The Buddha - Knowledge

5681: 3655: 5442: 5524: 2833: 5406: 4276: 5625: 2889: 6006: 5430: 6957:, p. 29): "From the fourth jhana he gained bodhi. It is not at all clear what gaining bodhi means. We are accustomed to the translation 'enlightenment' for bodhi, but this is misleading for two reasons. First, it can be confused with the use of the word to describe the development in European thought and culture in the eighteenth century, and second, it suggests that light is being shed on something, whereas there is no hint of the meaning 'light' in the root budh- which underlies the word bodhi. The root means 'to wake up, to be awake, to be awakened', and a buddha is someone who has been awakened. Besides the ordinary sense of being awakened by something, e.g. a noise, it can also mean 'awakened to something'. The desire to get the idea of 'awakened' in English translations of buddha explains the rather peculiar Victorian quasi-poetical translation 'the wake' which we sometimes find." 5925: 4453: 3857: 3666: 14307:, a heterodox (sometimes translated as "atheistic") philosophy, many modern Hindus nevertheless wish to include Gotama as part of the Hindu traditions. Gandhi, for example, insisted that the Buddha was a Hindu, a claim that many Hindus today affirm. The traditional belief that the Buddha was the ninth avatar of the god Vishnu, one of the cosmic deities of Hinduism, is often cied in support of this view. Many Hindus who claim the Buddha as one of their own, however, fail to recognize the ambivalence of this tradition. ... The adoption of Buddha as an incarnation of Vishnu seems to have commenced at roughly the same time Hinduism gained in ascendancy in India and Buddhism began to decline. Thus, the Hindu inclusion of the Buddha in this traditional list of Vishnu's ten avatars may in fact represent a part of Hindu efforts to eviscerate Buddhist power and appeal. 5466: 5454: 3650:

leadership", such a person would have to make arrangements about the Order. The Tathagata does not think in such terms. Why should the Tathagata make arrangements for the Order? I am now old, worn out...I have reached the term of life, I am turning eighty years of age. Just as an old cart is made to go by being held together with straps, so the Tathagata's body is kept going by being bandaged up...Therefore, Ananda, you should live as islands unto yourselves, being your own refuge, seeking no other refuge; with the Dhamma as an island, with the Dhamma as your refuge, seeking no other refuge... Those monks who in my time or afterwards live thus, seeking an island and a refuge in themselves and in the Dhamma and nowhere else, these zealous ones are truly my monks and will overcome the darkness (of rebirth).

5512: 6018: 5418: 6070: 3508: 5877: 5982: 6030: 4711: 5893: 5050: 5994: 5954: 4291: 5653: 5712: 5641: 5665: 1559: 2390: 3597: 46: 2161: 5909: 5700: 5970: 4869:, the key duties of a Cakkavatti are: "establish guard, ward, and protection according to Dhamma for your own household, your troops, your nobles, and vassals, for Brahmins and householders, town and country folk, ascetics and Brahmins, for beasts and birds. let no crime prevail in your kingdom, and to those who are in need, give property." The sutta explains the injunction to give to the needy by telling how a line of wheel-turning monarchs falls because they fail to give to the needy, and thus the kingdom falls into infighting as poverty increases, which then leads to stealing and violence. 7152:, p. 42) chapter"Buddha (Skt; Pali)": "This is not a personal name but an epithet of those who have achieved enlightenment (*bodhi), the goal of the Buddhist religious life. Buddha comes from the *Sanskrit root 'budh', meaning to awaken, and the Buddhas are those who have awakened to the true nature of things as taught in the *Four Noble Truths. ... It is generally believed that there can never be more than one Buddha in any particular era, and the 'historical Buddha' of the present era was *Siddhartha Gautama. Numerous ahistorical Buddhas make an appearance in Mahayana literature." 6961:

derived from budh, yet entails no sense of 'awakening'. Further, when we look at the ordinary use of verbs based on budh in the Pali suttas, we can see that these verbs mean 'to know, to understand, to recognize'. My paper cites several passages where rendering the verb as 'awakens' would stretch the English word beyond its ordinary limits. In those contexts, 'knows', 'understands', 'recognizes', or 'realizes' would fit much better. The verbs derived from budh that do mean 'awaken' are generally preceded by a prefix, but they are not used to refer to the Buddha's attainment of bodhi." (

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is (3) gladness, conditioned by gladness, there is (4) joy, conditioned by joy, there is (5) tranquillity, conditioned by tranquillity, there is (6) happiness, conditioned by happiness, there is (7) concentration, conditioned by concentration, there is (8) knowledge and vision of what truly is, conditioned by knowledge and vision of what truly is, there is (9) disenchantment, conditioned by disenchantment, there is (10) dispassion, conditioned by dispassion, there is (11) freedom, conditioned by freedom, there is (12) knowledge that the defilements are destroyed."

7055:, p. 817) "Siddhārtha": "Siddhārtha. (P. Siddhattha; T. Don grub; C. Xidaduo; J. Shiddatta/Shittatta; K. Siltalta ). In Sanskrit, "He Who Achieves His Goal", the personal name of GAUTAMA Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI. In some accounts of the life of the Buddha, after his royal birth as the son of King ŚUDDHODANA, the BODHISATTVA was given this name and is referred to by that name during his life as a prince and his practice of asceticism. ... After his achievement of buddhahood, Siddhārtha is instead known as Gautama, Śākyamuni, or simply the TATHĀGATA." 3765: 2254:, over the course of many lives, Gautama is said to have developed supramundane abilities including: a painless birth conceived without intercourse; no need for sleep, food, medicine, or bathing, although engaging in such "in conformity with the world"; omniscience, and the ability to "suppress karma". As noted by Andrew Skilton, the Buddha was often described as being superhuman, including descriptions of him having the 32 major and 80 minor marks of a "great man", and the idea that the Buddha could live for as long as an aeon if he wished (see DN 16). 5228: 2356: 1548: 5822: 3301: 9256: 5744: 5578: 18481: 2852: 10610: 5544: 13589: 13429: 5613: 10129: 5598: 3570:'s schism. Early sources speak of how the Buddha's cousin, Devadatta, attempted to take over leadership of the order and then left the sangha with several Buddhist monks and formed a rival sect. This sect is said to have been supported by King Ajatashatru. The Pali texts depict Devadatta as plotting to kill the Buddha, but these plans all fail. They depict the Buddha as sending his two chief disciples (Sariputta and Moggallana) to this schismatic community in order to convince the monks who left with Devadatta to return. 7980:"thus, from the not giving of property to the needy, poverty became rife, from the growth of poverty, the taking of what was not given increased, from the increase of theft, the use of weapons increased, from the increased use of weapons, the taking of life increased — and from the increase in the taking of life, people's life-span decreased, their beauty decreased, and a result of this decrease of life-span and beauty, the children of those whose life-span had been eighty-thousand years lived for only forty thousand." 10177: 2867: 3293: 1958: 5850: 5490: 3718:, where Ānanda had a resting place prepared in a grove of Sala trees. After announcing to the sangha at large that he would soon be passing away to final Nirvana, the Buddha ordained one last novice into the order personally. His name was Subhadda. He then repeated his final instructions to the sangha, which was that the Dhamma and Vinaya was to be their teacher after his death. Then he asked if anyone had any doubts about the teaching, but nobody did. The Buddha's final words are reported to have been: "All 5760: 2372: 2702: 6042: 4984: 13828:. p. 26: "This also implied the denial of the Shruti provided with characteristics which grant it the status of a substance. All this carried with itself also the negation of the authority of all the sacred texts of Brahmanism. Buddhism does not acknowledge to them any value as ultimate criterion of truth, as depository of the norms which regulate man's conduct as a member of society and in his relations with the Gods. Buddhism ignores the Shruti, the very foundation of Brahmanism." 5799: 5728: 6951:, p. entry "Bodhi (awakening"): "The Sanskrit and Pāli word bodhi derives from the Indic root budh (to awaken, to know) Those who are attentive to the more literal meaning of the Indic original tend to translate bodhi into English as 'awakening', and this is to be recommended. However, it has long been conventional to translate it as 'enlightenment', despite the risks of multiple misrepresentation attendant upon the use of so heavily freighted an English word." 4552: 321: 21448: 5478: 21459: 18788: 1893:'s coronation and died 218 years before the coronation, thus a lifespan of about 80 years. According to these chronicles, Asoka was crowned in 326 BCE, which gives Buddha's lifespan as 624 – 544 BCE, and are the accepted dates in Sri Lanka and South-East Asia. Alternatively, most scholars who also accept the long chronology but date Asoka's coronation around 268 BCE (based on Greek evidence) put the Buddha's lifespan later at 566 – 486 BCE. 18857: 18844: 6054: 3270:, a local guild master, and his friends and family, who were some of the first laypersons to be converted and to enter the Buddhist community. The conversion of three brothers named Kassapa followed, who brought with them five hundred converts who had previously been "matted hair ascetics", and whose spiritual practice was related to fire sacrifices. According to the Theravāda Vinaya, the Buddha then stopped at the Gayasisa hill near 21747: 16559: 7855:, "from the oldest extant texts a common kernel can be drawn out". According to Warder, c.q. his publisher: "This kernel of doctrine is presumably common Buddhism of the period before the great schisms of the fourth and third centuries BCE. It may be substantially the Buddhism of the Buddha himself, although this cannot be proved: at any rate it is a Buddhism presupposed by the schools as existing about a hundred years after the 2647: 902: 2137: 18834: 6623:, pp. 38–39 He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928." Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a 21737: 3469: 7659:

by the six senses is (6) sense-contact, conditioned by sense-contact is (7) feeling, conditioned by feeling is (8) craving, conditioned by craving is (9) grasping, conditioned by grasping is (10) becoming, conditioned by becoming is (11) birth, conditioned by birth is (12) old-age and death-grief, lamentation, pain, sorrow, and despair come into being. Thus is the arising of this whole mass of suffering."

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legendary elements. In the 19th century, some scholars simply omitted these from their accounts of the life, so that "the image projected was of a Buddha who was a rational, socratic teacher—a great person perhaps, but a more or less ordinary human being". More recent scholars tend to see such demythologisers as remythologisers, "creating a Buddha that appealed to them, by eliding one that did not".

5093:. Many Hindus claim that Buddha was Hindu and cite a belief that the Buddha is the ninth avatar of Vishnu in support. The adoption of the Buddha as an incarnation began at approximately the same time as Hinduism began to predominate and Buddhism to decline in India, the co-option into a list of avatars seen to be an aspect of Hindu efforts to decisively weaken Buddhist power and appeal in India. 4072:. The six sense bases are eye and sight, ear and sound, nose and odour, tongue and taste, body and touch, and mind and thoughts. Together they create the input from which we create our world or reality, "the all". This process takes place through the five skandhas, "aggregates", "groups", "heaps", five groups of physical and mental processes, namely form (or material image, impression) ( 3119: 7185:: (a title for) Siddhārtha Gautama, or Śākyamuni, a spiritual teacher from South Asia on whose teachings Buddhism is based, and who is believed to have been born in what is now Nepal and flourished in what is now Bihar, north-eastern India, during the 5th cent. b.c. Also: (a title given to) any Buddhist teacher regarded as having attained full awakening or enlightenment." 4155:

to appropriation (the identification of certain elements as 'I' and 'mine'). This leads in turn to the formation of attachments, in the form of desire and aversion, and the strengthening of ignorance concerning the true nature of sentient existence. These ensure future rebirth, and thus future instances of old age, disease and death, in a potentially unending cycle.

2081:, were historical figures and they most probably taught Buddha two different forms of meditative techniques. Thus, Buddha was just one of the many śramaṇa philosophers of that time. In an era where holiness of person was judged by their level of asceticism, Buddha was a reformist within the śramaṇa movement, rather than a reactionary against Vedic Brahminism. 5405: 3487:, Buddha's step-mother, is initially turned down by the Buddha after requesting ordination for her and some other women. Mahāprajāpatī and her followers then shave their hair, don robes and begin following the Buddha on his travels. The Buddha is eventually convinced by Ānanda to grant ordination to Mahāprajāpatī on her acceptance of 4235:... a complex flow of physical and mental phenomena, but peel away these phenomena and look behind them and one just does not find a constant self that one can call one's own. My sense of self is both logically and emotionally just a label that I impose on these physical and mental phenomena in consequence of their connectedness. 15068: 7469:("Half (of the Holy Life)") Thanissaro Bhikkhu (ytansl.), Sutta Central: "Admirable friendship, admirable companionship, admirable camaraderie is actually the whole of the holy life. When a monk has admirable people as friends, companions, & comrades, he can be expected to develop & pursue the noble eightfold path." 4996:) man. Digha Nikaya 2 also describes how king Ajatashatru is unable to tell which of the monks is the Buddha when approaching the sangha and must ask his minister to point him out. Likewise, in MN 140, a mendicant who sees himself as a follower of the Buddha meets the Buddha in person but is unable to recognize him. 6546:, p. 63): "In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus." 6647:, p. 20): "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was 7356:, p. 20: "He belonged to the Sakya clan dwelling on the edge of the Himalayas, his actual birthplace being a few kilometres north of the present-day Northern Indian border, in Nepal. His father was, in fact, an elected chief of the clan rather than the king he was later made out to be, though his title was 18490: 4906:(DN 31). This sutta outlines how a layperson behaves towards six basic social relationships: "parents and children, teacher and pupils, husband and wife, friend and friend, employer and workers, lay follower and religious guides". This Pali text also has parallels in Chinese and in Sanskrit fragments. 7931:

Vetter: "However, if we look at the last, and in my opinion the most important, component of this list , we are still dealing with what according to me is the real content of the middle way, dhyana-meditation, at least the stages two to four, which are said to be free of contemplation and reflection.

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Exemplary studies are the study on descriptions of "liberating insight" by Lambert Schmithausen, the overview of early Buddhism by Tilmann Vetter, the philological work on the four truths by K.R. Norman, the textual studies by Richard Gombrich, and the research on early meditation methods by Johannes

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According to Alexander Berzin, "Buddhism developed as a shramana school that accepted rebirth under the force of karma, while rejecting the existence of the type of soul that other schools asserted. In addition, the Buddha accepted as parts of the path to liberation the use of logic and reasoning, as

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8.54) the Buddha teaches two types of happiness. First, there is the happiness visible in this very life. The Buddha states that four things lead to this happiness: "The accomplishment of persistent effort, the accomplishment of protection, good friendship, and balanced living." Similarly, in several

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According to Anālayo, the only argument common to all the versions that Ananda uses to convince the Buddha is that women have the same ability to reach all stages of awakening. Anālayo also notes that some modern scholars have questioned the authenticity of the eight gurudharmas in their present form

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prevailed. According to Thapar, the Buddha's teachings were "also a response to the historical changes of the time, among which were the emergence of the state and the growth of urban centres". While the Buddhist mendicants renounced society, they lived close to the villages and cities, depending for

1999:

The Buddha's tribe of origin, the Shakyas, seems to have had non-Vedic religious practices which persist in Buddhism, such as the veneration of trees and sacred groves, and the worship of tree spirits (yakkhas) and serpent beings (nagas). They also seem to have built burial mounds called stupas. Tree

7962:"These three things, monks, are conducted in secret, not openly. What three? Affairs with women, the mantras of the brahmins, and wrong view. But these three things, monks, shine openly, not in secret. What three? The moon, the sun, and the Dhamma and Discipline proclaimed by the Tathagata." AN 3.129 7750:

As Gethin notes: "A significant ancient variation on the formula of dependent arising, having detailed the standard sequence of conditions leading to the arising of this whole mass of suffering, thus goes on to state that: Conditioned by (1) suffering, there is (2) faith, conditioned by faith, there

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Bikkhu Bodhi objects to this shift: "The classical Pali text on grammar, Saddanīti, assigns to this root the meanings of 'knowing (or understanding)', 'blossoming', and 'waking up', in that order of importance. The Pali-Sanskrit noun buddhi, which designates the intellect or faculty of cognition, is

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given the existence of a fully functioning assemblage of psycho-physical elements (the parts that make up a sentient being), ignorance concerning the three characteristics of sentient existence—suffering, impermanence and non-self—will lead, in the course of normal interactions with the environment,

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The Buddha says that the Sangha will prosper as long as they "hold regular and frequent assemblies, meet in harmony, do not change the rules of training, honour their superiors who were ordained before them, do not fall prey to worldly desires, remain devoted to forest hermitages, and preserve their

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rainy season when ascetics of all religions rarely travelled. One reason was that it was more difficult to do so without causing harm to flora and animal life. The health of the ascetics might have been a concern as well. At this time of year, the sangha would retreat to monasteries, public parks or

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The legendary biographies depict Gautama's departure from his palace as follows. Shortly after seeing the four sights, Gautama woke up at night and saw his female servants lying in unattractive, corpse-like poses, which shocked him. Therefore, he discovered what he would later understand more deeply

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204. These texts report that what led to Gautama's renunciation was the thought that his life was subject to old age, disease and death and that there might be something better. The early texts also depict the Buddha's explanation for becoming a sramana as follows: "The household life, this place of

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The ancient Indians were generally unconcerned with chronologies, being more focused on philosophy. Buddhist texts reflect this tendency, providing a clearer picture of what Gautama may have taught than of the dates of the events in his life. These texts contain descriptions of the culture and daily

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of the western Ganges basin. According to Stein and Burton, "he gods of the brahmanical sacrificial cult were not rejected so much as ignored by Buddhists and their contemporaries." Jainism and Buddhism opposed the social stratification of Brahmanism, and their egalitarism prevailed in the cities of

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which contains a detailed account of the Buddha's final days. Hinüber proposes a composition date of no later than 350–320 BCE for this text, which would allow for a "true historical memory" of the events approximately 60 years prior if the Short Chronology for the Buddha's lifetime is accepted (but

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The name of his clan was Gautama (Pali: Gotama). His given name, "Siddhārtha" (the Sanskrit form; the Pali rendering is "Siddhattha"; in Tibetan it is "Don grub"; in Chinese "Xidaduo"; in Japanese "Shiddatta/Shittatta"; in Korean "Siltalta") means "He Who Achieves His Goal". The clan name of Gautama

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One common basic list of twelve elements in the Early Buddhist Texts goes as follows: "Conditioned by (1) ignorance are (2) formations, conditioned by formations is (3) consciousness, conditioned by consciousness is (4) mind-and-body, conditioned by mind-and-body are (5) the six senses, conditioned

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Minor Rock Edict Nb3: "These Dhamma texts – Extracts from the Discipline, the Noble Way of Life, the Fears to Come, the Poem on the Silent Sage, the Discourse on the Pure Life, Upatisa's Questions, and the Advice to Rahula which was spoken by the Buddha concerning false speech – these Dhamma texts,

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the Buddha outlines several principles that he promoted among the Vajjika tribal federation, which had a quasi-republican form of government. He taught them to "hold regular and frequent assemblies", live in harmony and maintain their traditions. The Buddha then goes on to promote a similar kind of

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In numerous early texts, this basic principle is expanded with a list of phenomena that are said to be conditionally dependent, as a result of later elaborations, including Vedic cosmogenies as the basis for the first four links. According to Boisvert, nidana 3-10 correlate with the five skandhas.

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Ananda, why does the Order of monks expect this of me? I have taught the Dhamma, making no distinction of "inner" and " outer": the Tathagata has no "teacher's fist" (in which certain truths are held back). If there is anyone who thinks: "I shall take charge of the Order", or "the Order is under my

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Anālayo notes that various passages indicate that the reason for the Buddha's hesitation to ordain women was the danger that the life of a wandering sramana posed for women that were not under the protection of their male family members, such as dangers of sexual assault and abduction. Due to this,

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Dhammika: "There is disagreement amongst scholars concerning which Pali suttas correspond to some of the text. Vinaya samukose: probably the Atthavasa Vagga, Anguttara Nikaya, 1:98–100. Aliya vasani: either the Ariyavasa Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, V:29, or the Ariyavamsa Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, II:

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The Ariyapariyesana Sutta says: "So, at a later time, while still young, a black-haired young man endowed with the blessings of youth in the first stage of life — and while my parents, unwilling, were crying with tears streaming down their faces — I shaved off my hair & beard, put on the ochre

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According to Anālayo, when they first appear in the Buddhist texts, these physical marks were initially held to be imperceptible to the ordinary person, and required special training to detect. Later though, they are depicted as being visible by regular people and as inspiring faith in the Buddha.

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Most historians in the early 20th century use the earlier dates of 563 – 483 BCE, differing from the long chronology based on Greek evidence by just three years. More recently, there are attempts to put his death midway between the long chronology's 480s BCE and the short chronology's 360s BCE, so

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However, the "short chronology", from Indian sources and their Chinese and Tibetan translations, place the Buddha's birth at 180 years before Asoka's coronation and death 100 years before the coronation, still about 80 years. Following the Greek sources of Asoka's coronation as 268 BCE, this dates

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The early texts depict the Buddha as giving a deflationary account of the importance of politics to human life. Politics is inevitable and is probably even necessary and helpful, but it is also a tremendous waste of time and effort, as well as being a prime temptation to allow ego to run rampant.

1976:, a sub-Himalayan ethnicity and clan of north-eastern region of the Indian subcontinent. The Shakya community was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the eastern Indian subcontinent in the 5th century BCE. The community, though describable as a small republic, was probably an 7903:

J.W. de Jong: "It would be hypocritical to assert that nothing can be said about the doctrine of earliest Buddhism the basic ideas of Buddhism found in the canonical writings could very well have been proclaimed by him , transmitted and developed by his disciples and, finally, codified in fixed

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is not the only cause for one's conditions, as the Buddha listed various physical and environmental causes alongside karma. The Buddha's teaching of karma differed to that of the Jains and Brahmins, in that on his view, karma is primarily mental intention (as opposed to mainly physical action or

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There is less consensus on the veracity of many details contained in traditional biographies, as "Buddhist scholars have mostly given up trying to understand the historical person." The earliest versions of Buddhist biographical texts that we have already contain many supernatural, mythical, or

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Buddhist political theory denies that people have a moral duty to engage in politics except to a very minimal degree (pay the taxes, obey the laws, maybe vote in the elections), and it actively portrays engagement in politics and the pursuit of enlightenment as being conflicting paths in life.

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Other scholars of Buddhist studies have disagreed with the mostly positive view that the early Buddhist texts reflect the teachings of the historical Buddha, arguing that some teachings contained in the early texts are the authentic teachings of the Buddha, but not others. According to Tilmann

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In his later years, the Buddha's fame grew and he was invited to important royal events, such as the inauguration of the new council hall of the Shakyans (as seen in MN 53) and the inauguration of a new palace by Prince Bodhi (as depicted in MN 85). The early texts also speak of how during the

2073:, two of the foremost disciples of the Buddha, were formerly the foremost disciples of Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta, the sceptic. The Pāli canon frequently depicts Buddha engaging in debate with the adherents of rival schools of thought. There is philological evidence to suggest that the two masters, 5624: 4722:

According to Bronkhorst, "the bearers of tradition, the Brahmins, did not occupy a dominant position in the area in which the Buddha preached his message." Nevertheless, the Buddha was acquainted with Brahmanism, and in the early Buddhist Texts, the Buddha references Brahmanical devices. For

3629:, leading him to send a minister to ask the Buddha for advice. The Buddha responds by saying that the Vajjikas can be expected to prosper as long as they do seven things, and he then applies these seven principles to the Buddhist Sangha, showing that he is concerned about its future welfare. 3102:, the ruler of the desire realm, to prevent the Buddha's nirvana. He does so by sending his daughters to seduce the Buddha, by asserting his superiority and by assaulting him with armies of monsters. However the Buddha is unfazed and calls on the earth (or in some versions of the legend, the 3148:

convinced him, arguing that at least some "with little dust in their eyes" will understand it. The Buddha relented and agreed to teach. According to Anālayo, the Chinese parallel to MN 26, MĀ 204, does not contain this story, but this event does appear in other parallel texts, such as in an

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is more aptly rendered as "unsatisfactoriness" or "unease". It is the unsatisfactoriness and unease that comes with a life dictated by automatic responses and habituated selfishness, and the unsatifacories of expecting enduring happiness from things which are impermanent, unstable and thus

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Balarama, in Hindu mythology, the elder half brother of Krishna, with whom he shared many adventures. Sometimes Balarama is considered one of the 10 avatars (incarnations) of the god Vishnu, particularly among those members of Vaishnava sects who elevate Krishna to the rank of a principal

3211:, the Buddha then taught them the "first sermon", also known as the "Benares sermon", i.e. the teaching of "the noble eightfold path as the middle path aloof from the two extremes of sensual indulgence and self-mortification". The Pali text reports that after the first sermon, the ascetic 18472: 7400:, pp. 38–39 discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)" He quotes Sircar: "There can hardly be any doubt that the people responsible for the Kapilesvara inscription copied it from the said facsimile not much earlier than 1928." 3706:

and the precepts for monks and nuns. Modern scholars also disagree on this topic, arguing both for pig's flesh or some kind of plant or mushroom that pigs like to eat. Whatever the case, none of the sources which mention the last meal attribute the Buddha's sickness to the meal itself.

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Gombrich: "The six senses, and thence, via 'contact' and 'feeling', to thirst". It is quite plausible, however, that someone failed to notice that once the first four links became part of the chain, its negative version meant that in order to abolish ignorance one first had to abolish

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The Buddha saw the belief in a self as arising from our grasping at and identifying with the various changing phenomena, as well as from ignorance about how things really are. Furthermore, the Buddha held that we experience suffering because we hold on to erroneous self views. As

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Legendary biographies also tell the story of how Gautama left his palace to see the outside world for the first time and how he was shocked by his encounter with human suffering. These depict Gautama's father as shielding him from religious teachings and from knowledge of human

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republican style of government among the Buddhist Sangha, where all monks had equal rights to attend open meetings and there would be no single leader, since The Buddha also chose not to appoint one. Some scholars have argued that this fact signals that the Buddha preferred a

7072:, p. 741) "Śākyamuni": "Śākyamuni. (P. Sakkamuni; ... one of the most common epithets of GAUTAMA Buddha, especially in the MAHĀYĀNA traditions, where the name ŚĀKYAMUNI is used to distinguish the historical buddha from the myriad other buddhas who appear in the SŪTRAs." 4186:, without an independent or permanent self. The Buddha instead held that all things in the world of our experience are transient and that there is no unchanging part to a person. According to Richard Gombrich, the Buddha's position is simply that "everything is process". 3680:. Falling violently ill, Buddha instructed his attendant Ānanda to convince Cunda that the meal eaten at his place had nothing to do with his death and that his meal would be a source of the greatest merit as it provided the last meal for a Buddha. Bhikkhu Mettanando and 6005: 5523: 7554:

Scholars have noted inconsistencies in the presentations of the Buddha's enlightenment, and the Buddhist path to liberation, in the oldest sutras. These inconsistencies show that the Buddhist teachings evolved, either during the lifetime of the Buddha, or thereafter.

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was held shortly after the Buddha's death to collect, recite and memorize the teachings. Mahākassapa was chosen by the sangha to be the chairman of the council. However, the historicity of the traditional accounts of the first council is disputed by modern scholars.

2908:

Majjhima Nikaya 4 mentions that Gautama lived in "remote jungle thickets" during his years of spiritual striving and had to overcome the fear that he felt while living in the forests. The Nikaya-texts narrate that the ascetic Gautama practised under two teachers of

2505:

The early Buddhist texts contain very little information about the birth and youth of Gotama Buddha. Later biographies developed a dramatic narrative about the life of the young Gotama as a prince and his existential troubles. They depict his father Śuddhodana as a

3062:

As reported by various texts from the Pali Canon, the Buddha sat for seven days under the bodhi tree "feeling the bliss of deliverance". The Pali texts also report that he continued to meditate and contemplated various aspects of the Dharma while living by the

4686:) were supposed to give up all possessions and to own just a begging bowl and three robes. As part of the Buddha's monastic discipline, they were also supposed to rely on the wider lay community for the basic necessities (mainly food, clothing, and lodging). 4637:

has written that "there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone other than the Buddha and his immediate followers." According to Alexander Wynne, "the internal evidence of the early Buddhist literature proves its historical authenticity."

4052:

ritual acts). The Buddha is reported to have said "By karma I mean intention." Richard Gombrich summarizes the Buddha's view of karma as follows: "all thoughts, words, and deeds derive their moral value, positive or negative, from the intention behind them".

1458:

also contains numerous other titles and epithets for the Buddha, including: All-seeing, All-transcending sage, Bull among men, The Caravan leader, Dispeller of darkness, The Eye, Foremost of charioteers, Foremost of those who can cross, King of the Dharma

3584:

At around the same time of Devadatta's schism, there was also war between Ajatashatru's Kingdom of Magadha, and Kosala, led by an elderly king Pasenadi. Ajatashatru seems to have been victorious, a turn of events the Buddha is reported to have regretted.

1901:

circa 410 BCE. At a symposium on this question held in 1988, the majority of those who presented gave dates within 20 years either side of 400 BCE for the Buddha's death. These alternative chronologies, however, have not been accepted by all historians.

6552:, pp. 66–67): "The seated Buddha, B(b) 181 showing Buddha cross-legged in the attitude of preaching, is one of the most exquisite creations of Gupta art. The halo is carved with a pair of celestial figures and conventionalized floral scroll-work." 2944:). With him, he achieved high levels of meditative consciousness (called "The Sphere of Neither Perception nor Non-Perception") and was again asked to join his teacher. But, once more, he was not satisfied for the same reasons as before, and moved on. 5441: 6999:, p. 316), "Gautama": "Gautama. (P.) Gotama; The family name of the historical Buddha, also known as ŚĀKYAMUNI Buddha. ... In Pāli literature, he is more commonly referred to as Gotama Buddha; in Mahāyāna texts, Śākyamuni Buddha is more common." 2956:

and most of its parallels agree that after taking asceticism to its extremes, Gautama realized that this had not helped him attain nirvana, and that he needed to regain strength to pursue his goal. One popular story tells of how he accepted milk and

3197:, "site where the ashes of the ascetics fell") near Vārānasī, where he met the group of five ascetics and was able to convince them that he had indeed reached full awakening. According to MĀ 204 (but not MN 26), as well as the Theravāda Vinaya, an 7862:

Richard Gombrich: "I have the greatest difficulty in accepting that the main edifice is not the work of a single genius. By "the main edifice" I mean the collections of the main body of sermons, the four Nikāyas, and of the main body of monastic

7360:—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south". 6651:—a term which only partly corresponds to our word 'king'. Some of the states of North India at that time were kingdoms and others republics, and the Sakyan republic was subject to the powerful king of neighbouring Kosala, which lay to the south". 5680: 2118:)". The Ganges basin was densely forested, and the population grew when new areas were deforestated and cultivated. The society of the middle Ganges basin lay on "the outer fringe of Aryan cultural influence", and differed significantly from the 3562:

The early texts also depict the elderly Buddha as suffering from back pain. Several texts depict him delegating teachings to his chief disciples since his body now needed more rest. However, the Buddha continued teaching well into his old age.

4134:

around the head, which was used as a common summary of Dependent Origination. It states: "Of those experiences that arise from a cause, The Tathāgata has said: 'this is their cause, And this is their cessation': This is what the Great Śramaṇa

14874:

Abrahams, Matthew (2021), "In Defense of "Enlightenment". "Awakening" has become the preferred English term for the Buddha's attainment. But has something gotten lost in translation? Ven. Bhikkhu Bodhi in conversation with Matthew Abrahams",

4991:

Early sources depict the Buddha's as similar to other Buddhist monks. Various discourses describe how he "cut off his hair and beard" when renouncing the world. Likewise, Digha Nikaya 3 has a Brahmin describe the Buddha as a shaved or bald

3547:

the new king spoke with different ascetic teachers and eventually took refuge in the Buddha. However, Jain sources also claim his allegiance, and it is likely he supported various religious groups, not just the Buddha's sangha exclusively.

2606:

Early texts suggest that Gautama was not familiar with the dominant religious teachings of his time until he left on his religious quest, which is said to have been motivated by existential concern for the human condition. According to the

6540:, pp. 70–71, chapter B (b) 181): "Image (ht 5′ 3″ up to the top of the halo; width at base 2′ 7″) of Gautama Buddha seated cross-legged, preaching the first sermon at Sarnath, on a thick cushion supported on a seat with moulded legs." 14036:

Martini, Giuliana (2013). "Bodhisattva Texts, Ideologies and Rituals in Khotan in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries", in Buddhism among the Iranian Peoples of Central Asia, M. De Chiara et al. (ed.), 11–67, Wien: Österreichische Akademie der

4649:

He posits that the Fourth Noble Truths, the Eightfold path and Dependent Origination, which are commonly seen as essential to Buddhism, are later formulations which form part of the explanatory framework of this "liberating insight".

7282:

27–28. Anagata bhayani: probably the Anagata Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya, III:100. Muni gatha: Muni Sutta, Sutta Nipata 207–21. Upatisa pasine: Sariputta Sutta, Sutta Nipata 955–75. Laghulavade: Rahulavada Sutta, Majjhima Nikaya, I:421."

3283:

At the end of the rainy season, when the Buddha's community had grown to around sixty awakened monks, he instructed them to wander on their own, teach and ordain people into the community, for the "welfare and benefit" of the world.

3499:

the gurudharma injunctions may have been a way to place "the newly founded order of nuns in a relationship to its male counterparts that resembles as much as possible the protection a laywoman could expect from her male relatives".

4628:

argues that since the content of the earliest texts "presents such originality, intelligence, grandeur and—most relevantly—coherence...it is hard to see it as a composite work." Thus he concludes they are "the work of one genius".

5264:, is based on the life of the Buddha. Josaphat was included in earlier editions of the Roman Martyrology (feast-day 27 November)—though not in the Roman Missal—and in the Eastern Orthodox Church liturgical calendar (26 August). 2968:

According to the 身毛喜豎經, his break with asceticism led his five companions to abandon him, since they believed that he had abandoned his search and become undisciplined. At this point, Gautama remembered a previous experience of

18091:——— (1979), "La composition et les étapes de la formation progressive du Mahaparinirvanasutra ancien" [The composition and the etapes of the progressive formation of the ancient Mahaparinirvanasutra], 18070:

Bareau, André (1975), "Les récits canoniques des funérailles du Buddha et leurs anomalies: nouvel essai d'interprétation" [The canonical accounts of the Buddha's funerals and their anomalies: new interpretative essay],

13982: 6724:, p. 24: "...as is now almost universally accepted by informed Indological scholarship, a re-examination of early Buddhist historical material, , necessitates a redating of the Buddha's death to between 411 and 400 BCE..." 7427:, the Buddha was born into a Kshatriya clan, in a moderate Vedic culture at the central Ganges Plain area, where the shramana-traditions developed. This area had a moderate Vedic culture, where the Kshatriyas were the highest 7409:

Some sources mention Kapilavastu as the birthplace of the Buddha. Gethin states: "The earliest Buddhist sources state that the future Buddha was born Siddhārtha Gautama (Pali Siddhattha Gotama), the son of a local chieftain—a

4015:. According to the Pali suttas, the Buddha stated that "this saṃsāra is without discoverable beginning. A first point is not discerned of beings roaming and wandering on hindered by ignorance and fettered by craving." In the 1215:'to open up' (as does a flower)", "one who has awakened from the deep sleep of ignorance and opened his consciousness to encompass all objects of knowledge". It is not a personal name, but a title for those who have attained 1198:

According to Donald Lopez Jr., "... he tended to be known as either Buddha or Sakyamuni in China, Korea, Japan, and Tibet, and as either Gotama Buddha or Samana Gotama ('the ascetic Gotama') in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia."

4999:

The Buddha is also described as being handsome and with a clear complexion (Digha I:115; Anguttara I:181), at least in his youth. In old age, however, he is described as having a stooped body, with slack and wrinkled limbs.

1881:

The dates of Gautama's birth and death are uncertain. Within the Eastern Buddhist tradition of China, Vietnam, Korea and Japan, the traditional date for Buddha's death was 949 BCE, but according to the Ka-tan system of the

1529:

John S. Strong sees certain biographical fragments in the canonical texts preserved in Pāli, as well as Chinese, Tibetan and Sanskrit as the earliest material. These include texts such as the "Discourse on the Noble Quest"

7971:"In a favourite stanza quoted several times in the Pali Canon: "The Kshatriya is the best among those people who believe in lineage; but he, who is endowed with knowledge and good conduct, is the best among Gods and men". 4209:, which was held by Brahmins to be eternal), arise due to dependent origination. Since they are all impermanent, one cannot regard any of the psycho-physical processes as an unchanging self. Even mental processes such as 7308:, speculating that it may be a Buddhist shrine. If so, this may push back the Buddha's birth date. Archaeologists caution that the shrine may represent pre-Buddhist tree worship, and that further research is needed. 4797:) only to the extent that one has cultivated virtue. Because of this the early texts report that he proclaimed: "Not by birth one is a Brahman, not by birth one is a non-Brahman; – by moral action one is a Brahman" 5453: 4143:, which says that everything that exists or occurs is dependent on conditioning factors. The most basic formulation of dependent origination is given in the early texts as: 'It being thus, this comes about' (Pali: 3480:) was another important part of the growth of the Buddha's community. As noted by Anālayo's comparative study of this topic, there are various versions of this event depicted in the different early Buddhist texts. 5429: 4019:(AN 8:6) the Buddha explains how "eight worldly winds" "keep the world turning around Gain and loss, fame and disrepute, praise and blame, pleasure and pain". He then explains how the difference between a noble ( 3640:

depicts the Buddha as experiencing illness during the last months of his life but initially recovering. It depicts him as stating that he cannot promote anyone to be his successor. When Ānanda requested this, the

3522:

According to J.S. Strong, after the first 20 years of his teaching career, the Buddha seems to have slowly settled in Sravasti, the capital of the Kingdom of Kosala, spending most of his later years in this city.

2034:

records sixty-two such schools of thought. In this context, a śramaṇa refers to one who labours, toils or exerts themselves (for some higher or religious purpose). It was also the age of influential thinkers like

2947:

According to some sutras, after leaving his meditation teachers, Gotama then practiced ascetic techniques. The ascetic techniques described in the early texts include very minimal food intake, different forms of

5924: 2000:

veneration remains important in Buddhism today, particularly in the practice of venerating Bodhi trees. Likewise, yakkas and nagas have remained important figures in Buddhist religious practices and mythology.

4696:

Buddhist monastics, which included both monks and nuns, were supposed to beg for their food, were not allowed to store up food or eat after noon and they were not allowed to use gold, silver or any valuables.

3143:

to others. He was concerned that humans were overpowered by ignorance, greed, and hatred that it would be difficult for them to recognise the path, which is "subtle, deep and hard to grasp". However, the god

9804: 2245:

Traditional biographies of Gautama often include numerous miracles, omens, and supernatural events. The character of the Buddha in these traditional biographies is often that of a fully transcendent (Skt.

1433:

is "one with taints destroyed, who has lived the holy life, done what had to be done, laid down the burden, reached the true goal, destroyed the fetters of being, and is completely liberated through final

6641:, p. 45): "The Buddha was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier. 4865:). This ideal leader is one who promotes Dharma through his governance. He can only achieve his status through moral purity and must promote morality and Dharma to maintain his position. According to the 3526:

As the sangha grew in size, the need for a standardized set of monastic rules arose and the Buddha seems to have developed a set of regulations for the sangha. These are preserved in various texts called

7350:, p. 45: "The Buddha was born in the Sakya Republic, which was the city state of Kapilavastu, a very small state just inside the modern state boundary of Nepal against the Northern Indian frontier. 4642:

Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies. According to Tilmann Vetter, the earliest core of the Buddhist teachings is the meditative practice of

9753: 9199: 5821: 7205:, noting: "Buddha's quest for enlightenment occurs in the ARIYAPARIYESANĀSUTTA. It is noteworthy that many of the most familiar events in the Buddha's life are absent in some of the early accounts." 9464: 3573:

All the major early Buddhist Vinaya texts depict Devadatta as a divisive figure who attempted to split the Buddhist community, but they disagree on what issues he disagreed with the Buddha on. The

5465: 3973:

are "consistent with non-Mahayana Buddhism, which survives today in the Theravada school of Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, but which in ancient times was represented by eighteen separate schools".

2932:

Gautama felt unsatisfied by the practice because it "does not lead to revulsion, to dispassion, to cessation, to calm, to knowledge, to awakening, to Nibbana", and moved on to become a student of

1756:

The sources which present a complete picture of the life of Siddhārtha Gautama are a variety of different, and sometimes conflicting, traditional biographies from a later date. These include the

8750: 1944:, a proponent of the Short Chronology wherein the Buddha's lifespan was c.477–397 BCE, it can be estimated that Bimbisara was reigning c.457–405 BCE, and Ajatashatru was reigning c.405–373 BCE. 3654: 1889:

Buddhist texts present two chronologies which have been used to date the lifetime of the Buddha. The "long chronology", from Sri Lankese chronicles, states the Buddha was born 298 years before

6017: 5511: 3531:" which were recited by the community every fortnight. The Pratimoksa includes general ethical precepts, as well as rules regarding the essentials of monastic life, such as bowls and robes. 1475:), Radiant One, Torchbearer of mankind, Unsurpassed doctor and surgeon, Victor in battle, and Wielder of power. Another epithet, used at inscriptions throughout South and Southeast Asia, is 2347:) to reach Buddhahood. The Jatakas also sometimes depict negative actions done in previous lives by the bodhisattva, which explain difficulties he experienced in his final life as Gautama. 17255: 5134:, which references a fig tree – a symbol that does not feature prominently in the lives of any of the other prophets mentioned in the Qur'an. It has meanwhile been suggested that the name 3028:

or "Awakened One". The title indicates that unlike most people who are "asleep", a Buddha is understood as having "woken up" to the true nature of reality and sees the world 'as it is' (

2270:

writes that although there is very little information that can be considered historically sound, we can be reasonably confident that Siddhārtha Gautama did exist as a historical figure.

