:The worship of 7156: 7100:Tian or Shangdi 7085:Northern Dipper 6714: 6708: 6568: 6562: 6480: 6372: 6208:. Furthermore, 6109: 6104: 6013: 6007: 5946: 5726:mínjiān jiàopài 5715:mínjiān jiàomén 5682:Prasenjit Duara 5629: 5623: 5422:, or sometimes 5312: 5300:Main articles: 5298: 5155:in the town of 5141: 5133:Main articles: 5131: 5126: 4952: 4946: 4907:Wang Ye worship 4744: 4739: 4715: 4409: 4401:Main articles: 4399: 4397:—holy and numen 4203: 4195:Main articles: 4193: 3909: 3779:is a symbol of 3741:, opposed to a 3558: 3549: 3517: 3509:Main articles: 3507: 3330:cultural heroes 3210: 3199: 3191:Main articles: 3189: 3127:), Heaven, the 3111: 3101: 2943:Taiyi Shengshui 2835:tiānrén gǎnyìng 2661: 2655: 2595: 2586:Chiang Kai-Shek 2563:Communist Party 2446:Boxer Rebellion 2418: 2343: 2327: 2322: 2312:and Shinto for 2298:minjian xinyang 2245: 2230:at a temple in 2175: 2165: 2163:Characteristics 1901: 1828:used it in his 1776:mínjiān xìnyǎng 1740:dìfāng zōngjiào 1467: 1166: 1068:family lineages 950:Xuanyuan Temple 939: 899: 892: 891: 830: 822: 821: 693:Wang Ye worship 562: 554: 553: 514: 506: 505: 470: 462: 461: 414: 406: 405: 383:Model humanity: 344: 336: 335: 262: 242: 231: 228: 134:Tongyong Pinyin 124: 40: 17: 12: 11: 5: 18571: 18561: 18560: 18555: 18553:Folk religions 18550: 18545: 18528: 18527: 18525: 18524: 18519: 18514: 18509: 18507:Landlord deity 18503: 18501: 18497: 18496: 18494: 18493: 18492: 18491: 18490: 18489: 18484: 18479: 18469: 18468: 18467: 18457: 18456: 18455: 18450: 18440: 18439: 18438: 18428: 18426:Yellow Emperor 18421:Wufang Shangdi 18418: 18413: 18407: 18405: 18401: 18400: 18398: 18397: 18392: 18386: 18384: 18380: 18379: 18377: 18376: 18371: 18366: 18361: 18356: 18350: 18348: 18344: 18343: 18341: 18340: 18339: 18338: 18333: 18328: 18320: 18315: 18310: 18305: 18304: 18303: 18298: 18288: 18283: 18278: 18273: 18268: 18262: 18260: 18256: 18255: 18253: 18252: 18250:Yamazaki Ansai 18247: 18242: 18237: 18232: 18230:Yellow Emperor 18226: 18224: 18220: 18219: 18217: 18216: 18215: 18214: 18209: 18204: 18199: 18189: 18184: 18179: 18174: 18169: 18164: 18158: 18156: 18152: 18151: 18149: 18148: 18146:Soil and grain 18143: 18138: 18133: 18128: 18123: 18118: 18113: 18108: 18103: 18098: 18093: 18088: 18082: 18080: 18076: 18075: 18073: 18072: 18067: 18065:Ghost marriage 18062: 18057: 18052: 18047: 18042: 18037: 18036: 18035: 18025: 18019: 18017: 18013: 18012: 18005: 18004: 17997: 17990: 17982: 17973: 17972: 17970: 17969: 17963: 17961: 17957: 17956: 17954: 17953: 17948: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17932: 17931: 17920: 17918: 17914: 17913: 17911: 17910: 17905: 17900: 17895: 17893:Folk Orthodoxy 17889: 17887: 17883: 17882: 17875: 17874: 17867: 17860: 17852: 17843: 17842: 17840: 17839: 17834: 17827: 17822: 17817: 17812: 17807: 17801: 17799: 17795: 17794: 17792: 17791: 17786: 17784:Inner Mongolia 17781: 17776: 17771: 17765: 17763: 17759: 17758: 17756: 17755: 17750: 17745: 17740: 17735: 17730: 17725: 17720: 17715: 17710: 17705: 17700: 17695: 17690: 17685: 17679: 17677: 17673: 17672: 17665: 17663: 17661: 17660: 17655: 17650: 17649: 17648: 17643: 17641:Roman Catholic 17638: 17628: 17627: 17626: 17621: 17616: 17606: 17601: 17596: 17595: 17594: 17589: 17584: 17573: 17571: 17565: 17564: 17550: 17549: 17542: 17535: 17527: 17518: 17517: 17515: 17514: 17507: 17500: 17493: 17486: 17478: 17476: 17472: 17471: 17469: 17468: 17461: 17454: 17447: 17435: 17428: 17421: 17414: 17407: 17400: 17393: 17386: 17379: 17372: 17369:Shenxian Zhuan 17365: 17358: 17351: 17344: 17336: 17334: 17333:Literary works 17330: 17329: 17327: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17310: 17308: 17304: 17303: 17301: 17300: 17295: 17290: 17285: 17280: 17275: 17270: 17265: 17260: 17255: 17250: 17245: 17240: 17234: 17232: 17228: 17227: 17225: 17224: 17217: 17212: 17207: 17202: 17197: 17194:Four Evildoers 17187: 17182: 17177: 17172: 17167: 17162: 17157: 17152: 17146: 17141: 17135: 17130: 17129: 17128: 17123: 17118: 17113: 17103: 17102: 17101: 17096: 17094:Vermilion Bird 17091: 17086: 17081: 17079:Black Tortoise 17070: 17068: 17064: 17063: 17061: 17060: 17055: 17050: 17045: 17040: 17035: 17033:Yellow Emperor 17030: 17025: 17020: 17015: 17010: 17004: 17002: 16998: 16997: 16995: 16994: 16989: 16984: 16979: 16974: 16969: 16967:Shenmo fiction 16964: 16959: 16954: 16949: 16943: 16941: 16937: 16936: 16929: 16928: 16921: 16914: 16906: 16900: 16899: 16884: 16877: 16876:External links 16874: 16872: 16871: 16855: 16833: 16811: 16788: 16787: 16783: 16782: 16749: 16745:978-0791485507 16744: 16727: 16698: 16680: 16662: 16644: 16626: 16617:978-1851685509 16616: 16600: 16590:(3): 505–521. 16579: 16550: 16533:978-0791460061 16532: 16517: 16494: 16462: 16436:(2): 378–395. 16425: 16411:, extracts at 16378: 16356:(2): 217–252. 16339: 16322:978-9004107373 16321: 16306: 16301:978-1565182455 16300: 16285: 16261: 16245:978-0190258146 16244: 16229: 16223: 16211:Sautman, Barry 16207: 16178: 16161: 16143:978-1135796341 16142: 16127: 16122:978-0791423158 16121: 16108: 16073: 16044: 16023: 16005: 15987: 15969: 15952:978-9004174535 15951: 15936: 15924: 15907:978-9047428022 15906: 15891: 15874:978-1848851740 15873: 15858: 15853:978-0520227859 15852: 15837: 15820:978-9042918122 15819: 15801: 15784:978-1317077954 15783: 15768: 15763:978-9573249573 15762: 15749: 15732: 15715:978-9004168350 15714: 15699: 15694:978-1409481300 15693: 15680: 15664:978-1444361971 15663: 15651:"Sacred Texts" 15646: 15625: 15608:978-0226304168 15607: 15592: 15575:978-0226304168 15574: 15559: 15554:978-1845190866 15553: 15538: 15533:Preprint from 15502: 15467: 15450:978-0415307994 15449: 15434: 15384: 15301: 15296:978-0415241298 15295: 15282: 15239: 15196: 15159: 15154:978-7119000305 15153: 15136: 15119: 15102: 15084:(4): 457–568. 15073: 15048:(2): 236–278. 15030: 15024: 15011: 14992: 14963: 14957: 14944: 14939:978-0824827915 14938: 14925: 14896: 14879: 14861: 14859: 14856: 14854: 14853: 14851:, p. 108. 14838: 14809: 14786: 14766: 14738: 14736:, p. 223. 14726: 14714: 14702: 14700:, p. 226. 14690: 14664: 14649:Phoenix Weekly 14630: 14597: 14580:. II.3 (2012) 14565: 14554:on 8 July 2007 14539: 14519: 14517:, p. 514. 14504: 14502:, p. 505. 14492: 14480: 14461:978-0415777162 14460: 14435: 14414: 14393: 14368: 14356: 14327: 14320: 14290: 14288:, p. 181. 14278: 14276:, p. 180. 14257: 14255:, p. 178. 14236: 14227: 14225:, p. 177. 14210: 14208:, p. 176. 14189: 14180: 14168: 14159: 14144: 14142:, p. 172. 14129: 14127:, p. 173. 14112: 14100: 14079: 14077:, p. 135. 14067: 14046: 14021: 14012: 13991: 13989:, p. 222. 13979: 13977:, p. 120. 13967: 13951: 13935: 13923: 13907: 13881: 13879:, p. 121. 13869: 13857: 13841: 13829: 13810: 13787: 13764: 13751: 13749:, p. 162. 13732: 13730:, p. 161. 13717: 13715:, p. 165. 13705: 13703:, p. 158. 13680: 13668: 13637: 13613: 13603:Olivia Kraef. 13596: 13564: 13552: 13535:978-3922868682 13534: 13503: 13482: 13461: 13432: 13413: 13395: 13385: 13381:Payette (2016) 13373: 13361: 13311: 13301: 13291: 13237: 13220: 13203: 13186: 13166: 13149: 13137: 13120: 13103: 13068: 13053: 13033: 13013: 12997: 12985: 12973: 12961: 12949: 12937: 12935:, p. 395. 12925: 12913: 12901: 12884: 12859: 12847: 12826:Daoist priests 12810: 12791:Nengchang Wu. 12781: 12769: 12752: 12740: 12731: 12722: 12710: 12684: 12653: 12637: 12618:978-0824827854 12617: 12597: 12582: 12570: 12555: 12543: 12525: 12510: 12482: 12469: 12443: 12436:978-1563244391 12435: 12412: 12410:, p. xii. 12397: 12385: 12359: 12339: 12337:, p. 168. 12324: 12294: 12285: 12276: 12267: 12250: 12238: 12226: 12211: 12196: 12194:, p. 166. 12184: 12182:, p. 164. 12161: 12144: 12142:, p. 159. 12127: 12115: 12100: 12091: 12082: 12064: 12055: 12046: 12037: 12028: 12019: 12005: 11982: 11961: 11947: 11929: 11920: 11901: 11889: 11877: 11862: 11853: 11837: 11822: 11813: 11781: 11769: 11760: 11746: 11737: 11735:, p. 981. 11722: 11707: 11695: 11686: 11665: 11653: 11644: 11632: 11623: 11614: 11605: 11596: 11580: 11571: 11562: 11533: 11531:, p. 289. 11521: 11519:, p. 288. 11509: 11497: 11485: 11460: 11448: 11431: 11424: 11402: 11387: 11375: 11368: 11362:. p. 29. 11343: 11331: 11319: 11298: 11292:978-8190018432 11291: 11273: 11258: 11251: 11233: 11221: 11219:, p. 507. 