821:
398:
1011:
562:
1195:
precious metals were to be gathered from the ground and did not need to be laboriously extracted from the interior of the earth. In spite of their failure, they found it difficult to give up the alluring picture. When they did not find what they sought in the regions which were indicated by the old legends and by the maps based thereon, they hoped for better success in still unexplored regions, and clutched with avidity at every hint that they were here to attain their object.
1074:; “The astonishing quantities and impressive quality of gold treasures recovered in Butuan suggest that its flourishing port settlement played an until recently little-recognized role in early Southeast Asian trade. Surprisingly, the amount of gold discovered in Butuan far exceeds that found in Sumatra, where the much better known flourishing kingdom of Srivijaya is said to have been located.” This despite that most of the gold of Butuan were already looted by invaders.
162:
386:. These finds belong to the period of Funan Kingdom or Nokor Phnom, present-day Cambodia, and South Vietnam including part of Burma, Laos, and Thailand, which was the first political centre established in Southeast Asia. Taking into account the epigraphic and archaeological evidence, the Suvarṇabhūmi mentioned in the early texts must be identified with these areas. Of these areas, only Funan had maritime links with India through its port at
353:
934:, the insular theory argued that other than actually producing gold, it might also be based on such a kingdom's potential for power and wealth (hence, "Land of Gold") as a hub for sea-trade also known from vague descriptions of contemporary Chinese pilgrims to India. The kingdom referred to as the center of maritime trade between China and India was
528:
is one such site with limited excavation work. The site, called Winka Old City by other archaeologists, contains 40 high-grounds of which only four have been excavated. The Winka site, along with nearby walled sites like
Kyaikkatha and Kelasa, have been dated as early as the sixth century. While the
338:
Due to many factors, including the lack of historical evidence, and the absence of scholarly consensus, various cultures in
Southeast Asia identify Suvarṇabhūmi as an ancient kingdom there, and claim ethnic and political descendancy as its successor state. As no such claim or legend existed before
1194:
The thirst for gold formed the most powerful incentive to explorers at the beginning of modern times; but although more and more extensive regions were brought to light by them, they sought in vain in the East Indian
Archipelago for the Gold and Silver Islands where, according to the legends, the
1002:
The interpretation of early travel records is not always easy. Javanese embassies to China in 860 and 873 CE refer to Java as rich in gold, although it was in fact devoid of any deposits. The
Javanese would have had to import gold possibly from neighbouring Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula or Borneo,
367:(1st–7th century) was the first kingdom in Cambodian history and it was also the first Indianized kingdom that prospered in Southeast Asia. Both Hinduism and Buddhism flourished in this kingdom. According to the Chinese records, two Buddhist monks from Funan, named Mandrasena and
316:. In a study of the various literary sources for the location of Suvarṇabhūmi, Saw Mra Aung concluded that it was impossible to draw a decisive conclusion on this and that only thorough scientific research would reveal which of several versions of Suvarṇabhūmi was the original.
1003:
where gold was still being mined in the 19th century and where ancient mining sites were located. Even though Java did not have its own gold deposits, the texts make frequent references to the existence of goldsmiths, and it is clear from the archaeological evidence such as
1214:, was given instructions to search for the legendary Isles of Gold, said to lie to "beyond Sumatra", which he was unable to do, and in 1587 an expedition under the command of Pedro de Unamunu was sent to find them in the vicinity of Zipangu (Japan). According to
1521:
1743:, Paris, 1962, chap.XXV, "Oc-Èo et Kattigara", pp.421-54; "Mr. Caverhill seems very fairly to have proved that the ancient Cattagara is the same with the present Ponteamass , and the modern city Cambodia the ancient metropolis of Sinae, or Thina",
390:. Therefore, although Suvarṇabhūmi in time was broadly applied to all lands east of India, particularly Sumatra, its earliest application was probably to Funan. Furthermore, the Chinese term of “Funan” for Cambodia, may be a transcription of the "
712:
The area surrounding the old capital of
Suvarnabhumi was resettled in 590 when Sri Sittichai Phromthep (ท้าวศรีสิทธิไชยพรหมเทพ) from Yossothon (possibly the city in Chenla) established the new city, Nakhon Chai Si (old name of the present-day
552:
brought back by Mon merchants highlights the cultural significance placed on early
Buddhist missionaries in Myanmar. In many such legends, the narrative of the conversion of Suvarṇabhūmi is that it Burmanizes key historical Buddhist figures.
610:
Culture. These claims are not based on any historical records but on archaeological evidence of human settlements in the area dating back more than 4,000 years and the findings of 3rd-century Roman coins. The Thai government named the new
214:, and describes it as “an island in the ocean, the furthest extremity towards the east of the inhabited world, lying under the rising sun itself, called Chryse... Beyond this country... there lies a very great inland city called
1198:
The history of geography thus shows us how the Gold and Silver
Islands were constantly, so to speak, wandering towards the East. Marco Polo spoke, in the most exaggerated language, of the wealth of gold in
2287:(Memoire composed in the time of the Great T'ang dynasty on the eminent religious who went to seek the Law in the countries of the West, by Yijing), Paris, E. Leroux 1894, pp.179, 181, 186; I-ching,
2495:“Alvaro de Saavedra….anduvieron 250 Leguas, hasta la isla del Oro, adonde tomaron Puerto, que es grande, y de Gente Negra, y con los cabellos crespos, y desnuda”; Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas,
1634:"Solomon gave this command: That they should go along with his own stewards to the land that was of old called Ophir, but now the Aurea Chersonesus, which belongs to India, to fetch him gold.";
1747:, December 1768, "Epitome of Philosophical Transactions", vol.57, p.578; John Caverhill, "Some Attempts to ascertain the utmost Extent of the Knowledge of the Ancients in the East Indies",
761:(Kanchanaburi old city) while the affected area was almost left abandoned. The new settlement was named Suvarṇabhūmi and was then renamed Sri Ayutthaya and Kanchanaburi, respectively.