17161:

Schmithausen, Lambert (1981), "On some Aspects of Descriptions or Theories of 'Liberating Insight' and 'Enlightenment' in Early Buddhism", in von Klaus, Bruhn; Wezler, Albrecht (eds.),

5417: 5374:) or lying down on one side. Iconic representations of the Buddha became particularly popular and widespread after the first century CE. Some of these depictions, particularly those of 13954: 4112:). They form part of other Buddhist teachings and lists, such as dependent origination, and explain how sensory input ultimately leads to bondage to samsara by the mental defilements. 3039:

Following his decision to leave his meditation teachers, MĀ 204 and other parallel early texts report that Gautama sat down with the determination not to get up until full awakening (

12819:

in Somaratana Balasooriya, Andre Bareau, Richard Gombrich, Siri Gunasingha, Udaya Mallawarachchi, Edmund Perry (Editors) (1980) "Buddhist Studies in Honor of Walpola Rahula". London.

18201:

The life of the Buddha and the early history of his order, derived from Tibetan works in the Bkah-Hgyur and Bstan-Hgyur, followed by notices on the early history of Tibet and Khoten

2303:

Besides imbuing the pre-Buddhist past with a deep karmic history, the Jatakas also serve to explain the bodhisattva's (the Buddha-to-be) path to Buddhahood. In biographies like the

6975:, p. 5) gives several translations, including "the knowing one": "This is how we understand 'Buddha' in Thailand, as the Awakened One, the Knowing One, and the Blossomed One." 4164:, "thirst", the cause of suffering as described in the second noble truth". According to Gombrich, the two lists were combined, resulting in contradictions in its reverse version. 1240:

While the term "Buddha" is used in the Agamas and the Pali Canon, the oldest surviving written records of the term "Buddha" is from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, when several

2832: 6069: 5876: 5170:(973–after 1050), views regarding the exact identity of Buddha were diverse. Accordingly, some regarded him as the divine incarnate, others as an apostle of the angels or as an 3495:

due to various inconsistencies. He holds that the historicity of the current lists of eight is doubtful, but that they may have been based on earlier injunctions by the Buddha.

2766:. Moved by all the things he had experienced, he decided to leave the palace in the middle of the night against the will of his father, to live the life of a wandering ascetic. 1845:

Scholars are hesitant to make claims about the historical facts of the Buddha's life. Most of them accept that the Buddha lived, taught, and founded a monastic order during the

8322:

Connecting the Ancient West and East. Studies Presented to Prof. Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, Edited by J. Boardman, J. Hargrave, A. Avram and A. Podossinov, Monographs in Antiquity

4826:) which depends on caste. Because of this, all castes including untouchables were welcome in the Buddhist order and when someone joined, they renounced all caste affiliation. 17576: 4380:, cultivation of wholesome states, is central to the Buddha's path. Common practices to this goal, which are shared by most of these early presentations of the path, include 4362:

According to Rupert Gethin, in the Nikayas and Agamas, the Buddha's path is mainly presented in a cumulative and gradual "step by step" process, such as that outlined in the

21891: 5981: 7111: 5351:

are aniconic and symbolic. During this early aniconic period, the Buddha is depicted by other objects or symbols, such as an empty throne, a riderless horse, footprints, a

1627: 1590: 1271: 6081: 4484:, the "meditation without breath and reduced intake of food" which the Buddha practiced before his awakening are forms of asceticism which are similar to Jain practices. 2300:, which consists of 547 stories. The format of a Jataka typically begins by telling a story in the present which is then explained by a story of someone's previous life. 3694:

The precise contents of the Buddha's final meal are not clear, due to variant scriptural traditions and ambiguity over the translation of certain significant terms. The

18213:

Shimoda, Masahiro (2002), "How has the Lotus Sutra Created Social Movements: The Relationship of the Lotus Sutra to the Mahāparinirvāṇa-sūtra", in Reeves, Gene (ed.),

10395: 5489: 4793:

the Buddha argues that the main difference among humans is not birth but their actions and occupations. According to the Buddha, one is a "Brahmin" (i.e. divine, like

1655: 16481: 10061: 9507: 4786:

The Buddha also critiqued the Brahmins' claims of superior birth and the idea that different castes and bloodlines were inherently pure or impure, noble or ignoble.

4662:

also argues that the four truths may not have been formulated in earliest Buddhism, and did not serve in earliest Buddhism as a description of "liberating insight".

1157:

Buddhism spread beyond the Indian subcontinent, evolving into a variety of traditions and practices. The Buddha is recognized in other religious traditions, such as

5782: 4920:

other suttas, the Buddha teaches on how to improve family relationships, particularly on the importance of filial love and gratitude as well as marital well-being.

3802:

the Mallians of Kushinagar spent the days following the Buddha's death honouring his body with flowers, music and scents. The sangha waited until the eminent elder

3421:, joined his father as a bhikkhu when the Buddha visited his old home, Kapilavastu. Over time, other Shakyans joined the order as bhikkhus, such as Buddha's cousin 17999: 7998:"in Sanskrit philosophical literature, 'āstika' means 'one who believes in the authority of the Vedas', 'soul', 'Brahman'. ('nāstika' means the opposite of these). 2238:). The earliest biographical material from the Pali Nikayas focuses on the Buddha's life as a śramaṇa, his search for enlightenment under various teachers such as 14915: 9800: 7907:

Johannes Bronkhorst: "This position is to be preferred to (ii) for purely methodological reasons: only those who seek may find, even if no success is guaranteed."

7733:('Great Calm and Insight') and Hsiu-hsi chih-kuan tso-ch'an fa-yao ('The Essentials for Sitting in Meditation and Cultivating Calm and Insight', sixth century), 2732:

explained to him that all people grew old, the prince went on further trips beyond the palace. On these he encountered a diseased man, a decaying corpse, and an

2471:

later Siddhartha was born. As was the Shakya tradition, when his mother Queen Maya became pregnant, she left Kapilavastu for her father's kingdom to give birth.

12030: 5892: 5640: 4893:, the Buddha as depicted in the Pali suttas does not exclusively teach a world-transcending goal, but also teaches laypersons how to achieve worldly happiness ( 3614:(DN 16) and its various parallels in Sanskrit, Chinese, and Tibetan. According to Anālayo, these include the Chinese Dirgha Agama 2, "Sanskrit fragments of the 3280:(The Discourse on Fire), in which he taught that everything in the world is inflamed by passions and only those who follow the Eightfold path can be liberated. 3036:), also called Nirvana, which is seen as the extinguishing of the "fires" of desire, hatred, and ignorance, that keep the cycle of suffering and rebirth going. 2814:

learned of his quest, and offered him a share of his kingdom. Gautama rejected the offer but promised to visit his kingdom first, upon attaining enlightenment.

14496: 9414: 6929:

The translation of "bodhi" and "Buddha" has shifted over time. While translated as "enlightenment" and "the enlightened one" since the 19th century, following

4180:, the idea that we go completely out of existence at death). in this view, persons are just a causal series of impermanent psycho-physical elements, which are 2123:

the middle Ganges basin. This "allowed Jains and Buddhists to engage in trade more easily than Brahmans, who were forced to follow strict caste prohibitions."

1606:

No written records about Gautama were found from his lifetime or from the one or two centuries thereafter. But from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, several

17680: 17382: 16855: 15391: 12469: 12375: 8492: 7889:] maintained and transmitted, we have little confidence that much, if any, of surviving Buddhist scripture is actually the word of the historical Buddha." 16748: 16104: 9733: 7310:

Richard Gombrich has dismissed Coningham's speculations as "a fantasy", noting that Coningham lacks the necessary expertise on the history of early Buddhism.

5849: 4147:). This can be taken to mean that certain phenomena only arise when there are other phenomena present, thus their arising is "dependent" on other phenomena. 9163: 3174:, to teach them his insights, but they had already died, so he decided to visit his five former companions. MN 26 and MĀ 204 both report that on his way to 16275: 6592:

determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (

5004: 2424:

determined that Lumbini was Gautama's birthplace and thus installed a pillar there with the inscription: "...this is where the Buddha, sage of the Śākyas (

19598: 13007:"The Fundamental Teachings of Early Buddhism: A Comparative Study Based on the Sutranga Portion of the Pali Samyutta-Nikaya and the Chinese Samyuktagama", 9472: 18716: 17023: 16249: 7616:

the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya, where the episode is extant in Chinese and Tibetan translation, with considerable parts also preserved in Sanskrit fragments

1515:

says that some of the Pāli suttas have retained very archaic place-names, syntax, and historical data from close to the Buddha's lifetime, including the

5555: 2929:), who taught a meditation attainment called "the sphere of nothingness", he was asked by Ārāḍa to become an equal leader of their spiritual community. 2888: 2274:

goes further, stating that the most general outline of "birth, maturity, renunciation, search, awakening and liberation, teaching, death" must be true.

21705: 20513: 18988: 7372:

well as ethical behaviour, but not to the degree of Jain asceticism. In this way, Buddhism avoided the extremes of the previous four shramana schools."

6029: 4810:

can be good or bad and gives a sociological explanation for how they arose, against the Brahmanical idea that they are divinely ordained. According to

3737:(final nirvana; instead of a person being reborn, "the five aggregates of physical and mental phenomena that constitute a being cease to occur"). The 1286: 15863:, translated by T.W. Rhys Davids, (new & rev. ed. by C.A. Rhys Davids), London: George Routledge & Sons Ltd.; New York: E.P. Dutton & Co. 18711: 2296:" before his awakening) career as spanning hundreds of lifetimes before his last birth as Gautama. Many of these previous lives are narrated in the 17943: 15957: 15651: 15561: 7439:, where the Brahmins had become the highest varna. Both the Vedic culture and the shramana tradition contributed to the emergence of the so-called 5743: 1643:

texts (in Buddhism, "dhamma" is another word for "dharma"), establishing the existence of a written Buddhist tradition at least by the time of the

18706: 18701: 16071: 5993: 3182:

ascetic named Upaka in MN 26. The Buddha proclaimed that he had achieved full awakening, but Upaka was not convinced and "took a different path".

20517: 18681: 18676: 18661: 18656: 17761: 17286: 5953: 5085:, under the pressure of the success of Buddhism and Jainism. In response to the success of Buddhism, Gautama also came to be regarded as the 9th 1165:. His legacy is not only encapsulated in religious institutions, but in the iconography and art inspired by his life and teachings, ranging from 17907: 16690: 11363: 11229: 4275: 4267:

view still includes an understanding of continuity through rebirth, it is just the rebirth of a process (karma), not an essence like the atman.

20741: 17538: 17210: 17180: 16709: 16654: 16562: 8856: 2674:

after being disillusioned with lay life, the later legendary biographies tell a more elaborate dramatic story about how he became a mendicant.

383: 11715: 3829:. Many supernatural legends surround the history of alleged relics as they accompanied the spread of Buddhism and gave legitimacy to rulers. 15935:

History of Indian Philosophy: The philosophy of the Veda and of the epic. The Buddha and the Jina. The Sāmkhya and the classical Yoga-system

12152: 4779:

as taught in Vedas. The Buddha contrasted his teachings, which were taught openly to all people, with that of the Brahmins', who kept their

4654:

similarly argues that the mention of the four noble truths as constituting "liberating insight", which is attained after mastering the four

21570: 18958: 18293: 5652: 4602:, there are three positions held by modern scholars of Buddhism with regard to the authenticity of the teachings contained in the Nikayas: 4452: 2690:

life is the free open air. It is not easy for a householder to lead the perfected, utterly pure and perfect holy life." MN 26, MĀ 204, the

2110:

According to Dyson, the Ganges basin was settled from the north-west and the south-east, as well as from within, " together in what is now

18666: 5699: 5363:. These continued to be very important after the Buddha's person could be shown, alongside larger statues. The art at Sanchi also depicts 4844:, the Buddha teaches a history of how monarchy arose which according to Matthew J. Moore is "closely analogous to a social contract". The 3047:

does not mention "full awakening", but only that he attained nirvana. In Buddhist tradition, this event was said to have occurred under a

21796: 14848: 14336: 11263: 8956: 7989:

This belief is not universally held as Krishna is held to be the ninth avatar in some traditions and his half-brother Balarama the eight.

7622:

a Pāli discourse found among the Eights of the Aṅguttara-nikāya; the same account is also found in the Theravāda Vinaya preserved in Pāli

5908: 3856: 3702:

tradition believes that the Buddha consumed some sort of truffle or other mushroom. These may reflect the different traditional views on

3665: 50: 15908: 14535: 9662: 8934: 8895: 5969: 5664: 5277: 4598:. The reliability of these sources, and the possibility of drawing out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute. According to 21612: 19066: 15160: 10020: 6493: 3316:, Bihar, and southern Nepal, teaching a diverse range of people: from nobles to servants, ascetics and householders, murderers such as 18801: 17876: 16233: 7953:"Not by water man becomes pure; people here bathe too much; in whom there is truth and morality, he is pure, he is (really) a brahman" 7910:

Donald Lopez: "The original teachings of the historical Buddha are extremely difficult, if not impossible, to recover or reconstruct."

7859:

of the Buddha, and there is no evidence to suggest that it was formulated by anyone else than the Buddha and his immediate followers".

6041: 18823: 18019:"Dialogue Between Islam and Buddhism through the Concepts Ummatan Wasaṭan (The Middle Nation) and Majjhima-Patipada (The Middle Way)" 5711: 2632:

also tell stories of young Gotama's great martial skill, which was put to the test in various contests against other Shakyan youths.

2316:

In these legendary biographies, the bodhisattva goes through many different births (animal and human), is inspired by his meeting of

13601: 7694:

right view; right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.

3676:

After travelling and teaching some more, the Buddha ate his last meal, which he had received as an offering from a blacksmith named

3397:

The Buddha's sangha continued to grow during his initial travels in north India. The early texts tell the story of how the Buddha's

2210:, ideas of the Buddha's omniscience (along with an increasing tendency to deify him and his biography) are found only later, in the 21496: 17565: 16382: 15270: 8236:

A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages

5759: 3714:

after the meal with Cunda, the Buddha and his companions continued travelling until he was too weak to continue and had to stop at

2084:

Coningham and Young note that both Jains and Buddhists used stupas, while tree shrines can be found in both Buddhism and Hinduism.

11393: 4150:

The philosopher Mark Siderits has outlined the basic idea of the Buddha's teaching of Dependent Origination of dukkha as follows:

2234:

the Buddha himself states that he has never made a claim to being omniscient, instead he claimed to have the "higher knowledges" (

1904:

The dating of Bimbisara and Ajatashatru also depends on the long or short chronology. In the long chrononology, Bimbisara reigned

21866: 21333: 20785: 17317: 13279: 10208: 5222: 2326:) to become a Buddha himself. Then he begins to receive predictions by past Buddhas. One of the most popular of these stories is 11330: 7414:—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now the Indian–Nepalese border." Gethin does not give references for this statement. 6631:, p. 14 Gethin does not give references for this statement. Various sources say Kapilavastu was the place where he grew up: 4023:) person and an uninstructed worldling is that a noble person reflects on and understands the impermanence of these conditions. 3636:

The early texts depict how the Buddha's two chief disciples, Sariputta and Moggallana, died just before the Buddha's death. The

2623:. Besides this, the Buddha in the early texts reports that "I lived a spoilt, a very spoilt life, monks (in my parents' home)." 1223:, the power to "form and retain concepts, reason, discern, judge, comprehend, understand", is the faculty which discerns truth ( 21826: 21661: 20988: 18968: 12186: 4978: 4239:

Due to this view (termed ), the Buddha's teaching was opposed to all soul theories of his time, including the Jain theory of a

2578: 17697: 15745: 5577: 4606:"Stress on the fundamental homogeneity and substantial authenticity of at least a considerable part of the Nikayic materials". 2952:, and forceful mind control. The texts report that he became so emaciated that his bones became visible through his skin. The 21791: 21776: 21740: 18447: 18372: 18351: 18283: 18260: 18240: 18180: 18120: 17993: 17960: 17920: 17889: 17866: 17848: 17735: 17646: 17628: 17528: 17472: 17441: 17236: 17001: 16976: 16833: 16815: 16671: 16536: 16505: 16475: 16427: 16301: 16183: 16138: 16065: 16032: 15974: 15902: 15881: 15811: 15755: 15686: 15534: 15503: 15462: 15442: 15424: 15349: 15154: 15105: 15062: 15038: 15019: 14621: 14463: 14438: 14417: 14396: 14330: 14296: 14136: 13928: 12888: 12677: 12421: 10369: 10014: 9051: 8928: 8889: 8783: 8744: 8685: 8453: 8244: 7278:

reverend sirs, I desire that all the monks and nuns may constantly listen to and remember. Likewise the laymen and laywomen."

4668:

argued that the attempts of European scholars to reconstruct the original teachings of the Buddha were "all mere guesswork".

3966: 3581:

Vinaya speaks of a more comprehensive disagreement, which has Devadatta alter the discourses as well as monastic discipline.

3552: 17007: 16581: 16307: 16189: 16038: 15509: 15468: 15250: 12683: 10399: 10114: 8540: 8250: 4969:, and the Buddha outlines three bases of meritorious actions: giving, moral discipline and meditation (as seen in AN 8:36). 3555:

There is evidence from the early texts that the Buddha encountered some of these figures and critiqued their doctrines. The

3382:

when the sangha was formed. According to the Pali texts, shortly after the formation of the sangha, the Buddha travelled to

3256:), at this time or five days later. After hearing this second sermon the four remaining ascetics also reached the status of 2417:, in present-day Nepal. Both places belonged to the Sakya territory, and are located only 24 kilometres (15 mi) apart. 21786: 21710: 19151: 18993: 18606: 17102:

Ruegg, Seyford (1999), "A new publication on the date and historiography of Buddha's decease (nirvana): a review article",

16465: 6118: 5370:

Other styles of Indian Buddhist art depict the Buddha in human form, either standing, sitting crossed legged (often in the

4160:

According to Richard Gombrich, the twelve-fold list is a combination of two previous lists, the second list beginning with

3359:

Although the Buddha's language remains unknown, it is likely that he taught in one or more of a variety of closely related

3340:) to Uruvela (south of Gaya)". This covers an area of 600 by 300 km. His sangha enjoyed the patronage of the kings of 21750: 17595: 10072: 9516: 7932:

Everything preceding the eighth part, i.e. right samadhi, apparently has the function of preparing for the right samadhi."

7335:: "The date (given the Buddhist 'short chronology') must have been around 400 BCE He was now in the middle of his reign." 21781: 21328: 18431: 14287:

Muesse, Mark W. (2016), "Crossing Boundaries:When Founders of Faith Appear in Other Traditions", in Gray, Patrick (ed.),

5218: 4767:

The Buddha also did not see the Brahmanical rites and practices as useful for spiritual advancement. For example, in the

4351:. According to Gethin, another common summary of the path to awakening wisely used in the early texts is "abandoning the 3685: 2532:

form of government, as a political alternative to Indian monarchies, may have influenced the development of the śramanic

17980: 17341: 3507: 2975:("meditation") he had as a child sitting under a tree while his father worked. This memory leads him to understand that 21871: 21225: 20775: 18870: 17024:"Cooking the Buddhist Books: The Implications of the New Dating of the Buddha for the History of Early Indian Buddhism" 15779: 14909: 14366: 14261: 8483: 5062: 4263:

to a person, which was separate from all changing experiences, and which transmigrated from life to life. The Buddha's

3846: 932: 378: 335: 13611: 8807: 5477: 4515:, the idea that we are trapped in cycles of rebirth and that we should seek liberation from them through non-harming ( 1211:(बुध् ), "to wake, be awake, observe, heed, attend, learn, become aware of, to know, be conscious again", "to awaken" 21841: 21715: 19071: 17508: 16792: 16607: 16446: 16227: 15848: 15787: 15726: 15707: 15244: 14842: 14783: 14529: 12707: 12027: 11536: 8534: 5039: 21318: 14488: 12367: 7531:

a Buddha has achieved three higher knowledges: Remembering one's former abodes (i.e. past lives), the "Divine eye" (

5798: 4940:

According to the Buddha of the suttas then, achieving a good rebirth is based on cultivating wholesome or skillful (

3166:

According to MN 26 and MĀ 204, after deciding to teach, the Buddha initially intended to visit his former teachers,

21681: 21003: 20748: 18046: 17668: 17370: 16843: 16597: 16157: 15383: 14692: 12461: 6053: 4848:

also provides a social explanation of how different classes arose, in contrast to the Vedic views on social caste.

16096: 15570: 10062:"The Discourse to Sandaka (trans. of Sandaka Sutta, Majjhima Nikāya 2, Majjhima Paṇṇāsaka 3, Paribbājaka Vagga 6)" 9703:

Bronkhorst, J. (2007). "Greater Magadha, Studies in the culture of Early India", p. 6. Leiden, Boston, MA: Brill.

6530:

deer on either side symbolizing the deer park in which the sermon was preached. The fingers of his hands form the

5727: 2698:

all agree that his mother and father opposed his decision and "wept with tearful faces" when he decided to leave.

2259: 21395: 21385: 19214: 16739: 10331: 9155: 7877:

Ronald Davidson: "While most scholars agree that there was a rough body of sacred literature (disputed) [

6588:, now in modern Nepal, but then part of the territory of the Shakya-clan. In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor 5597: 5003:

Various Buddhist texts attribute to the Buddha a series of extraordinary physical characteristics, known as "the

2599:

other than the Buddha, was reputed to be the only one who unequivocally predicted that Siddhartha would become a

17518: 16260: 7607:

a *Vinayamātṛkā preserved in Chinese translation, which some scholars suggest represents the Haimavata tradition

5543: 4710: 4680:", or mendicant, as the ideal way of life for the practice of the path. He taught that mendicants or "beggars" ( 3137:

According to MN 26, immediately after his awakening, the Buddha hesitated on whether or not he should teach the

1122:, which means 'Awakened One' or 'Enlightened One'. His teachings were compiled by the Buddhist community in the 21831: 21816: 21666: 21340: 20993: 20795: 20686: 20631: 19204: 16879: 15668: 15323: 8691: 8562:

Snyder, David N. (2006) "The Complete Book of Buddha's Lists—explained". Vipassana Foundation, list 605 p. 429.

8325: 6163: 1517: 17046: 14883:

Alexander, James (2019), "The State Is the Attempt to Strip Metaphor Out of Politics", in Kos, Eric S. (ed.),

14834:

The Challenge of the Silver Screen: An Analysis of the Cinematic Portraits of Jesus, Rama, Buddha and Muhammad

5612: 4537:

may have also originated from a Brahmanic term; but its usage may have been common in the sramana traditions.

2983:, and the texts then depict the Buddha achieving all four dhyanas, followed by the "three higher knowledges" ( 21851: 21846: 21671: 21310: 21008: 20691: 18983: 18816: 16625: 14710: 6619:

Hartmann discusses the hypothesis and states, "The inscription has generally been considered spurious (...)"

6306: 6266: 6242:, or Prawat Phra Phuttajao, a 2007 Thai animated feature film about the life of Gautama Buddha, based on the 5049: 3793: 2612: 861: 556: 139: 7645:"sought-out by pigs". He cites Neumann's suggestion that if a plant called "sought-out by pigs" exists then 4476:. According to Alexander Wynne, these were yogis who taught doctrines and practices similar to those in the 1328:. The exact meaning of the term is unknown, but it is often thought to mean either "one who has thus gone" ( 21861: 21811: 21489: 20893: 20765: 20736: 20438: 15219:]. Symposien zur Buddhismusforschung, IV (in German). Vol. 2. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht. 6756: 6445: 4900:

According to Bodhi, the "most comprehensive" of the suttas that focus on how to live as a layperson is the

4764:) texts. The Buddha, on the other hand, did not accept that these texts had any divine authority or value. 4303: 3608:

The main narrative of the Buddha's last days, death and the events following his death is contained in the

2785:, and cut off his hair. Leaving his servant and horse behind, he journeyed into the woods and changed into 2670:

While the earliest sources merely depict Gotama seeking a higher spiritual goal and becoming an ascetic or

2651: 806: 581: 541: 7717:

Gethin adds: "This schema is assumed and, in one way or another, adapted by the later manuals such as the

5411:

A Royal Couple Visits the Buddha, from railing of the Bharhut Stupa, Shunga dynasty, early 2nd century BC.

3625:

depicts the Buddha's last year as a time of war. It begins with Ajatashatru's decision to make war on the

1233:

means "descendant of Gotama", "Gotama" meaning "one who has the most light", and comes from the fact that

21585: 21526: 20584: 20493: 19963: 19608: 19121: 19016: 14940:——— (2013b). "The Gurudharmaon Bhikṣuṇī Ordination in the Mūlasarvāstivāda Tradition". 9468: 7619:

a discourse in the Madhyama-āgama, preserved in Chinese, probably representing the Sarvāstivāda tradition

7323:, and that several Yaksha-shrines, where trees were worshipped, were converted into Buddhist holy places. 6488: 4860: 4574:

One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest versions of the

4343:

A common presentation of the core structure of Buddha's teaching found in the early texts is that of the

4290: 3441:. Meanwhile, the Buddha's father Suddhodana heard his son's teaching, converted to Buddhism and became a 3360: 3004: 2520:(Pāli: Okkāka). This is unlikely, as many scholars think that Śuddhodana was merely a Shakya aristocrat ( 2444: 2164: 1988:

texts; their origins remain speculative and debated. Bronkhorst terms this culture, which grew alongside

1131: 20128: 3970: 1686: 21801: 21720: 21641: 21433: 20913: 20389: 19875: 18998: 18831: 18503: 18205: 16211: 15236: 14804: 13448:

Tse-Fu Kuan. "Mindfulness in similes in Early Buddhist literature". In Edo Shonin; William Van Gordon;

12413: 8589:"Moving Targets? Texts, language, archaeology and history in the Late Vedic and early Buddhist periods" 7099: 6498: 6274: 6099: 5139: 5069: 4646:, but "liberating insight" became an essential feature of the Buddhist tradition only at a later date. 4332:(liberation). This path taught by the Buddha is depicted in the early texts (most famously in the Pali 2406: 2394: 1749:

both recount miraculous events surrounding Gautama's birth, such as the bodhisattva's descent from the

1615: 1571: 1256: 20323: 17755: 16921:, The Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai Lectures 1994, School of Oriental and African Studies (University of London) 7464: 4047:, which is an impersonal natural law, similar to how certain seeds produce certain plants and fruits. 3145: 2367:(present-day Nepal), is the birthplace of the Buddha, and is also a holy place for many non-Buddhists. 21821: 21634: 21323: 21136: 21126: 20998: 19981: 19561: 19322: 19297: 18615: 17926: 16935: 16663: 11355: 11221: 7305: 7163: 6478: 6367: 6288: 5214: 4744: 4521:) and spiritual practices, pre-dates the Buddha and was likely taught in early Jainism. According to 3304:

The chief disciples of the Buddha, Mogallana (chief in psychic power) and Sariputta (chief in wisdom)

3276: 2823: 2798:

According to the legendary biographies, when the ascetic Gautama first went to Rajagaha (present-day

2753: 2541: 2375: 2317: 1985: 1980:, with his father as the elected chieftain or oligarch. The Shakyas were widely considered to be non- 1558: 1216: 681: 19347: 17553: 17094: 16889:

Nath, Vijay (2001), "From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition",

16724: 9991:

The earliest anthropomorphic representation of the Buddha that we know so far, the Bimaran reliquary

9734:"Will the real Nigantha Nātaputta please stand up? Reflections on the Buddha and his contemporaries" 8719: 7286: 3633:

personal mindfulness". He then gives further lists of important virtues to be upheld by the Sangha.

2587:) or a great religious leader. Suddhodana held a naming ceremony on the fifth day and invited eight 1694: 1340:). This is interpreted as signifying that the Tathāgata is beyond all coming and going – beyond all 1054: 491: 21836: 21580: 21428: 20780: 20594: 20572: 20565: 20468: 20001: 19621: 19437: 19382: 19003: 18809: 18599: 16553: 15635: 11712: 8846: 7729:('Stages of Meditation', eighth century) and also Chinese and later Tibetan works such as Chih-i's 6483: 5379: 4925: 4911: 4624:

hold that these Early Buddhist Texts contain material that could possibly be traced to the Buddha.

4527: 4505: 4195: 3252: 2389: 1812:

tradition is another major biography, composed incrementally until perhaps the 4th century CE. The

686: 636: 26: 9604: 6527: 5114:

school (heterodox, literally "It is not so") in contrast to the six orthodox schools of Hinduism.

1442: – Conqueror. Although the term is more commonly used to name an individual who has attained 21886: 21771: 21558: 21482: 21365: 21345: 20676: 20656: 20413: 20143: 19387: 16993: 16124:, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, p. 73 12142: 7526: 7221:

that constitute a living person, the end of rebirth, the coming together again of those skandhas.

7168: 6782: 4948:) karma. A common list of good karmas taught by the Buddha is the list of ten courses of action ( 4630: 4364: 3911:, which describe the process from sense contact to consciousness which lead to this bondage to sa 3821:, a common funerary practice at the time. Centuries later they would be exhumed and enshrined by 2464: 2160: 2060: 846: 184: 22: 14911:

A Comparative Study of the Majjhima-nikāya Volume 1 (Introduction, Studies of Discourses 1 to 90

4916: 4416:)". Dhyana is preceded and supported by various aspects of the path such as sense restraint and 4190: 3577:

texts generally focus on "five points" which are seen as excessive ascetic practices, while the

1733:(MN 123), which include selective accounts that may be older, but are not full biographies. The 1105:(both mental states and concrete 'things') come into being, and cease to be, depending on other 21375: 21215: 20883: 20853: 20626: 20577: 20418: 20366: 20361: 20123: 19944: 19841: 19593: 19588: 19337: 18393: 17089: 16768: 16735: 14931:——— (2013a). "The Chinese Parallels to the Dhammacakkappavattana-sutta (2)". 11251: 7202: 6198: 4139:

In the early texts, the process of the arising of dukkha is explicated through the teaching of

3918: 3833: 3703: 3068: 2230:

outlines an argument against the claims of teachers who say they are all knowing while in the

993: 925: 661: 646: 626: 551: 546: 461: 368: 19705: 17723: 16805: 14832: 14773: 14320: 12433:

Reat, Noble Ross (1996). "The Historical Buddha and his Teachings". In Potter, Karl H. (ed.).

10357: 9196: 8960: 8734: 4219:) are seen as being dependently originated and impermanent and thus do not qualify as a self ( 3741:

reports that in his final meditation he entered the four dhyanas consecutively, then the four

3398: 3094: 2628: 2439: 1764: 21698: 21380: 21350: 20931: 20863: 20696: 20611: 20606: 20530: 20525: 20443: 18973: 18631: 18170: 17464: 17433: 16774: 15892: 14611: 14519: 9682: 8918: 8879: 8773: 7176: 7102:

commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the

6778: 6381: 6250: 5568: 5459:

Bimbisara visiting the Buddha (represented as empty throne) at the Bamboo garden in Rajagriha

5360: 5338: 5330: 4902: 4676:

The early Buddhist texts depict the Buddha as promoting the life of a homeless and celibate "

4546: 4172:

The Buddha saw his analysis of dependent origination as a "Middle Way" between "eternalism" (

4140: 3937: 3610: 3578: 3410: 3223:

or monastic. The Buddha then continued to teach the other ascetics and they formed the first

2056: 1806: 1618:

commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the

1259:

commemorates the Emperor's pilgrimage to Lumbini as the Buddha's birthplace, calling him the

1098: 866: 856: 811: 45: 19996: 17371:"Archaeological Excavations at Priprahwa and Ganwaria and the Identification of Kapilavastu" 16964: 16261:"Sowing the Seeds of the Lotus: A Journey to the Great Pilgrimage Sites of Buddhism, part V" 16011:——— (2000), "Discovering the Buddha's date", in Perera, Lakshman S (ed.), 15144: 13730:

Conze, Edward (2000). "Buddhism: A Short History". From Buddhism to Sufism Series. Oneworld.

10004: 6422:

depicts a man in a far future Earth Colony who takes on the name and teachings of the Buddha

5166:, but he does not further discuss the role of Buddha. According to the works on Buddhism by 4609:"Scepticism with regard to the possibility of retrieving the doctrine of earliest Buddhism". 3742: 21876: 21646: 21536: 21403: 21370: 21355: 20873: 20770: 20716: 20601: 20540: 20508: 20503: 20488: 20473: 20463: 20428: 20341: 20033: 19956: 19259: 19199: 18948: 18915: 18865: 17895: 16205: 6531: 6230: 5243: 4775:

does not lead to purity: only "truth and morality" lead to purity. He especially critiqued

4651: 4599: 4348: 3930: 3868: 3596: 3460:) to the sangha at great expense (the Theravada Vinaya speaks of thousands of gold coins). 3246:

also mention that the Buddha taught them his second discourse, about the characteristic of

3021: 2872: 2608: 2560: 2172: 1502: 1062: 876: 836: 831: 796: 641: 521: 429: 414: 358: 330: 21243: 19858: 19727: 19653: 19529: 19267: 17664: 16641:

The Buddhist art of Gandhāra: the story of the early school, its birth, growth and decline

12028:"Why Devadatta Was No Saint, A critique of Reginald Ray's thesis of the 'condemned saint'" 6690:, p. 436). The two cities are located only 24 kilometres (15 miles) from each other ( 5273: 4822:

valid for everybody, which is opposed to the Brahmanic ethic founded on "one's own duty" (

4298:. The Early Buddhist texts also mention meditation practice while standing and lying down. 3681: 3320:, and cannibals such as Alavaka. According to Schumann, the Buddha's travels ranged from " 3308:

For the remaining 40 or 45 years of his life, the Buddha is said to have travelled in the

1512: 1360:

is commonly seen together in canonical texts and depicts some of his perfected qualities:

1046: 8: 21595: 21210: 21089: 20923: 20898: 20888: 20848: 20825: 20708: 20681: 20641: 20560: 20550: 20478: 20405: 19836: 19693: 19474: 19452: 19404: 19224: 19024: 18880: 18860: 18636: 18592: 18139: 16343: 16332: 16293: 15370: 15358: 8670:

How the Brahmins Won: Appendix X Was there Buddhism in Gandhāra at the Time of Alexander?

6219: 5391: 4772: 4659: 4481: 4307: 4203:

In the early texts the Buddha teaches that all five aggregates, including consciousness (

4120: 3764: 3752: 3484: 3107: 2677:

The earliest accounts of the Buddha's spiritual quest is found in texts such as the Pali

2507: 2099: 1078: 1017: 957: 886: 841: 779: 719: 656: 601: 596: 351: 340: 19184: 19111: 16367: 15285: 14799: 14680:

The Gnostic Bible: Gnostic texts of mystical wisdom from the ancient and medieval worlds

11385: 8318:"GREEK HELIOS OR INDIAN SŪRYA? THE SPREAD OF THE SUN GOD IMAGERY FROM INDIA TO GANDHĀRA" 8287: 8285: 8283: 7760:

For a comparative survey of Satipatthana in the Pali, Tibetan and Chinese sources, see:

7711:(DN 13, with Chinese parallel at DĀ 26 and a fragmentary Sanskrit parallel entitled the 7381:

Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village,

7319:-worship, that several Yakshas were "converted" to Buddhism, a well-known example being 6603:

Based on stone inscriptions, there is also speculation that Lumbei, Kapileswar village,

6434:, includes the Buddha as one of the religious figures that the main character encounters 5105: 4595: 4248: 3803: 2573:

According to later biographical legends, during the birth celebrations, the hermit seer

2570:

in Nepal, Bangladesh, and India as he is believed to have been born on a full moon day.

2191: 2145: 2078: 1820:, and various Chinese translations of this date between the 3rd and 6th century CE. The 1741:, and the first collection of these can be dated among the earliest Buddhist texts. The 21575: 21273: 21178: 21020: 20983: 20978: 20908: 20858: 20805: 20800: 20671: 20666: 20661: 20651: 20636: 20621: 20616: 20555: 20535: 20498: 20423: 20228: 19929: 19853: 19731: 19673: 19514: 19414: 19342: 19317: 18963: 18893: 18686: 18651: 18626: 18436: 18272: 18038: 17802: 17794: 17278: 17119: 16906: 16648: 15870: 15606: 15598: 15127:

Recherches sur la biographie du Buddha dans les Sutrapitaka et les Vinayapitaka anciens

14985:"Brahmavihāra and Awakening, A Study of the Dīrgha-āgama Parallel to the Tevijja-sutta" 13974: 13879: 9624: 9383: 9350:

Witzel, Michael (2019). "Early 'Aryans' and their neighbors outside and inside India".

8707: 8616: 7315:

notes that several locations of both early Buddhism and Jainism are closely related to

6402: 6333: 6238: 6088: 5534: 5387: 5375: 5227: 5162:

in the ninth century. Such idols had been sold in Buddhist temples next to a mosque in

4840: 4802: 4633:

also agrees that "much" of the Pali Canon "must derive from his teachings". Likewise,

4492: 4428: 4404: 4321: 4012: 4002: 3990: 3894: 3882: 3860: 3813:

and they were distributed among various north Indian kingdoms like Magadha, Shakya and

3809:

The Buddha's body was then cremated and the remains, including his bones, were kept as

2971: 2827: 2641: 2525: 2498:", whose capital was Kapilavastu, and who were later annexed by the growing Kingdom of 2490:, a tribe of rice-farmers living near the modern border of India and Nepal. His father 2463:). Legend has it that, on the night Siddhartha was conceived, Queen Maya dreamt that a 2456: 2271: 1693:(corresponding to modern northwestern Pakistan and eastern Afghanistan) and written in 1404: 1381: 1324:) is a term the Buddha commonly used when referring to himself or other Buddhas in the 1186: 1177: 1090: 1005: 989: 871: 851: 791: 786: 674: 576: 569: 496: 486: 393: 21072: 17305: 16629: 16158:

Research on the date of the Buddha: South Asian Studies Published in Western Languages

15858: 13274: 10932: 8433: 8431: 6937:, p. 9), the preferred translation has shifted to "awakened" and "awakened one" ( 3952: 3698:

tradition generally believes that the Buddha was offered some kind of pork, while the

3574: 3452:, who became a strong lay supporter of the Buddha early on. He is said to have gifted 3204: 2140:

One of the earliest anthropomorphic representations of the Buddha, here surrounded by

1710: 21856: 21553: 21531: 21451: 21413: 21109: 21094: 21057: 21042: 20815: 20731: 20646: 20483: 20448: 20433: 20160: 20150: 19831: 19678: 19663: 19534: 19457: 19377: 19312: 19244: 19131: 18888: 18467: 18443: 18368: 18347: 18279: 18256: 18236: 18228:

A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century

18199: 18176: 18116: 18030: 17989: 17956: 17937: 17916: 17885: 17862: 17844: 17806: 17731: 17642: 17624: 17524: 17504: 17468: 17437: 17232: 17204: 17193: 17174: 17138: 17123: 17038: 16997: 16972: 16965: 16875: 16829: 16811: 16788: 16603: 16532: 16525: 16501: 16471: 16442: 16423: 16297: 16223: 16179: 16134: 16061: 16028: 15970: 15951: 15898: 15877: 15844: 15807: 15783: 15751: 15732: 15722: 15703: 15682: 15664: 15645: 15631: 15610: 15590: 15555: 15530: 15499: 15458: 15438: 15420: 15345: 15240: 15180: 15150: 15115: 15101: 15058: 15034: 15015: 14949: 14838: 14779: 14704: 14617: 14525: 14469: 14459: 14434: 14430: 14413: 14392: 14326: 14292: 13978: 13924: 13637:

Wynne, Alexander (2005). "The Historical Authenticity of Early Buddhist Literature".