11209: 11196: 11175: 11160: 11139: 11123: 11104: 11092: 11090:, p. 407. 11080: 11078:, p. 408. 11065: 11063:, p. 405. 11053: 11047:978-3642311819 11046: 11013: 11000: 10979: 10958: 10945: 10924: 10900: 10888: 10886:, p. 397. 10876: 10864: 10833: 10821: 10809: 10807:, p. 219. 10797: 10795:, p. 409. 10785: 10773: 10771:, p. 402. 10761: 10749: 10698: 10691: 10666: 10650: 10638: 10622: 10603: 10584: 10569: 10553: 10523: 10514: 10482: 10470: 10403: 10391: 10389:, p. 378. 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10365: 10351: 10341: 10332: 10297: 10265: 10235: 10233: 10232: 10183: 9988: 9957:Niángniángdiàn 9897: 9883: 9855: 9820: 9801: 9764: 9649: 9647: 9646: 9633: 9620: 9607: 9590: 9544: 9543: 9532: 9521: 9510: 9497: 9478: 9455: 9440: 9427: 9410: 9325: 9261:hooked crosses 9045:The graphical 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9029: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8993: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8965: 8960: 8951: 8946: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8920: 8919:Other articles 8917: 8916: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8883: 8880: 8879: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8846: 8843: 8842: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8742: 8739: 8738: 8737: 8732: 8723: 8714: 8711:Zhengyi Taoism 8700: 8695: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8627: 8624: 8597:Southeast Asia 8583:, serving the 8577:Temple of Mazu 8566:Main article: 8563: 8560: 8505: 8502: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8289: 8286: 8195:Taoist temples 8030:jiāmiào). The 7898: 7897: 7883: 7876: 7875: 7862: 7855: 7854: 7853: 7852: 7851: 7848:Chinese temple 7843: 7840: 7788: 7785: 7754: 7751: 7696: 7693: 7564: 7563: 7528: 7506: 7490: 7440: 7366: 7363: 7312:Bixiao Guniang 7155: 7152: 7127:Huángdì Sìmiàn 7032:Wǔfāng Shàngdì 6873:Shénxiān zhuán 6707: 6704: 6576:yǔzhòu shénlùn 6561: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6508: 6507: 6499: 6498: 6479: 6476: 6371: 6368: 6348:Inner Mongolia 6238:Zhengyi Taoism 6137:their churches 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6084:Mainland China 6009:Main article: 6006: 6003: 5991:Tianren qigong 5945: 5942: 5880:Sanyi teaching 5797:Zaili teaching 5745:egalitarianism 5668:jiùdù zōngjiào 5657:eschatological 5653:soteriological 5625:Main article: 5622: 5619: 5617:, character). 5297: 5294: 5161:Inner Mongolia 5147:Temple of the 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 4948:Main article: 4945: 4942: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4714: 4711: 4581:northern China 4534:The notion of 4398: 4388: 4383: 4382: 4343: 4342: 4318: 4192: 4183: 4144:culture heroes 3908: 3891: 3759:" (cognate of 3688:" (cognate of 3596: 3595: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3552: 3550: 3543: 3536: 3535: 3506: 3489: 3409:Wǔfāng Shàngdì 3364:gods of nature 3326:ancestral gods 3188: 3175: 3100: 3097: 3070:fēngshén yǎnyì 2923:Huangdi sijing 2708:There are the 2688:Warring States 2654: 2651: 2615:, reported by 2609:Yellow Emperor 2512:Yellow Emperor 2467:, likely of a 2417: 2414: 2342: 2341:Imperial China 2339: 2326: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2283:Richard Madsen 2244: 2241: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2159: 2120: 2081: 1976:fēngjiàn míxìn 1900: 1897: 1854:(Taizu of the 1852:Hongwu Emperor 1561:mínzú zōngjiào 1543:mínsú zōngjiào 1466: 1463: 1165: 1162: 1116:Sanyi teaching 1100:mainland China 962:Yellow Emperor 941: 940: 938: 937: 930: 923: 915: 912: 911: 910: 909: 894: 893: 890: 889: 883: 882: 876: 875: 869: 868: 862: 861: 855: 854: 849: 843: 842: 837: 831: 828: 827: 824: 823: 820: 819: 813: 812: 807: 801: 800: 794: 793: 787: 786: 772: 771: 766: 764:Zaili teaching 760: 759: 754: 748: 747: 742: 736: 735: 730: 724: 723: 718: 696: 695: 689: 688: 677: 676: 670: 669: 663: 662: 656: 655: 644: 643: 637: 636: 631: 615: 614: 608: 607: 601: 600: 594: 593: 587: 586: 580: 579: 573: 572: 563: 560: 559: 556: 555: 552: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 515: 512: 511: 508: 507: 504: 503: 497: 496: 491: 489:Chinese temple 485: 484: 478: 477: 471: 468: 467: 464: 463: 460: 459: 453: 452: 446: 445: 439: 438: 433: 427: 426: 421: 415: 412: 411: 408: 407: 404: 403: 397: 396: 391: 380: 379: 373: 372: 366: 365: 359: 358: 352: 351: 345: 342: 341: 338: 337: 334: 333: 328: 322: 321: 316: 310: 309: 304: 298: 297: 292: 286: 285: 280: 274: 273: 263: 260: 259: 256: 255: 247: 246: 238: 237: 221: 220: 217: 216: 213: 212: 202: 196: 195: 188: 182: 181: 174: 168: 167: 165:Yue: Cantonese 161: 160: 150: 144: 143: 136: 130: 129: 120: 114: 113: 106: 100: 99: 92: 86: 85: 79: 78: 77:Transcriptions 70: 69: 62: 56: 55: 48: 42: 41: 38: 30: 29: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18570: 18559: 18556: 18554: 18551: 18549: 18546: 18544: 18541: 18540: 18538: 18523: 18520: 18518: 18515: 18513: 18510: 18508: 18505: 18504: 18502: 18498: 18488: 18485: 18483: 18482:Flame Emperor 18480: 18478: 18475: 18474: 18473: 18470: 18466: 18463: 18462: 18461: 18458: 18454: 18451: 18449: 18446: 18445: 18444: 18443:Black Emperor 18441: 18437: 18434: 18433: 18432: 18431:White Emperor 18429: 18427: 18424: 18423: 18422: 18419: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18409: 18408: 18406: 18402: 18396: 18393: 18391: 18388: 18387: 18385: 18381: 18375: 18372: 18370: 18367: 18365: 18362: 18360: 18357: 18355: 18354:Spirit tablet 18352: 18351: 18349: 18345: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18329: 18327: 18324: 18323: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18293: 18292: 18289: 18287: 18284: 18282: 18279: 18277: 18274: 18272: 18269: 18267: 18264: 18263: 18261: 18257: 18251: 18248: 18246: 18243: 18241: 18238: 18236: 18233: 18231: 18228: 18227: 18225: 18221: 18213: 18210: 18208: 18205: 18203: 18200: 18198: 18195: 18194: 18193: 18190: 18188: 18185: 18183: 18180: 18178: 18175: 18173: 18170: 18168: 18165: 18163: 18160: 18159: 18157: 18155:Organizations 18153: 18147: 18144: 18142: 18139: 18137: 18134: 18132: 18131:Son of Heaven 18129: 18127: 18124: 18122: 18119: 18117: 18114: 18112: 18109: 18107: 18104: 18102: 18099: 18097: 18094: 18092: 18089: 18087: 18084: 18083: 18081: 18077: 18071: 18068: 18066: 18063: 18061: 18058: 18056: 18053: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18038: 18034: 18031: 18030: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18020: 18018: 18014: 18010: 18003: 17998: 17996: 17991: 17989: 17984: 17983: 17980: 17968: 17965: 17964: 17962: 17958: 17952: 17949: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17930: 17927: 17926: 17925: 17922: 17921: 17919: 17915: 17909: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17899: 17896: 17894: 17891: 17890: 17888: 17884: 17880: 17879:Folk religion 17873: 17868: 17866: 17861: 17859: 17854: 17853: 17850: 17838: 17835: 17833: 17832: 17828: 17826: 17823: 17821: 17818: 17816: 17813: 17811: 17808: 17806: 17803: 17802: 17800: 17796: 17790: 17787: 17785: 17782: 17780: 17777: 17775: 17772: 17770: 17767: 17766: 17764: 17760: 17754: 17751: 17749: 17746: 17744: 17741: 17739: 17736: 17734: 17731: 17729: 17726: 17724: 17721: 17719: 17716: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17680: 17678: 17674: 17669: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17647: 17644: 17642: 17639: 17637: 17634: 17633: 17632: 17629: 17625: 17622: 17620: 17617: 17615: 17612: 17611: 17610: 17607: 17605: 17602: 17600: 17597: 17593: 17590: 17588: 17585: 17583: 17580: 17579: 17578: 17575: 17574: 17572: 17570: 17566: 17562: 17557: 17548: 17543: 17541: 17536: 17534: 17529: 17528: 17525: 17513: 17512: 17508: 17506: 17505: 17501: 17499: 17498: 17494: 17492: 17491: 17487: 17485: 17484: 17480: 17479: 17477: 17473: 17467: 17466: 17462: 17460: 17459: 17455: 17453: 17452: 17448: 17446: 17444: 17440: 17436: 17434: 17433: 17429: 17427: 17426: 17422: 17420: 17419: 17415: 17413: 17412: 17408: 17406: 17405: 17401: 17399: 17398: 17394: 17392: 17391: 17387: 17385: 17384: 17380: 17378: 17377: 17373: 17371: 17370: 17366: 17364: 17363: 17362:Liexian Zhuan 17359: 17357: 17356: 17352: 17350: 17349: 17345: 17343: 17342: 17338: 17337: 17335: 17331: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17311: 17309: 17305: 