2494:
2479:, tr. and annotated by W.F. Sinclair, London, Hakluyt Society, Series 2, Vol.9, 1902, p.10; H. R. Wagner and Pedro de Unamuno, "The Voyage of Pedro de Unamuno to California in 1587",
1387:, assisted by Mabel Haynes Bode, with an addendum by G.C. Mendis, London, Luzac & Co. for the Pali Text Society, 1964, Chapter XII, "The Converting of Different Countries", p.86.
1813:
437:
District, which he tentatively dated to 633 AD. According to him, the inscription would “prove that
Suvarnabhumi was the Khmer Empire.” The inscription was issued in the reign of
233:
put it in his popular rendition of
Periegetes: “if your ship… takes you to where the rising sun returns its warm light, then will be seen the Isle of Gold with its fertile soil.”
1792:, Paris, Gallimard, 1987, pp.535-551, pp.537, 538; Amarajiva Lochan, "India and Thailand: Early Trade Routes and Sea Ports", S.K. Maity, Upendra Thakur, A.K. Narain (eds,),
339:
the translation and publication of the Edicts, scholars see these claims as based on nationalism or attempts to claim the title of the first
Buddhists in Southeast Asia.
153:
teachers went to make their fortunes and spread their teachings and bring back gold and other exotic products desired by a rising elite and the wealthy classes at home.”
1132:, came from Bengal. Moreover the region is commonly associated with golden color - the soil of Bengal is known for its golden color (Gangetic alluvial), golden harvest (
471:
in Phnom Penh. However, his claim and the findings are yet to be peer-reviewed, and remain in doubt with other historians and archaeology experts across the region.
1935:"A comparative study of Buddhist nationalistic movements in Myanmar and Sri Lanka: A case study on the 969 movement in Myanmar and the Bodu Bala Sena in Sri Lanka"
1601:”At navem pelago flectenti Aquilonis ab oris / Ad solem calido referentem lumen ab ortu, / Aurea spectetur tibi pinguibus insula glebis”; Priscianus Caesariensis,
2367:
1403:, London, Cambridge University Press, 1897; reprinted Pali Text Society, dist. by Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969, Vol. III, p.124; Vol. IV, p.10; Vol. VI, p.22
1070:
was so rich in treasures that a museum curator, Florina H. Capistrano-Baker, stated it was even richer than the more well-known western maritime kingdom of
145:
as reported in early Indian literature was not a specific location which can be marked on a map. Rather, it was an idealised place, perhaps equivalent to
2519:
1655:
1428:
R.K. Dube, "Southeast Asia as the Indian El-Dorado", in Chattopadhyaya, D. P. and Project of History of Indian Science, Philosophy, and Culture (eds.),
181:
means 'golden land' or 'land of gold' and the ancient sources have associated it with one of a variety of places throughout the Southeast Asian region.
382:
The oldest archaeological evidence of Indianized civilization in Southeast Asia comes from central Burma, central and southern Thailand, and the lower
2285:
Mémoire composé à l'époque de la grande dynastie T'ang sur les religieux éminents: qui allèrent chercher la loi dans les pays d'Occident, par I-Tsing
1116:
that borders with Bengal) regularly sailed to Suvarṇabhūmi, and ancient Bengal was in fact situated very close to Anga, connected by rivers of the
467:
The Inscription is the oldest found mention of Suvarṇabhūmi in Southeast Asia, identifying it with Chenla. The inscription is now exhibited in the
927:
and then baked. These pointing out to the direction of western Insular Southeast Asia, especially Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Java.
619:, after the mythic kingdom of Suwannaphum, honouring this tradition that is still debated by scholars for the same reasons as the Burman claim.
90:
Though its exact location is unknown and remains a matter of debate, Suvarṇabhūmi was an important port along trade routes that run through the
2010:
1968:
1007:, that this culture had developed a sophisticated gold working technology, which relied on the import of substantial quantities of the metal.
1120:. Bengal has also been described in ancient Indian and Southeast Asian chronicles as a "seafaring country", enjoying trade relations with
1347:
1314:
1203:, situated at the extremity of this part of the world, and had thus pointed out where the precious metals should preferably be sought.
2289:
Chinese Monks in India: Biography of Eminent Monks who went to the Western World in search of the Law during the Great T'ang Dynasty,
861:
The term Suvarṇabhūmi ('land of gold') is commonly thought to refer to the Southeast Asian Peninsula, including lower Burma and the
820:
544:
within Myanmar is attached to various nationalistic and religious narratives about Suvannabhumi. The fifteenth century legend of
360:(1st to 7th century) covers much of mainland Southeast Asia including present-day Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam.
741:; however, the new capital together with the other nearest settlement, Pong Tuek (พงตึก, present-day Ratchaburi) were sacked by
2139:
2435:
2401:
1491:
2340:
2572:
265:
2582:
1955:
Damrong Rachanubhab, "History of Siam in the Period Antecedent to the Founding of Ayuddhya by King Phra Chao U Thong",
1869:
1522:"Presidential Address: India Beyond the Ganges—Desultory Reflections on the Origins of Civilization in Southeast Asia"
2577:
2463:
E.W. Dahlgren, "Were the Hawaiian Islands visited by the Spaniards before their Discovery by Captain Cook in 1778?",
2445:
2411:
2377:
1838:
1357:
1419:, Vol. I, London, Henry Frowde, 1895; reprint: Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1982, No.XIV, Supâragajâtaka, pp.453-462.
1215:
168:, the Isles of Gold, near the Aurea Chersonese, the Golden Peninsula, near Java in the Indian Ocean, on the map of
1590:
463:
until the sea, which is the border, while the kings in the neighbouring states honour his order to their heads”.