12884: 12673: 12417: 11542: 11532: 11322: 10365: 10010: 9745: 9674: 9628: 9387: 9375: 9367: 9047: 8924: 8885: 8851: 8779: 8740: 8681: 8620: 8608: 8604: 8588: 8530: 8280: 8240: 8232: 7536: 7440: 7238: 7047: 6914: 6466: 6356: 6186: 5960: 5318: 4930: 4468:

In various texts, the Buddha is depicted as having studied under two named teachers,

4440: 4344: 4340:" between sensual indulgence on one hand and mortification of the body on the other. 4264: 4044: 3926: 3873:

A number of teachings and practices are deemed essential to Buddhism, including: the

3488: 3300: 3224: 3139: 3130: 2990: 2962: 2790: 2786: 2729: 2537: 2355: 2141: 2052: 2048: 1718: 1320: 1292: 1281: 1138:. Later generations composed additional texts, such as systematic treatises known as 1058: 918: 816: 801: 606: 481: 424: 388: 373: 304: 258: 20395: 19189: 19089: 18751: 17406: 17282: 16685: 12194: 7737:'s Thar-pa rin-po che'i rgyan ('Jewel Ornament of Liberation', twelfth century) and 4372:(SN 12.23), present the path as reversions of the process of Dependent Origination. 2745: 2524:), and that the Shakya republic was not a hereditary monarchy. The more egalitarian 21881: 21806: 21686: 21629: 21099: 21052: 21047: 20903: 20868: 20843: 20838: 20589: 20545: 20458: 20133: 19789: 19782: 19566: 19556: 19442: 19106: 18978: 18494: 18485: 18476: 18419: 18328: 18294:"Cremated like a King: The funeral of the Buddha within the ancient Indian context" 18100: 18080: 17786: 17705: 17270: 17111: 16898: 16680: 16215: 16060:, The Library of Religious Beliefs and Practices Series, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 15761: 15582: 14996: 14590: 13966: 13449: 13276:

Transcendental Dependent Arising. A Translation and Exposition of the Upanisa Sutta

12737: 9708: 9704: 9616: 9359: 8673: 8600: 8428: 8097: 7845: 7486:

include some Sanskrit fragments, an individual Chinese translation, a sutra of the

7428: 7076: 7004: 6800: 6426: 6132: 6060: 5359:. Since aniconism precludes single devotional figures, most representations are of 4962: 4807: 4776: 4625: 4617: 4583: 4473: 4131: 4091: 3941: 3677: 3434: 2856: 2851: 2722:, so that he would become a great king instead of a great religious leader. In the 2533: 2263: 2030: 1634: 1607: 1241: 1127: 881: 826: 756: 746: 611: 20178: 18696: 17623:, Vol. 1. The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC – AD 220, Cambridge University Press, 14970:——— (2014). "The Buddha's Last Meditation in the Dirgha-Agama". 14595: 14580: 14132: 13826:"Brahamanism and Buddhism: Two Antithetic Conceptions of Society in Ancient India" 9222:, Vol. LI. Reprint: Manjushri Publishing House, Delhi. 1970, pp. 81–82 footnote 6. 8450: 7829:): That nothing in the realm of experience can really be said to be "I" or "mine". 2917:(MN 26) and its Chinese parallel at MĀ 204, after having mastered the teaching of 2478:. The earliest Buddhist sources state that the Buddha was born to an aristocratic 1809: 1783: 1144:, biographies of the Buddha, collections of stories about his past lives known as 1093:(meditation proper). Another key element of his teachings are the concepts of the 21463: 21408: 21360: 21288: 21158: 20956: 20936: 20878: 20790: 20453: 20351: 20198: 19934: 19917: 19902: 19880: 19432: 19302: 19136: 19116: 18792: 18646: 18362: 18341: 18250: 18226: 17838: 17149: 17075:

Reynolds, Frank E.; Hallisey, Charles (2005), "Buddha", in Jones, Lindsay (ed.),

16987: 16801: 16620:, New Delhi: The Director General: Archaeological Survey of India, pp. 66–67 16575: 16287: 16173: 16169: 16055: 16022: 15797: 15773: 15695: 15493: 15452: 15339: 15227: 14892: 14140: 14027:

Pannasiri, Bhadanta (1950). "Sigālovāda-Sutta", Visva-Bharati Annals, 3: 150–228.

13283: 12878: 12711: 12667: 12034: 11719: 11259: 10106: 9465:"Oldest Buddhist Shrine Uncovered In Nepal May Push Back the Buddha's Birth Date" 9203: 8520: 8457: 8234: 7944:

Sacrifices have the Agnihotra as foremost; of meter, the foremost is the Sāvitrī.

7483: 7424: 7312: 5832: 5563: 5383: 5145: 5075: 4815: 4728: 4724: 4398: 4392: 4382: 4352: 4061: 3947: 3904: 3171: 3110:

before entering meditation. Other miracles and magical events are also depicted.

2933: 2322: 2284: 2267: 2211: 2207: 2093: 2044: 1993: 1547: 1420: 1151: 1086: 1070: 906: 821: 621: 531: 476: 20208: 19362: 19352: 18736: 18463: 18321:

When Did the Buddha Live? The Controversy on the Dating of the Historical Buddha

17229:

The Historical Buddha: The Times, Life, and Teachings of the Founder of Buddhism

16368:"Playing with Fire: The pratityasamutpada from the perspective of Vedic thought" 15307:

The Connected Discourses of the Buddha: A New Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya

7157: 4531:

may also reflect Upanishadic or other influences . The Buddhist practice called

4408:, the cumulative development of wholesome states leading to a "state of perfect 4099: 3986: 3878: 3719: 2866: 2789:

there, though in some other versions of the story, he received the robes from a

2474:

Her son is said to have been born on the way, at Lumbini, in a garden beneath a

1861:(who was the successor of Bimbisara), thus making him a younger contemporary of 1130:, a compilation of teachings based on his discourses. These were passed down in 471: 21600: 21418: 21121: 20971: 20753: 20333: 20313: 20233: 19922: 19912: 19846: 19683: 19169: 19032: 18756: 18691: 18527: 18389: 17608: 17425: 17130: 16844:"Book Review: Heinz Bechert (ed.), The dating of the Historical Buddha, part I" 16643:. Memoirs of the Department of archaeology in Pakistan. Vol. 1. Cambridge. 10980: 9620: 9184: 8584: 7722: 6763: 6517: 6387: 6372: 6279: 6255: 5631: 5503: 5371: 5303: 5175: 4740: 4283: 4128: 3961: 3626: 3528: 3402: 3309: 3198: 3151: 2900:), only represented by a path on the water, and his empty throne bottom right. 2728:(5th century CE), Gautama is said to have seen an old man. When his charioteer 2682: 2616: 2547:

The day of the Buddha's birth, enlightenment and death is widely celebrated in

2475: 2379: 2309: 2307:, this path is described as long and arduous, taking "four incalculable ages" ( 2153: 2149: 2103: 2066: 2040: 1989: 1941: 1438: 1135: 1119: 766: 696: 651: 509: 228: 69: 21474: 17520:"Kapilavastu", in: Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S. Encyclopedia of Buddhism 17274: 17115: 15829:

A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day

15586: 9363: 8847:"That the True Dhamma Might Last a Long Time: Readings Selected by King Asoka" 8677: 5302:, the Buddha is listed among the prophets who preached the word of God before 4511: 3779:: ...𑀲𑀮𑀺𑀮𑀦𑀺𑀥𑀸𑀦𑁂 𑀩𑀼𑀥𑀲 𑀪𑀕𑀯𑀢𑁂...) "Relics of the Buddha Lord". 3370:

The sangha wandered throughout the year, except during the four months of the

2706: 2701: 2371: 2009: 953: 21765: 21693: 21188: 21037: 20346: 20248: 20106: 19907: 19885: 19821: 19492: 19287: 19282: 19174: 18843: 18316: 18222: 18034: 17539:"The Real Birth Place of Buddha. Yesterday's Kapilavastu, Today's Kapileswar" 17333: 17197: 17142: 17042: 15965:

Gimello, Robert M. (2003), "Bodhi (awakening)", in Buswell, Robert E. (ed.),

15769: 15736: 15594: 15190: 14953: 13874:

Omvedt, Gail (1 June 2001). "Review: The Buddha as a Political Philosopher".

12742: 12725: 9749: 9678: 9371: 9192: 8612: 8526: 7738: 7718: 7107: 6786: 6419: 6414: 6407: 6342: 6214: 6207: 6136: 5334: 5317:, a composition in Dasam Granth traditionally and historically attributed to 5314: 5174:

and others as an apostle of God sent to the human race. By the 12th century,

4934: 4890: 4878: 4811: 4591: 4556: 4228: 3994: 3886: 3826: 3776: 3491:

which focus on the relationship between the new order of nuns and the monks.

3449: 3406: 3313: 3292: 3064: 2937: 2922: 2691: 2663: 2343: 2070: 1957: 1813: 1644: 1623: 1598: 1267: 591: 586: 526: 277: 127: 21590: 19646: 19636: 19008: 18499: 18104: 18084: 17104:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

14473: 14358: 14253: 11546: 10920: 6190:, a 1957 Indian documentary film directed by Rajbans Khanna and produced by 4983: 4933:(in the Buddha and the teachings), moral discipline, especially keeping the 4818:

of society. The Buddha's teaching then is a single universal moral law, one

4689:

The Buddha's teachings on monastic discipline were preserved in the various

4517: 3551:

As the Buddha continued to travel and teach, he also came into contact with

2491: 2409:. The exact site of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown. It may have been either 1648: 1325: 731: 536: 178: 21546: 21278: 21263: 21233: 21183: 21173: 21015: 20810: 20303: 20138: 20016: 19804: 19799: 19626: 19497: 19372: 18833: 18721: 18172:

The Emergence of Buddhism: Classical Traditions in Contemporary Perspective

18150: 16767: 16057:

Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo

15985:

Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo

15836: 15543: 14585:. International Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences (ICHSS 2018). 14451: 12146: 9379: 8799: 8516: 7730: 7726: 7432: 6738: 6581: 6522: 6457: 6396: 6361: 6326: 6322: 6270:, a 2013 Sinhalese epic biographical film based on the life of Lord Buddha. 6223: 6203: 5899: 5671: 5364: 5352: 5019: 4937:, generosity, and wisdom (knowledge of the arising and passing of things). 4665: 4634: 4579: 4532: 4469: 4457: 4422: 4210: 4205: 4107: 3957: 3670: 3179: 3167: 3122: 3099: 2958: 2918: 2583: 2297: 2239: 2235: 2074: 2013: 1846: 1795: 1758: 1734: 1610:(reigned c. 268 to 232 BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism. Particularly, 1586: 1348:

is "immeasurable", "inscrutable", "hard to fathom", and "not apprehended".

1341: 1146: 1082: 1074: 1050: 631: 516: 434: 320: 58: 20061: 20046: 20006: 19703: 19367: 18943: 15527:

The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE–200 CE

15089:

Pain and Its Ending: The Four Noble Truths in the Theravada Buddhist Canon

15057:. Hamburg Buddhist Studies. Vol. 8. projekt verlag, Bochum/Freiburg. 15001: 14984: 13970: 12704: 12435:

Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophy, Vol. VII: Abhidharma Buddhism to 150 AD

7811: 6766:

provides a "revised" dating of 460–380 BCE for the lifetime of the Buddha.

5024: 4037:

unreliable. The ultimate noble goal should be liberation from this cycle.

4004: 3912: 3896: 3618:, and "three discourses preserved as individual translations in Chinese". 3477: 3225: 3084: 2695: 2515: 2433: 1770: 21565: 21248: 21077: 20218: 20203: 19986: 19794: 19722: 19502: 19332: 19234: 19081: 18953: 18562: 18232: 18133:(illustrated ed.), Burlingame, CA: Buddhist Text Translation Society 17154:

The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century

16960: 15750:, The Wheel Publication, Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society, 15176: 14583:

Muslim scholar's discourse on Buddhism: a literature on Buddha's position

14431:

Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History

14289:

Varieties of Religious Invention: Founders and Their Functions in History

7841: 6450: 6156: 6152: 6143: 5299: 5248: 5235: 5187: 5155: 5123: 4621: 4551: 4522: 4434: 4417: 4075: 3822: 3789: 3733:

He then entered his final meditation and died, reaching what is known as

3658: 3536: 3271: 3129:, India, site of the first teaching of the Buddha in which he taught the 3088: 2782: 2737: 2724: 2511: 2468: 2293: 2195: 2180: 2115: 1866: 1858: 1829: 1738: 1523: 1182: 1030: 701: 21238: 19698: 18741: 18042: 18018: 15775:

Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts

15602: 13896:

Mrozik, Susanne. "Upali" in MacMillan Encyclopedia of Buddhism, pg. 870.

9663:"Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures" 5190:, even identifies Buddha as a prophet, who taught a religion to "banish 4355:, practice of the four establishments of mindfulness and development of 3726: 2681:("The discourse on the noble quest", MN 26) and its Chinese parallel at 1118:

A couple of centuries after his death, he came to be known by the title

21625: 21541: 21193: 21151: 21027: 20833: 20758: 20372: 20356: 20318: 20298: 20193: 20076: 20011: 19991: 19737: 19668: 19539: 19422: 19392: 19327: 19277: 18925: 18746: 18671: 17798: 17220:

Sacred biography in the Buddhist traditions of South and Southeast Asia

17163:

Studien zum Jainismus und Buddhismus (Gedenkschrift für Ludwig Alsdorf)

17137:, Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, India, pp. 70–71, 16948: 16910: 16219: 15384:"The Buddhist path to liberation: An analysis of the listing of stages" 15341:

The Five Aggregates: Understanding Theravada Psychology and Soteriology

13883: 13676: 6930: 6675: 6431: 6310: 5773: 5734: 5603: 5435:

Descent of the Buddha from the Trayastrimsa Heaven, Sanchi Stupa No. 1.

5356: 5295: 4950: 4732: 4587: 4575: 4560: 4500: 4477: 4356: 4337: 4295: 3922: 3757: 3715: 3688: 3317: 3052: 3048: 3013: 2845: 2837: 2778: 2600: 2414: 2250:) and perfected being who is unencumbered by the mundane world. In the 1883: 1670: 1455: 1140: 1038: 1025: 1001: 997: 961: 706: 466: 149: 123: 20213: 19209: 18731: 15614: 15408:

Under the Bodhi Tree: Buddha's Original Vision of Dependent Co-arising

11604: 11028: 11004: 5495:

Isapur Buddha, one of the earliest physical depictions of the Buddha,

4176:, the idea that some essence exists eternally) and "annihilationism" ( 3012:, the term Gautama uses most often to refer to himself, realized "the 21621: 21168: 21141: 20308: 20183: 19895: 19811: 19688: 19578: 19551: 19544: 19507: 19464: 19427: 19194: 19159: 19126: 19101: 19056: 18641: 18567: 18298:

Journal of the International College of Postgraduate Buddhist Studies

18155:(in Burmese), vol. 1 (4th ed.), Yangon: Ya-Pyei, p. 39 18144:, Sacred Books of the Buddhists, vol. 1, London: Luzac & Co. 17915:, Berkeley, CA: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 17068:

Buddhist Saints in India: A Study in Buddhist Values and Orientations

16348:, Sacred Books of the Buddhists, vol. 3, London: Luzac & Co. 16337:, Sacred Books of the Buddhists, vol. 2, London: Luzac & Co. 15803: 15298:

In the Buddha's Words: An Anthology of Discourses from the Pali Canon

11713:

Lay Buddhist Practice, The Shrine Room, Uposatha Day, Rains Residence

10323: 8666:"Appendix X Was there Buddhism in Gandhāra at the Time of Alexander?" 7789:

Understanding of these marks helps in the development of detachment:

7320: 6584:, the stories of the former lives of the Buddha, Gautama was born in 6191: 5931: 5883: 5860: 5836: 5828: 5805: 5789: 5718: 5584: 5530: 5202: 5183: 5167: 5131: 4736: 4461: 4317: 4279: 3982: 3921:, which describes this process, and its reversal, in detail; and the 3874: 3695: 3567: 3540: 3448:

The early texts also mention an important lay disciple, the merchant

3442: 3438: 3426: 3391: 3349: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3212: 3056: 3009: 2949: 2897: 2877: 2860: 2807: 2744:(DN 14.2) which instead depicts the young life of a previous Buddha, 2710: 2592: 2548: 2479: 2119: 1977: 1850: 1825: 1508: 1234: 1009: 751: 726: 21605: 20941: 19777: 19631: 19397: 19179: 19048: 19040: 18434:; Johnson, Willard L; Wawrytko, Sandra A; DeGraff, Geoffrey (1996). 18162:

Buddhist Images of Human Perfection: The Arahant of the Sutta Piṭaka

17715:

The Long Discourses of the Buddha. A Translation of the Digha Nikaya

17669:"Hoary past and hazy memory. On the history of early Buddhist texts" 16902: 15315: 15229:

Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia

12834: 12087: 11356:"Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion" 9509:

Ambaṭṭha Sutta. Theme: Religious arrogance versus spiritual openness

9402: 8736:

Greek Buddha: Pyrrho's Encounter with Early Buddhism in Central Asia

8665: 8317: 5471:

The great departure with riderless horse, Amaravati, 2nd century CE.

4193:

rely on the scheme of the five skandhas, as can be seen in the Pali

4083: 3749:

before returning to the fourth dhyana right at the moment of death.

3601: 3600:

This East Javanese relief depicts the Buddha in his final days, and

3535:

Buddha's old age, the kingdom of Magadha was usurped by a new king,

3422: 3418: 2803: 2620: 2187: 2025: 2008:

The Buddha's lifetime coincided with the flourishing of influential

1961:

Ancient kingdoms and cities of India during the time of the Buddha (

1816:

biography of the Buddha is the most exhaustive, and is entitled the

1522:

he also points out that such a text was originally intended more as

162: 21521: 21458: 21298: 21253: 21198: 21163: 21067: 20726: 20293: 20288: 20238: 20173: 20091: 20056: 20051: 19712: 19583: 19571: 19482: 19141: 18838: 18787: 18776: 18540: 18518: 17790: 16131:

Introduction to Buddhism An Explanation of the Buddhist Way of Life

10057: 9234: 9232: 9230: 9228: 7436: 7075:

Buddha Shakyamuni: from the middle of the 3rd century BCE, several

6730:

Around 400: See the consensus in the essays by leading scholars in

6659: 6462: 6283: 6243: 6023:

Shakyamuni Buddha with Avadana Legend Scenes, Tibetan, 19th century

5945: 5915: 5588: 3768: 3699: 3453: 3379: 3175: 3017: 2770: 2733: 2659: 2410: 2168: 2036: 2017: 1862: 1791: 1690: 1368: 1166: 1158: 1111: 973: 761: 741: 736: 616: 312: 238: 199: 20283: 20273: 20258: 20081: 19951: 19219: 16558: 16402:

A History of Buddhist Philosophy: Continuities and Discontinuities

16024:

How Buddhism Began: The Conditioned Genesis of the Early Teachings

11774: 11568: 11447: 10006:

Cultural and Visual Flux at Early Historical Bagh in Central India

9046:(1st ed.). New York: New York University Press. p. xix. 8233:

Sir Monier Monier-Williams; Ernst Leumann; Carl Cappeller (2002).

7770:

Dhammajoti, K.L. (2008). "Sixteen-mode Mindfulness of Breathing".

7541: 5517:

The Buddha attended by Indra at Indrasala Cave, Mathura 50-100 CE.

5078:

emerged after the lifetime of the Buddha, between 500–200 BCE and

4768: 4760: 4325: 4259:. All of these theories held that there was an eternal unchanging 4068:(aggregates) describe how sensory contact leads to attachment and 3998: 3890: 3472:

Mahāprajāpatī, the first bhikkuni and Buddha's stepmother, ordains

2646: 2102:, in which the Ganges Basin was settled and cities grew, in which 21617: 21203: 21146: 21131: 20278: 20268: 20243: 20118: 20113: 20071: 20041: 19973: 19939: 19826: 19767: 19762: 19616: 19519: 19357: 19307: 19094: 18920: 18555: 17878:

The Sacred Garden of Lumbini – Perceptions of Buddha's Birthplace

17356:

Srivastava, K.M. (1979), "Kapilavastu and Its Precise Location",

16516:

The Art of Buddhism: An Introduction to Its History & Meaning

15933:

Frauwallner, Erich (1973), "Chapter 5. The Buddha and the Jina",

14775:

History of Early Stone Sculpture at Mathura: Ca. 150 BCE – 100 CE

13543: 13541: 13539: 13313: 9713: 8228: 8226: 7734: 7255: 7218: 7122: 6585: 5344: 5310: 5198: 5163: 5159: 5148: 5110: 5101: 4944:) karma, which leads to a good result, and avoiding unwholesome ( 4751: 4715: 4681: 4496: 4409: 4376: 4260: 4256: 4065: 3908: 3566:

One of the most troubling events during the Buddha's old age was

3516: 3512: 3387: 3345: 3321: 3220: 3186: 3126: 3103: 3072: 2995: 2985: 2841: 2811: 2588: 2566: 2486:) family called Gotama (Sanskrit: Gautama), who were part of the 2448: 2402: 2383: 2364: 2360: 2327: 2176: 2136: 2021: 1854: 1782:

is the earliest full biography, an epic poem written by the poet

1750: 1659: 1594: 1582: 1447: 1430: 1357: 1094: 1066: 1042: 977: 441: 98: 54: 19890: 19658: 18364:

The Sacred Garden of Lumbini: Perceptions of Buddha's birthplace

17167:

Studies on Jainism and Buddhism (Schriftfest for Ludwig Alsdorf)

16175:

The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture

15388:

The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

14603: 14521:

Buddhist thought a complete introduction to the Indian tradition

13907:"God as Political Philosopher: Buddha's Challenge to Brahminism" 12822: 12347: 12335: 12323: 12311: 12039: 11984: 11652: 9225: 7741:'s Lam rim chen mo ('Great Graduated Path', fourteenth century). 6755:

to 400 BCE) "fits the archaeological evidence better". See also

6607:, at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini. ( 6317: 6159:

based on Arnold's epic poem with Rai also portraying the Buddha.

5934: 5394:

images, as well as those of Southeast Asian Theravada Buddhism.

1697:, they date from the first century BCE to the third century CE. 1205:, "Awakened One" or "Enlightened One", is the masculine form of 21676: 21283: 21268: 21104: 20966: 20946: 20721: 20383: 20263: 20253: 20188: 19816: 19772: 19757: 19747: 19717: 19641: 19524: 19292: 19164: 18908: 18903: 18726: 18335:(3rd ed.). Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. 17698:"Did Buddha die of eating pork?: with a note on Buddha's image" 17604: 16989:

Rediscovering the Buddha: The Legends and Their Interpretations

15659:

Cox, Collett (2003), "Abidharma", in Buswell, Robert E. (ed.),

14800:"Head of Buddha, Afghanistan (probably Hadda), 5th–6th century" 14581:

Ahmad Faizuddin Ramli; Jaffary Awang; Zaizul Ab Rahman (2018).

13700: 13625:"An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices" 12797: 12166: 11798: 11762: 11738: 11726: 11628: 11435: 11064: 7821: 7805: 7793: 7385:, at the east coast of India, was the site of ancient Lumbini.( 7382: 7316: 7300:

In 2013, archaeologist Robert Coningham found the remains of a

7251: 7118: 7095: 6785:), Gautama died in Kushinagar, which is located in present-day 6604: 6589: 6338: 6182:, a 1952 Japanese feature film representing the life of Buddha. 5840: 5348: 5284: 5151: 5090: 5086: 5058: 5054: 4819: 4794: 4780: 4690: 4215: 4182: 4124: 4028: 3814: 3468: 3414: 3383: 3353: 3341: 3325: 3247: 2980: 2901: 2893: 2881: 2799: 2774: 2758: 2719: 2655: 2499: 2495: 2487: 2452: 2421: 2341:

is how the Buddha-to-be had to practice several "perfections" (

2330:, who gives the bodhisattva a prediction of future Buddhahood. 2227: 1973: 1639: 1611: 1567: 1443: 1393: 1297: 1252: 1207: 1162: 1123: 1021: 985: 901: 456: 451: 446: 409: 212: 102: 17306:"On the Buddha's Use of Some Brahmanical Motifs in Pali Texts" 16207:

A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna

14076: 13536: 10571: 10390: 10388: 8565: 8223: 8058: 6520:. In the centre of the base relief is a wheel symbolizing the 4881:

form of government, while others disagree with this position.

4495:

are a development of pre-Buddhist themes that can be found in

4055: 3348:

and he thus spent a lot of time in their respective capitals,

2577:

journeyed from his mountain abode, analyzed the child for the

2063:, with whose viewpoints the Buddha must have been acquainted. 1828:

tradition in Sri Lanka and was composed in the 5th century by

21656: 21651: 21423: 21258: 21116: 21082: 21062: 21032: 20961: 20378: 20223: 20101: 20096: 20066: 20021: 19868: 19863: 19742: 19447: 19272: 19239: 19229: 18584: 18576: 15702:(February 1972 ed.). xvii: Vintage Books. p. xvii. 14187: 14185: 13627:, p. 3. Introduction to Religion. Cambridge University Press. 13526: 13524: 12787: 12785: 12410:

An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices

10107:"A Sketch of the Buddha's Life: Readings from the Pali Canon" 9941: 9939: 9879: 9801:"Indian Society and Thought before and at the Time of Buddha" 8920:

Sacred Traces: British Explorations of Buddhism in South Asia

6877: 6865: 6841: 6392: 5856: 5750: 5288: 5191: 5179: 5171: 5127: 5097: 4923:

Regarding the happiness of the next life, the Buddha (in the

4755: 4488: 3818: 3810: 3430: 3371: 3216: 2910: 2650:

The "Great Departure" of Siddhartha Gautama, surrounded by a

2596: 2581:

and then announced that he would either become a great king (

2574: 2556: 2552: 2460: 2111: 1981: 1972:

According to the Buddhist tradition, Shakyamuni Buddha was a

1890: 1633:, "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas"). Another one of his edicts ( 1225: 1041:

between sensual indulgence and severe asceticism, leading to

1013: 981: 969: 965: 691: 18192:

History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Saka Era

17749:, Buddhism Series (3rd ed.), Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 17673:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

17375:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

16848:

Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies

14158: 14120:"The Origin and the Early Development of Buddhist Monachism" 13750: 13748: 13654: 13652: 13012: 12921: 12897: 12817:

The Theory of 'Dependent Origination' in its Incipient Stage

11909: 10414: 9285: 9283: 8522:

The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths

8362:

Macdonell, Arthur Anthony; Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1912).

7883:] that a relatively early community (disputed) [ 7610:

the Mahāsāṃghika-Lokottaravāda Vinaya, preserved in Sanskrit

7604:

the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya in Four Parts, preserved in Chinese

7031: 7019: 6827: 6815: 5423:

Adoration of the Diamond Throne and the Bodhi Tree, Bharhut.

4929:) states that the virtues which lead to a good rebirth are: 4743:

as the foremost meter. In general, the Buddha critiques the

4540: 3936:

According to N. Ross Reat, the Theravada Pali texts and the

2896:

walking on the River Nairañjanā. The Buddha is not visible (

21293: 20086: 19752: 19249: 17492:

The Penguin History of Early India: From Origins to AD 1300

16930:, vol. II, Oxford: Pali Text Society, pp. 210–223 15433:

Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr., eds. (2014),

12940: 12938: 12936: 12772: 12770: 12768: 12238: 12236: 11873: 11681: 11679: 11172: 10441: 10385: 9956: 9954: 9831: 9780: 8297: 8211: 7817:): That nothing which comes to be is ultimately satisfying; 7034: 7025: 6901: 6883: 6853: 6847: 6830: 6821: 5987:

Sakyamuni, Lao Tzu, and Confucius, c. from 1368 until 1644.

4859:

focus on the figure of the righteous wheel turning leader (

4242: 3364: 3267: 3118: 3113: 2591:

scholars to read the future. All gave similar predictions.

2215: 1312: 1193: 15182:

The romantic legend of Sâkya Buddha (Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra)

14613:

Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat: History, Belief, Practice

14182: 14170: 14146: 14100: 14064: 13712: 13521: 13404: 13402: 13400: 13349: 13204: 13192: 13120: 13108: 13084: 13036: 13024: 12974: 12950: 12782: 12755: 12753: 12390: 12099: 11616: 11558: 11556: 11413: 11411: 11302: 11204: 11202: 11189: 11187: 10910: 10908: 10883: 10881: 10818: 10675: 10673: 10634: 10600: 10598: 10470: 10468: 9936: 9639: 9637: 9156:"Was the Buddha an awakened prince or a humble itinerant?" 9065: 9063: 8451:

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1898. pp.103–115

8024: 8022: 8020: 8018: 7548: 7192: 6895: 6047:

Gautama statue, Shanyuan Temple, Liaoning Province, China.

5397: 5313:, Buddha is mentioned as the 23rd avatar of Vishnu in the 21:"Buddha" and "Gautama" redirect here. For other uses, see 20951: 19487: 18509: 18194:, Université catholique de Louvain, Institut orientaliste 15195:

The dating of the historical Buddha (Symposium), vol. 1–3

14885:

Michael Oakeshott on Authority, Governance, and the State

14753: 14550: 14524:. London: Taylor & Francis e-Library. pp. 1–10. 14209: 13997: 13745: 13733: 13649: 13490: 13337: 12253: 12251: 12209: 11825: 11815: 11813: 10165: 10153: 10141: 9896: 9894: 9533: 9280: 9244: 8644: 8642: 8162: 7885: 7879: 7670:

Zur Zwolfgliedrigen Formel des Entstehens in Abhangigkeit

7613:

the Mahīśāsaka Vinaya in Five Parts, preserved in Chinese

7539:

destinations and the "extinction of mental intoxicants" (

7208:

robe and went forth from the home life into homelessness.

7010: 6986:

A number of names are being used to refer to the Buddha;

6862: 6838: 6806: 5646:

The infant Buddha taking a bath, Gandhara 2nd century CE.

5246:

is based on the Buddha. The name comes from the Sanskrit

4487:

According to Richard Gombrich, the Buddha's teachings on

3817:. These relics were placed in monuments or mounds called 3483:

According to all the major versions surveyed by Anālayo,

2401:

According to the Buddhist tradition, Gautama was born in

2258:

life of ancient India which can be corroborated from the

1992:

without being affected by the flourish of Brahminism, as

1857:

empire); and died during the early years of the reign of

1169:

symbols to iconic depictions in various cultural styles.

16097:"Recent discovery of "earliest Buddhist shrine" a sham?" 13553: 13511: 13509: 13507: 13505: 13419: 13417: 13325: 13221: 13219: 13156: 12933: 12765: 12647: 12541: 12539: 12537: 12535: 12533: 12531: 12529: 12527: 12525: 12523: 12263: 12233: 12123: 12111: 12051: 12008: 11996: 11960: 11948: 11676: 11148: 11136: 11076: 10992: 10968: 10762: 10760: 10697: 10622: 10559: 10431: 10429: 9951: 9195:, 2022, University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 9780824893545, 7703:

Early texts that outline the graduated path include the

5343:

The earliest artistic depictions of the Buddha found at

3730:)" (Pali: 'vayadhammā saṅkhārā appamādena sampādethā'). 2762:("standing unstable", "dissatisfaction") and the end of 1389: – Endowed with higher knowledge and ideal conduct. 996:

to live as a wandering ascetic. After leading a life of

17777:

Wayman, Alex (1971), "Buddhist Dependent Origination",

17730:(2nd ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. 16926:——— (2003), "The Four Noble Truths", 15571:"The Dating of the Historical Buddha: A Review Article" 14233: 14088: 13831: 13820: 13818: 13816: 13814: 13812: 13810: 13808: 13778:

Heirman, Ann (2019). "Vinaya rules for monks and nuns".

13397: 13361: 13231: 13096: 13060: 12962: 12846: 12750: 12623: 12611: 12599: 12587: 12575: 12496: 12462:"How the Gandharan Manuscripts Change Buddhist History" 12441: 12437:. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 28, 33, 37, 41, 43, 48. 11972: 11885: 11553: 11495: 11483: 11408: 11278: 11199: 11184: 11160: 11124: 11112: 11100: 11052: 11040: 10956: 10905: 10878: 10830: 10806: 10772: 10733: 10709: 10670: 10595: 10528: 10465: 10453: 10040: 10038: 9819: 9634: 9557: 9545: 9441: 9111: 9099: 9060: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8404: 8150: 8087: 8085: 8015: 7874:

A proponent of the second position is Ronald Davidson.

6627:—in Kapilavastu (Pali Kapilavatthu) what is now Nepal." 6075:

Large Gautama Buddha statue in Buddha Park of Ravangla.

5287:-Buddhists thought the Buddha to be a reincarnation of 3806:

arrived to pay his respects before cremating the body.

3771:

vase with relics of the Buddha. The inscription reads:

3476:

The formation of a parallel order of female monastics (

3185:

MN 26 and MĀ 204 continue with the Buddha reaching the

2202:) nor is he depicted as being an eternal transcendent ( 2087: 1581:), with the words "Bu-dhe" (𑀩𑀼𑀥𑁂, the Buddha) and " 14660: 14636: 13793: 13688: 13480: 13478: 13289: 13255: 13180: 13072: 13048: 12635: 12287: 12248: 12221: 12063: 11897: 11849: 11837: 11810: 11786: 11750: 11691: 11664: 11640: 11592: 11580: 11423: 11088: 10893: 10646: 10549: 10547: 10545: 10543: 9966: 9926: 9924: 9891: 9768: 9429: 9268: 9123: 9087: 8639: 8394: 8392: 8390: 8270: 8268: 8140: 8138: 8136: 7674:

Horin: Vergleichende Studien zur Japanischen Kultur, 7

7482:(MN 36) and its various parallels (which according to 6654:

The exact location of ancient Kapilavastu is unknown.(

5108:. Consequently, Buddhism is generally classified as a 5096:

However, Buddha's teachings deny the authority of the

2526: 1840: 16326:(1st ed.), London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. 16149:

Early Buddhism: A New Approach: The I of the Beholder

15992:———. "Dating the Buddha: a red herring revealed". In 14648: 14562: 14052: 14040: 14009: 13855: 13843: 13781: 13760: 13502: 13414: 13385: 13373: 13216: 13168: 13144: 13132: 12909: 12563: 12551: 12520: 12508: 12299: 12275: 11861: 11471: 11459: 11290: 11252:"Maha-Saccaka Sutta: The Longer Discourse to Saccaka" 11016: 10944: 10866: 10854: 10842: 10757: 10745: 10721: 10685: 10583: 10480: 10426: 10364:. Vol. 7. Anmol Publications. pp. 260–275. 10299: 10287: 10275: 10263: 10251: 10239: 10227: 10189: 9911: 9909: 9843: 8975: 8416: 8121: 7007: 6803: 3933:, which prescribes how this bondage can be reversed. 2740:" seems to be adapted from an earlier account in the 2467:

with six white tusks entered her right side, and ten

2266:

for which significant accounts exist. British author

1037:

According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha taught a

21892:

Supernatural beings identified with Christian saints

18405:

The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism

17657:

The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism

16807:

Indian Buddhism: a survey with bibliographical notes

15856: 15437:, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 14972:

The Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies

14741: 14729: 14717: 14489:"Book One, Part V – The Buddha and His Predecessors" 14280: 14245: 14221: 13805: 13301: 13243: 12484: 12075: 10658: 10504: 10071:. The Minding Centre. pp. 17–18. Archived from 10035: 9989:. Staatl. Museen Preuss. Kulturbesitz. p. 188. 9487: 9331: 9319: 9307: 9295: 9023: 8987: 8822: 8377: 8375: 8373: 8109: 8082: 7022: 7016: 6898: 6892: 6880: 6874: 6844: 6818: 6812: 6577: 6011:

Buddha on the snowy mountain, Vietnam, 18th century

5753:

with Sakyamuni and Bodhisattvas, Wei period, 536 CE.

5447:

The Buddha's Miracle at Kapilavastu, Sanchi Stupa 1.

3691:, a symptom of old age, rather than food poisoning. 3336:)" and from "Kapilavatthu (95 km north-west of 2773:, Gautama leaves the palace, leaving behind his son 2262:, and make the Buddha's time the earliest period in 18131:

Buddhist Text Translation Society's Buddhism A to Z

18113:

The Calendrical Systems of Mainland South-East Asia

16967:

Buddhism in India: Challenging Brahmanism and Caste

16940:

The Life of the Buddha: According to the Pali Canon

16500:, Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 15485:

Beyond Enlightenment: Buddhism, Religion, Modernity

15206:. Vol. 1. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht. 14778:. BRILL. pp. 199–206, 204 for the exact date. 14197: 13664: 13577: 13565: 13475: 12876: 12858: 11921: 10540: 10516: 10492: 10396:"The Astamahapratiharya: Buddhist pilgrimage sites" 9921: 9586: 9584: 9135: 8672:. Brill. pp. 483–489, page 6 of the appendix. 8627: 8387: 8265: 8174: 8133: 8070: 8034: 7013: 6889: 6871: 6859: 6850: 6835: 6809: 6572:According to the Buddhist tradition, following the 5843:

temple, Central Java, Indonesia, early 9th century.

