33:
1611:
2555:(magistrates) for handling criminal cases, and this panel is different, separate and independent of the panel of judges of civil court system it specifies for a Hindu kingdom. The text lays out that just punishment is one that is in proportion to the crime in many sections starting with chapter 4 of Book 1, and repeatedly uses this principle in specifying punishments, for example in Topic 79, that is chapter 2 of Book 4. Economic crimes such as conspiracy by a group of traders or artisans is to be, states the Arthashastra, punished with much larger and punitive collective fine than those individually, as conspiracy causes systematic damage to the well-being of the people.
2922:, who relied entirely on the 1969 translation by Kangle for his analysis of Arthashastra, and who criticized an alternative 1992 translation by Rangarajan, has called the Arthashastra as "a great political book of the ancient world". He interprets that the 1st millennium BCE text is grounded more like the Soviet Union and China where the state envisions itself as driven by the welfare of the common good, but operates an extensive spy state and system of surveillance. This view has been challenged by Thomas Trautmann, who asserts that a free market and individual rights, albeit a regulated system, are proposed by Arthashastra. Boesche is not summarily critical and adds:
6696:
2843:
2668:(appearance) agents by the Arthashastra include ascetics, forest hermits, mendicants, cooks, merchants, doctors, astrologers, householders, entertainers, dancers, female agents and others. It suggests that members from these professions should be sought to serve for the secret service. A prudent state, states the text, must expect that its enemies seek information and are spying inside its territory and spreading propaganda, and therefore it must train and reward double agents to gain identity about such hostile intelligence operations.
3007:, states: "Arthashastra is a serious manual on statecraft, on how to run a state, informed by a higher purpose, clear and precise in its prescriptions, the result of practical experience of running a state. It is not just a normative text but a realist description of the art of running a state". The text is useful, according to Menon, because in many ways "the world we face today is similar to the world that Kautilya operated in". He recommended reading of the book for broadening the vision on strategic issues.
2548:
start the judicial process against acts of crime, because the crime is felt to be a wrong against the people of the state. This system, as
Trautmann points out, is similar to European system of criminal law, rather than other historic legal system, because in the European (and Arthashastra) system it is the state that initiates judicial process in cases that fall under criminal statutes, while in the latter systems the aggrieved party initiates a claim in the case of murder, rape, bodily injury among others.
2949:". The Arthashastra states that if someone wants to sell land, the owner's kins, neighbors and creditors have first right of purchase in that order, and only if they do not wish to buy the land for a fair competitive price, others and strangers can bid to buy. Further, the price must be announced in front of witnesses, recorded and taxes paid, for the buy-sale arrangement to deemed recognized by the state. The "call rights" and staggered bid buying is not truly a free market, as Trautmann points out.
2464:
1440:
8002:
8012:
7991:
6371:
99:
6442:
8022:
2747:
activity was the monopoly of the state, and a superintendent oversaw that both private and state owned enterprises followed the same regulations. The private enterprises were taxed. Mines were state owned, but leased to private parties for operations, according to chapter 2.12 of the text. The
Arthashastra states that protecting the consumer must be an important priority for the officials of the kingdom.
6434:
135:
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and empowers his people, he lives a simple life and avoids harmful people or activities, he keeps away from another's wife nor craves for other people's property. The greatest enemies of a king are not others, but are these six: lust, anger, greed, conceit, arrogance and foolhardiness. A just king gains the loyalty of his people not because he is king, but because he is just.
1875:, point out that none of the earliest sources that refer to Chanakya mention the name "Vishnugupta". According to these scholars, "Vishnugupta" may have been the personal name of the author whose gotra name was "Kautilya": this person, however, was different from Chanakya. Historian K C Ojha theorizes that Vishnugupta was the redactor of the final recension of the text.
1723:
manuscripts of the
Arthashastra are the product of a transmission that has involved at least three major overlapping divisions or layers, which together consist of 15 books, 150 chapters and 180 topics. The first chapter of the first book is an ancient table of contents, while the last chapter of the last book is a short 73 verse epilogue asserting that all thirty-two
2420:: well trained, with foresight, with strong memory, bold, well spoken, enthusiastic, excellence in their field of expertise, learned in theoretical and practical knowledge, pure of character, of good health, kind and philanthropic, free from procrastination, free from ficklemindedness, free from hate, free from enmity, free from anger, and dedicated to
2774:
build popular support for the king, states the text, and some manufacturers and artisans, such as those of textiles, were subject to a flat tax. The
Arthashastra states that taxes should only be collected from ripened economic activity, and should not be collected from early, unripe stages of economic activity. Historian of economic thought
3483:: "The confident initial assertion that the text’s author was 'the famous Brahman Kautilya, also named Vishnugupta, and known from other sources by the patronymic Chanakya', and that the text was written at the time of the foundation of the Maurya dynasty, has of course been considerably eroded over the course of the twentieth century."
2616:), but also producing forest products to satisfy economic needs, products such as Teak, Palmyra, Mimosa, Sissu, Kauki, Sirisha, Catechu, Latifolia, Arjuna, Tilaka, Tinisa, Sal, Robesta, Pinus, Somavalka, Dhava, Birch, bamboo, hemp, Balbaja (used for ropes), Munja, fodder, firewood, bulbous roots and fruits for medicine, flowers. The
2572:
marriage) without the approval of her father and her mother. However, in cases of
Gandharva marriage (love), she is given more rights than she has in Brahma marriage (arranged), if the husband uses the property she owns or has created, with husband required to repay her with interest when she demands.
2972:
We should never forget that the
Arthashastra means by the "state" an order of society which is not created by the king or the people, but which they exist to secure. These authors regarded the "state" – if that word might be used here – as essentially a beneficial institution for protection
2906:
as "Machiavellianism". Kautilya asserts in
Arthashastra that, "the ultimate source of the prosperity of the kingdom is its security and prosperity of its people", a view never mentioned in Machiavelli's text. The text advocates land reform, where land is taken from landowners and farmers who own land
2571:
The chapter 2 of Book 3 of
Arthashastra legally recognizes eight types of marriage. The bride is given the maximum property inheritance rights when the parents select the groom and the girl consents to the selection (Brahma marriage), and minimal if bride and groom marry secretly as lovers (Gandharva
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text in verses 7.5.24 - 7.5.25, where courageous activity is denigrated, quality of accomplishments are disparaged, pioneers are harmed, honorable men are dishonored, where deserving people are not rewarded but instead favoritism and falsehood is, that is where people lack motivation, are distressed,
2483:
in verse 7.5.22, where people are fined or punished or harassed when they ought not to be harassed, where those that should be punished are not punished, where those people are apprehended when they ought not be, where those who are not apprehended when they ought to, the king and his officials cause
2471:
The
Arthashastra, in Topic 109, Book 7 lists the causes of disaffection, lack of motivation and increase in economic distress among people. It opens by stating that wherever "good people are snubbed, and evil people are embraced" distress increases. Wherever officials or people initiate unprecedented
2371:
has self-control and does not fall for the temptations of the senses, he learns continuously and cultivates his thoughts, he avoids false and flattering advisors and instead associates with the true and accomplished elders, he is genuinely promoting the security and welfare of his people, he enriches
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in chapter 3.9 recognizes the concept of land ownership rights and other private property, and requires the king to protect that right from seizure or abuse. There is no question, according to
Trautmann, that people had the power to buy and sell land. However, Trautmann adds, this does not mean that
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All means to win a war are appropriate in the Arthashastra, including assassination of enemy leaders, sowing discord in its leadership, engagement of covert men and women in the pursuit of military objectives and as weapons of war, deployment of accepted superstitions and propaganda to bolster one's
2547:
Book 3 of the Arthashastra, according to Trautmann, is dedicated to civil law, including sections relating to economic relations of employer and employee, partnerships, sellers and buyers. Book 4 is a treatise on criminal law, where the king or officials acting on his behalf, take the initiative and
2220:
The ancient Sanskrit text opens, in chapter 2 of Book 1 (the first chapter is table of contents), by acknowledging that there are a number of extant schools with different theories on proper and necessary number of fields of knowledge, and asserts they all agree that the science of government is one
2910:
Arthashastra declares, in numerous occasions, the need for empowering the weak and poor in one's kingdom, a sentiment that is not found in Machiavelli. "The king shall also provide subsistence to helpless women when they are carrying and also to the children they give birth to". Elsewhere, the text
2773:
Arthashastra stipulates restraint on taxes imposed, fairness, the amounts and how tax increases should be implemented. Further, the text suggests that the tax should be "convenient to pay, easy to calculate, inexpensive to administer, equitable and non-distortive, and not inhibit growth. Fair taxes
2680:
The Arthashastra dedicates Book 7 and 10 to war, and considers numerous scenarios and reasons for war. It classifies war into three broad types – open war, covert war and silent war. It then dedicates chapters to defining each type of war, how to engage in these wars and how to detect that one
2660:
The Arthashastra dedicates many chapters on the need, methods and goals of secret service, and how to build then use a network of spies that work for the state. The spies should be trained to adopt roles and guises, to use coded language to transmit information, and be rewarded by their performance
1803:
Stylistic differences within some sections of the surviving manuscripts suggest that it likely includes the work of several authors over the centuries. There is no doubt, states Olivelle, that "revisions, errors, additions and perhaps even subtractions have occurred" in Arthashastra since its final
2926:
Kautilya's Arthashastra depicts a bureaucratic welfare state, in fact some kind of socialized monarchy, in which the central government administers the details of the economy for the common good...In addition, Kautilya offers a work of genius in matters of foreign policy and welfare, including key
2580:
Arthashastra states that forests be protected and recommends that the state treasury be used to feed animals such as horses and elephants that are too old for work, sick or injured. However, Kautilya also recommends that wildlife that is damaging crops should be restrained with state resources. In
2387:
Topic 2 of the Arthashastra, or chapter 5 of Book 1, is dedicated to the continuous training and development of the king, where the text advises that he maintain a counsel of elders, from each field of various sciences, whose accomplishments he knows and respects. Topic 4 of the text describes the
1814:
The text identifies its author by the name "Kauṭilya" or its variant "Kauṭalya": both spellings appear in manuscripts, commentaries, and references in other ancient texts; it is not certain which one of these is the original spelling of the author's name. This person was probably the author of the
1777:
A notable structure of the treatise is that while all chapters are primarily prose, each transitions into a poetic verse towards its end, as a marker, a style that is found in many ancient Hindu Sanskrit texts where the changing poetic meter or style of writing is used as a syntax code to silently
2746:
The Arthashastra discusses a mixed economy, where private enterprise and state enterprise frequently competed side by side, in agriculture, animal husbandry, forest produce, mining, manufacturing and trade. However, royal statutes and officials regulated private economic activities, some economic
1981:
Olivelle states that the oldest layer of text, the "sources of the Kauṭilya", dates from the period 150 BCE–50 CE. The next phase of the work's evolution, the "Kauṭilya Recension", can be dated to the period 50–125 CE. Finally, the "Śāstric Redaction" (i.e., the text as we have it today) is dated
2786:
Agriculture on privately owned land was taxed at the rate of 16.67%, but the tax was exempted in cases of famine, epidemic, and settlement into new pastures previously uncultivated and if damaged during a war. New public projects such as irrigation and water works were exempt from taxes for five
1794:
in the epic Mahabharata. The largest book is the second, with 1,285 sentences, while the smallest is eleventh, with 56 sentences. The entire book has about 5,300 sentences on politics, governance, welfare, economics, protecting key officials and king, gathering intelligence about hostile states,
2628:
The Arthashastra dedicates Topics 30 through 47 discussing the role of government in setting up mines and factories, gold and precious stone workshops, commodities, forest produce, armory, standards for balances and weight measures, standards for length and time measures, customs, agriculture,
2563:
The text discusses marriage and consent laws in Books 3 and 4. It asserts, in chapter 4.2, that a girl may marry any man she wishes, three years after her first menstruation, provided that she does not take her parents' property or ornaments received by her before the marriage. However, if she
2431:
The Arthashastra, in Topic 6, describes checks and continuous measurement, in secret, of the integrity and lack of integrity of all ministers and high officials in the kingdom. Those officials who lack integrity must be arrested. Those who are unrighteous, should not work in civil and criminal
1722:
The authorship and date of writing are unknown, and there is evidence that the surviving manuscripts are not original and have been modified in their history but were most likely completed in the available form between the 2nd century BCE and 3rd century CE. Olivelle states that the surviving
2689:
Kautilya, in the Arthashastra, suggests that the state must always be adequately fortified, its armed forces prepared and resourced to defend itself against acts of war. Kautilya favors peace over war, because he asserts that in most situations, peace is more conducive to creation of wealth,
2671:
The goals of the secret service, in Arthashastra, was to test the integrity of government officials, spy on cartels and population for conspiracy, to monitor hostile kingdoms suspected of preparing for war or in war against the state, to check spying and propaganda wars by hostile states, to
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The Arthashastra theories are similar with some and in contrast to other alternative theories on war and peace in the ancient Indian tradition. For example, states Brekke, the legends in Hindu epics preach heroism qua heroism which is in contrast to Kautilya suggestion of prudence and never
2737:
In the Arthashastra, Books 7, 11 and 12 have given a comprehensive analysis on all aspects of the relations between states. In the first chapter of Book 6, the theoretical basis of foreign policy are described. This includes six-fold foreign policy and the Mandala Theory of foreign policy.
3229:
According to Shoham and Liebig, this was a 'textbook of Statecraft and Political Economy' that provides a detailed account of intelligence collection, processing, consumption, and covert operations, as indispensable means for maintaining and expanding the security and power of the
2567:
In chapter 3.4, the text gives the right to a woman that she may remarry anyone if she wants to, if she has been abandoned by the man she was betrothed to, if she does not hear back from him for three menstrual periods, or if she does hear back and has waited for seven menses.
2931:
Scholars disagree on how to interpret the document. Kumud Mookerji states that the text may be a picture of actual conditions in Kautilya's times. However, Bhargava states that given Kautilya was the prime minister, one must expect that he implemented the ideas in the book.