1963:, New Delhi, Abhinav Publications, 1979, pp.16-24. William J. Gedney, "A Possible Early Thai Route to the Sea",
401:
The oldest Southeast Asian inscription from Cambodia, dated to the 7th century, issued during the reign of King
968:
789:
422:
206:
1957:
Miscellaneous Articles: Written for the Journal of the Siam Society by His late Royal Highness Prince Damrong
1219:
2005:, The Siam Society, Bangkok, B.E. 2505 (1962); William J. Gedney, "A Possible Early Thai Route to the Sea",
1211:
639:("the Dvaravati city of Suvarṇabhūmi"), indicating that Dvaravati at that time identified as Suvarṇabhūmi.
2525:
698:
468:
2161:
1934:
1720:
942:, however, the interpretations of Chinese historical sources are based on supposed correspondences of
149:
in Western history, a distant somewhere to the east of India where traders, sailors, and Buddhist and
1053:
809:
686:
529:
archaeology of early Lower Burmese sites requires more work, other urban centres in Myanmar like the
58:
2168:
The Golden Khersonese: Studies in the Historical Geography of the Malay Peninsula before A.D. 1500
1506:
Ian Glover, “Suvarnabhumi – Myth or Reality?”, Banchā Phongphānit& Somčhēt Thinnaphong (ed.),
565:
Territorial extent of Suvarnabhumi Kingdom, according to Thai chronicles, before it was sacked by
308:
in Asia. Scholars have identified two regions as possible locations for the ancient Suvarṇabhūmi:
1804:, New Delhi, Abhinav Publications, 1979, chapter III, "Buddhist Art in Thailand", pp.16-24, p.17.
1029:
1014:
309:
2177:
1829:
Shorto, H.L. (2002). "The 32 Myos in the medieval Mon Kingdom". In Vladimir I. Braginsky (ed.).
397:
973:
884:
757:
moved westward and founded a new city in 807 in the area of the present-day Ladya subdistrict,
134:
2140:"Researches on Ptolemy's geography of Eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay archipelago)"
832:, showing the Golden Chersonese, i.e. the Malay Peninsula. The horizontal line represents the
2497:
Historia General de los Hechos de los Castellanos en las Islas i Tierra Firme del Mar Oceano,
904:
824:
The Golden Chersonese - details from the eleventh map of Asia (Southeast Asia). Details from
758:
430:
2587:
2173:
1010:
858:(literally 'golden peninsula'), which pinpointed exactly that location in South East Asia.
764:
At the peak of power around the 13th-14th centuries, the border of the new Suvarṇabhūmi or
627:, "Golden City") in present west/central Thailand, was founded in 877-882 as a city of the
616:
219:
138:
24:
20:
371:, took up residency in China in the 5th to 6th centuries, and translated several Buddhist
332:
8:
1412:
1153:
1083:
849:
797:
590:
278:
269:
1692:
1656:"Facts and Fiction: The Myth of Suvannabhumi Through the Thai and Burmese Looking Glass"
662:
arrived later, around 50 BCE. The Suvarnabhumi Kingdom was destroyed by the invasion of
300:
The location of Suvarṇabhūmi has been the subject of much debate, both in scholarly and
2592:
2166:
1915:
1907:
1889:"The Gold Coast: Suvannabhumi? Lower Myanmar Walled Sites of the First Millennium A.D."
1549:
1541:
1447:
1088:
530:
513:
426:
169:
1796:, Agra, Y.K. Publishers, 1988, pp.222-235, pp.222, 229-230; Prapod Assavavirulhakarn,
923:
and the making of bricks from the gold rich sands which they inscribed with the name “
23:. For the 18th-century settlement and present-day district in Northeast Thailand, see
2547:
2441:
2407:
2373:
2181:
1978:
1834:
1553:
1487:
1417:
The Jatakamala or Garland of Birth-Stories of Aryasura, Sacred Books of the Buddhists
1353:
1207:, on his globe of 1492, revived the Argyre and Chryse of antiquity in these regions.
1182:
1121:
1092:
serves as the basis for the claim that Suvarṇabhūmi was actually situated in central
1037:
931:
908:
855:
825:
801:
511:). However, dating the Thaton Kingdom independent of traditional chronicles gives an
201:
165:
127:
38:
1919:
2557:
2211:
1899:
1533:
1455:
1288:
1279:
1247:
1165:
1125:
837:
599:
was somewhere on the coast of the central plain, especially at the ancient city of
545:
501:
320:
289:
1716:
1623:
1017:
dated 1286 from Sumatra, mentioned the statue of Amoghapasa Lokesvara taken from
939:
862:
793:
2216:
1707:(Busan University of Foreign Studies, Korea), vol. 3, no.1, June 2011, pp.67-86.
1508:
Suvarnabhumi: the Golden Land: the New Finding for Suvarnabhumi Terra Incognita,
1460:
1032:
of 1286 CE, states that an image of Buddha Amoghapasa Lokeshvara was brought to
891:. Both terms might refer to a powerful coastal or island kingdom in present-day
19:
This article is about the ancient toponym. For the airport serving Bangkok, see
2597:
2301:
1676:
1384:
1293:
1271:
1227:
1004:
951:
666:
around the 1st-2nd centuries, and most of its population was forcibly moved to
525:
489:
480:
2003:
Miscellaneous Articles Written for the JSS by His Late Highness Prince Damrong
595:
In modern Thailand, government proclamations and national museums insist that
2566:
2552:
2244:
2185:
1305:
1204:
1157:
1129:
900:
730:
714:
690:
671:
643:
600:
454:
438:
402:
261:
254:
111:
77:
16:
Name of a land, bordering the Indian Ocean, mentioned in many ancient sources
1703:
Saw Mra Aung, "The Accounts of Suvannabhumi from Various Literary Sources",
800:). In 1351, the Suphannabhumi Kingdom was merged into its succeeding state,
2291:
translated by Latika Lahiri, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass, 1986, pp.120, 137.