4578:and other texts, such as the surviving portions of 3965:contain mostly the same major doctrines. Likewise, 3463: 3287: 2447:(Māyādevī), Suddhodana's wife, was a princess from 2333:

Another theme found in the Pali Jataka Commentary (

2131: 1897:the Buddha's lifespan even later as 448 – 368 BCE. 18435: 18333:The Life of the Buddha According to the Pali Canon 18271: 16524: 16353:Jong, JW de (1993), "The Beginnings of Buddhism", 16015:, London: World Buddhist Foundation, pp. 9–25 15869: 15268: 14291:, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 184, 12665: 12659: 12172: 11314: 10794:Wynne, Alexander (2019). "Did the Buddha exist?". 9906: 9569: 9216:Contributions on the Religion and History of Tibet 9011: 8186: 8046: 7851:According to A.K. Warder, in his 1970 publication 7156: 4447: 4105: 4097: 4089: 4081: 4073: 3024:. In later centuries, Gautama became known as the 1685:The oldest surviving Buddhist manuscripts are the 17340:, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 17310:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 17135:Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath 16778:. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 16437:Keown, Damien, ed. (2003), "Buddha (Skt; Pali)", 15363:The Two Traditions of Meditation In Ancient India 15320:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 15146:The Buddhist Tradition: In India, China and Japan 14933:Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies 14303:Although orthodox Hinduism regards Buddhism as a 13878:. Vol. 36, no. 21. pp. 1801–1804. 12870: 10056: 9867: 9855: 8370: 7900:Well-known proponents of the third position are: 7707:(MN 27, with Chinese parallel at MĀ 146) and the 7478:An account of these practices can be seen in the 6748:to 400 BCE (and his teaching period roughly from 6371:, a treatise on Buddha's life and philosophy, by 4080:), sensations (or feelings, received from form) ( 3511:Ajatashatru worships the Buddha, relief from the 3016:"—a path of moderation away from the extremes of 1450:, it is also an alternative title for the Buddha. 972:), during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded 21763: 18438:The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction 17760:(reprint ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 17074: 16934: 16172:(2013) , "Hinduism", in Kitagawa, Joseph (ed.), 15700:The Buddhist Tradition in India, China and Japan 15269:Bhikkhu, Mettanando; von Hinüber, Oskar (2000), 14897:Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies 12353: 12341: 12329: 12317: 12093: 12045: 11990: 11804: 11780: 11768: 11744: 11732: 11634: 11610: 11574: 11453: 11441: 11070: 10577: 9581: 9238: 9075: 8999: 7768:. For a comparative survey of Anapanasati, see: 6321:2010 PBS documentary by award-winning filmmaker 6278:, a 2013 Indian film by Praveen Damle, based on 5260:. The only story in which St. Josaphat appears, 3409:, who were both students of the skeptic sramana 3394:, who gifted a bamboo grove park to the sangha. 2705:Prince Siddhartha shaves his hair and becomes a 1237:clans adopted the names of their house priests. 976:. According to Buddhist legends, he was born in 21504: 17815:Dependent Origination - the Indo-Tibetan Vision 17597:Wesak And The Re-Creation of Buddhist Tradition 16734: 15149:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 8. 15120:, translated by Beal, Samuel, Oxford: Clarendon 13466: 10938: 8206:The Scientific Buddha: His Short and Happy Life 6980: 6234:, a 2004 Indian animated film by Shamboo Falke. 6175: 5483:The Assault of Mara, Amaravati, 2nd century CE. 5194:", although he does not mention it explicitly. 4247:("life monad") and the Brahmanical theories of 2320:, and then makes a series of resolves or vows ( 1680: 1537: 1526:than as an exact historical record of events). 1413: – Unexcelled trainer of untrained people. 1371:, one of the most used epithets, together with 18270:Smith, Peter (2000), "Manifestations of God", 18093:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient 18073:Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient 17859:Untying the Knots in Buddhism: Selected Essays 17169:] (in German), Wiesbaden, pp. 199–250 15747:The Edicts of King Asoka: An English Rendering 15524: 14682:. Shambhala Publications: Boston & London. 10209:"The Jatakas: Birth Stories of the Bodhisatta" 9885: 9656: 9654: 9652: 9605:"The Ācariyaparamparā and Date of the Buddha." 8361: 7840:Two well-known proponent of this position are 7155: 6169: 5367:, narratives of the Buddha in his past lives. 5154:reports that Buddhist idols were brought from 4714:Buddha meets a Brahmin, at the Indian Museum, 3661:, Gandhara, 3rd or 4th century CE, gray schist 1915:, and died 492 BCE, while Ajatashatru reigned 1677:("The illumination of the Blessed Sakamuni"). 1172: 1034:("final release from conditioned existence"). 263: 21490: 18817: 18600: 15189: 15129:(in French), Ecole Francaise d'Extreme-Orient 14589:. Vol. 53, no. 4001. pp. 6–7. 14517: 14456:Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary 12880:Causality: The Central Philosophy of Buddhism 12723: 10351: 10349: 9262: 7942:aggihuttamukhā yaññā sāvittī chandaso mukham. 6135:, first depiction of the Buddha on film with 5126:has been identified with the Buddha based on 4386:(ethical training), restraint of the senses ( 4286:seated meditation posture, 2nd–3rd century CE 4191:Buddha's arguments against an unchanging self 3745:and finally the meditative dwelling known as 2817: 2769:Accompanied by Chandaka and riding his horse 2397:stating that this is the Buddha's birthplace. 2242:and his forty-five-year career as a teacher. 1886:tradition, Buddha's death was about 833 BCE. 1336:), or sometimes "one who has thus not gone" ( 1016:. The Buddha then wandered through the lower 926: 19599:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 17942:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 17837:Wayman, Alex (1984), George R. Elder (ed.), 17566:"The Ancient City of Kapilvastu – Revisited" 17187: 17160: 16595: 16454: 15956:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 15894:An Archaeological History of Indian Buddhism 15721:. Singapore: Buddha Dhamma Mandala Society. 15650:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 15560:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 15432: 15136:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism 14963:Satipatthana. The Direct Path to Realization 14699:. Archived from the original on 1 June 2003. 13658: 13496: 12883:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 6–7. 11658: 11258:. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. 2008. ( 10420: 10398:. Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from 10324:"Lumbini, the Birthplace of the Lord Buddha" 9731: 8881:The History of Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh Gaya 8515: 8437: 8315: 8303: 8291: 8217: 8103: 7801:): That all things that come to have an end; 7563: 7198: 7069: 7052: 6996: 6687: 6655: 6632: 6568: 6566: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6510: 6378:Before He Was Buddha: The Life of Siddhartha 6210:as Siddhartha, a contemporary of the Buddha. 4829: 4693:collections of the different early schools. 3969:has written that the doctrines found in the 3588: 2989:), culminating in complete insight into the 1926:. In the short chronology Bimbisara reigned 1669:, in relation with his illumination and the 1471:), Lord of the Dhamma, Of excellent wisdom ( 1463:), Kinsman of the Sun, Helper of the World ( 18274:A concise encyclopaedia of the Bahá'í Faith 17663: 17485:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press 17415: 16872:The Date of the Historical Śākyamuni Buddha 16618:Sarnath: Archaeology, Art, and Architecture 16321: 16168: 15932: 15143:Bary, William Theodore de (16 March 2011). 15117:The Fo-sho-hing-tsan-king, a life of Buddha 14771: 14252:Britannica, Eds Encycl (19 February 2015), 14191: 13824:Tola, Fernando. Dragonetti, Carmen (2009). 12803: 12717: 12672:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 587–588. 11362:. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. 1993. 10565: 9945: 9719: 9649: 8855:. Translated by Bhikkhu, Thanissaro. 1993. 8739:. Princeton University Press. p. 168. 8571: 7627: 7459: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7431:, in contrast to the Brahmanic ideology of 7211: 7086:–232 BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism ( 6258:. Based on Sadguru Sivananda Murthy's book 5142:, the home of Siddartha Gautama as a boy. 5018:These characteristics are described in the 4972: 4199:(and its parallels in Gandhari and Chinese) 4056:The six sense bases and the five aggregates 4026:This cycle of becoming is characterized by 3993:(unwholesome mental states), including the 3946:share these basic teachings and practices. 3885:(unwholesome mental states), including the 3832:According to various Buddhist sources, the 3724:decay. Strive for the goal with diligence ( 3296:Kosala and Magadha in the post-Vedic period 2654:, he is accompanied by numerous guards and 2431:According to later biographies such as the 2194:, the Buddha is not depicted as possessing 2126: 1251:–232 BCE) mention the Buddha and Buddhism. 1126:, his codes for monastic practice, and the 1057:. His core teachings are summarized in the 21497: 21483: 18824: 18810: 18607: 18593: 17827:The Intermediate-State Dispute in Buddhism 17724:"Lokayata, Ajivaka, and Ajnana Philosophy" 17702:Melanges Chinois et Bouddhiques: 1931–1932 17641:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, p. 95, 17368: 17355: 17209:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 17179:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 16888: 16653:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 16455:Keown, Damien; Prebish, Charles S (2013), 16399: 16258: 16095:——— (12 December 2013). 15450: 15405: 15369: 15357: 14826: 14824: 14822: 14820: 14818: 14816: 14251: 14215: 13754: 13718: 13530: 13408: 13343: 11526: 10474: 10346: 10183: 10159: 9960: 9413:(1). Interview with Richard Gombrich: 42. 8663: 8462: 7584: 7520:According to various early texts like the 6972: 6757:Notes on the Dates of the Buddha Íåkyamuni 6691: 6683: 6671: 6667: 6494:List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed 5792:period, Palembang, Indonesia, 7th century. 3985:(fetters, chains or bounds), that is, the 3877:(fetters, chains or bounds), that is, the 3417:. They also tell of how the Buddha's son, 3375:forests, where people would come to them. 2595:, the youngest, and later to be the first 2413:, Uttar Pradesh, in present-day India, or 1647:. These texts may be the precursor of the 933: 919: 282: 44: 17636: 17618: 17256:"Early Meanings of Dependent-Origination" 17093: 17056: 16707: 16684: 16573: 16552: 16413:, Lanham, MD: University Press of America 16053: 16020: 15843:, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, p. 63, 15095: 15012:The Foundation History of the Nun's Order 15000: 14882: 14666: 14642: 14616:, Columbia University Press, p. 26, 14609: 14594: 14387:Sushil Mittal & Gene Thursby (2004), 13607: 13469:The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism 12741: 11142: 11082: 10974: 10171: 9551: 9458: 9456: 7983: 7578: 7389: 7386: 7304:, a tree shrine, dated to 550 BCE at the 7201:, p. entry "Sakyamuni" refer to the 6783:Äccess to insight, Maha-parinibbana Sutta 6771: 6698: 6612: 6608: 6557: 5537:, 2nd century CE. Indian Museum, Kolkata. 5390:. The subsequently influenced the art of 4747:and social system on certain key points. 4705: 4541:Scholarly views on the earliest teachings 4270: 3219:(liberated being) and the first Buddhist 2405:, now in modern-day Nepal, and raised in 2363:and other major Buddhist sites in India. 2167:miraculously giving birth to Siddhārtha. 1853:(his friend, protector, and ruler of the 968:and the eastern Ganges plain of northern 17950: 17909:Buddhacarita: In Praise of Buddha's Acts 17905: 17840:Budddhist Insight: Essays by Alex Wayman 17564:Tuladhar, Swoyambhu D. (November 2002), 17563: 17552:(1), Orissa State museum, archived from 17536: 17501:Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 17331: 17226: 17077:MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion Vol.2 16800: 16765: 16638: 16624: 16495: 16408: 16365: 16247: 16203: 16155: 16146: 16120:Gopal, Madan (1990), K.S. Gautam (ed.), 16094: 16085: 16010: 16001: 15991: 15982: 15969:, vol. 1, US: Macmillan Reference, 15743: 15716: 15676: 15419:, vol. 1, US: Macmillan Reference, 15381: 15337: 15225: 15086: 15047: 15028: 14960: 14939: 14930: 14873: 14759: 14654: 14164: 14152: 13955:"Political theory in Canonical Buddhism" 13559: 13515: 13367: 13355: 13319: 13225: 13150: 13126: 13114: 13102: 13066: 13018: 12980: 12968: 12956: 12944: 12927: 12915: 12903: 12776: 12759: 12653: 12629: 12617: 12605: 12593: 12581: 12545: 12269: 12242: 12129: 12117: 12057: 12014: 12002: 11966: 11954: 11915: 11867: 11685: 11350: 11348: 11308: 11296: 11166: 11130: 11106: 11094: 11058: 11046: 10962: 10950: 10914: 10824: 10812: 10739: 10715: 10640: 10616: 10604: 10534: 10459: 10355: 9825: 9643: 9493: 9435: 9325: 9313: 9250: 9220:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 9189:The Thousand and One Lives of the Buddha 9117: 9069: 9041: 9029: 8957:"Ancient Buddhist Scrolls from Gandhara" 8833: 8732: 8659: 8657: 8443: 8410: 8366:. Vol. 1. John Murray. p. 240. 8127: 7668:Shulman refers to Schmitthausen (2000), 7601:Anālayo draws from seven early sources: 7590: 7446: 7397: 7393: 7265: 7132: 6966: 6942: 6714: 6712: 6710: 6679: 6663: 6620: 6616: 6206:, an adaptation Hesse's novel. It stars 5705:Sarnath standing Buddha, 5th century CE. 5226: 5048: 4982: 4709: 4550: 4451: 4289: 4274: 4119: 4115: 3855: 3763: 3751: 3664: 3653: 3595: 3506: 3467: 3299: 3291: 3117: 3114:First sermon and formation of the saṅgha 2887: 2865: 2850: 2836:The gilded "Emaciated Buddha statue" in 2831: 2700: 2645: 2388: 2370: 2354: 2159: 2135: 2098:The rise of Buddhism coincided with the 1956: 1798:biography dating to the 3rd century CE. 1534:) and its parallels in other languages. 1194:Siddhārtha Gautama and Buddha Shakyamuni 1176: 20786:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 18291: 18212: 18189: 18168: 18128: 17824: 17812: 17516: 17480: 17396: 17338:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 17253: 17217: 17021: 16599:Dictionary of Pali Proper Names, Vol. 1 16161: 15993: 15964: 15890: 15768: 15694: 15568: 15491: 15414: 15210: 15201: 15197:, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 15009: 14982: 14969: 14907: 14891: 14813: 14518:Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony (2000). 14318: 14239: 14094: 13447: 13249: 13237: 12852: 12840: 12828: 12459: 12447: 12184: 12081: 11978: 11939: 11891: 11879: 11855: 11843: 11831: 11562: 11501: 11489: 11417: 11284: 11208: 11193: 11178: 11118: 10836: 10778: 10447: 10318: 10316: 10314: 10147: 10044: 9972: 9786: 9462: 9301: 9129: 9093: 8981: 8916: 8772:Prebish, Charles S. (1 November 2010). 8771: 8481: 8398: 8349:Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online 8316:Bopearachchi, Osmund (1 January 2021). 8052: 8028: 7535:), which allows the knowing of others' 7091: 6948: 6925: 6923: 6658:, p. 436) It may have been either 5398:Gallery showing different Buddha styles 5223:Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity 4958:(and its Chinese parallel in SĀ 1042). 4402:(clear awareness), and the practice of 4336:and its numerous parallel texts) as a " 4032:, commonly referred to as "suffering", 3274:and delivered his third discourse, the 3178:(Benares), he met another wanderer, an 2420:In the mid-3rd century BCE the Emperor 2350: 1700: 1150:, and additional discourses, i.e., the 964:(the Himalayan foothils of present-day 956:and religious teacher who lived in the 140:Cremated; ashes divided among followers 16:Siddhartha Gautama, founder of Buddhism 21764: 21746: 20989:List of Buddhist architecture in China 18398:(2nd ed.). New York: Grove Press. 18090: 18069: 17856: 17836: 17831: 17819: 17776: 17753: 17744: 17721: 17712: 17654: 17593: 17546:The Orissa Historical Research Journal 17498: 17489: 17458: 17449: 17424: 17303: 17244: 17148: 17059:A Concise History of the Indian People 16985: 16959: 16925: 16916: 16869: 16841: 16823: 16782: 16544: 16498:An Introduction to Buddhist philosophy 16463: 16259:Huntington, John C. (September 1986), 16128: 15941: 15923: 15795: 15663:, New York: Macmillan Reference Lib., 15630:Cowell, Edward Byles, transl. (1894), 15629: 15525:Coningham, Robin; Young, Ruth (2015), 15326:from the original on 13 September 2022 15304: 15133: 15124: 14895:(2006). "The Buddha and Omniscience". 14831:Bakker, Freek L. (30 September 2009). 14830: 14450: 14410:A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy 14286: 14203: 14176: 13948: 13946: 13944: 13942: 13940: 13923:. Oxford University Press. p. 2. 13873: 13861: 13849: 13799: 13787: 13766: 13739: 13706: 13694: 13682: 13670: 13595: 13547: 13484: 13435: 13423: 13391: 13379: 13307: 13295: 13261: 13210: 13198: 13186: 13174: 13162: 13090: 13078: 13054: 13042: 13030: 12864: 12791: 12726:"The Five-Aggregate Model of the Mind" 12641: 12569: 12557: 12514: 12396: 12305: 12293: 12257: 12227: 12105: 12069: 11903: 11819: 11792: 11756: 11697: 11670: 11646: 11622: 11598: 11586: 11522: 11520: 11518: 11516: 11514: 11512: 11510: 11477: 11465: 11429: 11154: 11034: 11022: 11010: 10998: 10986: 10926: 10899: 10872: 10860: 10848: 10789: 10787: 10766: 10751: 10703: 10691: 10679: 10664: 10652: 10628: 10589: 10553: 10486: 10435: 10305: 10293: 10281: 10269: 10257: 10245: 10233: 10195: 9984: 9930: 9900: 9849: 9798: 9774: 9660: 9575: 9563: 9539: 9453: 9447: 9400: 9349: 9337: 9289: 9017: 8993: 8871: 8633: 8583: 8422: 8346: 8328:from the original on 13 September 2022 8180: 8168: 8156: 8144: 8115: 8091: 8076: 8064: 8040: 7573: 7568: 7558: 7353: 7347: 7222: 6954: 6731: 6721: 6644: 6638: 6628: 6597: 6305:, a 1996 Indian series which aired on 6292:with Abhishek Urade in the title role. 6262:, it stars Sunil Sharma as the Buddha. 5999:Chinese depiction of Shakyamuni, 1600. 5975:15th century Sukhothai Walking Buddha. 5886:style, Southern Thailand, 9th century. 5324: 4979:Physical characteristics of the Buddha 4620:, Akira Hirakawa, Alexander Wynne and 4282:sculpture depicting the Buddha in the 4231:explains, for the Buddha, a person is 3903:, the repeated cycle of becoming; the 3840: 3433:the barber, the Buddha's half-brother 2736:that inspired him. This story of the " 2395:Lumbini pillar contains an inscription 1737:retell previous lives of Gautama as a 1161:, where he is considered an avatar of 1024:. Buddhist tradition holds he died in 21478: 18805: 18588: 18269: 18248: 18221: 18137: 18016: 17978: 17969: 17874: 17695: 17683:from the original on 15 November 2017 17537:Tripathy, Ajit Kumar (January 2014), 17416:Stein, Burton; Arnold, David (2012), 17404: 17129: 17101: 17088:, New Delhi: Gitanjali, p. 179, 16955:(3 ed.), Oxford University Press 16672:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 16661: 16522: 16513: 16436: 16341: 16330: 16281:from the original on 28 November 2014 16119: 16107:from the original on 25 February 2021 15867: 15860:Buddhist birth-stories (Jataka tales) 15826: 15542: 15482: 15454:The Buddha: A Very Short Introduction 15313: 15295: 15256:from the original on 30 November 2016 15213:Die Datierung des historischen Buddha 15033:. Barre Center for Buddhist Studies. 14747: 14735: 14723: 14568: 14556: 14369:from the original on 3 September 2015 14227: 14106: 14082: 14070: 14058: 14046: 14015: 14003: 13952: 13918: 13837: 13639:Vienna Journal of South Asian Studies 13636: 13583: 13331: 13138: 12502: 12490: 12472:from the original on 29 February 2020 12281: 12215: 11345: 11266:from the original on 29 December 2008 10887: 10793: 10727: 10510: 10135: 10117:from the original on 22 December 2010 10002: 9915: 9837: 9602: 9417:from the original on 26 December 2022 9274: 9141: 9105: 8878:Sarao, K. T. S. (16 September 2020). 8877: 8810:from the original on 25 November 2020 8654: 8648: 8274: 7237: 7149: 7117:, "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas") (In 7046: 6962: 6938: 6934: 6913: 6707: 6580:, p. ), the introductory to the 6537: 6516:Buddha is seated cross-legged in the 6395:series that ran from 1972 to 1983 by 6035:Golden Thai Buddha statue, Bodh Gaya. 5033: 4011:, the repeated cycle of becoming and 3773:...salilanidhane Budhasa Bhagavate... 3032:). A Buddha has achieved liberation ( 2292:depict the Buddha's (referred to as " 1947: 1511:evidence, Indologist and Pāli expert 1491: 1319: 1291: 1280:Śākyamuni, Sakyamuni, or Shakyamuni ( 21736: 18482:Works by or about Siddhārtha Gautama 18169:Kinnard, Jacob N. (1 October 2010). 18159: 18148: 18110: 18005:from the original on 20 October 2020 17010:from the original on 11 January 2023 16696:from the original on 5 November 2018 16664:"Imagining Rāhula in Medieval Japan" 16615: 16584:from the original on 11 January 2023 16484:from the original on 11 January 2023 16417: 16352: 16310:from the original on 11 January 2023 16285: 16192:from the original on 11 January 2023 16074:from the original on 11 January 2023 16041:from the original on 11 January 2023 15911:from the original on 11 January 2023 15575:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 15512:from the original on 11 January 2023 15471:from the original on 11 January 2023 15435:The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism 15394:from the original on 23 October 2022 15375:Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism 15344:, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 15175: 15163:from the original on 11 January 2023 15142: 15113: 14918:from the original on 26 January 2021 14851:from the original on 11 January 2023 14538:from the original on 11 January 2023 14486: 14351: 14339:from the original on 11 January 2023 14319:Doniger, Wendy (30 September 2010). 13571: 12686:from the original on 11 January 2023 12460:Salomon, Richard (20 January 2020). 12432: 11927: 10522: 10498: 10311: 10023:from the original on 11 January 2023 9590: 9081: 9005: 8937:from the original on 11 January 2023 8898:from the original on 11 January 2023 8859:from the original on 28 October 2017 8753:from the original on 11 January 2023 8543:from the original on 11 January 2023 8381: 8253:from the original on 11 January 2023 8239:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 733. 7332: 7177:participating institution membership 7087: 6920: 6682:, pp. 1–7), present-day Nepal ( 6549: 6119:Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film 5529:Buddha Preaching in Tushita Heaven. 4884: 4612:"Cautious optimism in this respect". 4001:("influx, canker"), that perpetuate 3893:("influx, canker"), that perpetuate 3783: 3203:text, the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya, the 2993:, thereby attaining liberation from 2282:Legendary biographies like the Pali 2186:In the earliest Buddhist texts, the 2088:Urban environment and egalitarianism 1940:and 330 BCE. According to historian 1835: 1705:Early canonical sources include the 1109:, lacking an existence on their own 18346:(2nd ed.). Popular Prakashan. 17906:Willemen, Charles, transl. (2009), 17639:Early Buddhism and the Bhagavadgita 17607:: McGill University, archived from 17582:from the original on 9 January 2016 17503:, University of Californian Press, 17083: 17065: 16946: 16919:A Philological Approach to Buddhism 16870:———, ed. (2003). 16747:, London: Oxford University Press, 16602:, London: Pali Text Society/Luzac, 15926:Zen Buddhism: beliefs and practices 15835: 15658: 15640:, vol. XLIX, Oxford: Clarendon 15217:The Dating of the Historical Buddha 15211:———, ed. (1992). 15204:The Dating of the Historical Buddha 15202:———, ed. (1991). 15051:Buddhapada and the Bodhisattva Path 15014:. projekt verlag, Bochum/Freiburg. 14363:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 13937: 13454:Buddhist Foundations of Mindfulness 12994:"Four Gandhari Samyuktagama Sutras" 12185:Bhikkhu, Mettanando (15 May 2001). 11944:. S. Chand Publishing. p. 190. 11507: 10784: 10358:"Buddha as depicted in the Purāṇas" 9873: 9861: 9756:from the original on 25 August 2016 9505: 8498:from the original on 26 August 2013 8192: 7443:around the start of the Common Era. 6543: 6151:), a 1925 silent film, directed by 5634:, late 2nd to early 3rd century CE. 5276:, Buddha is regarded as one of the 5219:Buddhist influences on Christianity 3489:eight conditions called gurudharmas 3106:) as witness to his superiority by 3082:The legendary biographies like the 2626:The legendary biographies like the 1841:Understanding the historical person 13: 21797:6th-century BC Indian philosophers 20776:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 18063: 17764:from the original on 15 April 2022 17320:from the original on 27 April 2016 16324:Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge 15780:State University of New York Press 15074:from the original on 11 April 2021 14678:Barnstone W & Meyer M (2009). 14458:. Popular Prakashan. p. 354. 14322:The Hindus: An Alternative History 12669:A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy 11366:from the original on 30 March 2019 9044:Life of the Buddha by Ashva-ghosha 8910: 8694:from the original on 24 April 2022 8340: 6989:Siddhartha Gautama, Gotama Buddha: 6662:in Uttar Pradesh, northern India ( 6578:Fausböll, Davids & Davids 1878 6526:, the Wheel of Buddhist law, with 5863:mandala, Central Java, Indonesia, 5267: 5063:Gujari Mahal Archaeological Museum 4739:as the foremost sacrifice and the 4096:), mental activity or formations ( 3981:All beings have deeply entrenched 2218:commentaries or texts such as the 1277:, "Buddha, Sage of the Shakyas"). 384:Decline in the Indian subcontinent 379:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 14: 21903: 21716:Gautama Buddha in world religions 18457: 18343:Society at the Time of the Buddha 18278:, Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 18252:South Asian Politics and Religion 18049:from the original on 16 July 2021 17982:The Origin of Buddhist Meditation 17972:The Origin of Buddhist Meditation 17411:(4th ed.), Oxford: Clarendon 17385:from the original on 26 June 2015 16858:from the original on 10 July 2015 16828:, Buddha Educational Foundation, 16388:from the original on 9 April 2015 16236:from the original on 8 March 2021 15632:"The Buddha-Karita of Ashvaghosa" 15271:"The Cause of the Buddha's Death" 15226:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2015). 15031:Early Buddhist Meditation Studies 14454:(2011). S. Devadas Pillai (ed.). 13985:from the original on 27 July 2020 13471:. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 3. 12992:Andrew Glass, Mark Allon (2007). 12365: 11320: 11232:from the original on 3 March 2013 10941:, p. 483, entry note: . 10334:from the original on 31 July 2010 9807:from the original on 28 June 2016 9738:Journal for the Study of Religion 9463:Vergano, Dan (25 November 2013). 9153: 8733:Beckwith, Christopher I. (2017). 8364:Vedic Index of Names and Subjects 7291:for a translation of these texts. 6107: 5197:The Buddha is also regarded as a 5040:Gautama Buddha in world religions 3851: 3645:records his response as follows: 3332:)", to Campa (40 km east of 3231:, the company of Buddhist monks. 2611:of several schools, and numerous 2540:, where monarchies tended toward 2328:his meeting with Dipankara Buddha 2277: 1933:, while Ajatashatru died between 1637:) mentions the titles of several 1397: – Well-gone or Well-spoken. 1351: 130:(according to Buddhist tradition) 105:(according to Buddhist tradition) 21745: 21735: 21457: 21447: 21446: 21004:Thai temple art and architecture 20749:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 18989:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 18855: 18842: 18832: 18786: 18424:A history of Buddhist philosophy 17344:from the original on 21 May 2022 17227:Schumann, Hans Wolfgang (2003), 16772:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). 16754:from the original on 25 May 2020 16567:A History of Sanskrit Literature 16563:Sanskrit Literature and the West 16557: 16375:Journal of the Pali Text Society 15415:Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2003), 15278:Journal of the Pali Text Society 14989:Asian Literature and Translation 14792: 14772:Quintanilla, Sonya Rhie (2007). 14765: 14685: 14672: 14574: 14511: 14480: 14444: 14423: 14402: 14381: 14325:. OUP Oxford. pp. 481–484. 14312: 14264:from the original on 26 May 2022 14125: 14112: 14030: 14021: 13912: 13899: 13890: 13867: 13772: 13724: 13685:, pp. xxx, xxxv–xxxvi, 4–5. 13630: 13617: 13460: 13441: 13267: 13009:Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 59. 12999: 12986: 12809: 12698: 12453: 12426: 12402: 12359: 12178: 12173:Bhikkhu & von Hinüber (2000) 12155:from the original on 6 June 2011 12135: 12020: 11933: 11703: 11396:from the original on 16 May 2008 11378: 11333:from the original on 18 May 2020 11244: 11214: 10201: 10099: 10090: 10050: 9996: 9978: 9799:Berzin, Alexander (April 2007). 9792: 9725: 9697: 9166:from the original on 15 May 2020 8778:. Penn State Press. p. 29. 8605:10.1163/001972409X12562030836859 8347:Witzel, Michael (2012). "Ṛṣis". 7992: 7974: 7965: 7956: 7947: 7935: 7925: 7915: 7894: 7868: 7834: 7783: 7754: 7744: 7697: 7688: 7678: 7662: 7652: 7595: 7514: 7501: 7472: 7417: 7403: 7375: 7365: 7003: 6799: 6741:, a life span for the Buddha of 6337:, a 2013 Indian drama series on 6131:), a 1923 Indian silent film by 6080: 6068: 6052: 6040: 6028: 6016: 6004: 5992: 5980: 5968: 5952: 5923: 5907: 5891: 5875: 5848: 5820: 5797: 5781: 5765:The Shakyamuni Daibutsu Bronze, 5758: 5742: 5726: 5710: 5698: 5679: 5663: 5651: 5639: 5623: 5611: 5596: 5576: 5554: 5542: 5522: 5510: 5488: 5476: 5464: 5452: 5440: 5428: 5416: 5404: 4671: 3825:into many new stupas around the 3669:Mahaparinibbana scene, from the 3464:Formation of the bhikkhunī order 3288:Travels and growth of the saṅgha 3266:also speak of the conversion of 3242:of the Theravāda Vinaya and the 2999:, the endless cycle of rebirth. 2555:and the day he got conceived as 2132:Nature of traditional depictions 2107:alms-givings on lay supporters. 1790:is the next oldest biography, a 1557: 1546: 900: 319: 53:, preaching his first sermon at 18856: 18115:(illustrated ed.), Brill, 17057:Rawlinson, Hugh George (1950), 16785:The Dhammapada and Sutta-nipata 16686:10.18874/jjrs.43.1.2016.131-151 16569:, New York: D Appleton & Co 16054:——— (2006b), 16021:——— (2006a). 16013:Buddhism for the New Millennium 15048:——— (2017b). 15029:——— (2017a). 14499:from the original on 2 May 2015 12378:from the original on 7 May 2015 10989:, The Beginnings of Discontent. 9661:Levman, Bryan Geoffrey (2013). 9596: 9499: 9394: 9343: 9208: 9178: 9147: 9035: 8949: 8884:. Springer Nature. p. 80. 8839: 8792: 8765: 8726: 8577: 8556: 8509: 8475: 8355: 8309: 8198: 7338: 7326: 7294: 7288:Readings Selected by King Asoka 7271: 7244: 7228: 7171:. p. chapter "Buddha, n.". 7051:Gautama namely Gotama in Pali. 5208: 5182:, described as an ideal human. 4525:, the Buddhist teaching of the 4448:Jain and Brahmanical influences 4426:-scheme, as taught in the Pali 3553:members of other śrāmana sects. 3378:The first vassana was spent at 3020:and self-mortification, or the 2635: 948:, most commonly referred to as 21867:Journey to the West characters 20994:Japanese Buddhist architecture 20796:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 19876:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 19067:Places where the Buddha stayed 18614: 18255:. Princeton University Press. 18175:. Fortress Press. p. ix. 17979:——— (2007), 17754:——— (2004). 17745:——— (2000), 17704:, NTU: 343–354, archived from 17621:The Cambridge History of China 17619:Twitchett, Denis, ed. (1986), 17459:——— (2015), 17450:——— (2007), 17430:The Buddha: A Beginner's Guide 17369:——— (1980), 17188:——— (1990), 16942:, Buddhist Publication Society 16639:——— (1960). 16577:The real birth place of Buddha 16574:Mahāpātra, Cakradhara (1977), 16531:, Princeton University Press, 16342:——— (1956), 16129:Gyatso, Geshe Kelsang (2007), 16086:——— (2009), 16002:——— (1997), 15891:Fogelin, Lars (1 April 2015). 15876:. Cambridge University Press. 15744:——— (1993), 15719:The Buddha & his disciples 15529:, Cambridge University Press, 15010:——— (2016). 14983:——— (2015). 14908:——— (2011). 14610:Valentine, Simon Ross (2008), 12714:Encyclopædia Britannica (2013) 10356:Nagendra, Kumar Singh (1997). 9709:10.1163/ej.9789004157194.i-416 9515:, Dharma farer, archived from 9506:Tan, Piya (21 December 2009), 9239:Reynolds & Hallisey (2005) 8775:Buddhism: A Modern Perspective 8482:Dhammananda, Ven. Dr. K. Sri, 8294:, p. 398, entry "Buddha". 6792: 6164:Dedication of the Great Buddha 5914:Attack of Mara, 10th century, 5549:Standing Buddha from Gandhara. 5361:narrative scenes from his life 3684:argue that the Buddha died of 3502: 2844:representing the stage of his 2502:during the Buddha's lifetime. 1496: 1004:, and meditation, he attained 1: 21827:Indian political philosophers 21009:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 18249:Smith, Donald Eugene (2015). 17728:A Course in Indian Philosophy 17717:, Boston: Wisdom Publications 17603:(master's thesis), Montreal, 17399:A Concise History of Buddhism 16741:A Sanskrit-English Dictionary 15983:Gombrich, Richard F. (1988), 15942:Gethin, Rupert, M.L. (1998), 15717:Dhammika, Shravasti (n.d.) . 15681:, Columbia University Press, 15495:The Sociology of Philosophies 14433:, Columbia University Press, 13921:Buddhism and Political Theory 13876:Economic and Political Weekly 11531:. New York: Harry N. Abrams. 8664:Bronkhorst, Johannes (2016). 8208:, Yale University Press, p.24 8004: 7258: 7217:The final dissolution of the 7125: 7080: 6749: 6742: 6349: 6296: 6092: 5938: 5864: 5809: 5766: 5687: 5658:6th century Gandharan Buddha. 5496: 5186:, who was also familiar with 5079: 4814:, the Buddha posed the first 4771:, the Buddha points out that 4564: 4420:, which is elaborated in the 4368:. Other early texts like the 4127:Buddha statue with the famed 3950:concludes that the Theravada 3847:The Buddha and early Buddhism 3794:Relics associated with Buddha 3262:The Theravāda Vinaya and the 3215:(Kaundinya) became the first 2913:meditation. According to the 2658:who have come to pay homage; 2494:was "an elected chief of the 2451:, the ancient capital of the 1962: 1934: 1927: 1916: 1905: 1786:in the first century CE. The 1663: 1654:"Sakamuni" is also mentioned 1575: 1429: – Worthy of homage. An 1411:Anuttaro Purisa-damma-sarathi 1245: 1189:, Afghanistan, 2nd century CE 114: 90: 70:Archaeological Museum Sarnath 62: 21792:6th-century BC Indian people 21777:5th-century BC Indian people 20766:Buddhism and the Roman world 20742:Decline of Buddhism in India 20737:History of Buddhism in India 18837: Topics in 18491:Works by or about Shakyamuni 18426:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 18164:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 17263:Journal of Indian Philosophy 17222:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass 17156:, Cambridge University Press 17022:Prebish, Charles S. (2008), 16928:K.R. Norman Collected Papers 16874:. New Delhi: BR Publishing. 