2672:
destabilize enemy states, to get rid of troublesome powerful people who could not be challenged openly. The spy operations and its targets, states verse 5.2.69 of Arthashastra, should be pursued "with respect to traitors and unrighteous people, not with respect to others".
2990:
The text, states Sihag, is a treatise on how a state should pursue economic development and it emphasized "proper measurement of economic performance", and "the role of ethics, considering ethical values as the glue which binds society and promotes economic development".
2388:
process of selecting the ministers and key officials, which it states must be based on king's personal knowledge of their honesty and capacity. Kautilya first lists various different opinions among extant scholars on how key government officials should be selected, with
2690:
prosperity and security of the people. Arthashastra defines the value of peace and the term peace, states Brekke, as "effort to achieve the results of work undertaken is industry, and absence of disturbance to the enjoyment of the results achieved from work is peace".
2793:
lands were exempt from taxes, fines or penalties. Trade into and outside the kingdom's borders was subject to toll fees or duties. Taxes varied between 10% and 25% on industrialists and businessmen, and it could be paid in kind (produce), through labor, or in cash.
2065:, which included parts of present-day Gujarat and Maharashtra. He provides precise annual rainfall figures for these historical regions in the text. Plus, he shows familiarity with sea-trade, which can be explained by the existence of ancient sea ports such as
2893:
Truly radical "Machiavellianism", in the popular sense of that word, is classically expressed in Indian literature in the Arthashastra of Kautilya (written long before the birth of Christ, ostensibly in the time of Chandragupta): compared to it, Machiavelli's
2821:
In general, causing an abortion had varying penalties. There was severe punishment for aborting a slave woman. For a woman convicted of murder, the sentence of drowning was executed a month after child birth. Pregnant women were also given free ferry rides.
2648:
To undermine a ruling oligarchy, make chiefs of the ruling council infatuated with women possessed of great beauty and youth. When passion is roused in them, they should start quarrels by creating belief (about their love) in one and by going to another.
1564:, can be translated as "political science" or "economic science" or simply "statecraft", as the word artha (अर्थ) is polysemous in Sanskrit; the work has a broad scope. It includes books on the nature of government, law, civil and criminal court systems,
1549:. Some scholars believe the three to be the same person, while a few have questioned this identification. The text is likely the work of several authors over centuries. Composed, expanded and redacted between the 2nd century BCE and 3rd century CE, the
2629:
liquor, abattoirs and courtesans, shipping, domesticated animals such as cattle, horses and elephants along with animal welfare when they are injured or too old, pasture land, military preparedness and intelligence gathering operations of the state.
2694:
own troops or to demoralize enemy soldiers, as well as open hostilities by deploying kingdom's armed forces. After success in a war by the victorious just and noble state, the text argues for humane treatment of conquered soldiers and subjects.
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1861:), stating that Vishnugupta himself composed both the text and its commentary, after noticing "many errors committed by commentators on treatises". R. P. Kangle theorized that Vishnugupta was the personal name of the author while Chanakya (
2956:(judges) consider contractual disputes between two parties, and considers profiteering and false claims to dupe customers a crime. The text, states Trautmann, thus anticipates market exchange and provides a framework for its functioning.
2611:
In topic 35, the text recommends that the "Superintendent of Forest Produce" appointed by the state for each forest zone be responsible for maintaining the health of the forest, protecting forests to assist wildlife such as elephants
2424:. Those who lack one or a few of these characteristics must be considered for middle or lower positions in the administration, working under the supervision of more senior officials. The text describes tests to screen for the various
2404:
cautioning against hiring vulnerable people because they will try to find king's vulnerability to exploit him instead, and yet another who insists that experience and not theoretical qualification be primary selection criterion.
1705:
The text written in Sanskrit of the 1st millennium BCE Sanskrit, which is coded, dense and capable of many interpretations, especially as English and Sanskrit are very different languages, both grammatically and syntactically.
2432:
courts. Those who lack integrity in financial matters or fall for the lure of money must not be in revenue collection or treasury, states the text, and those who lack integrity in sexual relationships must not be appointed to
2710:, is among other Hindu classics on statecraft and foreign policy that suggest prudence, engagement and diplomacy, peace is preferable and must be sought, and yet prepared to excel and win war if one is forced to.
2495:
In verse 7.5.33, the ancient text remarks that general impoverishment relating to food and survival money destroys everything, while other types of impoverishment can be addressed with grants of grain and money.
1819:: this recension must have been based on works by earlier writers, as suggested by the Arthashastra's opening verse, which states that its author consulted the so-called "Arthashastras" to compose a new treatise.
2782:
Kautilya's discussion of taxation and expenditure gave expression to three Indian principles: taxing power is limited; taxation should not be felt to be heavy or exclusive ; tax increases should be graduated.
2681:
is a target of covert or silent types of war. The text cautions that the king should know the progress he expects to make, when considering the choice between waging war and pursuing peace. The text asserts:
1972:. Olivelle proposes that in an attempt to present the Guptas as the legitimate successors of the Mauryas, the author of political treatise followed by the Guptas was identified with the Maurya prime minister.
1591:
such as creating irrigation waterways and building forts around major strategic holdings and towns and exempt taxes on those affected. The text was influenced by Hindu texts such as the sections on kings,
2476:, that is "does what ought not to be done, does not do what ought to be done, does not give what ought to be given, and gives what ought not to be given", the king causes people to worry and dislike him.
1989:
is mentioned and dozens of its verses have been found on fragments of manuscript treatises buried in ancient Buddhist monasteries of northwest China, Afghanistan and northwest Pakistan. This includes the
1789:
The division into 15, 150, and 180 of books, chapters and topics respectively was probably not accidental, states Olivelle, because ancient authors of major Hindu texts favor certain numbers, such as 18
2315:
of agriculture, cattle and trade). It is from these four that all other knowledge, wealth and human prosperity is derived. The Kautilya text thereafter asserts that it is the Vedas that discuss what is
3083:
6094:
BS Sihag (2004), Kautilya on the scope and methodology of accounting, organizational design and the role of ethics in ancient India, The Accounting Historians Journal, Vol 31, Number 2, pages 125-148
2952:
The text dedicates Book 3 and 4 to economic laws and a court system to oversee and resolve economic, contracts and market-related disputes. The text also provides a system of appeal in which three
2877:, India was "prepared for the reception of the great moral transformation ushered in by Ashoka", and the spread of Buddhist, Hindu and other ideas across South Asia, East Asia and southeast Asia.
1610:
32:
4108:
Falk, Harry; Strauch, Ingo (2014). "The Bajaur and Split Collections of Kharoṣṭhī Manuscripts within the Context of Buddhist Gāndhārī Literature". In Paul Harrison and Jens-Uwe Hartmann (ed.).
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4659:
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values not just powerless human life, but even animal life and suggests in Book 2 that horses and elephants be given food, when they become incapacitated from old age, disease or after war.
2758:
As one plucks one ripe fruit after another from a garden, so should the king from his kingdom. Out of fear for his own destruction, he should avoid unripe ones, which give rise to revolts.
1587:, the collective ethics that hold a society together, advising the king that in times and in areas devastated by famine, epidemic and such acts of nature, or by war, he should initiate
2685:
When the degree of progress is the same in pursuing peace and waging war, peace is to be preferred. For, in war, there are disadvantages such as losses, expenses and absence from home.
6107:
2515:
is power and power alone which, only when exercised by the king with impartiality and in proportion to guilt either over his son or his enemy, maintains both this world and the next.
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distress and disaffection. When officials engage in thievery, instead of providing protection against robbers, the people are impoverished, they lose respect and become disaffected.
2340:(philosophy) that is the light of these sciences, as well as the source of all knowledge, the guide to virtues, and the means to all kinds of acts. He says of government in general:
1625:
The text was considered lost by colonial era scholars, until a manuscript was discovered in 1905. A copy of the Arthashastra in Sanskrit, written on palm leaves, was presented by a
2726:
One should neither submit spinelessly nor sacrifice oneself in foolhardy valour. It is better to adopt such policies as would enable one to survive and live to fight another day.
2262:
is right governance, the root of right governance is victorious inner-restraint, the root of victorious inner-restraint is humility, the root of humility is serving the aged.
1782:
stating the title of the book it belongs in, the topics contained in that book (like an index), the total number of titles in the book and the books in the text. Finally, the
2412:(ministers and high officials) based on the capacity to perform that they have shown in their past work, the character and their values that is accordance with the role. The
3242:
states that the Kangle edition has problems as it incorrectly relied on a mistaken text as commentary; he has emended the corrections in his 2013 translation. See: Olivelle
2436:
services (pleasure grounds). The highest level ministers must have been tested and have successfully demonstrated integrity in all situations and all types of allurements.
5929:
S Set (2015), Ancient Wisdom for the Modern World: Revisiting Kautilya and his Arthashastra in the Third Millennium, Strategic Analysis, Volume 39, Issue 6, pages 710-714
2810:
When a person causes abortion in pregnancy by striking, or with medicine, or by annoyance, the highest, middlemost, and first amercements shall be imposed respectively.
2927:
principles of international relations from a realist perspective and a discussion of when an army must use cruel violence and when it is more advantageous to be humane.
2850:
Scholars state that the Arthashastra was influential in Asian history. Its ideas helped create one of the largest empires in South Asia, stretching from the borders of
2280:
asserts, states the text, that there is only one necessary knowledge, the science of government because no other science can start or survive without it. The school of
1572:, markets and trade, the methods for screening ministers, diplomacy, theories on war, nature of peace, and the duties and obligations of a king. The text incorporates
3468:
name, which in conjunction with other evidence makes it clear that we are dealing with distinct persons, the minister Cāṇakya of legend and Kautilya the compiler of
3198:, and states that this term may be better conceptualized as science of reasoning rather than full philosophy, in ancient Indian traditions; See: Kangle's Part III
1903:
is the only one that uses all three names - Kauṭilya, Vishnugupta, and Chanakya - to refer to the same person. Other early sources use the name Chanakya (e.g.
6345:
5507:
Charles Waldauer et al. (1996), Kautilya's Arthashastra: A Neglected Precursor to Classical Economics, Indian Economic Review, Vol. XXXI, No. 1, pages 101-108
1964:, argue that this verse is a later addition, and that the identification of Chanakya and Kautilya is a relatively later development that occurred during the
1899:
played a pivotal role in the overthrow of the Nanda dynasty. Several later texts identify Chanakya with Kautilya or Vishnugupta: Among the earliest sources,
864:
5893:
2030:
and northern Maharashtra. Other evidences also support this theory: the text mentions that the shadow of a sundial disappears at noon during the month of
2830:
The text has been translated and interpreted by Shamashastry, Kangle, Trautmann and many others. Recent translations or interpretations include those of
1714:, said it was the "most difficult translation project I have ever undertaken." Parts of the text are still opaque after a century of modern scholarship.
2348:(proverb on law of fishes). In the absence of governance, the strong will swallow the weak. In the presence of governance, the weak resists the strong.
3207:
The girl, notes Olivelle (2013), may marry a man of equal status or any status (no mention of caste, the original Sanskrit text does not use the word
5195:
Roger Boesche (2003), Kautilya's Arthaśāstra on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India, The Journal of Military History, Volume 67, Number 1, pages 9-37
2380:
Book 1 and Book 2 of the text discusses how the crown prince should be trained and how the king himself should continue learning, selecting his key
3615:, in three verses 5.6.47, 7.10.38 and 7.18.42", (page 14) and "Prosperity and decline, stability and weakening, and vanquishing — knowing the
2945:
Kautilya was advocating a capitalistic free market economy. Kautilya requires that the land sale be staggered and grants certain buyers automatic "
1957:) are the only among the ancient texts that use the name "Kautilya" (instead of the more common "Chanakya") to describe the Maurya prime minister.
1576:, includes ancient economic and cultural details on agriculture, mineralogy, mining and metals, animal husbandry, medicine, forests and wildlife.
4354:
3185:, translates it as "roughly economics", and notes that Kautilya placed the knowledge of economics at the heart of king's education; See: Olivelle
2243:सुखस्य मूलं धर्मः । धर्मस्य मूलं अर्थः । अर्थस्य मूलं राज्यं । राज्यस्य मूलं इन्द्रिय जयः । इन्द्रियाजयस्य मूलं विनयः । विनयस्य मूलं वृद्धोपसेवा॥
4236:(1999), The Puruṣārthas: An Axiological Exploration of Hinduism, The Journal of Religious Ethics, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer, 1999), pp. 223-256
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of agriculture, cattle and trade) because all other sciences are intellectual and mere flowering of the temporal life of man. The school of
1702:
of the text, based on all the available manuscripts. Numerous translations and interpretations of the text have been published since then.
2284:
asserts, according to Arthashastra, that there are only two fields of knowledge, the science of government and the science of economics (
1754:
1468:
1960:
Scholars such as R. P. Kangle theorize that the text was authored by the Maurya prime minister Chanakya. Others, such as Olivelle and
857:
2300:
of agriculture, cattle and trade) because these three support each other, and all other sciences are special branch of the Vedas.
5580:
2620:
also reveals that the Mauryas designated specific forests to protect supplies of timber, as well as lions and tigers, for skins.
1839:, the Sanskrit word for "crafty". However, such a derivation is grammatically impossible, and Vishakhadatta's usage is simply a
1537:, also identified as Vishnugupta and Kautilya, is traditionally credited as the author of the text. Chanakya was a scholar at
6423:
6338:
Shoham, Dany, and Michael Liebig. "The intelligence dimension of Kautilyan statecraft and its implications for the present."
6320:, Dieter Schlingloff, Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde Süd- und Ostasiens, vol. 11, 1967, 44-80 + Abb. 1a-30, ISSN 0084-0084.
6285:
4127:
3764:
3741:
1998:
in China and the birch bark scrolls now a part of the Bajaur Collection (1st to 2nd century CE) discovered in the ruins of a
3315:
The paper develops value based management guidelines from the famous Indian treatise on management, Kautilya's Arthashastra.
5236:
Dany Shoham and Michael Liebig. "The intelligence dimension of Kautilyan statecraft and its implications for the present."