1432:, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1999, Vol.1, Pt.3, C.G. Pande (ed.),
1243:
1117:
966:
mentioned in ancient Hindu texts and the island of Chryse mentioned in the
955:
769:
750:
734:
561:
446:
383:
284:
91:
72:
1903:
1238:. This island has not been identified although it seems likely that it is
176:
47:
31:
1186:(My Bengal of Gold), from Tagore's poem - is a reference to this theory.
1169:
1063:
1033:
1022:
781:
773:
745:
300 years later, around the 8th-9th centuries. After that, the center of
737:
was also founded during such a period. Both later created a new kingdom,
718:
706:
702:
681:
The kingdom's area reached Lamphakappa Nakhon (ลัมภกัปปะนคร, present-day
659:
620:
578:
313:
301:
2484:
2326:, Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1922, p.123-125; See also George Coedès,
2203:
1911:
1888:
836:, which is misplaced too far north due to its being calculated from the
689:
with five royal cities, including Suvarnabhumi (the present old town of
642:
According to Thai chronicles, around 241 BCE, during the times that two
2521:
Thai National Chronicles: the history of the nation since ancient times
1545:
1251:
903:. This corresponds to the gold production areas traditionally known in
840:
using the Ptolemaic degree, which is only five-sixths of a true degree.
785:
722:
694:
655:
628:
604:
485:
368:
2403:
Ancient Indian History and Civilization...Ramayana refers to Yavadvipa
457:
is full of glory and bravery. He is the King of Kings, who rules over
1814:
Rinith Taing, “Was Cambodia home to Asia’s ancient ‘Land of Gold’?”,
1785:
1168:
and was frequented by Arab, Persian and Chinese travelers, including
1161:
1097:
1071:
984:
943:
935:
892:
876:
754:
746:
738:
726:
632:
607:
582:
524:
that local archaeologists cite as Suvarṇabhūmi. Suvarnabhumi City in
521:
328:
242:
67:
1993:, Volume 14, no.1, January–March 1988, pp.29-44; Sisak Wanliphodom,
1831:
Classical civilisations of South East Asia: an anthology of articles
1537:
2241:
Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië
1705:
Suvannabhumi: Multi-Disciplinary Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
1173:
1145:
1067:
947:
651:
305:
246:
234:
230:
150:
146:
119:
83:
62:
1319:
1144:) and yellow-brown skinned people. Bengal is described in ancient
387:
2503:
Documents and Readings in New Guinea History: Pre-history to 1889
1870:"Suvarnabhumi City Excavation to be Continued After Rainy Season"
1430:
History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization
1200:
1101:
988:
959:
896:
888:
845:
833:
682:
647:
612:
586:
493:
434:
376:
189:
99:
54:
282:
as the capital city of the country on the eastern shores of the
2459:
2457:
2283:
tome xiv, Juillet-Août 1919, p.155, citing Edouard Chavannes,
2239:
H. Kern, "Java en het Goudeiland Volgens de Oudste Berichten",
2001:, Bangkok, Thammasat University Press, 2004; The Siam Society,
1800:, Chieng Mai, Silkworm Books, 2010, p.55; Promsak Jermsawatdi,
1231:
1160:, central Bengal was home to a prosperous trading town called "
1093:
1059:
980:
912:
880:
805:
742:
654:
to Suvarṇabhūmi, the majority of the kingdom's population were
549:
442:
410:
161:
115:
107:
1164:" (Golden village), which was connected to North India by the
1056:: the inscription clearly identifies Sumatra as Suvarṇabhūmi.
352:
304:
agendas. It remains one of the most mystified and contentious
1794:
Studies in Orientology: Essays in Memory of Prof. A.L. Basham
1137:
1113:
1109:
1041:
777:
667:
663:
566:
414:
372:
364:
357:
257:
123:
103:
95:
2454:
788:, which was the sea trading harbor of the Chaliang Kingdom (
141:, has said: “It is widely accepted in the 21st century that
2279:.” Gabriel Ferrand, « Le royaume de Çrivijaya »,
1731:通報, vol.49, parts 4/5, 1962, pp.433-439; Claudius Ptolemy,
1687:, Calcutta, Modern Publishing Syndicate, 1937, Chapter IV,
1239:
1180:' (Golden Bengal), and the national anthem of Bangladesh -
1149:
1141:
1133:
1105:
1018:
534:
517:
foundation year of 825; even this date remains unattested.
2119:
2097:
2095:
2080:
2046:
2044:
2031:
2029:
2014:
1856:
History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824
1607:
Habes candide lector in hoc opere Prisciani volumen maius,
670:
resulting in it being left abandoned. After Funan lost to
2259:“Yi-tsing designates this country both under the name of
1484:
The Golden Peaches of Samarkand: A Study of Tang Exotics
2107:
2092:
2068:
2056:
2041:
2026:
1959:, Bangkok, 1962, pp.49-88, p.54; Promsak Jermsawatdi,
1798:
The Ascendancy of Theravada Buddhism in Southeast Asia
1762:
The Ascendancy of Theravada Buddhism in Southeast Asia
1379:"To Suvarnabhumi he sent Sona and Uttara"; Mahānāma,
1152:-Desh' (Golden/Radiant land). During the reign of the
1052:(Sumatra), and erected by order of the Javanese ruler
930:
Benefitting from its strategic location on the narrow
184:
It might also be the source of the Western concept of
1774:
T'oung Pao: International Journal of Chinese Studies.