16769:"Barlaam and Josaphat" 16710:"Two Birth Plates of Buddha" 16708:Mohāpātra, Gopinath (2000), 16662:Meeks, Lori (27 June 2016), 16514:Leidy, Denise Patty (2008). 16411:Early Buddhist Narrative Art 16404:, University of Hawaii Press 16286:Jain, Kailash Chand (1991), 15677:Davidson, Ronald M. (2003), 15498:, Harvard University Press, 15382:Bucknell, Robert S. (1984), 14866: 14429:Andrew J. Nicholson (2013), 12877:David J. Kalupahana (1975). 12151:, Access insight, verse 56, 10929:, Incitements to Leave Home. 10009:. Archana Verma. p. 1. 8440:, p. Entry "Tathāgata". 8106:, p. entry "Sakyamuni". 8009: 7764:Perspectives on Satipatthana 7048:[sɪddʱaːrtʰɐɡɐʊtɐmɐ] 6915:[sɪddʱaːrtʰɐgɐʊtɐmɐ] 6702: 4432:and the sixteen elements of 4304:Buddhist paths to liberation 3515:Stupa at the Indian Museum, 3234:Various sources such as the 2781:. He travelled to the river 2003: 1681:Oldest surviving manuscripts 1538:Pillar and rock inscriptions 1332:), "one who has thus come" ( 1303: 1219:(awakening, enlightenment). 582:Buddhist Paths to liberation 7: 21787:5th-century BC philosophers 19964:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 19704: 18206:Rockhill, William Woodville 17696:Waley, Arthur (July 1932), 16596:Malalasekera, G.P. (1960), 16467:India's Agony Over Religion 16441:, Oxford University Press, 16409:Karetzky, Patricia (2000), 16289:Lord Mahāvīra and His Times 16254:(in Sanskrit). p. 164. 15897:. Oxford University Press. 15872:An Introduction to Hinduism 15457:, Oxford University Press, 14596:10.1051/shsconf/20185304001 12843:, p. 173 with note 16. 12666:Steven M. Emmanuel (2015). 12412:(PDF) (2nd ed.), New York: 11709:Bhikkhu Khantipalo (1995). 9214:Das, Sarat Chandra (1882). 8485:Great Virtues of the Buddha 7812: 7490:as well as sections of the 6489:List of Indian philosophers 6472: 6410:, written in German in 1922 6176: 5044: 5025: 4851:Other early texts like the 4731:92 and Vinaya i 246 of the 4456:The Bodhisattva meets with 4334:Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta 4106: 4098: 4090: 4082: 4074: 4017:Dutiyalokadhammasutta sutta 4005: 3913: 3897: 3559:identifies six such sects. 3539:, who overthrew his father 3226: 3133:to his first five disciples 3005:Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta 2527: 2516: 1173:Etymology, names and titles 10: 21908: 21782:5th century BC in religion 20914:The unanswerable questions 18442:. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 18340:Wagle, Narendra K (1995). 17461:Buddhisms: An Introduction 17408:The Early History of India 17031:Journal of Buddhist Ethics 16766:Mershman, Francis (1907). 16496:Laumakis, Stephen (2008), 16400:Kalupahana, David (1992), 16322:Jayatilleke, K.N. (1963), 16212:University of Hawaii Press 15987:, Routledge and Kegan Paul 15338:Boisvert, Mathieu (1995), 15237:Princeton University Press 14942:Journal of Buddhist Ethics 14805:Metropolitan Museum of Art 14118:Olivelle, Patrick (1974), 13959:Philosophy East & West 13953:Moore, Matthew J. (2015). 13919:Moore, Matthew J. (2016). 12724:Karunamuni ND (May 2015). 12414:Cambridge University Press 10421:Keown & Prebish (2013) 9886:Coningham & Young 2015 9732:Clasquin-Johnson, Michel. 9621:10.1177/037698360303000201 9042:Olivelle, Patrick (2008). 8959:. UW Press. Archived from 7100:Lumbini pillar inscription 6737:According to Pali scholar 6499:Miracles of Gautama Buddha 6275:A Journey of Samyak Buddha 6116: 6100:Metropolitan Museum of Art 5788:Amaravati style Buddha of 5618:Buddha statue from Sanchi. 5328: 5212: 5070:Gautama Buddha in Hinduism 5067: 5037: 4987:Buddhist monks from Nepal. 4976: 4961:Good karma is also termed 4700: 4544: 4316:) of training to undo the 4312:The Buddha taught a path ( 4301: 4064:(six sense bases) and the 3976: 3866: 3863:birchbark scroll fragments 3844: 3787: 3756:Buddha's cremation stupa, 3367:may be a standardisation. 3328:(25 km south-west of 2961:from a village girl named 2880:, as recreated by Emperor 2855:The Mahabodhi Tree at the 2821: 2818:Ascetic life and awakening 2686:impurity, is narrow – the 2639: 2091: 1952: 1849:, and during the reign of 1675:Bhagavato Sakamunino Bodho 1616:Lumbini pillar inscription 1572:Lumbini pillar inscription 1500: 1486: 1257:Lumbini pillar inscription 1020:, teaching and building a 984:, to royal parents of the 20: 21872:Seven Buddhas of the Past 21731: 21517: 21442: 21394: 21309: 21224: 20999:Buddhist temples in Korea 20922: 20824: 20707: 20404: 20332: 20159: 20032: 19972: 19607: 19562:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 19473: 19465:Three planes of existence 19413: 19258: 19150: 19080: 19072:Buddha in world religions 18934: 18879: 18851: 18783: 18770: 18622: 18573: 18560: 18552: 18547: 18537: 18532: 18524: 18517: 18190:Lamotte, Etienne (1988), 17970:Wynne, Alexander (2004), 17275:10.1007/s10781-007-9030-8 17254:Shulman, Eviatar (2008), 17249:, Oxford University Press 17218:Schober, Juliane (2002), 17116:10.1017/s0041977x00017572 17084:Roy, Ashim Kumar (1984), 17070:, Oxford University Press 17066:Ray, Reginald A. (1999), 17061:, Oxford University Press 16953:Oxford English Dictionary 16723:: 113–119, archived from 16554:Macdonnel, Arthur Anthony 16523:Lopez, Donald S. (1995), 16518:. Shambhala Publications. 16422:. New York: Grove Press. 16366:Jurewicz, Joanna (2000), 15946:, Oxford University Press 15831:, Oxford University Press 15587:10.1017/s1356186300014760 15492:Collins, Randall (2009), 15483:Cohen, Robert S. (2006), 15316:"On Translating "Buddha"" 15284:: 105–118, archived from 15134:Baroni, Helen J. (2002), 15096:Armstrong, Karen (2000), 14709:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 14493:The Buddha and his Dharma 11527:Boisselier, Jean (1994). 10362:Encyclopaedia of Hinduism 10328:World Heritage Convention 10096:MN 71 Tevijjavacchagotta 9985:Yaldiz, Marianne (1987). 9403:"What the Buddha Thought" 9364:10.1007/s12038-019-9881-7 8923:. Routledge. p. 64. 8678:10.1163/9789004315518_016 7705:Cula-Hatthipadopama-sutta 7649:can mean "pig's delight". 7507:a Chinese translation of 7306:Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini 7164:Oxford English Dictionary 7070:Buswell & Lopez (2014 7053:Buswell & Lopez (2014 6997:Buswell & Lopez (2014 6479:Buddhist pilgrimage sites 6368:The Buddha and His Dhamma 6289:The Buddha and His Dhamma 6170: 5215:Buddhism and Christianity 5005:32 Signs of the Great Man 4867:Cakkavatti-Sīhanāda Sutta 4853:Cakkavatti-Sīhanāda Sutta 4830:Socio-political teachings 4735:, the Buddha praises the 4167: 2941: 2926: 2824:Enlightenment in Buddhism 2579:"32 marks of a great man" 2455:Kingdom (what is now the 1876: 1483:" (ascetic, renunciate). 1285: 294: 290: 276: 271: 257: 252: 248: 244: 234: 224: 219: 211:Shakyamuni ("Sage of the 205: 194: 171: 155: 145: 135: 118: 483 BCE or 400 BCE 110: 94: 563 BCE or 480 BCE 82: 77: 43: 36: 21842:National heroes of Nepal 21662:Physical characteristics 20781:Persecution of Buddhists 20002:Four stages of awakening 19383:Three marks of existence 18969:Physical characteristics 18473:Works by or about Buddha 18403:Vetter, Tilmann (1988), 18129:Epstein, Ronald (2003), 18017:Yusuf, Imitiyaz (2009). 17843:, Motilall Banarsidass, 17713:Walshe, Maurice (1995), 17655:Vetter, Tilmann (1988), 17481:Swearer, Donald (2004), 17397:Skilton, Andrew (2004), 16986:Penner, Hans H. (2009), 16457:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 16439:A Dictionary of Buddhism 16204:Hirakawa, Akira (1990), 15967:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 15868:Flood, Gavin D. (1996). 15679:Indian Esoteric Buddhism 15661:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 15637:Sacred Books of the East 15634:, in Müller, Max (ed.), 15417:Encyclopedia of Buddhism 15305:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2005a), 15087:Anderson, Carol (1999), 14965:, Windhorse Publications 14085:, pp. 146–148, 156. 13709:, pp. xxxiv–xxxvii. 13467:Mun-Keat Choong (1999). 13322:, pp. 80, 128, 135. 13005:Mun-keat Choong (2000), 12743:10.1177/2158244015583860 12143:"Maha-parinibbana Sutta" 11529:The wisdom of the Buddha 9987:Investigating Indian Art 9609:Indian Historical Review 9603:Sarao, K. T. S. (2003), 8917:Leoshko, Janice (2017). 8472:Curzon Press 1995, p.227 8438:Buswell & Lopez 2014 8304:Buswell & Lopez 2014 8292:Buswell & Lopez 2014 8218:Buswell & Lopez 2014 8104:Buswell & Lopez 2014 8067:, pp. 5, 9, 10, 14. 7199:Buswell & Lopez 2014 6688:Keown & Prebish 2013 6656:Keown & Prebish 2013 6633:Keown & Prebish 2013 6504: 6484:Family of Gautama Buddha 6438: 6254:, a 2008 Indian film by 6112: 5571:, Egypt, 2nd century CE. 5178:even compared Buddha to 5138:could be a reference to 5117: 4973:Physical characteristics 4806:explains all classes or 4555:The Buddha on a coin of 4528:three marks of existence 4506:Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 3073:Five Spiritual Faculties 3043:) had been reached; the 2232:Tevijjavacchagotta Sutta 2226:, the Buddha's disciple 2127:Semi-legendary biography 2012:schools of thought like 1753:into his mother's womb. 1687:Gandhāran Buddhist texts 952:('the awakened'), was a 27:Gautama (disambiguation) 21559:ten principal disciples 20144:Ten principal disciples 19027:(aunt, adoptive mother) 18215:A Buddhist Kaleidoscope 18208:, London: Trübner, 1884 18105:10.3406/befeo.1979.4010 18085:10.3406/befeo.1975.3845 17951:Williams, Paul (2002). 17861:, Motilal Banarsidass, 17517:Trainor, Kevin (2010), 17499:Thapar, Romila (2004), 17490:Thapar, Romila (2002), 17405:Smith, Vincent (1924), 17332:Siderits, Mark (2019), 17231:, Motilal Banarsidass, 16994:Oxford University Press 16810:, Motilal Banarsidass, 16783:Muller, F. Max (2001), 16736:Monier-Williams, Monier 16464:Larson, Gerald (1995), 16088:What the Buddha thought 15944:Foundations of Buddhism 15928:, Sussex Academic Press 15451:Carrithers, M. (2001), 15314:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2020), 15296:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2005), 14412:, Motilal Banarsidass, 14258:Encyclopedia Britannica 14139:3 February 2020 at the 13282:6 December 2019 at the 13273:Bodhi, Bhikkhu (1995). 12831:, p. 305, note 19. 12372:Encyclopædia Britannica 12354:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 12342:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 12330:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 12318:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 12094:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 12046:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 12033:30 January 2020 at the 12026:Bhikkhu Sujato (2012), 11991:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11805:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11781:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11769:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11745:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11733:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11718:2 November 2022 at the 11635:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11611:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11575:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11454:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11442:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 11390:Encyclopædia Britannica 11327:Encyclopædia Britannica 11071:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 10578:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu (1992) 10003:Verma, Archana (2007). 9946:Stein & Arnold 2012 9840:, pp. 8–23, ch. 2. 9667:Buddhist Studies Review 9401:Eiland, Murray (2020). 9202:2 November 2022 at the 9187:, ix–x in "Forward" to 7235:Sanskrit pronunciation: 7169:Oxford University Press 6360:, an 1879 epic poem by 6202:, a 1972 drama film by 6133:Dhundiraj Govind Phalke 4954:) as outlined in MN 41 4758:were eternal revealed ( 4658:, is a later addition. 4414:upekkhā-sati-parisuddhi 3604:, his chief attendant. 2613:post-canonical accounts 1984:(and, hence impure) in 1673:, with the inscription 1382:Perfectly self-awakened 602:Philosophical reasoning 23:Buddha (disambiguation) 20854:Buddhism and democracy 20367:Tibetan Buddhist canon 20362:Chinese Buddhist canon 19594:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 19589:Early Buddhist schools 18395:What the Buddha Taught 18079:(1), Persée: 151–189, 17825:Wayman, Alex (1984b), 17813:Wayman, Alex (1984a), 17637:Upadhyaya, KN (1971), 17304:Shults, Brett (2014), 17133:(1914), "B (b) 181.", 17086:A history of the Jains 16717:Indologica Taurinensia 16545:Ludden, David (1985), 16147:Hamilton, Sue (2000), 16122:India through the ages 16006:, Munshiram Manoharlal 15841:Banāras, City of Light 15569:Cousins, L.S. (1996). 15125:Bareau, André (1963), 14837:. BRILL. p. 135. 14587:SHS Web of Conferences 14131:Mazard, Eisel (2010). 13623:Harvey, Peter (1990). 12736:(2): 215824401558386. 12710:3 January 2018 at the 12408:Harvey, Peter (2013), 12205:– via BuddhaNet. 11940:Mahajan, V.D. (2016). 11240:– via BuddhaNet. 11037:, The Great Departure. 11013:, The Great Departure. 9352:Journal of Biosciences 9218:. First published in: 8800:"Definition of dhamma" 8456:13 August 2012 at the 6453:based on Arnold's poem 6449:, an 1886 oratorio by 6267:Sri Siddhartha Gautama 6059:Burmese style Buddha, 5930:Cambodian Buddha with 5898:Seated Buddha, Japan, 5855:Buddha in the exposed 5670:Buddha at Cave No. 6, 5583:Gandharan Buddha with 5380:Central Asian Buddhism 5239: 5065: 5053:Buddha incarnation of 4988: 4874:Mahāparinibbāna Sutta, 4719: 4706:Critique of Brahmanism 4571: 4465: 4347:, which refers to the 4299: 4287: 4271:The path to liberation 4237: 4157: 4136: 3864: 3834:First Buddhist Council 3800:Mahaparinibbana sutta, 3780: 3761: 3743:immaterial attainments 3712:Mahaparinibbana sutta, 3704:Buddhist vegetarianism 3673: 3662: 3652: 3605: 3519: 3473: 3305: 3297: 3134: 2905: 2885: 2884:in the 3rd century BCE 2863: 2848: 2714: 2667: 2398: 2386: 2368: 2206:) being. According to 2183: 2157: 2152:, mid-1st century CE, 1969: 1635:Minor Rock Edict No. 3 1403: – Knower of the 1190: 1075:kindness toward others 1055:rebirth, and suffering 369:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 283: 264: 21832:Prophets in Ahmadiyya 21817:Founders of religions 20864:Eight Consciousnesses 18974:Life of Buddha in art 18323:. Delhi: Sri Satguru. 18160:Katz, Nathan (1982), 18099:(1), Persée: 45–103, 17857:Wayman, Alex (1997), 17722:Warder, A.K. (1998). 17523:, London: Routledge, 17465:Oneworld Publications 17454:, Motilal Banarsidass 17434:Oneworld Publications 17245:Sharma, R.S. (2006), 16917:Norman, K.R. (1997), 16842:Narain, A.K. (1993), 16775:Catholic Encyclopedia 16616:Mani, B. R. (2012) , 16251:Inscriptions of Asoka 16248:Hultzsch, E. (1925). 16156:Hartmann, Jens Uwe. " 15937:, Motilal Banarsidass 15924:Fowler, Mark (2005), 15857:Fausböll, V. (1878), 15796:Dundas, Paul (2002), 15625:– via Indology. 15544:Conze, Edward, trans. 15410:, Wisdom Publications 15365:, Motilal Banarsidass 15002:10.18573/j.2015.10216 14133:"The Buddha was bald" 13971:10.1353/pew.2015.0002 12368:"The Buddha's relics" 12187:"How the Buddha died" 11613:, pp. 48, 54–59. 7203:Ariyapariyesana Sutta 6779:Mahaparinibbana Sutta 6727:405: Richard Gombrich 6382:Hammalawa Saddhatissa 6226:as Prince Siddhartha. 6087:Head of Buddha, from 5691: 5th century CE 5630:Birth of the Buddha, 5382:, were influenced by 5339:Life of Buddha in art 5331:Aniconism in Buddhism 5278:Manifestations of God 5230: 5052: 4986: 4713: 4554: 4547:Presectarian Buddhism 4455: 4357:the awakening factors 4293: 4278: 4233: 4152: 4141:dependent origination 4123: 4116:Dependent Origination 3971:Gandharan Manuscripts 3919:dependent origination 3859: 3767: 3755: 3668: 3657: 3647: 3623:Mahaparinibbana sutta 3616:Mahaparinirvanasutra" 3611:Mahaparinibbana Sutta 3599: 3510: 3485:Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī 3471: 3411:Sañjaya Belaṭṭhiputta 3303: 3295: 3121: 3098:depict an attempt by 3069:Dependent Origination 3045:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta 2915:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta 2891: 2869: 2854: 2835: 2806:in the streets, King 2704: 2679:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta 2649: 2615:, Gotama had a wife, 2392: 2374: 2358: 2163: 2139: 2057:Sañjaya Belaṭṭhaputta 1960: 1715:Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta 1707:Ariyapariyesana Sutta 1532:Ariyapariyesanā-sutta 1518:Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta 1417:Satthadeva-Manussanam 1321:[tɐˈtʰaːɡɐtɐ] 1296:) means "Sage of the 1180: 1101:, describing how all 1099:dependent origination 637:Aids to Enlightenment 462:Dependent Origination 66: 5th century CE 21852:Philosophers of mind 21847:Philosophers of love 21537:Noble Eightfold Path 21341:East Asian religions 20771:Buddhism in the West 20342:Early Buddhist texts 19957:Four Right Exertions 19423:Ten spiritual realms 18916:Noble Eightfold Path 18762:The Buddha (Gautama) 18432:Robinson, Richard H. 18420:Kalupahana, David J. 18292:von Hinüber, Oskar. 18138:Jones, J.J. (1949), 17779:History of Religions 17452:Relics of the Buddha 17247:India's Ancient Past 16826:A Manual of Buddhism 16547:India and South Asia 16527:Buddhism in Practice 16355:The Eastern Buddhist 16331:Jones, J.J. (1952), 15371:Bronkhorst, Johannes 15359:Bronkhorst, Johannes 15309:, Simon and Schuster 15300:, Simon and Schuster 14109:, pp. 151, 167. 14073:, pp. 111, 125. 10939:Monier-Williams 1899 8593:Indo-Iranian Journal 7239:[ɕɑːkjəmuni] 6699:Conception and birth 6231:The Legend of Buddha 5882:Vairocana Buddha of 5606:period Buddha Triad. 5262:Barlaam and Josaphat 5242:The Christian saint 5188:Manichaean teachings 5100:and the concepts of 4754:caste held that the 4745:Brahmanical religion 4652:Lambert Schmithausen 4600:Lambert Schmithausen 4349:Noble Eightfold Path 4294:Buddha Statues from 4196:Anattalakkhaṇa Sutta 3931:Noble Eightfold Path 3881:("formations"), the 3869:Early Buddhist Texts 3413:, were converted by 3390:, and met with King 3277:Ādittapariyāya Sutta 3022:Noble Eightfold Path 2873:Enlightenment Throne 2609:early Buddhist Texts 2351:Birth and early life 2173:palm-leaf manuscript 1818:Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra 1701:Biographical sources 1503:Early Buddhist texts 1387:Vijja-carana-sampano 1365:Bhagavato (Bhagavan) 1342:transitory phenomena 1293:[ɕaːkjɐmʊnɪ] 1134:dialects through an 1079:meditative practices 1067:training of the mind 1063:Noble Eightfold Path 607:Devotional practices 430:Noble Eightfold Path 51:Statue of the Buddha 21862:Social philosophers 21812:Classical humanists 21596:Mahapajapati Gotami 21464:Religion portal 21211:Temple of the Tooth 21090:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 20129:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 19622:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 19405:Two truths doctrine 19225:Mahapajapati Gotamī 19025:Mahapajapati Gotamī 18793:Religion portal 18534:Buddhist Patriarch 18361:Weise, Kai (2013). 18111:Eade, J.C. (1995), 17875:Weise, Kai (2013), 17483:Becoming the Buddha 17190:Buddhism and Nature 16418:Keay, John (2011). 16294:Motilal Banarsidass 15996:, pp. 237–259. 15827:Dyson, Tim (2019), 15617:on 26 February 2011 15548:Buddhist Scriptures 15406:Buddhadasa (2017), 15193:, ed. (1991–1997), 14559:, pp. 231–232. 14179:, pp. 441–460. 14167:, pp. 137–138. 14006:, pp. 107–109. 13659:Schmithausen (1981) 13497:Schmithausen (1990) 13213:, pp. 83, 165. 13201:, pp. 217–218. 13093:, pp. 134–135. 13045:, pp. 146–147. 13033:, pp. 136–137. 13021:, pp. 119–120. 12930:, pp. 147–150. 12906:, pp. 135–136. 12806:, pp. 167–168. 12794:, pp. 141–142. 12399:, pp. 136–137. 12218:, pp. 343–354. 12197:on 14 November 2012 12108:, pp. 165–166. 12096:, pp. 286–288. 11918:, pp. 232–233. 11882:, pp. 111–112. 11661:, pp. 291–292. 11659:Malalasekera (1960) 11625:, pp. 116–117. 11323:"Four Noble Truths" 11181:, pp. 234–235. 10450:, pp. 436–437. 9789:, pp. 199–200. 9542:, pp. 140–152. 9475:on 26 November 2013 9469:National Geographic 9292:, pp. 187–201. 8574:, pp. 198–206. 8171:, pp. 4–7, 44. 7641:, "pig's foot" and 7564:Schmithausen (1981) 7167:(Online ed.). 7115:Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī 6674:, p. 108), or 6220:Bernardo Bertolucci 6129:Life of Lord Buddha 5902:, 9th－10th century. 5392:East Asian Buddhist 5386:, a style known as 5325:Artistic depictions 5283:Some early Chinese 5061:, Medieval period. 4857:Mahāsudassana Sutta 4660:Johannes Bronkhorst 4482:Johannes Bronkhorst 4438:, as taught in the 4308:Buddhist meditation 4145:evam sati idam hoti 3841:Teachings and views 3545:Samaññaphala Sutta, 3543:. According to the 3363:dialects, of which 3253:Anātmalakṣaṇa Sūtra 3187:Deer Park (Sarnath) 3108:touching the ground 3051:tree—known as "the 2619:, and a son, named 2514:(Solar dynasty) of 2337:) and the Sanskrit 2100:Second Urbanisation 1788:Lalitavistara Sūtra 1765:Lalitavistara Sūtra 1747:Achariyabhuta Sutta 1731:Achariyabhuta Sutta 1631:Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī 1419: – Teacher of 1275:Bu-dha Sa-kya-mu-nī 1018:Indo-Gangetic Plain 958:Indian subcontinent 907:Buddhism portal 780:Buddhism by country 542:Sanskrit literature 21576:Great Renunciation 21571:Eight Great Events 21386:Western philosophy 20984:Dzong architecture 20806:Vipassana movement 20801:Buddhist modernism 20229:Emperor Wen of Sui 19997:Pratyekabuddhayāna 19930:Threefold Training 19732:Vipassana movement 19448:Hungry Ghost realm 19268:Avidyā (Ignorance) 19215:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 18964:Great Renunciation 18959:Eight Great Events 18841: 18149:Kala, U. (2006) , 17665:von Hinüber, Oskar 17594:Turpie, D (2001), 17418:A History of India 17292:on 23 October 2022 17052:on 28 January 2012 16787:, Routledge (UK), 16580:, Grantha Mandir, 16004:How Buddhism Began 15764:on 28 October 2013 15114:Asvaghosa (1883), 14408:C. Sharma (2013), 13742:, pp. 85, 88. 13334:, pp. 23, 37. 11226:Life of the Buddha 10566:Hiltebeitel (2013) 10402:on 31 October 2012 9803:. Study Buddhism. 9720:Jayatilleke (1963) 9685:on 1 November 2020 9154:Wynne, Alexander. 9108:, pp. 34, 48. 8572:von Hinüber (2008) 8470:The Selfless Mind. 8449:Chalmers, Robert. 8204:Donald Lopez Jr., 7527:Samaññaphala Sutta 7522:Mahāsaccaka-sutta, 7509:Mahāsīhanāda-sutta 6703:Birthplace Sources 6670:, pp. 61–74; 6430:, a 1981 novel by 6345:in the title role. 6239:The Life of Buddha 6139:in the title role. 6089:Hadda, Afghanistan 5944:, Banteay Chhmar, 5388:Greco-Buddhist art 5376:Gandharan Buddhism 5240: 5066: 5034:In other religions 5009:mahāpuruṣa lakṣaṇa 4989: 4909:In another sutta ( 4720: 4594:, and the Chinese 4572: 4503:sources, like the 4466: 4429:Satipatthana Sutta 4396:(mindfulness) and 4365:Samaññaphala Sutta 4300: 4288: 4137: 4104:), consciousness ( 3865: 3861:Gandharan Buddhist 3781: 3762: 3747:nirodha-samāpatti, 3674: 3663: 3606: 3557:Samaññaphala Sutta 3520: 3474: 3306: 3298: 3264:Catusparisat-sūtra 3244:Catusparisat-sūtra 3157:Catusparisat-sūtra 3155:discourse, in the 3135: 2906: 2886: 2864: 2849: 2828:Nirvana (Buddhism) 2795:deity at Anomiya. 2715: 2668: 2642:Great Renunciation 2508:hereditary monarch 2457:Rupandehi District 2399: 2387: 2369: 2272:Michael Carrithers 2184: 2158: 2061:Samaññaphala Sutta 1970: 1948:Historical context 1492:Historical sources 1229:) from falsehood. 1191: 946:Siddhartha Gautama 394:Buddhist modernism 265:Siddhārtha Gautama 87:Siddhartha Gautama 21802:Avatars of Vishnu 21759: 21758: 21532:Four Noble Truths 21472: 21471: 21110:Om mani padme hum 20816:Women in Buddhism 20732:Buddhist councils 20602:Western countries 20390:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 20151:Shaolin Monastery 19728:Samatha-vipassanā 19338:Pratītyasamutpāda 19142:Metteyya/Maitreya 19060: 19052: 19044: 19036: 19028: 19020: 19012: 18889:Four Noble Truths 18799: 18798: 18583: 18582: 18574:Succeeded by 18538:Succeeded by 18468:Project Gutenberg 18449:978-0-534-20718-2 18374:978-92-3-001208-3 18353:978-81-7154-553-7 18285:978-1-85168-184-6 18262:978-1-4008-7908-3 18242:978-81-317-1677-9 18182:978-0-8006-9748-8 18122:978-90-04-10437-2 17995:978-0-203-96300-5 17962:978-0-415-20701-0 17932:on 27 August 2014 17922:978-1-886439-42-9 17901:on 30 August 2014 17891:978-92-3-001208-3 17884:, Paris: UNESCO, 17868:978-81-208-1321-2 17850:978-81-208-0675-7 17737:978-81-208-1244-4 17648:978-81-208-0880-5 17630:978-0-521-24327-8 17530:978-1-136-98588-1 17474:978-1-78074-506-0 17443:978-1-78074-054-6 17238:978-81-208-1817-0 17003:978-0-19-538582-3 16978:978-0-7619-9664-4 16835:978-967-9920-58-1 16817:978-81-208-0272-8 16730:on 4 October 2012 16631:A Guide To Sanchi 16538:978-0-691-04442-2 16507:978-0-521-85413-9 16477:978-0-7914-2411-7 16429:978-0-8021-9550-0 16303:978-81-208-0805-8 16185:978-1-136-87597-7 16164:, pp. 27–45. 16140:978-0-9789067-7-1 16067:978-1-134-21718-2 16034:978-1-134-19639-5 15976:978-0-02-865910-7 15904:978-0-19-026692-9 15883:978-0-521-43878-0 15813:978-0-415-26606-2 15757:978-955-24-0104-6 15688:978-0-231-12618-2 15550:, London: Penguin 15536:978-0-521-84697-4 15505:978-0-674-02977-4 15464:978-0-02-865910-7 15444:978-0-691-15786-3 15426:978-0-02-865910-7 15351:978-0-88920-257-3 15185:, London: Trübner 15156:978-0-307-77879-6 15107:978-0-7538-1340-9 15064:978-3-89733-415-1 15040:978-1-5404-1050-4 15021:978-3-89733-387-1 14961:Analayo (2013c), 14697:www.info-sikh.com 14623:978-0-231-70094-8 14465:978-81-7154-807-1 14439:978-0-231-14987-7 14418:978-81-208-0365-7 14397:978-0-415-77227-3 14332:978-0-19-959334-7 14298:978-0-19-935971-4 14155:, pp. 23–24. 13930:978-0-19-046551-3 13840:, pp. 33–34. 13755:Kalupahana (1992) 13719:Bronkhorst (1993) 13531:Bronkhorst (1993) 13409:Bronkhorst (1993) 13358:, pp. 9, 36. 13344:Bronkhorst (1993) 13165:, pp. 63–64. 13129:, pp. 73–74. 13117:, pp. 62–64. 12983:, pp. 19–20. 12959:, pp. 9, 67. 12890:978-0-8248-0298-1 12815:Hajime Nakamura. 12679:978-1-119-14466-3 12505:, pp. 32–33. 12422:978-0-521-85942-4 11834:, pp. 40–41. 11783:, pp. 79–83. 11577:, pp. 44–45. 11456:, pp. 30–35. 11360:Access to Insight 11311:, pp. 74–75. 11256:Access to Insight 11222:"The Golden Bowl" 11157:, pp. 19–20. 11001:, pp. 15–16. 10890:, pp. 39–40. 10827:, pp. 45–46. 10706:, pp. 11–12. 10643:, pp. 49–50. 10631:, pp. 14–15. 10475:Huntington (1986) 10371:978-81-7488-168-7 10184:Carrithers (2001) 10160:Carrithers (2001) 10150:, pp. 64–65. 10111:Access to Insight 10078:on 9 January 2016 10058:Tan, Piya (trans) 10016:978-1-4073-0151-8 9522:on 9 January 2016 9450:, pp. 37–58. 9277:, pp. 82–87. 9263:Bechert 1991–1997 9253:, pp. 10–13. 9053:978-0-8147-6216-5 8930:978-1-351-55030-7 8891:978-981-15-8067-3 8852:Access to Insight 8785:978-0-271-03803-2 8746:978-0-691-17632-1 8687:978-90-04-31551-8 8651:, pp. 46–47. 8246:978-81-208-3105-6 8159:, pp. 40–41. 8031:, pp. 57–63. 7585:Bronkhorst (1993) 7480:Mahāsaccaka-sutta 7441:"Hindu-synthesis" 7175:(Subscription or 7104:Buddha Shakyamuni 7094:). Particularly, 6467:Dinesh Subasinghe 6446:The Light of Asia 6357:The Light of Asia 6251:Tathagatha Buddha 6222:, the film stars 6218:, a 1994 film by 6187:Gotoma the Buddha 6149:The Light of Asia 5733:Seated Buddha at 5686:Standing Buddha, 5535:Satavahana period 5319:Guru Gobind Singh 5232:Christ and Buddha 4885:Worldly happiness 4616:Scholars such as 4441:Anapanasati Sutta 4345:Four Noble Truths 4265:anti-essentialist 3927:Four Noble Truths 3798:According to the 3784:Posthumous events 3682:Oskar von Hinüber 3361:Middle Indo-Aryan 3312:, in what is now 3131:Four Noble Truths 3002:According to the 2991:Four Noble Truths 2954:Mahāsaccaka-sutta 2876:of the Buddha at 2561:Buddha's Birthday 2382:'s birthplace in 2288:and the Sanskrit 2114:(the location of 2059:, as recorded in 2053:Pakudha Kaccāyana 2049:Ajita Kesakambalī 1836:Historical person 1729:(DN 14), and the 1723:Mahāsaccaka-sutta 1620:Buddha Shakyamuni 1513:Oskar von Hinüber 1261:Buddha Shakyamuni 1132:Middle Indo-Aryan 1059:Four Noble Truths 980:, in what is now 954:wandering ascetic 943: 942: 425:Four Noble Truths 298: 297: 284:Siddhattha Gotama 21899: 21822:Indian ethicists 21749: 21748: 21739: 21738: 21635:pilgrimage sites 21630:Mahabodhi Temple 21499: 21492: 21485: 21476: 21475: 21462: 21461: 21450: 21449: 21289:Sacred languages 21137:Maya Devi Temple 21100:Mahabodhi Temple 20904:Secular Buddhism 20869:Engaged Buddhism 19709: 19557:Tibetan Buddhism 19508:Vietnamese Thiền 19107:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 19058: 19050: 19042: 19034: 19026: 19018: 19010: 18859: 18858: 18846: 18836: 18826: 18819: 18812: 18803: 18802: 18791: 18790: 18609: 18602: 18595: 18586: 18585: 18570: 18553:Preceded by 18525:Preceded by 18515: 18514: 18495:Internet Archive 18486:Internet Archive 18477:Internet Archive 18453: 18441: 18427: 18413:Buddhism general 18408: 18399: 18378: 18357: 18336: 18324: 18305: 18288: 18277: 18266: 18245: 18218: 18209: 18204:, translated by 18195: 18186: 18165: 18156: 18152:Maha Yazawin Gyi 18145: 18134: 18125: 18107: 18087: 18058: 18056: 18054: 18013: 18012: 18010: 18004: 17987: 17975: 17966: 17953:Buddhist Thought 17947: 17941: 17933: 17931: 17925:, archived from 17914: 17902: 17900: 17894:, archived from 17883: 17871: 17853: 17829: 17817: 17809: 17773: 17771: 17769: 17750: 17741: 17718: 17709: 17692: 17690: 17688: 17660: 17651: 17633: 17615: 17614:on 15 April 2007 17613: 17602: 17590: 17589: 17587: 17581: 17570: 17560: 17559:on 18 March 2012 17558: 17543: 17533: 17513: 17495: 17486: 17477: 17455: 17446: 17421: 17412: 17401: 17393: 17392: 17390: 17365: 17352: 17351: 17349: 17328: 17327: 17325: 17300: 17299: 17297: 17291: 17285:, archived from 17260: 17250: 17241: 17223: 17214: 17208: 17200: 17184: 17178: 17170: 17157: 17150:Samuel, Geoffrey 17145: 17126: 17098: 17097: 17080: 17071: 17062: 17053: 17051: 17045:, archived from 17028: 17018: 17017: 17015: 16982: 16970: 16956: 16943: 16936:Ñāṇamoli Bhikkhu 16931: 16922: 16913: 16891:Social Scientist 16885: 16866: 16865: 16863: 16838: 16820: 16802:Nakamura, Hajime 16797: 16779: 16771: 16762: 16761: 16759: 16753: 16746: 16731: 16729: 16714: 16704: 16703: 16701: 16695: 16688: 16668: 16658: 16652: 16644: 16635: 16621: 16612: 16592: 16591: 16589: 16570: 16561: 16549: 16541: 16530: 16519: 16510: 16492: 16491: 16489: 16460: 16451: 16433: 16420:India: A History 16414: 16405: 16396: 16395: 16393: 16387: 16372: 16362: 16349: 16338: 16327: 16318: 16317: 16315: 16282: 16280: 16265: 16255: 16244: 16243: 16241: 16200: 16199: 16197: 16170:Hiltebeitel, Alf 16165: 16152: 16143: 16125: 16116: 16114: 16112: 16091: 16082: 16081: 16079: 16050: 16048: 16046: 16016: 16007: 15997: 15988: 15979: 15961: 15955: 15947: 15938: 15929: 15920: 15918: 15916: 15887: 15875: 15864: 15853: 15832: 15823: 15822: 15820: 15802:(2nd ed.), 15792: 15765: 15760:, archived from 15740: 15713: 15696:de Bary, William 15691: 15673: 15655: 15649: 15641: 15626: 15624: 15622: 15613:. Archived from 15565: 15559: 15551: 15539: 15520: 15519: 15517: 15488: 15479: 15478: 15476: 15447: 15429: 15411: 15402: 15401: 15399: 15378: 15366: 15354: 15334: 15333: 15331: 15310: 15301: 15292: 15290: 15275: 15265: 15263: 15261: 15255: 15234: 15220: 15207: 15198: 15186: 15172: 15170: 15168: 15139: 15130: 15121: 15110: 15092: 15083: 15081: 15079: 15073: 15056: 15044: 15025: 15006: 15004: 14979: 14966: 14957: 14936: 14927: 14925: 14923: 14904: 14893:Anālayo, Bhikkhu 14888: 14879: 14861: 14860: 14858: 14856: 14828: 14811: 14810: 14796: 14790: 14789: 14769: 14763: 14762:, pp. 1–40. 14757: 14751: 14745: 14739: 14733: 14727: 14721: 14715: 14714: 14708: 14700: 14689: 14683: 14676: 14670: 14667:Twitchett (1986) 14664: 14658: 14652: 14646: 14643:Macdonnel (1900) 14640: 14634: 14633: 14632: 14630: 14607: 14601: 14600: 14598: 14578: 14572: 14566: 14560: 14554: 14548: 14547: 14545: 14543: 14515: 14509: 14508: 14506: 14504: 14484: 14478: 14477: 14448: 14442: 14427: 14421: 14406: 14400: 14385: 14379: 14378: 14376: 14374: 14355: 14349: 14348: 14346: 14344: 14316: 14310: 14309: 14305:nastika darshana 14284: 14278: 14277: 14271: 14269: 14249: 14243: 14237: 14231: 14225: 14219: 14213: 14207: 14201: 14195: 14192:Hiltebeitel 2013 14189: 14180: 14174: 14168: 14162: 14156: 14150: 14144: 14129: 14123: 14116: 14110: 14104: 14098: 14092: 14086: 14080: 14074: 14068: 14062: 14056: 14050: 14044: 14038: 14034: 14028: 14025: 14019: 14013: 14007: 14001: 13995: 13994: 13992: 13990: 13950: 13935: 13934: 13916: 13910: 13903: 13897: 13894: 13888: 13887: 13871: 13865: 13859: 13853: 13847: 13841: 13835: 13829: 13822: 13803: 13797: 13791: 13785: 13779: 13776: 13770: 13764: 13758: 13752: 13743: 13737: 13731: 13728: 13722: 13716: 13710: 13704: 13698: 13692: 13686: 13680: 13674: 13668: 13662: 13656: 13647: 13646: 13634: 13628: 13621: 13615: 13608:Gombrich (2006b) 13605: 13599: 13593: 13587: 13581: 13575: 13569: 13563: 13557: 13551: 13545: 13534: 13528: 13519: 13513: 13500: 13494: 13488: 13482: 13473: 13472: 13464: 13458: 13457: 13450:Nirbhay N. Singh 13445: 13439: 13433: 13427: 13421: 13412: 13406: 13395: 13389: 13383: 13377: 13371: 13365: 13359: 13353: 13347: 13341: 13335: 13329: 13323: 13317: 13311: 13305: 13299: 13293: 13287: 13271: 13265: 13259: 13253: 13247: 13241: 13235: 13229: 13223: 13214: 13208: 13202: 13196: 13190: 13184: 13178: 13172: 13166: 13160: 13154: 13148: 13142: 13136: 13130: 13124: 13118: 13112: 13106: 13100: 13094: 13088: 13082: 13076: 13070: 13064: 13058: 13052: 13046: 13040: 13034: 13028: 13022: 13016: 13010: 13003: 12997: 12990: 12984: 12978: 12972: 12966: 12960: 12954: 12948: 12942: 12931: 12925: 12919: 12913: 12907: 12901: 12895: 12894: 12874: 12868: 12862: 12856: 12850: 12844: 12838: 12832: 12826: 12820: 12813: 12807: 12804:Frauwallner 1973 12801: 12795: 12789: 12780: 12774: 12763: 12757: 12748: 12747: 12745: 12721: 12715: 12702: 12696: 12695: 12693: 12691: 12663: 12657: 12651: 12645: 12639: 12633: 12627: 12621: 12615: 12609: 12603: 12597: 12591: 12585: 12579: 12573: 12567: 12561: 12555: 12549: 12543: 12518: 12512: 12506: 12500: 12494: 12488: 12482: 12481: 12479: 12477: 12457: 12451: 12445: 12439: 12438: 12430: 12424: 12406: 12400: 12394: 12388: 12387: 12385: 12383: 12363: 12357: 12351: 12345: 12339: 12333: 12327: 12321: 12315: 12309: 12303: 12297: 12291: 12285: 12279: 12273: 12267: 12261: 12255: 12246: 12240: 12231: 12225: 12219: 12213: 12207: 12206: 12204: 12202: 12193:. Archived from 12182: 12176: 12170: 12164: 12163: 12162: 12160: 12139: 12133: 12127: 12121: 12115: 12109: 12103: 12097: 12091: 12085: 12079: 12073: 12067: 12061: 12055: 12049: 12043: 12037: 12024: 12018: 12012: 12006: 12000: 11994: 11988: 11982: 11976: 11970: 11964: 11958: 11952: 11946: 11945: 11937: 11931: 11925: 11919: 11913: 11907: 11901: 11895: 11889: 11883: 11877: 11871: 11865: 11859: 11853: 11847: 11841: 11835: 11829: 11823: 11817: 11808: 11802: 11796: 11790: 11784: 11778: 11772: 11766: 11760: 11754: 11748: 11742: 11736: 11730: 11724: 11707: 11701: 11695: 11689: 11683: 11674: 11668: 11662: 11656: 11650: 11644: 11638: 11632: 11626: 11620: 11614: 11608: 11602: 11596: 11590: 11584: 11578: 11572: 11566: 11560: 11551: 11550: 11524: 11505: 11499: 11493: 11487: 11481: 11475: 11469: 11463: 11457: 11451: 11445: 11439: 11433: 11427: 11421: 11415: 11406: 11405: 11403: 11401: 11382: 11376: 11375: 11373: 11371: 11352: 11343: 11342: 11340: 11338: 11318: 11312: 11306: 11300: 11294: 11288: 11282: 11276: 11275: 11273: 11271: 11248: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11237: 11218: 11212: 11206: 11197: 11191: 11182: 11176: 11170: 11164: 11158: 11152: 11146: 11143:Armstrong (2000) 11140: 11134: 11128: 11122: 11116: 11110: 11104: 11098: 11092: 11086: 11083:Upadhyaya (1971) 11080: 11074: 11068: 11062: 11056: 11050: 11044: 11038: 11032: 11026: 11020: 11014: 11008: 11002: 10996: 10990: 10984: 10978: 10975:Alexander (2019) 10972: 10966: 10960: 10954: 10948: 10942: 10936: 10930: 10924: 10918: 10912: 10903: 10897: 10891: 10885: 10876: 10870: 10864: 10858: 10852: 10846: 10840: 10834: 10828: 10822: 10816: 10810: 10804: 10803: 10791: 10782: 10776: 10770: 10764: 10755: 10749: 10743: 10737: 10731: 10725: 10719: 10713: 10707: 10701: 10695: 10689: 10683: 10682:, pp. 9–12. 