5651:
2472:
violence in acts or words, wherever there is unrighteous acts of violence, disaffection grows. When the king rejects the
850:
5888:, ed. W. G. Runciman, trans. Eric Matthews (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), pp. 212–25 (p. 220); see also
3519:"An example of the use of Indian political theories in ancient Sri Lanka (Related to the reign of King Parakramabahu I)"
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6238:
6186:
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but do not grow anything for a long time, and given to poorer farmers who want to grow crops but do not own any land.
2787:
years, and major renovations to ruined or abandoned water works were granted tax exemption for four years. Temple and
1795:
forming strategic alliances, and conduct of war, exclusive of its table of contents and the last epilogue-style book.
619:
6332:
6263:
6168:
5746:
Political Brahmanism and the state a compositional history of the Arthaśāstra (PhD Thesis, Advisor: Patrick Olivelle)
5661:
5421:
4250:
3665:
3553:
3000:
1698:. A new edition based on this manuscript was published by Muni Jina Vijay in 1959. In 1960, R. P. Kangle published a
1336:
7919:
4744:
2328:
that explain what creates wealth and what destroys wealth, it is the science of government that illuminates what is
8071:
3629:
2408:
Kautilya, after describing the conflicting views on how to select officials, asserts that a king should select his
942:
5218:
2873:. With the progressive secularization of society, and with the governance-related innovations contemplated by the
7907:
7438:
1786:
text numbers it 180 topics consecutively, and does not restart from one when a new chapter or a new book starts.
8025:
7736:
5889:
1461:
1331:
1109:
957:
587:
7865:
3289:
Siva Kumar, N.; Rao, U. S. (April 1996). "Guidelines for value based management in Kautilya's Arthashastra".
3060:
2125:(prosperity, wealth, purpose, meaning, economic security) is one of the four aims of human life in Hinduism (
1968:. Trautmann points out that none of the earlier sources that refer to Chanakya mention his authorship of the
1746:
1667:
1346:
1621:
Arthashastra manuscript in Grantha script from the Oriental Research Institute (ORI) which was found in 1905
7914:
2885:
In 1919, a few years after the newly discovered Arthashastra manuscript's translation was first published,
1095:
927:
898:
7929:
6366:
English translation by R. Shamasastry 1956 (revised edition with IAST diacritics and interwoven glossary)
3771:
Arthasastra, the major surviving Hindu text on polity, attributed to Chanakya (also known as Kautilya)...
1399:
575:
1649:. During 1905–1909, Shamasastry published English translations of the text in installments, in journals
8051:
7956:
7448:
7025:
6481:
6454:
6102:
6100:
1557:, who published it in 1909. The first English translation, also by Shamasastry, was published in 1915.
932:
903:
813:
614:
5392:
Torkel Brekke (2009), The Ethics of War in Asian Civilizations: A Comparative Perspective, Routledge,
5363:
Torkel Brekke (2009), The Ethics of War in Asian Civilizations: A Comparative Perspective, Routledge,
7976:
6902:
6416:
6346:
Kautilya's Arthashastra: Strategic Cultural Roots of India's Contemporary Statecraft, by Kajari Kamal
2600: when they are oppressed by anyone, including his officers, robbers or frontier commanders
1663:
1454:
1059:
6555:
6097:
5754:
McClish M (1 January 2014). "The dependence of Manu's seventh chapter on Kautilya's Arthas̈a¯stra".
5692:
Olivelle, Patrick (1 January 2004). "Manu and the Arthaśāstra, A Study in Śāstric Intertextuality".
2564:
marries a man her father arranges or approves of, she has the right to take the ornaments with her.
8066:
7770:
7428:
7352:
7058:
6840:
6815:
2303:
The Arthashastra then posits its own theory that there are four necessary fields of knowledge, the
1174:
1064:
738:
733:
298:
278:
6590:
5599:
Duggal, Ravi (2004). "The Political Economy of Abortion in India: Cost and Expenditure Patterns".
3220:
Rangarajan (1992), however, translates the verse to "same varna or another varna". See: Rangarajan
2069:
in the Gujarat-Maharashtra region. Lastly, the gotra name Kauṭilya is still found in Maharashtra.
8076:
8061:
7606:
7466:
7137:
6677:
6620:
3018:
2384:(ministers), officials, administration, staffing of the court personnel, magistrates and judges.
2003:
1711:
1104:
836:
718:
669:
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6363:
2594: when it is stressed by the hardships of fines, forced labor, taxes, and animal herds
7949:
7902:
7112:
6835:
5880:
5783:
3848:
Olivelle, Patrick (June 2004). "Manu and the Arthaśāstra, A Study in Śāstric Intertextuality".
3539:
2058:
1675:
1341:
1283:
1229:
644:
438:
303:
6401:
6392:
6383:
6273:
2596: when they are harassed by thieves, vicious animals, poison, crocodiles or sickness
2467:
Fanciful portrait of Chanakya illustrating Shamasastry's 1915 translation of the Arthashastra.
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7117:
3785:
3612:
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1779:
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and the Arthaśāstra: A Statistical Investigation of the Authorship and Evolution of the Text
3967:
1553:
was influential until the 12th century, when it disappeared. It was rediscovered in 1905 by
8046:
7944:
7939:
7934:
7855:
7332:
6825:
6810:
6462:
6409:
6398:, SARIT Initiative, The British Association for South Asian Studies and The British Academy
4114:. Verlag der österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. pp. 71–72, context: 51–78.
3162:
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signal that the chapter or section is ending. All 150 chapters of the text also end with a
1271:
1142:
1132:
1117:
1044:
962:
723:
288:
245:
118:
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6278:
Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards
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8:
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7375:
7255:
7127:
6955:
6892:
6845:
5705:
3861:
3034:
3026:
2866:
1835:("crafty-minded"), which has led to suggestions that the word "Kauṭilya" is derived from
1546:
1383:
1293:
1147:
1049:
999:
937:
659:
259:
155:
6644:
6504:
5744:
5589:, pp. 40–45, 99–110, 136–137, 150–153, 173–174, 536–545, 556–557, 572–580, 646–647.
4109:
345:
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7755:
7047:
6860:
6805:
6212:
5779:
5725:
5632:
5616:
4297:
John Bowker (2003), The Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press,
4280:
3873:
3865:
3800:
The most important single text in Hindu political philosophy is Kautilya's Arthasastra
3306:
3092:
3050:
3004:
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1999:
1991:
1921:
1421:
1014:
629:
355:
322:
240:
7020:
6995:
5612:
4747:
Muneo Tokunaga (1992), Kyoto University, Archived at University of Goettingen, Germany
3523:
International Conference on Vedic Jurisprudence & Its Impact on Contemporary World
2869:
consolidated an empire which was inherited by his son Bindusara and then his grandson
8011:
8005:
7885:
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6048:
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5771:
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5709:
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5474:
5427:
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5393:
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4123:
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3748:
During the same period, an ancient Hindu text (the Arthashastra) included a recipe...
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1887:
states that the treatise was authored by the person who rescued the country from the
1530:
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908:
881:
728:
698:
664:
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443:
327:
317:
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2973:
of human life and welfare and for the better realization of the ideals of humanity.
2699:
2126:
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4272:
4206:
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3144:
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2115:
2043:
1961:
1872:
1707:
1699:
1671:
1651:
1573:
1366:
1122:
976:
803:
753:
674:
639:
467:
448:
433:
385:
6930:
5243:
2057:
The author of the text appears to be most familiar with the historical regions of
390:
8015:
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7681:
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7574:
7393:
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7102:
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6509:
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5897:
5527:
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4941:
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4859:
4807:
4738:
4718:
4666:
4619:
4517:
4471:
4383:
3754:
3731:
3655:
3543:
3368:: "References to the work in other Sanskrit literature attribute it variously to
3267:
2859:
2851:
2775:
2604:
The king should protect produce, forests, elephants forests, reservoirs and mines
1526:
1444:
1426:
1251:
1236:
793:
773:
748:
472:
400:
293:
6595:
4190:
4111:
From Birch Bark to Digital Data: Recent Advances in Buddhist Manuscript Research
2311:(science of reasoning), the science of government and the science of economics (
7850:
7786:
7629:
6973:
6850:
6820:
6655:
5545:
K Thanawala (2014), Ancient Economic Thought (Editor: Betsy Price), Routledge,
5473:
K Thanawala (2014), Ancient Economic Thought (Editor: Betsy Price), Routledge,
4171:
RP Kangle (1969, Reprinted in 2010), Arthaśāstra, Part 3, Motilal Banarsidass,
1916:
1691:
1642:
1554:
1322:
1241:
1195:
1137:
783:
563:
283:
264:
38:
6519:
6276:, in Richard M. Eaton; Munis D. Faruqui; David Gilmartin; Sunil Kumar (eds.),
6066:
Ancient Indian Kingship from the Religious Point of View (Continued and Ended)
5915:
The Structure and Principles of Public Organization in Kautilya's Arthashastra
5791:
5721:
2463:
2167:
On the Activities of Superintendents, 36 chapters, Topics 19-56 (largest book)
2077:
Different scholars have translated the word "arthashastra" in different ways.
1847:(lineage), and is used in this sense in the later literature and inscriptions.
8040:
7966:
7870:
7649:
7423:
7161:
7052:
6963:
6897:
6156:
5824:
5775:
5713:
4233:
4220:
3284:
is classically expressed in Indian literature in the Arthashastra of Kautilya
3263:
2919:
2188:
Activity of a King preparing to March into Battle, 7 chapters, Topics 135-146
2105:
2023:
1953:
1941:
1892:
1868:
1827:
1822:
1638:
1626:
1584:
1542:
1515:
1246:
1224:
1199:
1029:
798:
788:
763:
758:
713:
526:
502:
492:
487:
477:
462:
428:
350:
6133:
5431:
4276:
2292:
asserts, states Arthashastra, that there are three fields of knowledge, the
7521:
7486:
7383:
5628:
4119:
3388:
3129:
2640:
2096:
2026:, suggests that he was a native of the region that encompasses present-day
1965:
1905:
1888:
1588:
1009:
768:
624:
521:
516:
497:
482:
6306:
5858:
5279:
4211:
3454:
3397:
3381:
3375:
3369:
2459:
Causes of impoverishment, lack of motivation and disaffection among people
2143:
2082:
1862:
1856:
1807:
Three names for the text's author are used in various historical sources:
1501:
7828:
7661:
7589:
7579:
7491:
7481:
7456:
7097:
7092:
6983:
6777:
6761:
6704:
6639:
6575:
5853:
MV Krishna Rao (1958, Reprinted 1979), Studies in Kautilya, 2nd Edition,
5411:
5227:, pp. 42–47, 78–80, 98, 112–117, 231–234, 261–263, 407–414, 476–483.
4395:
JS Rajput (2012), Seven Social Sins: The Contemporary Relevance, Allied,
3921:
3919:
3817:
3139:
3113:
2946:
2855:
2854:
to Bengal on the other side of the Indian subcontinent, with its capital
2160:
is divided into 15 book titles, 150 chapters and 180 topics, as follows:
2090:
1995:
1947:
1727:–elements of correct reasoning methods were deployed to create the text.
1538:
1313:
1278:
1181:
1169:
1034:
654:
634:
582:
536:
531:
188:
126:
6350:
6082:
5917:, The Indian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 66, No. 3, pages 463-488
5914:
5516:
Joseph Spengler (1971), Indian Economic Thought, Duke University Press,
3869:
2987:
More recent scholarship presents a more nuanced reception for the text.
2400:
suggesting that king should hire those whose weaknesses he can exploit,
2042:(September–October). This is possible only in the areas lying along the
1439:
7726:
7694:
7639:
7496:
7205:
7042:
7015:
6797:
6570:
6065:
6047:
Thomas Trautmann (2012), Arthashastra: The Science of Wealth, Penguin,
6025:
Thomas Trautmann (2012), Arthashastra: The Science of Wealth, Penguin,
5974:
Thomas Trautmann (2012), Arthashastra: The Science of Wealth, Penguin,
5841:
5620:
4831:
Thomas Trautmann (2012), Arthashastra: The Science of Wealth, Penguin,
4777:
Thomas Trautmann (2012), Arthashastra: The Science of Wealth, Penguin,
4284:
3712:
Thomas Trautmann (2012), Arthashastra: The Science of Wealth, Penguin,
3302:
3157:
3152:
2066:
2034:(June–July), and that the day and night are equal during the months of
1926:
1855:
A verse at the end of the text identifies its author as "Vishnugupta" (
1683:
1598:
1593:
1403:
1393:
1388:
1127:
989:
808:
230:
217:
106:
6216:
5416:. L. N. Rangarajan. New Delhi: Penguin Books India. pp. 506–515.
3916:
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7634:
7584:
7557:
7506:
7471:
7461:
7413:
7312:
7280:
7225:
7122:
7077:
6751:
6274:"Notes on Political Thought in Medieval and Early Modern South India"
6108:"India needs to develop its own doctrine for strategic autonomy: NSA"
5807:
The Arthaśāstra selections from the classic Indian work on statecraft
2980:
2886:
2039:
1931:
1791:
1630:
1569:
1288:
1186:
1069:
1024:
1004:
778:
708:
609:
183:
5014:
4535:
2606: established in the past and also set up new ones.