1176:. Even today, Bengalis often refer to their land as '
1021:
to Suvarṇabhūmi (Sumatra), in order to be erected at
319:
Some have speculated that this country refers to the
1401:
The Jātaka: or Stories of the Buddha's Former Births
204:
of the Greek and Roman geographers and sailors. The
2467:, Band 57. No.1, 1916–1917, pp.1-222, pp.47-48, 66.
1735:, Book I, chapter 17, paragraph 4; Louis Malleret,
2499:Madrid, 1601, Decada IV, libro III, cap.iv, p.60.
2399:
2165:
1979:http://dasta.or.th/en/publicmedia/84-news/news-org
1510:Bangkok, Thailand, GISTDA and BIA, 2019, pp.11-16.
1445:
1345:
1128:tradition holds that the first king of Sri Lanka,
844:A clue referring to the Malay Peninsula came from
2483:, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Jul., 1923), pp. 140-160, p.142.
1587:Dionysios Oecumenis Periegetes (Orbis Descriptio)
1397:Sussondi-Jātaka, Sankha-Jātaka, Mahājanaka-Jātaka
950:equivalents – with known toponyms in the ancient
226:(Gold), situated at the very rising of the Sun”.
2564:
2465:Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar
2437:Himalaya Calling: The Origins of China and India
1448:"Gold in early Southeast Asia (paragraph no. 6)"
1381:The Mahāvaṃsa, or, The Great Chronicle of Ceylon
445:, the successor of Funan and the predecessor of
2328:Les états hindouisés d'Indochine et d'Indonésie
2250:, Paris, Imprimerie nationale, 1922, p.121-134.
2246:; See also Gabriel Ferrand, "Suvarņadvīpa", in
1788:, «Le Bouddhisme au Cambodge», René de Berval,
865:. However there is another gold-referring term
796:, and the north to Phraek Siracha (present-day
2160:
1519:
1234:reached a large island which he took for the
2524:(in Thai). S. Thammasamakkhi. Archived from
1886:
1189:
678:became a tributary state of Chenla as well.
646:named Sona Thera and Uttara Thera came from
2345:Philippine Gold: Treasures of Lost Kingdoms
1898:(1). University of Hawai'i Press: 202–232.
537:were Buddhist as early as the 5th century.
421:In December 2017, Dr Vong Sotheara, of the
2197:
2195:
342:
2517:
2365:
2215:
2125:
2113:
2101:
2086:
2074:
2062:
2050:
2035:
2020:
1887:Moore, Elizabeth; San Win (Spring 2007).
1764:, Chieng Mai, Silkworm Books, 2010, p.55.
1577:, Princeton University Press, 1989, p.91.
1459:
1104:texts, it is mentioned that merchants of
979:The Chinese pilgrim and Buddhist scholar
871:(the Golden Island or Peninsula, where “–
815:
808:, moved eastward to create a new capital
356:The territorial extent of the Kingdom of
94:, setting sail from the wealthy ports in
1609:Venetiis, Boneto Locatello, 1496, p.281.
1009:
819:
560:
396:
351:
160:
2481:California Historical Society Quarterly
2201:
2192:
1681:Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East
1481:
1446:Anna T. N. Bennett (31 December 2009).
1434:India's Interaction with Southeast Asia
1349:Ancient Indian History and Civilization
1270:Spelled in various local languages as:
1124:kingdoms, Sri Lanka, Java and Sumatra.
2565:
2137:
1853:
1828:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
137:in Southeast Asian Archaeology at the
2511:
2433:
1999:Muang Suphan Through Changing Periods
1989:Manit Vallibhotama, "Muang U-Thong",
1932:
1287:
792:), while the south to the tip of the
449:. The inscription, translated, read:
429:stone inscription in the Province of
2505:, Milton, Jacaranda, 1975, pp,183-4.
2322:Gabriel Ferrand, "Suvarņadvīpa", in
1997:, Bangkok, 1998; Warunee Osatharom,
1452:Archeosciences. Revue d'Archéométrie
828:' 1467 copy of a map from Ptolemy's
413:(6th-9th century), the successor of
1933:Zhang, Yifan (July–December 2016).
1858:. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
1641:
637:Meuang Thawarawadi Si Suphannaphumi
603:, which might be the origin of the
13:
1486:. University of California Press.
14:
2609:
2330:, Paris, De Boccard, 1948, p.337.
2324:L'empire sumatranais de Crivijaya
2248:L'empire sumatranais de Crivijaya
915:. The eighth-century Indian text
812:on present-day Ayutthaya Island.
685:) in the north, and was ruled in
241:(Golden Isle) located where “the
156:
2518:Thepthani, Phra Borihan (1953).
2313:Wahyono Martowikrido, 1994; 1999
2304:, 1999: 19; Manning et al., 1980
1737:L’Archéologie du Delta du Mékong
1591:Dionysii Orbis Terrae Descriptio
1216:Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas
2488:
2470:
2427:
2393:
2359:
2333:
2316:
2307:
2294:
2253:
2233:
2224:
2154:
2131:
1983:
1972:
1961:Thai Art with Indian Influences
1949:
1926:
1880:
1862:
1847:
1822:
1807:
1802:Thai Art with Indian Influences
1779:
1767:
1754:
1710:
1697:
1670:
1628:
1612:
1595:
1580:
1567:
1520:Paul Wheatley (March 1, 2011).
1513:
883:), which may correspond to the
780:on the coast of the outer sea (
753:, and the people of the sacked
717:). Most of its population were
674:of Chenla in 550, Suvarṇabhūmi
520:There are several sites within
2243:, Volume 16, 1869, pp.638-648.