10677: 10668: 10662: 10656: 10650: 10644: 10638: 10632: 10626: 10620: 10614: 10608: 10602: 10593: 10587: 10581: 10575: 10569: 10563: 10557: 10551: 10538: 10532: 10526: 10520: 10514: 10508: 10502: 10496: 10490: 10484: 10478: 10472: 10463: 10457: 10451: 10445: 10439: 10433: 10424: 10418: 10412: 10411: 10409: 10407: 10392: 10383: 10382: 10380: 10378: 10353: 10344: 10343: 10341: 10339: 10320: 10309: 10303: 10297: 10291: 10285: 10279: 10273: 10267: 10261: 10255: 10249: 10243: 10237: 10231: 10225: 10224: 10222: 10220: 10205: 10199: 10193: 10187: 10181: 10175: 10172:Armstrong (2000) 10169: 10163: 10157: 10151: 10145: 10139: 10133: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10122: 10103: 10097: 10094: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10083: 10077: 10069:The Dharmafarers 10066: 10054: 10048: 10042: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10028: 10000: 9994: 9993: 9982: 9976: 9970: 9964: 9958: 9949: 9943: 9934: 9928: 9919: 9913: 9904: 9898: 9889: 9883: 9877: 9871: 9865: 9859: 9853: 9847: 9841: 9835: 9829: 9823: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9812: 9796: 9790: 9784: 9778: 9772: 9766: 9765: 9763: 9761: 9729: 9723: 9717: 9711: 9701: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9690: 9681:. Archived from 9658: 9647: 9641: 9632: 9631: 9600: 9594: 9588: 9579: 9573: 9567: 9566:, p. xlvii. 9561: 9555: 9552:Rawlinson (1950) 9549: 9543: 9537: 9531: 9530: 9529: 9527: 9521: 9514: 9503: 9497: 9491: 9485: 9484: 9482: 9480: 9471:. Archived from 9460: 9451: 9445: 9439: 9433: 9427: 9426: 9424: 9422: 9398: 9392: 9391: 9347: 9341: 9335: 9329: 9323: 9317: 9311: 9305: 9299: 9293: 9287: 9278: 9272: 9266: 9260: 9254: 9248: 9242: 9236: 9223: 9212: 9206: 9182: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9171: 9151: 9145: 9139: 9133: 9127: 9121: 9115: 9109: 9103: 9097: 9091: 9085: 9079: 9073: 9067: 9058: 9057: 9039: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9015: 9009: 9003: 8997: 8991: 8985: 8979: 8973: 8972: 8970: 8968: 8953: 8947: 8946: 8944: 8942: 8914: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8875: 8869: 8868: 8866: 8864: 8843: 8837: 8831: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8815: 8796: 8790: 8789: 8769: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8730: 8724: 8723: 8717: 8713: 8711: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8661: 8652: 8646: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8599:(2–3): 287–310. 8581: 8575: 8569: 8563: 8560: 8554: 8552: 8550: 8548: 8513: 8507: 8506: 8505: 8503: 8497: 8491:, Dhamma talks, 8490: 8479: 8473: 8466: 8460: 8447: 8441: 8435: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8385: 8379: 8368: 8367: 8359: 8353: 8352: 8344: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8313: 8307: 8301: 8295: 8289: 8278: 8272: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8258: 8230: 8221: 8215: 8209: 8202: 8196: 8190: 8184: 8178: 8172: 8166: 8160: 8154: 8148: 8142: 8131: 8125: 8119: 8113: 8107: 8101: 8095: 8089: 8080: 8074: 8068: 8062: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8038: 8032: 8026: 7999: 7996: 7990: 7987: 7981: 7978: 7972: 7969: 7963: 7960: 7954: 7951: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7929: 7923: 7919: 7913: 7898: 7892: 7872: 7866: 7846:Richard Gombrich 7838: 7832: 7815: 7787: 7781: 7779: 7767: 7762:Anālayo (2014). 7758: 7752: 7748: 7742: 7701: 7695: 7692: 7686: 7682: 7676: 7666: 7660: 7656: 7650: 7631: 7625: 7599: 7593: 7579:Gombrich (2006a) 7552: 7546: 7518: 7512: 7505: 7499: 7488:Ekottarika-āgama 7476: 7470: 7461: 7444: 7421: 7415: 7407: 7401: 7379: 7373: 7369: 7363: 7342: 7336: 7330: 7324: 7298: 7292: 7275: 7269: 7263: 7260: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7236: 7232: 7226: 7215: 7209: 7196: 7190: 7180: 7172: 7160: 7130: 7127: 7112:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻 7085: 7082: 7077:Edicts of Ashoka 7050: 7045: 7041: 7040: 7037: 7036: 7033: 7028: 7027: 7024: 7021: 7018: 7015: 7012: 7009: 6984: 6978: 6973:Buddhadasa (2017 6927: 6918: 6917: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6900: 6897: 6894: 6891: 6886: 6885: 6882: 6879: 6876: 6873: 6868: 6867: 6864: 6861: 6856: 6855: 6852: 6849: 6846: 6843: 6840: 6837: 6833: 6832: 6829: 6824: 6823: 6820: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6808: 6805: 6796: 6790: 6775: 6769: 6754: 6751: 6747: 6744: 6716: 6705: 6570: 6555: 6514: 6325:and narrated by 6181: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6097: 6094: 6084: 6072: 6061:Shwedagon pagoda 6056: 6044: 6032: 6020: 6008: 5996: 5984: 5972: 5956: 5943: 5940: 5927: 5911: 5895: 5879: 5869: 5866: 5852: 5824: 5814: 5811: 5801: 5785: 5771: 5768: 5762: 5746: 5730: 5714: 5702: 5692: 5689: 5683: 5667: 5655: 5643: 5627: 5615: 5600: 5580: 5567:, discovered in 5558: 5546: 5526: 5514: 5501: 5498: 5492: 5480: 5468: 5456: 5444: 5432: 5420: 5408: 5201:by the minority 5122:Islamic prophet 5084: 5081: 5028: 4903:Sigālovāda Sutta 4777:animal sacrifice 4626:Richard Gombrich 4618:Richard Gombrich 4584:Mulasarvastivada 4569: 4566: 4474:Uddaka Rāmaputta 4111: 4103: 4095: 4088:), perceptions ( 4087: 4079: 4008: 3989:("formations"), 3943:Śālistamba Sūtra 3916: 3900: 3229: 3207:Vinaya, and the 3200:Ekottarika-āgama 3152:Ekottarika-āgama 3146:Brahmā Sahampati 3065:River Nairañjanā 2943: 2934:Udraka Rāmaputra 2928: 2857:Mahabodhi Temple 2542:Vedic Brahmanism 2530: 2519: 2179:, Bihar, India. 2079:Uddaka Rāmaputta 2031:Brahmajala Sutta 1967: 1964: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1907: 1778:. Of these, the 1743:Mahāpadāna Sutta 1727:Mahapadana Sutta 1668: 1665: 1628:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻 1608:Edicts of Ashoka 1591:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻 1580: 1577: 1561: 1550: 1507:On the basis of 1446:in the religion 1356:A list of other 1323: 1318: 1295: 1289: 1272:𑀲𑀓𑁆𑀬𑀫𑀼𑀦𑀻 1265: 1250: 1247: 1242:Edicts of Ashoka 1214: 1071:ethical training 935: 928: 921: 905: 904: 632:Sublime abidings 323: 300: 299: 286: 267: 206:Other names 119: 116: 95: 92: 67: 64: 48: 34: 33: 21907: 21906: 21902: 21901: 21900: 21898: 21897: 21896: 21837:Miracle workers 21762: 21761: 21760: 21755: 21727: 21513: 21503: 21473: 21468: 21456: 21438: 21390: 21305: 21220: 20957:Ordination hall 20918: 20820: 20791:Buddhist crisis 20703: 20400: 20352:Mahayana sutras 20328: 20324:Thích Nhất Hạnh 20155: 20028: 19968: 19918:Bodhisattva vow 19603: 19469: 19409: 19368:Taṇhā (Craving) 19303:Five hindrances 19254: 19146: 19076: 18930: 18875: 18847: 18830: 18800: 18795: 18785: 18779: 18766: 18618: 18613: 18579: 18566: 18565: 18558: 18543: 18541:Maitreya Buddha 18530: 18519:Buddhist titles 18464:Works by Buddha 18460: 18450: 18430: 18418: 18402: 18390:Rahula, Walpola 18388: 18375: 18360: 18354: 18339: 18329:Ñāṇamoli Bhikku 18327: 18315: 18286: 18263: 18243: 18198: 18183: 18123: 18066: 18064:Further reading 18061: 18052: 18050: 18023:Islamic Studies 18008: 18006: 18002: 17996: 17985: 17963: 17935: 17934: 17929: 17923: 17912: 17898: 17892: 17881: 17869: 17851: 17767: 17765: 17757:Indian Buddhism 17747:Indian Buddhism 17738: 17686: 17684: 17649: 17631: 17611: 17600: 17585: 17583: 17579: 17568: 17556: 17541: 17531: 17511: 17475: 17444: 17388: 17386: 17347: 17345: 17323: 17321: 17295: 17293: 17289: 17258: 17239: 17202: 17201: 17172: 17171: 17131:Sahni, Daya Ram 17095:10.1.1.132.6107 17049: 17026: 17013: 17011: 17004: 16979: 16903:10.2307/3518337 16882: 16861: 16859: 16836: 16824:Narada (1992), 16818: 16795: 16757: 16755: 16751: 16744: 16727: 16712: 16699: 16697: 16693: 16666: 16646: 16645: 16610: 16587: 16585: 16539: 16508: 16487: 16485: 16478: 16449: 16430: 16391: 16389: 16385: 16370: 16313: 16311: 16304: 16278: 16263: 16239: 16237: 16230: 16195: 16193: 16186: 16141: 16110: 16108: 16077: 16075: 16068: 16044: 16042: 16035: 15977: 15949: 15948: 15914: 15912: 15905: 15884: 15851: 15818: 15816: 15814: 15790: 15758: 15729: 15710: 15689: 15671: 15643: 15642: 15620: 15618: 15553: 15552: 15537: 15515: 15513: 15506: 15474: 15472: 15465: 15445: 15427: 15397: 15395: 15352: 15329: 15327: 15291:on 9 April 2015 15288: 15273: 15259: 15257: 15253: 15247: 15232: 15166: 15164: 15157: 15108: 15077: 15075: 15071: 15065: 15054: 15041: 15022: 14921: 14919: 14869: 14864: 14854: 14852: 14845: 14829: 14814: 14798: 14797: 14793: 14786: 14770: 14766: 14760:Marshall (1960) 14758: 14754: 14746: 14742: 14734: 14730: 14722: 14718: 14702: 14701: 14693:"Chaubis Avtar" 14691: 14690: 14686: 14677: 14673: 14665: 14661: 14655:Mershman (1907) 14653: 14649: 14641: 14637: 14628: 14626: 14624: 14608: 14604: 14579: 14575: 14571:, pp. 376. 14567: 14563: 14555: 14551: 14541: 14539: 14532: 14516: 14512: 14502: 14500: 14487:Ambedkar, B.R. 14485: 14481: 14466: 14449: 14445: 14428: 14424: 14407: 14403: 14389:The Hindu World 14386: 14382: 14372: 14370: 14357: 14356: 14352: 14342: 14340: 14333: 14317: 14313: 14299: 14285: 14281: 14267: 14265: 14250: 14246: 14238: 14234: 14226: 14222: 14216:Vijay Nath 2001 14214: 14210: 14202: 14198: 14190: 14183: 14175: 14171: 14165:Anālayo (2017b) 14163: 14159: 14153:Dhammika (n.d.) 14151: 14147: 14141:Wayback Machine 14130: 14126: 14117: 14113: 14105: 14101: 14093: 14089: 14081: 14077: 14069: 14065: 14057: 14053: 14045: 14041: 14037:Wissenschaften. 14035: 14031: 14026: 14022: 14014: 14010: 14002: 13998: 13988: 13986: 13951: 13938: 13931: 13917: 13913: 13905:Kancha Ilaiah, 13904: 13900: 13895: 13891: 13872: 13868: 13860: 13856: 13848: 13844: 13836: 13832: 13823: 13806: 13798: 13794: 13786: 13782: 13777: 13773: 13765: 13761: 13753: 13746: 13738: 13734: 13729: 13725: 13717: 13713: 13705: 13701: 13693: 13689: 13681: 13677: 13669: 13665: 13657: 13650: 13635: 13631: 13622: 13618: 13606: 13602: 13594: 13590: 13582: 13578: 13570: 13566: 13560:Davidson (2003) 13558: 13554: 13546: 13537: 13529: 13522: 13516:Gombrich (1997) 13514: 13503: 13495: 13491: 13483: 13476: 13465: 13461: 13446: 13442: 13434: 13430: 13422: 13415: 13407: 13398: 13390: 13386: 13378: 13374: 13368:Gombrich (2009) 13366: 13362: 13356:Gombrich (2009) 13354: 13350: 13342: 13338: 13330: 13326: 13320:Anālayo (2017a) 13318: 13314: 13306: 13302: 13294: 13290: 13284:Wayback Machine 13272: 13268: 13260: 13256: 13248: 13244: 13236: 13232: 13226:Bucknell (1984) 13224: 13217: 13209: 13205: 13197: 13193: 13185: 13181: 13173: 13169: 13161: 13157: 13151:Anālayo (2013a) 13149: 13145: 13137: 13133: 13127:Gombrich (2009) 13125: 13121: 13115:Gombrich (2009) 13113: 13109: 13103:Hamilton (2000) 13101: 13097: 13089: 13085: 13077: 13073: 13067:Hamilton (2000) 13065: 13061: 13053: 13049: 13041: 13037: 13029: 13025: 13019:Gombrich (2009) 13017: 13013: 13004: 13000: 12991: 12987: 12981:Hamilton (2000) 12979: 12975: 12969:Gombrich (2009) 12967: 12963: 12957:Gombrich (2009) 12955: 12951: 12943: 12934: 12926: 12922: 12914: 12910: 12902: 12898: 12891: 12875: 12871: 12863: 12859: 12851: 12847: 12839: 12835: 12827: 12823: 12814: 12810: 12802: 12798: 12790: 12783: 12777:Gombrich (2009) 12775: 12766: 12760:Hamilton (2000) 12758: 12751: 12722: 12718: 12712:Wayback Machine 12703: 12699: 12689: 12687: 12680: 12664: 12660: 12654:Gombrich (2009) 12652: 12648: 12640: 12636: 12630:Gombrich (2009) 12628: 12624: 12618:Gombrich (2009) 12616: 12612: 12606:Gombrich (2009) 12604: 12600: 12594:Gombrich (2009) 12592: 12588: 12582:Gombrich (2009) 12580: 12576: 12568: 12564: 12556: 12552: 12546:Siderits (2019) 12544: 12521: 12513: 12509: 12501: 12497: 12489: 12485: 12475: 12473: 12458: 12454: 12446: 12442: 12431: 12427: 12407: 12403: 12395: 12391: 12381: 12379: 12366:Lopez, Donald. 12364: 12360: 12352: 12348: 12340: 12336: 12328: 12324: 12316: 12312: 12304: 12300: 12292: 12288: 12280: 12276: 12270:Schumann (2003) 12268: 12264: 12256: 12249: 12243:Schumann (2003) 12241: 12234: 12226: 12222: 12214: 12210: 12200: 12198: 12183: 12179: 12171: 12167: 12158: 12156: 12141: 12140: 12136: 12130:Schumann (2003) 12128: 12124: 12118:Schumann (2003) 12116: 12112: 12104: 12100: 12092: 12088: 12080: 12076: 12068: 12064: 12058:Schumann (2003) 12056: 12052: 12044: 12040: 12035:Wayback Machine 12025: 12021: 12015:Schumann (2003) 12013: 12009: 12003:Schumann (2003) 12001: 11997: 11989: 11985: 11977: 11973: 11967:Schumann (2003) 11965: 11961: 11955:Schumann (2003) 11953: 11949: 11938: 11934: 11926: 11922: 11916:Schumann (2003) 11914: 11910: 11902: 11898: 11890: 11886: 11878: 11874: 11868:Anālayo (2013b) 11866: 11862: 11854: 11850: 11842: 11838: 11830: 11826: 11818: 11811: 11803: 11799: 11791: 11787: 11779: 11775: 11767: 11763: 11755: 11751: 11743: 11739: 11731: 11727: 11720:Wayback Machine 11708: 11704: 11696: 11692: 11686:Schumann (2003) 11684: 11677: 11669: 11665: 11657: 11653: 11645: 11641: 11633: 11629: 11621: 11617: 11609: 11605: 11597: 11593: 11585: 11581: 11573: 11569: 11561: 11554: 11539: 11525: 11508: 11500: 11496: 11488: 11484: 11476: 11472: 11464: 11460: 11452: 11448: 11440: 11436: 11432:, pp. 8–9. 11428: 11424: 11416: 11409: 11399: 11397: 11384: 11383: 11379: 11369: 11367: 11354: 11353: 11346: 11336: 11334: 11321:Lopez, Donald. 11319: 11315: 11309:Williams (2002) 11307: 11303: 11297:Anderson (1999) 11295: 11291: 11283: 11279: 11269: 11267: 11250: 11249: 11245: 11235: 11233: 11220: 11219: 11215: 11207: 11200: 11192: 11185: 11177: 11173: 11167:Hirakawa (1990) 11165: 11161: 11153: 11149: 11141: 11137: 11131:Schumann (2003) 11129: 11125: 11117: 11113: 11107:Schumann (2003) 11105: 11101: 11095:Laumakis (2008) 11093: 11089: 11081: 11077: 11069: 11065: 11059:Marshall (1918) 11057: 11053: 11047:Hirakawa (1990) 11045: 11041: 11033: 11029: 11021: 11017: 11009: 11005: 10997: 10993: 10985: 10981: 10973: 10969: 10963:Beckwith (2015) 10961: 10957: 10951:Analayo (2013c) 10949: 10945: 10937: 10933: 10925: 10921: 10915:Schumann (2003) 10913: 10906: 10898: 10894: 10886: 10879: 10871: 10867: 10859: 10855: 10847: 10843: 10835: 10831: 10825:Schumann (2003) 10823: 10819: 10813:Schumann (2003) 10811: 10807: 10792: 10785: 10777: 10773: 10765: 10758: 10750: 10746: 10740:Schumann (2003) 10738: 10734: 10726: 10722: 10716:Hamilton (2000) 10714: 10710: 10702: 10698: 10690: 10686: 10678: 10671: 10663: 10659: 10651: 10647: 10641:Gombrich (1988) 10639: 10635: 10627: 10623: 10617:Dhammika (n.d.) 10615: 10611: 10605:Hirakawa (1990) 10603: 10596: 10588: 10584: 10576: 10572: 10564: 10560: 10552: 10541: 10535:Hirakawa (1990) 10533: 10529: 10521: 10517: 10509: 10505: 10497: 10493: 10485: 10481: 10473: 10466: 10460:Nakamura (1980) 10458: 10454: 10446: 10442: 10434: 10427: 10419: 10415: 10405: 10403: 10394: 10393: 10386: 10376: 10374: 10372: 10354: 10347: 10337: 10335: 10322: 10321: 10312: 10304: 10300: 10292: 10288: 10280: 10276: 10268: 10264: 10256: 10252: 10244: 10240: 10232: 10228: 10218: 10216: 10215:. 13 March 2015 10213:British Library 10207: 10206: 10202: 10194: 10190: 10182: 10178: 10170: 10166: 10158: 10154: 10146: 10142: 10134: 10130: 10120: 10118: 10105: 10104: 10100: 10095: 10091: 10081: 10079: 10075: 10064: 10055: 10051: 10043: 10036: 10026: 10024: 10017: 10001: 9997: 9983: 9979: 9971: 9967: 9961:Bronkhorst 2011 9959: 9952: 9944: 9937: 9929: 9922: 9914: 9907: 9899: 9892: 9884: 9880: 9872: 9868: 9860: 9856: 9848: 9844: 9836: 9832: 9826:Nakamura (1980) 9824: 9820: 9810: 9808: 9797: 9793: 9785: 9781: 9773: 9769: 9759: 9757: 9730: 9726: 9718: 9714: 9702: 9698: 9688: 9686: 9659: 9650: 9644:Gombrich (1988) 9642: 9635: 9601: 9597: 9589: 9582: 9574: 9570: 9562: 9558: 9550: 9546: 9538: 9534: 9525: 9523: 9519: 9512: 9504: 9500: 9494:Gombrich (2013) 9492: 9488: 9478: 9476: 9461: 9454: 9446: 9442: 9436:Schumann (2003) 9434: 9430: 9420: 9418: 9399: 9395: 9348: 9344: 9336: 9332: 9326:Gombrich (2000) 9324: 9320: 9314:Gombrich (1992) 9312: 9308: 9300: 9296: 9288: 9281: 9273: 9269: 9261: 9257: 9251:Schumann (2003) 9249: 9245: 9241:, p. 1061. 9237: 9226: 9213: 9209: 9204:Wayback Machine 9183: 9179: 9169: 9167: 9152: 9148: 9140: 9136: 9128: 9124: 9120:, pp. 1–5. 9118:Schumann (2003) 9116: 9112: 9104: 9100: 9092: 9088: 9080: 9076: 9070:Karetzky (2000) 9068: 9061: 9054: 9040: 9036: 9030:Willemen (2009) 9028: 9024: 9016: 9012: 9004: 9000: 8992: 8988: 8980: 8976: 8966: 8964: 8955: 8954: 8950: 8940: 8938: 8931: 8915: 8911: 8901: 8899: 8892: 8876: 8872: 8862: 8860: 8845: 8844: 8840: 8834:Dhammika (1993) 8832: 8823: 8813: 8811: 8798: 8797: 8793: 8786: 8770: 8766: 8756: 8754: 8747: 8731: 8727: 8715: 8714: 8705: 8704: 8697: 8695: 8688: 8662: 8655: 8647: 8640: 8632: 8628: 8585:Witzel, Michael 8582: 8578: 8570: 8566: 8561: 8557: 8546: 8544: 8537: 8514: 8510: 8501: 8499: 8495: 8488: 8480: 8476: 8467: 8463: 8458:Wayback Machine 8448: 8444: 8436: 8429: 8421: 8417: 8411:Hultzsch (1925) 8409: 8405: 8397: 8388: 8380: 8371: 8360: 8356: 8345: 8341: 8331: 8329: 8314: 8310: 8302: 8298: 8290: 8281: 8273: 8266: 8256: 8254: 8247: 8231: 8224: 8216: 8212: 8203: 8199: 8191: 8187: 8179: 8175: 8167: 8163: 8155: 8151: 8143: 8134: 8128:Laumakis (2008) 8126: 8122: 8114: 8110: 8102: 8098: 8090: 8083: 8075: 8071: 8063: 8059: 8051: 8047: 8039: 8035: 8027: 8016: 8012: 8007: 8002: 7997: 7993: 7988: 7984: 7979: 7975: 7970: 7966: 7961: 7957: 7952: 7948: 7940: 7936: 7930: 7926: 7920: 7916: 7899: 7895: 7873: 7869: 7853:Indian Buddhism 7839: 7835: 7788: 7784: 7769: 7761: 7759: 7755: 7749: 7745: 7731:Mo-ho chih-kuan 7725:, Kamalasila's 7716: 7702: 7698: 7693: 7689: 7685:consciousness!" 7683: 7679: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7653: 7639:suukara-paadika 7632: 7628: 7600: 7596: 7591:Anderson (1999) 7588: 7582: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7556: 7553: 7549: 7519: 7515: 7506: 7502: 7477: 7473: 7462: 7447: 7425:Geoffrey Samuel 7422: 7418: 7408: 7404: 7380: 7376: 7370: 7366: 7343: 7339: 7331: 7327: 7313:Geoffrey Samuel 7311: 7309: 7299: 7295: 7284: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7276: 7272: 7261: 7256:Rummindei Edict 7249: 7245: 7234: 7233: 7229: 7216: 7212: 7206: 7197: 7193: 7174: 7135:, p. 164)) 7128: 7123:Rummindei Edict 7083: 7043: 7030: 7006: 7002: 6985: 6981: 6928: 6921: 6910: 6888: 6870: 6858: 6834: 6826: 6802: 6798: 6797: 6793: 6776: 6772: 6752: 6745: 6717: 6708: 6692:Huntington 1986 6684:Huntington 1986 6672:Srivastava 1980 6668:Srivastava 1979 6615:, p. 114; 6602: 6601: 6596:), was born." ( 6571: 6558: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6475: 6441: 6352: 6299: 6177:Daibutsu Kaigen 6167: 6121: 6115: 6110: 6103: 6095: 6085: 6076: 6073: 6064: 6057: 6048: 6045: 6036: 6033: 6024: 6021: 6012: 6009: 6000: 5997: 5988: 5985: 5976: 5973: 5964: 5957: 5948: 5941: 5928: 5919: 5912: 5903: 5896: 5887: 5880: 5871: 5867: 5853: 5844: 5833:Avalokiteshvara 5825: 5816: 5812: 5802: 5793: 5786: 5777: 5769: 5763: 5754: 5747: 5738: 5731: 5722: 5717:Seated Buddha, 5715: 5706: 5703: 5694: 5690: 5684: 5675: 5668: 5659: 5656: 5647: 5644: 5635: 5628: 5619: 5616: 5607: 5601: 5592: 5581: 5572: 5564:Berenike Buddha 5559: 5550: 5547: 5538: 5527: 5518: 5515: 5506: 5499: 5493: 5484: 5481: 5472: 5469: 5460: 5457: 5448: 5445: 5436: 5433: 5424: 5421: 5412: 5409: 5400: 5384:Hellenistic art 5341: 5329:Main articles: 5327: 5294:In the ancient 5270: 5268:Other religions 5225: 5213:Main articles: 5211: 5120: 5082: 5076:Hindu synthesis 5072: 5047: 5042: 5036: 4981: 4975: 4956:Saleyyaka Sutta 4926:Dīghajāṇu Sutta 4912:Dīghajāṇu Sutta 4887: 4832: 4816:contract theory 4791:Vasettha sutta 4729:Majjhima Nikaya 4725:Samyutta Nikaya 4708: 4703: 4674: 4567: 4549: 4543: 4480:. According to 4450: 4412:and awareness ( 4310: 4302:Main articles: 4273: 4170: 4118: 4058: 4043:is dictated by 3979: 3967:Richard Salomon 3953:Majjhima Nikaya 3948:Bhikkhu Analayo 3909:five aggregates 3905:six sense bases 3871: 3854: 3849: 3843: 3796: 3786: 3739:Mahaparinibbana 3659:Mahaparinirvana 3643:Mahaparinibbana 3638:Mahaparinibbana 3594: 3505: 3466: 3399:chief disciples 3290: 3172:Udaka Ramaputta 3116: 3075:and suffering ( 3018:self-indulgence 2979:is the path to 2942:Udaka Ramaputta 2892:Miracle of the 2830: 2820: 2694:Vinaya and the 2644: 2638: 2376:Mayadevi Temple 2353: 2335:Jātakaṭṭhakathā 2280: 2268:Karen Armstrong 2260:Jain scriptures 2212:Mahayana sutras 2208:Bhikkhu Analayo 2134: 2129: 2096: 2094:Greater Magadha 2090: 2045:Makkhali Gosāla 2006: 1994:Greater Magadha 1965: 1955: 1950: 1937: 1930: 1923: 1919: 1912: 1908: 1879: 1843: 1838: 1703: 1683: 1666: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1601: 1593:, "Sage of the 1578: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1540: 1505: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1369:The Blessed one 1354: 1316: 1306: 1263: 1248: 1212: 1196: 1175: 1152:Mahayana sutras 1083:sense restraint 1012:in what is now 939: 899: 892: 891: 782: 772: 771: 722: 712: 711: 677: 667: 666: 572: 562: 561: 532:Mahayana Sutras 512: 502: 501: 442:Five Aggregates 420: 419: 399: 398: 389:Later Buddhists 354: 210: 209:Gautama Buddha 190: 167: 131: 121: 117: 106: 103:Shakya Republic 96: 93: 89: 88: 73: 65: 39: 30: 17: 12: 11: 5: 21905: 21895: 21894: 21889: 21887:Indian princes 21884: 21879: 21874: 21869: 21864: 21859: 21854: 21849: 21844: 21839: 21834: 21829: 21824: 21819: 21814: 21809: 21804: 21799: 21794: 21789: 21784: 21779: 21774: 21772:Gautama Buddha 21757: 21756: 21754: 21753: 21743: 21732: 21729: 21728: 21726: 21725: 21724: 21723: 21713: 21708: 21703: 21702: 21701: 21691: 21690: 21689: 21684: 21679: 21669: 21664: 21659: 21654: 21649: 21644: 21639: 21638: 21637: 21632: 21610: 21609: 21608: 21603: 21598: 21593: 21588: 21578: 21573: 21568: 21563: 21562: 21561: 21551: 21550: 21549: 21544: 21539: 21534: 21527:Core teachings 21524: 21518: 21515: 21514: 21510:Gautama Buddha 21502: 21501: 21494: 21487: 21479: 21470: 21469: 21467: 21466: 21454: 21443: 21440: 21439: 21437: 21436: 21431: 21426: 21421: 21416: 21411: 21406: 21400: 21398: 21392: 21391: 21389: 21388: 21383: 21378: 21373: 21368: 21363: 21358: 21353: 21348: 21343: 21338: 21337: 21336: 21331: 21321: 21315: 21313: 21307: 21306: 21304: 21303: 21302: 21301: 21296: 21286: 21281: 21276: 21271: 21266: 21261: 21256: 21251: 21246: 21241: 21236: 21230: 21228: 21222: 21221: 21219: 21218: 21213: 21208: 21207: 21206: 21201: 21196: 21191: 21186: 21176: 21171: 21166: 21161: 21156: 21155: 21154: 21149: 21144: 21139: 21134: 21124: 21119: 21114: 21113: 21112: 21102: 21097: 21092: 21087: 21086: 21085: 21080: 21075: 21070: 21065: 21055: 21050: 21045: 21040: 21035: 21030: 21025: 21024: 21023: 21021:Greco-Buddhist 21013: 21012: 21011: 21006: 21001: 20996: 20991: 20986: 20981: 20976: 20975: 20974: 20972:Burmese pagoda 20964: 20959: 20954: 20949: 20944: 20939: 20928: 20926: 20920: 20919: 20917: 20916: 20911: 20906: 20901: 20896: 20891: 20886: 20881: 20876: 20871: 20866: 20861: 20856: 20851: 20846: 20841: 20836: 20830: 20828: 20822: 20821: 20819: 20818: 20813: 20808: 20803: 20798: 20793: 20788: 20783: 20778: 20773: 20768: 20763: 20762: 20761: 20754:Greco-Buddhism 20751: 20746: 20745: 20744: 20734: 20729: 20724: 20719: 20713: 20711: 20705: 20704: 20702: 20701: 20700: 20699: 20694: 20689: 20687:United Kingdom 20684: 20679: 20674: 20669: 20664: 20659: 20654: 20649: 20644: 20639: 20634: 20632:Czech Republic 20629: 20624: 20619: 20614: 20609: 20599: 20598: 20597: 20592: 20582: 20581: 20580: 20570: 20569: 20568: 20563: 20553: 20548: 20543: 20538: 20533: 20528: 20523: 20522: 20521: 20511: 20506: 20496: 20491: 20486: 20481: 20476: 20471: 20466: 20461: 20456: 20451: 20446: 20441: 20436: 20431: 20426: 20421: 20416: 20410: 20408: 20402: 20401: 20399: 20398: 20396:Abhidharmadīpa 20393: 20386: 20381: 20376: 20369: 20364: 20359: 20354: 20349: 20344: 20338: 20336: 20330: 20329: 20327: 20326: 20321: 20316: 20314:B. R. Ambedkar 20311: 20306: 20301: 20296: 20291: 20286: 20281: 20276: 20271: 20266: 20261: 20256: 20251: 20246: 20241: 20236: 20234:Songtsen Gampo 20231: 20226: 20221: 20216: 20211: 20206: 20201: 20196: 20191: 20186: 20181: 20176: 20171: 20165: 20163: 20157: 20156: 20154: 20153: 20148: 20147: 20146: 20136: 20131: 20126: 20121: 20116: 20111: 20110: 20109: 20099: 20094: 20089: 20084: 20079: 20074: 20069: 20064: 20059: 20054: 20049: 20044: 20038: 20036: 20030: 20029: 20027: 20026: 20025: 20024: 20019: 20014: 20009: 19999: 19994: 19989: 19984: 19978: 19976: 19970: 19969: 19967: 19966: 19961: 19960: 19959: 19949: 19948: 19947: 19942: 19937: 19927: 19926: 19925: 19920: 19915: 19913:Eight precepts 19910: 19900: 19899: 19898: 19893: 19888: 19883: 19873: 19872: 19871: 19861: 19856: 19851: 19850: 19849: 19844: 19839: 19829: 19824: 19819: 19814: 19809: 19808: 19807: 19802: 19792: 19787: 19786: 19785: 19780: 19775: 19770: 19765: 19760: 19755: 19750: 19745: 19740: 19735: 19725: 19720: 19715: 19710: 19701: 19691: 19686: 19684:Five Strengths 19681: 19676: 19671: 19666: 19661: 19656: 19651: 19650: 19649: 19644: 19639: 19634: 19624: 19619: 19613: 19611: 19605: 19604: 19602: 19601: 19596: 19591: 19586: 19581: 19576: 19575: 19574: 19569: 19564: 19559: 19549: 19548: 19547: 19542: 19537: 19532: 19527: 19522: 19517: 19512: 19511: 19510: 19505: 19500: 19495: 19479: 19477: 19471: 19470: 19468: 19467: 19462: 19461: 19460: 19455: 19450: 19445: 19440: 19435: 19425: 19419: 19417: 19411: 19410: 19408: 19407: 19402: 19401: 19400: 19395: 19390: 19380: 19375: 19370: 19365: 19360: 19355: 19350: 19345: 19340: 19335: 19330: 19325: 19323:Mental factors 19320: 19315: 19310: 19305: 19300: 19295: 19290: 19285: 19280: 19275: 19270: 19264: 19262: 19256: 19255: 19253: 19252: 19247: 19242: 19237: 19232: 19227: 19222: 19217: 19212: 19207: 19202: 19197: 19192: 19187: 19182: 19177: 19175:Mahamoggallāna 19172: 19167: 19162: 19156: 19154: 19148: 19147: 19145: 19144: 19139: 19134: 19129: 19124: 19119: 19114: 19109: 19104: 19099: 19098: 19097: 19090:Avalokiteśvara 19086: 19084: 19078: 19077: 19075: 19074: 19069: 19064: 19063: 19062: 19054: 19046: 19038: 19030: 19022: 19014: 19001: 18996: 18991: 18986: 18981: 18976: 18971: 18966: 18961: 18956: 18951: 18946: 18940: 18938: 18932: 18931: 18929: 18928: 18923: 18918: 18913: 18912: 18911: 18906: 18901: 18891: 18885: 18883: 18877: 18876: 18874: 18873: 18868: 18863: 18852: 18849: 18848: 18829: 18828: 18821: 18814: 18806: 18797: 18796: 18784: 18781: 18780: 18771: 18768: 18767: 18765: 18764: 18759: 18754: 18749: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18729: 18724: 18719: 18714: 18709: 18704: 18699: 18694: 18689: 18684: 18679: 18674: 18669: 18664: 18659: 18654: 18649: 18644: 18639: 18634: 18629: 18623: 18620: 18619: 18612: 18611: 18604: 18597: 18589: 18581: 18580: 18575: 18572: 18559: 18554: 18550: 18549: 18548:Regnal titles 18545: 18544: 18539: 18536: 18531: 18528:Kassapa Buddha 18526: 18522: 18521: 18513: 18512: 18497: 18488: 18479: 18470: 18459: 18458:External links 18456: 18455: 18454: 18448: 18428: 18410: 18409: 18400: 18383:Early Buddhism 18380: 18379: 18373: 18358: 18352: 18337: 18325: 18319:, ed. (1996). 18317:Bechert, Heinz 18307: 18306: 18289: 18284: 18267: 18261: 18246: 18241: 18223:Singh, Upinder 18219: 18210: 18196: 18187: 18181: 18166: 18157: 18146: 18135: 18126: 18121: 18108: 18088: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18059: 18029:(3): 367–394. 18014: 17994: 17976: 17967: 17961: 17948: 17921: 17903: 17890: 17872: 17867: 17854: 17849: 17834: 17822: 17810: 17791:10.1086/462628 17785:(3): 185–203, 17774: 17751: 17742: 17736: 17719: 17710: 17708:on 3 June 2011 17693: 17679:(2): 193–210. 17661: 17652: 17647: 17634: 17629: 17616: 17591: 17561: 17534: 17529: 17514: 17509: 17496: 17487: 17478: 17473: 17456: 17447: 17442: 17422: 17420:, Oxford-Wiley 17413: 17402: 17394: 17381:(1): 103–110, 17366: 17353: 17329: 17301: 17269:(2): 297–317, 17251: 17242: 17237: 17224: 17215: 17185: 17158: 17146: 17127: 17099: 17081: 17072: 17063: 17054: 17019: 17002: 16983: 16977: 16957: 16944: 16932: 16923: 16914: 16897:(3/4): 19–50, 16886: 16880: 16867: 16854:(1): 187–201, 16839: 16834: 16821: 16816: 16798: 16793: 16780: 16763: 16732: 16705: 16679:(1): 131–151, 16659: 16636: 16626:Marshall, John 16622: 16613: 16608: 16593: 16571: 16550: 16542: 16537: 16520: 16511: 16506: 16493: 16476: 16470:, SUNY Press, 16461: 16452: 16447: 16434: 16428: 16415: 16406: 16397: 16363: 16350: 16339: 16328: 16319: 16302: 16283: 16256: 16245: 16228: 16201: 16184: 16166: 16162:Bechert (1991) 16153: 16144: 16139: 16126: 16117: 16092: 16083: 16066: 16051: 16033: 16018: 16008: 15999: 15994:Bechert (1992) 15989: 15980: 15975: 15962: 15939: 15930: 15921: 15903: 15888: 15882: 15865: 15854: 15849: 15833: 15824: 15812: 15793: 15788: 15772:, ed. (1993), 15770:Doniger, Wendy 15766: 15756: 15741: 15727: 15714: 15708: 15692: 15687: 15674: 15669: 15656: 15627: 15566: 15540: 15535: 15522: 15504: 15489: 15480: 15463: 15448: 15443: 15430: 15425: 15412: 15403: 15379: 15367: 15355: 15350: 15335: 15311: 15302: 15293: 15266: 15245: 15223: 15222: 15221: 15208: 15191:Bechert, Heinz 15187: 15173: 15155: 15140: 15131: 15122: 15111: 15106: 15093: 15084: 15063: 15045: 15039: 15026: 15020: 15007: 14980: 14967: 14958: 14937: 14928: 14905: 14889: 14880: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14862: 14843: 14812: 14791: 14784: 14764: 14752: 14740: 14728: 14716: 14684: 14671: 14659: 14647: 14635: 14622: 14602: 14573: 14561: 14549: 14530: 14510: 14479: 14464: 14443: 14422: 14401: 14380: 14350: 14331: 14311: 14297: 14279: 14244: 14242:, p. 243. 14240:Doniger (1993) 14232: 14220: 14208: 14196: 14181: 14169: 14157: 14145: 14124: 14111: 14099: 14097:, p. 263. 14095:Anālayo (2011) 14087: 14075: 14063: 14061:, p. 110. 14051: 14049:, p. 124. 14039: 14029: 14020: 14018:, p. 109. 14008: 13996: 13936: 13929: 13911: 13898: 13889: 13866: 13854: 13842: 13830: 13804: 13802:, p. 119. 13792: 13780: 13771: 13759: 13744: 13732: 13723: 13721:, p. 107. 13711: 13699: 13697:, p. xxx. 13687: 13675: 13663: 13648: 13629: 13616: 13600: 13588: 13576: 13564: 13562:, p. 147. 13552: 13550:, inside flap. 13535: 13533:, p. vii. 13520: 13501: 13489: 13474: 13459: 13456:. p. 267. 13440: 13428: 13413: 13396: 13384: 13372: 13360: 13348: 13336: 13324: 13312: 13300: 13298:, p. 157. 13288: 13266: 13264:, p. 165. 13254: 13250:Anālayo (2015) 13242: 13240:, p. 189. 13238:Anālayo (2011) 13230: 13215: 13203: 13191: 13189:, p. 164. 13179: 13167: 13155: 13143: 13141:, p. 229. 13131: 13119: 13107: 13095: 13083: 13081:, p. 139. 13071: 13059: 13057:, p. 148. 13047: 13035: 13023: 13011: 12998: 12985: 12973: 12961: 12949: 12947:, p. 138. 12932: 12920: 12908: 12896: 12889: 12869: 12857: 12855:, p. 256. 12845: 12833: 12821: 12808: 12796: 12781: 12779:, p. 131. 12764: 12749: 12716: 12697: 12678: 12658: 12656:, p. 114. 12646: 12644:, p. 135. 12634: 12622: 12610: 12598: 12586: 12574: 12562: 12550: 12519: 12507: 12495: 12483: 12452: 12450:, p. 891. 12448:Anālayo (2011) 12440: 12425: 12401: 12389: 12358: 12356:, p. 331. 12346: 12344:, p. 330. 12334: 12332:, p. 327. 12322: 12320:, p. 324. 12310: 12298: 12296:, p. 183. 12286: 12284:, p. 112. 12274: 12272:, p. 250. 12262: 12260:, p. 178. 12247: 12245:, p. 249. 12232: 12230:, p. 176. 12220: 12208: 12177: 12165: 12134: 12132:, p. 246. 12122: 12120:, p. 244. 12110: 12098: 12086: 12082:Anālayo (2014) 12074: 12072:, p. 165. 12062: 12060:, p. 239. 12050: 12048:, p. 280. 12038: 12019: 12017:, p. 237. 12007: 12005:, p. 236. 11995: 11993:, p. 257. 11983: 11981:, p. 198. 11979:Anālayo (2011) 11971: 11969:, p. 232. 11959: 11957:, p. 215. 11947: 11932: 11920: 11908: 11906:, p. 134. 11896: 11894:, p. 127. 11892:Anālayo (2016) 11884: 11880:Anālayo (2016) 11872: 11860: 11856:Anālayo (2016) 11848: 11844:Anālayo (2016) 11836: 11832:Anālayo (2016) 11824: 11822:, p. 136. 11809: 11797: 11795:, p. 122. 11785: 11773: 11761: 11759:, p. 119. 11749: 11737: 11725: 11702: 11700:, p. 132. 11690: 11688:, p. 231. 11675: 11673:, p. 131. 11663: 11651: 11649:, p. 115. 11639: 11627: 11615: 11603: 11601:, p. 113. 11591: 11589:, p. 110. 11579: 11567: 11565:, p. 185. 11563:Anālayo (2011) 11552: 11537: 11506: 11504:, p. 183. 11502:Anālayo (2011) 11494: 11492:, p. 182. 11490:Anālayo (2011) 11482: 11470: 11458: 11446: 11434: 11422: 11420:, p. 178. 11418:Anālayo (2011) 11407: 11377: 11344: 11313: 11301: 11289: 11287:, p. 243. 11285:Anālayo (2011) 11277: 11243: 11213: 11211:, p. 240. 11209:Anālayo (2011) 11198: 11196:, p. 236. 11194:Anālayo (2011) 11183: 11179:Anālayo (2011) 11171: 11159: 11147: 11135: 11123: 11121:, p. 175. 11119:Anālayo (2011) 11111: 11099: 11087: 11075: 11063: 11051: 11039: 11027: 11015: 11003: 10991: 10979: 10967: 10955: 10943: 10931: 10919: 10904: 10902:, p. 322. 10892: 10877: 10865: 10853: 10841: 10839:, p. 173. 10837:Anālayo (2011) 10829: 10817: 10805: 10783: 10781:, p. 170. 10779:Anālayo (2011) 10771: 10756: 10744: 10732: 10730:, p. 139. 10720: 10708: 10696: 10684: 10669: 10657: 10655:, p. 146. 10645: 10633: 10621: 10609: 10594: 10582: 10570: 10558: 10539: 10527: 10515: 10503: 10491: 10479: 10464: 10452: 10448:Trainor (2010) 10440: 10425: 10423:, p. 436. 10413: 10384: 10370: 10345: 10310: 10298: 10286: 10274: 10262: 10250: 10238: 10226: 10200: 10188: 10176: 10174:, p. xii. 10164: 10152: 10148:Skilton (2004) 10140: 10128: 10098: 10089: 10049: 10045:Anālayo (2006) 10034: 10015: 9995: 9977: 9965: 9950: 9935: 9920: 9905: 9903:, p. 169. 9890: 9878: 9866: 9854: 9842: 9830: 9818: 9791: 9787:Collins (2009) 9779: 9777:, p. 268. 9767: 9744:(1): 100–114. 9724: 9712: 9696: 9673:(2): 145–180. 9648: 9633: 9595: 9580: 9568: 9556: 9544: 9532: 9498: 9486: 9452: 9440: 9428: 9393: 9342: 9330: 9318: 9306: 9302:Prebish (2008) 9294: 9279: 9267: 9255: 9243: 9224: 9207: 9177: 9146: 9134: 9132:, p. 352. 9130:Buswell (2003) 9122: 9110: 9098: 9096:, p. 177. 9094:Swearer (2004) 9086: 9074: 9072:, p. xxi. 9059: 9052: 9034: 9022: 9010: 8998: 8986: 8982:Schober (2002) 8974: 8963:on 27 May 2017 8948: 8929: 8909: 8890: 8870: 8838: 8821: 8804:Dictionary.com 8791: 8784: 8764: 8745: 8725: 8716:|journal= 8686: 8653: 8638: 8626: 8576: 8564: 8555: 8535: 8508: 8474: 8468:Peter Harvey, 8461: 8442: 8427: 8425:, p. 230. 8415: 8413:, p. 164. 8403: 8399:Fogelin (2015) 8386: 8369: 8354: 8339: 8308: 8306:, p. 817. 8296: 8279: 8264: 8245: 8222: 8220:, p. 398. 8210: 8197: 8195:, p. 1–7. 