2439:
Chapter 9 of Book 1 suggests that the king maintain a council and a
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7709:
7704:
7594:
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7511:
7342:
7178:
7005:
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6945:
6887:
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6782:
6756:
6681:
6565:
6437:
6208:
5164:
3936:
3934:
3393:
3134:
2902:
More recent scholarship has disagreed with the characterization of
1911:
1896:
1534:
1522:
1518:
1411:
1371:
1054:
1039:
1019:
888:
570:
405:
212:
207:
178:
134:
75:
65:
55:
6719:
6370:
6230:
King, Governance, and Law in Ancient India: Kauṭilya's Arthaśāstra
5844:, Midwest Journal of Political Science, Vol. 2, No. 1, pages 62-75
5842:
The Place of the Emperor Asoka in Ancient Indian Political Thought
4990:
3464:, p. 67): "T. Burrow... has now shown that Cāṇakya is also a
2551:
The ancient text stipulates that the courts have a panel of three
144:
7791:
7644:
7562:
7552:
7327:
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7275:
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6920:
6912:
6879:
6746:
6649:
6624:
6600:
6499:
6489:
3681:
2321:
2142:
2062:
2047:
2035:
2031:
2027:
1936:
1695:
1678:. In the 1950s, fragmented sections of a north Indian version of
1326:
984:
743:
687:
418:
395:
380:
373:
202:
173:
6585:
6441:
6380:
at Wikisource (First English translation, 1915 by R Shamasastry)
6161:
The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His Arthashastra
4486:
4484:
4482:
4480:
3931:
3611:, pp. 14, 330: "The title Arthaśāstra is found only in the
3486:
3269:
The First Great Political Realist: Kautilya and His Arthashastra
2520:
just and victorious king administers justice in accordance with
2081:
R.P. Kangle: "Artha is the sustenance or livelihood of men, and
1843:. The word "Kauṭilya" or "Kauṭalya" appears to be the name of a
7823:
7801:
7614:
7567:
7526:
7408:
7398:
7337:
7245:
7188:
7183:
7037:
6724:
6560:
6546:
6531:
6431:
5094:
5092:
5067:
5065:
3337:
3335:
2870:
2473:
2421:
2375:
2317:
2247:
2138:
2130:
2051:
1565:
1376:
1318:
1216:
818:
149:
6351:
Understanding Kautilya's Arthashastra, by Pradeep Kumar Gautam
6085:, Management International Review, Vol. 26, No. 4, pages 70-77
4685:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4675:
3729:
3604:
3602:
2959:
2392:
suggesting honesty and knowledge be the screen for selection,
7719:
7714:
7418:
7388:
7322:
7302:
7240:
7220:
7193:
7032:
6734:
6634:
6580:
6536:
6514:
5445:
5443:
5441:
4880:
4477:
4308:
3449:
3109:
3055:
2588: to a region devastated by an enemy king or tribe,
2448:
2360:
2304:
2293:
2255:
2215:
2122:
2022:
to describe a village official or chief, which, according to
1844:
1717:
691:
166:
6195:
Mabbett, I. W. (April 1964). "The Date of the Arthaśāstra".
6002:
6000:
5932:
5374:
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5318:
5152:
5128:
5116:
5104:
5089:
5077:
5062:
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4589:
4564:
4562:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
3999:
3997:
3332:
2087:
is the science of the means to Artha" "science of politics";
7760:
7689:
7671:
7619:
7403:
7347:
7307:
7267:
7250:
7235:
7200:
6629:
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6083:
Strategic Planning 2300 Years Ago: The Strategy of Kautilya
5556:
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5294:
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5002:
4968:
4966:
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4813:
4750:
4672:
3805:
3599:
3347:
2789:
2447:, claims the text, must be one who is well educated in the
2206:
Organization of a Scientific Treatise, 1 chapter, Topic 180
2134:
1687:
1496:
5455:
5438:
5342:
5267:
5255:
4870:
4868:
4062:
3984:
3982:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3829:
2590: to a region beleaguered by sickness or famine.
2443:(chaplain, spiritual guide) for his personal counsel. The
2296:, the science of government and the science of economics (
1670:
published a new edition of the text, which was based on a
6433:
5997:
5694:
Journal of Indian Philosophy Journal of Indian Philosophy
5491:
5489:
5487:
4947:
4637:
4625:
4586:
4574:
4559:
4547:
4523:
4445:
4320:
4153:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4089:
4079:
4077:
4050:
4028:
4026:
4024:
3994:
3906:
3904:
3498:
1840:
5675:
5673:
5568:
5306:
5291:
5140:
4959:
4435:
4433:
4418:
3417:
3405:
3099:
Subject of a BBC "In Our Time" podcast The Arthashastra.
2632:
2185:
On the Subject of Calamities, 5 chapters, Topics 127-134
1891:, although it does not explicitly name this person. The
6494:
5956:
5944:
5804:
4978:
4892:
4865:
3979:
3946:
3884:
3619:, he should employ all of these strategies." (page 330)
3443:, p. 10): "while in his character as author of an
2623:
2499:
2194:
Conduct toward Confederacies, 1 chapter, Topics 160-161
5484:
4406:
4136:
4074:
4038:
4021:
4009:
3901:
3320:
2133:(laws, duties, rights, virtues, right way of living),
5985:
5670:
4430:
2200:
Means of Capturing a Fort, 5 chapters, Topics 171-176
6325:
Ancient Indian Economic Thought, Relevance for Today
3976:, pp. 49–51, 99–108, 277–294, 349–356, 373–382.
2416:, states Arthashastra, must be those with following
2164:
On the Subject of Training, 21 chapters, Topics 1-18
6695:
6389:(Another archive of 1915 R Shamasastry translation)
5805:Kauṭilya; Olivelle, Patrick; McClish, Mark (2012).
4745:
KAZ03.1.41 - KAZ03.1.43 Transliterated Arthashastra
3775:
3630:"Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary 1899 Advanced"
2182:
On the Sixfold Strategy, 18 chapters, Topics 98-126
6114:. NEW DELHI. Press Trust of India. 18 October 2012
4245:Steven Rosen (2006), Essential Hinduism, Praeger,
3780:Societies and Military Power: India and Its Armies
3777:
2602: when they are worn out by farm animals
4263:Macy, Joanna (1975). "The Dialectics of Desire".
3386:. The same individual is meant in each case. The
2914:
2203:On Esoteric Practices, 4 chapters, Topics 177-179
1762:When everything fails, resort to military force.
8038:
6280:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 164–199,
6043:
6041:
6039:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6015:
4847:
4845:
3016:Mentioned in season 5 episode 22 of the TV show
2935:
2336:(unjust, inexpedient, improper), and that it is
2173:Eradication of Thorns, 13 chapters, Topics 76-88
6271:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5181:
5179:
4929:
4927:
4795:
4793:
4791:
4773:
4771:
4769:
4767:
4765:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4350:
4348:
4346:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3480:
3073:Mentioned in season 3 episode 5 of the TV show
3024:Mentioned in season 3 Episode 1 of the TV show
2825:
2661:and the results they achieve, states the text.
2149:is the Sanskrit word for "rules" or "science".
1760:Understand the opponent and seek to outwit him.
41:kept at the Oriental Research Institute, Mysore
5909:
5907:
5905:
5836:
5834:
3429:
2197:On the Weaker King, 5 chapters, Topics 162-170
6417:
6134:"BBC Radio 4 - In Our Time, The Arthashastra"
6036:
6012:
5359:
5357:
4842:
4706:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4698:
3752:
3288:
3262:
3211:or any other related to caste). See: Olivelle
2880:
2344:Without government, rises disorder as in the
2179:Basis of the Circle, 2 chapters, Topics 96-97
1867:) was the name of his gotra. Others, such as
1710:, whose translation was published in 2013 by
1605:
1462:
858:
6272:Rao, Velcheru; Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (2013),
5176:
4924:
4788:
4762:
4496:
4360:
4343:
3581:
2376:Officials, advisors and checks on government
1738:One can lose a war as easily as one can win.
5925:
5923:
5902:
5831:
4107:
3730:R. Chadwick; S. Henson; B. Moseley (2013).
3545:Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor
3517:Rathanasara, Kaudagammana (February 2023).
3516:
2960:Book on strategy anticipating all scenarios
2741:
2176:On Secret Conduct, 6 chapters, Topics 89-95
2072:
2046:, which passes through central India, from
1641:. The text was identified by the librarian
6424:
6410:
6253:
5354:
5348:
4953:
4886:
4695:
4490:
3703:. New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications.
3660:. New Delhi: Penguin Books. pp. 1–2.
3653:
2837:
2216:The need for law, economics and government
1718:Authorship, date of writing, and structure
1469:
1455:
865:
851:
31:
6300:
5753:
5252:, pp. xv–xvi, 42–43, 78–82, 98, 260.
4210:
3910:
3461:
3440:
3359:
3084:Origin Story, A big history of everything
2797:
6223:
6197:Journal of the American Oriental Society
6181:, Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 2010),
6081:Timothy Starzl and Krishna Dhir (1986),
5938:
5920:
5756:Journal of the American Oriental Society
5691:
5679:
5649:
5586:
5574:
5562:
5536:, pp. 43–44, 101, 228–229, 286–287.
5533:
5461:
5449:
5409:
5380:
5336:
5324:
5312:
5300:
5285:
5273:
5261:
5249:
5224:
5170:
5158:
5146:
5134:
5122:
5110:
5098:
5083:
5071:
5056:
5044:
5032:
5020:
5008:
4996:
4984:
4898:
4874:
4819:
4785:, pages 136-137, for context see 134-139
4756:
4689:
4646:
4631:
4599:
4580:
4568:
4553:
4541:
4529:
4451:
4412:
4337:
4314:
4159:
4147:
4095:
4083:
4068:
4056:
4044:
4032:
4015:
4003:
3988:
3973:
3961:
3940:
3925:
3895:
3847:
3835:
3823:
3811:
3759:. Oxford University Press. p. 186.
3687:
3608:
3534:
3532:
3504:
3492:
3423:
3411:
3353:
3341:
3326:
2841:
2581:Topic 19, chapter 2, the text suggests:
2462:
2221:of those fields. It lists the school of
1609:
37:16th century Arthashastra manuscript in
6194:
6155:
6006:
5991:
5962:
5950:
5742:
5495:
4972:
4188:
3575:
3435:
3365:
2575:
2324:(wrong, immoral, unethical), it is the
8039:
6233:, Oxford UK: Oxford University Press,
6176:
5598:
4439:
4424:
4195:on War and Diplomacy in Ancient India"
2170:On Justices, 20 chapters, Topics 57-75
6405:
6335:, Rawat Publications, New Delhi, 2008
4357:R Shamasastry (Translator), pages 8-9
3756:Modern Hindu Thought: An Introduction
3538:
3529:
3181:Olivelle transliterates this word as
3010:
2858:twice as large as Rome under Emperor
2664:The roles and guises recommended for
2633:On spying, propaganda and information
2396:suggesting that heredity be favored,
2250:(ethics, righteousness), the root of
4810:Book 3 and 4, Kautilya, pages 79-126
4262:
3784:. Cornell University Press. p.
2624:Mines, factories and superintendents
2500:Civil, criminal law and court system
2320:(right, moral, ethical) and what is
8021:
5403:
3447:he is generally referred to by his
3194:Kangle transliterates this word as
2675:
1508:
13:
6323:Ratan Lal Basu and Raj Kumar Sen,
5706:10.1023/B:INDI.0000021078.31452.8a
3862:10.1023/B:INDI.0000021078.31452.8a
2732:—Arthashastra 7.15.13-20, 12.1.1-9
2598:He should keep trade routes clear
2191:On War, 6 chapters, Topics 147-159
1915:), both Chanakya and Vishnugupta (
14:
8088:
6357:
5884:(1919). This translation is from
5288:, pp. 42–47, 78–83, 260–261.
5206:कौिटलीय अर्थशास्त्र, Arthashastra
4935:कौिटलीय अर्थशास्त्र, Arthashastra
4912:कौिटलीय अर्थशास्त्र, Arthashastra
4853:कौिटलीय अर्थशास्त्र, Arthashastra
4801:कौिटलीय अर्थशास्त्र, Arthashastra
4732:कौिटलीय अर्थशास्त्र, Arthashastra
4712:कौिटलीय अर्थशास्त्र, Arthashastra
4660:कौिटलीय अर्थशास्त्र, Arthashastra
4613:कौिटलीय अर्थशास्त्र, Arthashastra
4511:कौिटलीय अर्थशास्त्र, Arthashastra
4465:कौिटलीय अर्थशास्त्र, Arthashastra
4377:कौिटलीय अर्थशास्त्र, Arthashastra
3826:, pp. 101, 228–229, 286–287.
3634:www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de
2940:Thomas Trautmann states that the
2713:
2706:, which is similar to Kautilya's
2332:(justice, expedient, proper) and
1909:), Vishnugupta (e.g. Kamandaka's
1883:The penultimate paragraph of the
1742:War is also expensive. Avoid war.
1596:and legal procedures included in
1337:Biology and political orientation
8020:
8010:
8001:
8000:
7989:
6694:
6440:
6432:
6369:
6126:
6088:
6075:
6058:
5968:
5886:Weber: Selections in Translation
5872:
5847:
5798:
5736:
5685:
5643:
5592:
5539:
5510:
5501:
5467:
5386:
5230:
5215:Book 11, Kautilya, pages 206-208
5198:
3736:. Springer Science. p. 39.
3233:
3223:
2846:Maurya Empire in Kautilya's time
2586:The king should grant exemption
2558:
1804:redaction in 300 CE or earlier.
1758:(six forms of non-war pressure).
1740:War is inherently unpredictable.
1438:
133:
97:
85:3rd century BCE – 3rd century CE
7990:
6340:Journal of Intelligence History
6148:
5784:10.7817/jameroriesoci.134.2.241
5768:10.7817/jameroriesoci.134.2.241
5238:Journal of Intelligence History
4904:
4862:Book 4, Kautilya, pages 110-111
4825:
4724:
4721:Book 7, Kautilya, pages 146-148
4652:
4605:
4457:
4389:
4291:
4256:
4239:
4227:
4199:The Journal of Military History
4189:Boesche, Roger (January 2003).
4182:
4165:
4101:
3841:
3723:
3706:
3699:Sen, R.K. and Basu, R.L. 2006.
3693:
3657:The Arthashastra (Introduction)
3647:
3622:
3569:
3510:
3214:
3201:
3188:
3175:
3116:– Indian philosophical concepts
2592:He should safeguard agriculture
2258:(economy, polity), the root of
2152:
2102:G.P. Singh: "science of polity"
7915:Relations with other religions
5743:McClish, Mark Richard (2009).
3928:, pp. ix, xiii, xiv–xvii.
3474:
3272:. Lexington Books. p. 7.