2204:"Gold in early Southeast Asia"
1575:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1500:
1475:
1439:
1422:
1406:
1390:
1373:
1339:
1264:
991:in 672 and identified it with
969:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
548:enshrining a few hairs of the
441:(616–637 AD) of the Cambodian
423:Royal University of Phnom Penh
268:brought back the gold for the
207:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
1:
2477:The Travels of Pedro Teixeira
1399:, in Edward B. Cowell (ed.),
1383:, translated into English by
1140:), golden minerals (gold and
1077:
983:(義淨), visited the kingdom of
784:), northwest to the south of
570:
488:tradition maintains that the
323:. The main port of Funan was
253:”, which he equates with the
245:seas give rise to the Dawn”.
2202:Bennett, Anna T. N. (2009).
2009:, Volume 76, 1988, pp.12-16.
1967:, Volume 76, 1988, pp.12-16.
1526:The Journal of Asian Studies
1454:(33). Open Edition: 99–107.
1333:
1082:A popular interpretation of
210:refers to the Land of Gold,
7:
2573:History of Buddhism in Asia
2541:
2400:Sailendra Nath Sen (1999).
2217:10.4000/archeosciences.2072
2007:Journal of the Siam Society
1965:Journal of the Siam Society
1751:, vol.57, 1767, pp.155-174.
1532:(1). cambridge org: 13–28.
1482:Schafer, Edward H. (1963).
1461:10.4000/archeosciences.2072
1346:Sailendra Nath Sen (1999).
1320:
556:
469:National Museum of Cambodia
347:
295:
276:was described by Ptolemy’s
177:
48:
32:
10:
2614:
2501:June L. Whittaker, (ed.),
2271:"the island of gold": "金洲
2174:University of Malaya Press
2144:Asiatic Society Monographs
1945:(2). Thammasat University.
1833:. Routledge. p. 590.
1760:Prapod Assavavirulhakarn,
1749:Philosophical Transactions
919:describes a sea voyage to
576:
478:
474:
222:mentioned: “The island of
18:
2583:History of Southeast Asia
2434:Chung, Tan (2015-03-18).
2406:. New Age International.
1727:(Kuala Lumpur, 1961), in
1352:. New Age International.
1309:
1297:
1283:
1190:European Age of Discovery
995:, the Island of Gold (金洲
776:in the east, the west to
540:The scholarly search for
505:
42:
2578:Ancient Indian geography
2366:Chung Tan (2015-03-18).
1745:The Gentleman's Magazine
1658:. Academia. July 1, 2018
1618:Rufius Festus Avienius,
1289:[θṵwʊ̀ɰ̃na̰bùmḭ]
1257:
1220:Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón
1118:Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta
911:, Sumatra, and interior
854:, who referred to it as
804:, after its last ruler,
325:Cattigara Sinarum statio
198:India beyond the Ganges,
130:to fabled Suvarṇabhūmi.
2347:. Asia Society New York
2341:"The Kingdom of Butuan"
2267:; he twice calls it 金洲
1624:Descriptio orbis terrae
1620:Descriptio orbis terrae
1436:, Chapter 6, pp.87-109.
1044:- was transported from
1030:Padang Roco Inscription
1015:Padang Roco Inscription
895:, possibly centered on
343:Mainland Southeast Asia
57:, that appears in many
2138:Gerini, G. E. (1909).
1854:Harvey, G. E. (1925).
1790:Présence du Bouddhisme
1275:
1250:on the north coast of
1025:
974:Rufius Festus Avienius
940:Chinese writing system
885:Indonesian Archipelago
875:may refer to either a
841:
816:Insular Southeast Asia
574:
465:
418:
361:
310:Insular Southeast Asia
260:, whence the ships of
173:
1995:Suwannaphum yu thi ni
1904:10.1353/asi.2007.0007
1725:The Golden Khersonese
1573:Lionel Casson (ed.),
1226:on a voyage from the
1212:Cristóvão de Mendonça
1013:
946:– and their possible
905:Minangkabau Highlands
823:
564:
451:
400:
394:" in “Suvaṇṇabhumī”.
355:
164:
133:Ian Glover, Emeritus
61:literary sources and
2440:. World Scientific.
2372:. World Scientific.
1939:Liberal Arts Journal
1816:The Phnom Penh Post,
1741:La culture du Fu-nan
1605:(lines 593-594), in
1603:Periegesis Prisciani
623:(from the Sanskrit,
617:Suvarnabhumi Airport
409:with the kingdom of
375:from Sanskrit (or a
220:Dionysius Periegetes
194:Trans-Gangetic India
139:University of London
25:Suwannaphum District
21:Suvarnabhumi Airport
1991:Muang Boran Journal
1084:Rabindranath Tagore
749:culture shifted to
591:History of Thailand
425:, discovered a Pre-
270:Temple of Jerusalem
126:and on through the
2528:on 5 November 2023
2512:General references
2281:Journal Asiatique,
1892:Asian Perspectives
1739:, Tome Troisiéme,
1183:Amar Shonar Bangla
1136:), golden fruits (
1089:Amar Shonar Bangla
1026:
842:
575:
573:1st-2nd centuries.
531:Sri Ksetra Kingdom
514:terminus post quem
439:King Isanavarman I
419:
417:(1st-7th century).
362:
174:
170:Andreas Walsperger
65:texts such as the
2548:Golden Chersonese
2275:exactly embraces
1622:, III, v.750-779.
1589:, lines 589-90;
1493:978-0-520-05462-2
1318:
932:Strait of Malacca
909:Barisan Mountains
856:Golden Chersonese
826:Nicolaus Germanus
443:Kingdom of Chenla
251:Aurea Chersonesus
202:Golden Chersonese
128:Strait of Malacca
2605:
2558:Nanyang (region)
2537:
2535:
2533:
2506:
2492:
2486:
2474:
2468:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2369:Himalaya Calling
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2337:
2331:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2257:
2251:
2237:
2231:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2172:. Kuala Lumpur:
2171:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2135:
2129:
2128:, p. 45-46.