17299: 17296: 17294: 17291: 17289: 17286: 17284: 17281: 17279: 17276: 17274: 17271: 17269: 17266: 17264: 17263:Jade Mountain 17261: 17259: 17256: 17254: 17251: 17249: 17248:Eight Pillars 17246: 17244: 17241: 17239: 17236: 17235: 17233: 17229: 17223: 17222: 17218: 17216: 17213: 17211: 17208: 17206: 17203: 17201: 17198: 17195: 17191: 17188: 17186: 17183: 17181: 17178: 17176: 17173: 17171: 17168: 17166: 17163: 17161: 17158: 17156: 17153: 17150: 17147: 17145: 17142: 17139: 17136: 17134: 17131: 17127: 17126:Spirit turtle 17124: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17108: 17107: 17104: 17100: 17099:Yellow Dragon 17097: 17095: 17092: 17090: 17087: 17085: 17082: 17080: 17077: 17076: 17075: 17072: 17071: 17069: 17065: 17059: 17056: 17054: 17051: 17049: 17046: 17044: 17041: 17039: 17036: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17024: 17021: 17019: 17016: 17014: 17011: 17009: 17006: 17005: 17003: 16999: 16993: 16990: 16988: 16985: 16983: 16980: 16978: 16975: 16973: 16970: 16968: 16965: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16953: 16950: 16948: 16947:Creation myth 16945: 16944: 16942: 16938: 16934: 16927: 16922: 16920: 16915: 16913: 16908: 16907: 16904: 16897: 16896: 16892: 16889: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16879: 16869: 16868: 16864: 16861: 16856: 16853: 16852: 16847: 16846: 16842: 16839: 16834: 16831: 16830: 16825: 16824: 16820: 16817: 16812: 16809: 16808: 16803: 16802: 16798: 16795: 16790: 16789: 16785: 16784: 16768: 16764: 16763: 16755: 16750: 16747: 16741: 16737: 16733: 16728: 16716: 16712: 16708: 16704: 16699: 16687: 16683: 16681:9781847064752 16677: 16673: 16672: 16667: 16666:Yao, Xinzhong 16663: 16651: 16647: 16645:9780520013711 16641: 16637: 16636: 16631: 16627: 16624: 16619: 16613: 16609: 16605: 16601: 16597: 16593: 16589: 16585: 16580: 16565: 16558: 16557: 16551: 16539: 16535: 16529: 16525: 16524: 16518: 16511: 16507: 16500: 16495: 16480: 16476: 16469: 16463: 16459: 16455: 16451: 16447: 16443: 16439: 16435: 16431: 16426: 16423: 16422: 16418: 16415: 16398: 16394: 16387: 16383: 16379: 16375: 16371: 16367: 16363: 16359: 16355: 16351: 16346: 16340: 16328: 16324: 16318: 16314: 16313: 16307: 16303: 16297: 16293: 16292: 16286: 16282: 16278: 16274: 16270: 16262: 16251: 16247: 16241: 16237: 16236: 16230: 16226: 16220: 16216: 16212: 16208: 16204: 16200: 16196: 16192: 16188: 16184: 16179: 16175: 16171: 16167: 16162: 16149: 16145: 16139: 16136:. Routledge. 16135: 16134: 16128: 16124: 16118: 16114: 16109: 16094: 16090: 16086: 16079: 16074: 16069: 16064: 16060: 16056: 16055: 16050: 16045: 16030: 16026: 16024:9789047429364 16020: 16013: 16012: 16006: 15994: 15990: 15988:9781478609896 15984: 15980: 15979: 15974: 15970: 15958: 15954: 15948: 15944: 15943: 15937: 15932: 15931: 15925: 15913: 15909: 15903: 15899: 15898: 15892: 15880: 15876: 15870: 15866: 15865: 15859: 15855: 15849: 15845: 15844: 15838: 15826: 15822: 15816: 15812: 15811: 15806: 15802: 15790: 15786: 15780: 15777:. Routledge. 15776: 15775: 15769: 15765: 15759: 15755: 15750: 15746: 15742: 15738: 15733: 15721: 15717: 15711: 15707: 15706: 15700: 15696: 15690: 15686: 15681: 15670: 15666: 15660: 15656: 15652: 15647: 15640: 15633: 15632: 15626: 15614: 15610: 15604: 15600: 15599: 15593: 15581: 15577: 15571: 15567: 15566: 15560: 15556: 15550: 15546: 15545: 15539: 15536: 15519: 15515: 15508: 15503: 15499: 15495: 15490: 15485: 15481: 15477: 15473: 15468: 15456: 15452: 15446: 15442: 15441: 15435: 15432: 15431: 15427: 15424: 15419: 15418: 15414: 15411: 15406: 15405: 15401: 15398: 15392: 15391: 15385: 15382: 15378: 15375: 15371: 15367: 15364: 15360: 15356: 15353: 15349: 15345: 15342: 15338: 15334: 15331: 15327: 15323: 15319: 15316: 15310: 15306: 15302: 15298: 15292: 15289:. Routledge. 15288: 15283: 15268: 15264: 15260: 15256: 15252: 15245: 15240: 15225: 15221: 15217: 15213: 15209: 15202: 15197: 15182: 15174: 15167: 15166: 15160: 15156: 15150: 15145: 15144: 15137: 15126: 15122: 15120:9781137333193 15116: 15112: 15108: 15103: 15099: 15095: 15091: 15087: 15083: 15079: 15074: 15067: 15063: 15059: 15055: 15051: 15047: 15043: 15036: 15031: 15027: 15025:9780804751605 15021: 15017: 15012: 15008: 15004: 15000: 14999: 14993: 14989: 14985: 14981: 14977: 14974:(2): 87–119. 14973: 14969: 14964: 14960: 14958:9789881774217 14954: 14950: 14945: 14941: 14935: 14931: 14926: 14911: 14904: 14903: 14897: 14886: 14882: 14876: 14872: 14868: 14863: 14862: 14850: 14845: 14843: 14836: 14835:9789971988142 14832: 14828: 14827: 14823: 14820: 14813: 14806: 14802: 14798: 14797: 14790: 14784: 14783:9789971694920 14780: 14776: 14770: 14764:. pp. 417–422 14763: 14759: 14755: 14751: 14745: 14743: 14735: 14730: 14724:, p. 90. 14723: 14718: 14711: 14706: 14699: 14694: 14687: 14683: 14682: 14678: 14675: 14668: 14662: 14658: 14654: 14650: 14646: 14639: 14634: 14628: 14624: 14616: 14613: 14610: 14606: 14601: 14595: 14591: 14588:. pp. 29–54. 14587: 14583: 14579: 14575: 14569: 14553: 14549: 14543: 14536: 14532: 14528: 14523: 14516: 14511: 14509: 14501: 14496: 14490:, p. 94. 14489: 14484: 14467: 14463: 14457: 14453: 14452: 14444: 14442: 14440: 14433:, p. 24. 14432: 14427: 14425: 14423: 14421: 14419: 14411: 14407: 14403: 14397: 14390: 14386: 14382: 14378: 14372: 14366:, p. 25. 14365: 14360: 14353: 14348: 14346: 14344: 14342: 14340: 14338: 14336: 14334: 14332: 14323: 14317: 14313: 14309: 14305: 14304:Minford, John 14299: 14297: 14295: 14287: 14282: 14275: 14270: 14268: 14266: 14264: 14262: 14254: 14249: 14247: 14245: 14243: 14241: 14231: 14224: 14219: 14217: 14215: 14207: 14202: 14200: 14198: 14196: 14194: 14184: 14175: 14173: 14163: 14157:, p. 10. 14156: 14151: 14149: 14141: 14136: 14134: 14126: 14121: 14119: 14117: 14109: 14104: 14098:. pp. 349.350 14097: 14093: 14089: 14083: 14076: 14071: 14064: 14060: 14056: 14050: 14043: 14039: 14035: 14031: 14025: 14016: 14009: 14005: 14001: 13995: 13988: 13983: 13976: 13971: 13964: 13960: 13959:Fowler (2005) 13955: 13949:, vol. 2 A-L. 13948: 13944: 13939: 13932: 13927: 13920: 13916: 13911: 13903: 13899: 13894: 13890: 13885: 13878: 13873: 13866: 13861: 13854: 13850: 13849:Fowler (2005) 13845: 13839:, p. 51. 13838: 13833: 13826: 13822: 13817: 13815: 13803: 13800: 13796: 13791: 13785: 13781: 13777: 13771: 13769: 13761: 13755: 13748: 13743: 13741: 13739: 13737: 13729: 13724: 13722: 13714: 13709: 13702: 13697: 13695: 13693: 13691: 13689: 13687: 13685: 13675: 13673: 13666: 13662: 13659: 13655: 13651: 13647: 13641: 13634: 13630: 13626: 13623: 13617: 13610: 13606: 13600: 13593: 13589: 13585: 13581: 13577: 13574: 13571:Ya-ning Kao, 13568: 13562:, p. 57. 13561: 13556: 13549: 13545: 13542: 13537: 13531: 13527: 13523: 13516: 13514: 13512: 13510: 13508: 13501:. pp. 185–187 13500: 13496: 13492: 13486: 13479: 13475: 13471: 13465: 13449: 13445: 13444: 13436: 13428: 13424: 13417: 13410: 13406: 13399: 13389: 13382: 13377: 13370: 13365: 13358: 13354: 13350: 13346: 13342: 13341:Wusheng Laomu 13338: 13334: 13330: 13329:Guanyin Laomu 13326: 13322: 13315: 13305: 13295: 13287: 13283: 13279: 13275: 13271: 13267: 13263: 13259: 13252: 13250: 13248: 13246: 13244: 13242: 13234: 13230: 13224: 13217: 13213: 13207: 13200: 13196: 13190: 13183: 13179: 13173: 13171: 13163: 13159: 13153: 13147:, p. 27. 13146: 13145:Palmer (2011) 13141: 13134: 13130: 13124: 13117: 13113: 13107: 13100: 13096: 13095: 13091: 13088: 13081: 13079: 13077: 13075: 13073: 13064: 13057: 13050: 13049: 13042: 13040: 13038: 13030: 13029:Hóngyáng jiào 13023: 13017: 13010: 13006: 13001: 12995:, p. 11. 12994: 12993:Palmer (2011) 12989: 12982: 12981:Palmer (2011) 12977: 12971:, p. 29. 12970: 12969:Palmer (2011) 12965: 12959:, p. 23. 12958: 12957:Palmer (2011) 12953: 12947:, p. 12. 12946: 12945:Palmer (2011) 12941: 12934: 12929: 12923:, p. 17. 12922: 12921:Palmer (2011) 12917: 12910: 12909:Palmer (2011) 12905: 12899:, p. 19. 12898: 12897:Palmer (2011) 12893: 12891: 12889: 12881: 12877: 12873: 12869: 12863: 12854: 12852: 12845: 12841: 12838: 12834: 12830: 12827: 12823: 12817: 12815: 12807: 12803: 12802: 12798: 12795: 12788: 12786: 12776: 12774: 12766: 12762: 12756: 12749: 12744: 12735: 12726: 12719: 12714: 12707: 12703: 12702: 12698: 12695: 12688: 12681: 12677: 12676: 12672: 12669: 12662: 12660: 12658: 12650: 12646: 12641: 12624: 12620: 12614: 12610: 12609: 12601: 12595:, p. 16. 