3256:
2915:Views on the role of the state
2753:Tax collection and ripe fruits
2700:four Hindu goals of human life
2352:
2137:(pleasure, emotions, sex) and
1541:, the teacher and guardian of
1332:Theories of political behavior
958:Political history of the world
1:
6179:Kautilya Arthashastra, 3 vols
5613:10.1016/S0968-8080(04)24012-5
4944:Book 3, Kautilya, pages 81-82
4921:Book 3, Kautilya, pages 84-85
3481:Rao & Subrahmanyam (2013)
3249:
3061:Sony Entertainment Television
2936:Views on property and markets
2002:Buddhist site in 1999, state
1976:
1798:
1682:were discovered in form of a
1615:
1347:Critique of political economy
5650:Kautilya (14 October 2000).
5023:, pp. 122–126, 130–135.
4544:, pp. xx, xxii, 69–221.
3850:Journal of Indian Philosophy
3776:Stephen Peter Rosen (1996).
2826:Translations and scholarship
2532:(edicts, announced law) and
2233:and itself as the school of
2099:: "science of material gain"
2009:
1994:(c. 200 CE) discovered near
928:Outline of political science
7:
6307:
6163:, Lanham: Lexington Books,
6072:, Vol. 4, Fasc. 2, page 159
5601:Reproductive Health Matters
4741:Book 3, Kautilya, page 80;
4669:Book 1, Kautilya, pages 5-7
4622:Book 1, Kautilya, pages 7-8
4520:Book 1, Kautilya, pages 5-6
4386:Book 1, Kautilya, pages 3-5
3455:
3398:
3382:
3376:
3370:
3103:
2492:become upset and disloyal.
2210:
2144:
2083:
1863:
1857:
1502:
10:
8093:
6256:Kautilya: The Arthashastra
5173:, pp. 173–175, 78–90.
4999:, pp. 140–142, 44–45.
3291:Journal of Business Ethics
2994:
2881:Comparisons to Machiavelli
1606:History of the manuscripts
1583:explores issues of social
933:Index of politics articles
127:Hindu scriptures and texts
8057:Ancient Indian literature
7987:
7814:
7779:
7605:
7540:
7447:
7374:
7367:
7266:
7169:
7160:
7068:
6954:
6911:
6878:
6796:
6770:
6742:
6733:
6712:
6703:
6692:
6611:
6480:
6471:
6450:
6396:(Sanskrit, IAST-Translit)
6254:Rangarajan, L.N. (1992),
3701:Economics in Arthashastra
3690:, pp. 1–62, 179–221.
3654:Rangarajan, L.N. (1987).
3001:National Security Adviser
2346:Matsya nyayamud bhavayati
2246:The root of happiness is
1492:
96:
89:
81:
71:
61:
51:
46:
30:
23:
7059:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
4474:Book 1, Kautilya, page 5
3495:, pp. 24–25, 31–33.
3168:
2764:—Stocking the Treasury,
2742:On regulations and taxes
2721:Behaviour of a Weak King
2141:(spiritual liberation).
2093:: a "treatise on polity"
2073:Translation of the title
1521:treatise on statecraft,
8072:Military strategy books
7138:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
5896:31 January 2010 at the
5840:Henry Albinski (1958),
5211:9 February 2017 at the
4940:9 February 2017 at the
4917:9 February 2017 at the
4858:9 February 2017 at the
4806:9 February 2017 at the
4737:9 February 2017 at the
4717:9 February 2017 at the
4665:9 February 2017 at the
4618:9 February 2017 at the
4516:9 February 2017 at the
4470:9 February 2017 at the
4382:9 February 2017 at the
4277:10.1163/156852775X00095
3548:. London: Hachette UK.
2838:Influence and reception
2118:: "science of politics"
1712:Oxford University Press
1635:Mysore Oriental Library
1342:Political organisations
1105:International relations
943:Politics by subdivision
837:Timeline of Hindu texts
670:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
16:Ancient Indian treatise
7113:Eighteen Greater Texts
6177:Kangle, R. P. (1969),
5881:Politics as a Vocation
5869:, pages 13-14, 231-233
5749:. University of Texas.
4120:10.2307/j.ctt1vw0q4q.7
3753:Arvind Sharma (2005).
3392:explicitly identifies
3090:Mentioned in the book
3081:Mentioned in the book
3058:TV series telecast on
2976:
2967:Arthashastra and state
2929:
2900:
2847:
2813:
2798:Pregnancy and Abortion
2784:
2761:
2729:
2687:
2652:
2609:
2539:
2468:
2350:
2265:
1831:refers to Kauṭilya as
1815:original recension of
1765:
1676:Bavarian State Library
1643:Rudrapatna Shamasastry
1622:
645:Eighteen Greater Texts
7866:Hindu gurus and sants
7118:Eighteen Lesser Texts
6364:Kautilya Arthashastra
6342:15.2 (2016): 119–138.
5240:15.2 (2016): 119-138.
4317:, pp. vii–xxvii.
4212:10.1353/jmh.2003.0006
3344:, pp. 24–25, 31.
3069:Chanakya Chandragupta
2964:
2924:
2891:
2845:
2802:
2780:
2750:
2718:
2683:
2637:
2583:
2536:(evidence, conduct).
2504:
2466:
2357:The best king is the
2342:
2240:
1925:), or Kautilya (e.g.
1730:
1613:
1422:Political campaigning
1162:Public administration
995:Collective leadership
650:Eighteen Lesser Texts
7856:Anti-Hindu sentiment
6318:Arthashastra-Studien
6313:, Leiden: E.J. Brill
6302:Trautmann, Thomas R.
6258:, Penguin Classics,
4271:(2). BRILL: 145–60.
3617:science of politics
3542:(21 February 2012).
3356:, pp. 1, 34–35.
3163:Politics (Aristotle)
3125:History of espionage
2816:—Arthashastra 4.11.6
2702:, while Kamandaki's
2576:Wildlife and forests
2507:Crime and punishment
2129:), the others being
1811:Kauṭilya or Kauṭalya
1633:to the newly opened
1560:The Sanskrit title,
1272:Separation of powers
1143:Political psychology
1118:Comparative politics
1096:political scientists
1083:Academic disciplines
963:Political philosophy
7962:Hinduism by country
7128:Iraiyanar Akapporul
7088:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
5941:, pp. xv–xvii.
5383:, pp. 273–274.
5339:, pp. 277–278.
5327:, pp. 294–297.
5204:Sanskrit Original:
5161:, pp. 171–175.
5137:, pp. 162–170.
5125:, pp. 160–162.
5113:, pp. 157–159.
5101:, pp. 152–156.
5086:, pp. 147–151.
5074:, pp. 143–147.
5059:, pp. 142–143.
5047:, pp. 140–141.
5035:, pp. 139–140.
5011:, pp. 127–130.
4933:Sanskrit Original:
4910:Sanskrit Original:
4889:, pp. 49, 364.
4851:Sanskrit Original:
4822:, pp. 112–117.
4799:Sanskrit Original:
4759:, pp. 181–182.
4730:Sanskrit Original:
4710:Sanskrit Original:
4692:, pp. 290–291.
4658:Sanskrit Original:
4611:Sanskrit Original:
4509:Sanskrit Original:
4493:, pp. 121–122.
4463:Sanskrit Original:
4375:Sanskrit Original:
3814:, pp. 122–175.
2867:Chandragupta Maurya
2655:— Arthashastra 11.1
2524:(established law),
1982:period 175–300 CE.
1772:Books 2.10, 6-7, 10
1639:Benjamin Lewis Rice
1619: 16th century
1547:Chandragupta Maurya
1445:Politics portal
1294:Election commission
1265:Government branches
1148:Political sociology
1000:Confessional system
938:Politics by country
660:Iraiyanar Akapporul
620:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
366:Related Hindu texts
6112:The Economic Times
5565:, pp. 99–111.
4427:, pp. 99–100.
3838:, pp. 29, 52.
3303:10.1007/BF00380362
3096:by Henry Kissinger
3087:by David Christian
3051:Chandragupt Maurya
3011:In popular culture
3005:Shiv Shankar Menon
2865:Kautilya's patron
2848:
2542:— Arthashastra 3.1
2469:
2270:Chanakya Sutra 1-6
2038:(March–April) and
2006:and Ingo Strauch.
2000:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
1992:Spitzer Manuscript
1922:Dashakumaracharita
1750:(four strategies).
1674:manuscript in the
1662:During 1923–1924,
1623:
1128:Political analysis
1060:Semi-parliamentary
107:English Wikisource
8052:Works by Chanakya
8034:
8033:
7810:
7809:
7363:
7362:
7156:
7155:
7070:Sangam literature
7026:Yājñavalkya Smṛti
6874:
6873:
6690:
6689:
6374:The full text of
6287:978-1-107-03428-0
6225:Olivelle, Patrick
6009:, pp. 15–16.
5464:, pp. 44–45.
5452:, pp. 43–44.
5410:Kauṭalya (1992).
5276:, pp. 78–83.
5264:, pp. 42–43.
4975:, pp. 18–19.
4649:, pp. 72–76.
4634:, pp. 75–76.
4602:, pp. 74–75.
4583:, pp. 72–75.
4571:, pp. 72–74.
4556:, pp. 69–70.
4532:, pp. 70–72.
4454:, pp. 68–69.
4340:, pp. 66–69.
4162:, pp. 37–38.
4129:978-3-7001-7710-4
4098:, pp. 33–35.
4071:, p. 34, 36.
4059:, pp. 35–36.
4006:, pp. 31–32.
3766:978-0-19-567638-9
3743:978-3-662-05115-3
3507:, pp. 30–31.
3426:, pp. 32–33.
3414:, pp. 31–38.
3076:Dear White People
2643:as a secret agent
2528:(customary law),
2487:A state, asserts
2479:Anywhere, states
2364:, the sage king.
2110:political economy
1531:military strategy
1523:political science
1479:
1478:
1427:Political parties
1367:Electoral systems
1091:Political science
1065:Semi-presidential
977:Political systems
953:Political history
948:Political economy
875:
874:
665:Abhirami Anthadhi
603:Sangam literature
456:Vaishnava puranas
112:
111:
8084:
8024:
8023:
8014:
8004:
8003:
7993:
7992:
7903:Pilgrimage sites
7657:Ganesh Chaturthi
7372:
7371:
7167:
7166:
7148:Vedarthasamgraha
7143:Vinayagar Agaval
7108:Five Great Epics
7083:Divya Prabandham
6996:Minor Upanishads
6740:
6739:
6710:
6709:
6698:
6697:
6478:
6477:
6444:
6436:
6426:
6419:
6412:
6403:
6402:
6373:
6314:
6310:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6268:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6220:
6191:
6173:
6142:
6141:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6104:
6095:
6092:
6086:
6079:
6073:
6064:J Gonda (1957),
6062:
6056:
6045:
6034:
6023:
6010:
6004:
5995:
5989:
5983:
5972:
5966:
5960:
5954:
5948:
5942:
5936:
5930:
5927:
5918:
5913:A Kumar (2005),
5911:
5900:
5890:this translation
5876:
5870:
5851:
5845:
5838:
5829:
5828:
5802:
5796:
5795:
5750:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5700:(2–3): 281–291.
5689:
5683:
5677:
5668:
5667:
5653:The ARTHASHASTRA
5647:
5641:
5640:
5596:
5590:
5584:
5578:
5572:
5566:
5560:
5554:
5543:
5537:
5531:
5525:
5514:
5508:
5505:
5499:
5493:
5482:
5471:
5465:
5459:
5453:
5447:
5436:
5435:
5413:The Arthashastra
5407:
5401:
5390:
5384:
5378:
5372:
5361:
5352:
5346:
5340:
5334:
5328:
5322:
5316:
5310:
5304:
5298:
5289:
5283:
5277:
5271:
5265:
5259:
5253:
5247:
5241:
5234:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5202:
5196:
5193:
5174:
5168:
5162:
5156:
5150:
5144:
5138:
5132:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5108:
5102:
5096:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5069:
5060:
5054:
5048:
5042:
5036:
5030:
5024:
5018:
5012:
5006:
5000:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4976:
4970:
4957:
4951:
4945:
4931:
4922:
4908:
4902:
4896:
4890:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4863:
4849:
4840:
4829:
4823:
4817:
4811:
4797:
4786:
4775:
4760:
4754:
4748:
4728:
4722:
4708:
4693:
4687:
4670:
4656:
4650:
4644:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4584:
4578:
4572:
4566:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4533:
4527:
4521:
4507:
4494:
4488:
4475:
4461:
4455:
4449:
4443:
4437:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4404:
4393:
4387:
4373:
4358:
4352:
4341:
4335:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4260:
4254:
4243:
4237:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4214:
4186:
4180:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4151:
4145:
4134:
4133:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4072:
4066:
4060:
4054:
4048:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3992:
3986:
3977:
3971:
3965:
3959:
3944:
3938:
3929:
3923:
3914:
3908:
3899:
3893:
3882:
3881:
3856:(2/3): 281–291.
3845:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3783:
3773:
3750:
3733:Functional Foods
3727:
3721:
3710:
3704:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3651:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3626:
3620:
3606:
3597:
3594:
3579:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3536:
3527:
3526:
3514:
3508:
3502:
3496:
3490:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3458:
3433:
3427:
3421:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3385:
3379:
3373:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3330:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3286:
3260:
3243:
3240:Patrick Olivelle
3237:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3212:
3205:
3199:
3192:
3186:
3179:
3120:Hindu philosophy
3038:by Ashwin Sanghi
3035:Chanakya's Chant
2983:
2832:Patrick Olivelle
2817:
2769:
2733:
2676:On war and peace
2656:
2543:
2272:
2229:, the school of
2225:, the school of
2147:
2116:Patrick Olivelle
2086:
2044:Tropic of Cancer
1962:Thomas Trautmann
1873:Patrick Olivelle
1866:
1860:
1773:
1708:Patrick Olivelle
1700:critical edition
1686:manuscript in a
1672:Malayalam script
1652:Indian Antiquary
1620:
1617:
1574:Hindu philosophy
1513:
1512: Economics
1510:
1505:
1494:
1471:
1464:
1457:
1443:
1442:
1233:
1178:
1133:Political theory
1123:Election science
1113:
1099:
877:
876:
867:
860:
853:
804:Gheranda Samhita
754:Sushruta Samhita
675:Vinayagar Agaval
640:Five Great Epics
615:Divya Prabandham
546:
512:
458:
340:Other scriptures
313:
274:
255:
198:
137:
114:
113:
101:
100:
35:
21:
20:
8092:
8091:
8087:
8086:
8085:
8083:
8082:
8081:
8067:Political books
8037:
8036:
8035:
8030:
7997:
7983:
7806:
7775:
7766:Vasant Panchami
7700:Pahela Baishakh
7682:Makar Sankranti
7601:
7536:
7443:
7359:
7262:
7152:
7133:Abhirami Antati
7103:Kamba Ramayanam
7064:
6950:
6907:
6870:
6792:
6766:
6729:
6699:
6686:
6670:Vishishtadvaita
6607:
6467:
6446:
6430:
6360:
6355:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6266:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6189:
6171:
6151:
6146:
6145:
6132:
6131:
6127:
6117:
6115:
6106:
6105:
6098:
6093:
6089:
6080:
6076:
6063:
6059:
6055:, pages 134-138
6046:
6037:
6033:, pages 121-127
6024:
6013:
6005:
5998:
5990:
5986:
5982:, pages 116-139
5973:
5969:
5965:, pp. 7–8.