2123:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2090:
2089:, p. 34-35.
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2039:
2033:
2024:
2023:, p. 22-23.
2018:
2012:
1987:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1876:. 5 August 2014.
1866:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1826:
1820:
1818:5 January, 2018.
1811:
1805:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1714:
1708:
1701:
1695:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1652:
1639:
1632:
1626:
1616:
1610:
1599:
1593:
1584:
1578:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1517:
1511:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1443:
1437:
1426:
1420:
1410:
1404:
1394:
1388:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1343:
1327:
1325:
1313:
1311:
1299:
1291:
1285:
1268:
1248:Schouten Islands
1166:Grand Trunk Road
1108:(in present-day
1062:on the southern
846:Claudius Ptolemy
838:Tropic of Cancer
572:
546:Shwedagon Pagoda
507:
453:“The great King
447:the Khmer Empire
379:) into Chinese.
331:the port of the
321:Kingdom of Funan
290:Gulf of Thailand
237:referred to the
180:
166:Crisa and Aureia
51:
44:
35:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2563:
2562:
2544:
2531:
2529:
2514:
2509:
2493:
2489:
2475:
2471:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2432:
2428:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2300:Colless, 1975;
2299:
2295:
2258:
2254:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2225:
2200:
2193:
2159:
2155:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2093:
2085:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2015:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1973:
1954:
1950:
1931:
1927:
1885:
1881:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1827:
1823:
1812:
1808:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1715:
1711:
1702:
1698:
1675:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1642:
1633:
1629:
1617:
1613:
1600:
1596:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1538:10.2307/2055365
1518:
1514:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1444:
1440:
1427:
1423:
1411:
1407:
1395:
1391:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1192:
1080:
1040:- the river of
958:concluded that
954:civilizations.
952:Southeast Asian
863:Malay Peninsula
818:
794:Malay Peninsula
635:with the name,
593:
559:
483:
477:
350:
345:
298:
249:speaks of the “
159:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2487:
2469:
2453:
2446:
2426:
2412:
2392:
2378:
2358:
2332:
2315:
2306:
2293:
2252:
2232:
2223:
2210:(33): 99–107.
2208:Archeosciences
2191:
2153:
2130:
2126:Thepthani 1953
2118:
2114:Thepthani 1953
2106:
2102:Thepthani 1953
2091:
2087:Thepthani 1953
2079:
2075:Thepthani 1953
2067:
2063:Thepthani 1953
2055:
2051:Thepthani 1953
2040:
2036:Thepthani 1953
2025:
2021:Thepthani 1953
2013:
1982:
1971:
1948:
1925:
1879:
1861:
1846:
1839:
1821:
1806:
1778:
1766:
1753:
1709:
1696:
1677:R. C. Majumdar
1669:
1640:
1627:
1611:
1594:
1579:
1566:
1512:
1499:
1492:
1474:
1438:
1421:
1405:
1389:
1385:Wilhelm Geiger
1372:
1358:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1328:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1246:or one of the
1191:
1188:
1154:Bengal Sultans
1079:
1076:
1005:Wonoboyo Hoard
917:Samaraiccakaha
817:
814:
790:Si Satchanalai
733:river basins.
644:Buddhist monks
558:
555:
526:Bilin Township
490:Thaton Kingdom
481:Thaton Kingdom
476:
473:
349:
346:
344:
341:
314:Southern India
297:
294:
272:. The city of
158:
157:Historiography
155:
71:, some of the
59:ancient Indian
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2610:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2553:Greater India
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2449:
2447:9781938134616
2443:
2439:
2438:
2430:
2415:
2413:9788122411980
2409:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2381:
2379:9781938134609
2375:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2277:Suvarna-dvipa
2274:
2270:
2266:
2265:Che-li-fo-che
2262:
2256:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2236:
2230:Dube, 2003: 6
2227:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2162:Paul Wheatley
2157:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2122:
2116:, p. 31.
2115:
2110:
2104:, p. 30.
2103:
2098:
2096:
2088:
2083:
2077:, p. 27.
2076:
2071:
2065:, p. 25.
2064:
2059:
2053:, p. 26.
2052:
2047:
2045:
2038:, p. 24.
2037:
2032:
2030:
2022:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1857:
1850:
1842:
1840:9780700714100
1836:
1832:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1757:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:Paul Wheatley
1718:
1717:George Coedès
1713:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1608:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1576:
1570:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1495:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1361:
1359:9788122411980
1355:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1307:
1303:
1295:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1263:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1205:Martin Behaim
1202:
1196:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1178:Shonar Bangla
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:Mughal Empire
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:Vijaya Singha
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:, a state of
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:on the Upper
1035:
1031:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
938:. Due to the
937:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
887:, especially
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:
864:
859:
857:
853:
852:
847:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
813:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
766:Suphannabhumi
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
715:Nakhon Pathom
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
691:Nakhon Pathom
688:
687:mandala style
684:
679:
677:
673:
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2526:the original
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2419:November 30,
2417:. Retrieved
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2383:. Retrieved
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1693:Suvarnadvipa
1689:Suvarnadvipa
1688:
1685:Suvarnadvipa
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1662:November 30,
1660:. Retrieved
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1465:. Retrieved
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1413:J. S. Speyer
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1365:November 30,
1363:. Retrieved
1348:
1341:
1321:
1302:Sovannaphoum
1301:
1276:Suwarna Bumi
1266:
1236:Isla del Oro
1235:
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1222:in the ship
1209:
1197:
1193:
1181:
1177:
1087:
1081:
1058:
1050:Suvarnabhumi
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1045:
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1001:
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992:
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967:
964:Suvarnadvipa
963:
956:Hendrik Kern
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921:Suvarnadvipa
920:
916:
872:
868:Suvarnadvipa
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866:
860:
850:
843:
829:
770:Lavo Kingdom
765:
763:
759:Kanchanaburi
711:
680:
675:
641:
636:
629:Mon-speaking
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542:Suvannabhumi
541:
539:
519:
512:
508:
498:Suvannabhumi
497:
484:
466:
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431:Kampong Speu
420:
407:Suvarnabhumi
406:
391:
384:Mekong Delta
381:
363:
337:
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285:Magnus Sinus
283:
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250:
239:Insula Aurea
238:
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223:
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197:
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188:in Claudius
185:
183:
178:Suvarṇabhūmi
175:
143:Suvarnabhumi
142:
132:
92:Indian Ocean
89:
82:
76:
73:Jataka tales
66:
49:Suvaṇṇabhūmi
46:
33:Suvarṇabhūmi
30:
29:
2588:Mon history
2273:kin-tcheou
2176:. pp.