12594: 12589: 12587: 12580:, p. 15. 12579: 12574: 12567: 12562: 12560: 12553:, p. 13. 12552: 12547: 12539: 12532: 12530: 12522: 12517: 12515: 12507: 12503: 12499: 12495: 12491: 12486: 12479: 12473: 12466: 12461: 12460:archive.today 12457: 12453: 12447: 12438: 12432: 12428: 12421: 12419: 12417: 12409: 12404: 12402: 12394: 12389: 12380: 12378: 12376: 12374: 12372: 12370: 12368: 12366: 12364: 12354: 12352: 12350: 12348: 12346: 12344: 12336: 12331: 12329: 12319: 12317: 12315: 12313: 12311: 12309: 12307: 12305: 12303: 12301: 12299: 12289: 12280: 12271: 12265:, p. 27. 12264: 12259: 12257: 12255: 12247: 12242: 12236:, p. 24. 12235: 12230: 12224:, p. 26. 12223: 12218: 12216: 12209:, p. 25. 12208: 12203: 12201: 12193: 12188: 12181: 12176: 12174: 12172: 12170: 12168: 12166: 12158: 12153: 12151: 12149: 12141: 12136: 12134: 12132: 12124: 12119: 12112: 12107: 12105: 12095: 12086: 12077: 12075: 12073: 12071: 12069: 12059: 12050: 12041: 12032: 12023: 12014: 12012: 12010: 12003:, p. 32. 12002: 12001:Teiser (1996) 11997: 11995: 11993: 11991: 11989: 11987: 11980:, p. 31. 11979: 11978:Teiser (1996) 11974: 11972: 11970: 11968: 11966: 11956: 11954: 11952: 11942: 11940: 11938: 11936: 11934: 11924: 11917: 11914: 11911:Adler, 2011. 11908: 11906: 11899:, p. 30. 11898: 11897:Teiser (1996) 11893: 11884: 11882: 11875:, p. 29. 11874: 11873:Teiser (1996) 11869: 11867: 11857: 11848: 11846: 11844: 11842: 11834: 11833: 11826: 11817: 11810: 11806: 11803: 11799: 11795: 11791: 11785: 11776: 11774: 11764: 11755: 11753: 11751: 11741: 11734: 11729: 11727: 11720:, p. 66. 11719: 11714: 11712: 11705:, p. 65. 11704: 11699: 11690: 11683: 11679: 11675: 11669: 11660: 11658: 11648: 11642: 11636: 11627: 11618: 11609: 11600: 11591: 11589: 11587: 11585: 11575: 11566: 11560: 11556: 11552: 11551: 11547: 11544: 11537: 11530: 11529:Jansen (2012) 11525: 11518: 11517:Jansen (2012) 11513: 11507:, p. 28. 11506: 11501: 11495:, p. 52. 11494: 11489: 11482: 11477: 11475: 11473: 11471: 11469: 11467: 11465: 11457: 11452: 11446:, p. 51. 11445: 11440: 11438: 11436: 11427: 11425:0-8160-3545-8 11421: 11417: 11413: 11406: 11400:, p. 50. 11399: 11394: 11392: 11385:, p. 46. 11384: 11379: 11371: 11365: 11361: 11357: 11353: 11347: 11341:, p. 45. 11340: 11335: 11329:, p. 43. 11328: 11323: 11316: 11311: 11309: 11307: 11305: 11303: 11294: 11288: 11284: 11277: 11270: 11265: 11263: 11254: 11248: 11244: 11237: 11230: 11225: 11218: 11213: 11206: 11200: 11193: 11189: 11185: 11179: 11172: 11167: 11165: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11143: 11134: 11132: 11130: 11128: 11120: 11115: 11113: 11111: 11109: 11101: 11096: 11089: 11084: 11077: 11072: 11070: 11062: 11057: 11049: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11030: 11026: 11023: 11017: 11010: 11004: 10997: 10993: 10989: 10983: 10976: 10972: 10968: 10962: 10955: 10949: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10931:Herman Ooms. 10928: 10921: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10904: 10897: 10892: 10885: 10880: 10873: 10868: 10862: 10858: 10855: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10837: 10830: 10825: 10818: 10813: 10806: 10801: 10794: 10789: 10782: 10777: 10770: 10765: 10758: 10753: 10746: 10740: 10732: 10729: 10725: 10719: 10711: 10708: 10702: 10694: 10688: 10684: 10680: 10676: 10670: 10661: 10659: 10657: 10655: 10648:Teiser, 1996. 10645: 10643: 10635: 10631: 10626: 10620:, p. 23. 10619: 10614: 10612: 10610: 10608: 10601:, p. 21. 10600: 10595: 10593: 10591: 10589: 10581: 10576: 10574: 10566: 10562: 10557: 10550: 10546: 10545: 10540: 10536: 10533: 10527: 10518: 10507: 10500: 10499: 10491: 10489: 10487: 10479: 10474: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10422: 10414: 10407: 10401:, p. 51. 10400: 10395: 10388: 10387:Teiser (1995) 10383: 10379: 10362: 10355: 10345: 10336: 10329: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10307: 10301: 10294: 10293: 10288: 10287: 10278: 10275: 10269: 10262: 10255: 10251: 10250: 10245: 10239: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10223: 10216: 10212: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10196: 10195: 10187: 10180: 10176: 10168: 10165: 10157: 10154: 10146: 10143: 10135: 10132: 10128: 10127: 10118: 10115: 10107: 10104: 10096: 10093: 10085: 10082: 10074: 10071: 10063: 10060: 10052: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10036: 10032: 10024: 10021: 10018:(p. 74), the 10013: 10010: 10002: 9999: 9992: 9984: 9983:Taoist Church 9980: 9973: 9969: 9962: 9958: 9951: 9947: 9940: 9936: 9929: 9925: 9918: 9914: 9907: 9901: 9894: 9887: 9880: 9879: 9874: 9873: 9868: 9862: 9860: 9852: 9851: 9846: 9842: 9841: 9836: 9835: 9830: 9824: 9817: 9813: 9812: 9805: 9794: 9791: 9786: 9785: 9780: 9779: 9774: 9768: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9749: 9748: 9739: 9736: 9732: 9731: 9725: 9721: 9716: 9707: 9704: 9703: 9698: 9693: 9689: 9684: 9680: 9675: 9671: 9666: 9662: 9656: 9654: 9640: 9637: 9634: 9627: 9624: 9621: 9614: 9611: 9608: 9605: 9597: 9594: 9591: 9584: 9581: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9571: 9570:Five Classics 9563: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9536: 9533: 9525: 9522: 9514: 9511: 9503: 9502: 9498: 9495: 9491: 9482: 9479: 9476: 9475: 9470: 9461: 9460: 9456: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9434: 9431: 9428: 9425: 9417: 9414: 9411: 9404: 9400: 9399: 9398:Shuowen jiezi 9390: 9387: 9384: 9383: 9377: 9374: 9373: 9368: 9365:("God"), and 9360: 9357: 9353: 9352: 9347: 9346: 9341: 9337: 9332: 9330: 9322: 9318: 9317: 9313: 9312:Indo-European 9309: 9306: 9298: 9295: 9291: 9286: 9282: 9281: 9277: 9269: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9253:spoked wheels 9251: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9230: 9224: 9219: 9211: 9208: 9204: 9196: 9193: 9189: 9182: 9174: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9156: 9152: 9144: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9113: 9110: 9102: 9099: 9095: 9094: 9089: 9085: 9077: 9074: 9066: 9063: 9055: 9052: 9048: 9042: 9038: 9028: 9027: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8922: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8885: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8848: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8816: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8669: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8646: 8641: 8630: 8623: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8600: 8598: 8594: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8569: 8559: 8557: 8552: 8549: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8534: 8529: 8527: 8523: 8515: 8510: 8501: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8482: 8480: 8475: 8473: 8469: 8462: 8457: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8432: 8428: 8421: 8416: 8402: 8398: 8396: 8389: 8385: 8378: 8374: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8352: 8348: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8316: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8295: 8285: 8283: 8278: 8276: 8271: 8269: 8262: 8258: 8251: 8247: 8240: 8236: 8229: 8226:("rock") and 8225: 8218: 8214: 8207: 8202: 8200: 8199:Taoist Church 8196: 8192: 8185: 8181: 8180:contemplation 8177: 8170: 8166: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8149: 8145: 8143: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8121: 8117: 8110: 8106: 8101: 8099: 8092: 8088: 8085:which means " 8084: 8077: 8073: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8047: 8042: 8036: 8033: 8025: 8021: 8014: 8009: 8007: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7981: 7977: 7973: 7969: 7962: 7957: 7955: 7948: 7944: 7937: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7893: 7886: 7880: 7872: 7865: 7859: 7849: 7839: 7837: 7836: 7831: 7827: 7824: 7820: 7819: 7814: 7810: 7809:Confucianists 7806: 7801: 7797: 7794: 7784: 7782: 7777: 7775: 7771: 7761: 7750: 7748: 7741: 7736: 7734: 7728: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7706: 7701: 7692: 7690: 7689: 7684: 7682: 7677: 7675: 7666: 7663: 7655: 7652: 7644: 7641: 7633: 7630: 7622: 7619: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7606: 7598: 7595: 7591: 7590: 7581: 