5961:
5957:
5953:, pp. 1–7.
5949:
5945:
5937:
5933:
5928:
5921:
5912:
5903:
5898:Wayback Machine
5877:
5873:
5852:
5848:
5839:
5832:
5817:
5803:
5799:
5752:
5741:
5737:
5690:
5686:
5678:
5671:
5664:
5648:
5644:
5607:(24): 130–137.
5597:
5593:
5585:
5581:
5573:
5569:
5561:
5557:
5544:
5540:
5532:
5528:
5515:
5511:
5506:
5502:
5494:
5485:
5472:
5468:
5460:
5456:
5448:
5439:
5424:
5408:
5404:
5400:, pages 121-138
5391:
5387:
5379:
5375:
5362:
5355:
5349:Rangarajan 1992
5347:
5343:
5335:
5331:
5323:
5319:
5311:
5307:
5299:
5292:
5284:
5280:
5272:
5268:
5260:
5256:
5248:
5244:
5235:
5231:
5223:
5219:
5213:Wayback Machine
5203:
5199:
5194:
5177:
5169:
5165:
5157:
5153:
5145:
5141:
5133:
5129:
5121:
5117:
5109:
5105:
5097:
5090:
5082:
5078:
5070:
5063:
5055:
5051:
5043:
5039:
5031:
5027:
5019:
5015:
5007:
5003:
4995:
4991:
4983:
4979:
4971:
4960:
4954:Rangarajan 1992
4952:
4948:
4942:Wayback Machine
4932:
4925:
4919:Wayback Machine
4909:
4905:
4897:
4893:
4887:Rangarajan 1992
4885:
4881:
4873:
4866:
4860:Wayback Machine
4850:
4843:
4830:
4826:
4818:
4814:
4808:Wayback Machine
4798:
4789:
4776:
4763:
4755:
4751:
4742:
4739:Wayback Machine
4729:
4725:
4719:Wayback Machine
4709:
4696:
4688:
4673:
4667:Wayback Machine
4657:
4653:
4645:
4638:
4630:
4626:
4620:Wayback Machine
4610:
4606:
4598:
4587:
4579:
4575:
4567:
4560:
4552:
4548:
4540:
4536:
4528:
4524:
4518:Wayback Machine
4508:
4497:
4491:Rangarajan 1992
4489:
4478:
4472:Wayback Machine
4462:
4458:
4450:
4446:
4438:
4431:
4423:
4419:
4411:
4407:
4394:
4390:
4384:Wayback Machine
4374:
4361:
4353:
4344:
4336:
4321:
4313:
4309:
4305:, pages 650-651
4296:
4292:
4261:
4257:
4244:
4240:
4232:
4228:
4187:
4183:
4170:
4166:
4158:
4154:
4146:
4137:
4130:
4106:
4102:
4094:
4090:
4082:
4075:
4067:
4063:
4055:
4051:
4043:
4039:
4031:
4022:
4014:
4010:
4002:
3995:
3991:, pp. 4–5.
3987:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3964:, pp. 3–4.
3960:
3947:
3943:, Introduction.
3939:
3932:
3924:
3917:
3909:
3902:
3898:, pp. 1–2.
3894:
3885:
3846:
3842:
3834:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3774:
3767:
3751:
3744:
3728:
3724:
3711:
3707:
3698:
3694:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3668:
3652:
3648:
3638:
3636:
3628:
3627:
3623:
3607:
3600:
3595:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3537:
3530:
3515:
3511:
3503:
3499:
3491:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3462:Trautmann (1971
3460:
3441:Trautmann (1971
3439:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3410:
3406:
3364:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3340:
3333:
3329:, pp. 1–5.
3325:
3321:
3287:
3280:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3206:
3202:
3193:
3189:
3180:
3176:
3171:
3106:
3013:
2999:India's former
2997:
2985:
2978:
2975:
2962:
2938:
2917:
2883:
2860:Marcus Aurelius
2840:
2828:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2800:
2776:Joseph Spengler
2771:
2763:
2760:
2744:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2716:
2698:forgetting the
2678:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2635:
2626:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2578:
2561:
2545:
2541:
2538:
2516:
2502:
2461:
2378:
2355:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2245:
2244:
2218:
2213:
2155:
2075:
2050:in the west to
2012:
1979:
1895:prime minister
1801:
1775:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1751:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1720:
1668:Richard Schmidt
1618:
1608:
1589:public projects
1527:economic policy
1511:
1475:
1437:
1432:
1431:
1362:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1309:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1267:
1266:
1257:
1256:
1252:Public interest
1237:Domestic policy
1227:
1220:
1219:
1208:
1207:
1172:
1165:
1164:
1153:
1152:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1084:
1075:
1074:
980:
979:
968:
967:
923:
922:
913:
882:Politics series
871:
842:
841:
832:
824:
823:
774:Divya Prabandha
749:Charaka Samhita
734:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
694:
680:
679:
635:Kamba Ramayanam
610:Saiva Tirumurai
605:
595:
594:
566:
556:
555:
542:
508:
454:
421:
411:
410:
376:
361:
360:
341:
333:
332:
309:
270:
251:
233:
223:
222:
194:
169:
152:
98:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8090:
8080:
8079:
8077:Sanskrit books
8074:
8069:
8064:
8062:Sanskrit texts
8059:
8054:
8049:
8032:
8031:
8029:
8028:
8018:
8008:
7988:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7981:
7980:
7979:
7974:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7953:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7912:
7911:
7910:
7900:
7895:
7894:
7893:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7831:
7820:
7818:
7812:
7811:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7783:
7781:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7758:
7752:
7751:
7750:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7724:
7723:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7632:
7630:Raksha Bandhan
7627:
7622:
7617:
7611:
7609:
7603:
7602:
7600:
7599:
7598:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7582:
7572:
7571:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7544:
7542:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7453:
7451:
7445:
7444:
7442:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7386:
7380:
7378:
7369:
7365:
7364:
7361:
7360:
7358:
7357:
7350:
7345:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7294:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7272:
7270:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7260:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7175:
7173:
7164:
7158:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7120:
7115:
7110:
7105:
7100:
7095:
7090:
7085:
7080:
7074:
7072:
7066:
7065:
7063:
7062:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6987:
6986:
6981:
6971:
6966:
6960:
6958:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6917:
6915:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6884:
6882:
6876:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6841:Shvetashvatara
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6816:Brihadaranyaka
6813:
6808:
6802:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6774:
6772:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6743:
6737:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6722:
6716:
6714:
6713:Classification
6707:
6701:
6700:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6684:
6675:
6674:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6617:
6615:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6552:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6534:
6523:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6486:
6484:
6475:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6457:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6429:
6428:
6421:
6414:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6390:
6381:
6367:
6359:
6358:External links
6356:
6354:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6336:
6321:
6315:
6298:
6286:
6269:
6264:
6251:
6240:978-0199891825
6239:
6221:
6209:10.2307/597102
6203:(2): 162–169.
6192:
6188:978-8120800410
6187:
6174:
6169:
6157:Boesche, Roger
6152:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6125:
6096:
6087:
6074:
6057:
6053:978-0670085279
6035:
6031:978-0670085279
6011:
5996:
5984:
5980:978-0670085279
5967:
5955:
5943:
5931:
5919:
5901:
5871:
5867:978-8121502429
5846:
5830:
5816:978-1603848480
5815:
5797:
5762:(2): 241–262.
5735:
5684:
5669:
5662:
5656:. Penguin UK.
5642:
5591:
5579:
5577:, p. 140.
5567:
5555:
5551:978-0415757010
5538:
5526:
5522:978-0822302452
5509:
5500:
5483:
5479:978-0415757010
5466:
5454:
5437:
5422:
5402:
5398:978-0415544375
5385:
5373:
5369:978-0415544375
5353:
5351:, p. 530.
5341:
5329:
5317:
5315:, p. 294.
5305:
5303:, p. 261.
5290:
5278:
5266:
5254:
5242:
5229:
5217:
5197:
5175:
5163:
5151:
5149:, p. 172.
5139:
5127:
5115:
5103:
5088:
5076:
5061:
5049:
5037:
5025:
5013:
5001:
4989:
4987:, p. 101.
4977:
4958:
4956:, p. 366.
4946:
4923:
4903:
4901:, p. 189.
4891:
4879:
4877:, p. 248.
4864:
4841:
4837:978-0670085279
4824:
4812:
4787:
4783:978-0670085279
4761:
4749:
4723:
4694:
4671:
4651:
4636:
4624:
4604:
4585:
4573:
4558:
4546:
4534:
4522:
4495:
4476:
4456:
4444:
4442:, p. 130.
4429:
4417:
4405:
4401:978-8184247985
4388:
4359:
4342:
4319:
4307:
4303:978-0192139658
4290:
4255:
4238:
4226:
4181:
4177:978-8120800410
4164:
4152:
4135:
4128:
4100:
4088:
4073:
4061:
4049:
4037:
4020:
4008:
3993:
3978:
3966:
3945:
3930:
3915:
3911:Trautmann 1971
3900:
3883:
3840:
3828:
3816:
3804:
3795:978-0801432101
3794:
3765:
3742:
3722:
3720:, pages xxv-27
3718:978-0670085279
3705:
3692:
3680:
3666:
3646:
3621:
3598:
3580:
3568:
3554:
3540:Allen, Charles
3528:
3509:
3497:
3485:
3473:
3436:Mabbett (1964)
3428:
3416:
3404:
3366:Mabbett (1964)
3358:
3346:
3331:
3319:
3297:(4): 415–423.
3279:978-0739104019
3278:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3232:
3222:
3213:
3200:
3187:
3173:
3172:
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3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
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3117:
3105:
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3097:
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3079:
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3039:
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3012:
3009:
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2808:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2756:
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2740:
2724:
2717:
2715:
2714:Foreign Policy
2712:
2677:
2674:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2560:
2557:
2510:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2460:
2457:
2377:
2374:
2354:
2351:
2276:The school of
2241:
2239:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2154:
2151:
2120:
2119:
2113:
2108:: "science of
2103:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2074:
2071:
2018:uses the term
2014:The author of
2011:
2008:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1958:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1853:
1849:
1848:
1820:
1812:
1800:
1797:
1736:
1729:
1719:
1716:
1607:
1604:
1555:R. Shamasastry
1516:Ancient Indian
1477:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1316:
1310:
1307:Related topics
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1242:Foreign policy
1239:
1234:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1138:Policy studies
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1103:
1101:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
981:
975:
974:
973:
970:
969:
966:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
924:
921:Primary topics
920:
919:
918:
915:
914:
912:
911:
906:
901:
895:
892:
891:
885:
884:
873:
872:
870:
869:
862:
855:
847:
844:
843:
840:
839:
833:
830:
829:
826:
825:
822:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
784:Ramcharitmanas
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
744:Pramana Sutras
741:
736:
731:
726:
724:Mimamsa Sutras
721:
719:Samkhya Sutras
716:
711:
706:
701:
699:Dharma Shastra
695:
686:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
672:
667:
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657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
606:
601:
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593:
592:
591:
590:
580:
579:
578:
567:
562:
561:
558:
557:
554:
553:
551:Devi Bhagavata
544:Shakta puranas
540:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
510:Shaiva puranas
506:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
452:
451:
446:
441:
439:Brahmavaivarta
436:
431:
424:Brahma puranas
422:
417:
416:
413:
412:
409:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
377:
372:
371:
368:
367:
363:
362:
359:
358:
353:
348:
342:
339:
338:
335:
334:
331:
330:
325:
320:
307:
306:
301:
299:Shvetashvatara
296:
291:
286:
281:
279:Brihadaranyaka
268:
267:
262:
249:
248:
243:
234:
229:
228:
225:
224:
221:
220:
215:
210:
205:
192:
191:
186:
181:
176:
170:
165:
164:
161:
160:
159:
158:
153:
147:
139:
138:
130:
129:
123:
122:
110:
109:
94:
93:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
44:
43:
39:Grantha script
36:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8089:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8044:
8042:
8027:
8019:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8007:
7999:
7998:
7996:
7986:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7969:
7968:
7967:Hindu temples
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7917:
7916:
7913:
7909:
7906:
7905:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7892:
7889:
7888:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7871:Hindu studies
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7841:Denominations
7839:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7826:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7819:
7817:
7813:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7778:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7753:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7729:
7728:
7725:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7651:
7650:Vijayadashami
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7637:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7604:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7577:
7576:
7573:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7550:
7549:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7539:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7467:Simantonayana
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7450:
7446:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7382:
7381:
7379:
7377:
7373:
7370:
7366:
7356:
7355:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7271:
7269:
7265:
7259:
7258:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7180:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7172:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7159:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7119:
7116:
7114:
7111:
7109:
7106:
7104:
7101:
7099:
7096:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7079:
7076:
7075:
7073:
7071:
7067:
7061:
7060:
7056:
7054:
7053:Yoga Vasistha
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7013:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6976:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6964:Bhagavad Gita
6962:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6914:
6910:
6904:
6903:Sthapatyaveda
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6877:
6867:
6864:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6849:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6799:
6795:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6779:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6769:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6732:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6702:
6683:
6679:
6676:
6672:
6671:
6667:
6665:
6664:
6660:
6658:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6470:
6464:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6449:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6427:
6422:
6420:
6415:
6413:
6408:
6407:
6404:
6397:
6395:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6372:
6368:
6365:
6362:
6361:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6341:
6337:
6334:
6333:81-316-0125-0
6330:
6326:
6322:
6319:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6303:
6299:
6289:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6270:
6267:
6265:0-14-044603-6
6261:
6257:
6252:
6242:
6236:
6232:
6231:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6193:
6190:
6184:
6180:
6175:
6172:
6170:0-7391-0401-2
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6153:
6139:
6135:
6129:
6113:
6109:
6103:
6101:
6091:
6084:
6078:
6071:
6067:
6061:
6054:
6050:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6032:
6028:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6016:
6008:
6003:
6001:
5993:
5988:
5981:
5977:
5971:
5964:
5959:
5952:
5947:
5940:
5939:Olivelle 2013
5935:
5926:
5924:
5916:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5882:
5875:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5850:
5843:
5837:
5835:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5812:
5808:
5801:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5748:
5747:
5739:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5680:Olivelle 2013
5676:
5674:
5665:
5663:9788184750119
5659:
5655:
5654:
5646:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5595:
5588:
5587:Olivelle 2013
5583:
5576:
5575:Olivelle 2013
5571:
5564:
5563:Olivelle 2013
5559:
5552:
5548:
5542:
5535:
5534:Olivelle 2013
5530:
5524:, pages 72-73
5523:
5519:
5513:
5504:
5498:, p. 72.