8185: 8173: 8161: 8149: 8132: 8120: 8108: 8096: 8081: 8069: 8057: 8053:Prebish (2008) 8045: 8033: 8029:Cousins (1996) 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 8000: 7991: 7982: 7973: 7964: 7955: 7946: 7934: 7924: 7914: 7912: 7911: 7908: 7905: 7893: 7891: 7890: 7867: 7865: 7864: 7860: 7833: 7831: 7830: 7818: 7802: 7782: 7753: 7743: 7723:Abhidharmakosa 7713:Vāsiṣṭha-sūtra 7696: 7687: 7677: 7661: 7651: 7647:suukaramaddava 7637:, "pig-bulb"; 7626: 7624: 7623: 7620: 7617: 7614: 7611: 7608: 7605: 7594: 7547: 7513: 7500: 7471: 7445: 7416: 7402: 7390:Mohāpātra 2000 7387:Mahāpātra 1977 7374: 7364: 7362: 7361: 7351: 7337: 7325: 7293: 7270: 7268:, p. 164) 7266:Hultzsch (1925 7262: 260 BCE 7243: 7227: 7210: 7191: 7189: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7153: 7144: 7143: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7133:Hultzsch (1925 7129: 260 BCE 7092:Fogelin (2015) 7090:, p. 8), 7073: 7064: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7056: 7000: 6991: 6990: 6979: 6977: 6976: 6970: 6958: 6952: 6919: 6791: 6770: 6768: 6767: 6764:Michael Witzel 6760: 6735: 6728: 6725: 6706: 6696: 6695: 6666:, p. 18; 6652: 6642: 6635:, p. 436 6613:Mohāpātra 2000 6609:Mahāpātra 1977 6556: 6554: 6553: 6547: 6541: 6518:lotus position 6508: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6474: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6454: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6423: 6411: 6399: 6384: 6375: 6373:B. R. Ambedkar 6364: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6346: 6330: 6314: 6313:as the Buddha. 6298: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6280:B. R. Ambedkar 6271: 6263: 6260:Gautama Buddha 6256:Allani Sridhar 6247: 6235: 6227: 6211: 6195: 6183: 6160: 6140: 6117:Main article: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6108:In other media 6106: 6105: 6104: 6098:–6th century. 6086: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6067: 6065: 6058: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5967: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5949: 5942: 1100 CE 5929: 5922: 5920: 5913: 5906: 5904: 5897: 5890: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5872: 5854: 5847: 5845: 5827:Seated Buddha 5826: 5819: 5817: 5803: 5796: 5794: 5787: 5780: 5778: 5764: 5757: 5755: 5748: 5741: 5739: 5732: 5725: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5697: 5695: 5685: 5678: 5676: 5669: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5638: 5636: 5632:Kushan dynasty 5629: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5610: 5608: 5602: 5595: 5593: 5582: 5575: 5573: 5560: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5541: 5539: 5528: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5509: 5507: 5504:Art of Mathura 5494: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5403: 5399: 5396: 5326: 5323: 5269: 5266: 5210: 5207: 5176:al-Shahrastani 5119: 5116: 5068:Main article: 5046: 5043: 5038:Main article: 5035: 5032: 5026:Lakkhaṇa Sutta 4977:Main article: 4974: 4971: 4886: 4883: 4831: 4828: 4773:ritual bathing 4741:Gayatri mantra 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4673: 4670: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4545:Main article: 4542: 4539: 4449: 4446: 4388:indriyasamvara 4272: 4269: 4169: 4166: 4129:Ye Dharma Hetu 4117: 4114: 4057: 4054: 3978: 3975: 3962:Madhyama Agama 3867:Main article: 3853: 3852:Core teachings 3850: 3842: 3839: 3785: 3782: 3627:Vajjika League 3593: 3589:Last days and 3587: 3504: 3501: 3465: 3462: 3443:stream-enterer 3407:Mahāmoggallāna 3310:Gangetic Plain 3289: 3286: 3193:, also called 3115: 3112: 3041:sammā-sambodhi 2950:breath control 2819: 2816: 2637: 2634: 2465:white elephant 2443:, his mother, 2428:), was born." 2359:A map showing 2352: 2349: 2279: 2278:Previous lives 2276: 2264:Indian history 2154:British Museum 2150:Bimaran Casket 2133: 2130: 2128: 2125: 2104:egalitarianism 2089: 2086: 2041:Pūraṇa Kassapa 2005: 2002: 1966: 500 BCE 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1942:K. T. S. Sarao 1938: 380 BCE 1931: 400 BCE 1924: 460 BCE 1913: 492 BCE 1878: 1875: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1702: 1699: 1682: 1679: 1667: 100 BCE 1579: 250 BCE 1566: 1565: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1501:Main article: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1452: 1451: 1435: 1424: 1414: 1408: 1398: 1390: 1384: 1378:Sammasambuddho 1375: 1353: 1352:Other epithets 1350: 1305: 1302: 1195: 1192: 1174: 1171: 1136:oral tradition 1069:that includes 1022:monastic order 941: 940: 938: 937: 930: 923: 915: 912: 911: 910: 909: 894: 893: 890: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 814: 809: 804: 799: 794: 789: 783: 778: 777: 774: 773: 770: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 723: 718: 717: 714: 713: 710: 709: 704: 699: 697:Pratyekabuddha 694: 689: 684: 678: 673: 672: 669: 668: 665: 664: 659: 654: 652:Buddhist chant 649: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 579: 573: 568: 567: 564: 563: 560: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 513: 510:Buddhist texts 508: 507: 504: 503: 500: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 438: 437: 427: 421: 418: 417: 412: 406: 405: 404: 401: 400: 397: 396: 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 355: 350: 349: 346: 345: 344: 343: 338: 333: 325: 324: 316: 315: 309: 308: 296: 295: 292: 291: 288: 287: 280: 274: 273: 269: 268: 261: 255: 254: 250: 249: 246: 245: 242: 241: 236: 232: 231: 229:Kassapa Buddha 226: 222: 221: 220:Senior posting 217: 216: 207: 203: 202: 196: 195:Known for 192: 191: 189: 188: 182: 175: 173: 169: 168: 166: 165: 159: 157: 153: 152: 147: 143: 142: 137: 133: 132: 128:Malla republic 122: 112: 108: 107: 97: 86: 84: 80: 79: 75: 74: 49: 41: 40: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21904: 21893: 21890: 21888: 21885: 21883: 21880: 21878: 21875: 21873: 21870: 21868: 21865: 21863: 21860: 21858: 21855: 21853: 21850: 21848: 21845: 21843: 21840: 21838: 21835: 21833: 21830: 21828: 21825: 21823: 21820: 21818: 21815: 21813: 21810: 21808: 21805: 21803: 21800: 21798: 21795: 21793: 21790: 21788: 21785: 21783: 21780: 21778: 21775: 21773: 21770: 21769: 21767: 21752: 21744: 21742: 21734: 21733: 21730: 21722: 21719: 21718: 21717: 21714: 21712: 21709: 21707: 21704: 21700: 21697: 21696: 21695: 21694:Buddha in art 21692: 21688: 21685: 21683: 21680: 21678: 21675: 21674: 21673: 21670: 21668: 21665: 21663: 21660: 21658: 21655: 21653: 21650: 21648: 21645: 21643: 21640: 21636: 21633: 21631: 21627: 21623: 21619: 21616: 21615: 21614: 21611: 21607: 21604: 21602: 21599: 21597: 21594: 21592: 21589: 21587: 21584: 21583: 21582: 21579: 21577: 21574: 21572: 21569: 21567: 21564: 21560: 21557: 21556: 21555: 21552: 21548: 21545: 21543: 21540: 21538: 21535: 21533: 21530: 21529: 21528: 21525: 21523: 21520: 21519: 21516: 21511: 21507: 21500: 21495: 21493: 21488: 21486: 21481: 21480: 21477: 21465: 21460: 21455: 21453: 21445: 21444: 21441: 21435: 21432: 21430: 21427: 21425: 21422: 21420: 21417: 21415: 21412: 21410: 21407: 21405: 21402: 21401: 21399: 21397: 21393: 21387: 21384: 21382: 21379: 21377: 21374: 21372: 21369: 21367: 21364: 21362: 21359: 21357: 21354: 21352: 21349: 21347: 21344: 21342: 21339: 21335: 21332: 21330: 21327: 21326: 21325: 21322: 21320: 21317: 21316: 21314: 21312: 21308: 21300: 21297: 21295: 21292: 21291: 21290: 21287: 21285: 21282: 21280: 21277: 21275: 21272: 21270: 21267: 21265: 21262: 21260: 21257: 21255: 21252: 21250: 21247: 21245: 21242: 21240: 21237: 21235: 21232: 21231: 21229: 21227: 21226:Miscellaneous 21223: 21217: 21216:Vegetarianism 21214: 21212: 21209: 21205: 21202: 21200: 21197: 21195: 21192: 21190: 21187: 21185: 21182: 21181: 21180: 21177: 21175: 21172: 21170: 21167: 21165: 21162: 21160: 21157: 21153: 21150: 21148: 21145: 21143: 21140: 21138: 21135: 21133: 21130: 21129: 21128: 21125: 21123: 21120: 21118: 21115: 21111: 21108: 21107: 21106: 21103: 21101: 21098: 21096: 21093: 21091: 21088: 21084: 21081: 21079: 21076: 21074: 21071: 21069: 21066: 21064: 21061: 21060: 21059: 21056: 21054: 21051: 21049: 21046: 21044: 21041: 21039: 21038:Buddha in art 21036: 21034: 21031: 21029: 21026: 21022: 21019: 21018: 21017: 21014: 21010: 21007: 21005: 21002: 21000: 20997: 20995: 20992: 20990: 20987: 20985: 20982: 20980: 20977: 20973: 20970: 20969: 20968: 20965: 20963: 20960: 20958: 20955: 20953: 20950: 20948: 20945: 20943: 20940: 20938: 20935: 20934: 20933: 20930: 20929: 20927: 20925: 20921: 20915: 20912: 20910: 20907: 20905: 20902: 20900: 20897: 20895: 20892: 20890: 20887: 20885: 20882: 20880: 20877: 20875: 20872: 20870: 20867: 20865: 20862: 20860: 20857: 20855: 20852: 20850: 20847: 20845: 20842: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20831: 20829: 20827: 20823: 20817: 20814: 20812: 20809: 20807: 20804: 20802: 20799: 20797: 20794: 20792: 20789: 20787: 20784: 20782: 20779: 20777: 20774: 20772: 20769: 20767: 20764: 20760: 20757: 20756: 20755: 20752: 20750: 20747: 20743: 20740: 20739: 20738: 20735: 20733: 20730: 20728: 20725: 20723: 20720: 20718: 20715: 20714: 20712: 20710: 20706: 20698: 20695: 20693: 20692:United States 20690: 20688: 20685: 20683: 20680: 20678: 20675: 20673: 20670: 20668: 20665: 20663: 20660: 20658: 20655: 20653: 20650: 20648: 20645: 20643: 20640: 20638: 20635: 20633: 20630: 20628: 20625: 20623: 20620: 20618: 20615: 20613: 20610: 20608: 20605: 20604: 20603: 20600: 20596: 20593: 20591: 20588: 20587: 20586: 20583: 20579: 20576: 20575: 20574: 20571: 20567: 20564: 20562: 20559: 20558: 20557: 20554: 20552: 20549: 20547: 20544: 20542: 20539: 20537: 20534: 20532: 20529: 20527: 20524: 20519: 20515: 20512: 20510: 20507: 20505: 20502: 20501: 20500: 20497: 20495: 20492: 20490: 20487: 20485: 20482: 20480: 20477: 20475: 20472: 20470: 20467: 20465: 20462: 20460: 20457: 20455: 20452: 20450: 20447: 20445: 20442: 20440: 20437: 20435: 20432: 20430: 20427: 20425: 20422: 20420: 20417: 20415: 20412: 20411: 20409: 20407: 20403: 20397: 20394: 20392: 20391: 20387: 20385: 20382: 20380: 20377: 20375: 20374: 20370: 20368: 20365: 20363: 20360: 20358: 20355: 20353: 20350: 20348: 20345: 20343: 20340: 20339: 20337: 20335: 20331: 20325: 20322: 20320: 20317: 20315: 20312: 20310: 20307: 20305: 20302: 20300: 20297: 20295: 20292: 20290: 20287: 20285: 20282: 20280: 20277: 20275: 20272: 20270: 20267: 20265: 20262: 20260: 20257: 20255: 20252: 20250: 20249:Padmasambhava 20247: 20245: 20242: 20240: 20237: 20235: 20232: 20230: 20227: 20225: 20222: 20220: 20217: 20215: 20212: 20210: 20207: 20205: 20202: 20200: 20197: 20195: 20192: 20190: 20187: 20185: 20182: 20180: 20177: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20166: 20164: 20162: 20161:Major figures 20158: 20152: 20149: 20145: 20142: 20141: 20140: 20137: 20135: 20132: 20130: 20127: 20125: 20122: 20120: 20117: 20115: 20112: 20108: 20107:Western tulku 20105: 20104: 20103: 20100: 20098: 20095: 20093: 20090: 20088: 20085: 20083: 20080: 20078: 20075: 20073: 20070: 20068: 20065: 20063: 20060: 20058: 20055: 20053: 20050: 20048: 20045: 20043: 20040: 20039: 20037: 20035: 20031: 20023: 20020: 20018: 20015: 20013: 20010: 20008: 20005: 20004: 20003: 20000: 19998: 19995: 19993: 19990: 19988: 19985: 19983: 19980: 19979: 19977: 19975: 19971: 19965: 19962: 19958: 19955: 19954: 19953: 19950: 19946: 19943: 19941: 19938: 19936: 19933: 19932: 19931: 19928: 19924: 19921: 19919: 19916: 19914: 19911: 19909: 19908:Five precepts 19906: 19905: 19904: 19901: 19897: 19894: 19892: 19889: 19887: 19886:Dhamma vicaya 19884: 19882: 19879: 19878: 19877: 19874: 19870: 19867: 19866: 19865: 19862: 19860: 19857: 19855: 19852: 19848: 19845: 19843: 19840: 19838: 19835: 19834: 19833: 19830: 19828: 19825: 19823: 19820: 19818: 19815: 19813: 19810: 19806: 19803: 19801: 19798: 19797: 19796: 19793: 19791: 19788: 19784: 19781: 19779: 19776: 19774: 19771: 19769: 19766: 19764: 19761: 19759: 19756: 19754: 19751: 19749: 19746: 19744: 19741: 19739: 19736: 19733: 19729: 19726: 19724: 19721: 19719: 19716: 19714: 19711: 19708: 19707: 19702: 19700: 19697: 19696: 19695: 19692: 19690: 19687: 19685: 19682: 19680: 19677: 19675: 19672: 19670: 19667: 19665: 19662: 19660: 19657: 19655: 19654:Buddhābhiṣeka 19652: 19648: 19645: 19643: 19640: 19638: 19635: 19633: 19630: 19629: 19628: 19625: 19623: 19620: 19618: 19615: 19614: 19612: 19610: 19606: 19600: 19597: 19595: 19592: 19590: 19587: 19585: 19582: 19580: 19577: 19573: 19570: 19568: 19565: 19563: 19560: 19558: 19555: 19554: 19553: 19550: 19546: 19543: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19533: 19531: 19528: 19526: 19523: 19521: 19518: 19516: 19513: 19509: 19506: 19504: 19501: 19499: 19496: 19494: 19491: 19490: 19489: 19486: 19485: 19484: 19481: 19480: 19478: 19476: 19472: 19466: 19463: 19459: 19456: 19454: 19451: 19449: 19446: 19444: 19441: 19439: 19436: 19434: 19431: 19430: 19429: 19426: 19424: 19421: 19420: 19418: 19416: 19412: 19406: 19403: 19399: 19396: 19394: 19391: 19389: 19386: 19385: 19384: 19381: 19379: 19376: 19374: 19371: 19369: 19366: 19364: 19361: 19359: 19356: 19354: 19351: 19349: 19346: 19344: 19341: 19339: 19336: 19334: 19331: 19329: 19326: 19324: 19321: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19301: 19299: 19298:Enlightenment 19296: 19294: 19291: 19289: 19288:Dhamma theory 19286: 19284: 19283:Buddha-nature 19281: 19279: 19276: 19274: 19271: 19269: 19266: 19265: 19263: 19261: 19257: 19251: 19248: 19246: 19243: 19241: 19238: 19236: 19233: 19231: 19228: 19226: 19223: 19221: 19218: 19216: 19213: 19211: 19208: 19206: 19203: 19201: 19198: 19196: 19193: 19191: 19188: 19186: 19183: 19181: 19178: 19176: 19173: 19171: 19168: 19166: 19163: 19161: 19158: 19157: 19155: 19153: 19149: 19143: 19140: 19138: 19135: 19133: 19130: 19128: 19125: 19123: 19122:Samantabhadra 19120: 19118: 19115: 19113: 19110: 19108: 19105: 19103: 19100: 19096: 19093: 19092: 19091: 19088: 19087: 19085: 19083: 19079: 19073: 19070: 19068: 19065: 19061: 19055: 19053: 19047: 19045: 19039: 19037: 19031: 19029: 19023: 19021: 19015: 19013: 19007: 19006: 19005: 19002: 19000: 18997: 18995: 18992: 18990: 18987: 18985: 18982: 18980: 18977: 18975: 18972: 18970: 18967: 18965: 18962: 18960: 18957: 18955: 18952: 18950: 18947: 18945: 18942: 18941: 18939: 18937: 18933: 18927: 18924: 18922: 18919: 18917: 18914: 18910: 18907: 18905: 18902: 18900: 18897: 18896: 18895: 18892: 18890: 18887: 18886: 18884: 18882: 18878: 18872: 18869: 18867: 18864: 18862: 18854: 18853: 18850: 18845: 18840: 18835: 18827: 18822: 18820: 18815: 18813: 18808: 18807: 18804: 18794: 18789: 18782: 18778: 18774: 18769: 18763: 18760: 18758: 18755: 18753: 18750: 18748: 18745: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18733: 18730: 18728: 18725: 18723: 18720: 18718: 18715: 18713: 18710: 18708: 18705: 18703: 18700: 18698: 18695: 18693: 18690: 18688: 18685: 18683: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18673: 18670: 18668: 18665: 18663: 18660: 18658: 18655: 18653: 18650: 18648: 18645: 18643: 18640: 18638: 18635: 18633: 18630: 18628: 18625: 18624: 18621: 18617: 18610: 18605: 18603: 18598: 18596: 18591: 18590: 18587: 18578: 18571: 18569: 18564: 18557: 18551: 18546: 18542: 18535: 18529: 18523: 18520: 18516: 18511: 18507: 18506: 18501: 18498: 18496: 18492: 18489: 18487: 18483: 18480: 18478: 18474: 18471: 18469: 18465: 18462: 18461: 18451: 18445: 18440: 18439: 18433: 18429: 18425: 18421: 18417: 18416: 18415: 18414: 18406: 18401: 18397: 18396: 18391: 18387: 18386: 18385: 18384: 18376: 18370: 18366: 18365: 18359: 18355: 18349: 18345: 18344: 18338: 18334: 18330: 18326: 18322: 18318: 18314: 18313: 18312: 18311: 18303: 18299: 18295: 18290: 18287: 18281: 18276: 18275: 18268: 18264: 18258: 18254: 18253: 18247: 18244: 18238: 18234: 18230: 18229: 18224: 18220: 18216: 18211: 18207: 18203: 18202: 18197: 18193: 18188: 18184: 18178: 18174: 18173: 18167: 18163: 18158: 18154: 18153: 18147: 18143: 18142: 18141:The Mahāvastu 18136: 18132: 18127: 18124: 18118: 18114: 18109: 18106: 18102: 18098: 18095:(in French), 18094: 18089: 18086: 18082: 18078: 18075:(in French), 18074: 18068: 18067: 18048: 18044: 18040: 18036: 18032: 18028: 18024: 18020: 18015: 18001: 17997: 17991: 17988:, Routledge, 17984: 17983: 17977: 17973: 17968: 17964: 17958: 17955:. Routledge. 17954: 17949: 17945: 17939: 17928: 17924: 17918: 17911: 17910: 17904: 17897: 17893: 17887: 17880: 17879: 17873: 17870: 17864: 17860: 17855: 17852: 17846: 17842: 17841: 17835: 17833: 17832:Wayman (1984) 17828: 17823: 17821: 17820:Wayman (1984) 17816: 17811: 17808: 17804: 17800: 17796: 17792: 17788: 17784: 17780: 17775: 17763: 17759: 17758: 17752: 17748: 17743: 17739: 17733: 17729: 17725: 17720: 17716: 17711: 17707: 17703: 17699: 17694: 17682: 17678: 17674: 17670: 17666: 17662: 17658: 17653: 17650: 17644: 17640: 17635: 17632: 17626: 17622: 17617: 17610: 17606: 17599: 17598: 17592: 17578: 17574: 17573:Ancient Nepal 17567: 17562: 17555: 17551: 17547: 17540: 17535: 17532: 17526: 17522: 17521: 17515: 17512: 17510:0-520-24225-4 17506: 17502: 17497: 17493: 17488: 17484: 17479: 17476: 17470: 17466: 17462: 17457: 17453: 17448: 17445: 17439: 17435: 17431: 17427: 17423: 17419: 17414: 17410: 17409: 17403: 17400: 17395: 17384: 17380: 17376: 17372: 17367: 17363: 17359: 17358:East and West 17354: 17343: 17339: 17335: 17330: 17319: 17315: 17311: 17307: 17302: 17288: 17284: 17280: 17276: 17272: 17268: 17264: 17257: 17252: 17248: 17243: 17240: 17234: 17230: 17225: 17221: 17216: 17212: 17206: 17199: 17195: 17191: 17186: 17182: 17176: 17168: 17164: 17159: 17155: 17151: 17147: 17144: 17140: 17136: 17132: 17128: 17125: 17121: 17117: 17113: 17109: 17105: 17100: 17096: 17091: 17087: 17082: 17078: 17073: 17069: 17064: 17060: 17055: 17048: 17044: 17040: 17036: 17032: 17025: 17020: 17009: 17005: 16999: 16995: 16991: 16990: 16984: 16980: 16974: 16969: 16968: 16962: 16958: 16954: 16950: 16945: 16941: 16937: 16933: 16929: 16924: 16920: 16915: 16912: 16908: 16904: 16900: 16896: 16892: 16887: 16883: 16877: 16873: 16868: 16857: 16853: 16849: 16845: 16840: 16837: 16831: 16827: 16822: 16819: 16813: 16809: 16808: 16803: 16799: 16796: 16794:0-7007-1548-7 16790: 16786: 16781: 16777: 16776: 16770: 16764: 16750: 16743: 16742: 16737: 16733: 16726: 16722: 16718: 16711: 16706: 16692: 16687: 16682: 16678: 16674: 16673: 16665: 16660: 16656: 16650: 16642: 16637: 16633: 16632: 16627: 16623: 16619: 16614: 16611: 16609:9788120618237 16605: 16601: 16600: 16594: 16583: 16579: 16578: 16572: 16568: 16564: 16560: 16555: 16551: 16548: 16543: 16540: 16534: 16529: 16528: 16521: 16517: 16512: 16509: 16503: 16499: 16494: 16483: 16479: 16473: 16469: 16468: 16462: 16458: 16453: 16450: 16448:0-19-860560-9 16444: 16440: 16435: 16431: 16425: 16421: 16416: 16412: 16407: 16403: 16398: 16384: 16380: 16376: 16369: 16364: 16360: 16356: 16351: 16347: 16346: 16345:The Mahāvastu 16340: 16336: 16335: 16334:The Mahāvastu 16329: 16325: 16320: 16309: 16305: 16299: 16295: 16291: 16290: 16284: 16277: 16273: 16269: 16262: 16257: 16253: 16252: 16246: 16235: 16231: 16229:0-8248-1203-4 16225: 16221: 16217: 16213: 16209: 16208: 16202: 16191: 16187: 16181: 16178:, Routledge, 16177: 16176: 16171: 16167: 16163: 16159: 16154: 16150: 16145: 16142: 16136: 16132: 16127: 16123: 16118: 16106: 16102: 16098: 16093: 16089: 16084: 16073: 16069: 16063: 16059: 16058: 16052: 16040: 16036: 16030: 16027:. Routledge. 16026: 16025: 16019: 16014: 16009: 16005: 16000: 15995: 15990: 15986: 15981: 15978: 15972: 15968: 15963: 15959: 15953: 15945: 15940: 15936: 15931: 15927: 15922: 15910: 15906: 15900: 15896: 15895: 15889: 15885: 15879: 15874: 15873: 15866: 15862: 15861: 15855: 15852: 15850:0-394-51971-X 15846: 15842: 15838: 15837:Eck, Diana L. 15834: 15830: 15825: 15815: 15809: 15805: 15801: 15800: 15794: 15791: 15789:0-7914-1381-0 15785: 15781: 15777: 15776: 15771: 15767: 15763: 15759: 15753: 15749: 15748: 15742: 15738: 15734: 15730: 15728:981-00-4525-5 15724: 15720: 15715: 15711: 15709:0-394-71696-5 15705: 15701: 15697: 15693: 15690: 15684: 15680: 15675: 15672: 15666: 15662: 15657: 15653: 15647: 15639: 15638: 15633: 15628: 15616: 15612: 15608: 15604: 15600: 15596: 15592: 15588: 15584: 15580: 15576: 15572: 15567: 15563: 15557: 15549: 15545: 15541: 15538: 15532: 15528: 15523: 15511: 15507: 15501: 15497: 15496: 15490: 15486: 15481: 15470: 15466: 15460: 15456: 15455: 15449: 15446: 15440: 15436: 15431: 15428: 15422: 15418: 15413: 15409: 15404: 15393: 15389: 15385: 15380: 15376: 15372: 15368: 15364: 15360: 15356: 15353: 15347: 15343: 15342: 15336: 15325: 15321: 15317: 15312: 15308: 15303: 15299: 15294: 15287: 15283: 15279: 15272: 15267: 15252: 15248: 15246:9781400866328 15242: 15238: 15231: 15230: 15224: 15218: 15214: 15209: 15205: 15200: 15199: 15196: 15192: 15188: 15184: 15183: 15178: 15174: 15162: 15158: 15152: 15148: 15147: 15141: 15137: 15132: 15128: 15123: 15119: 15118: 15112: 15109: 15103: 15099: 15094: 15090: 15085: 15070: 15066: 15060: 15053: 15052: 15046: 15042: 15036: 15032: 15027: 15023: 15017: 15013: 15008: 15003: 14998: 14994: 14990: 14986: 14981: 14977: 14973: 14968: 14964: 14959: 14955: 14951: 14947: 14943: 14938: 14934: 14929: 14917: 14913: 14912: 14906: 14902: 14898: 14894: 14890: 14886: 14881: 14878: 14872: 14871: 14850: 14846: 14844:9789004194045 14840: 14836: 14835: 14827: 14825: 14823: 14821: 14819: 14817: 14808: 14806: 14801: 14795: 14787: 14785:9789004155374 14781: 14777: 14776: 14768: 14761: 14756: 14750:, p. 31. 14749: 14744: 14738:, p. 19. 14737: 14732: 14726:, p. 15. 14725: 14720: 14712: 14706: 14698: 14694: 14688: 14681: 14675: 14668: 14663: 14656: 14651: 14644: 14639: 14625: 14619: 14615: 14614: 14606: 14597: 14592: 14588: 14584: 14577: 14570: 14565: 14558: 14553: 14537: 14533: 14531:0-203-18593-5 14527: 14523: 14522: 14514: 14498: 14494: 14490: 14483: 14475: 14471: 14467: 14461: 14457: 14453: 14447: 14440: 14436: 14432: 14426: 14419: 14415: 14411: 14405: 14399:, pp. 729–730 14398: 14394: 14391:, Routledge, 14390: 14384: 14368: 14364: 14360: 14354: 14338: 14334: 14328: 14324: 14323: 14315: 14308: 14306: 14300: 14294: 14290: 14283: 14276: 14263: 14259: 14255: 14248: 14241: 14236: 14230:, p. 73. 14229: 14224: 14218:, p. 21. 14217: 14212: 14205: 14200: 14194:, p. 12. 14193: 14188: 14186: 14178: 14177:Walshe (1995) 14173: 14166: 14161: 14154: 14149: 14142: 14138: 14134: 14128: 14121: 14115: 14108: 14103: 14096: 14091: 14084: 14079: 14072: 14067: 14060: 14055: 14048: 14043: 14033: 14024: 14017: 14012: 14005: 14000: 13984: 13980: 13976: 13972: 13968: 13964: 13960: 13956: 13949: 13947: 13945: 13943: 13941: 13932: 13926: 13922: 13915: 13908: 13902: 13893: 13885: 13881: 13877: 13870: 13864:, p. 72. 13863: 13862:Omvedt (2003) 13858: 13852:, p. 76. 13851: 13850:Omvedt (2003) 13846: 13839: 13834: 13827: 13821: 13819: 13817: 13815: 13813: 13811: 13809: 13801: 13800:Shults (2014) 13796: 13790:, p. 87. 13789: 13788:Gethin (1998) 13784: 13775: 13769:, p. 85. 13768: 13767:Gethin (1998) 13763: 13757:, p. 28. 13756: 13751: 13749: 13741: 13740:Gethin (1998) 13736: 13727: 13720: 13715: 13708: 13707:Vetter (1988) 13703: 13696: 13695:Vetter (1988) 13691: 13684: 13683:Vetter (1988) 13679: 13672: 13671:Norman (2003) 13667: 13660: 13655: 13653: 13644: 13640: 13633: 13626: 13620: 13613: 13609: 13604: 13597: 13596:Warder (2004) 13592: 13585: 13580: 13574:, p. 25. 13573: 13568: 13561: 13556: 13549: 13548:Warder (2000) 13544: 13542: 13540: 13532: 13527: 13525: 13517: 13512: 13510: 13508: 13506: 13498: 13493: 13486: 13485:Vetter (1988) 13481: 13479: 13470: 13463: 13455: 13451: 13444: 13437: 13436:Warder (2000) 13432: 13426:, p. ix. 13425: 13424:Vetter (1988) 13420: 13418: 13410: 13405: 13403: 13401: 13394:, p. 28. 13393: 13392:Norman (1997) 13388: 13382:, p. 26. 13381: 13380:Norman (1997) 13376: 13370:, p. 48. 13369: 13364: 13357: 13352: 13346:, p. 10. 13345: 13340: 13333: 13328: 13321: 13316: 13309: 13308:Vetter (1988) 13304: 13297: 13296:Gethin (1998) 13292: 13285: 13281: 13278: 13277: 13270: 13263: 13262:Gethin (1998) 13258: 13251: 13246: 13239: 13234: 13227: 13222: 13220: 13212: 13211:Gethin (1998) 13207: 13200: 13199:Gethin (1998) 13195: 13188: 13187:Gethin (1998) 13183: 13177:, p. 81. 13176: 13175:Gethin (1998) 13171: 13164: 13163:Gethin (1998) 13159: 13152: 13147: 13140: 13135: 13128: 13123: 13116: 13111: 13105:, p. 20. 13104: 13099: 13092: 13091:Gethin (1998) 13087: 13080: 13079:Gethin (1998) 13075: 13069:, p. 27. 13068: 13063: 13056: 13055:Gethin (1998) 13051: 13044: 13043:Gethin (1998) 13039: 13032: 13031:Gethin (1998) 13027: 13020: 13015: 13008: 13002: 12995: 12989: 12982: 12977: 12971:, p. 10. 12970: 12965: 12958: 12953: 12946: 12945:Gombrich 2009 12941: 12939: 12937: 12929: 12928:Boisvert 1995 12924: 12917: 12916:Jurewicz 2000 12912: 12905: 12904:Gombrich 2009 12900: 12892: 12886: 12882: 12881: 12873: 12866: 12861: 12854: 12849: 12842: 12837: 12830: 12825: 12818: 12812: 12805: 12800: 12793: 12792:Gethin (1998) 12788: 12786: 12778: 12773: 12771: 12769: 12762:, p. 22. 12761: 12756: 12754: 12744: 12739: 12735: 12731: 12727: 12720: 12713: 12709: 12706: 12701: 12685: 12681: 12675: 12671: 12670: 12662: 12655: 12650: 12643: 12642:Gethin (1998) 12638: 12632:, p. 13. 12631: 12626: 12620:, p. 49. 12619: 12614: 12608:, p. 20. 12607: 12602: 12596:, p. 19. 12595: 12590: 12584:, p. 12. 12583: 12578: 12572:, p. 62. 12571: 12570:Gethin (1998) 12566: 12560:, p. 61. 12559: 12558:Gethin (1998) 12554: 12547: 12542: 12540: 12538: 12536: 12534: 12532: 12530: 12528: 12526: 12524: 12517:, p. 59. 12516: 12515:Gethin (1998) 12511: 12504: 12499: 12493:, p. 39. 12492: 12487: 12471: 12467: 12463: 12456: 12449: 12444: 12436: 12429: 12423: 12419: 12415: 12411: 12405: 12398: 12397:Strong (2007) 12393: 12377: 12373: 12369: 12362: 12355: 12350: 12343: 12338: 12331: 12326: 12319: 12314: 12308:, p. 76. 12307: 12302: 12295: 12294:Strong (2001) 12290: 12283: 12278: 12271: 12266: 12259: 12258:Strong (2001) 12254: 12252: 12244: 12239: 12237: 12229: 12228:Strong (2001) 12224: 12217: 12212: 12196: 12192: 12188: 12181: 12174: 12169: 12154: 12150: 12149: 12144: 12138: 12131: 12126: 12119: 12114: 12107: 12106:Strong (2001) 12102: 12095: 12090: 12083: 12078: 12071: 12070:Strong (2001) 12066: 12059: 12054: 12047: 12042: 12036: 12032: 12029: 12023: 12016: 12011: 12004: 11999: 11992: 11987: 11980: 11975: 11968: 11963: 11956: 11951: 11943: 11942:Ancient India 11936: 11930:, p. 79. 11929: 11924: 11917: 11912: 11905: 11904:Strong (2001) 11900: 11893: 11888: 11881: 11876: 11869: 11864: 11858:, p. 79. 11857: 11852: 11846:, p. 43. 11845: 11840: 11833: 11828: 11821: 11820:Strong (2001) 11816: 11814: 11807:, p. 91. 11806: 11801: 11794: 11793:Strong (2001) 11789: 11782: 11777: 11771:, p. 78. 11770: 11765: 11758: 11757:Strong (2001) 11753: 11747:, p. 70. 11746: 11741: 11735:, p. 68. 11734: 11729: 11723: 11721: 11717: 11714: 11706: 11699: 11698:Strong (2001) 11694: 11687: 11682: 11680: 11672: 11671:Strong (2001) 11667: 11660: 11655: 11648: 11647:Strong (2001) 11643: 11637:, p. 64. 11636: 11631: 11624: 11623:Strong (2001) 11619: 11612: 11607: 11600: 11599:Strong (2001) 11595: 11588: 11587:Strong (2001) 11583: 11576: 11571: 11564: 11559: 11557: 11548: 11544: 11540: 11538:0-8109-2807-8 11534: 11530: 11523: 11521: 11519: 11517: 11515: 11513: 11511: 11503: 11498: 11491: 11486: 11480:, p. 94. 11479: 11478:Strong (2001) 11474: 11468:, p. 93. 11467: 11466:Strong (2001) 11462: 11455: 11450: 11444:, p. 30. 11443: 11438: 11431: 11430:Gyatso (2007) 11426: 11419: 11414: 11412: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11381: 11365: 11361: 11357: 11351: 11349: 11332: 11328: 11324: 11317: 11310: 11305: 11298: 11293: 11286: 11281: 11265: 11261: 11257: 11253: 11247: 11231: 11227: 11223: 11217: 11210: 11205: 11203: 11195: 11190: 11188: 11180: 11175: 11169:, p. 26. 11168: 11163: 11156: 11155:Narada (1992) 11151: 11145:, p. 77. 11144: 11139: 11133:, p. 48. 11132: 11127: 11120: 11115: 11109:, p. 47. 11108: 11103: 11096: 11091: 11085:, p. 95. 11084: 11079: 11073:, p. 15. 11072: 11067: 11061:, p. 65. 11060: 11055: 11049:, p. 25. 11048: 11043: 11036: 11035:Strong (2001) 11031: 11025:, p. 28. 11024: 11023:Penner (2009) 11019: 11012: 11011:Strong (2015) 11007: 11000: 10999:Narada (1992) 10995: 10988: 10987:Strong (2015) 10983: 10977:, p. 36. 10976: 10971: 10965:, p. 30. 10964: 10959: 10952: 10947: 10940: 10935: 10928: 10927:Strong (2001) 10923: 10917:, p. 44. 10916: 10911: 10909: 10901: 10900:Warder (2000) 10896: 10889: 10884: 10882: 10875:, p. 20. 10874: 10873:Gethin (1998) 10869: 10863:, p. 63. 10862: 10861:Strong (2001) 10857: 10851:, p. 21. 10850: 10849:Gethin (1998) 10845: 10838: 10833: 10826: 10821: 10815:, p. 45. 10814: 10809: 10801: 10797: 10790: 10788: 10780: 10775: 10769:, p. 15. 10768: 10767:Gethin (1998) 10763: 10761: 10754:, p. 60. 10753: 10752:Strong (2001) 10748: 10742:, p. 23. 10741: 10736: 10729: 10724: 10718:, p. 47. 10717: 10712: 10705: 10704:Narada (1992) 10700: 10694:, p. 55. 10693: 10692:Strong (2001) 10688: 10681: 10680:Narada (1992) 10676: 10674: 10666: 10665:Turpie (2001) 10661: 10654: 10653:Thapar (2002) 10649: 10642: 10637: 10630: 10629:Gethin (1998) 10625: 10618: 10613: 10607:, p. 24. 10606: 10601: 10599: 10592:, p. 51. 10591: 10590:Strong (2001) 10586: 10579: 10574: 10567: 10562: 10555: 10554:Samuel (2010) 10550: 10548: 10546: 10544: 10537:, p. 21. 10536: 10531: 10525:, p. 41. 10524: 10519: 10513:, p. 11. 10512: 10507: 10501:, p. 37. 10500: 10495: 10489:, p. 19. 10488: 10487:Gethin (1998) 10483: 10476: 10471: 10469: 10462:, p. 18. 10461: 10456: 10449: 10444: 10438:, p. 14. 10437: 10436:Gethin (1998) 10432: 10430: 10422: 10417: 10401: 10397: 10391: 10389: 10373: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10352: 10350: 10333: 10329: 10325: 10319: 10317: 10315: 10308:, p. 43. 10307: 10306:Strong (2001) 10302: 10296:, p. 37. 10295: 10294:Strong (2001) 10290: 10284:, p. 25. 10283: 10282:Strong (2001) 10278: 10272:, p. 31. 10271: 10270:Strong (2001) 10266: 10260:, p. 30. 10259: 10258:Strong (2001) 10254: 10248:, p. 24. 10247: 10246:Strong (2001) 10242: 10236:, p. 21. 10235: 10234:Strong (2001) 10230: 10214: 10210: 10204: 10198:, p. 19. 10197: 10196:Strong (2001) 10192: 10185: 10180: 10173: 10168: 10162:, p. 15. 10161: 10156: 10149: 10144: 10137: 10132: 10116: 10112: 10108: 10102: 10093: 10074: 10070: 10063: 10059: 10053: 10046: 10041: 10039: 10022: 10018: 10012: 10008: 10007: 9999: 9992: 9988: 9981: 9975:, p. 74. 9974: 9969: 9962: 9957: 9955: 9948:, p. 62. 9947: 9942: 9940: 9932: 9927: 9925: 9917: 9912: 9910: 9902: 9897: 9895: 9888:, p. 65. 9887: 9882: 9875: 9870: 9863: 9858: 9852:, p. 45. 9851: 9850:Warder (1998) 9846: 9839: 9834: 9828:, p. 20. 9827: 9822: 9806: 9802: 9795: 9788: 9783: 9776: 9775:Walshe (1995) 9771: 9755: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9728: 9721: 9716: 9710: 9706: 9700: 9684: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9657: 9655: 9653: 9646:, p. 49. 9645: 9640: 9638: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9615:(1–2): 1–12, 9614: 9610: 9606: 9599: 9592: 9587: 9585: 9577: 9572: 9565: 9564:Muller (2001) 9560: 9554:, p. 46. 9553: 9548: 9541: 9540:Samuel (2010) 9536: 9518: 9511: 9510: 9502: 9495: 9490: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9459: 9457: 9449: 9448:Wayman (1997) 9444: 9438:, p. xv. 9437: 9432: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9397: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9357: 9353: 9346: 9340:, p. 39. 9339: 9338:Norman (1997) 9334: 9327: 9322: 9315: 9310: 9303: 9298: 9291: 9290:Narain (1993) 9286: 9284: 9276: 9271: 9264: 9259: 9252: 9247: 9240: 9235: 9233: 9231: 9229: 9221: 9217: 9211: 9205: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9193:Bernard Faure 9190: 9186: 9181: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9150: 9144:, p. 16. 9143: 9138: 9131: 9126: 9119: 9114: 9107: 9102: 9095: 9090: 9083: 9078: 9071: 9066: 9064: 9055: 9049: 9045: 9038: 9031: 9026: 9019: 9018:Cowell (1894) 9014: 9007: 9002: 8996:, p. 32. 8995: 8994:Fowler (2005) 8990: 8984:, p. 20. 8983: 8978: 8962: 8958: 8952: 8936: 8932: 8926: 8922: 8921: 8913: 8897: 8893: 8887: 8883: 8882: 8874: 8858: 8854: 8853: 8848: 8842: 8835: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8795: 8787: 8781: 8777: 8776: 8768: 8752: 8748: 8742: 8738: 8737: 8729: 8721: 8709: 8693: 8689: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8660: 8658: 8650: 8645: 8643: 8635: 8634:Strong (2001) 8630: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8580: 8573: 8568: 8559: 8553:Entry: "Jina" 8542: 8538: 8536:9788184753967 8532: 8528: 8527:Penguin Books 8524: 8523: 8518: 8512: 8494: 8487: 8486: 8478: 8471: 8465: 8459: 8455: 8452: 8446: 8439: 8434: 8432: 8424: 8423:Baroni (2002) 8419: 8412: 8407: 8400: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8383: 8378: 8376: 8374: 8365: 8358: 8350: 8343: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8300: 8293: 8288: 8286: 8284: 8277:, p. 42. 8276: 8271: 8269: 8252: 8248: 8242: 8238: 8237: 8229: 8227: 8219: 8214: 8207: 8201: 8194: 8189: 8182: 8181:Warder (2000) 8177: 8170: 8169:Warder (2000) 8165: 8158: 8157:Gethin (1998) 8153: 8146: 8145:Gethin (1998) 8141: 8139: 8137: 8129: 8124: 8118:, p. 51. 8117: 8112: 8105: 8100: 8094:, p. 45. 8093: 8092:Warder (2000) 8088: 8086: 8078: 8077:Strong (2001) 8073: 8066: 8065:Gethin (1998) 8061: 8054: 8049: 8043:, p. 33. 