7578: 7573: 7570: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7544: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7526: 7522: 7514: 7511: 7507: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7491: 7488: 7480: 7477: 7476: 7471: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7450: 7447: 7446: 7441: 7438: 7434: 7433: 7432: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7406: 7399: 7394: 7387: 7384:) in central 7379: 7376: 7371: 7362: 7360: 7353: 7345: 7341: 7333: 7328: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7308: 7307: 7302: 7301: 7296: 7289: 7285: 7278: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7254: 7246: 7242: 7234: 7230: 7222: 7218: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7194: 7190: 7182: 7177: 7169: 7165: 7160: 7151: 7149: 7145: 7144: 7139: 7132: 7128: 7121: 7117: 7116: 7111: 7107: 7106: 7101: 7097: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7075: 7071: 7066: 7064: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7010: 7008: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6973: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6955: 6951: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6934:macranthropic 6927: 6923: 6915: 6911: 6903: 6899: 6894: 6888: 6884: 6883: 6882:Liexian zhuan 6878: 6874: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6848: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6839:Shuowen jiezi 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6818: 6813: 6812: 6807: 6800: 6796: 6789: 6785: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6763: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6738: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6673: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6656: 6650: 6648: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6616: 6614: 6613: 6608: 6607: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6589: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6567: 6548: 6544: 6536: 6532: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6500: 6496: 6489: 6483: 6475: 6472: 6468: 6462: 6460: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6423: 6421: 6417: 6414:A process of 6412: 6410: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6376: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6344:western China 6341: 6337: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6315: 6308: 6304: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6260: 6258: 6251: 6245: 6243: 6239: 6234: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6203: 6198: 6196: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6175: 6172: 6164: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6145: 6142: 6141:zōngzú xiéhuì 6138: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6113: 6099: 6097: 6093: 6092:Yan Mountains 6089: 6085: 6080: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6032: 6026: 6018: 6012: 6002: 6000: 5997:tradition of 5996: 5992: 5988: 5980: 5976: 5971: 5969: 5962: 5958: 5951: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5928: 5924: 5916: 5912: 5904: 5900: 5895: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5866: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5844: 5840: 5836: 5829: 5825: 5820: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5803:, Weixinist, 5802: 5798: 5794: 5786: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5741: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5705: 5698: 5694: 5693:jiùshì tuántǐ 5687: 5683: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5559: 5555: 5547: 5543: 5538: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5500:Rújiào Dàotán 5494: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5466: 5462: 5461:Yīdān xuétáng 5458: 5454: 5449: 5447: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5409: 5407: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5353: 5348: 5340: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5282: 5280: 5273: 5272:yang ... 5270: 5266: 5260: 5258: 5257: 5249: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5230: 5229:Shang dynasty 5225: 5223: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5202: 5197: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5180: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5121: 5117: 5115: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5080: 5075: 5071: 5063: 5060: 5059:zōngzú xiéhuì 5056: 5048: 5045: 5037: 5034: 5026: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5008: 5000: 4997: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4941: 4935: 4931: 4930:Mǎshénmiàocūn 4923: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4893: 4885: 4882: 4881: 4875: 4869: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4845: 4837: 4834: 4826: 4823: 4815: 4812: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4792:mountain gods 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4752: 4748: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4723:deity worship 4720: 4710: 4704: 4701: 4693: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4675: 4667: 4664: 4656: 4653: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4631: 4626: 4620: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4556: 4549: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4505: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4484: 4480: 4479: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4380: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4347: 4340: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4272: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4254: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4180: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4140: 4134: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4117: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4084:, and is the 4083: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4041: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4008:is the soul ( 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3913: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3890: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3758: 3757: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3730:Shuowen jiezi 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3639: 3631: 3628: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3606: 3602: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3583: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3541: 3537: 3528: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3431:Neo-Confucian 3428: 3420: 3417: 3412: 3410: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3384: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3322:Shang dynasty 3319: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3298: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3239: 3236: 3233:, 'one', and 3228: 3225: 3217: 3214: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3174: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3088: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3044: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3004: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2949: 2945: 2944: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2919: 2918:Guodian texts 2914: 2902: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2881: 2876: 2875: 2860: 2856: 2855: 2849: 2847: 2846: 2841: 2840:Dong Zhongshu 2837: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2723: 2715: 2711: 2710:classic books 2706: 2704: 2700: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2674:of Dingfang, 2673: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2495:reform policy 2491: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2364: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2217: 2213: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2191: 2187: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2157: 2155:zhōnghuá xìng 2151: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2125: 2121: 2118: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2094: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2077:zōngjiào xìng 