5497:
5492:
5490:
5488:
5480:
5476:
5470:
5463:
5462:Olivelle 2013
5458:
5451:
5450:Olivelle 2013
5446:
5444:
5442:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5423:0-14-044603-6
5419:
5415:
5414:
5406:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5382:
5381:Olivelle 2013
5377:
5370:
5366:
5360:
5358:
5350:
5345:
5338:
5337:Olivelle 2013
5333:
5326:
5325:Olivelle 2013
5321:
5314:
5313:Olivelle 2013
5309:
5302:
5301:Olivelle 2013
5297:
5295:
5287:
5286:Olivelle 2013
5282:
5275:
5274:Olivelle 2013
5270:
5263:
5262:Olivelle 2013
5258:
5251:
5250:Olivelle 2013
5246:
5239:
5233:
5226:
5225:Olivelle 2013
5221:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5201:
5192:
5190:
5188:
5186:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5172:
5171:Olivelle 2013
5167:
5160:
5159:Olivelle 2013
5155:
5148:
5147:Olivelle 2013
5143:
5136:
5135:Olivelle 2013
5131:
5124:
5123:Olivelle 2013
5119:
5112:
5111:Olivelle 2013
5107:
5100:
5099:Olivelle 2013
5095:
5093:
5085:
5084:Olivelle 2013
5080:
5073:
5072:Olivelle 2013
5068:
5066:
5058:
5057:Olivelle 2013
5053:
5046:
5045:Olivelle 2013
5041:
5034:
5033:Olivelle 2013
5029:
5022:
5021:Olivelle 2013
5017:
5010:
5009:Olivelle 2013
5005:
4998:
4997:Olivelle 2013
4993:
4986:
4985:Olivelle 2013
4981:
4974:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4955:
4950:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4930:
4928:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4907:
4900:
4899:Olivelle 2013
4895:
4888:
4883:
4876:
4875:Olivelle 2013
4871:
4869:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4848:
4846:
4838:
4834:
4828:
4821:
4820:Olivelle 2013
4816:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4758:
4757:Olivelle 2013
4753:
4746:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4727:
4720:
4716:
4713:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4691:
4690:Olivelle 2013
4686:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4676:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4655:
4648:
4647:Olivelle 2013
4643:
4641:
4633:
4632:Olivelle 2013
4628:
4621:
4617:
4614:
4608:
4601:
4600:Olivelle 2013
4596:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4582:
4581:Olivelle 2013
4577:
4570:
4569:Olivelle 2013
4565:
4563:
4555:
4554:Olivelle 2013
4550:
4543:
4542:Olivelle 2013
4538:
4531:
4530:Olivelle 2013
4526:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4492:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4460:
4453:
4452:Olivelle 2013
4448:
4441:
4436:
4434:
4426:
4421:
4415:, p. 43.
4414:
4413:Olivelle 2013
4409:
4403:, pages 28-29
4402:
4398:
4392:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4356:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4339:
4338:Olivelle 2013
4334:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4316:
4315:Olivelle 2013
4311:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4251:0-275-99006-0
4248:
4242:
4235:
4234:Arvind Sharma
4230:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4194:
4185:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4161:
4160:Olivelle 2013
4156:
4150:, p. 37.
4149:
4148:Olivelle 2013
4144:
4142:
4140:
4131:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4112:
4104:
4097:
4096:Olivelle 2013
4092:
4086:, p. 33.
4085:
4084:Olivelle 2013
4080:
4078:
4070:
4069:Olivelle 2013
4065:
4058:
4057:Olivelle 2013
4053:
4047:, p. 35.
4046:
4045:Olivelle 2013
4041:
4035:, p. 32.
4034:
4033:Olivelle 2013
4029:
4027:
4025:
4018:, p. 31.
4017:
4016:Olivelle 2013
4012:
4005:
4004:Olivelle 2013
4000:
3998:
3990:
3989:Olivelle 2013
3985:
3983:
3975:
3974:Olivelle 2013
3970:
3963:
3962:Olivelle 2013
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3942:
3941:Olivelle 2013
3937:
3935:
3927:
3926:Olivelle 2013
3922:
3920:
3912:
3907:
3905:
3897:
3896:Olivelle 2013
3892:
3890:
3888:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3844:
3837:
3836:Olivelle 2013
3832:
3825:
3824:Olivelle 2013
3820:
3813:
3812:Olivelle 2013
3808:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3781:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3726:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3702:
3696:
3689:
3688:Olivelle 2013
3684:
3669:
3667:9788184750119
3663:
3659:
3658:
3650:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3609:Olivelle 2013
3605:
3603:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3577:
3572:
3557:
3555:9781408703885
3551:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3535:
3533:
3524:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3505:Olivelle 2013
3501:
3494:
3493:Olivelle 2013
3489:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3425:
3424:Olivelle 2013
3420:
3413:
3412:Olivelle 2013
3408:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3384:
3378:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3355:
3354:Olivelle 2013
3350:
3343:
3342:Olivelle 2013
3338:
3336:
3328:
3327:Olivelle 2013
3323:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3264:Roger Boesche
3259:
3255:
3241:
3236:
3226:
3217:
3210:
3204:
3197:
3191:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3067:Telugu Movie
3066:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3048:Mentioned in
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2982:
2974:
2969:
2968:
2957:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2943:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2921:
2920:Roger Boesche
2912:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2890:
2888:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2834:and McClish.
2833:
2823:
2818:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2783:
2779:
2777:
2770:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2748:
2739:
2734:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2650:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2630:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2582:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2559:Marriage laws
2556:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2482:
2477:
2475:
2465:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2426:Amatya-sampat
2423:
2419:
2418:Amatya-sampat
2415:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2349:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2238:
2237:as examples.
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2106:Roger Boesche
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2054:in the east.
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2024:Thomas Burrow
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1901:Mudrarakshasa
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1869:Thomas Burrow
1865:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1828:Mudrarakshasa
1824:
1823:Vishakhadatta
1821:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1774:
1771:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1748:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1657:Mysore Review
1654:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1627:Tamil Brahmin
1614:Rediscovered
1612:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1493:अर्थशास्त्रम्
1490:
1486:
1485:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1261:
1260:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1247:Civil society
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1225:Public policy
1223:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1045:Parliamentary
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1030:Hybrid regime
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
982:
978:
972:
971:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
917:
916:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
896:
894:
893:
890:
887:
886:
883:
879:
878:
868:
863:
861:
856:
854:
849:
848:
846:
845:
838:
835:
834:
828:
827:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
799:Shiva Samhita
797:
795:
792:
790:
789:Yoga Vasistha
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
764:Vastu Shastra
762:
760:
759:Natya Shastra
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
714:Brahma Sutras
712:
710:
707:
705:
704:Artha Shastra
702:
700:
697:
696:
693:
689:
684:
683:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
607:
604:
599:
598:
589:
586:
585:
584:
581:
577:
574:
573:
572:
569:
568:
565:
560:
559:
552:
549:
548:
547:
545:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
513:
511:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
493:Varaha Purana
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
459:
457:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
425:
420:
415:
414:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
375:
370:
369:
365:
364:
357:
354:
352:
351:Bhagavad Gita
349:
347:
344:
343:
337:
336:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
314:
312:
311:Atharva vedic
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
275:
273:
266:
263:
261:
258:
257:
256:
254:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
237:
232:
227:
226:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
200:
199:
197:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
171:
168:
163:
162:
157:
154:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
141:
140:
136:
132:
131:
128:
125:
124:
120:
116:
115:
108:
104:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
67:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
45:
40:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
7977:Architecture
7580:Brahmacharya
7522:Samavartanam
7487:Annaprashana
7353:
7256:
7057:
7011:Dharmaśāstra
7001:Arthashastra
7000:
6836:Maitrayaniya
6668:
6661:
6654:
6576:Brahmacharya
6393:
6385:Arthashastra
6384:
6377:Arthashastra
6376:
6339:
6324:
6317:
6305:
6291:, retrieved
6277:
6255:
6244:, retrieved
6229:
6200:
6196:
6178:
6160:
6149:Bibliography
6137:
6128:
6116:. Retrieved
6111:
6090:
6077:
6060:
6007:Boesche 2002
5994:, p. 7.
5992:Boesche 2002
5987:
5970:
5963:Boesche 2002
5958:
5951:Boesche 2002
5946:
5934:
5885:
5879:
5874:
5849:
5806:
5800:
5759:
5755:
5745:
5738:
5697:
5693:
5687:
5652:
5645:
5604:
5600:
5594:
5582:
5570:
5558:
5541:
5529:
5512:
5503:
5496:Boesche 2002
5469:
5457:
5412:
5405:
5388:
5376:
5344:
5332:
5320:
5308:
5281:
5269:
5257:
5245:
5237:
5232:
5220:
5200:
5166:
5154:
5142:
5130:
5118:
5106:
5079:
5052:
5040:
5028:
5016:
5004:
4992:
4980:
4973:Boesche 2002
4949:
4906:
4894:
4882:
4827:
4815:
4752:
4726:
4654:
4627:
4607:
4576:
4549:
4537:
4525:
4459:
4447:
4420:
4408:
4391:
4355:Arthashastra
4310:
4293:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4253:, page 34-45
4241:
4229:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4191:"Kautilya's
4184:
4167:
4155:
4110:
4103:
4091:
4064:
4052:
4040:
4011:
3969:
3913:, p. 1.
3853:
3849:
3843:
3831:
3819:
3807:
3799:
3779:
3770:
3755:
3747:
3732:
3725:
3708:
3700:
3695:
3683:
3671:. Retrieved
3656:
3649:
3637:. Retrieved
3633:
3624:
3616:
3596:Boesche 2003
3576:Boesche 2002
3571:
3559:. Retrieved
3544:
3522:
3512:
3500:
3488:
3476:
3470:Arthaśāstra.
3469:
3465:
3448:
3444:
3431:
3419:
3407:
3387:
3361:
3349:
3322:
3314:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3268:
3258:
3235:
3225:
3216:
3208:
3203:
3195:
3190:
3182:
3177:
3145:
3130:Matsya Nyaya
3091:
3082:
3074:
3059:
3049:
3045:by Brad Thor
3042:
3033:
3025:
3017:
2998:
2989:
2986:
2977:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2953:
2951:
2942:Arthashastra
2941:
2939:
2930:
2925:
2918:
2909:
2904:Arthashastra
2903:
2901:
2898:is harmless.
2895:
2892:
2884:
2875:Arthashastra
2874:
2864:
2849:
2829:
2820:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2803:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2772:
2766:Arthashastra
2765:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2745:
2736:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2708:Arthashastra
2707:
2703:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2679:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2647:
2641:Femme fatale
2639:
2638:
2627:
2618:Arthashastra
2617:
2613:
2610:
2585:
2579:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2494:
2489:Arthashastra
2488:
2486:
2481:Arthashastra
2480:
2478:
2470:
2452:
2451:and its six
2444:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2430:
2425:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2394:Kaunapadanta
2393:
2389:
2386:
2381:
2379:
2368:
2366:
2358:
2356:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2268:— Kautilya,
2266:
2259:
2251:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2158:Arthashastra
2157:
2156:
2153:Organisation
2121:
2097:D.D. Kosambi
2076:
2056:
2019:
2016:Arthashastra
2015:
2013:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1970:Arthashastra
1969:
1966:Gupta period
1952:
1946:
1940:
1930:
1920:
1910:
1906:Panchatantra
1904:
1900:
1885:Arthashastra
1884:
1836:
1832:
1826:
1817:Arthashastra
1816:
1806:
1802:
1788:
1784:Arthashastra
1783:
1776:
1770:Arthashastra
1769:
1766:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1704:
1680:Arthashastra
1679:
1664:Julius Jolly
1661:
1656:
1650:
1647:Arthashastra
1646:
1624:
1597:
1581:Arthashastra
1580:
1578:
1562:Arthashastra
1561:
1559:
1551:Arthashastra
1550:
1503:Arthaśāstram
1500:
1484:Arthashastra
1483:
1482:
1480:
1175:street-level
1050:Presidential
1010:Dictatorship
880:Part of the
769:Panchatantra
729:Nyāya Sūtras
703:
625:Thiruppugazh
543:
541:
509:
507:
455:
453:
423:
310:
308:
271:
269:
252:
250:
235:
195:
193:
103:Arthashastra
90:
25:Arthashastra
24:
18:
8047:Hindu texts
8026:WikiProject
7898:Persecution
7886:Nationalism
7876:Iconography
7756:Ratha Yatra
7667:Janmashtami
7662:Rama Navami
7590:Vanaprastha
7541:Varnashrama
7517:Ritushuddhi
7502:Vidyarambha
7492:Chudakarana
7482:Nishkramana
7457:Garbhadhana
7098:Thirukkural
7093:Thiruppugal
7021:Nāradasmṛti
6984:Mahabharata
6762:Atharvaveda
6640:Vaisheshika
6527:Puruṣārthas
6394:Arthaśāstra
6293:20 February
6246:20 February
6068:, Journal:
5878:Max Weber,
5809:. Hackett.