8042: 8041:Norman (1997) 8037: 8030: 8025: 8023: 8021: 8019: 8014: 7995: 7986: 7977: 7968: 7959: 7950: 7943: 7938: 7928: 7918: 7909: 7906: 7902: 7901: 7897: 7888: 7887: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7875: 7871: 7861: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7843: 7837: 7828: 7824: 7823: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7803: 7800: 7796: 7795: 7791: 7790: 7786: 7777: 7773: 7765: 7757: 7747: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7719:Visuddhimagga 7714: 7710: 7709:Tevijja Sutta 7706: 7700: 7691: 7681: 7675: 7671: 7665: 7655: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7635:suukara-kanda 7633:Waley notes: 7630: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7575: 7574:Vetter (1988) 7570: 7569:Norman (2003) 7565: 7560: 7559:Bareau (1963) 7551: 7544: 7543: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7528: 7523: 7517: 7510: 7504: 7497: 7493: 7492:Lalitavistara 7489: 7485: 7481: 7475: 7468: 7467: 7466:Upaddha Sutta 7460: 7458: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7450: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7423:According to 7420: 7413: 7406: 7399: 7398:Hartmann 1991 7395: 7394:Tripathy 2014 7392:, p. 114 7391: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7368: 7359: 7355: 7352: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7341: 7334: 7329: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7307: 7303: 7297: 7290: 7289: 7274: 7267: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7240: 7231: 7224: 7220: 7214: 7204: 7200: 7195: 7184: 7181:: "Also with 7178: 7170: 7166: 7165: 7159: 7154: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7141: 7140: 7134: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7113: 7109: 7108:Brahmi script 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7078: 7074: 7071: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7061: 7060: 7054: 7049: 7039: 7001: 6998: 6995: 6994: 6993: 6992: 6988: 6987: 6983: 6974: 6971: 6968: 6967:Abrahams 2021 6964: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6949:Gimello (2003 6947: 6946: 6944: 6943:Abrahams 2021 6940: 6936: 6932: 6926: 6924: 6916: 6906: 6795: 6788: 6787:Uttar Pradesh 6784: 6780: 6777:According to 6774: 6765: 6761: 6758: 6740: 6736: 6733: 6732:Narain (2003) 6729: 6726: 6723: 6722:Dundas (2002) 6719: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6704: 6700: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6680:Tuladhar 2002 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6664:Nakamura 1980 6661: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6646: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6621:Hartmann 1991 6618: 6617:Tripathy 2014 6614: 6610: 6606: 6600:, p. 19) 6599: 6595: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6535: 6533: 6532:teaching pose 6529: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6513: 6509: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6476: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6448: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6433: 6429: 6428: 6424: 6421: 6420:Roger Zelazny 6418:, a novel by 6417: 6416: 6415:Lord of Light 6412: 6409: 6408:Hermann Hesse 6405: 6404: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6389: 6385: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6370: 6369: 6365: 6363: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6353: 6344: 6343:Himanshu Soni 6340: 6336: 6335: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6215:Little Buddha 6212: 6209: 6208:Shashi Kapoor 6205: 6201: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6178: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6145: 6141: 6138: 6137:Bhaurao Datar 6134: 6130: 6126: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6101: 6090: 6083: 6078: 6071: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6050: 6043: 6038: 6031: 6026: 6019: 6014: 6007: 6002: 5995: 5990: 5983: 5978: 5971: 5966: 5962: 5959:15th century 5955: 5950: 5947: 5936: 5933: 5926: 5921: 5917: 5910: 5905: 5901: 5894: 5889: 5885: 5878: 5873: 5862: 5858: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5823: 5818: 5813: 774 CE 5808:Cave Buddha, 5807: 5800: 5795: 5791: 5784: 5779: 5775: 5761: 5756: 5752: 5745: 5740: 5736: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5713: 5708: 5701: 5696: 5682: 5677: 5673: 5666: 5661: 5654: 5649: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5626: 5621: 5614: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5565: 5557: 5552: 5545: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5520: 5513: 5508: 5505: 5491: 5486: 5479: 5474: 5467: 5462: 5455: 5450: 5443: 5438: 5431: 5426: 5419: 5414: 5407: 5402: 5401: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5336: 5335:Buddha in art 5332: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5315:Chaubis Avtar 5312: 5307: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5256:and Georgian 5255: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5229: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5150: 5149:Sunni scholar 5147: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5094: 5092: 5088: 5083: 300 CE 5077: 5071: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5051: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5021: 5016: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4995: 4985: 4980: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4938: 4936: 4935:five precepts 4932: 4928: 4927: 4921: 4918: 4914: 4913: 4907: 4905: 4904: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4891:Bhikkhu Bodhi 4882: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4849: 4847: 4846:Aggañña Sutta 4843: 4842: 4841:Aggañña Sutta 4836: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4812:Kancha Ilaiah 4809: 4805: 4804: 4803:Aggañña Sutta 4798: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4717: 4712: 4698: 4694: 4692: 4687: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4672:Homeless life 4669: 4667: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4647: 4645: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4603: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4592:Dharmaguptaka 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4538: 4536: 4535: 4534:Brahma-vihara 4530: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4514: 4513: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4445: 4443: 4442: 4437: 4436: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4401: 4400: 4395: 4394: 4389: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4378: 4373: 4371: 4370:Upanisa sutta 4367: 4366: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4309: 4305: 4297: 4292: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4230: 4229:Rupert Gethin 4224: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4211:consciousness 4208: 4207: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4165: 4163: 4156: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4102: 4101: 4094: 4093: 4086: 4085: 4078: 4077: 4071: 4067: 4066:five skandhas 4063: 4053: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4024: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4000: 3996: 3995:three poisons 3992: 3988: 3984: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3892: 3888: 3887:three poisons 3884: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3838: 3835: 3830: 3828: 3827:Mauryan realm 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3791: 3778: 3777:Brahmi script 3774: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3754: 3750: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3667: 3660: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3617: 3613: 3612: 3603: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3479: 3470: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3450:Anāthapiṇḍika 3446: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3395: 3393: 3389: 3386:, capital of 3385: 3381: 3376: 3373: 3368: 3366: 3362: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3314:Uttar Pradesh 3311: 3302: 3294: 3285: 3281: 3279: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3240:Mahākhandhaka 3237: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3162: 3161:Lalitavistara 3159:, and in the 3158: 3154: 3153: 3147: 3142: 3141: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3111: 3109: 3105: 3104:earth goddess 3101: 3097: 3096: 3095:Lalitavistara 3091: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3008:(SN 56), the 3007: 3006: 3000: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2966: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2802:) to beg for 2801: 2796: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2754:enlightenment 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2713:, 8th century 2712: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2692:Dharmaguptaka 2689: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2673: 2665: 2664:Kushan period 2661: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2630: 2629:Lalitavistara 2624: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2569: 2568: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2551:countries as 2550: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2536:and Buddhist 2535: 2531: 2529: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2440:Lalitavistara 2436: 2435: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2396: 2391: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2348: 2346: 2345: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2286: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2224:Sandaka Sutta 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2124: 2121: 2120:Aryan society 2117: 2113: 2108: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2032: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1959: 1945: 1943: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1892: 1887: 1885: 1874: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1814:Dharmaguptaka 1811: 1810:Lokottaravāda 1808: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1760: 1754: 1752: 1751:Tuṣita Heaven 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1725:(MN 36), the 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1678: 1676: 1672: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1624:Brahmi script 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1600: 1599:Brahmi script 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1573: 1569: 1560: 1549: 1535: 1533: 1527: 1525: 1520: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1391: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1362: 1361: 1359: 1349: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1314: 1310: 1301: 1299: 1294: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1269: 1268:Brahmi script 1262: 1258: 1254: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1230: 1228: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1210: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1188: 1185:monastery in 1184: 1179: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1114: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1095:five skandhas 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1032: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 936: 931: 929: 924: 922: 917: 916: 914: 913: 908: 903: 898: 897: 896: 895: 888: 885: 883: 880: 878: 875: 873: 870: 868: 865: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 813: 810: 808: 805: 803: 800: 798: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 784: 781: 776: 775: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 724: 721: 716: 715: 708: 705: 703: 700: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 683: 680: 679: 676: 671: 670: 663: 662:Vegetarianism 660: 658: 655: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 617:Recollections 615: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 587:Five precepts 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 574: 571: 566: 565: 558: 555: 553: 552:Chinese canon 550: 548: 547:Tibetan canon 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 514: 511: 506: 505: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 436: 433: 432: 431: 428: 426: 423: 422: 416: 413: 411: 408: 407: 403: 402: 395: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 380: 377: 375: 372: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 356: 353: 348: 347: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 328: 327: 326: 322: 318: 317: 314: 311: 310: 306: 302: 301: 293: 289: 285: 281: 279: 275: 270: 266: 262: 260: 256: 253:Sanskrit name 251: 247: 243: 240: 237: 233: 230: 227: 223: 218: 214: 208: 204: 201: 197: 193: 186: 183: 180: 177: 176: 174: 170: 164: 161: 160: 158: 154: 151: 148: 144: 141: 138: 136:Resting place 134: 129: 125: 113: 109: 104: 100: 85: 81: 76: 71: 60: 56: 52: 47: 42: 35: 32: 28: 24: 19: 21509: 21505: 21404:Bodhisattvas 21324:Christianity 21319:Baháʼí Faith 21184:Dharmachakra 21174:Prayer wheel 21164:Prayer beads 20932:Architecture 20811:969 Movement 20595:Saudi Arabia 20573:Central Asia 20566:South Africa 20388: 20371: 20304:Panchen Lama 20209:Buddhapālita 20168: 19805:Satipatthana 19800:Mindful Yoga 19713:Recollection 19627:Brahmavihara 19498:Japanese Zen 19493:Chinese Chan 19453:Animal realm 19260:Key concepts 19082:Bodhisattvas 18935: 18898: 18894:Three Jewels 18772: 18761: 18722:Tissa Buddha 18712:Dharmadarśin 18561: 18533: 18504: 18437: 18423: 18412: 18411: 18404: 18394: 18382: 18381: 18363: 18342: 18332: 18320: 18309: 18308: 18301: 18297: 18273: 18251: 18227: 18214: 18200: 18191: 18171: 18161: 18151: 18140: 18130: 18112: 18096: 18092: 18076: 18072: 18051:. Retrieved 18026: 18022: 18007:, retrieved 17981: 17971: 17952: 17927:the original 17908: 17896:the original 17877: 17858: 17839: 17826: 17814: 17782: 17778: 17766:. Retrieved 17756: 17746: 17727: 17714: 17706:the original 17701: 17685:. Retrieved 17676: 17672: 17656: 17638: 17620: 17609:the original 17596: 17584:, retrieved 17575:(151): 1–7, 17572: 17554:the original 17549: 17545: 17519: 17500: 17491: 17482: 17460: 17451: 17429: 17426:Strong, J.S. 17417: 17407: 17398: 17387:, retrieved 17378: 17374: 17364:(1/4): 61–74 17361: 17357: 17346:, retrieved 17337: 17322:, retrieved 17313: 17309: 17294:, retrieved 17287:the original 17266: 17262: 17246: 17228: 17219: 17189: 17166: 17162: 17153: 17134: 17110:(1): 82–87, 17107: 17103: 17085: 17076: 17067: 17058: 17047:the original 17034: 17030: 17012:, retrieved 16988: 16966: 16961:Omvedt, Gail 16952: 16949:"Buddha, n." 16947:OED (2013), 16939: 16927: 16918: 16894: 16890: 16871: 16860:, retrieved 16851: 16847: 16825: 16806: 16784: 16773: 16756:, retrieved 16740: 16725:the original 16720: 16716: 16698:, retrieved 16676: 16670: 16640: 16630: 16617: 16598: 16586:, retrieved 16576: 16566: 16546: 16526: 16515: 16497: 16486:, retrieved 16466: 16456: 16438: 16419: 16410: 16401: 16390:, retrieved 16378: 16374: 16358: 16354: 16344: 16333: 16323: 16312:, retrieved 16288: 16274:(9): 46–58, 16271: 16268:Orientations 16267: 16250: 16238:, retrieved 16206: 16194:, retrieved 16174: 16148: 16130: 16121: 16109:. 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Norman 6648: 6645:Walshe (1995 6639:Warder (2000 6624: 6593: 6582:Jataka tales 6573: 6523:dharmachakra 6521: 6512: 6458:Karuna Nadee 6456: 6444: 6425: 6413: 6401: 6397:Osamu Tezuka 6386: 6377: 6366: 6362:Edwin Arnold 6355: 6332: 6327:Richard Gere 6323:David Grubin 6316: 6302: 6287: 6273: 6265: 6259: 6249: 6237: 6229: 6224:Keanu Reeves 6213: 6204:Conrad Rooks 6197: 6185: 6162: 6148: 6142: 6128: 6124: 5900:Heian period 5737:, Sri Lanka. 5719:Gupta period 5672:Ajanta Caves 5562: 5500: 15 CE 5369: 5365:Jataka tales 5353:Dharma wheel 5342: 5308: 5293: 5282: 5274:Baháʼí Faith 5271: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5241: 5231: 5209:Christianity 5196: 5144: 5135: 5130:95:1 of the 5121: 5109: 5095: 5073: 5030:(D, I:142). 5023: 5020:Digha Nikaya 5017: 5013: 5008: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4990: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4939: 4924: 4922: 4910: 4908: 4901: 4899: 4894: 4889:As noted by 4888: 4873: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4850: 4845: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4823: 4801: 4799: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4766: 4759: 4749: 4723:example, in 4721: 4695: 4688: 4682: 4677: 4675: 4666:Edward Conze 4664: 4655: 4648: 4643: 4640: 4635:A. K. Warder 4631:Peter Harvey 4615: 4580:Sarvastivada 4573: 4533: 4526: 4516: 4510: 4509:. Likewise, 4504: 4486: 4470:Āḷāra Kālāma 4467: 4458:Alara Kalama 4439: 4433: 4427: 4423:satipatthana 4421: 4413: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4363: 4361: 4342: 4333: 4329: 4313: 4311: 4252: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4225: 4220: 4214: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4188: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4171: 4161: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4144: 4138: 4069: 4059: 4048: 4040: 4039: 4033: 4027: 4025: 4020: 4016: 3980: 3960: 3958:Sarvastivada 3951: 3942: 3938:Mahasamghika 3935: 3872: 3831: 3808: 3799: 3797: 3772: 3746: 3738: 3734: 3732: 3725: 3720: 3711: 3709: 3693: 3675: 3671:Ajanta caves 3648: 3642: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3622: 3620: 3615: 3609: 3607: 3590: 3583: 3579:Mahāsaṅghika 3572: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3497: 3493: 3482: 3475: 3457: 3454:Jeta's grove 3447: 3396: 3377: 3369: 3358: 3307: 3282: 3275: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3233: 3208: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3168:Alara Kalama 3165: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3138: 3136: 3123:Dhamek Stupa 3093: 3083: 3081: 3076: 3061: 3044: 3040: 3038: 3033: 3030:yatha-bhutam 3029: 3025: 3003: 3001: 2994: 2984: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2959:rice pudding 2953: 2946: 2931: 2927:Alara Kalama 2919:Ārāḍa Kālāma 2914: 2907: 2871: 2797: 2791: 2787:monk's robes 2768: 2763: 2757: 2750: 2742:Digha Nikaya 2741: 2723: 2716: 2687: 2678: 2676: 2671: 2669: 2636:Renunciation 2627: 2625: 2605: 2584:chakravartin 2582: 2572: 2564: 2546: 2521: 2504: 2483: 2473: 2438: 2432: 2430: 2425: 2419: 2400: 2378:marking the 2342: 2338: 2334: 2332: 2321: 2318:past Buddhas 2315: 2308: 2304: 2302: 2289: 2283: 2281: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2244: 2240:Alara Kalama 2231: 2223: 2219: 2203: 2199: 2185: 2109: 2097: 2083: 2075:Alara Kalama 2065: 2029: 2007: 1998: 1971: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1888: 1880: 1871: 1847:Mahajanapada 1844: 1824:is from the 1821: 1817: 1807:Mahāsāṃghika 1802: 1800: 1796:Sarvāstivāda 1787: 1780:Buddhacarita 1779: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1759:Buddhacarita 1757: 1755: 1746: 1742: 1735:Jātaka tales 1730: 1726: 1722: 1714: 1706: 1704: 1684: 1674: 1653: 1638: 1630: 1619: 1605: 1531: 1528: 1516: 1509:philological 1506: 1480: 1477:Maha sramana 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1453: 1437: 1426: 1416: 1410: 1400: 1392: 1386: 1377: 1372: 1364: 1355: 1345: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1308: 1307: 1279: 1274: 1260: 1239: 1231: 1224: 1220: 1206: 1202: 1201: 1197: 1181:The Buddha, 1156: 1147:Jataka tales 1145: 1139: 1128:Sutta Piṭaka 1117: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1036: 1029: 1028:and reached 949: 945: 944: 612:Merit making 577:Three Jewels 517:Buddhavacana 447:Impermanence 435:Dharma wheel 363: 59:Gupta period 31: 18: 21877:Deified men 21706:Iconography 21699:life in art 21566:Four sights 21249:Dharma talk 21078:Asalha Puja 20874:Eschatology 20677:Switzerland 20657:New Zealand 20585:Middle East 20494:Philippines 20414:Afghanistan 20219:Bodhidharma 20204:Buddhaghosa 20124:Householder 20034:Monasticism 19987:Bodhisattva 19842:Prostration 19795:Mindfulness 19723:Anapanasati 19706:Kammaṭṭhāna 19503:Korean Seon 19443:Asura realm 19438:Human realm 19378:Ten Fetters 19333:Parinirvana 19235:Uppalavanna 19200:Mahākaccana 19185:Mahākassapa 19117:Kṣitigarbha 19112:Ākāśagarbha 19009:Suddhodāna 18954:Four sights 18881:Foundations 18707:Arthadarśin 18702:Priyadarśin 18637:Saraṇaṅkara 18563:Dashavatara 18505:In Our Time 17974:, Routledge 17687:15 November 17316:: 106–140, 17079:, MacMillan 16758:13 November 16700:14 November 16459:, Routledge 16220:10125/23030 16151:, Routledge 15819:25 December 15516:13 February 15487:, Routledge 15260:13 November 15091:, Routledge 14995:(4): 1–27. 14855:17 November 14629:15 November 14441:, Chapter 9 14204:Larson 1995 13598:, p. . 13572:Jong (1993) 13438:, p. . 12865:Wayman 1971 12466:Lion's Roar 12306:Gethin 1998 12201:25 December 11928:Jain (1991) 11370:25 December 11236:25 December 10619:, p. . 10523:Beal (1875) 10499:Beal (1875) 10406:25 December 10186:, p. . 10138:, p. . 9931:Ludden 1985 9901:Thapar 2004 9689:23 February 9591:Keay (2011) 9576:Sharma 2006 9479:26 November 9421:26 December 9082:Beal (1875) 9006:Beal (1883) 8967:4 September 8382:Bary (2011) 8116:Bodhi 2005a 7922:Bronkhorst. 7857:parinirvana 7842:A.K. Warder 7825:(Sanskrit: 7809:(Sanskrit: 7797:(Sanskrit: 7643:sukaresh.ta 7587:, Chapter 7 7581:, Chapter 4 7542:āsavakkhaya 7354:Walshe 1995 7348:Warder 2000 7223:Gethin 1998 7150:Keown (2003 7142:The Buddha: 7062:Shakyamuni: 6762:Indologist 6629:Gethin 1998 6598:Gethin 1998 6574:Nidanakatha 6538:Sahni (1914 6451:Dudley Buck 6309:. It stars 6157:Himansu Rai 6153:Franz Osten 6144:Prem Sanyas 5831:flanked by 5300:Manichaeism 5252:via Arabic 5249:Bodhisattva 5236:Paul Ranson 5156:Afghanistan 5140:Kapilavastu 5124:Dhu al-Kifl 4622:A.K. Warder 4523:K.R. Norman 4501:Brahmanical 4435:Anapanasati 4418:mindfulness 4328:and attain 4178:ucchedavada 4174:sassatavada 3925:, with the 3804:Mahākassapa 3760:(Kushinara) 3735:parinirvana 3710:As per the 3591:parinirvana 3537:Ajatashatru 3503:Later years 3195:Rishipatana 3089:Nidanakatha 2752:during his 2738:four sights 2725:Nidanakatha 2512:Suryavansha 2496:Shakya clan 2407:Kapilavastu 2310:asamkheyyas 2305:Buddhavaṃsa 2294:bodhisattva 2285:Buddhavaṃsa 2196:omniscience 2181:Pāla period 2144:(left) and 2116:Pataliputra 1867:tirthankara 1865:, the Jain 1859:Ajatashatru 1830:Buddhaghoṣa 1822:Nidānakathā 1776:Nidānakathā 1739:bodhisattva 1689:, found in 1662:, dated to 1656:in a relief 1524:hagiography 1497:Pali suttas 1434:knowledge". 1423:and humans. 1405:many worlds 1338:tathā-agata 1334:tathā-āgata 1183:Tapa Shotor 1087:mindfulness 1031:parinirvana 847:New Zealand 702:Bodhisattva 687:Four Stages 642:Monasticism 622:Mindfulness 592:Perfections 522:Early Texts 225:Predecessor 72:(B(b) 181). 21766:Categories 21626:Bodhi Tree 21591:Śuddhodana 21542:Middle Way 21506:The Buddha 21366:Psychology 21346:Gnosticism 21334:Comparison 21329:Influences 21311:Comparison 21194:Bhavacakra 21152:Kushinagar 21127:Pilgrimage 21073:Māgha Pūjā 21028:Bodhi Tree 20844:Buddhology 20834:Abhidharma 20826:Philosophy 20759:Menander I 20627:Costa Rica 20578:Uzbekistan 20419:Bangladesh 20373:Dhammapada 20357:Pali Canon 20319:Ajahn Chah 20299:Dalai Lama 20199:Kumārajīva 20194:Vasubandhu 20169:The Buddha 20077:Zen master 20012:Sakadagami 19992:Buddhahood 19923:Pratimokṣa 19738:Shikantaza 19694:Meditation 19669:Deity yoga 19540:Madhyamaka 19433:Deva realm 19328:Mindstream 19278:Bodhicitta 19190:Aṅgulimāla 19057:Devadatta 19033:Yaśodharā 18936:The Buddha 18926:Middle Way 18752:Koṇāgamana 18747:Kakusandha 18717:Siddhārtha 18687:Padmottara 18672:Anomadassi 18632:Medhaṃkara 18627:Taṇhaṅkara 18616:28 Buddhas 18367:. UNESCO. 18310:The Buddha 17768:13 October 17348:24 January 17296:23 October 16881:8176463531 16862:21 October 16381:: 77–103, 16240:17 January 16196:7 November 16133:, Tharpa, 16045:30 October 15670:0028657187 15521:, 1120 pp. 15398:23 October 14935:(5): 9–41. 14922:13 October 14887:, Springer 13989:9 February 13610:, p. 12690:23 October 12476:21 January 11400:22 October 10330:. UNESCO. 9916:Dyson 2019 9874:Roy (1984) 9862:Roy (1984) 9526:22 October 8814:27 October 8257:23 October 8193:Cox (2003) 8005:References 7904:formulas." 7735:sGam-po-pa 7219:aggregates 7179:required.) 7088:Bary (2011 7084: 269 6963:Bodhi 2020 6939:Bodhi 2020 6935:Cohen 2006 6931:Max Muller 6753: 445 6746: 480 6676:Tilaurakot 6550:Mani (2012 6432:Gore Vidal 6403:Siddhartha 6350:Literature 6318:The Buddha 6311:Arun Govil 6297:Television 6199:Siddhartha 6125:Buddha Dev 6096: 5th 5868: 825 5770: 609 5735:Gal Vihara 5372:Lotus Pose 5357:Bodhi tree 4951:kammapatha 4879:republican 4862:Cakkavatti 4733:Pali Canon 4588:Mahisasaka 4576:Pali Canon 4568: 130 4561:Kanishka I 4478:Upanishads 4410:equanimity 4399:sampajañña 4353:hindrances 4338:Middle Way 4296:Gal Vihara 4284:full lotus 4213:and will ( 3923:Middle Way 3889:, and the 3845:See also: 3788:See also: 3758:Kushinagar 3716:Kushinagar 3689:infarction 3686:mesenteric 3529:Pratimoksa 3318:Angulimala 3248:"not-self" 3236:Mahāvastu, 3205:Mahīśāsaka 3067:, such as 3053:Bodhi tree 3014:Middle Way 2981:liberation 2846:asceticism 2838:Wat Suthat 2822:See also: 2640:See also: 2563:is called 2528:gaṇasaṅgha 2492:Śuddhodana 2415:Tilaurakot 2339:Jātakamālā 2323:pranidhana 2290:Jātakamālā 2214:and later 2092:See also: 2071:Moggallāna 1922: – c. 1920: 492 1911: – c. 1909: 558 1884:Kalachakra 1774:, and the 1671:Bodhi tree 1649:Pāli Canon 1645:Maurya era 1597:") in the 1461:Dharmaraja 1456:Pali Canon 1444:liberation 1330:tathā-gata 1326:Pāli Canon 1249: 269 1141:Abhidharma 1039:Middle Way 1026:Kushinagar 1002:asceticism 998:mendicancy 988:clan, but 962:South Asia 950:the Buddha 720:Traditions 657:Pilgrimage 597:Meditation 557:Post-canon 537:Pāli Canon 467:Middle Way 364:The Buddha 179:Śuddhodana 150:Yashodhara 124:Kushinagar 38:The Buddha 21751:Wikiquote 21687:footprint 21622:Bodh Gaya 21601:Yaśodharā 21554:Disciples 21434:Festivals 21414:Buddhists 21376:Theosophy 21179:Symbolism 21169:Hama yumi 21142:Bodh Gaya 20909:Socialism 20884:Evolution 20859:Economics 20697:Venezuela 20612:Australia 20607:Argentina 20531:Sri Lanka 20526:Singapore 20444:Indonesia 20406:Countries 20347:Tripiṭaka 20309:Ajahn Mun 20184:Nagarjuna 20179:Aśvaghoṣa 20062:Anagārika 20057:Śrāmaṇerī 20052:Śrāmaṇera 20047:Bhikkhunī 20007:Sotāpanna 19896:Passaddhi 19837:Offerings 19812:Nekkhamma 19689:Iddhipada 19609:Practices 19579:Theravada 19552:Vajrayana 19545:Yogachara 19515:Pure Land 19428:Six Paths 19415:Cosmology 19195:Anuruddha 19170:Sāriputta 19160:Kaundinya 19152:Disciples 19127:Vajrapāṇi 18979:Footprint 18944:Tathāgata 18647:Kauṇḍinya 18642:Dīpaṃkara 18568:Kali Yuga 18035:0578-8072 18009:2 January 17807:161507469 17494:, Penguin 17198:697272229 17192:, Tokyo, 17143:173481241 17124:162902049 17090:CiteSeerX 17043:1076-9005 16649:cite book 16556:(1900), " 16090:, Equinox 15804:Routledge 15799:The Jains 15737:173196980 15611:162929573 15595:1356-1863 15475:1 October 15100:, Orion, 14954:1076-9005 14254:"Balaram" 13979:143618675 12730:SAGE Open 12416:, p. 88, 11386:"nirvana" 10802:: 98–148. 9750:1011-7601 9679:1747-9681 9629:141897826 9388:195804491 9372:0973-7138 9358:(3): 58. 8941:5 October 8863:8 January 8718:ignored ( 8708:cite book 8621:154283219 8613:0019-7246 8332:18 August 8010:Citations 7496:Mahāvastu 7333:Keay 2011 7321:Vajrapani 7302:Bodhigara 7110:: 𑀩𑀼𑀥 7079:(reigned 7044:Sanskrit: 6911:Sanskrit: 6720:411–400: 6697:See also 6594:Śākyamuni 6544:Eck (1982 6461:, a 2010 6406:novel by 6341:starring 6192:Bimal Roy 6063:, Yangon. 5961:Sukhothai 5932:Mucalinda 5884:Srivijaya 5861:Borobudur 5837:Vajrapani 5829:Vairocana 5806:Seokguram 5790:Srivijaya 5585:Vajrapani 5531:Amaravati 5203:Ahmadiyya 5184:Ibn Nadim 5168:Al-Biruni 5146:Classical 4824:svadharma 4737:Agnihotra 4462:Borobudur 4318:samyojana 4280:Gandharan 4135:teaches." 3987:sankharas 3983:samyojana 3940:school's 3879:sankharas 3875:samyojana 3721:saṅkhāras 3696:Theravada 3568:Devadatta 3541:Bimbisara 3478:bhikkhunī 3439:Devadatta 3427:Anuruddha 3403:Sāriputta 3392:Bimbisara 3338:Gorakhpur 3334:Bhagalpur 3330:Allahabad 3209:Mahāvastu 3191:Mrigadāva 3085:Mahavastu 3059:, Bihar. 3057:Bodh Gaya 3010:Tathagata 2898:aniconism 2878:Bodh Gaya 2861:Bodh Gaya 2808:Bimbisara 2779:Yaśodhara 2720:suffering 2711:Borobudur 2696:Mahāvastu 2617:Yasodhara 2549:Theravada 2480:Kshatriya 2434:Mahavastu 2426:Śākyamuni 2252:Mahāvastu 2248:lokottara 2222:. In the 2220:Mahāvastu 2204:lokottara 2148:(right). 2067:Śāriputra 2004:Shramanas 1990:Aryavarta 1986:Brahminic 1978:oligarchy 1851:Bimbisara 1826:Theravada 1805:from the 1803:Mahāvastu 1784:Aśvaghoṣa 1771:Mahāvastu 1721:16), the 1713:26), the 1626:: 𑀩𑀼𑀥 1479:, "great 1473:Varapañña 1467:), Lion ( 1465:Lokanatha 1373:tathāgata 1346:tathāgata 1309:Tathāgata 1304:Tathāgata 1287:शाक्यमुनि 1270:: 𑀩𑀼𑀥 1244:(reigned 1235:Kshatriya 1047:ignorance 1010:Bodh Gaya 994:home life 990:renounced 867:Sri Lanka 857:Singapore 812:Indonesia 752:Vajrayāna 727:Theravāda 682:Awakening 570:Practices 527:Tripiṭaka 497:Cosmology 472:Emptiness 452:Suffering 272:Pali name 235:Successor 198:Founding 120:(aged 80) 21857:Ascetics 21721:Hinduism 21657:Prophecy 21647:Birthday 21642:Miracles 21522:Buddhism 21452:Category 21381:Violence 21351:Hinduism 21299:Sanskrit 21254:Hinayana 21239:Amitābha 21199:Swastika 21068:Uposatha 21058:Holidays 21043:Calendar 20889:Humanism 20727:Kanishka 20717:Timeline 20541:Thailand 20509:Kalmykia 20504:Buryatia 20489:Pakistan 20474:Mongolia 20469:Maldives 20464:Malaysia 20429:Cambodia 20294:Shamarpa 20289:Nichiren 20239:Xuanzang 20174:Nagasena 20092:Rinpoche 19822:Pāramitā 19664:Devotion 19584:Navayana 19572:Dzogchen 19535:Nichiren 19483:Mahayana 19475:Branches 19353:Saṅkhāra 19102:Mañjuśrī 19059:(cousin) 19051:(cousin) 19019:(mother) 19011:(father) 18999:Miracles 18949:Birthday 18866:Glossary 18839:Buddhism 18777:Maitreya 18742:Vessabhū 18422:(1994), 18392:(1974). 18331:(1992). 18304:: 33–66. 18225:(2016), 18047:Archived 18043:20839172 18000:archived 17938:citation 17762:Archived 17681:Archived 17667:(2008). 17586:15 April 17577:archived 17428:(2001), 17389:15 April 17383:archived 17342:archived 17334:"Buddha" 17324:22 April 17318:archived 17283:59132368 17205:citation 17175:citation 17152:(2010), 17037:: 1–21, 17008:archived 16971:. SAGE. 16963:(2003). 16938:(1992), 16856:archived 16804:(1980), 16749:archived 16738:(1899), 16691:archived 16628:(1918). 16582:archived 16482:archived 16383:archived 16314:22 April 16308:archived 16276:archived 16234:archived 16190:archived 16111:13 March 16105:Archived 16101:Tricycle 16078:14 March 16072:archived 16039:Archived 15952:citation 15909:Archived 15839:(1982), 15698:(1969). 15646:citation 15603:25183119 15556:citation 15546:(1959), 15510:archived 15469:archived 15392:archived 15373:(2011), 15361:(1993), 15324:archived 15251:Archived 15179:(1875), 15161:Archived 15078:13 March 15069:Archived 14916:Archived 14877:TriCycle 14849:Archived 14705:cite web 14536:Archived 14497:Archived 14474:38215769 14367:Archived 14359:"Buddha" 14343:16 April 14337:Archived 14268:17 April 14262:archived 14137:Archived 14122:, p. 19. 13983:Archived 13645:: 35–70. 13452:(eds.). 13280:Archived 12708:Archived 12684:Archived 12470:Archived 12376:Archived 12153:archived 12031:Archived 11716:Archived 11547:31489012 11394:Archived 11364:Archived 11331:Archived 11264:Archived 11230:Archived 10377:16 April 10332:Archived 10115:Archived 10113:. 2005. 10060:(2010). 10021:Archived 9805:Archived 9754:Archived 9415:Archived 9407:Antiqvvs 9380:31389347 9200:Archived 9164:Archived 8935:Archived 8896:Archived 8857:Archived 8808:Archived 8751:Archived 8692:Archived 8587:(2009). 8541:Archived 8519:(2014). 8493:archived 8454:Archived 8351:. Brill. 8326:Archived 8251:Archived 7524:and the 7494:and the 7463:See the 7437:Panchala 7344:Shakya: 6789:, India. 6660:Piprahwa 6528:couchant 6473:See also 6463:oratorio 6427:Creation 6284:Navayana 6282:'s 1957 6244:Tipitaka 5946:Cambodia 5916:Dunhuang 5776:, Japan. 5749:Chinese 5589:Herakles 5569:Berenice 5298:sect of 5258:Iodasaph 5254:Būdhasaf 5244:Josaphat 5045:Hinduism 5007:" (Skt. 4855:and the 4783:secret. 4683:bhikkhus 4100:sankhara 3929:and the 3907:and the 3769:Piprahwa 3727:appamāda 3700:Mahayana 3575:Sthavira 3458:Jetavana 3384:Rajagaha 3380:Varanasi 3354:Rajagaha 3350:Savatthi 3258:arahant. 3213:Koṇḍañña 3176:Vārānasī 3092:and the 2771:Kanthaka 2730:Chandaka 2660:Gandhara 2593:Kondañña 2522:khattiya 2484:khattiya 2476:sal tree 2437:and the 2411:Piprahwa 2344:pāramitā 2200:sabbaññu 2169:Sanskrit 2037:Mahavira 1863:Mahavira 1792:Mahāyāna 1695:Gāndhārī 1691:Gandhara 1401:Lokavidu 1380: – 1367: – 1358:epithets 1282:Sanskrit 1167:aniconic 1159:Hinduism 1112:svabhava 1081:such as 1061:and the 974:Buddhism 877:Thailand 837:Mongolia 832:Malaysia 797:Cambodia 762:Navayana 742:Hinayana 737:Mahāyāna 647:Lay life 477:Morality 457:Not-self 415:Concepts 374:Councils 359:Timeline 331:Glossary 313:Buddhism 305:a series 303:Part of 259:Sanskrit 239:Maitreya 200:Buddhism 187:(mother) 181:(father) 156:Children 78:Personal 21882:Shakyas 21807:Buddhas 21741:Commons 21618:Lumbini 21547:Sayings 21429:Temples 21409:Buddhas 21371:Science 21361:Judaism 21356:Jainism 21274:Lineage 21234:Abhijñā 21204:Thangka 21147:Sarnath 21132:Lumbini 21053:Funeral 21048:Cuisine 20924:Culture 20899:Reality 20849:Creator 20839:Atomism 20709:History 20682:Ukraine 20642:Germany 20561:Senegal 20551:Vietnam 20479:Myanmar 20279:Shinran 20269:Karmapa 20244:Shandao 20214:Dignāga 20139:Śrāvaka 20119:Donchee 20114:Kappiya 20072:Sayadaw 20042:Bhikkhu 20017:Anāgāmi 19974:Nirvana 19940:Samadhi 19827:Paritta 19768:Tonglen 19763:Mandala 19718:Smarana 19699:Mantras 19647:Upekkha 19617:Bhavana 19567:Shingon 19520:Tiantai 19373:Tathātā 19363:Śūnyatā 19358:Skandha 19348:Saṃsāra 19343:Rebirth 19318:Kleshas 19308:Indriya 19210:Subhūti 19095:Guanyin 19049:Ānanda 19041:Rāhula 18921:Nirvana 18861:Outline 18757:Kāśyapa 18732:Vipassī 18692:Sumedha 18667:Śobhita 18662:Raivata 18657:Sumanas 18652:Maṃgala 18556:Krishna 18508:at the 18493:at the 18484:at the 18475:at the 18407:, Brill 18233:Pearson 18217:, Kosei 18053:16 July 17799:1062009 17659:, Brill 16911:3518337 16392:9 April 15621:4 April 15377:, BRILL 15330:18 June 15138:, Rosen 14948:: 752. 14903:: 1–20. 14867:Sources 14807:website 14420:, p. 66 14373:13 July 13884:4410659 12705:Skandha 12382:21 June 12159:5 March 11337:21 June 10219:28 June 10027:12 July 9811:20 June 8502:28 July 8324:: 946. 7863:rules." 7827:anātman 7484:Anālayo 6586:Lumbini 6307:Sony TV 5963:Buddha. 5804:Korean 5345:Bharhut 5311:Sikhism 5296:Gnostic 5272:In the 5199:prophet 5164:Bukhara 5160:Baghdad 5136:Al-Kifl 5111:nāstika 5102:Brahman 5057:, from 4994:mundaka 4963:merit ( 4946:akusala 4872:In the 4838:In the 4789:In the 4781:mantras 4752:Brahmin 4716:Kolkata 4701:Society 4678:sramana 4656:dhyānas 4512:samsara 4493:Rebirth 4464:relief. 4377:Bhāvanā 4330:vimutti 4322:kleshas 4261:essence 4257:purusha 4251:(Pali: 4206:viññana 4132:dhāraṇī 4108:vijnana 4062:āyatana 4041:Samsara 4013:rebirth 3991:kleshas 3977:Samsara 3883:kleshas 3517:Kolkata 3513:Bharhut 3388:Magadha 3346:Magadha 3324:on the 3322:Kosambi 3221:bhikkhu 3217:arahant 3180:Ājīvika 3127:Sarnath 3034:vimutti 2996:samsara 2986:tevijja 2842:Bangkok 2812:Magadha 2783:Anomiya 2746:Vipassi 2734:ascetic 2707:śramaṇa 2672:śramaṇa 2589:Brahmin 2567:Purnima 2565:Buddha 2538:sanghas 2517:Ikṣvāku 2510:of the 2488:Shakyas 2482:(Pali: 2449:Devdaha 2403:Lumbini 2384:Lumbini 2365:Lumbini 2361:Lumbini 2298:Jatakas 2236:abhijñā 2188:nikāyas 2177:Nālandā 2022:Jainism 2018:Cārvāka 2014:Ājīvika 2010:śramaṇa 1953:Shakyas 1855:Magadha 1660:Bharhut 1595:Shakyas 1487:Sources 1481:sramana 1448:Jainism 1431:Arahant 1298:Shakyas 1264:‍ 1107:dharmas 1103:dharmas 1051:craving 1043:freedom 1006:nirvana 978:Lumbini 887:Vietnam 842:Myanmar 757:Tibetan 747:Chinese 675:Nirvāṇa 492:Saṃsāra 487:Rebirth 352:History 341:Outline 213:Shakyas 172:Parents 99:Lumbini 55:Sarnath 21677:Cetiya 21672:Relics 21613:Places 21606:Rāhula 21581:Family 21424:Sutras 21419:Suttas 21284:Siddhi 21269:Koliya 21244:Brahmā 21159:Poetry 21105:Mantra 21095:Kasaya 20967:Pagoda 20947:Kyaung 20942:Vihāra 20937:Temple 20879:Ethics 20722:Ashoka 20672:Sweden 20667:Poland 20662:Norway 20652:Mexico 20637:France 20622:Canada 20617:Brazil 20556:Africa 20536:Taiwan 20499:Russia 20424:Bhutan 20384:Vinaya 20264:Naropa 20254:Saraha 20189:Asanga 19945:Prajñā 19854:Refuge 19817:Nianfo 19778:Tertön 19773:Tantra 19758:Ganana 19748:Tukdam 19674:Dhyāna 19642:Mudita 19637:Karuṇā 19530:Risshū 19525:Huayan 19458:Naraka 19398:Anattā 19393:Dukkha 19388:Anicca 19293:Dharma 19245:Channa 19180:Ānanda 19165:Assaji 19132:Skanda 19035:(wife) 19004:Family 18984:Relics 18909:Sangha 18904:Dharma 18899:Buddha 18773:Future 18727:Phussa 18697:Sujāta 18682:Nārada 18500:Buddha 18446: 18371: 18350: 18282: 18259: 18239: 18179: 18119: 18041: 18033: 17992: 17959: 17919: 17888: 17865: 17847: 17805: 17797: 17734: 17645: 17627: 17527: 17507: 17471: 17440: 17281: 17235: 17196: 17141: 17122: 17092: 17041: 17000: 16975: 16909: 16878: 16832: 16814: 16791: 16606: 16535: 16504: 16488:24 May 16474: 16445: 16426: 16300: 16226: 16182: 16160:". 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