2073: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2003: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1982: 1978: 1972: 1964: 1960: 1958:míxìn huódòng 1954: 1946: 1938: 1934: 1926: 1918: 1914: 1906: 1896: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1803: 1797: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1764: 1760: 1754: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1710: 1706: 1704:zìfā zōngjiào 1700: 1692: 1688: 1682: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1639:shénxiān jiào 1635: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1613: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1575: 1567: 1563: 1557: 1549: 1545: 1539: 1531: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1505: 1496: 1491: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1462: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1446: 1438: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1400: 1394: 1386: 1376: 1370: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1324: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1300: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1282: 1276: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1252: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1228: 1220: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1202: 1192: 1186: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1058:, who can be 1057: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1027: 1023: 1018: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 983: 979: 975: 970: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 936: 931: 929: 924: 922: 917: 916: 914: 913: 908: 903: 898: 897: 896: 895: 888: 885: 884: 881: 878: 877: 874: 871: 870: 867: 864: 863: 860: 857: 856: 853: 850: 848: 845: 844: 841: 838: 836: 833: 832: 826: 825: 818: 815: 814: 811: 808: 806: 803: 802: 799: 796: 795: 792: 789: 788: 785: 782: 781: 780: 779: 777: 770: 767: 765: 762: 761: 758: 755: 753: 750: 749: 746: 743: 741: 738: 737: 734: 731: 729: 726: 725: 722: 719: 717: 714: 713: 712: 711: 709: 700: 694: 691: 690: 687: 684: 683: 682: 681: 675: 672: 671: 668: 665: 664: 661: 658: 657: 654: 651: 650: 649: 648: 642: 641:Other schools 639: 638: 635: 632: 629: 625: 622: 621: 620: 619: 613: 610: 609: 606: 603: 602: 599: 596: 595: 592: 589: 588: 585: 582: 581: 578: 575: 574: 571: 568: 567: 566: 558: 557: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 516: 510: 509: 502: 499: 498: 495: 492: 490: 487: 486: 483: 480: 479: 476: 473: 472: 466: 465: 458: 455: 454: 451: 448: 447: 444: 441: 440: 437: 434: 432: 429: 428: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 410: 409: 402: 399: 398: 395: 392: 390: 387: 386: 385: 384: 378: 375: 374: 371: 368: 367: 364: 361: 360: 357: 354: 353: 350: 347: 346: 340: 339: 332: 329: 327: 324: 323: 320: 317: 315: 312: 311: 308: 305: 303: 300: 299: 296: 293: 291: 288: 287: 284: 281: 279: 276: 275: 272: 268: 265: 264: 258: 257: 253: 249: 248: 245: 240: 239: 234: 227: 226: 218: 208: 203: 201: 197: 189: 187: 183: 175: 173: 169: 166: 162: 156: 151: 149: 145: 137: 135: 131: 121: 119: 115: 107: 105: 101: 93: 91: 87: 84: 80: 75: 71: 63: 61: 57: 49: 47: 43: 36: 31: 27: 22: 19: 18522:Mountain God 18207:Suika Shinto 18177:Taigu school 18120: 18106:Filial piety 18033:Festival Huế 17923: 17886:Christianity 17829: 17683:Baháʼí Faith 17631:Christianity 17599:Confucianism 17576: 17509: 17502: 17495: 17488: 17481: 17463: 17456: 17449: 17437: 17430: 17423: 17416: 17409: 17402: 17395: 17388: 17381: 17374: 17367: 17360: 17353: 17346: 17339: 17278:Moving Sands 17220: 17140:(Fox spirit) 17084:Azure Dragon 17074:Four Symbols 16991: 16886: 16858: 16849: 16836: 16827: 16814: 16805: 16792: 16774:. Retrieved 16760: 16735: 16719:. Retrieved 16710: 16706: 16690:. Retrieved 16670: 16654:. Retrieved 16634: 16607: 16587: 16583: 16571:. Retrieved 16555: 16542:. Retrieved 16522: 16510:the original 16505: 16486:. Retrieved 16474: 16433: 16429: 16412: 16404:, retrieved 16392: 16353: 16349: 16331:. Retrieved 16311: 16290: 16281:the original 16276: 16272: 16254:, retrieved 16234: 16214: 16186: 16183:China Report 16182: 16165: 16152:. Retrieved 16132: 16112: 16100:. Retrieved 16088: 16084: 16058: 16052: 16036:. Retrieved 16029:the original 16010: 15997:. Retrieved 15977: 15961:. Retrieved 15941: 15929: 15916:. Retrieved 15896: 15883:. Retrieved 15863: 15842: 15829:. Retrieved 15809: 15793:. Retrieved 15773: 15753: 15744: 15740: 15724:. Retrieved 15704: 15684: 15673:, retrieved 15654: 15639:the original 15630: 15617:. Retrieved 15597: 15584:. Retrieved 15564: 15543: 15534: 15525:. Retrieved 15513: 15482:(1): 27–43. 15479: 15475: 15459:. Retrieved 15439: 15421: 15408: 15395: 15388: 15308: 15286: 15274:. Retrieved 15254: 15250: 15231:. Retrieved 15211: 15207: 15188:. Retrieved 15164: 15142: 15129:, retrieved 15110: 15081: 15077: 15066:the original 15045: 15042:Modern China 15041: 15015: 14996: 14971: 14967: 14948: 14929: 14917:. Retrieved 14901: 14889:, retrieved 14870: 14817: 14812: 14804: 14800: 14794: 14789: 14774: 14769: 14753: 14749: 14729: 14717: 14705: 14693: 14685: 14672: 14667: 14648: 14644: 14633: 14611:issue 2014: 14608: 14600: 14577: 14568: 14556:. Retrieved 14552:the original 14542: 14534: 14530: 14522: 14495: 14483: 14470:. Retrieved 14450: 14401: 14396: 14380: 14376: 14371: 14359: 14312:Viking Press 14310:. New York: 14307: 14281: 14230: 14183: 14162: 14103: 14087: 14082: 14070: 14054: 14049: 14041: 14029: 14024: 14015: 13999: 13994: 13982: 13970: 13954: 13938: 13926: 13910: 13901: 13897: 13893:Ming dynasty 13884: 13872: 13864: 13860: 13844: 13832: 13798: 13790: 13775: 13759: 13754: 13708: 13645: 13640: 13632: 13616: 13608: 13604: 13599: 13575: 13572: 13567: 13555: 13525: 13490: 13485: 13469: 13464: 13452:. Retrieved 13442: 13435: 13429:(1): 83–114. 13426: 13422: 13416: 13408: 13404: 13398: 13388: 13376: 13369:Ownby (2008) 13364: 13356: 13352: 13348: 13344: 13340: 13336: 13332: 13328: 13324: 13320: 13314: 13304: 13294: 13264:(1): 83–93. 13261: 13257: 13223: 13206: 13189: 13152: 13140: 13132: 13128: 13123: 13115: 13111: 13106: 13098: 13085: 13063:Modern China 13062: 13056: 13046: 13028: 13016: 13008: 13005:Clart (1997) 13000: 12988: 12976: 12964: 12952: 12940: 12933:Clart (2014) 12928: 12916: 12904: 12871: 12870:. Book 8 of 12867: 12862: 12821: 12805: 12792: 12765:Modern China 12764: 12760: 12755: 12748:Clart (2003) 12743: 12734: 12725: 12713: 12705: 12692: 12687: 12679: 12666: 12648: 12640: 12627:. Retrieved 12607: 12600: 12573: 12546: 12537: 12505: 12501: 12497: 12490:Chau (2005a) 12485: 12477: 12472: 12463: 12446: 12426: 12388: 12288: 12279: 12270: 12241: 12229: 12187: 12118: 12094: 12085: 12058: 12049: 12040: 12031: 12022: 11923: 11892: 11856: 11830: 11825: 11816: 11789: 11788:Mark Lewis. 11784: 11767:Chang, 2000. 11763: 11740: 11698: 11689: 11673: 11668: 11647: 11640: 11639:Zhou, 2005. 11635: 11626: 11617: 11608: 11599: 11574: 11565: 11541: 11536: 11524: 11512: 11500: 11488: 11483:, p. 8. 11458:, p. 1. 11451: 11415: 11405: 11378: 11360:Viking Press 11358:. New York: 11355: 11346: 11334: 11322: 11317:, p. 9. 11282: 11276: 11242: 11236: 11224: 11212: 11204: 11199: 11183: 11182:Tu Weiming. 11178: 11173:, p. 4. 11147: 11142: 11121:, p. 5. 11100:Clart (2014) 11095: 11088:Clart (2014) 11083: 11076:Clart (2014) 11061:Clart (2014) 11056: 11037: 11016: 11008: 11003: 10987: 10982: 10966: 10961: 10953: 10948: 10932: 10927: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10898:, p. 3. 