1691:, pp.37-47.
1683:, Vol. II,
1636:Antiquities
1322:Suwannaphum
1170:Ibn Battuta
1054:Kertanegara
1038:Batang Hari
1034:Dharmasraya
1023:Dharmasraya
782:Andaman Sea
774:Pasak River
719:Thai people
707:Tanintharyi
703:Phetchaburi
660:Thai people
631:kingdom of
625:Suvarnapura
621:Suphan Buri
597:Suwannaphum
579:Suphan Buri
496:was called
455:Isanavarman
186:Aurea Regio
2567:Categories
2532:5 November
2269:kin-tcheou
1729:T'oung Pao
1310:สุวรรณภูมิ
1298:សុវណ្ណភូមិ
1284:သုဝဏ္ဏဘူမိ
1252:New Guinea
1218:, in 1528
1148:texts as '
1100:. In some
1078:Bangladesh
1066:island of
1064:Philippine
1048:(Java) to
1046:Bhumi Java
1019:Bhumi Jawa
798:Sankhaburi
786:Mawlamyine
695:Ratchaburi
656:Mon people
650:to spread
577:See also:
533:in modern
506:သုဝဏ္ဏဘူမိ
479:See also:
369:Sanghapala
106:, through
43:सुवर्णभूमि
2593:Srivijaya
2186:504030596
2150:: 77–111.
1786:Pang Khat
1733:Geography
1554:161697583
1334:Citations
1210:In 1519,
1162:Sonargaon
1126:Sinhalese
1122:Dravidian
1098:Sonargaon
1072:Srivijaya
985:Srivijaya
944:ideograms
936:Srivijaya
893:Indonesia
877:peninsula
851:Geography
830:Geography
810:Ayutthaya
755:Dvaravati
747:Dvaravati
739:Dvaravati
721:from the
633:Dvaravati
615:airport,
608:Dvaravati
583:Dvaravati
522:Mon State
492:in Lower
427:Angkorian
329:Kattigara
279:Geography
68:Mahavamsa
2542:See also
2351:March 8,
2164:(1961).
1920:49343386
1912:42928710
1874:Mon News
1638:, 8:6:4.
1228:Moluccas
1174:Zheng He
1156:and the
1146:Sanskrit
1086:'s poem
1068:Mindanao
997:jin-zhou
962:was the
948:phonetic
925:dharana”
802:Ayuttaya
699:Singburi
676:de facto
658:, while
652:Buddhism
557:Thailand
348:Cambodia
306:toponyms
296:Location
255:Biblical
247:Josephus
243:Scythian
235:Avienius
231:Priscian
200:and the
147:Atlantis
120:Nicobars
84:Ramayana
81:and the
63:Buddhist
45:; Pali:
39:Sanskrit
1546:2055365
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1280:Burmese
1224:Florida
1201:Zipangu
1138:mangoes
989:Sumatra
972:and by
960:Sumatra
897:Sumatra
889:Sumatra
834:Equator
772:at the
731:Salween
683:Lampang
648:Magadha
613:Bangkok
601:U Thong
587:Tun Sun
502:Burmese
494:Myanmar
475:Myanmar
435:Basedth
392:Suvaṇṇa
377:Prakrit
229:Or, as
190:Ptolemy
112:Malabar
100:Ubullah
55:toponym
53:) is a
2444:
2410:
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2302:Miksic
2261:Fo-che
2184:
2180:–184.
1918:
1910:
1837:
1552:
1544:
1490:
1356:
1304:; and
1232:Mexico
1094:Bengal
1060:Butuan
981:Yijing
913:Borneo
881:island
879:or an
873:dvipa”
806:Uthong
743:Chenla
729:, and
705:, and
589:, and
550:Buddha
411:Chenla
373:sūtras
266:Israel
224:Chryse
212:Chryse
135:Reader
118:, the
116:Ceylon
108:Muscat
102:, and
75:, the
2598:Funan
1916:S2CID
1908:JSTOR
1550:S2CID
1542:JSTOR
1294:Khmer
1272:Malay
1258:Notes
1244:Manus
1114:India
1110:Bihar
1042:Jambi
778:Dawei
668:Funan
664:Funan
567:Funan
415:Funan
388:Óc Eo
365:Funan
358:Funan
333:Sinae
274:Thina
258:Ophir
216:Thina
151:Hindu
124:Kedah
104:Siraf
96:Basra
2534:2023
2442:ISBN
2421:2018
2408:ISBN
2387:2018
2374:ISBN
2353:2019
2263:and
2182:OCLC
1835:ISBN
1664:2018
1561:2018
1488:ISBN
1469:2018
1367:2018
1354:ISBN
1315:RTGS
1306:Thai
1240:Biak
1172:and
1150:Gaud
1142:clay
1134:rice
1106:Anga
1102:Jain
1028:The
901:Java
768:met
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735:Lavo
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264:and
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2212:doi
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