4743:Archive 2:
4440:Kangle 1969
4425:Kangle 1969
4205:(1): 9–37.
4193:Arthaśāstra
4179:, pages 1-2
3673:20 February
3578:, p. 8
3445:arthaśāstra
3389:Pańcatantra
3140:Rajamandala
3114:Purushartha
3093:World Order
3019:Blue Bloods
2947:call rights
2856:Pataliputra
2805:On abortion
2353:Raja (king)
2091:A.L. Basham
2084:Arthaśāstra
1987:Arthasastra
1889:Nanda kings
1852:Vishnugupta
1833:kutila-mati
1690:library in
1314:Sovereignty
1279:Legislature
1182:Technocracy
1170:Bureaucracy
1035:Meritocracy
1015:Directorial
814:Vedantasara
739:Yoga Sutras
655:Aathichoodi
588:Historicity
583:Mahabharata
576:Historicity
272:Yajur vedic
189:Atharvaveda
47:Information
8041:Categories
7727:Kumbh Mela
7695:Gudi Padwa
7640:Durga Puja
7625:Shivaratri
7497:Karnavedha
7477:Namakarana
7439:Tirthatana
7206:Dattatreya
7043:Subhashita
7016:Manusmriti
6893:Dhanurveda
6826:Taittiriya
6811:Kaushitaki
6798:Upanishads
6571:Aparigraha
6473:Philosophy
6118:18 October
5792:5713382377
5722:5649173080
5371:, page 128
3561:23 October
3399:Viṣṇugupta
3371:Viṣṇugupta
3250:References
3196:Anviksiki
3158:Manusmriti
3153:Tirukkural
3041:The novel
3032:The novel
2954:dharmastha
2896:The Prince
2553:pradeshtri
2398:Visalaksha
2390:Bharadvaja
2369:Raja-rishi
2309:Anvikshaki
2282:Brihaspati
2223:Brihaspati
2127:Puruṣārtha
2004:Harry Falk
1977:Chronology
1858:Viṣṇugupta
1799:Authorship
1684:Devanagari
1637:headed by
1599:Manusmriti
1594:governance
1404:Governance
1394:Government
1389:Federalism
990:City-state
809:Panchadasi
794:Swara yoga
630:Tirukkuṟaḷ
444:Markandeya
289:Taittiriya
253:Sama vedic
246:Kaushitaki
231:Upanishads
218:Upanishads
7950:Theosophy
7881:Mythology
7861:Criticism
7829:Etymology
7787:Svādhyāya
7686:New Year
7635:Navaratri
7607:Festivals
7585:Grihastha
7558:Kshatriya
7532:Antyeshti
7507:Upanayana
7472:Jatakarma
7462:Pumsavana
7449:Sanskaras
7414:Naivedhya
7368:Practices
7313:Mahavidya
7281:Saraswati
7268:Goddesses
7226:Kartikeya
7123:Athichudi
7078:Tirumurai
6931:Vyākaraṇa
6898:Natyaveda
6846:Chandogya
6771:Divisions
6752:Yajurveda
6387:(English)
5859:551238868
5825:934713097
5776:0003-0279
5730:170873274
5714:0022-1791
5553:, page 52
5481:, page 50
4839:, page xx
4221:0899-3718
3878:170873274
3613:colophons
3311:153463180
2981:Jan Gonda
2887:Max Weber
2614:hastivana
2534:Vyavahara
2338:Anvishaki
2040:Ashvayuja
2020:gramakuta
2010:Geography
1932:Kadambari
1733:Avoid War
1631:Thanjavur
1570:economics
1384:Unitarism
1372:Elections
1360:Subseries
1289:Judiciary
1284:Executive
1187:Adhocracy
1070:Theocracy
1025:Feudalism
1005:Democracy
779:Tirumurai
709:Kamasutra
468:Bhagavata
449:Bhavishya
434:Brahmānda
391:Vyakarana
260:Chandogya
236:Rig vedic
196:Divisions
184:Yajurveda
91:Full text
8006:Category
7957:Glossary
7925:Buddhism
7891:Hindutva
7851:Calendar
7732:Haridwar
7710:Vaisakhi
7705:Puthandu
7595:Sannyasa
7512:Keshanta
7343:Shashthi
7179:Trimurti
7006:Nitisara
6979:Ramayana
6974:Itihasas
6946:Jyotisha
6888:Ayurveda
6880:Upavedas
6861:Mandukya
6806:Aitareya
6788:Aranyaka
6783:Brahmana
6757:Samaveda
6682:Charvaka
6482:Concepts
6463:Timeline
6455:Glossary
6438:Hinduism
6308:Kauṭilya
6304:(1971),
6227:(2013),
6159:(2002),
5894:Archived
5629:15938166
5432:30678203
5209:Archived
4938:Archived
4915:Archived
4856:Archived
4804:Archived
4735:Archived
4715:Archived
4663:Archived
4616:Archived
4514:Archived
4468:Archived
4380:Archived
3870:23497263
3639:11 April
3456:Kauṭilya
3394:Chanakya
3383:Kauṭilya
3266:(2002).
3146:Republic
3135:Nitisara
3104:See also
3043:Blowback
2889:stated:
2704:Nitisara
2666:Vyanjana
2402:Parasara
2235:Kautilya
2211:Contents
1912:Nitisara
1897:Chanakya
1880:Chanakya
1780:colophon
1755:Sadgunya
1545:emperor
1535:Chanakya
1519:Sanskrit
1514:) is an
1489:Sanskrit
1412:Ideology
1230:doctrine
1191:Service
1055:Republic
1040:Monarchy
1020:Federacy
909:Category
889:Politics
831:Timeline
688:Shastras
571:Ramayana
473:Naradiya
406:Jyotisha
374:Vedangas
323:Mandukya
241:Aitareya
213:Aranyaka
208:Brahmana
179:Samaveda
119:a series
117:Part of
76:Sanskrit
72:Language
66:Kautilya
56:Hinduism
52:Religion
7995:Outline
7945:Sikhism
7940:Judaism
7935:Jainism
7816:Related
7792:Namaste
7645:Ramlila
7575:Ashrama
7563:Vaishya
7553:Brahmin
7376:Worship
7328:Rukmini
7318:Matrika
7291:Parvati
7286:Lakshmi
7276:Tridevi
7231:Krishna
7216:Hanuman
7211:Ganesha
7162:Deities
7048:Tantras
7038:Stotras
6991:Puranas
6936:Nirukta
6926:Chandas
6921:Shiksha
6913:Vedanga
6866:Prashna
6856:Mundaka
6778:Samhita
6747:Rigveda
6678:Nāstika
6663:Advaita
6650:Vedanta
6645:Mīmāṃsā
6625:Samkhya
6613:Schools
6601:Akrodha
6520:Saṃsāra
6500:Ishvara
6490:Brahman
5637:4649315
5621:3776124
4285:3269765
3377:Cāṇakya
3148:(Plato)
3027:iZombie
2995:Realism
2790:gurukul
2778:notes:
2526:Sanstha
2445:Purohit
2441:Purohit
2414:Amatyah
2410:Amatyah
2322:Adharma
2063:Ashmaka
2048:Gujarat
2036:Chaitra
2032:Ashadha
2028:Gujarat
1937:Puranas
1935:). The
1864:Cāṇakya
1696:Gujarat
1645:as the
1585:welfare
1543:Mauryan
1509:transl.
1417:Culture
1327:Country
985:Anarchy
899:Outline
564:Itihasa
419:Puranas
396:Nirukta
386:Chandas
381:Shiksha
356:Tantras
328:Prashna
318:Mundaka
203:Samhita
174:Rigveda
8016:Portal
7920:Baháʼí
7824:Hindus
7802:Tilaka
7771:Others
7747:Ujjain
7742:Prayag
7737:Nashik
7677:Pongal
7615:Diwali
7568:Shudra
7527:Vivaha
7434:Dhyāna
7409:Bhajan
7399:Bhakti
7384:Temple
7338:Shakti
7246:Varuna
7189:Vishnu
7184:Brahma
7033:Sutras
6969:Agamas
6725:Smriti
6656:Dvaita
6621:Āstika
6566:Asteya
6561:Ahimsa
6547:Moksha
6532:Dharma
6445:topics
6331:
6284:
6262:
6237:
6217:597102
6215:
6185:
6167:
6051:
6029:
5978:
5865:
5857:
5823:
5813:
5790:
5782:
5774:
5728:
5720:
5712:
5660:
5635:
5627:
5619:
5549:
5520:
5477:
5430:
5420:
5396:
5367:
4835:
4781:
4399:
4301:
4283:
4249:
4219:
4175:
4126:
3876:
3868:
3792:
3763:
3740:
3716:
3664:
3552:
3453:name,
3309:
3276:
3230:state.
3183:Vārttā
2871:Ashoka
2852:Persia
2768:5.2.70
2522:Dharma
2474:Dharma
2434:Vihara
2422:dharma
2382:Mantri
2334:Anyaya
2318:Dharma
2307:, the
2278:Usanas
2252:Dharma
2248:Dharma
2227:Usanas
2145:Śāstra
2139:moksha
2131:dharma
2067:Sopara
2059:Avanti
2052:Bengal
1954:Matsya
1951:, and
1942:Vishnu
1917:Dandin
1893:Maurya
1837:kutila
1792:Parvas
1566:ethics
1539:Taxila
1377:voting
1319:Polity
1217:Policy
1196:Public
1110:theory
819:Stotra
692:sutras
527:Skanda
503:Matsya
488:Vamana
478:Garuda
463:Vishnu
429:Brahma
346:Agamas
304:Maitri
150:Smriti
145:Shruti
82:Period
62:Author
7930:Islam
7908:India
7797:Bindi
7780:Other
7720:Ugadi
7715:Vishu
7548:Varna
7429:Tapas
7419:Yajna
7389:Murti
7323:Radha
7303:Durga
7298:Bhumi
7241:Surya
7221:Indra
7194:Shiva
6956:Other
6941:Kalpa
6831:Katha
6735:Vedas
6720:Śruti
6705:Texts
6635:Nyaya
6591:Damah
6581:Satya
6537:Artha
6515:Karma
6505:Atman
6459:Index
6213:JSTOR
6070:Numen
5780:JSTOR
5726:S2CID
5633:S2CID
5617:JSTOR
4281:JSTOR
4265:Numen
3874:S2CID
3866:JSTOR
3466:gotra
3450:gotra
3396:with
3307:S2CID
3209:Varna
3169:Notes
3110:Artha
3056:Hindi
2530:Nyaya
2453:Angas
2449:Vedas
2361:rishi
2359:Raja-
2330:Nyaya
2326:Varta
2313:Varta
2305:Vedas
2298:Varta
2294:Vedas
2286:Varta
2260:Artha
2256:Artha
2123:Artha
1996:Kizil
1845:gotra
1752:Then
1747:Upaya
1725:Yukti
1692:Patan
1629:from
1400:forms
1323:State
1200:Civil
904:Index
522:Linga
517:Shiva
498:Kurma
483:Padma
401:Kalpa
294:Katha
167:Vedas
7972:List
7834:List
7761:Teej
7690:Bihu
7672:Onam
7620:Holi
7424:Homa
7404:Japa
7394:Puja
7354:more
7348:Sita
7333:Sati
7308:Kali
7257:more
7251:Vayu
7236:Rama
7201:Agni
7171:Gods
6851:Kena
6821:Isha
6630:Yoga
6596:Dayā
6586:Dāna
6556:Niti
6542:Kama
6510:Maya
6329:ISBN
6295:2016
6282:ISBN
6260:ISBN
6248:2016
6235:ISBN
6183:ISBN
6165:ISBN
6120:2012
6049:ISBN
6027:ISBN
5976:ISBN
5863:ISBN
5855:OCLC
5821:OCLC
5811:ISBN
5788:OCLC
5772:ISSN
5718:OCLC
5710:ISSN
5658:ISBN
5625:PMID
5547:ISBN
5518:ISBN
5475:ISBN
5428:OCLC
5418:ISBN
5394:ISBN
5365:ISBN
4833:ISBN
4779:ISBN
4397:ISBN
4299:ISBN
4247:ISBN
4217:ISSN
4173:ISBN
4124:ISBN
3790:ISBN
3761:ISBN
3738:ISBN
3714:ISBN
3675:2016
3662:ISBN
3641:2022
3563:2015
3550:ISBN
3380:and
3274:ISBN
3112:and
2367:The
2290:Manu
2231:Manu
2135:kama
2061:and
1985:The
1948:Vayu
1927:Bana
1871:and
1744:Try
1688:Jain
1666:and
1655:and
1579:The
1529:and
1497:IAST
1481:The
690:and
537:Agni
532:Vayu
284:Isha
265:Kena
156:List
7846:Law
6205:doi
6138:BBC
5892:.
5764:doi
5760:134
5702:doi
5609:doi
4273:doi
4207:doi
4116:doi
3858:doi
3299:doi
2518:The
2254:is
1929:'s
1919:'s
1841:pun
1825:'s
105:at
8043::
6680::
6623::
6495:Om
6327:,
6211:.
6201:84
6199:.
6136:.
6110:.
6099:^
6038:^
6014:^
5999:^
5922:^
5904:^
5861:,
5833:^
5819:.
5786:.
5778:.
5770:.
5758:.
5724:.
5716:.
5708:.
5698:32
5696:.
5672:^
5631:.
5623:.
5615:.
5605:12
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5356:^
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5091:^
5064:^
4961:^
4926:^
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4561:^
4498:^
4479:^
4432:^
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