10891: 10884:Clart (2014) 10879: 10867: 10841: 10836: 10829:Clart (2014) 10824: 10812: 10800: 10793:Clart (2014) 10788: 10781:Clart (2014) 10776: 10769:Clart (2014) 10764: 10757:Clart (2014) 10752: 10742: 10727: 10721: 10706: 10701: 10681:. New York: 10678: 10675:Bowker, John 10669: 10630:Adler (2011) 10625: 10556: 10544:Modern China 10542: 10526: 10517: 10497: 10473: 10461:. Retrieved 10454:the original 10425: 10419: 10406: 10394: 10382: 10363:, p. 5) 10354: 10344: 10335: 10327: 10312: 10300: 10290: 10284: 10273: 10268: 10260: 10247: 10243: 10238: 10221: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10192: 10186: 10163: 10152: 10141: 10130: 10124: 10113: 10102: 10091: 10080: 10069: 10058: 10047: 10043: 10039: 10034: 10030: 10019: 10008: 9997: 9991: 9979:Wénchāngdiàn 9978: 9967: 9956: 9945: 9934: 9924:Sānhuángdiàn 9923: 9912: 9900: 9893:Yuan dynasty 9886: 9876: 9870: 9848: 9844: 9838: 9832: 9828: 9823: 9809: 9804: 9789: 9782: 9776: 9772: 9767: 9745: 9734: 9728: 9719: 9700: 9687: 9678: 9669: 9660: 9635: 9622: 9609: 9603: 9592: 9579: 9557: 9550:transcendent 9545: 9534: 9523: 9512: 9500: 9493: 9489: 9480: 9472: 9469:Fengshan shu 9468: 9458: 9443: 9429: 9423: 9412: 9396: 9385: 9370: 9366: 9355: 9349: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9314: 9307: 9293: 9289: 9278: 9276:Mesopotamian 9264: 9237: 9233: 9216:(from Shang 9206: 9191: 9187: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9150: 9139: 9108: 9097: 9091: 9087: 9072: 9061: 9050: 9041: 9024: 8726:Mazu worship 8689:Confucianism 8640:China portal 8601: 8591:Most of the 8590: 8556:Mayfair Yang 8554: 8545: 8541: 8530: 8519: 8483: 8476: 8464: 8459: 8455: 8437: 8426: 8405:Demographics 8399: 8394: 8383: 8372: 8357: 8346: 8338: 8334: 8329: 8321: 8313: 8310:, Guangdong. 8279: 8272: 8267: 8256: 8245: 8234: 8223: 8212: 8203: 8190: 8175: 8167: 8154: 8146: 8141: 8126: 8115: 8102: 8097: 8082: 8071: 8052: 8043: 8031: 8019: 8010: 8005: 7990: 7986: 7975: 7967: 7958: 7953: 7942: 7934:worship are 7932: 7891: 7870: 7833: 7822: 7816: 7802: 7798: 7790: 7781:Song dynasty 7778: 7773: 7769: 7759: 7756: 7746: 7737: 7732: 7729: 7718: 7709: 7686: 7680: 7673: 7661: 7650: 7639: 7628: 7617: 7615: 7608: 7604: 7593: 7587: 7576: 7574: 7565: 7550: 7539: 7509: 7493: 7473: 7469: 7456: 7455:(immortal), 7443: 7430: 7374: 7358: 7329: 7310: 7304: 7298: 7294: 7283: 7265: 7252: 7240: 7228: 7216: 7204: 7173: 7141: 7137: 7126: 7113: 7103: 7095: 7080: 7067: 7062: 7031: 7020: 7011: 7006: 6983: 6974: 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5275: 5268: 5264: 5262: 5254: 5236:Zhou dynasty 5233: 5226: 5221: 5200: 5195: 5178: 5174: 5165:Mu Us Desert 5153:Genghis Khan 5118: 5100: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5083: 5077: 5058: 5043: 5032: 5021: 5006: 4995: 4993: 4929: 4917: 4911: 4902: 4878: 4876: 4864: 4860: 4850: 4832: 4821: 4810: 4808: 4773: 4771: 4758:Pǔtóu dàmiào 4757: 4716: 4699: 4688: 4685: 4673: 4662: 4651: 4640: 4636: 4627: 4615: 4609: 4600: 4578: 4573: 4561: 4559: 4554: 4535: 4533: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4498: 4476: 4474: 4451:populations. 4445:Thai Chinese 4394: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4374: 4360: 4355: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4338: 4333:), "fateful 4320: 4314: 4310: 4302: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4264: 4257: 4255: 4230: 4226: 4224: 4189: 4185: 4178: 4167: 4163: 4161: 4147: 4137: 4135: 4126: 4115: 4104: 4092: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4061: 4056: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3923: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3858: 3854: 3846: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3780: 3767: 3754: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3700: 3696: 3685: 3676:The concept 3675: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3637: 3626: 3625: 3611: 3585: 3579: 3523: 3511:Yin and yang 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3484: 3480: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3438: 3415: 3413: 3408: 3393: 3382: 3367: 3360:Zhou dynasty 3355: 3349: 3333: 3317: 3304: 3293: 3289: 3288: 3280:transcendent 3275: 3269: 3265: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3247: 3234: 3223: 3212: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3160: 3146: 3132: 3114: 3112: 3090: 3073:), and the " 3068: 3048:táohuāyuánjì 3046: 3024: 3002: 3000: 2982: 2961: 2941: 2921: 2915: 2894: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2852: 2850: 2843: 2833: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2789: 2783: 2763:sìshū wǔjīng 2761: 2725: 2707: 2696: 2690:era general 2676:Zhong County 2640: 2625: 2622: 2611:on the 2021 2560: 2516:Yu the Great 2499:Qing dynasty 2497:of the late 2492: 2481: 2477: 2469:henotheistic 2458: 2439: 2406:Xiàngtóushén 2405: 2387:Northern Wei 2384: 2366: 2362: 2350: 2344: 2328: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2291: 2276: 2269: 2262: 2246: 2196: 2153: 2135: 2114: 2096: 2075: 2057: 2040:'s thought: 2031: 2013: 1991: 1984: 1974: 1956: 1902: 1884: 1875:metaphysical 1863:universalism 1860: 1856:Ming dynasty 1847: 1843: 1829: 1811: 1799: 1785: 1774: 1756: 1738: 1720: 1702: 1684: 1666: 1658: 1655:Qing dynasty 1653:In the late 1652: 1637: 1621: 1615: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1579:zhōnghuájiào 1577: 1559: 1541: 1526: 1515: 1500: 1495:Weifang City 1448: 1430: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1396: 1372: 1354: 1339:Yin and yang 1337: 1331:), "fateful 1326: 1308: 1302: 1284: 1278: 1260: 1254: 1236: 1230: 1204: 1188: 1170: 1167: 1158:yin and yang 1140: 1107:Qing dynasty 1104: 1080:Song dynasty 1045: 1032: 1031: 998:Yellow River 817:Taigu school 774: 773: 752:Xia teaching 728:Luo teaching 706: 705: 679: 678: 646: 645: 624:Confucianism 617: 616: 564: 443:Wu shamanism 382: 381: 241: 90:Hanyu Pinyin 18: 18472:Red Emperor 18313:Miao shrine 18286:Hero shrine 18245:Kang Youwei 17723:Manichaeism 17376:Shenyi Jing 17190:Four Perils 17089:White Tiger 17038:Yan Emperor 16713:: 179–197. 16630:Yang, C. K. 16189:(1): 1–18. 15619:28 December 15527:30 December 15514:China Watch 14734:Yang (2007) 14710:Yang (2007) 14698:Yang (2007) 14558:1 September 14478:pp. 815-816 14108:Chau (2011) 14086:J. Hackin. 14040:. Chapter: 13961:, pp. 13945:, pp. 13917:, pp. 13851:, pp. 13837:Zhao (2012) 12647:, pp. 12476:Fan Lizhu. 12465:influential 11802:pp. 205–206 11352:Chang, Iris 10896:Wang (2011) 10463:20 November 9946:Cáishéndiàn 9935:Sānqīngdiàn 9867:Han dynasty 9558:Wujing yiyi 9494:Hou Han shu 9305:Old Chinese 9274:), and the 8996:Bell Church 8668:Xiantiandao 8616:Zhenkongdao 8442:Plum Flower 7871:Yùhuángmiào 7536:pilgrimages 7317:Chen Jinggu 7263:"granny"). 7215:"mother"), 6860:, and the " 6742:Han Chinese 6588:cosmotheism 6314:Húsān Tàiyé 6015:Weixinism ( 5850:Xiāntiāndào 5801:De teaching 5773:Xiantiandao 5749:millenarian 5676:progenitors 5433:, meaning " 5149:White Sulde 4966:(right) in 4918:Léishénmiào 4831:, in which 4775:genius loci 4595:during the 4335:coincidence 4101:progenitors 4038:"earthly" ( 3924:Xiàoyòugōng 3869:wrote that 3003:shānhǎijīng 2766:) and the " 2668:Eastern Han 2588:during his 2548:Bodhidharma 2503:Nationalist 2493:In 1904, a 2473:monolatrous 2347:Han dynasty 2044:substance ( 1892:Han Chinese 1786:"Shendao" ( 1465:Terminology 1333:coincidence 1154:five powers 1146:acupuncture 1037:Han Chinese 976:of Wen'ao, 810:Xuanyuanism 757:Xiantiandao 716:De teaching 628:state rites 18537:Categories 18374:Joss paper 18364:Hell money 18291:Myo shrine 17908:Folk saint 17658:Falun Gong 17636:Protestant 17293:Weak River 17185:Fox spirit 16721:2 November 16656:7 November 16573:17 January 16224:9622094430 16174:B00IZ9E7EI 15324:; Scribd: 15208:T'oung Pao 14891:5 December 14762:1136230963 14722:Law (2005) 14642:大陆民间宗教管理变局 14410:0739188089 14389:1136230963 14286:Yao (2010) 14274:Yao (2010) 14253:Yao (2010) 14223:Yao (2010) 14206:Yao (2010) 14140:Yao (2010) 14125:Yao (2010) 14096:8120609204 14063:0824823591 14038:1441196455 14008:0226064565 13823:, p. 13784:1585423661 13747:Yao (2010) 13728:Yao (2010) 13713:Yao (2010) 13701:Yao (2010) 13654:9004271643 13620:Bamo Ayi. 13586:(online), 13560:Mou (2012) 13499:1136113940 13478:1452266565 12880:0521783860 12462:. Quote: " 12441:p. 353-354 12335:Yao (2010) 12192:Yao (2010) 12180:Yao (2010) 12157:Yao (2010) 12140:Yao (2010) 12123:Yao (2010) 12111:Yao (2010) 11798:0791441148 11682:9004168354 11559:0199707685 11192:8121512204 11156:9004182462 10996:1442204915 10975:0313264317 10941:0824832353 10872:Shi (2008) 10850:0822382032 10817:Shi (2008) 10805:Tan (1983) 10632:, p. 10563:, p. 10370:References 10317:Big Dipper 10228:'s texts: 10194:axis mundi 10129:), either 10092:xingdao de 9968:Bāxiāndiàn 9913:Fúshòuguān 9816:poetically 9747:axis mundi 9623:Shàng Tiān 9580:Huáng Tiān 9490:Si'xuan fu 9338:, besides 9138:) form of 9128:Big Dipper 8526:grassroots 8326:pilgrimage 7846:See also: 7832:and their 7695:Sacrifices 7691:practice. 7683:mediumship 7586:) through 7532:sacrifices 7521:divination 7241:niángniáng 7105:axis mundi 7070:Yellow God 6970:kataphatic 6966:folk sects 6543:Big Dipper 6290:, and the 6046:Wéixīnjiào 5968:Tiāndìjiào 5934:Méihuājiào 5865:Hòutiāndào 5757:evangelism 5607:kataphatic 5477:Mèngmǔtáng 5286:exorcistic 5279:Jilin City 5042:, or also 4856:Mao Zedong 4784:river gods 4780:water gods 4570:miraculous 4421:Simianshen 4415:Temple of 3855:liang neng 3832:Han period 3826:is called 3592:Big Dipper 3372:Jade Deity 3103:See also: 2465:monotheism 2325:Prehistory 2287:Tu Weiming 2265:C. K. Yang 2226:Statue of 2167:See also: 2116:mínsú xìng 2083:function ( 2038:Tang Junyi 2033:sānwèiyītǐ 2006:文化自覺, 信仰自覺 1899:Attributes 1822:Han period 992:Temple of 778:and sects: 721:Jiugongdao 534:Jiuhuangye 401:Wen and wu 118:Wade–Giles 18308:Ci shrine 18259:Buildings 18235:Confucius 18197:Taiseikyo 18040:Feng Shan 17903:Mormonism 17779:Northeast 17769:Hong Kong 17762:By region 17703:Dongbaism 17688:Benzhuism 17451:Huainanzi 17348:Shi Yi Ji 17288:Red River 17138:Huli jing 17116:Fenghuang 16957:Astrology 16692:19 August 16544:23 August 16458:156063450 16406:17 August 16333:23 August 16315:. Brill. 16203:147263039 16154:23 August 16091:: 21–72. 15963:23 August 15945:. Brill. 15918:23 August 15885:23 August 15831:23 August 15754:台灣古建築圖解事典 15747:: 89–109. 15708:. Brill. 15586:23 August 15498:2353-7795 15461:23 August 15276:17 August 15131:25 August 15098:146463577 15062:144130739 15007:2157-9679 14586:2192-9289 14352:Li (2009) 13592:1868-1026 13584:1868-4874 13454:1 January 13286:170749557 13278:0737-769X 12718:Li (2016) 12691:Kun Shi. 12521:Wu (2014) 12393:Wu (2014) 10450:145160849 10436:: 64–65. 10375:Citations 10292:Huainanzi 10153:shensheng 10090:(p. 87); 10070:shen momo 9872:Daodejing 9847:with the 9811:feng shui 9773:ex nihilo 9636:Cāng Tiān 9481:Tiānhuáng 9471:) of the 9444:Lǎotiānyé 9413:Shénhuáng 9310:, to the 9263:(Chinese 9164:(that is 9124:pole star 9047:etymology 9005:Feng shui 8866:Dongbaism 8851:Benzhuism 8620:Yiguandao 8614:(Deism), 8440:) of the 8427:Shīzǔdiàn 8308:Guangzhou 7959:However, 7901:Jade King 7715:sacrifice 7676:shamanism 7594:huan yuan 7589:jingxiang 7577:jing shen 7525:talismans 7425:Guangdong 7251:"lady"), 7164:Mount Tai 7081:Huángshén 6856:) of the 6750:Zhengzhou 6518:virtues ( 6516:Confucian 6364:epic poem 6346:, and in 6276:chūmǎxiān 6227:Manchuria 6125:Taiwanese 6121:Fujianese 6115:Altar to 6057:feng shui 6011:Weixinism 6005:Weixinism 5923:Meihuaism 5824:Yiguandao 5769:Yiguandao 5753:salvation 5672:ancestors 5615:apophatic 5435:orthoprax 5431:zhèngtǒng 5387:Confucius 5281:in 1988. 5222:sàmǎnjiào 5203:tradition 5181:tradition 5163:, in the 4920:village ( 4914:seniority 4788:fire gods 4762:Zhangzhou 4674:jing shen 4652:huan yuan 4641:cheng xin 4562:xian ling 4560:The term 4536:xian ling 4471:, Taiwan. 4097:ancestors 3944:dialectic 3867:Chen Chun 3851:Zhang Zai 3792:Confucian 3709:Stove God 3705:Guan Gong 3356:im-perare 3351:imperator 3244:, 'big'." 3211:"Tian is 2854:Daodejing 2801:Huainanzi 2742:Confucian 2699:cosmology 2680:Chongqing 2556:Confucius 2461:Guangdong 2258:shamanism 2122:quality ( 1648:immortals 1596:bai shen, 1475:Xiangshan 1427:Zhong Kui 1164:Diversity 1138:worship. 1092:Confucian 1078:. By the 1052:ancestors 1048:(spirits) 954:Huangling 852:Dongbaism 835:Benzhuism 524:Zhongyuan 513:Festivals 431:Feng shui 424:Jingxiang 413:Practices 295:Xian ling 18517:City God 18512:Tudigong 18477:Shennong 18318:Yin miao 18182:Shengdao 18079:Concepts 18060:Marriage 17708:Hinduism 17646:Orthodox 17609:Buddhism 17121:Yinglong 17028:Shennong 16891:Archived 16863:Archived 16841:Archived 16819:Archived 16797:Archived 16786:Articles 16767:Archived 16715:Archived 16686:Archived 16668:(2010). 16650:Archived 16632:(1961). 16564:Archived 16538:Archived 16479:Archived 16417:Archived 16397:archived 16384:(1996), 16374:Archived 16327:Archived 16250:archived 16148:Archived 16093:Archived 15999:9 August 15993:Archived 15975:(1986). 15957:Archived 15912:Archived 15879:Archived 15825:Archived 15807:(2007). 15795:7 August 15789:Archived 15720:Archived 15669:archived 15613:Archived 15580:Archived 15518:Archived 15455:Archived 15426:Archived 15413:Archived 15400:Archived 15377:Archived 15366:Archived 15355:Archived 15344:Archived 15333:Archived 15318:Archived 15307:(1892). 15267:Archived 15257:: 1–32. 15224:Archived 15181:Archived 15125:archived 15078:Religion 14988:73530576 14919:27 April 14910:Archived 14885:archived 14822:Archived 14677:Archived 14657:Archived 14623:Archived 14590:Archived 14466:Archived 14391:. p. 423 14306:(2018). 14010:. p. 246 13661:Archived 13625:Archived 13544:Archived 13480:. p. 202 13448:Archived 13337:Dizangmu 13333:Puxianmu 13090:Archived 12882:. p. 246 12840:Archived 12829:Archived 12797:Archived 12697:Archived 12671:Archived 12629:9 August 12623:Archived 12506:qingming 12456:Archived 11916:Archived 11805:Archived 11684:. p. 240 11546:Archived 11354:(2003). 11296:. p. 311 11203:Madsen, 11158:. p. 112 11036:(2013). 11034:Hu, Shih 11025:Archived 11020:Shi Hu, 10943:. p. 166 10857:Archived 10677:(2021). 10535:Archived 10506:Archived 10432:for the 10179:Song era 10142:shenguan 10103:xiangtou 10081:shen han 10040:fengshui 10035:fengshui 9730:swastika 9668:(jade), 9610:Mín Tiān 9593:Hào Tiān 9554:immanent 9548:is both 9513:Tiāngōng 9501:Tiānwáng 9386:Tiānshén 9242:Harappan 8954:Kau chim 8903:Tengrism 8819:Hinduism 8741:By place 8717:Buddhism 8626:See also 8581:Yokohama 8548:Weberian 8522:economic 8494:atheists 8384:xiānghuì 8322:Fēnxiāng 8294:Fenxiang 8275:surnames 7909:Tianshui 7905:Qingshui 7569:holistic 7495:fengshui 7470:shengren 7437:classics 7417:Chaoyang 7375:xíngshén 7201:Xiwangmu 7168:Shandong 7063:Lóngshén 6996:Shennong 6984:Sānhuáng 6938:Xiwangmu 6769:shénxiān 6730:Malaysia 6478:Features 6292:Fox Gods 6231:Shandong 6202:pantheon 6133:lineages 5899:wénchǎng 5886:region ( 5805:Xuanyuan 5515:currents 5489:Shanghai 5363:Jiangyin 5332:Xinjiang 5177:Chinese 4972:Zhejiang 4903:Māzǔjiào 4796:Shennong 4566:presence 4469:Taichung 4433:Changhua 4395:xianling 4379:yuan fen 4375:bao ying 4350:yuan fen 4346:Ming yun 4339:yuan fen 4322:Yuan fen 4315:bao ying 4311:ming yun 4303:tianming 4266:Ming yun 4258:bao ying 4227:bao ying 4201:Ming yun 4197:Bao ying 4190:ming yun 4186:Bao ying 4131:totemism 3936:Zhejiang 3863:Cheng Yi 3814:and one 3616:Quanzhou 3284:immanent 3162:bao ying 3051:), the " 3007:), the " 2886:Zhuangzi 2883:and the 2810:and the 2785:xiàojīng 2692:Ba Manzi 2532:Xuanzang 2463:region, 2444:and the 2426:Quanzhou 2391:Buddhism 2380:Shandong 2294:sinology 2250:totemism 2186:Shennong 1911:) local 1885:In 1931 1846:, later 1818:Buddhism 1659:shenjiao 1617:shénjiào 1588:Malaysia 1584:Hinduism 1483:Zhejiang 1310:yuan fen 1286:ming yun 1262:bao ying 1142:Geomancy 1128:Longwang 1114:and the 1088:Buddhist 1064:founders 974:City God 529:Zhongqiu 519:Qingming 419:Fenxiang 261:Concepts 232:a series 229:Part of 186:Jyutping 104:Bopomofo 18558:Animism 18487:Zhurong 18448:Zhuanxu 18436:Shaohao 18416:Shangdi 18404:Deities 18347:Objects 18296:Jongmyo 18212:Onmyōdō 18136:Tianxia 18050:Guan Li 18016:Rituals 17798:Related 17748:Sikhism 17713:Judaism 17693:Bimoism 17355:Bowuzhi 17283:Penglai 17273:Longmen 17221:more... 17175:Wuzhiqi 17151:(Bixie) 17048:Chang'e 17023:Youchao 16962:Dragons 16776:28 June 16765:(167). 16450:2058743 16370:1178483 16256:31 July 16061:(144). 15726:27 July 15675:31 July 15173:Chinese 15001:(108). 14858:Sources 14638:Chinese 14615:Chinese 14472:31 July 14412:. p. 95 13963:200–201 13947:504–505 13919:120–123 13853:206–207 13802:Chinese 13524:(ed.), 13357:baojuan 13099:The Way 12651:vol. 6. 12635:, p. 99 12498:shenzhu 12494:Shanbei 11207:. 2013. 11011:. 1912. 10998:. p. 26 10920:Shendao 10731:Chinese 10710:Chinese 10321:Chinese 10306:Chinese 10286:mandala 10277:Chinese 10254:Chinese 10222:Tiānmén 10215:Chinese 10167:Chinese 10156:Chinese 10145:Chinese 10134:Chinese 10117:Chinese 10106:Chinese 10095:Chinese 10084:Chinese 10073:Chinese 10062:Chinese 10051:Chinese 10031:yinyang 10023:Chinese 10020:shenjia 10012:Chinese 10001:Chinese 9972:Chinese 9961:Chinese 9950:Chinese 9939:Chinese 9928:Chinese 9917:Chinese 9906:Chinese 9793:Chinese 9760:emperor 9738:Chinese 9706:Chinese 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